variations. classical music often has several melodic layers, called polyphony, such as those in a fugue, a type of counterpoint. often melodies are constructed from motifs or short melodic fragments, such as the opening of beethoven ' s ninth. richard wagner popularized the concept of a leitmotif : a motif or melody associated with a certain idea, person or place. - while in both most popular music and classical music of the common practice period pitch and duration are of primary importance in melodies, the contemporary music of the 20th and 21st centuries pitch and duration have lessened in importance and quality has gained importance, often primary. examples include musique concrete, klangfarbenmelodie, elliott carter ' s eight etudes and a fantasy which contains a movement with only one note, the third movement of ruth crawford - seeger ' s string quartet 1931 ( later reorchestrated as andante for string orchestra ) in which the melody is created from an unchanging set of pitches through " dissonant dynamics " alone, and gyorgy ligeti ' s aventures in which reoccurring phonetics create the linear form. - jazz musicians use the melody line, called the " lead " or " head ", as a starting point for improvisation. - indian classical music relies heavily on melody and rhythm, and not so much on harmony as the above forms. - balinese gamelan music often uses complicated variations and alterations of a single melody played simultaneously, called heterophony. " the continuity and diagetic function of almost all vocal melody draw us along the linear thread of the song ' s syntagmatic structure, producing a ' point of perspective ' from which the otherwise disparate parts of the musical texture can be placed within a coherent ' image '. " ( middleton 1990, p. 264 ) see also : unified field. - apel, willi. harvard dictionary of music, 2nd edition, p. 517 - 19. includes " a capsule definition of melody. " ( delone et al 1975, p. 270 ) - edwards, arthur c. the art of melody, p. xix - xxx. includes " a catalog of sample definitions. " ( ibid ) - smits van waesberghe, j. a textbook of melody. includes " an attempt to formulate a theory of melody. " ( ibid ) - delone et. al. ( eds. ) ( 1975 ). aspects of twentieth - century music, chap. 4


healthcare and decision - making in dementia consent to medical treatment article 8 ( the right to refuse treatment ) of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 ( rpcdh ) states that patients may not be treated or provided with any other health or nursing care against their will, unless otherwise established by the laws of the republic of lithuania. if the possibility exists, patients must be offered other treatment or other health care services ( § 1 ). § 4 of the same article states that „ the law on mental health care shall establish the nature of treatment of a patient, mental patient, who is unable to correctly assess the condition of his / her own health. “ consent to treatment in case of incapacity article 6. 744 ( 3 ) covers consent to treatment in cases where a patient lacks the necessary capacity to consent and does not have a curator or guardian. in such cases, there is a hierarchy of people authorised to consent on the person ’ s behalf : first, the person authorised in writing by the patient with incapacity to act on his / her behalf, second, the spouse or partner. if the spouse or partner is not available or refuses to consent, the obligation goes to a parent or child unless they refuse. consent in case of emergency § 3 allows for patients to be treated without their consent in case of emergency. it states that vital ( first or urgent ) medical assistance can be given to a patient who is unconscious or whose will is not known for another reason without his / her consent if there is a serious threat to his / her life. article 8 ( 5 ) of the rpcdh states that healthcare services can be provided with the consent of a person ‘ s legal representative if the latter cannot be contacted in time and immediate action must be taken in order to save the patient ‘ s life ( nys et al., 2007 ). the right to refuse treatment paragraphs 5 and 6 of article 1 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 ( rpcdh ) address the issue of refusal of treatment by legal representatives. it is not stated whether this is referring to legal representatives of incapable adults or just minors. the paragrahs are as follows : § 5. in the course of providing required ( first aid or urgent ) medical assistance, which requires the consent of the legal representative of the patient, such may be provided also without the legal representative ’ s consent, if this can not be obtained in time or if the legal representative refuses


providing required ( first aid or urgent ) medical assistance, which requires the consent of the legal representative of the patient, such may be provided also without the legal representative ’ s consent, if this can not be obtained in time or if the legal representative refuses to give his consent, while according to the treating physician or nursing staff member, the rendering of medical assistance is in keeping with the interests of the patient. the case history of the illness of the patient must include a record of this. § 6. should the legal representative of a patient refuse to give his consent for treatment, which is not urgent and the treating physician be of the opinion that the treatment being provided is in keeping with the interests of the patient, the medical commission of the health care institution or the committee for medical ethics of lithuania, has the right to give consent for such treatment. the administration of the health care institution or the treating physician shall have the right to appeal to this commission or committee. the right to withdraw consent article 8 ( 4 ) further states that patients have the right to withdraw consent in written form at any time. article 6. 739 ( 2 ) of the civil codes grants patients the right to “ terminate the contract at any time ” and no formal requirements are mentioned. consent to the donation of organs and / or human tissue article 6. 746 states, “ human tissues and organs taken from an anonymous person during the provision of personal healthcare services may be used in cases and pursuant to the procedure prescribed by laws. ” consent to research and clinical trials the law on ethics of biomedical research of 11 may 2000 states that biomedical research can only be carried out on people who have given their free and informed consent ( article 6 ). the law also contains a list of vulnerable subjects which includes people with mental disorders who are nevertheless able to give their consent to take part in biomedical research as well as people living in nursing homes. article 7 of this law sets conditions which must be met before such research can be carried out i. e. - it can only be carried out on vulnerable people - the results have the potential to produce real and direct benefit to the health of the research subjects - it does not pose a risk to the health or life of the research subject. furthermore, the free and informed consent of the reserach subject must be attested by 2 witnesses and the head of a health care establishment where biomedical research is being conducted. the approval fo the medical ethics commission must also be obtained. article 7 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their


be attested by 2 witnesses and the head of a health care establishment where biomedical research is being conducted. the approval fo the medical ethics commission must also be obtained. article 7 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 states that people cannot be used for training or scientific or medical experiments without their consent. there are no legal provisions relating to previously expressed wishes in lithuania ( nys et al., 2007 ). however, according to the law on human death and critical care, a person should not be resuscitated if he / she has expressed a wish to this effect and provided that there is approval from a doctors ’ committee ( council of europe, 2003 ). access to information / diagnosis article 6 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 ( rpcdh ) deals with the right to information. information is also contained in section 2 of the civil code. the right to be informed the following paragraph deals with the patient ‘ s right to be informed about his / her state of health : § 4. the patient shall have a right to information on the condition of his / her health, disease diagnosis, medical examination results, treatment methods and treatment prognosis. the information must be supplied to the patient in a form comprehensible to him / her, with an explanation of the special medical terms involved. in providing information regarding the treatment, the physician must explain to the patient the course of treatment, possible results of the treatment, possible alternative methods of treatment and other circumstances, which may have an effect upon the patient ’ s decision to accept or refuse the proposed treatment. the information should not be supplied to the patient against his / her will, however, his / her will must be clearly expressed and the history of his illness should contain a mention of this wish of his / hers. § 9 further specifies that a patient has the right to learn of the specialist ’ s opinion concerning the condition of his / her health and the proposed treatment. according to article 727 of the civil code healthcare providers are obliged to provide patients with information in a form that is comprehensible to the latter, explaining special medical terms used, outliing possible treatment methods, prognosis of treatment and other circumstances which might effect the patient ‘ s decision whether or not to consent to the proposed treatment, as well as the likely effects of refusing the proposed treatment. access to medical files § 6 of the rpcdh covers the patients right to access their medical


circumstances which might effect the patient ‘ s decision whether or not to consent to the proposed treatment, as well as the likely effects of refusing the proposed treatment. access to medical files § 6 of the rpcdh covers the patients right to access their medical files. it states : the patient shall have the right to request that copies of the case history of his disease and ( or ) of other documents, be made at his expense. this right of the patient may only be limited by the procedure established by the laws of the republic of lithuania. the physician must explain the significance of the notes included in the case history of his illness. if the patient ’ s request is justified, the physician must correct, complete, remove, explain and ( or ) change inaccurate, incomplete, ambiguous data or data not related to the diagnosis, treatment or nursing. if the treating physician fails to agree with such a request by the patient, the consilium of physicians will then decide the validity of the patient ’ s request. article 6. 735 of the civil code grants patients the right to be provided with all their medical documents unless this would be harmful to their health or endanger their lives. if information is withheld, this must be noted in the medical file. the patient is also entitled to ask for copies of the information in his / her medical file at his / her own expense. the healthcare provider must explain the meaning of the information and be willing to make any reasonable corrections or amendments suggested by the patient. the doctor ’ s right to withhold information according to § 5 of the rpcdh, information can be withheld from the patient : if the patient so desires, s / he must be supplied with the history of his / her illness or other medical documents of his / hers, with the exception of instances, wherein this may have a basic effect upon the patient ’ s health and even endanger his / her life ( this shall be decided by the physician treating him / her, or a physicians ’ consilium ). in such instances, the treating physician shall note in the disease case history, the limitations of the supply of information. article 6. 727 of the civil code states that providers of healthcare services may withhold information if such information would have a detrimental effect on the patient ‘ s health or endanger his / her life. however, the information should then be submitted to the patient ‘ s representative and later given to the patient if and when the risk of causing harm no longer exists. the patient ’ s right to refuse information the


health or endanger his / her life. however, the information should then be submitted to the patient ‘ s representative and later given to the patient if and when the risk of causing harm no longer exists. the patient ’ s right to refuse information the right not to be informed is covered by article 6. 728 of the civil code which states that information should not be provided against the person ’ s will which was clearly expressed and attested by his / her signature. the same right can be found in the rpcdh in article 6 ( 4 ). however, in the civil code, it is stipulated that the right to refuse information is not applicable if such refusal is likely to be harmful to the patient or to other people. confidentiality / disclosure of information to other people article 10 of the rpcdh deals with the inviolability of personal privacy. the relevant articles are as follows : 1. the private life of patients shall be inviolable. information concerning the facts of the patients ’ personal existence may be collected for the case history of the illness, with the patients ’ consent and if, in the opinion of the treating physician, this shall be deemed necessary for diagnosing the illness, treatment or nursing. 2. all of the information concerning the condition of the patient ’ s health, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, and also, all of the other information of personal nature concerning the patient, must be held as confidential, even after the patient ’ s death. the laws of the republic of lithuania and legal acts of the ministry of health shall determine the procedure of safe keeping of such confidential information. confidential information may be furnished for other individuals, only upon the written consent of the patient, or if this is stipulated by this and other laws of the republic of lithuania. 3. consent is not required, if the information is provided to individuals who are direct participants in the treatment or nursing of patients, performing expert examinations of the patients ’ health, and also to institutions, which are given the right by the laws of the republic of lithuania to inspect the activity of health care institutions. article 13 of the same law deals with the use of information in medical files for research and student instruction : the lithuanian committee on medical ethics of lithuania shall establish the procedure for use of the information contained in the patients ’ documents, for medical research work and student instruction. the personal privacy of the patient must be respected in using information for these purposes. it is stated in article 6. 736 of the civil code that healthcare providers may not give information


in the patients ’ documents, for medical research work and student instruction. the personal privacy of the patient must be respected in using information for these purposes. it is stated in article 6. 736 of the civil code that healthcare providers may not give information about the patient without his / her consent to other people. similarly, they may not give copies of official documentation about the patient to other people unless required by law to do so. information may be provided to people who are involved in the care of the patient if such information is necessary for the provision of such care. end - of - life care and issues article 3, § 6 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 states, “ patients shall have the right to be cared for and to die with dignity. “ euthanasia and assisted suicide there is no law against euthanasia but there are legal sanctions against killing. these sanctions are more severe for the killing of a vulnerable person ( council of europe, 2003 ). according to the european association for palliative care ( 2006 ), there are no initiatives in lithuania to seek the legalisation of euthanasia or assisted suicide at the present time. european association for palliative care ( 2006 ), report on palliative care in lithuania : http : / / www. eapcnet. org / download / forpolicy / lithuania. pdf council of europe ( steering committee on bioethics ) ( 2003 ), results of questionnaire, council of europe : http : / / www. coe. int / t / e / legal _ affairs / legal _ co - operation / bioethics / activities / euthanasia / answers % 2520euthanasia % 2520questionnaire % 2520e % 252015jan03. asp # topofpage last updated : mercredi 27 avril 2011


2002 - 2003 : rare forms of dementia completed ae projects the number of people suffering from rare forms of dementia is by definition low and consequently, very little has been done to provide information in the same way as it has been for other more common forms such as alzheimer ’ s disease. however, when one adds up the number of people in the whole of europe suffering from a rare form of dementia, there is a sizeable group of people who would benefit from information i. e. on the characteristics of a particular form of dementia, its progression, duration and treatment possibilities etc. researchers and medical staff might also benefit from such information. this project would enable quality information on rare forms of dementia to be disseminated throughout europe. funding and duration the rare forms of dementia project was funded by the european commission under the programme “ action on rare diseases ” the project ran from august 2002 to august 2003. the working group consisted of : - jos van der poel, stichting alzheimer nederland, bunnik, the netherlands - andre delacourte, inserm, lille, france - clive evers, alzheimer ' s society, london, united kingdom - alexander kurz, psychiatrische klinik der tu munchen, munich, germany - kurt jellinger, ludwig boltzmann institute of clinical neurobiology, vienna, austria - giuliano binetti, centro san giovanni di dio, brescia, italy the aim of the project was to build up a database of information about rare forms of dementia and to make this available to the general public by means of our existing internet and intranet system. the information in the database would consist of disease - based entries and would include the disease name, synonyms, a description of the disorder, symptoms, causes, epidemiological data available, treatment, clinical trials, diagnostic procedures and a list of sources for further information. this information would be provided by the relevant experts and regularly brought up to date. - expert meeting to define the precise content and structure of the database - setting up of european network and collection of information ; creation of framework for the future database - writing up of text on each rare disease / circulation of texts and discussion via email discussion forum on existing intranet system - expert meeting to present and discuss texts and how to best present findings on internet, difficulties and possible solutions - external validation of reports by independent specialists and subsequent amendments - transferral of information onto alzheimer europe ’ s website and newly created database on rare diseases the creation of a database on


c + + is an object - oriented enhancement of the c programming language and is becoming the language of choice for serious software development. c + + has crossed the single book complexity barrier. the individual features are not all that complex, but when put together in a program they interact in highly non - intuitive ways. many books discuss each of the features separately, giving readers the illusion that they understand the language. but when they try to program, they ' re in for a painful surprise ( even people who already know c ). c + + : the core language is for c programmers transitioning to c + +. it ' s designed to get readers up to speed quickly by covering an essential subset of the language. the subset consists of features without which it ' s just not c + +, and a handful of others that make it a reasonably useful language. you can actually use this subset ( using any compiler ) to get familiar with the basics of the language. once you really understand that much, it ' s time to do some programming and learn more from other books. after reading this book, you ' ll be far better equipped to get something useful out of a reference manual, a graphical user interface programming book, and maybe a book on the specific libraries you ' ll be using. ( take a look at our companion book, practical c + + programming. ) c + + : the core language includes sidebars that give overviews of all the advanced features not covered, so that readers know they exist and how they fit in. it covers features common to all c + + compilers, including those on unix, windows nt, windows, dos, and macintosh. comparison : c + + : the core language vs. practical c + + programming o ' reilly ' s policy is not to publish two books on the same topic for the same audience. we ' d rather spend twice the time on making one book the industry ' s best. so why do we have two c + + tutorials? which one should you get? the answer is they ' re very different. steve oualline, author of the successful book practical c programming, came to us with the idea of doing a c + + edition. thus was born practical c + + programming. it ' s a comprehensive tutorial to c + +, starting from the ground up. it also covers the programming process, style, and other important real - world issues. by providing exercises and problems with answers, the book helps you make sure you understand before you move on. while


most south africans used restitution to increase net economic assets, atuahene report finds september 5, 2012, abf news illustration from mail & guardian, " land is not a utopia for the dispossessed, " by bernadette atuahene in july, abf faculty fellow bernadette atuahene released a report on the south african land restitution process entitled “ paying for the past : addressing past property violations in south africa. ” contrary to popular belief, atuahene found that in many cases the money has had an enduring economic impact. the south african government commissioned this report in 2008 when atuahene began her research. atuahene interviewed 150 beneficiaries of the land restitution commission, the government agency tasked with providing financial compensation or land transfers to south africans who were forcibly removed under apartheid and colonialism. atuahene ’ s report contradicts the land restitution commission ’ s belief that financial compensation has not had a long term economic effect. among atuahene ' s findings are : - 30 % of interviewees who chose a cash award used it to improve their primary asset — their home. - 33 % used the funds such that they moderately increased their economic assets. - when the award did not have an enduring economic effect, the award was often very small. in her report, atuahene recommends that the commission : - engage in the complicated task of transferring land to people who have the requisite skill set or resources to develop it. - consider the cash awards a viable alternative to land transfers – which are complicated and time consuming – for restitution claimants who have a valid legal claim, but not necessarily the requisite skills or resources to develop the land to which they are entitled. - boost the effectiveness of cash awards by providing vouchers that are larger than the cash amount and can be used to purchase items with an enduring economic impact such as building materials or to make direct payments to educational institutions. atuahene conducted an extensive south african media tour after the report ’ s release, and was featured in leading south african publications such as the mail & guardian, business day, and city press. she also gave lengthy interviews on the south african broadcasting corporation ’ s “ forum @ eight ” and “ evening radio show with masechaba ” programs. upon her return, she gave an interview on chicago public radio ’ s “ worldview ” program. atuahene ’ s forthcoming book, we want what ’


the liberalization of the indian economy, a process that began in 1991, is certainly a major factor behind the large and growing number of indian students seeking education abroad. prior to the 1990s, only a privileged few indian families could afford to send their children to universities outside india. with the dramatic rise of a new indian middle class ( and increased wealth of the indian upper class ), the number of students able to pursue foreign education has skyrocketed. a search through the internet reveals that in the calendar year 1996 - 97, 6426 indian students went abroad for studies while in the academic year 2003 / 04, there were 79, 736 students from india studying in the united states alone. in fact, in 2003 / 04 - - for the third year in a row - - india remained the leading place of origin for students in the united states. what contributes to the continuing increase in indian students studying abroad? the indian university student population is projected to grow from 9. 3 million students now to 11 million by 2008, according to the university grants commission, which funds and supports central government universities in india. combining this magnitude of student demand and india ' s combination of mega - size universities, cash - strapped government budgets and stretched resources, there is bound to be a steady increase in students leaving indian shores to pursue higher studies abroad. also, in india, student loans are more readily available than ever before. financing education abroad is not a problem anymore for indian students with liberalized loans being available at reasonably low interest rates. according to a newspaper report, amount of loans disbursed went up from 66. 8 billion in 2001 to 260. 7 billion in 2004. no collaterals are required for loans up to rs. 750, 000 ( $ 16, 000 ). s tudents find that the investment they make in good universities abroad is well worth it in terms of career opportunities. also, we tend to forget that india is as large and developed as it is and therefore has a huge middle class that values education highly. students who do not gain admission to india ' s premier institutions see education abroad as an alternative that will open doors for them in the future. preferred countries and courses while the usa is the top destination for indian students followed by the uk, australia and canada are rapidly gaining in " market share ". in recent years, australia, the uk and france have all launched aggressive student outreach / recruitment efforts in asia. stung by declining enrollments from east and southeast asian countries affected by the asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, american universities


market share ". in recent years, australia, the uk and france have all launched aggressive student outreach / recruitment efforts in asia. stung by declining enrollments from east and southeast asian countries affected by the asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, american universities have also intensified their marketing efforts to students in south asia. studies reveal that indian students mainly go to pursue management courses followed by engineering, math and computer sciences. the majority of the indian students study at the graduate level. in 2003 / 04, the breakdown of indian students studying in the us was as follows. 79. 0 % graduate level 63, 013 17. 0 % undergraduate level 13, 531 4. 0 % others 3, 192 students planning to go abroad for higher studies need to take a number of tests depending on the subject, level and the country s / he is applying for. the tests include toefl, ielts, gre, gmat and sat. the student should ensure that s / he gives his / her best while appearing for these tests as it will maximize their chances of getting scholarships from the colleges that they apply to. it must be remembered that applying to a foreign university is an expensive business. taking tests is expensive. in addition, the average application fee per university is between $ 20 to $ 80. to top that all, you have to pay the tuition fees, which cost you anything between $ 15, 000 to $ 35, 000. hence, scholarships are a very necessary item on the ' must - have ' list of any student planning to go abroad for further studies – except the super - lucky ones with private funding. those seeking to go abroad for higher studies should be informed that most us, european and australian colleges themselves provide scholarship. it is up to the student to do the necessary research and find out such colleges. besides, a student can compete for a host of scholarships provided by the governments of different countries. a browse through the website of the ministry of human resources development would give you a somewhat complete picture of the how, where, when and what of scholarships. if you are desperate in getting a foreign degree but cannot afford to leave your country to do so, you should be informed that nowadays many foreign institutions have architected innovative tie - ups such as twinning arrangements or offshore programs enabling students to get foreign degrees while in india. what are the prospects of a person with a foreign degree? who should apply to foreign universities? what are the prospects for those who get a foreign degree and return to india? first, it must be remembered that


to get foreign degrees while in india. what are the prospects of a person with a foreign degree? who should apply to foreign universities? what are the prospects for those who get a foreign degree and return to india? first, it must be remembered that the top institutes in india are considered as good as or even better than many universities abroad. if one can get in any such institute, one can get quality education right at home, and at substantially less cost. some universities and institutes of other countries are well known. persons with degrees from these institutes would be much sought after here as well. on the other hand, there may be some colleges or universities which may not be well known here. a person with a degree from such colleges would certainly be at a disadvantage with employers in india. moreover, some multinational companies prefer people from indian institutes because they are attuned to the local environment, traditions and customs. study abroad is not a vacation and it should not be viewed as such. too many students go overseas without thinking about the experience as a whole. study abroad is fun. study abroad is exciting and exhilarating and it can also be romantic. but study abroad is also unpredictable, difficult at times, and above all, challenging. students who only consider the " fun " aspects of study abroad often find the more difficult parts disconcerting and often insurmountable. students should begin the entire process of going abroad for higher studies keeping this in mind.


scientific name : atelerix albiventris size : head and body, 5 to 12 in ( 13 to 30 cm ) ; tail, 1 to 2 in ( 3 to 5 cm ) weight : 14 to 39 oz ( 397 to 1, 106 g ) lifespan : 10 years in captivity habitat : variety of climates and terrains there are some 15 species of hedgehog in europe, asia, and africa. hedgehogs have also been introduced into nontraditional ranges such as new zealand. the hedgehog was named because of its peculiar foraging methods. these animals root through hedges and other undergrowth in search of the small creatures that compose the bulk of their diet. what does a hedgehog look like? hedgehogs have a coat of stiff, sharp spines. if attacked they will curl into a prickly and unappetizing ball that deters most predators. they usually sleep in this position during the day and awaken to search for food at night. " small enough to fit in your hands but too prickly to hold " is a good description of the hedgehog. though small, it is by no means defenseless. thousands of stiff, sharp spines - harder and sharper than those of a porcupine - cover the animal ' s back and sides, like a pincushion filled with needles. even though spines, or quills, provide the hedgehog with effective protection, the animal ' s most striking characteristic is its practice of curling up into a tight ball, with its spines sticking out in all directions. when the hedgehog rolls up, a special, highly developed circular muscle that runs along the sides of the body and across the rump and neck contracts and forms a " bag " into which the body, head and legs are folded. the hedgehog curls up if disturbed or frightened - only the strongest predators, such as the badger, can pry it open. it also sleeps in this position, so is rarely caught unprotected. where do hedgehogs live? hedgehogs inhabit a wide range across a variety of climates and terrains in east africa. although not found in the americas, other species of hedgehogs live in different parts of africa, europe and asia, as well as in new zealand, where they have been introduced. their distribution on the different continents is, however, very local. they must have dry shelters on well - drained soil and a good supply of ground - dwelling insects and other invertebrates. suburban nairobi meets these habitat conditions, where hedgehogs are reported to


their distribution on the different continents is, however, very local. they must have dry shelters on well - drained soil and a good supply of ground - dwelling insects and other invertebrates. suburban nairobi meets these habitat conditions, where hedgehogs are reported to be abundant. a hedgehog uses a small home range with an approximate 120 - yard radius from its nest. the nest is built in dry litter under tangles of hedge or bush, rock crevices, termite mounds or under buildings. the hedgehog chatters, snorts or softly growls if its range is invaded by another animal. what does a hedgehog eat? the hedgehog wakes up at dusk and, as a solitary animal, begins its nocturnal activities alone. it uses regular pathways, toddling along on its short legs searching for food. a hedgehog will eat the equivalent of one - third of its body weight in one night. its favorite foods are insects, earthworms, snails and slugs, making it a welcome guest in many suburban gardens. it is also known to eat eggs, small mammals, birds, frogs, reptiles, fruit, fungi and roots. although not completely immune to toxins, hedgehogs have enough resistance to allow them to eat poisonous snakes. how does the hedgehog protect itself? even though spines provide the hedgehog with effective protection, the animal ' s most striking characteristic is its practice of curling up into a tight ball, with its spines sticking out in all directions. a highly developed circular muscle - running along the sides of the body and across the rump and neck - contracts to form a " bag " into which the body, head and legs are folded. it also sleeps in this position, so it is rarely caught unprotected. when hedgehogs come into contact with unfamiliar objects with strong scents, they exhibit a very peculiar behavior : they lick the object, salivate profusely and anoint themselves with this frothy saliva. the purpose of this is widely speculated. do hedgehogs hibernate? hedgehogs hibernate in cold climates. in deserts, they sleep through heat and drought in a similar process called aestivation. they remain active all year in more temperate locations. did you know this about hedgehogs? hedgehogs perform a courtship ritual in which the male walks round and round a female in estrus, often for hours at a time. after mating, they usually go their own ways. superstitions about this little animal abound in east africa. some people believe


american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) recently issued guidelines to provide evidence - based recommendations on managing type 2 diabetes in children aged 10 to 18. the guidelines are the first of their kind for this age group. the recommendations suggest integrating lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, in concert with medication rather than as an isolated initial treatment approach. specifically, clinicians should encourage patients to engage in moderate - to - vigorous exercise for at least 60 minutes daily and to limit nonacademic “ screen time ” to less than 2 hours a day. " physical activity is an integral part of weight management for prevention and treatment of t2dm, " write the authors. they suggest that when prescribing physical exercise, clinicians should be sensitive to the needs of children, adolescents, and their families. noting that routine, organized exercise may be beyond the family ' s logistical and / or financial means, it is " most helpful to recommend an individualized approach that can be incorporated into the daily routine, is tailored to the patients ' physical abilities and preferences, and recognizes the families ' circumstance. " the guidelines also call for additional research. in particular the authors recommend studies that delineate whether using lifestyle options without medication is a reliable first step in treating selected children with type 2 diabetes, explore the efficacy of school and clinic - based diet and physical activity interventions to prevent and manage pediatric type 2 diabetes, and investigate the association between increased " screen time " and reduced physical activity with respect to type 2 diabetes risk factors. guidelines were written in consultation with the american diabetes association, the pediatric endocrine society, the american academy of family physicians, and the academy of nutrition and dietetics.


a soil additive designed to cut irrigation costs by improving water retaining capacity of soils. free flowing granules which absorb many times their own weight of water and release it to plants. improves water economy. aquadiamonds is a soil additive. itis high water absorbing properties are designed for use in soil preparations to improve water economy and to increase plant growth through the formation of a stable growing environment aquadiamonds is a synthetic long - lasting polymer supplied as free flowing granules which can repeatedly absorb and desorb up to 500 times its own weight of water. the water is absorbed rapidly and acts as a reservoir for the plantis roots to draw upon thus ensuring conditions for healthy plant growth. appearance - free flowing off white granules. particle size either 0. 5 to 1. 0 mm or 1 to 3 mm depending on application. bulk density - + / - 700 g / l ( un - compacted ). absorption - up to 500 g of water / g of aquadiamonds capacity ( depending on water quality ). b. o. d. s + / - 10mg 02 / gm aquadiamonds. summary of advantages rapid and high water absorption. reduce seepage losses. maintains water supply to plants. reduced irrigation frequency. applied with conventional machinery, without pre - wetting. long lasting, once only treatment. high bulk density minimizes windage loss. higher plant establishment rates. reduced losses due to transplant shock. 1 ) landscaping - arid climates in arid regions where rainfall is infrequent and variable, mean temperatures are high and summer winds are hot and dry, the growth of plants is usually limited by availability of irrigation water. this can be an expensive item to the grower, since the cost of distilled seawater may be twenty times as high as that of pumping ground water. aquadiamonds is especially useful in sandy soils, where the natural water retention at field capacity is low. addition of small amounts of aquadiamonds to sandy soils significantly increases the amount of water available at low moisture tensions. this, in turn, can improve plant survival rates, permitting a more efficient use of water resources, since water would otherwise percolate too quickly through the sand to support healthy plant growth. a further benefit of aquadiamonds is that it can help decrease erosion by the formation of a light crust on the soil surface. the soil stability is further enhanced as aquadiamonds can stimulate root growth, which will consolidate the protection against erosion, as they grow. 2 ) aquadiamond


it can help decrease erosion by the formation of a light crust on the soil surface. the soil stability is further enhanced as aquadiamonds can stimulate root growth, which will consolidate the protection against erosion, as they grow. 2 ) aquadiamonds as a growing medium additive another important use of aquadiamonds is as an additive to a growing medium such as peat. incorporation of small amounts of aquadiamonds into the growing medium can result in one or more of the following benefits. a ) reduced water consumption b ) lower failure rate of plants c ) reduced watering frequency d ) reduced labor costs associated with ( c ) e ) reduced losses due to transplant shock addition of aquadiamonds will also facilitate the handling of peat in dry climates where problems of peat drying out and having to be re - wet can be largely overcome. the amount of water that any soil can retain and hold readily available to plants is determined by the size distribution of individual pores, especially the proportion of micro pores. in the porous structure of the soil there are two forces trying to remove the water : ( 1 ) upwards - transpiration of plants and soil surface. ( 2 ) downwards - gravity. the smaller the pores the higher the force by which the water is held. these forces are expressed in bar or cms water, and the term pf is used where : pf value - log10 ( - suction in cm water ), i. e. a suction of 2 bar corresponds to a pf value of 3. 3. the relationship between moisture content and pf value is strongly dependent on soil type. if pf value is plotted vs moisture content ( see figure 2 ) there are two important points relating to the pf value ( i. e. suction value ). 1 ) the permanent wilting point - the maximum suction that plants can exert to withdraw water from a porous medium. the p. w. p. is generally taken as pf 4. 2. ( or 16 bar ). 2 ) the field capacity ( f. c. ) is the moisture content of the soil when, after saturation, the soil is allowed to drain freely for 1 - 2 days. generally a pf 2. 0 corresponds to moisture content at f. c. this means, therefore, that for the plant, water is available only in the suction range between 0. 1 and 16 bar i. e. pf 2. 0 and pf 4. 2. water held at lower


f. c. this means, therefore, that for the plant, water is available only in the suction range between 0. 1 and 16 bar i. e. pf 2. 0 and pf 4. 2. water held at lower suctions will drain very quickly and that held at higher suctions is available to the plant. an increase in available water capacity could result in : ( a ) decrease in drainage losses of water when the soil is wetted to levels higher than field capacity. ( b ) extend the period where the soil is able to supply the plant with water and ( c ) extend the irrigation interval in irrigated agriculture. in order to show that aquadiamonds was capable of increasing the available water capacity and that this water was available to the plant, two series of independent tests were carried out. 1 ) effect on available water capacity the soil used in these tests was a sandy soil similar in particle size distribution to a sandy desert soil from saudi arabia. further independent tests using a 50 / 50 mixture of fertile arable calcareous sandy clay and sand have indicated that if aquadiamonds were used in practice at a rate of 5 tonnes per hectare, and incoroporated to a depth of 15 cms the water holding capacity could be increased by approximately 500 tonnes per hectare equivalent to 5 cms additional available water. in soils of inherently low available water capacity, such as sandy soils, this could be of great importance, leading to reduced frequency of irrigation. identical tests to those were repeated using a competitive material based on a urea formaldehyde foam. the results are based on a dosage of 30 % by volume which is at least twice the recommended dosage. ( lesser amounts did not alter the results. ) tests show that although the u. f. foam can increase the water holding capacity, the water that is held would preferentially drain away rather than be available for the plant. between pfis 2. 0 and 4. 2 the addition of the foam has no effect on the moisture holding capacity of the soil under test and therefore its effect as a means to promote plant growth by improving water availability is negligible. application and dosage rates 1. for surface cover plants in landscaping applications aquadiamonds should be distributed evenly in the topsoil to a depth of 10 cms. rates will vary depending on soil type and available water but should be in the range of 1 to 5 kg / m3. 2. aquadiamonds can be applied using current techniques.


an iconographic analysis conducted regarding different maya murals created in prehispanic times, between 600 and 1000 of the common era, have allowed the hypothetical reconstruction of the way the milita was integrated in this culture ; scenes studied refer to aspects like the command and armaments systems, as well as communications and tactics used at the height of this ancient civilization. until now, bonampak frescoes, in chiapas, and san bartolo, in el peten, guatemala, were the most researched expressions to understand siege and defense tactics of maya cities. nevertheless, in 4 archaeological zones of northern yucatan peninsula there are mural paintings that bring in new information on the matter. eduardo tejeda monroy, archaeologist of the national institute of anthropology and history ( inah ), presented a descriptive study of the images that integrate murals at chichen itza, chacmultun and mulchic, in yucatan and ichmac, in campeche, during his recent participation in the 6th permanent conferences of archaeology in 2010 at the templo mayor museum. besides the deterioration of these vestiges, it was possible to establish that mayas from different cities used similar weapons, such as the axe employed to give lethal strikes ; the curved stick that functioned as a club, and the dart - thrower used to attack enemies from distances up to 100 meters. the inah researcher detailed that the paintings found on the chac mool temple pilasters, on the northwest colonnade of the thousand columns group and the relief at the inferior temple of the jaguars, both in chichen itza, military confrontation scenes can be appreciated where these combat artifacts are being used. for their defense, mayas from this zone used mainly a cotton breastplate hardened with salt and wood shields, as appreciated in frescoes found at the temple of the tables in chichen itza, mentioned tejeda monroy. configuration of the armies two different infantry bodies integrated the army : the short and long range combat groups, depending on the kind of weapons used, explained the specialist. he added that the militia was organized and lead by several war chiefs, among them, the ruler, who distinguished himself by carrying elements that conferred him authority, such as great feather headdresses, ear and nose ornaments as well as pectorals. the mural at the temple of the jaguars in chichen itza, is an example : it depicts the lord wearing a crown with 3 great white feathers, the same headdress is represented in the ornaments at the great ballgame court, symbolizing its


aoh : : frps. txt | about frps - fuel rail pressure sensor the fuel rail pressure sensor ( frps ) is in recent years the return - less fuel system has gained wide acceptance. with this type of system, the return fuel hose is eliminated in favor of a different type of fuel pump module, using a built - in fuel pressure regulator. in an in tank return - less fuel pump module system, the fuel is returned to the fuel tank right at the fuel pump itself without ever leaving the fuel tank. the reason for all this is to prevent an unnecessary amount of fuel from reaching the engine bay, where it will heat - up and cause excessive fuel vapors at the fuel tank. in other words, this system addresses the never - ending struggle to stop excessive evap emissions. another high - tech approach to the fuel vapor problem is the use of a fuel rail pressure sensor in conjunction with a variable - speed electric fuel pump. ford, among others, has adopted this approach in a wide variety of their newer model vehicles. with the electronic return - less system, the ecm relies on the frp ( fuel rail pressure ) sensor for fuel pressure input right at the fuel injectors. by monitoring the fuel pressure, the ecm can then adjust the fuel pump ' s rotational speed and maintain a stable pressure. once a stable fuel pressure is attained, the formation of fuel vapors in the fuel line itself is greatly reduced. the whole process happens very fast since it is electronically controlled. the frp sensor is a three - wire piezoelectric electronic pressure sensor. this means that the sensor ' s resistance varies as pressure changes. the frp sensor is also connected in line with an internal ecm voltage divider resistor network. so that as the sensor ' s resistance changes with pressure the overall current flow varies as well. the higher the sensor ' s resistance the less current flow and the higher the voltage. the higher voltage across the frp sensor will cause a lower overall voltage across the ecm ' s internal resistor and vise - versa. a typical frp sensor voltage - to - pressure chart is shown next. frp sensor voltage chart. 0. 50 volts - 0 psi 1. 2 volts - 10 psi 1. 65 volts - 20 psi 2. 2 volts - 30 psi 2. 75 volts - 40 psi 3. 45 volts - 50 psi 3. 9 volts - 60 psi 4. 6 volts - 70 psi in some frp sensor applications


the reference and ground wires of the frp sensor ( double - checks the reference voltage and ground leads of the frp sensor ). jump the frp sensor signal wire to the ground wire at the connector. using a scan tool, monitor the fuel rail pressure pid ( with engine off ). about 0. 00 volts should be seen. jump the frp sensor signal wire to the reference voltage wire at the connector. using a scan tool monitor the fuel rail pressure pid ( with engine off ). a reference voltage reading should be seen ( usually 5. 00 volts ). make certain that the vacuum hose going to the frp sensor is not clogged or broken. the engine vacuum is taken into consideration by the ecm when adjusting the actual fuel pressure. the frp sensor will actually output a differential signal, which takes into account the amount of vacuum at the tip of the injectors. if these steps check out ok and there is no fuel system mechanical problems, the fault is probably at the frp sensor itself. take extreme caution when replacing the frp sensor, since you will be dealing with flammable fuel. always be aware of the fire extinguisher ' s location and avoid any open flames while working on the fuel rail. follow the manufacturer ' s replacement procedures. the entire aoh site is optimized to look best in firefox® 3 on a widescreen monitor ( 1440x900 or better ). site design & layout copyright © 1986 - aoh we do not send spam. if you have received spam bearing an artofhacking. com email address, please forward it with full headers to email @ example. com.


this article briefly discusses two scenarios for why modern non - africans are more closely related to neanderthals than modern africans. the scenario that seems to be most popular at present is that homo sapiens populations interbred with neanderthals to some extent after leaving africa. the more complex scenario is that there was an ancestral african population that subdivided before modern humans left africa, and that one of these populations was more closely related to neanderthals and was ancestral to non - africans. this would seem to imply that interbreeding may not be as important for explaining the shared dna between modern humans and neanderthals as previously thought. but i find it unlikely that all of the neanderthal - related people left africa and no groups stayed behind. i don ' t think there are any such examples in historic times ( if someone knows of such evidence, i ' d be interested ). sure, there was a potato famine, and many irish people left, but ireland was not depopulated! the japanese left korea a long time ago, and their language is now quite different, but they are genetically indistinguishable from koreans, because the koreans stayed behind. so it seems to me that occam ' s razor (? ) applies, and the simplest explanation is the best, unless evidence comes to show the contrary. thanks for mentioning where japenese come from although they still have a distinct look whereas koreans could pass for chinese. what of that old japenese descendent they have? odd asian blood. who are they? how far back were they korean? though understandably diet and a small inbred gene pool from korea could create distinctiveness. the japanese must certainly have at least some admixture from the people who were there before them - - most likely the relatives of the ainu, a group which is distinctly different from the japanese, and only exists now on the island of hokkaido. and they are mixing in, and will probably soon disappear as a pure - blooded group. but you really can ' t tell a random individual japanese from a korean - - people claim to be able to do that, but there is really too much overlap. yes, some japanese, show ainu - like characteristics, for example being hairier than mainland asians, or having very pale skin and brownish hair, and i have seen one man with a dark forest green in his eyes, as well as my ex - father - in - law, who had a high bridged nose. but i don


asians, or having very pale skin and brownish hair, and i have seen one man with a dark forest green in his eyes, as well as my ex - father - in - law, who had a high bridged nose. but i don ' t know if those characteristics can occur in koreans as well, because i never lived there, and never had the opportunity to observe a lot of people. and, of course, phenotype does not equal genotype - - koreans and japanese remain the same. maybe its going past me but i don ' t see where the article provides any evidence that a population of modern humans with some neanderthal characteristics first existed in africa and then migrated out. my take is that the article suggests interbreeding between neanderthal and modern humans after undiluted modern humans left africa. per the article : the research, published in the journal plos genetics, provides a historical context for the interbreeding. it suggests that it occurred when modern humans carrying upper paleolithic technologies encountered neandertals as they expanded out of africa.... the team estimate that neandertals and modern humans last exchanged genes between 37, 000 and 86, 000 years ago, well after modern humans appeared outside africa but potentially before they started spreading across eurasia. this suggests that neandertals ( or their close relatives ) had children with the direct ancestors of present - day people outside africa.


the mourachan conservation property was purchased by steve and terri irwin for the prime purpose of conserving the diversity of the semi arid ecosystems and associated wildlife that occur on the property. a second objective has been to run beef cattle in some of the previously cleared paddocks using management practices that result in minimal negative impact on the natural environment and take into account the regular drought events that affect the area. much of the land is regaining a biodiversity with many different species of fauna and flora becoming re - established after years of broad scale clearing for sheep farming, small scale cattle farming and agricultural farming how many acres? - 84 000 acres where is it? - located in the south western corner of queensland in the most endangered habitat type in australia. - known as the " brigalow belt " ( acacia woodland ). - outside the town of st george, in the south west of queensland - situated on the edge of the endangered brigalow belt why is it special? ecosystem mapping shows that a number of regional ecosystems of high conservation value are present. previous and current knowledge and assessments show that these ecosystems largely remain either in an unaltered or minimally altered state in terms of clearing, grazing activities and impacts from feral animals, a situation that greatly enhances the quality of property ’ s natural values. three predatory, one omnivorous, and two herbivorous feral animal species are known to exist on the property. mourachan conservation property protects a diverse, mosaic landscape of significant and endangered remnant ecosystems and associated wildlife species. in broader terms the property is an important component in conserving biodiversity values of both regional and queensland wide significance - which have otherwise been substantially eroded or removed throughout much of the remainder of mulga and brigalow bioregions through land clearing for agriculture and grazing. what kind of animal could i find there? - laughing kookaburra dacelo novaeguinea - hooded robin melanodryas cucullata - black faced cuckoo shrike coracina novaehollandae - pied currawong strepera graculina - white winged chough corcorax melanorhamphos - tawny frogmouth podargus strigoides - noisy miner manorina melanocephala - woma python ( rare ) - yakka skink ( vulnerable ) - lace monitor varanus - yellow spotted monitor varanus panoptes - sand goanna varanus gouldii - bynoes gecko heterontia binoei - western mottled tree


rare ) - yakka skink ( vulnerable ) - lace monitor varanus - yellow spotted monitor varanus panoptes - sand goanna varanus gouldii - bynoes gecko heterontia binoei - western mottled tree gecko gehyra variegate - inland fence skink cryptoblepharus carnaby - warty waterholding frog ” cyclorana verrucosa ( rare ) - eastern grey kangaroos - grey kangaroo macropus giganteous - four sighted early mornings in mulga / poplar box woodland. - black wallaby wallabia bicolor - managers homestead - tack shed, feed shed, work shed and car ports. - shearing shed, stockmens quarters, stockyards, cattle grids, workshop. - access roads and tracks. - campsites on permanent water. - two 4wd vehicles, all terrain vehicles, tractor, backhoe, bulldozer, bobcat, and excavator. - fencing out neighbouring livestock, re - fencing, fence maintenance, old fence removal. - eliminating kangaroo shooters and sport shooters. - cattle versus wildlife scientific study. - repairs, maintenance, new construction. - habitat restoration. - wildlife studies and fauna counts, environmental assessments, flora identification. - improving water quality. - total ban on all shooters, especially professional roo shooters. - feral pest management. - revegetation and habitat restoration. - scientific studies. - upgrade roads and tracks. - stock and feral animal proof fencing ( wildlife friendly ). removal of old fencing and rubbish left over last 100 years. - establish wildlife sanctuary status. - construct hack - out and rehabilitation facilities. - construct and establish an educational. facility and science / interpretive centre. - fauna surveys and environment assessment. - adjoining land acquisition. - " brigalow belt " land acquisition. - establish endangered species breeding areas for bilbies and northern hairy - nosed wombats, womas & yakka skinks. endangered species of the brigalow belt region greater bilby ( macrotis lagotis ) the greater bilby was formerly found throughout arid and semi - arid australia - as far east as surat in qld, and out to the western slopes of nsw. its range has now significantly contracted to scattered colonies in acacia shrubland and hummock grassland from tanami desert ( nt ), the greater sandy desert and gibson desert ( wa ), and in south - western qld. the bilby is best distinguished by long ears, silky grey fur


colonies in acacia shrubland and hummock grassland from tanami desert ( nt ), the greater sandy desert and gibson desert ( wa ), and in south - western qld. the bilby is best distinguished by long ears, silky grey fur and its unique long, tricoloured tail. greater bilbies use to live in over 70 % of mainland australia. today a total of around 600 - 700 animals live in far south - western qld near birdsville, a big reduction on previous populations. habitat destruction due to the grazing behaviours of cattle and rabbits, as well as predation by cats, foxes and dingoes has resulted in the reduction of the greater bilbies range. now that cattle have been successfully excluded from much of the bilbies current habitat it is easier for researchers to monitor their burrows and survey populations. to ensure the greater bilbies future conservation it is important to preserve the populations in areas where they now exist, increase the number of populations by translocating individuals to suitable areas, and implement appropriate control measures for cats, foxes and dingoes. northern hairy - nosed wombat the northern hairy - nosed wombat is one of the most endangered mammals in the world today. with only approximately 113 animals left in the wild ( and only 35 of these being female ), this is one animal that without our immediate attention is going to disappear very soon. this species was once found as far south as the victorian border. it disappeared from the deniliquin and st george areas by the late 1800 ’ s, and now only exists in a tiny 300ha of epping forest in central queensland. currently the queensland parks and wildlife service is conducting research on all facets of this animal ’ s behaviour and natural history, in the hope of increasing the existing population at epping, as well as the long term goal of re - establishing populations in areas where they no longer exist. this combined with the protection and enhancement of habitat, will all assist the long term survival of this species. bridled nailtail wallaby ( onchogalea fraenata ) the bridled nailtail wallaby has become vulnerable due to predation by feral cats, foxes and dingoes. the removal of vegetation by sheep, cattle and rabbits has also impacted on bridled nailtail wallaby populations. in queensland, the clearing of prime wallaby habitat of brigalow and softwood scrub has reduced the area of this species preferred environment by approximately 95 %. the nailtail wallaby is best distinguished by the black elongated


nailtail wallaby populations. in queensland, the clearing of prime wallaby habitat of brigalow and softwood scrub has reduced the area of this species preferred environment by approximately 95 %. the nailtail wallaby is best distinguished by the black elongated nail on the tip of it ’ s tail. this species formerly inhabited the shrub and woodland of the semi - arid inland areas, living mostly on the slopes and plains east of the great dividing range. the now small remaining population are found in open eucalypt forest, woodland and brigalow scrubs of taunton national park near dingo, west of rockhampton. research suggests that the loss of native grasses, lack of preferred brigalow regrowth areas, and drought within the limited habitat they occupy, will severely impede their recovery. this species also faces great competition for food with other grazers such as domestic stock and rabbits. for the future conservation of this species it is important that the existing population is monitored and maintained. new populations should be established in suitable habitats ( this species has been successfully released on idalia national park near blackall ) and the implementation of appropriate control measures for cats, foxes and dingoes will assist in maintaining the populations. woma aspidites ramsayi the woma is a member of the python family and is a non - venomous snake which constricts it ’ s prey. womas are terrestrial in habitat, utilising animal burrows and hollow logs for shelter. they can even make adjustments to a burrow by using their head as a shovel. womas prey upon mammals, reptiles ( including venomous snakes ) and birds, and will ambush prey in burrows. when a woma is attacking prey in a burrow, it may not be unable to completely coil its prey due to space restrictions, and instead it will press the prey against the wall of the burrow to asphyxiate it. womas are primarily nocturnal animals, however more recent observations are revealing that at certain times of the year they may come out to bask during the day. womas grow to an average of 3 meters in length. this species has a very widespread distribution, mainly across the arid inland of australia, in particular desert areas. whilst the woma is currently classified as one species, there are three distinct forms which occur, and upon scientific confirmation these forms may even warrant sub - species classification. two of the three forms are highly endangered. the south - western form, from western australia, is rarely ever sighted in the wild and is already in


martin van buren 1837 - 1841 president martin van buren, the eighth president was born in kinderhook, new york, at the end of the " american revolution ". president martin van buren ' s father was a dutch farmer and tavern keeper. at fourteen years old, president martin van buren began to study law with an attorney in the town, nd when he was sixteen, he successfully tried his first lawsuit. in 1807 he married " hannah hoes ", his childhood sweetheart, who gave him for sons before she died twelve years later. president van buren ' s law practice involved him in new york politics, and his pleasant manners and willingness to cooperate with older party men led to his becoming one of the leading democratic - republicans in new york. president van buren served as state senator and as attorney general until he was elected to the united states senate in 1821. in the senate he fought vigorously for causes he believed in, such as the repeal of a law that sent a man to prison for their debts and against the spread of slavery. president van buren resigned from the senate in his second term to become governor of new york, but after two months in office, president andrew jackson called him back to washington, d. c. to be secretary of state. president van buren, as a senator, had been largely responsible for president andrew jackson ' s election and president andrew jackson needed an experienced politician to lean on. president andrew jackson never regretted his choice. he chose president van buren as the vice president of his second term and at the 1835 democratic convention backed him so strongly for the presidency that he was nominated unanimously. president van buren won the election easily. president van buren had hardly settled in the white house when financial disaster struck, " the panic of 1837 ". no person in the country was unaffected. banks closed, businesses collapsed, farm prices dropped. president van buren did not endear himself to the people during this time by riding around washington, d. c. in his beautiful coach with liveried footmen on the box. nor were the people pleased with his daughter - in - law, who acted as his hostess seated on a raised chair like a throne. in the midst of the panic, the united states almost came to war with great britain when british troops from canada burned an american ship that was being used to transport fighting men and arms to canadian rebels. president van buren settled the affair, but such was the feeling against him the he was given little credit for it. the sub - treasury act in 1840 ", established an independent national treasury


to adhere to the surface of a car efficiently, paints are formulated to be sticky, tacky compounds. despite best efforts of chemists and engineers, paint stays in the air or is deposited on surrounding surfaces, rather than on the car body. this is costly for manufacturers as excess paint must be removed from the air stream and surrounding surfaces through a laborious cleaning process. to minimize the problem, paint - laden air is passed through a curtain of water blended with paint “ detackifiers. ” these are traditionally formaldehyde or acrylic - based agents derived from non - renewable natural gas or crude oil stocks which are also a serious environmental threat. both the paint and petroleum - based detackifiers must disposed of before the water can be recycled and returned to the environment. green logic is ppg ’ s name for an environmentally - friendly paint detackifier that replaces formaldehyde and acrylic compounds with a polysaccharide derived from chitin – the constituent of shellfish shells. chitin ( shellfish waste ) is converted to chitosan, which performs the tasks previously done by the acrylic acids and melamine - formaldehyde polymers. green logic performs more effectively than petroleum detackifiers, resulting in lower maintenance costs, reduced wastewater treatment costs, and greatly reduced yearly water replenishment costs. green logic requires no significant changes in existing process equipment. green logic avoids non - renewable petroleum stocks, conserves water, and reduces the volume of harmful sludge that must be disposed of in landfills. after success at gm ’ s janesville, wisconsin, facility, green logic was introduced at the gm lordstown plant, and is now operating at gm ’ s orion plant, ford ’ s twin cities and kentucky truck plant, mitsubishi ’ s plant in normal, illinois, bmw ’ s in spartanburg, and toyota ’ s in cambridge, ontario. numerous additional plants are slated for 2008.


for most expecting parents, thinking of violence as it pertains to actions of their soon to be newborn is nearly impossible. infants are tiny, fragile and innocent, but researchers believe violent tendencies may be associated with prenatal lifestyle choices. there are some studies that associate violent behaviors with genetic abnormalities and tendencies, but researchers believe there is more to it than genetics. according to a new research study, the choices of the pregnant woman may directly influence violent tendencies of infants later in life. the term biological refers to eating habits, exposure to lead and other factors. there is a long list of lifestyle choices and events that could lead to increased violent behavior in children, young adults and adults. among these are nutrition before pregnancy, nutrition during pregnancy, infant nutrition, lead exposure, use of tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs. depression during pregnancy and stress during birth may also lead to changes in behavior. according to a spokesperson for the centers for disease control, more than $ 170 billion in healthcare costs are incurred each year as a result of violent behaviors like gunshots and stabbings. violent deaths are the 3rd leading cause of death in people aged 10 to 34. if violent behaviors start in - utero, there is a chance to alter certain lifestyle choices and exposures to reduce the effect on the fetus and thus reduce the impact of violent behavior on society as a whole. the role of prevention is not focused on one person or group of persons. obstetricians, health care providers, nurses, nutritionists and pregnant women all hold the weight of change equally. with proper education and nutritional advice, women can make proper choices. regular lead testing and education about risk factors associated with lead exposure is also highly important. researchers noted that nurses play one of the most important parts of prevention in a clinical setting. nurses can offer advice and education to pregnant women and new mothers via obstetric care. pediatric nurses can continue that education during the first 36 months when brain and body development is most critical. finally, nurses in a family physician setting can enforce proper nutrition and healthy habits during early adulthood and into reproductive years. source : university of pennsylvania school of nursing. 19 september, 2011.


what is a fontanel? how do i know if my baby ' s fontanel is normal? the fontanel ( also spelled fontanelle ) is a " soft " spot on the head. there are two fontanels on a newborns head. these soft spots, which are covered by fibrous tissue, actually allow for growth and for movement of the bony plates that make up the skull. during a vaginal delivery, the ability to have give and flex to the head is a good thing! there is an anterior and a posterior fontanel. the posterior fontanel is much smaller and triangular and is located on the lower part of the back or the head. this fontanel will close around 6 to 8 weeks of age. the anterior fontanel ( the one on the top of the baby ' s head ) is diamond shaped and will close around 18 months of age. there are two smaller fontanels at the sides of the baby ' s head above the jaw and behind the ear. the anterior and posterior fontanels are much more prominent. your pediatrician and the hospital nurses will assess the fontanel to make sure your baby is normal and healthy. a " normal " fontanel will not be sunken or bulging. a bulging fontanel could mean increased pressure in the brain and a sunken fontanel may be a sign of dehydration. ask your nurse or pediatrician if you have any questions or concerns about your child ' s skull development.


| national parks quicklinks | backpacker magazine – june 2001 years and even decades after a forest fire, the healed land tells amazing tales about the benefits of flame. i ' d spent the morning trekking through a typical northern forest woodland of 100 - foot maples, oaks, and poplars tightly knit with wild grapevines. the umbrella of trees was shading me from the midday sun when the forest canopy suddenly opened, and i stepped into a sun - filled gap. i squinted in the sun as i tried to decipher the unique scene. shrubs no higher than my waist hugged the ground. unfamiliar grasses blanketed every inch of the opening. why had this tiny grassland emerged within such a dense hardwood forest? i looked for clues. there were four snags, bleached corpse - white and perforated with more holes than a sieve, serviceberry, and miniature oaks. three maples i guessed to be about 25 years old grew on top of each other at one end of the clearing. a wide beech stretched skyward, a few dead leaves flapping in the breeze, a triangular scar on its trunk. an old oak lay on its side, its exposed rings telling stories of drought, monsoon, and fire. i was in a forest that i guessed had burned 5 years earlier, and some 30 years before that, too. now the rejuvenated soil was nursing new trees that would eventually tower overhead. how did i know all this history? every woodland is like a mystery novel waiting to be read, the evidence gathered and analyzed, the enigma unraveled. the culprit in this case, fire, is easy to identify because it leaves such obvious clues blazed into the landscape. learn to identify and interpret these clues and a forest becomes an open book, ready to reveal a story. from ground to crown the effects of a few types of fires will be most obvious to hikers. ground fire : always caused by lightning, ground fires burn beneath the duff, so you won ' t see flames. keen observation is needed to uncover traces of this kind of burn. ground fires char mosses and some roots, but rarely harm living plants taller than your ankle. surface fire : caused by controlled burns or unextinguished campfires, surface blazes creep across the land and consume leaf litter and downed branches. these fires actually promote life by baking open sealed cones ( called serotinous cones ) of ponderosa, lodgepole, jack, and pitch pine, as well as the seed


nhs choices conditions and treatments see the nhs choices conditions and treatments browser for an in - depth description of many common health issues. there is a good guide on the nhs website which describes various conditions affecting children. there is advice on how to diagnose them, how to treat them and if further advice should be consulted. nhs childhood illness slideshow when should i worry? having an ill child can be a very scary experience for parents. if you understand more about the illness it can help you to feel more in control. this booklet is for parents ( and older children ) and deals with common infections in children who are normally healthy. download the booklet most symptoms of a fever in young children can be managed at home with infant paracetamol. if the fever is very high, they may have an infection that needs treating with antibiotics. head lice are insects that live on the scalp and neck. they may make your head feel itchy. although head lice may be embarrassing and sometimes uncomfortable, they don ' t usually cause illness. however, they won ' t clear up on their own and you need to treat them promptly nosebleeds ( also known as epistaxis ) are fairly common, especially in children, and can generally be easily treated. these links all come from trusted resources but if you are unsure about these or any other medical matters please contact your doctor or pharmacist for advice


t he winter holidays are an exciting time for families, especially children, and that means more cooking, decorating, and entertaining, with a higher incidence of fire and accidents. following some simple guidelines will help make your holiday season safe and enjoyable. * artificial trees should be labeled " fire resistant ". * live trees should be fresh ( green color, needles do not break when bent between your fingers, and the tree should not lose many needles when tapped on the ground ). * place trees away from fireplaces, radiators or heaters. do not block doorways. * keep the tree stand filled with water ; heated rooms dry live trees very quickly. * check all lights before hanging on the tree for frayed wires, broken sockets or loose connections. * never use electric lights on a metallic tree. the tree can become charged with electricity from faulty lights and a person touching a branch could be electrocuted. * avoid decorations that are sharp or breakable if there are small children in the house. keep trimmings with small removable parts out of the reach of children to prevent them from swallowing or inhaling small pieces. * avoid trimmings that look like food or candy that may tempt a child to eat them. * read instructions carefully before buying a toy or allowing your child to play with a toy he / she has received as a gift. * purchase age - appropriate toys. some toys designed for older children might be dangerous for young children. * button batteries and magnets can cause serious stomach and intestinal problems - including death - if swallowed. in addition to toys, button batteries are often found in musical greeting cards, remote controls, and other small electronics. call your health care provider immediately if your child swallows one. * do not give children under age 10 a toy that must be plugged into an electrical outlet to avoid burns and electrical shocks. * toys with sharp points or edges, strings, cords, and parts small enough to be swallowed should not be given to small children. government regulations specify that toys for children under age three cannot have parts less than 1 1 4 inches in diameter and 2 1 4 inches in length. after the celebrations * clean up immediately after a holiday party. a small child could wake up early and choke on leftover food or come in contact with tobacco or alcohol. * homes you visit may not be childproofed. keep an eye out for potential dangers. * while traveling for the holidays, try to keep to your child ' s regular schedule as much as possible. regular naps


sherwood larned washburn, the father of modern primatology who first glimpsed the evolution of human behavior in the actions of monkeys and apes, died sunday from pneumonia at alta bates medical center. he was 88. a professor of anthropology at uc berkeley from 1958 to his retirement in 1978 and one of a small number of faculty members appointed as “ university professor ” for the nine - campus system, washburn virtually established the field of primatology in the 1950s following his studies on baboon colonies in kenya. for the next two decades, his theories dominated interpretations of human social evolution and his teachings inspired several generations of students. “ sherry washburn established at uc berkeley the most influential program of the century for the study of primatology, of fossil man, and the biological and cultural evolution of humanity, ” uc berkeley professor of anthropology j. desmond clark said in a statement. “ those who were his friends and those who continue his work will forever be in his debt. he will be missed the world over. ” washburn was the first to propose that tool use, hunting and a gender division in labor had been critical in human evolution. he also saw 40 years ago that humans had evolved from an ancestor that walked on its knuckles, like contemporary great apes – an idea that only this year has gripped the anthropological world anew. in one of his famous articles on the evolution of man, a 1978 article in scientific american, washburn had this to say about knuckle - walking : “ gorillas and chimpanzees ( and the men who play some of the forward positions in american football ), however, have developed a form of locomotion called knuckle walking that enables the apes ( if not the football players ) to walk normally as they carry objects between their fingers and their palm. ” but it was his holistic approach, working from anatomy to function and behavior, that so inspired his students and colleagues. “ sherwood washburn changed the way we study human evolution, ” said professor of anthropology adrienne zihlman of uc santa cruz, and a former student. his influence was so pervasive, said zihlman, that “ everyone has adopted his approach but forgotten where it came from. ” his lectures showing how bones, joints and muscles related to movement and social behavior in humans and other primates often won standing ovations from students. born on november 26, 1911, washburn was the younger son of the dean of cambridge ’ s episcopal theological school. he received a bachelor ’ s degree, sum


why do many parasites affect the liver? stephen g. kayes kayes at sungcg. usouthal. edu fri sep 15 13 : 47 : 07 est 1995 on 15 sep 1995, graham clark wrote : > < snip, snip, cut, cut > > to which stephen kayes replied : > - i suspect that you hit the reason with the bloodstream going to the > - liver. remember that the liver has a double blood supply, namely the > - hepatic artery and the hepatic portal system which drains the intestinal > - tract. the blood contained within the portal supply contains the > - majority of nutrients absorbed from the host ' s food supply and thus, is > - extremely attractive to parasites capable of an intravascular existance. > i don ' t believe that it is that simple. i can think of three distinct > scenarios for parasites that affect the liver ( somewhat simplified below ) : > 1. organisms like entamoeba histolytica that end up in the liver as a > function of the blood flow from the intestines, and when in the liver > cause disease ( in this example amebic liver abscess ). the liver is not > part of the normal life - cycle of the organism. as might be expected from a glib generality, there are exceptions but there are interesting relations that must be considered. graham is correct. but as regards the disease caused by entamoeba, liver abscess from this organim is far less common than is amebic hepatitis which is caused by a toxin released from the parasite which is then transported to the liver by the hepatic portal system. e. h. is after all an intestinal parasite that can invade any tissue of the body. the liver " just happens to be connected to the gi track and thus, when e. h. invades the submucosa of the bowel wall and enters the blood stream the ameba are swept to the liver where they can then resume eating tissue cells, such as hepatocytes and can elicit some rather stricking histopathological responses. > 2. organisms like the malaria parasites where there is a specific life - > cycle stage that occurs in the liver. in this case there is presumably a > specific tropism for the liver without which the parasite would be cleared > from the bloodstream. again i agree with graham but the fact that the malaria parasite has a trop


that occurs in the liver. in this case there is presumably a > specific tropism for the liver without which the parasite would be cleared > from the bloodstream. again i agree with graham but the fact that the malaria parasite has a tropism for hepatocytes ( translated : there are receptors on the liver cell surface that attach to the malaria organism and result in its internalizaton. the liver is where the few invaders from the mosquito undergo their first rounds of asexual multiplication. and what better place to do so but in the liver which is where the body stores much of its glycogen ( remember carbohydrates are the easiest substrate to use for energy ) derived from ingested food, in the gut which travels by the portal system to the liver. did natural selection choose liver cells for this aspect of the life cycle. makes sense to me based on the very large amount of blood flowing through the liver at any one time and the fact that the sinusoids are lacking continouus basement membranes which allow the parasites to actually touch hepatocytes without having to leave the > 3. ( which is somewhat like ' 1 ' ) organisms that affect the liver but never > actually reside there, like schistosomes. schisto worms live in the > mesenteric veins and shed eggs some of which end up in the liver ( among > other places ) via the blood stream, where they cause granulomas and again, graham is correct but i ask why do schistomes ( at least mansoni and japonicum ) choose the inferior and superior mesenterics? because they drain the intestines and can steal from the host ' s raw nutrients. these parasites too, are reproducing at intense rates and need a good source of raw materials. after the infections become established and the bowel wall becomes fibrotically scarred, eggs can no longer penetrate and pass to the outside ( to keep the life cycle going ) so they back up in the parasites local environment and blood flow sweeps them into the hepatic portal system from the mesenterics and into the liver. i still vote that this gut - liver axis is an extremely beneficial site for endoparasites to practice their crafts. and mother nature ( in the guise of natural selection ) would promote such a busines plan. > in none of these cases is it clear that it is the nutrient richness that > determines the parasite ' s ' attraction ' to the liver although it


and mother nature ( in the guise of natural selection ) would promote such a busines plan. > in none of these cases is it clear that it is the nutrient richness that > determines the parasite ' s ' attraction ' to the liver although it is likely > that the blood flow does have a lot to do with how they end up there. > is this a reasonable conclusion? end of graham ' s text with my comments inserted. the bottom line is that both graham and i have a certain gestahlt of the internal relationships of host - parasite interactions. our differing interests and backgrounds flavor how we think about the same things. thats why there is no one single way to train a parasitologist. you never know who might just see the obviously missed insight into the host - parasite relationship that all the clasically trained people just passed over and over. in closing, katy, your rather simplistic question is really excellent and i hope it continues to promote a dialogue on site selection by parasites. / \ / \ / / \ / # # # # # # / / \ / # # # # # # # \! stephen g. kayes, ph. d.! / \ / / \ / / \ / / \ / / \ /! structural & cellular biology! / \ / / \ / / \ / / \ / / \ /! university of south alabama! / \ / / \ / \ / # # # # # # # / / \ / # # # # # # # # /! mobile al 36688! / \ / / \ / / \ / / \ / / \ / = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = \ / - - - - - - \ / / \ - - - - - / \ / / \ / / \ / office : ( 334 ) 460 - 6768 new ac / # # # # # # # / \ / # # # # / \ / \ / \ / fax : ( 334 ) 460 - 6771 its all rock n ' roll to me. dr. science ( duck ' s breath mystery theater ) more information about the parasite


three u. s. turtles win international protection every year more than 2 million live, wild turtles are snatched from the united states and exported to asia, destined for slaughter for the food and medicinal markets. thanks in part to a 2011 center for biological diversity petition, the international community has taken notice and acted. last week parties to the convention on trade in international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) voted to regulate and monitor international trade in blanding ' s turtles, spotted turtles and diamondback terrapins. in 2012 the center petitioned to protect the blanding ' s and spotted turtles, along with 51 other imperiled reptiles and amphibians, under the endangered species act. " turtle traders are depleting u. s. populations at a frightening rate. it ' s got to stop soon or we ' re going to lose these incredible animals from the wild, " says the center ' s collette adkins giese. " commercial trade only compounds the problems native turtles already face from habitat destruction, water pollution and being hit and killed by cars. " get more from motherboard. millions of marine mammals saved from harmful sonar after opposition from the center for biological diversity and others, the california coastal commission has rejected a dangerous plan by the u. s. navy to engage in sonar and explosives training that would cause permanent hearing loss in an estimated 1, 600 whales and other marine animals - - including endangered blue whales - - and result in more than 100 fatalities off southern california. the navy ' s plan would also cause millions of cases of temporary hearing loss and significant disruptions of vital behaviors. navy sonar has been implicated in the hearing loss and subsequent mass strandings of marine mammals like whales. even one low - frequency, active - sonar loudspeaker can be as loud as a twin - engine fighter jet at takeoff, yet the navy frequently uses high - intensity, mid - frequency sonar. underwater explosives not only threaten marine mammals ' hearing but also cause grave physical damage such as hemorrhages and other kinds of tissue trauma. we celebrated this latest victory with the california coastal commission, but we ' re also watchdogging the navy ' s other planned deadly war games : earlier this year, the national marine fisheries service proposed to allow the navy to harm marine mammals up to 9. 5 million times off the coasts of hawaii and southern california and 21. 8 million times in the atlantic over five years. read more in our press release. tell senators to reject keystone xl - - take action the u. s. senate could


9. 5 million times off the coasts of hawaii and southern california and 21. 8 million times in the atlantic over five years. read more in our press release. tell senators to reject keystone xl - - take action the u. s. senate could vote as early as tuesday on whether the disastrous keystone xl pipeline gets built. we can ' t let that happen. the 1, 700 - mile pipeline would, every day, carry up to 35 million gallons of oil strip - mined from canada ' s tar sands - - some of the dirtiest, most climate - hostile fuels on the planet. the pipeline would also cut through rivers, streams, and wildlife habitat for at least 20 imperiled species, including whooping cranes and pallid sturgeon. if we ' re going to stop this destructive behemoth in its tracks, we need to show massive opposition. this week that means joining the center for biological diversity to contact your senators and tell them to reject keystone xl, a project that leading climate scientist dr. james hansen says will be game " over " for our ability to avoid a climate catastrophe - - a project even the state department admits could spill 100 times over the course of its lifetime. please stand with the center today in calling on the senate to reject keystone. washington state lawmakers want to make wolf killing easier - - fight back washington state ' s wolves are finally making a comeback, but some state lawmakers want to make sure their recovery is short - lived. on friday the state senate approved a bill allowing the state wildlife commission to write rules allowing ranchers to kill endangered wolves and other predators without a permit - - even if they ' re not attacking livestock. the state ' s first confirmed breeding pair of wolves in decades was confirmed in 2008. since then, with federal and state protections in place, the state ' s wolf population has grown to nine confirmed packs and two probable packs, numbering at least 51 wolves. unfortunately state lawmakers are making a concerted effort to push wolves off the landscape - - something we ' re seeing in other parts of the country, too. the center for biological diversity ' s organizers and lawyers are rapidly ramping up our work to defend wolves ; it will be a tough fight against powerful special - interest anti - wolf groups, and we need your help. please give today to our wolf defense fund and share this on facebook. new york times, l. a. times feature center ' s 757 settlement, population campaign the center for biological diversity garnered some high - profile media recently on both coasts,


. please give today to our wolf defense fund and share this on facebook. new york times, l. a. times feature center ' s 757 settlement, population campaign the center for biological diversity garnered some high - profile media recently on both coasts, touting the wide - ranging impacts of our 757 species settlement ( the new york times ) and a recent poll that sharply demonstrates the urgency of our population campaign and its conversation - starting endangered species condoms ( the los angeles times ). discussing our 757 settlement with the u. s. fish and wildlife service - - which is benefiting species from the oregon spotted frog to the wolverine - - the prominent new york times feature reported : " it is the most feverish activity on imperiled wildlife in two decades, an improbable feat amid ferocious attacks from conservative critics and in an economy with little money to spare. " the los angeles times piece on population highlighted a poll the center recently commissioned showing that " [ n ] early two - thirds of american voters believe that human population growth is driving other animal species to extinction and that if the situation gets worse, society has a ' moral responsibility to address the problem, ' " as the times put it. the center, read the article, " unlike other environmental groups has targeted population growth as part of its campaign to save wildlife species from extinction. " read the full new york times and los angeles times articles. world fails to ban international trade in polar bear parts a u. s. proposal to ban the international commercial trade in polar bear parts was defeated last week by parties to the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ). countries voted to allow the destructive polar bear rug trade, primarily through canada, to continue, despite strong support from russia of the u. s. - backed ban. about 800 polar bears are killed by hunters every year, primarily in the canadian arctic ; half of these bears ' skins end up in international trade. because polar bears are coming under severe pressure from sea - ice melt caused by climate change, and are unlikely to survive under multiple threats, in 2012 the center for biological diversity formally requested that the united states sanction canada for violating the 1973 agreement on the conservation of polar bears - - a treaty that prohibits polar bear hunting unless conducted under " sound conservation practices. " " the world failed polar bears today, " the center ' s sarah uhlemann said of the ban ' s failure in bangkok. " but the united states has other avenues to pressure canada to curtail its unsus


" sound conservation practices. " " the world failed polar bears today, " the center ' s sarah uhlemann said of the ban ' s failure in bangkok. " but the united states has other avenues to pressure canada to curtail its unsustainable hunt. we urge the obama administration to act quickly to impose trade sanctions as required by u. s. law. " read more in discovery news and then take action today to save polar bears at savethepolarbear. org. washington, d. c., joins national call for climate action all three places that president obama calls home are now urging him to tackle the climate crisis. city councils in chicago and kauai last year joined the center for biological diversity ' s clean air cities campaign, which calls on the president and the epa to harness the clean air act to address climate change. now obama ' s other home, washington, d. c., is urging the same. d. c. is already being hammered by climate change. last year city residents slogged through the most intense heat wave on record, and more of the same is expected in the coming decades. there ' s also a growing risk of flooding, infectious disease and pollution. the d. c. council approved its clean air cities resolution unanimously, making it the 48th community in the united states to join the center ' s campaign. read more in our press release ; find out how to make your community the next clean air city. bat - killing disease hits south carolina, georgia the deadly march of white - nose syndrome carries on : this week, wildlife officials announced the disease - - which has already killed 7 million bats in north america - - has now reached georgia and south carolina. in the seven years since it showed up in upstate new york, it ' s swept into 22 states and five canadian provinces. scientists fear the continued spread of the disease, which strikes bats during hibernation, could wipe out many of north america ' s two - dozen hibernating bat species. the center for biological diversity continues to call for an all - out effort to stem the spread of the disease, including closing caves on public land in all but scientific or emergency circumstances to lessen the risk that white - nose is spread by people. " it ' s chillingly clear that the next frontier for this devastating disease is the western united states and the many, many bat species that live there, " says mollie matteson, a bat advocate at the center. " but even now, our government officials keep