inspires a person to be on guard against wrong action and eager for actions which are pleasing to him. tawaf : circling the kaaba ; tawaf is done in sets of seven circuits followed by two rakat of prayer tawba : returning to correct action after error, turning away from wrong action to allah and asking his forgiveness, turning to face the real whereas before one turned one ’ s back tawheed : the divine unity, unity in its most profound sense. allah is one in his essence and his attributes and his acts. the whole of the creation and what it contains is one unified event which in itself has no lasting reality. allah is the real : surely we come from allah and surely to him we return. ( 2. 156 ‘ ulama : the plural of ‘ alim. ummah : the body of the muslims as one distinct and integrated community or nation. wala : loyalty, holding fast to all that is pleasing to allah and his messenger, may allah bless him and grant him peace. whoever possesses alwala ’ wa ’ l - bara ’ loves with the love of allah and hates with the hate of allah. zakat : the wealth tax obligatory on muslims each year, usually payable in the form of one fortieth of surplus wealth which is more than a certain fixed minimum amount, which is called the nisab. zakat is payable on accumulated wealth, especially gold and silver, merchandise, certain crops, certain livestock, and on subterranean and mineral wealth. as soon as it is collected it is redistributed to those in need, as defined in the quran and the hadith. zakat is one of the indispensable pillars of islam. zakat al - fitr : a small obligatory head - tax imposed on every responsible muslim who has the means for himself and his dependants. it is paid once yearly at the end of ramadan just before the id al - fitr, the festival that marks the end of ramadan.


to a human with a good grasp of english, words may appear simple. however, trying to understand their – or any other set of words ’ – meaning requires deciphering ambiguity and implication. “ a naive person who looks at language thinks the words are what they are, ” says dr. ken schweller dually appointed professor of psychology and computer science at buena vista university. “ let ’ s take another sentence – ‘ i saw a red ball ’. could it mean i cut a red - colored round object? operated on an inflamed testicle? observed a communist crying? ” schweller ’ s graduate school experiments with how people understand language led him to seek the answer through computers, and through computers to help des moines ’ great ape trust — the world ’ s foremost ape language research institution — explore the boundaries of the animals ’ ability to comprehend human speech. he began working with the trust as a programmer and now serves as chair of the board of directors. schweller got involved with the trust when – during his seven - year run as dean of bvu ’ s school of science – he invited primatologist dr. sue savage - rumbaugh to speak at the 2004 dedication of the estelle siebens science center building. her research drove the founding of the trust. as senior scientist and executive director she spends most of her day with the apes in what the trust describes as a “ pan - homo ” culture – that is, humans and apes living together. in 2011, she was named one of time magazine ’ s “ 100 most influential people in the world ” for her research. “ like me, she ’ s a cognitive psychologist also interested in artificial intelligence, ” says schweller. “ after she spoke at bvu, i asked if there was anything i could do for the trust. the first programs i built were pac man - type mazes. today, i ’ m the head programmer there. ” schweller ’ s touch - screen keyboard is programmed to display up to 600 lexigrams that the apes associate with english words, based on a mechanical version originally developed by savage - rumbaugh ’ s research associate and ex - husband, dr. duane rumbaugh. schweller designed the keyboard and worked on many software projects on a fall 2010 sabbatical, during which he volunteered at the trust. rumbaugh ’ s original symbols were displayed by a projector through a series of lenses that could be combined to make shapes, their designs


and worked on many software projects on a fall 2010 sabbatical, during which he volunteered at the trust. rumbaugh ’ s original symbols were displayed by a projector through a series of lenses that could be combined to make shapes, their designs constrained by the technology. as it became apparent that apes understood the symbols – and as the need for a larger vocabulary grew – more symbols were added, some abstract and others that had visual suggestions like pictograms or chinese characters. changes in the third generation of lexigrams – which incorporate english words in roman letters into the design – were implemented largely to make comprehension easier for humans working with the apes, as was the fourth generation ( largely schweller ’ s contribution ) that uses a combination of letters and colors which humans can read as letters and the apes understand as symbols. schweller has used his work with the trust to involve bvu students in a variety of ways, including the creation of “ robo bonobo, ” a robotic ape the trust ’ s fleshand - blood hominids can control to interact with visitors. his involvement with the trust is a natural extension of a career that began searching for answers to questions of cognition via computers. schweller earned an undergraduate degree in 1968 in english as a national merit scholar at wesleyan university in middletown, conn., after switching from biology. during his junior and senior years he worked at a camp for emotionally disturbed children run by the boston children ’ s service, which reaffirmed his growing interest in psychology and human development. while in graduate school he shifted toward the more theoretical aspects of psychology – especially questions of how children acquire language, which he chose to address via computers. “ psychology switched from a behaviorist to a cognitive paradigm, thinking of the brain as an analogue to a computer, ” he says. “ there were no phd programs in computer science then. people came to computers from other disciplines, frequently math and engineering. ” when he and his wife, dr. jeanne tinsley, bvu professor of psychology, started at bvu, they shared the teaching load for a single psychology position. a few years later, dr. charles slagle, class of 1960, professor emeritus of chemistry, purchased bvu ’ s first computer. schweller was among those to begin teaching computers. he learned as he went, and throughout the 1980s when his work load gradually shifted from psychology to computer science. “ i know over 30 languages, and i assume i ’ ll learn a dozen more,


oxide cmc exhaust ground test demonstrator consists of a 1. 60 - m diameter nozzle and 1. 14 - m diameter × 2. 34 - m conical centerbody with titanium end cap inspection portal. credit : steyer ; ijact. ceramic matrix composite ( cmc ) materials can benefit aerospace in propulsion and exhaust, thermal protection, and hot primary structure applications, according to todd e. steyer of the boeing company ( huntington beach, calif. ). reviewing aerospace - related presentations from last july ’ s 4th international congress on ceramics in a recent paper in the acers international journal of applied ceramic technology, steyer outlined several emerging aerospace opportunities for cmcs, including propulsion and exhaust, thermal protection, and hot primary structure applications. in the propulsion area, gas turbines have long been dominated by the use of nickel - based superalloys and titanium alloys. according to steyer, engine manufacturers are now taking a closer look at cmcs for use in engine hot sections. silicon carbide - based composites can handle temperatures to 1200°c while reducing weight and cooling requirements, resulting in reduced fuel burn and improved performance. according to an article in mit technology review, new engines being developed by cfm, a partnership between ge and france ’ s snecma, feature cmc components that will reduce fuel consumption by about 15 percent — enough to save nearly $ 1 million per year per airplane, assuming a fuel cost of $ 2. 50 per gallon. cfm ’ s leap engine uses sic - reinforced cmc parts that don ’ t require cooling, enabling air that would normally be diverted to keep superalloy components from melting to be used to generate thrust. it also uses parts produced using a 3 - d printing process, according to the mit article. the company already has orders for 4, 500 of the new engines. in addition to saving money, the engines will help users comply with current and anticipated emissions regulations. in engine exhaust systems, work is underway to produce an alumina - fiber reinforced aluminosilicate matrix composite centerbody and exhaust nozzle for commercial aircraft. currently in ground testing, the ceramic nozzle will reduce weight and engine noise and increase component lifetime, steyer wrote. ceramic materials have long been used in aerospace thermal protection applications — for 30 years, ceramic tiles with glass - based coatings provided thermal protection for the us ’ s now - retired space shuttle fleet. initially composed of silica fibers with a nominal density of 0. 14 g / cm3 and a glaze


— for 30 years, ceramic tiles with glass - based coatings provided thermal protection for the us ’ s now - retired space shuttle fleet. initially composed of silica fibers with a nominal density of 0. 14 g / cm3 and a glaze aimed at controlling emissivity and limiting catalysis for oxygen and nitrogen recombination from the plasma on reentry, the tiles provided effective insulation but required heavy maintenance between flights. engineers improved durability over the shuttle ’ s service life using new tile substrates and coatings. for new thermal protection applications, steyer reported on cmcs developed and tested by nasa researchers for use at temperatures to 1700°c. toughened uni - piece fibrous reinforced oxidation - resistant composite ( tufroc ) materials build on the success of insulating fibrous tiles with high - emissivity / low - recombination - efficiency coatings using a refractory ceramic carbon - insulated layer for dimensional stability. supersonic and hypersonic flight vehicles present unique challenges for primary hot structural materials, and ultrahigh - temperature ceramics ( uhtcs ) have been emerging as a promising class of materials for leading edges for hypersonic vehicles. the refractory nature of this class of carbides, borides, and nitrides makes them good candidates for the highest heat flux areas as well as areas with high integrated heat load as a function of time, steyer wrote. particulate, whisker, and chopped or continuous fiber reinforcements are resulting in improved mechanical properties, but the materials ’ relatively high density and difficulty in large - scale processing are potential drawbacks. steyer reported one recent example in which cmcs consisting of 0. 5 - to 1 - mm long chopped hi - nicalon sic fibers in a zrb2 matrix hot - pressed at 1700°c showed significantly improved chevron - beam fracture toughness at compositions containing up to 20 vol. % fiber. increased use of cmcs in aerospace will require microstructure optimization, a path to entry into service, and improved affordability. steyer believes fundamental and applied research in damage accumulation mechanisms / models, life prediction methodologies and modeling, nondestructive inspection techniques, and robust field and depot - level repair methods will result in more cmcs in aerospace applications. micrograph of one strand of a new spray - on super - nanotube composite developed by the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) and kansas state university. a ceramic shell surrounds the multiwall


in more cmcs in aerospace applications. micrograph of one strand of a new spray - on super - nanotube composite developed by the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) and kansas state university. a ceramic shell surrounds the multiwall nanotube core. the composite is a promising coating for laser power detectors. ( color added for clarity. ) credit : kansas state university. how does one measure the optical power output of lasers that are able to — and even designed to — destroy materials? some lasers with optical output that high are built to be weapons ; others are used for friendlier purposes like defusing unexploded landmines. designing a power detector that can capture and measure very high laser power without vaporizing away is one application of a new coating developed by researchers at kansas state university and nist. the team, led by gurpreet singh at ksu published results on a new carbon nanotube - ceramic composite coating in acs applied materials and interfaces, in their recent article, “ very high laser - damage threshold of polymer - derived si ( b ) cn - carbon nanotube composite coatings. ” according to a nist press release, nist has been coating optical detectors with carbon nanotubes because their intense black color maximizes light absorption. this new coating comprises multiwall carbon nanotubes ( mwcnt ) encased in an amorphous sibcn shell, as shown in the image above. adding boron increases the refractoriness of the coating. the ksu team developed the composite with an assist from the nist researchers who suggested using toluene for both the preceramic polymer solvent and for the mwcnt dispersant. singh explained in an email, “ toluene - cnt dispersions were more stable and homogeneous [ than dispersions based on ] chloroform, acetone, or water. ” the nwcnts are dispersed in toluene into which preceramic polymer is added. when the solution is heated to 1, 100°c, an amorphous sibcn shell forms over the mwcnts. the composite is ground into a fine powder, dispersed in toluene, and sprayed onto copper substrates. the optical power meter works by absorbing the high - intensity laser light on its inside surface, which is typically a copper cone calorimeter coated with a black absorbing material ( for example, the new mwcnt - ceramic coating ). it absorbs the incident light


meter works by absorbing the high - intensity laser light on its inside surface, which is typically a copper cone calorimeter coated with a black absorbing material ( for example, the new mwcnt - ceramic coating ). it absorbs the incident light and converts it to heat. the heat transfers to water flowing behind the copper heat sink. by precisely measuring the water flow and temperature increase, the energy absorbed can be calculated. ( see schematic of device. ) to test the efficacy of the composite coating, the team subjected it to 10. 6 - micrometer wavelength irradiation from a 2. 5 kw co2 laser. the composite coating outperformed other tested materials - mwcnt, single wall cnt, and carbon paint - by an order of magnitude or more. according to the paper ’ s abstract, the damage threshold for the composite coating was 15 kwcm - 2 with an optical absorbance of 97 percent. essentially, the coating absorbed all of the light. in contrast, the mwcnt - only coating exhibited damage at 1. 4 kwcm - 2 with 76 percent absorbance. swcnt broke down at 0. 8 kwcm - 2 and only 65 percent absorbance, and damage started in the carbon paint coating at 0. 1 kwcm - 2 and 87 percent absorbance. according to the press release, the mwcnt component absorbs the irradiation and transmits the heat, while the ceramic shell provides oxidation and damage resistance. apparently, though, under the right conditions, the outer shell oxidizes partially to form an external silica layer, which can be used to tune the coating depending on the application. singh said there are other possible applications for the mwcnt - ceramic coating, such as lithium - ion cycling. they are also looking into applications such as nanostructured coatings for protection in extreme environments like rocket nozzles. this last application reminded me of an interview i did several years ago with nasa space shuttle astronaut, danny olivas. olivas is a metallurgist and was very involved in the materials aspects of the failure analysis after columbia disintegrated in 2003. in the aftermath, he also led the effort to develop an in - flight repair kit to mitigate damage to the heat shield tiles. ( it was determined that a breach of the heat shield contributed to the columbia tragedy. ) the team developed a similar material : a preceramic polymer that fired to silicon carbide. the idea was that the polymer would be


heat shield tiles. ( it was determined that a breach of the heat shield contributed to the columbia tragedy. ) the team developed a similar material : a preceramic polymer that fired to silicon carbide. the idea was that the polymer would be “ painted ” onto the damaged area and would fire, literally, using the reentry atmosphere itself as the “ furnace. ” to the best of my knowledge, the system was never used ( thankfully ). the shuttle program ended in 2011, so we will never know whether it would have worked. official video ( in german ) of sto in aevero aerogel insulation boards. credit : sto. one of the promises of your basic silica - based aerogel is that it would make a fantastic component in insulation systems — but there have always been a lot of manufacturing and processing “ ifs ” involved. nevertheless, several companies are starting to make headway with emerging commercial products. before i get into the details, i always try to point out that in the big picture the importance — in terms of energy consumption — of improved building insulation varies among regions of the globe. while it is a second - tier concern in north america, the energy - consumption pattern in many european nations is dominated by heating. germany is one of the best examples, where well over 25 percent of the nation ’ s energy consumption goes into residential and commercial space heating. much of the problem is related to the age of the building stock. besides the heat leakage problems that come from very old buildings, remediation is also a challenge because of sheer space limitations. thus, while the availability of aerogel - containing insulation panels and systems may not be front - page news in the united states, it is a fairly big deal in europe ( where the eu is already funding a major research and commercialization initiative ). it ’ s worth keeping this in mind as you read about the developments below, and illustrated in the video above. the first is that an internal insulation and finishing system developed by sto ag — ” sto in aevero ” — recently received the “ award for product innovation ” at the bau 2013 trade fair. at least in terms of product recognition, this is a nice accomplishment because bau, as far as i know, is the world ’ s largest expo for architecture, materials, and systems. sto ’ s system uses aerogel develop by cabot. sixty companies were part of the competition, vying for three prizes and six awards. the sto / cabot system


world ’ s largest expo for architecture, materials, and systems. sto ’ s system uses aerogel develop by cabot. sixty companies were part of the competition, vying for three prizes and six awards. the sto / cabot system won the events “ investing in the future ” award, which apt. a cabot news release describes the product as a “ super slim system is comprised of a composite board that combines cabot ’ s aerogel particles for superior energy - savings performance with sto ’ s binder and composite technology. this results in an insulation board that offers greater energy efficiency than traditional materials. cabot ’ s aerogel enables an ultra - low thermal conductivity of 0. 016 w / mk applied in very thin insulation thicknesses from 10 to 40 millimeters ( r3. 5 - r14 ). ” here is a summary of sto in aevero ’ s properties : - thermal conductivity : 0. 016 w / ( mk ) - compressive strength : ≥ 100 kpa - water vapor diffusion resistance factor μ : 10 - tensile strength perpendicular to faces : ≥ 20 kpa - density : ≥ 150 kg / m³ - panel thicknesses : 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 mm - sheet size : 580 x 390 mm - material class b2 according to din 4102 ( b1 in the system ) sto ’ s contribution is significant in that it had to design and manufacture a composite board that, besides incorporating the aerogel, also addresses permeability and vapor control and delivers a product in a thin form factor. sto also has developed some important installation methodologies, and leveraged its experience with installing high - quality facade, plasters, paints and rain screen - cladding systems. in the cabot release, raj chary, vice president and general manager for cabot aerogel says, ” [ sto ' s ] modern, intelligent solutions in reconstruction, renovation and renewal work are helping architects and builders meet the highest regional and industry standards for energy conservation, [ and to ] help deliver energy efficient renovation solutions for historical buildings as well as new construction. ” one frustrating thing that unfortunately is lacking in these announcements is pricing / installation cost information relative to traditional insulation. while sto and cabot seem to be staking out the building sector, aspen aerogels continues to refine its products for industrial application. aspen was one of the first companies that demonstrated a flexible insulation system that could, for example, be used as a wrapable barrier around pipes.


staking out the building sector, aspen aerogels continues to refine its products for industrial application. aspen was one of the first companies that demonstrated a flexible insulation system that could, for example, be used as a wrapable barrier around pipes. aspen and others saw a business opportunity with insulating pipes that pass through cold regions, such as the petroleum pipelines that cross alaska. apparently the company was also keeping an eye on high - temperature applications, too. recently aspen, announced a new high - temperature insulation, pyrogel xt - e. a news release from the company indicates that the new product is a variation of if the existing xt product, and that it is being aimed at uses refining, petrochemical, power and other facilities. given the recent boom in the drilling and refining industries, a product aimed at this sector makes a lot of sense. in the aspen release, don young, president and ceo, says pyrogel xt - e is “ the most effective high - temperature insulation material in the industrial market and improves our customers ’ ability to use our product in the most demanding environments. ” a document ( pdf ) on the aspen websites says that it is available in rolls of sizes of 850 and 1, 500 square feet, is available in 5 and 10 - millimeter thicknesses, and has a density of about 12. 5 pounds per cubic foot. like aspen ’ s other products, the pyrogel xt - e comes in rolls that makes it a “ labor saver. ” aspen also says it has been able to significantly reduce the dust that comes from installation. it says its flexible blanket form is up to five - times thinner than competing insulation products and can serve in applications that range from - 270 °c to 650°c. no pricing was mentioned for the aspen product, either. i just got back from the 49th annual symposium on refractories that was held wednesday and thursday at the combined st. louis section and refractory ceramics division meeting. the theme of this year ’ s meeting was “ refractory challenges in the chemical and petro - chemical industries. ” to open the symposium, ed linck ( linck refractory services ) provided an overview of refractories challenges and technologies in the refining industry, particularly as they are used in fluid catalytic cracking units ( fccus ). in the 1950s when he began working in the industry, fccus ran 6 - 9 months before needing repair. today, fccus run five years continuously, and new


industry, particularly as they are used in fluid catalytic cracking units ( fccus ). in the 1950s when he began working in the industry, fccus ran 6 - 9 months before needing repair. today, fccus run five years continuously, and new technologies are driving the life cycle toward seven years. linck noted that good materials are important, but installation is critical. “ you can have the best material in the world, but if you don ’ t put it in right, it won ’ t work right, ” he says. downtime costs a refiner about $ 1 million per day, according to another speaker, richard parkinson of uop llc / honeywell. even though it takes about 100 - 150 tons of refractory material to line a fccu, the refining industry accounts for only about 5 - 10 percent of the overall refractories market, with the majority of refractories going to the steel, metals, glass, and cements industries. according to parkinson, there are about 500 fccus worldwide that account for about 40 percent of the global gasoline production. a fccu can process 20, 000 - 200, 000 barrels of oil per day. the catalytic cracking reaction occurs at about 500 - 550°c, and the catalysts are primarily zeolite and aluminosilicate fine powders. consequently, many of the talks discussed challenges relating to corrosion, heat, and abrasion. john hellman, from pennsylvania state university, is working on proppant technology, which are at the vortex of current events relating to hydrofracturing. he says that the marcellus shale reserve alone has enough natural gas reserves to supply the us energy needs for the next 150 years, which he describes as “ the saudi arabia of natural gas. ” “ this is an industry that is going to be large, ” hellman says, “ and we have to do it right. ” according to him, an important part of “ doing it right ” is advancing the proppant technology. the numbers are compelling. each lateral well ( 12 - 20 come off each vertical wellhead ) calls for 3, 000 tons of proppant. the present market is in the neighborhood of 100 billion tons per year, up from 12 billion tons only seven years ago. at those volumes, proppants need to be available locally and cheap. his group is looking at ways to use discarded materials — such as glass cullet, slags, wrong - size roofing shingle minerals, and even the drill cuttings pulled from


those volumes, proppants need to be available locally and cheap. his group is looking at ways to use discarded materials — such as glass cullet, slags, wrong - size roofing shingle minerals, and even the drill cuttings pulled from the wells — to make high - quality, inexpensive proppants, while solving some other industrial disposal problems. he also offered some intriguing ideas for “ smart proppants ” based on magnetic particles with piezoelectric outer shells that could provide in situ monitoring of the wells. the rcd regulars like to characterize themselves as a “ family. ” to my delight, this family welcomed me into the clan by singing “ happy birthday ” to me yesterday to celebrate my nth 39th birthday! there ’ s more to multifunctional ultra - flyweight aerogel produced at a zhejiang u. lab than just ‘ world ’ s lightest material ’ record i suspect this story may seem a little like old news to some readers, but a lot of the pop - sci reporting in the last few days about a new ultralight aerogel ( actually, a ufa or ultra - flyweight aerogel, i. e., less than 1 mg cm−3 ) has missed the point by a wide margin. the big takeaway from this story, as documented in a new advanced materials paper, is that the graphene – carbon nanotube ( cnt ) aerogel is relatively easy to make, appears to be easily scalable, and is moldable into any shape. moreover, the new ufa, besides having ultralow density, also is extremely flexible and elastic — with the elasticity independent of temperature — and is thermally stable, a good electrical conductor, hydrophobic, and capable of absorbing extremely high capacities for organic liquids and phase change materials. now, certainly, there is a significant gee - whiz factor for gaining the “ world ’ s lightest material ” title, an achievement based on a density of 0. 16 mg cm−3, accomplished by the research team at zhejiang university headed by gao chao. the group ’ s material is not the first ufa. within the past 18 months, other researchers have constructed nickel foams with density of 0. 9 mg cm−3 ( via electroless plating and subsequently etching away a polymer template ), and another group constructed an aerographite with a density of 0. 18 mg cm−3 ( via a zno template - based chemical vapor deposition approach ). but, both groups ’ dependency on a template also


of cnts reinforces the relatively flexible graphene substrate and endows their intrinsic elasticity to the coorganized aerogel. ” one of the ufa ’ s interesting properties is its elasticity that allows it to be repeatedly compressed and returned to its nearly original size. this sponginess comes in handy in combination with another property : it can rapidly absorb up to 900 times its own weight in oil or other organic liquids. for example, one gram can absorb 68. 8 grams of organics per second. the elasticity remained the same in tests that ranged from −190 to 300°c. the elasticity also remained after researchers annealed the ufa at 900°c for five hours. there are probably many ways the elasticity and absorbability can be useful, not the least of which is that, because of its hydrophobicity, it could be a reusable medium to soak up oil spills on lakes and oceans. gao says in the university story, “ maybe one day when oil spill occurs, we can scatter them on the sea and absorb the oil quickly. due to its elasticity, both the oil absorbed and the aerogel can be recycled. ” ( another chinese research group working at tsinghua and peking universities published a paper in 2010 about the use of cnts for oil spills, and i suspect that there is some overlap between the work of the two groups. ) another property of the ufa is that it has elasticity - dependent electrical conductivity. for example, they report connecting an led lamp top the ufa bulk, and “ its brightness fluctuates upon compressing and releasing the aerogel. this phenomenon promises the application of ufas as pressure - responsive sensors. ” they also say that by loading the ufa with tiny amounts of certain liquids ( say, ccl4 or 1 - hexadecanol ), they can make conductive composites with very high electrical conductivity compared to just cnt - or graphene - based composites. video of variable conductivity of ufa demonstrating current change to led when aerogel is compressed and released. credit : gao et al. ; advanced materials. gao and the other authors also suggest the ufa could find use as supercapacitors and catalyst beds, but another intriguing application they only hint at is its use as a medium that enhances phase - change energy storage materials. for example, unlike other composites, a ufa - paraffin combination delivers higher phase - change enthal


anti - semitism — or, more accurately, anti - jewishness — was not an invention of hitler nor of his national socialist german workers ’ party. anti - jewish sentiment has always stalked the jews, where - ever they went : it seems as if their very presence always elicited a negative and hostile response from virtually all the nations in which they settled. anti - jewish sentiment existed long before christianity, and the introduction of that religion and its distortions merely provided another means of expression for the latent anti - jewish feeling which always followed the jews like a shadow. origins of anti - jewish sentiment. the origins of this original anti - jewish feeling lie within the nature of jewish society itself : exclusively ethno - centric with a binding religion and inward looking culture, the jews always managed to maintain themselves as an isolated community in all of the nations in which they settled. this tradition has maintained itself to this day. for this reason, jews tended to live together in tightly knit communities in cities : these jewish blocks came to be called ghettoes, and it is important to realize that the first ghettoes were entirely voluntary jewish neighborhoods. this was then re - inforced by religious laws limiting membership of the jewish community by race — only people born of jewish women could be accepted as jews. this is another practice which has survived to the present day — people of no direct jewish ancestry can only become jews with great difficulty, and even then a large section of the jewish community, the orthodox jews, will not recognize converts as true jews. finally, the well - known jewish propensity for business and the ability to accumulate vast amounts of money — a phenomena well known to this day — was the source of much original anti - jewish feeling. gentiles ( or, goy as the jewish talmud ) refer to non - jews of all races, with the literal translation of cattle — which in itself is an important insight of how the writers of the talmud viewed the outside world. the true origins of anti - jewish feeling therefore lies in a combination of three major factors : • the self imposed isolation of the jewish people ; • the open hostility to non - jews as espoused in their ethno - centric and tightly binding religion ; and • the propensity of their financial dealings. thus it was that the first anti - jewish outbursts occurred long before the introduction of christianity. christianity merely added to these emotions : as the wave of christian fanaticism swept europe, all sense of reason or rationality was lost, and,


. thus it was that the first anti - jewish outbursts occurred long before the introduction of christianity. christianity merely added to these emotions : as the wave of christian fanaticism swept europe, all sense of reason or rationality was lost, and, forgetting that christianity itself had sprung from judaism, the christians gave vent to their long simmering dislike of the jews by accusing them of being the killers of christ to boot. the hostility was however, reciprocated : the talmud, which is a collection of rabbinical writings added to the old testament, contains many violently anti - gentile remarks, comparing non - jewish women to whores and providing specific instruction on how it is permissible for jews to cheat non - jews in business. both christians and jews then, altered their religious teachings in attempts to whip up hostility to each other in a bizarre semi - religious and semi - racial clash. jews occupy high posts in moorish spain and portugal. after the decline of the roman empire, jews started settling in larger numbers in western europe, with many sephardic jews crossing over from africa into spain. hot on their heels came the muslim moors, who gave the jews favored status in moorish occupied spain : jews came to fill the highest position in the moorish republic of granada in spain and owned one - third of all the real estate in barcelona. when the moorish occupation of spain was finally ended, the christian victors did not take kindly to what they correctly saw as jewish collaboration with the moors. this led to the spanish version of the inquisition, which was primarily aimed at jews who had falsely converted to christianity in an attempt to escape the revenge attacks on jews carried out by the victorious christian armies. finally, the jews were formally expelled from spain in 1492, the same year that christopher columbus set foot in the americas. france. as avid supporters of the french revolution, jews were rewarded when the national assembly enfranchised jews in 1791, simultaneously stripping all restrictions which had been placed on them. napoleon bonaparte was given much support by europe ’ s jews in his campaigns across europe, for where ever he went he lifted whatever restrictions there had been upon the jews. once again, this was only good for jews over the short term. the downside came when napoleon was finally beaten : jews were associated with the destruction that his military adventures had wrought ; virtually all of the reforms he had instituted were reversed as a result. however, by the 1860s, most of the jewish communities in western europe had more or less been de - ghettoized, and


associated with the destruction that his military adventures had wrought ; virtually all of the reforms he had instituted were reversed as a result. however, by the 1860s, most of the jewish communities in western europe had more or less been de - ghettoized, and napoleon ’ s reforms had for the greatest part been re - instituted. jewish domination of media in the west. whether by deliberate plan or accident, the situation has arisen whereby jews have ended up dominating the mass media forms of both the usa, and to a slightly smaller extent, of western europe. the ownership of the mass media by a small group of jews is well documented and full details are easily obtainable on the internet. this jewish domination of the media can, and does, have serious consequences, so vividly illustrated by the 11 september 2001 attacks on new york ’ s world trade centre and the pentagon in washington, d. c. these events were triggered exclusively by the unflagging us support given to israel against the palestinians. the fact that the usa — and much of the west — continues to support israel at any cost, including the deaths of thousands of its own citizens, is the surest evidence yet of the power of the jewish lobby in both the mass media ( which generates “ public opinion ” ) and of the jewish lobby ’ s famed control over the us government, and to a lesser extent, the governments of western europe. the expulsion of the jews the spanish jews were amongst the first to feel the full effects of the fall of the moors from power in spain. in 1492 isabella and ferdinand formally expelled all jews from that country, punishing the spanish jews for having actively collaborated with the moors during their 780 year long occupation. the victorious moors ( who, because of their common semitic ancestry with the spanish jews and the already poor relations between the jews and the goths ) employed several spanish jews in their administration of spain in some of the highest posts, even though there were occasional outbursts of anti - jewish feeling amongst the arabs themselves. in the city of grenada, the last to fall to the white armies, the spanish were enraged to learn that the moorish king ’ s prime minister and most of his leading advisors were jews. a massacre of jews in the city followed that discovery. this alliance between a number of spanish jews and the moors inflamed the anti - semitic feeling amongst the subdued goths even further ; a sentiment which would later flare up in the form of the spanish inquisition and the expulsion of the jews from spain. the inquisition. when spain was finally


and the moors inflamed the anti - semitic feeling amongst the subdued goths even further ; a sentiment which would later flare up in the form of the spanish inquisition and the expulsion of the jews from spain. the inquisition. when spain was finally liberated from the non - white moors, the long suppressed anti - jewish sentiment broke out in full fury. in that year all unbaptized jews were expelled en masse from spain, and the infamous spanish inquisition, set up to enforce christendom, was used to persecute jews, who, because of their collaboration with the moors, were regarded as the implacable enemies of white spain. earlier isabella had obtained from the pope in rome a dispensation to establish the inquisition in spain, which soon turned into a fully fledged anti - jewish campaign under the name of christianity. the first hearings against the conversos were held in february 1481 in castile ; it combined with the outbreak of the bubonic plague. many christian fanatics linked the outbreak of the plague to the start of proceedings against the conversos, and the jews were blamed for the plague as well as their other real or imagined crimes, which included accusations that they had betrayed the city of toledo to the invading moors by opening the city gates at a crucial junction in the siege of that city. the leading conversos held a secret meeting to resist the inquisition with force. isabella ’ s spies however found out about the planned rebellion and arrested the ringleaders, most prominent amongst them a rabbi named diego de susan. he, along with six other jews, was tried for subversion, found guilty and executed by burning at the stake in late 1481. the conversos then broke rank in panic, and starting fleeing spain in large numbers, some going to italy, but many going to muslim held turkey, where they once again enjoyed special status. much property belonging to the converso jews — who by some estimates made up as much as 20 per cent of spain ’ s pre - inquisition population — was seized by isabella and added to the state treasury. after the expulsion of the moors and the jews, spain entered its golden age. it created a huge empire, and along with portugal, became one of the most powerful nations in europe. the first great brothers ’ war the world zionist movement, a nationalist jewish organization founded by european jews to create a national homeland for jews in palestine, saw an opportunity open up with the british occupation of palestine, and persuaded the british foreign minister, lord arthur balfour,


great brothers ’ war the world zionist movement, a nationalist jewish organization founded by european jews to create a national homeland for jews in palestine, saw an opportunity open up with the british occupation of palestine, and persuaded the british foreign minister, lord arthur balfour, to issue a public promise in 1917 to the effect that britain would support the creation of a jewish homeland in palestine. this public promise became known as the balfour declaration. in return for this undertaking, the world zionist movement then promised britain that it would marshal the world ’ s jews behind the allied cause and, more importantly, endeavor to use their influence to bring the united states of america into the war. in this way, considerable pressure was brought to bear on the american government to enter the war against germany, although by this stage they hardly needed much prompting. the united states enters the war. while the world zionist congress was actively working behind the scenes with the powerful jewish lobby in the american government, the course of the war at sea presented the american president, woodrow wilson, with an opportunity to enter the war against germany, despite his presidential election campaign having been specifically fought on a non - interventionist ticket. in february 1917, the us broke off diplomatic relations with germany and formally declared war in april. the timing of the us entry into the war — virtually simultaneously with the balfour declaration — is too good to be coincidental. by june 1917, more than 175, 000 american troops were already in france ; by the end of the war more than two million americans had been deployed in france. waves of fresh american troops captured 14, 000 exhausted and virtually starving german troops at saint - mihiel, and then pushed on through the argonne forest, breaking the german lines between metz and sedan. with this major defeat, the german government asked for an armistice in october 1918 — this attempt to end the war failed when the american president woodrow wilson insisted on negotiating only with a democratic german government. the british then pushed home an attack in belgium and northern france and early in november american and french forces reached sedan. by early november, the hindenburg line had been broken and the germans were in disarray. the suppressed link – jews and communism the creation of the soviet union was to impact upon history for the greater part of the 20th century — and an understanding of the sub - racial and ideological divisions it caused is crucial to understanding not only the events of that century, but also to understanding the flare up of anti - jewish sentiment which culminated in the creation of the third reich in germany. for the soviet union


of the sub - racial and ideological divisions it caused is crucial to understanding not only the events of that century, but also to understanding the flare up of anti - jewish sentiment which culminated in the creation of the third reich in germany. for the soviet union ’ s best kept secret was that the bolshevik elite had one outstanding characteristic : it had an inordinately large number of jews in its controlling body. virtually all of the important bolshevik leaders were jews : they included the “ father of the revolution, ” leon trotsky ( whose real name was lev bronstein : in an attempt to hide his jewishness, he adopted the name trotsky ) ; lev kamenev, the early bolshevik leader who later went on to become a leading member of the politburo, was born with the surname rosenfeld ; grigori zinoviev, head of the petrograd soviet, was born with the surname apfelbaum ; and many other famous communists of the time, such as karl radek, lazar kaganovich ; and moses urtisky, ( the head of the cheka ) who all changed their names for reasons similar to that of trotsky. the bolshevik ’ s party ’ s central committee chairman, yakov sverdlov, was also jewish — and it was he who gave the order to the jewish soviet secret policeman, yurovsky, to murder the tsar — yurovsky personally carried out this order. as if the russian revolution was not enough, the originator of the communist ideology itself, karl marx, was also a jew, with his family name in reality being levi. the large jewish role in the russian revolution, combined with the fact that marx had been born a jew, was manna from heaven for the european anti - semitic movement, and the link between jews and communism was exploited to the hilt, particularly by adolf hitler and the national socialist ( nazi ) movement in germany during the 1920s. it was not only in germany that the association of jews with communism was made : all over the world jews became associated with radical political movements, sometimes justifiably so, other times not. nonetheless, the presence of so many jews in the creation of the soviet union played a massive role in justifying anti - jewish sentiment in europe prior to, and with, the rise of adolf hitler. directly after the first world war, there were another three specifically jewish communist revolutions in europe itself : • the german jew, kurt eisner, led a short lived communist revolution in munich,


prior to, and with, the rise of adolf hitler. directly after the first world war, there were another three specifically jewish communist revolutions in europe itself : • the german jew, kurt eisner, led a short lived communist revolution in munich, bavaria from november 1918 to february 1919 ( at the same time that adolf hitler was an unknown soldier in that city — the effect of being a first hand witness to a jewish and communist - led revolution helped to cement hitler ’ s anti - communist and anti - jewish feelings ) ; • the short lived sparticus uprising in berlin ( september 1918 to january 1919 ) led by the german jews, karl liebknecht and rosa luxemburg ; and • the short lived communist tyranny in hungary led by the jew, bela kun ( cohen ), from march to august 1919. these incidents all helped to identify jews with communism in the public mind : in this light it becomes perfectly explicable why the nazi party was able to win support on an anti - communist and open anti - jewish platform. jews in the later soviet union. jews retained their leading roles in soviet society until growing anti - semitism within the communist party itself led to a change in policy. trotsky was the first major jewish casualty : he split with stalin over the issue of international socialism and the need to spread the revolution : he was forced into exile in 1929. he was then assassinated in mexico city in 1940, allegedly by a stalinist agent. by the middle 1930s, stalin had started purging the soviet communist party of other important jews. the period immediately following the end of the second world war and the creation of the state of israel saw another rise in soviet anti - semitism : by 1953, stalin had started purging all jews in the soviet hierarchy who were also zionists. the communists, quite correctly, saw zionism as jewish nationalism and contrary to the interests of an international socialist brotherhood. many leading russian jews were also fervent zionists : and it was this group that was then targeted for persecution, and who became famous throughout the rest of the lifetime of the soviet union as the victims of soviet anti - semitism. zionism, as an expression of jewish separatism was declared a crime against the soviet state, and zionist organizations were forced to close down their operations inside the soviet union. east germany, as an official soviet satellite, was forbidden by moscow to make any reparations payments to the zionist created state of israel for the treatment of jews by the nazi government.


organizations were forced to close down their operations inside the soviet union. east germany, as an official soviet satellite, was forbidden by moscow to make any reparations payments to the zionist created state of israel for the treatment of jews by the nazi government. not all russian jews were zionists : those who were not, were generally left alone and some did achieve prominent positions within the post stalin soviet union. many thousands of jews did however leave the soviet union — estimates putting the total number at over the one million mark, with most settling in israel or the united states. the encyclopedia judaica, published in jerusalem, israel, by jews, is available at most large public libraries and is in english. this reference book for all things jewish is quite open about the jewish role in communism, particularly early communism, and contains a large number of admissions in this regard. the volume 5 of the 1971 edition of the encyclopedia judaica, published in jerusalem, israel, from where all of the extracts below have been taken. under the entry for “ communism ” : in volume 5, page 792, the following appears : “ the communist movement and ideology played an important part in jewish life, particularly in the 1920s, 1930s and during and after world war ii. ” on page 793, the same encyclopedia judaica then goes on to say that “ communist trends became widespread in virtually all jewish communities. in some countries, jews became the leading element in the legal and illegal communist parties. ” the encyclopedia judaica goes on to reveal that the communist international actually instructed jews to change their names so as “ not confirm right - wing propaganda that presented communism as an alien, jewish conspiracy. ” the encyclopedia judaica then goes on to describe the overwhelming role jews played in creating the soviet union. on page 792 it says : “ individual jews played an important role in the early stages of bolshevism and the soviet regime ”. on page 794, this jewish reference book then goes to list the jews prominent in the upper command of the russian communist party : these included maxim litvinov ( later foreign minister of soviet russia ) ; grigori zinoviev, lwev kamenev, jacob sverdlov, lazar kaganovich, and karl radek, amongst many others. the organizer of the revolution was trotsky, who prepared a special committee to plan and prepare the coup which brought the communists to power. according to the encyclopedia judaica, this committee, called the military revolutionary committee, had five


many others. the organizer of the revolution was trotsky, who prepared a special committee to plan and prepare the coup which brought the communists to power. according to the encyclopedia judaica, this committee, called the military revolutionary committee, had five members — three of whom were jews. the politburo — the supreme governing body of russia immediately after the communist revolution — had four jews amongst its seven members, according to page 797 of the jewish encyclopedia judaica. while many have alleged that lenin was also jewish, or at least of part jewish origin, there is little concrete evidence of this. however, lenin was ardently pro - jewish, branding anti - semitism ( correctly ) as “ counter revolutionary ” ( encyclopedia judaica, page 798 ). a statement against anti - semitism was made by lenin in march 1919 and was “ one of the rare occasions when his voice was put on a phonograph record to be used in a mass campaign against the counterrevolutionary incitement against the jews, ” according to the encyclopedia judaica, page 798. one of the first laws passed by the new soviet communist government was to outlaw anti - semitism ( encyclopedia judaica, page 798 ). winston churchill on the jewish role in communism. the preponderance of jews in the inner sanctum of the communist revolution in russia was in fact well known at the time that the revolution took place : it is only in the post second world war ii era that this fact has been suppressed. a good example of the contemporary awareness of the jewish nature of early russian communism can be found in the writing of the young winston churchill, later to become prime minister of great britain, who, in 1920, was also working as journalist. in 1920, churchill wrote a full page article for the illustrated sunday herald on 8 february 1920 detailing the jewish involvement in the revolution. churchill discusses in this article the split between jews : some are communists, he wrote, while others are jewish nationalists. churchill favored the jewish nationalists, ( and of course they indeed fall foul of the jewish communists, eventually becoming bitter enemies ) and he appealed to what he called “ loyal jews ” to ensure that the communist jews did not succeed. churchill went even further and blamed the jews for “ every subversive movement during the nineteenth century ”, writing : this movement amongst the jews ( the russian revolution ) is not new. from the days of spartacus weishaupt to those of karl marx, and down to trotsky


for “ every subversive movement during the nineteenth century ”, writing : this movement amongst the jews ( the russian revolution ) is not new. from the days of spartacus weishaupt to those of karl marx, and down to trotsky ( russia ), bela kuhn ( hungary ), rosa luxembourg ( germany ) and emma goldman ( united states ), this world wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilization and the reconstruction of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing. it played, as a modern writer, mrs. nesta webster, has so ably shown, a definitely recognizable part in the tragedy of the french revolution. it has been the mainspring of every subversive movement during the nineteenth century ; and now at last this band of extraordinary personalities has gripped the russian people by the hair of their heads and have become practically the undisputed masters of that enormous empire. there is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the russian revolution by these international and for the most part atheistic jews. moreover, the principal inspiration and driving power comes from jewish leaders. churchill also pointedly accused leon trotsky ( bronstein ) of wanting to establish a “ world wide communistic state under jewish domination ” in this article. churchill was not the only journalist to note the jewish role in the russian revolution : robert wilton, the chief correspondent for the london times, who was stationed in russia at the time, wrote in his book the last days of the romanovs ( hornton butterworth, london, 1920, pages 147, 22 - 28, 81, 118, 199, 127, 139 - 148 ) that “ 90 per cent ” of the new soviet government was composed of jews. the correspondent for the london morning post, victor marsden, went further and actually compiled a list of names of the top 545 bolshevik officials : of these, marsden said, 454 were jews and only 23 non - jewish russians ( all these things, a. n. field, appendix b pages 274 - 276 ). the us army ’ s telegrams. the american army intelligence service had its agents in russia at the time of the communist revolution, and the jewish nature of that revolution is accurately reflected in those reports. an american senate subcommittee investigation into the russian revolution heard evidence, put on congressional record, that “ in december 1919, under the presidency of a man named apfelbaum


, and the jewish nature of that revolution is accurately reflected in those reports. an american senate subcommittee investigation into the russian revolution heard evidence, put on congressional record, that “ in december 1919, under the presidency of a man named apfelbaum ( zinovieff ), out of the 388 members of the bolshevik central government, only 16 happened to be real russians, and all the rest ( with the exception of a negro from the u. s. ) were jews ” ( u. s. senate document 62, 1919 ). [ kemp includes here photocopy images of these telegrams from official us national archives, and then he adds : ] both describe the domination of the bolshevik communists by jews, using the words “ fifty per cent of soviet government in each town consists of jews of the worst type. ” copies of documents from the us national archives are freely available to anyone from the washington dc, usa, office. however, none of these authorities quoted above dared to use quite the language of a us military intelligence officer, one captain montgomery schuyler, who sent two reports to washington in march and june 1919, describing in graphic detail the jewish role in the russian revolution. both these reports were only declassified in september 1957 and the originals are still held in the us national archives in washington, open for public inspection. the first report, sent from omsk on 1 march 1919, contains the following paragraph : “ it is probably unwise to say this loudly in the united states but the bolshevik movement is and has been since its beginning, guided and controlled by russian jews of the greasiest type ”. the second report, dated 9 june 1919, and sent from vladivostok, said that of the “ 384 commissars there were 2 negroes, 13 russians, 15 chinamen, 22 armenians and more than 300 jews. of the latter number 264 had come to russia from the united states since the downfall of the imperial government. ” both these american army military intelligence reports are freely available from the us national archives in washington dc. the importance of this information does not need to be overemphasized in the light of the crucial governing role the commissars played in the running the early soviet society. it therefore came as no surprise when anti - semitism was duly entered into the soviet law books as a death penalty crime. for excerpts of all chapters of kemp ’ s book see : here.


i had always thought low ph foods had a noticeable sour ( acid ) taste, and vice - versa. but when reading the bread builders by daniel wing & allan scott, on page 54, it says : the sour taste of especially sour naturally leavened bread comes more from the total amount of acid in the bread than from the ph of the bread. after knowing that, someone i know made the following experiment : - measured the ph of vinegar with a ph - meter. - prepared a solution of spirits of salt with the same ph. - drink both. pure vinegar tastes much more acid than spirits of salt. in fact, the last one has almost no acid taste. so, it seems my initial thoughts were wrong. why? also, what makes we perceive foods as acid tasting? after some research ( thanks to rumtscho ' s comment ) i have found that taste buds detect the presence of h + ions ( as cited in the wikipedia article on gustatory system ). but still don ' t know why when drinking acetic acid ( vinegar ) sourness is sensed more than when drinking hcl ( spirits of salt ), if both of them are diluted to have the same ph. update 2 : after @ wayfaring stranger ' s answer it is clair that sour taste is given by anions ( and not h + ions ), as written in this question ' s last update.


21st century librarians & computer teachers transitioning into information literacy and technology coaches by kathryn naples angel & valerie morrison in this age of literacy 2. 0, the roles of the school librarian and technology teachers are in need of a change. when students have near - constant access to information through ebooks, tablets, and their personal devices, information and media literacy training can no longer be limited to the library and computer lab. with the new common core standards implementation, now is a perfect time to rethink these roles and develop an information, communication, technology and literacy model that supports 21st - century learning. traditionally the school librarian was the director of the learning center or library ; supplying books, maintaining records, organizing resources, and teaching students to locate materials. the pinnacle of this position has been reading award - winning books aloud and developing students ’ love of reading. the traditional computer teacher worked in the computer lab, where most of the technology was located. teachers brought students for “ computer classes ” and returned to their classrooms. even if curriculum was integrated into computer classes, classroom learning remained separate from technology. today ’ s classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards, ipod touches, tablets, and document cameras. laptops or ipads for multiple students or even 1 : 1 are changing how we think about information and technology. this equipment makes it possible to integrate technology throughout the day, every day. library and computer lab times still exist in many districts as thirty minute specials each week. this library and technology instruction period also allows teachers an additional planning period. with classroom teachers now responsible for assessing crucial communication skills and technology literacies, such skills must be integrated into daily classroom work and curriculum. working with all of this information and technology must be a collaborative effort. teachers need to be involved in order to meet students ’ daily classroom needs. redefining the roles of the librarian and computer teacher as information and technology coaches supports and propagates best practices so teachers can create a powerful learning environment for students. an instructional coach ’ s responsibilities require that evidence - based practices are introduced into classrooms. providing staff development to support a coaching model ensures that every educator receives effective professional learning to ensure student achievement. in the fall of 2011, we were given the responsibility of helping our teachers meet the needs of 21st century learners. we were empowered with two 30 - minute periods of planning time for classroom teachers while their students went in the ict center ( formerly library ) and ict lab ( formerly computer lab ). to ensure teachers involvement during this “ special ” time, and to tie it in


empowered with two 30 - minute periods of planning time for classroom teachers while their students went in the ict center ( formerly library ) and ict lab ( formerly computer lab ). to ensure teachers involvement during this “ special ” time, and to tie it in with the many new common core targets being implemented, we attended teacher team meetings to identify teachers ’ weekly learning targets. kathryn, in her new role as ict and literacy coach, and valerie, in her new position as technology coach, worked with teachers to plan sixty - minute introductory lessons that focused on informational text in science and social studies. we introduced the lesson during ict center time using informative print materials and web - based information. then, during ict lab time, the same lesson was continued and students began the process of navigating the web and beginning technology components. the goal was to give students a hands - on opportunity to learn to work independently on the project that would ultimately be completed and evaluated in the classroom with teacher and coaching support. this model enabled us, in the role of instructional coaches, to have an entry point into the classroom to support teachers with learning targets, literacy, technology, 21st century communication skills, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity. when the second grade team brought up the common core standards for reading information text, which require students to identify the main purpose of a text and explain how specific images and diagrams contribute to and clarify a text, we found a natural connection to the earth science target, in which students must create a graphic display of weather patterns. the ensuing discussion afforded us the opportunity to introduce students to print and digital weather text during ict center time. students then used a web - based graphing program during ict lab time to start a weather graph and understand how to save and access their work - in - progress. throughout the rest of the project, students continued graphing weather data in the classroom during a literacy rotation with the support of the technology coach. the culminating project was an imovie video weather report using green - screen technology, which was shared on the school website for students and parents to view. a project this involved would typically have happened outside the classroom. this new model provided an opportunity for collaboration, and classroom teachers were involved with the process of planning, teaching, and reflection necessary to assess student learning. collaborative planning was key to the success of the new ict sessions. the sessions, along with coaching support, enabled teachers to continue instruction back in their classrooms. migrating our technology resource staff into the role of instructional coaches was vital in helping the classroom teacher


of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde by robert louis stevenson ( 1850 - 1894 ) a study guide study guide prepared by michael j. cummings... © 2005 revised in 2010. © the strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde is a novel of horror focusing on events resulting from scientific experimentation. the novel contains elements of science fiction, a literary genre focusing on a fictional story of how scientific experiments, discoveries, and technologies affect human beings for better or worse. science fiction differs from pure fantasy in that it presents events that appear to be scientifically plausible. the book also contains elements of gothic fiction. the new york firm of charles scribner ' s sons published dr. jekyll and mr. hyde on january 5, 1886. the london firm of longmans, green, and company published the book on january 9 of the same year. robert louis stevenson ' s source of inspiration for the strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde was a dream he had while recovering from an illness at bournemouth, england. when he awoke from it, the details of the plot crystallized and he wrote them down. the action in the novel takes place in london in the late 1800s. the atmosphere is dark and mysterious. many of the scenes take place at night on shadowy streets in the soho section of london or in the daytime in heavy fog. henry jekyll / edward hyde : jekyll is a respected medical doctor who conducts experiments that enable him to change his personality and physical appearance by ingesting a chemical mixture. in effect, he can become another person — an evil, deformed person whom he calls edward hyde. unfortunately, jekyll eventually loses control over this evil side of himself. mr. hyde commits murder and eventually takes over jekyll ' s life, body and soul. gabriel john utterson : honest, loyal attorney who manages jekyll ' s legal affairs. richard enfield : good friend and relative of utterson. after witnessing an incident in which hyde mistreats a little girl, he gives an account of the incident to utterson. the little girl : child between age eight and ten. while on an errand to summon a doctor for her family, she collides with hyde on a street. he tramps right over, causing a stir in the neighborhood. this incident alerts the reader early in the novel to the brutality of mr. hyde. family of the little girl : adults who come to the girl ' s aid. apotheca


he tramps right over, causing a stir in the neighborhood. this incident alerts the reader early in the novel to the brutality of mr. hyde. family of the little girl : adults who come to the girl ' s aid. apothecary : the doctor summoned by the little girl. dr. hastie lanyon : friend of jekyll. lanyon witnesses one of hyde ' s transformations back into jekyll. the terrifying experience shocks him into an illness from which he does not recover. poole : jekyll ' s servant. sir danvers carew : member of parliament who is murdered by hyde. maidservant : woman who witnesses the murder of carew and identifies hyde as the perpetrator. inspector newcomen : scotland yard policeman who investigates the murder of carew. mr. guest : law clerk of utterson. guest identifies hyde ' s handwriting as jekyll ' s. bradshaw : footman of jekyll. in the final scenes of the novel, bradshaw keeps watch on the back door of the laboratory while utterson and poole break in the front door. servants of jekyll on one of their excursions in london ’ s soho district, enfield tells utterson about an incident he had witnessed there involving an ugly little man. at about 3 o ’ clock one winter morning, the man was walking eastward when he collided with a little girl, about eight, coming out of a side street. she fell, and he tramped right over her, leaving her screaming. when enfield confronted the man, the fellow gave enfield a look that made him break out into a sweat. hearing her screams, the girl ’ s family came to her aid. she had earlier been sent to fetch a physician to attend a sick family member. when the doctor arrived, he pronounced the girl not much the worse for her experience except for being terribly frightened. everyone on the scene regarded the offender with utter hatred. when the women attacked him, the men did their best to hold them back. however, they threatened “ to make his name stink from one end of london to the other, ” enfield said. realizing that the little girl ’ s defenders meant business, the man agreed to make a settlement of a hundred pounds. he entered the door of a two - story building and returned moments later with ten pounds and a draft for the rest of the money signed by another man — “ with a name that i can ’ t mention, ” enfield said. enfield does mention, however, that the signer was a


story building and returned moments later with ten pounds and a draft for the rest of the money signed by another man — “ with a name that i can ’ t mention, ” enfield said. enfield does mention, however, that the signer was a man of excellent reputation, a fact which has led enfield to speculate that the ugly little man had been blackmailing the signer. the address on the draft indicated that the signer lived elsewhere, in a square. since the incident, enfield says, he has made a study of the two - story building, a run - down structure with a door but no windows. no one enters or leaves it except the ugly man. when utterson asks his name, enfield readily supplies it : hyde. enfield describes him this way : there is something wrong with his appearance ; something displeasing, something down - right detestable. i never saw a man i so disliked, and yet i scarce know why. he must be deformed somewhere ; he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although i couldn ' t specify the point ". utterson then says he will not ask the name of the signer of the draft because he already knows it. after dinner that evening at his bachelor house, utterson opens his office safe, removes the will of his friend and client, henry jekyll, m. d., and peruses it. it provides that in the event of jekyll ’ s death all his possessions should pass to his “ friend and benefactor edward hyde. ” it further provides that if jekyll disappears without explanation for more than three months, hyde is to take control of jekyll ’ s affairs and property. it is madness, a disgrace, utterson thinks. utterson then visits dr. hattie lanyon, another friend of jekyll, in cavendish square. when utterson questions lanyon, the latter says he has seen little of jekyll in the past ten years because they had a falling out over what lanyon terms “ unscientific balderdash. ” when asked about hyde, lanyon says he never heard of him. thereafter, in his spare time, utterson frequently observes the two - story building that hyde had entered. one evening, after 10 p. m., hyde appears. while he poises a key to open the door, utterson steps forth and says, “ mr. hyde, i think? ” he asks to be admitted to see dr. jekyll, whom


10 p. m., hyde appears. while he poises a key to open the door, utterson steps forth and says, “ mr. hyde, i think? ” he asks to be admitted to see dr. jekyll, whom he describes as an old friend. hyde says jekyll is not at home, then asks how utterson knew hyde ’ s name. “ by description, ” utterson replies, mentioning that they have common friends, one of whom is jekyll. without saying more, hyde opens the door and disappears inside. utterson loathes him more than ever before. his ugliness, his manner, seem to make him inhuman — “ something troglodytic, ” utterson thinks. two weeks later, jekyll holds a dinner for five or six old friends. after all the guests leave except utterson, the latter brings up the subject of the will, saying he never approved of the document. now, he is even more wary of it, he says, after investigating hyde, whom he says is abominable. but jekyll refuses to discuss the will, saying his mind is made up on the matter. however, to pacify utterson, he says that he can get rid of hyde anytime he wishes. “ i give you my hand upon that, ” he says. almost a year later, in october, a murder late in the evening in a street near the river becomes the talk of london. a maidservant who witnessed it from an upstairs window gave this account : an elderly gentleman was talking with a small man when suddenly the latter erupted with anger, beat the gentleman mercilessly with a cane, and trampled him under foot. after hearing the victim ’ s bones breaking, the maidservant fainted. later, when she came to, she called the police and told them she recognized the murderer as mr. hyde, whom she saw when he visited her master in the murder victim ' s pockets, police find a gold watch, a purse, and an envelope addressed to mr. utterson. in a nearby gutter is part of hyde ’ s cane, which had split while he was beating the man. there are no identifying papers or cards in the man ’ s pockets, but the next morning utterson identifies him as sir danvers carew, a member of parliament. he escorts inspector newcomen of scotland yard to the soho section of london and the two - story house where hyde apparently lived — the man who stood to


the next morning utterson identifies him as sir danvers carew, a member of parliament. he escorts inspector newcomen of scotland yard to the soho section of london and the two - story house where hyde apparently lived — the man who stood to inherit a quarter million in sterling from jekyll. an old woman answers the door. after she tells them hyde is out, they search his rooms. they are tastefully furnished with thick carpeting, fine table linen, and silver plates but presently in great disarray : drawers are open and clothes lie about with pockets turned inside out. in the fireplace is a heap of ashes in which the inspector finds part of a checkbook. behind a door is the other part of the cane. after the inspector traces the checkbook to a bank, he is confident he will nab his man. all he has to do is wait at the bank for hyde to appear. utterson then visits jekyll again. this time, jekyll ’ s servant, poole, escorts him to the laboratory, sometimes referred to as the “ dissecting rooms. ” jekyll seems ill. when utterson questions him about hyde, jekyll swears he is through with the man. he gives a utterson a letter signed “ edward hyde ” that says hyde will not bother jekyll. it also says hyde plans to disappear. but the letter does not disclose hyde ’ s whereabouts ; jekyll burned the envelope in which it arrived but says it had no return address anyway. however, on his way out, utterson asks poole about the man who delivered the letter. poole says no letters were hand - delivered. the only mail that came arrived by post. when he returns to his office, utterson shows the letter to his trusted clerk, mr. guest, who recognizes the handwriting as jekyll ’ s when he compares it to the handwriting on a note jekyll sent to utterson to invite him to dinner. after instructing guest not to speak a word of the note, jekyll locks it in his safe. he believes jekyll forged it on behalf of hyde. meanwhile, the police are unable to locate hyde even though friends of sir danvers carew post rewards in the thousands of pounds for the capture of the murderer. tales spread about what a violent, cruel man hyde is. on january 8, jekyll holds his party, and all goes well — as in the old days. however, when utterson makes return visits on the 12th


capture of the murderer. tales spread about what a violent, cruel man hyde is. on january 8, jekyll holds his party, and all goes well — as in the old days. however, when utterson makes return visits on the 12th, 14th, and 15th, poole tells him jekyll will not see anyone. two nights later, utterson visits lanyon, who had been at the party. utterson is shocked at the man ’ s appearance : pale, gaunt, seemingly older, with a look of terror distorting his face. lanyon explains that he had undergone a great shock from which he will not recover. when utterson mentions hyde, lanyon refuses to discuss him. two weeks later, lanyon dies. then a letter from him arrives at utterson ’ s. inside is a sealed envelope on which is written “ not to be opened till the death or disappearance of dr. henry jekyll. " utterson locks it in his safe and immediately goes to see jekyll but is denied admittance. on one of the their sunday walks, utterson and enfield pass into the courtyard outside jekyll ’ s residence and see him sitting at an open window of his laboratory. utterson asks jekyll to join him and enfield for a walk, but he politely declines. a moment later, a look of terror suddenly crosses jekyll ’ s face, and he closes the window. some days later, poole arrives at utterson ’ s to tell him jekyll had shut himself up for a week. when utterson goes to jekyll ’ s with poole, the lawyer finds that all the maids are terrified — of something. the two men knock on jekyll ’ s door and hear him reply in a strange voice : “ i cannot see anyone. ” poole then leads utterson to the kitchen and tells him that “ whatever ” lives in the laboratory has been crying out for certain drugs, writing orders for them and throwing them out the door. after jekyll ’ s servants leave meals outside the door, the laboratory occupant takes them when no one is around. eventually, utterson and poole break into the laboratory and find mr. hyde dead on the floor in the clothes of dr. jekyll. it appears that he had committed suicide. utterson also finds a letter written by jekyll to utterson. later, in his home, utterson first removes lanyon ’ s letter from the safe and reads it. it says that hyde visited


it appears that he had committed suicide. utterson also finds a letter written by jekyll to utterson. later, in his home, utterson first removes lanyon ’ s letter from the safe and reads it. it says that hyde visited lanyon at midnight one evening to obtain certain chemicals — a white crystalline salt and a phial of red liquid that lanyon guessed contained phosphorus and a volatile ether — that jekyll had left in lanyon ’ s care. they were to be given to hyde should he come calling for them. after lanyon gave hyde chemicals, hyde mixed them and drank the concoction, the color of which had changed to dark purple. in a moment, he staggered and went into a frenzy. when the episode had concluded, hyde had become jekyll. lanyon was so shaken by the incident, he wrote, that " sleep has left me ; the deadliest terror sits by me at all hours of the day and night ; and i feel that my days are numbered, and that i must die. " in the jekyll letter, jekyll says he discovered a way to separate his good side from his sinister side. the latter became mr. hyde. for a time, jekyll looked forward to becoming hyde to enjoy the freedom of acting without a conscience. one night, he invoked hyde through his chemical concoction and ended up murdering sir danvers carew. when he became jekyll again, he was horrified at his deed. then he resolved to redeem himself. “ you know yourself how earnestly, in the last months of the last year, i laboured to relieve suffering, ” jekyll wrote. “ [ y ] ou know that much was done for others, and that the days passed quietly, almost happily for myself. ” alas, however, jekyll started turning into hyde without ingesting chemicals. it was the onset of one of these episodes that caused jekyll to slam shut the window when utterson and enfield were in the courtyard below talking with him. eventually, jekyll needed increasing amounts of chemicals to rid himself of hyde. but the effect of the chemicals would last only several hours, and hyde would return. fear of becoming hyde ate at him, ruined his health. when his supply of chemicals was almost depleted, he obtained a new supply. however, it was ineffective, and jekyll concluded that the original supply contained an impurity that enabled him to achieve the desired effect of turning back into jeky


health. when his supply of chemicals was almost depleted, he obtained a new supply. however, it was ineffective, and jekyll concluded that the original supply contained an impurity that enabled him to achieve the desired effect of turning back into jekyll. while using up the last of the old supply, he wrote the letter to jekyll. his letter ends the letter this way : “ will hyde die upon the scaffold? or will he find courage to release himself at the last moment? god knows ; i am careless ; this is my true hour of death, and what is to follow concerns another than myself. here then, as i lay down the pen and proceed to seal up my confession, i bring the life of that unhappy henry jekyll to an end. ” stevenson tells the story in third - person point of view from the perspective of gabriel utterson, dr. jekyll ' s attorney. however, jekyll and lanyon tell small parts of the story in first - person point of view, through letters read by utterson. the novels of stevenson - - such as kidnapped, treasure island, and, of course, dr. jekyll and mr. hyde - - enjoy enduring popularity partly because of the author ' s ability to maintain suspense. in the following paragraph, for example, he creates an air of mystery about mr. hyde and asks questions that arouse the reader ' s curiosity. mr. hyde was pale and dwarfish, he gave an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation, he had a displeasing smile, he had borne himself to the lawyer with a sort of murderous mixture of timidity and boldness, and he spoke with a husky, whispering and somewhat broken voice ; all these were points against him, but not all of these together could explain the hitherto unknown disgust, loathing and fear with which mr. utterson regarded him. " there must be something else, " said the perplexed gentleman. " there is something more, if i could find a name for it. god bless me, the man seems hardly human! something troglodytic, shall we say? or can it be the old story of dr. fell? or is it the mere radience of a foul soul that thus transpires through, and transfigures, its clay continent? the last, i think ; for, o my poor old harry jekyll, if ever i read satan ' s signature upon


radience of a foul soul that thus transpires through, and transfigures, its clay continent? the last, i think ; for, o my poor old harry jekyll, if ever i read satan ' s signature upon a face, it is on that of your new friend. " ( chapter 2 ) in chapter 6, stevenson says of hyde, much of his past was unearthed, indeed, and all disreputable : tales came out of the man ' s cruelty, at once so callous and violent ; of his vile life, of his strange associates, of the hatred that seemed to have surrounded his career ; but of his present whereabouts, not a whisper. in a chapter 8, stevenson creates a sense of foreboding, then plants a suggestion of impending catastrophe. it was a wild, cold, seasonable night of march, with a pale moon, lying on her back as though the wind had tilted her, and flying wrack of the most diaphanous and lawny texture. the wind made talking difficult, and flecked the blood into the face. it seemed to have swept the streets unusually bare of passengers, besides ; for mr. utterson thought he had never seen that part of london so deserted. he could have wished it otherwise ; never in his life had he been conscious of so sharp a wish to see and touch his fellow - creatures ; for struggle as he might, there was borne in upon his mind a crushing anticipation of calamity. conflict the conflict in the novel centers on ( 1 ) the struggle between jekyll and hyde for control of the doctor ' s mind and body and ( 2 ) the struggle between hyde and society after he makes his presence known as a brutal murderer. nature reflects these struggles symbolically, as in the following passage in which the sun and wind vie with a heavy fog that descends over the soho district of london. it was by this time about nine in the morning, and the first fog of the season. a great chocolate - coloured pall lowered over heaven, but the wind was continually charging and routing these embattled vapours ; so that as the cab crawled from street to street, mr. utterson beheld a marvelous number of degrees and hues of twilight ; for here it would be dark like the back - end of evening ; and there would be a glow of a rich, lurid brown, like the light of some strange conflagration ; and here, for a moment, the fog would be quite


here it would be dark like the back - end of evening ; and there would be a glow of a rich, lurid brown, like the light of some strange conflagration ; and here, for a moment, the fog would be quite broken up, and a haggard shaft of daylight would glance in between the swirling wreaths. the dismal quarter of soho seen under these changing glimpses, with its muddy ways, and slatternly passengers, and its lamps, which had never been extinguished or had been kindled afresh to combat this mournful reinvasion of darkness, seemed, in the lawyer ' s eyes, like a district of some city in a nightmare. ( chapter 4 ) good vs evil each human being is a mixture of good and evil. unless a person suppresses his evil side, he runs the risk that the latter will dominate his good side and eventually bring him to ruin. boundaries of science science has moral boundaries. jekyll crosses them when he experiments on a mentally sound and physically healthy human being, himself, without regard for the dangers he could pose to himself and others. you may wish to compare this theme with a similar one in mary shelley ' s frankenstein. loyalty and professional ethics utterson is loyal to everyone he befriends — jekyll, enfield, his circle of professional friends. he, guest, and lanyon also strictly observe professional ethics, keeping confidences and abiding by agreements. isolation and secrecy when he conducts his experiments in hiding — without confiding in colleagues before or after the appearance of hyde — jekyll isolates himself and keeps his experiments a secret. as mr. hyde, he also moves about in secret. the veiled life of jekyll - hyde suggests that urban environments such as london have a hidden, mysterious side lurking within the shadows. when jekyll becomes hyde, he becomes violent, like a wild animal. the message here is clear : when any man allows his hyde to gain sway, he also becomes violent — - as a playground bully, a barroom brawler, a sadistic warmonger, a terrorist. the climax occurs when utterson and poole break down the door to jekyll ' s laboratory and find jekyll ' s alter ego, hyde, lying dead on the floor. there is a mental illness in which a person exhibits more than one personality, or identity. the american psychiatric association ( apa ) calls it dissociative - identity disorder, jargon for multiple -


, hyde, lying dead on the floor. there is a mental illness in which a person exhibits more than one personality, or identity. the american psychiatric association ( apa ) calls it dissociative - identity disorder, jargon for multiple - personality disorder. the sufferer has two or more personalities. one personality, or identity, may take control of the mind for a while, then yield to another personality. the latter personality may in turn yield to still another personality. often one personality dominates. however, the dominant personality may not be aware of what another personality did while in control. the personalities may behave differently and, if aware that more than one personality inhabits the body, may even despise a rival personality. a victim of multiple - personality disorder may find himself in a strange car or a strange house, not realizing that one of his personalities took him there, then yielded to another personality. the disorder is extremely rare. persons abused as children are among those most likely to develop the disorder. - if robert louis stevenson were alive today, what stands would he take on human cloning and steroid use by athletes? - do you agree that everyone has a mr. hyde inside of him or her? - do you believe you really know the people around you — or do you know only part of them, their jekyll, but not their hyde? - what training that stevenson underwent may have helped him when he was writing the novel? - write an essay that compares and contrasts dr. henry jekyll with victor frankenstein, the protagonist of mary shelley ’ s novel, frankenstein. ( click here for the frankenstein study guide. ) - does jekyll conduct his experiments to further scientific knowledge or to venture into forbidden territory — or perhaps both? - at what point does jekyll ’ s evil side begin to take control — when jekyll starts his experiments or when jekyll first changes into hyde? - when stevenson describes hyde as deformed, is he referring only to his physical appearance? - describe utterson ’ s most striking qualities. - are there drugs or other concoctions available today that turn people into hydes, in a manner of speaking?


1830 - 1903 camille jacob pissarro is born in st. thomas ( danish west indies ) on july 10. accompanies the danish painter, fritz melbye, to caracas, where he paints his first watercolours. leaves st. thomas permanently to settle in france, where he studies painting at the ecole des beaux - arts and the academie suisse. meets camille corot. sets up a studio in paris. makes the acquaintance of claude monet, initiating a long lasting friendship. a first canvas is accepted by the jury of the salon, where pissarro will also exhibit in 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1869 and 1870. beginning of his relationship with julie vellay, who will become his wife and the mother of his seven children. meets paul cezanne. exhibits at the salon des refuses with cezanne and others. birth of his first son, lucien, the child with whom he will be most closely involved in artistic matters. shows at the salon and presents himself as a " student of corot, " from whom he very soon distances himself. settles with his family at the hermitage, pontoise. the german army invades france. pissarro seeks refuge in london, where he marries julie. meets paul durand - ruel, who will become the main dealer for his work and that of the impressionists. returns to pontoise. works with paul cezanne. first of the eight impressionist exhibitions that he will take part in. often works in brittany. paints rue de l ' hermitage, in pontoise. paints the old road to ennery at pontoise. meets paul gauguin, to whom he gives advice. experiences serious financial difficulties. invites gauguin to participate in the fourth impressionist exhibition. works at pontoise with cezanne and gauguin. durand - ruel organizes a one - man show for pissarro. departure for london of his son, lucien, with whom he will carry on a rich correspondance lasting many years. durand - ruel organizes an impressionist exhibition in london. settles in eragny, where he will live for the rest of his life. the artist ' s studio was set up in the garden, where it exists to this very day. meets signac and seurat as well as theo van gogh. associates himself with the pointillism of seurat and adopts the divisionist technique. final impressionist exhibition. meets vincent van gogh. exhibition of the group of 20 in brussels with se


and seurat as well as theo van gogh. associates himself with the pointillism of seurat and adopts the divisionist technique. final impressionist exhibition. meets vincent van gogh. exhibition of the group of 20 in brussels with seurat. a new period of severe financial problems ensues when durand - ruel refuses to buy his pointillist canvases. durand - ruel organizes a large exhibition of the works of renoir, sisley and pissarro. first signs of an eye infection that will remain with pissarro for the rest of his life and force him to paint from a window instead of outdoors. he will adopt this method in painting his series of canvases on rouen and paris. pissarro abandons divisionism. durand - ruel buys numerous paintings from him. seven of his canvases enter the musee du luxembourg. paints the stone bridge in rouen, dull weather. new financial problems. paints hay harvest at eragny. settles in paris, where he paints the pont neuf, the quays and other scenes from his window. dies of a prostate abscess on november 13. text and research : claude lacroix, aline lesage maximilien luce, camille pissarro, c. 1890 © estate of maximillien luce / sodrac born in charlotte amalie, st. thomas, virgin islands, 10 july 1830 died in paris, france, 12 november 1903 library and archives


darwinists have once again begun raising claims that have already been answered in order to deny the enormous rout suffered by their dino - bird claims. they have been in a terrible panic, especially in recent days when evolution is going through its death throes, and have set about looking for a series of new methods of deception for the sake of propping darwinism up. the latest instance of these concern a dinosaur fossil discovered in china and that has recently been reported in certain sections of the press. darwinists are repeating the same hollow myths and reiterating the error that the fossil in question supposedly represents evidence for evolution. statements regarding the invalidity of the claim in question are as follows : the fossil, known as limusaurus inextricabilis, has short arms and three - toed claws. darwinist paleontologists, who maintain that the fossil also has a small finger protrusion, are trying to herald this as a fourth finger and, as always, to use this characteristic as a tool of darwinist propaganda. they claim that although “ for some reason ” this life form had no feathers ( which could not possibly have existed anyway ), because of this 1 cm bone in question it constitutes a potential transition from 5 - toed dinosaurs to 3 - toed birds. but this is a classic darwinist deception. as we have already made clear in many other instances, darwinists are experts when it comes to inventing speculation about different structures in a fossil. they use an anatomical imperfection, a broken bone or even a perfect organ in a fossilized life form as propaganda tools for darwinist accounts. it will be useful to recall the darwinist speculation about the coelacanth as perhaps the most striking example of this. all the conjecture about the fossil was totally demolished as a result of the capture of a great many living coelacanths. darwinists chose to retreat into a profound silence in the face of this humiliation, as with all darwinist deceptions that are proved to be frauds. ( you can access detailed information about the coelacanth here. ) darwinists are now provocatively attempting to use a single bone protrusion in a dinosaur fossil of which we can never examine living specimens as a vehicle for darwinist propaganda. the fact is, however, that limusaurus inextricabilis is a flawless terrestrial life form with a perfect anatomy. it exhibits no transitional form characteristics. all its limbs and structures are flawless. as we have many times made clear, if darwinists want to