of the results achieved, sustainability and scope for replication of the efforts in different settings and lessons learned. strategies for action the present clean and healthy image of surat is not the result of vigorous sanitation and public health actions only. if it were not supported by the integrated approach with appropriate administrative, managerial and financial strategies, the programme would not have been successful. the total administrative overhauling and prudent financial management helped this process achieve the targeted goals in the shortest possible time. decentralisation of power, authority and accountability it has been noted earlier that according to the bpmc act of 1949, which governs the functioning of the smc, the municipal commissioner is all powerful in the executive wing. he enjoys financial and administrative power and authority as entrusted to him by the act, subject to the approval of the deliberative or the elected body. the concentration of powers in the hands of the commissioner, who is a state government appointee, posted for a specific period, makes the other senior officials in the municipality totally dependent on the higher authority for decision making and thus creates sufficient ground for them to avoid responsibility and accountability. for electoral purposes, the city is divided into 33 municipal wards. however, the ward offices which had been existing in every ward for long were rudimentary in nature and immensely understaffed. due to these weaknesses they could only address small scale complaints and could barely manage to look after the cleaning of the ward. the corporation area was divided into six administrative zones in april 1994, but the zonal offices were also without much power and authority. the zonal offices, each headed by a senior municipal official of deputy or assistant commissioners rank, were formed with the objective of streamlining the engineering, sanitation, and revenue collection process. but these offices were also not equipped with manpower and finances. as a result, they were not operating very effectively before 1995. the first initiative taken after 1995 by the smc was to set up a new decentralised administrative structure. in this new set - up the powers and authority are not centralised in the commissioners office. not only decision making power but also financial authority has been delegated to the zonal office in - charge. each zonal office headed by a deputy or assistant commissioners with support staff manage the planning, implementation and monitoring of municipal functions at the zonal level. he has been empowered with financial authority as well and can sanction any project upto rs. 2 million without prior approval from the higher authority. collective decision making the decision making process has been rationalised and made more


functions at the zonal level. he has been empowered with financial authority as well and can sanction any project upto rs. 2 million without prior approval from the higher authority. collective decision making the decision making process has been rationalised and made more broad based. the municipal commissioner with senior officials in the rank of deputy commissioner, assistant commissioner and the heads of engineering and town planning departments work as a team for the review of day - to - day work and the formulation of policies and programmes. collective decision making, rather than a hierarchical set - up with top down system of percolating orders, has been adopted as a new strategy. however, decision making is not limited to this team of higher officials only. even the opinion of the lowest municipal employee also matters in this newly adopted system of collective decision making through consultation. monitoring and surveillance meetings are conducted at the municipal headquarters daily for reviewing the progress of complaint redressal and for discussing other related issues at 3 : 00 p. m. on working days and at 1 : 00 p. m. on sundays. besides the commissioner and zonal heads, heads of departments and health officers participate in the meeting. monitoring and surveillance system also includes technological improvement and introduction of modern equipment. the zonal heads and a section of other employees who work in the field have been given wireless set. this facilitates communication, decision making, effective co - ordination among the employees of various zones and allows optimum utilisation of both men and material so that no machine or vehicle remains idle at one place when it is needed at another place in the city. extensive complaint registering system at the ward, zonal level and then at the corporation headquarters has been incorporated in the daily routine. zonal heads, other senior officials and their staff make a round of their assigned localities daily between 7 : 30 a. m. and 12 noon to assess the prevailing problems. two types of cards, red and white, have been introduced by the smc for registration of complaints by the residents concerning public health and engineering. depending on the nature of complaints work must be completed in either 24, 48 or upto a maximum of 72 hours. major complaints, like giving new water connections, laying down of drainage or sewerage lines, repairing of roads, etc. have to be completed within 7 days. ( see annex - iii ). co - ordination with elected wing even though the elected wing does not participate in the daily review meeting for decisions making on important issues the mayor, deputy mayor and the chairpersons of the standing committee are consulted by


days. ( see annex - iii ). co - ordination with elected wing even though the elected wing does not participate in the daily review meeting for decisions making on important issues the mayor, deputy mayor and the chairpersons of the standing committee are consulted by the commissioner and other officials. maintaining strict discipline and upholding good work culture introducing strict discipline among all sections of employees, including senior officials, was another bold administrative step undertaken by the smc. the errant officials and employees who found it difficult to adjust to the new work environment were reprimanded. strict disciplinary actions, including termination of jobs, were adopted against some of the errant employees. a few senior officials were compelled to take voluntary retirement in order to avoid humiliation. although the harsh decisions could have caused large scale agitation by the workers, the genuineness of intention of the authority and support from a majority of the employees made the work easier for the management. hence, strong action against a small number of disgruntled employees could be taken. simultaneous initiatives of upgrading the quality of life in the sweepers colonies through the provision of potable water supply, sanitation facilities, paving of roads, provision of street lights, etc. brought back the confidence of this section of the workers in the local body. some of their long pending grievances like unpaid leave salary, medical bills, increment dues, etc. were also sorted out on a priority basis. these attitudinal changes among the senior officials, to appreciate the problems of the field staff, facilitated the co - operation from the latter. a system was also introduced to give awards to one sweeper and sweeperess on 15 august and 26 january on the occasion of the independence day and republic day of the country for the best performance. the above mentioned initiatives have improved the working conditions in the entire corporation. the total 15, 000 employees of the corporation, from the commissioner to the lowest level, are now a dedicated and hard working lot working almost 12 hours a day, 365 days a year, to keep their city clean and disease free. strengthening municipal income and expenditure the smc has always remained one of the richest municipalities in the country. the growing industrial base, with big and small industries, has contributed to the citys income significantly. in the pre - plague period, during 1990 - 93, the average per capita income of the smc was rs. 771. 24 which was more than many other municipal governments in cities of similar size. this was so despite the fact that the municipal revenue potentialities


plague period, during 1990 - 93, the average per capita income of the smc was rs. 771. 24 which was more than many other municipal governments in cities of similar size. this was so despite the fact that the municipal revenue potentialities were not exploited to their fullest. the revenue collection was much below the target. the expenditure pattern also reflected the bias towards revenue expenditure, that too on salaries and wages. capital expenditure on infrastructure development in health sector, water supply, sewerage and sanitation was not given due prominence in the municipal budgets. several measures were taken in the post - plague period to streamline the municipal financial management. proper valuation of goods on which octroi can be levied, introduction of " flying squad " to check octroi evasion, on - line computerisation of octroi collection and its day to day accounting have augmented the octroi collection, which is the mainstay of the municipal revenue income. the collection has increased from rs. 973. 00 million to rs. 1980. 00 million during 1993 - 94 and 1997 - 98. rationalisation of property tax structures, valuation of properties at close intervals instead of the previous practice of four yearly revision, have enhanced the property tax collection as well. better enforcement and monitoring has improved the collection of taxes from 30 per cent to more than 80 per cent of the total demand. a significant progress has also been made in rationalising the expenditure pattern. administrative expenses have been significantly reduced from 41 per cent in 1993 - 94 to 35 per cent in 1996 - 97. the capital expenditure on infrastructure projects has increased by 47 per cent during the same period. table 15 shows that the revenue income of the smc has grown significantly from rs. 1387. 16 million in 1993 - 94 to a proposed rs. 3255. 37 million in 1997 - 98. the capital income which was almost insignificant in 1993 - 94 at a value of rs. 71. 32 million, has also increased significantly by almost 713. 32 per cent to total rs. 580. 06 million in 1998 - 99. the most spectacular increase has been in the total capital expenditure which has grown by 544. 24 per cent, from only rs. 342. 4 million in 1993 - 94 to proposed rs. 2205. 88 million in 1998 - 99. this focus on the capital expenditure by the smc has facilitated the provision of improved sanitation and public health facilities to a great extent. in order to execute long term capital projects market borrowing through the flotation of municipal bonds is the future


legislation would make california the first state to ban incandescent light bulbs posted by home energy on february 13, 2007 assemblymember lloyd levine ( d - van nuys ), the chair of the assembly ’ s utilities and commerce committee, plans to introduce legislation - the how many legislators does it take to change a light bulb act - to ban the sale of incandescent light bulbs in california by the year 2012. says levine : " incandescent light bulbs were first developed almost 125 years ago, and since that time they have undergone no major modifications. meanwhile, they remain incredibly inefficient, converting only about five percent of the energy they receive into light. it ’ s time to take a step forward – energy - efficient bulbs are easy to use, require less electricity to do the same job, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and save consumers money. ” according to the rocky mountain institute ( rmi ), replacing a 75 - watt incandescent light bulb with a 20 - watt compact fluorescent would result in the same amount of light but would save 1, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide and save customers $ 55 over the life of the bulb ( while the life of one 75 - watt incandescent bulb is roughly 750 hours, the life of a compact fluorescent is a whopping 10, 000 hours ). meanwhile, incandescent bulbs use 750 kwh over 10, 000 hours, while compact fluorescents use only 180 kwh. “ electricity - saving technologies may not be glamorous, " says levine, " but the facts are that there are hundreds of electricity - saving innovations now on the market that if fully used throughout the united states, would significantly decrease the electricity the country now uses. the time has come for this legislation. ” - - from assemblymember lloyd levine ' s web page. enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all blog entries and comments are subject to review prior to posting. )


stars aren ' t shy about sending out birth announcements. they fire off energetic jets of glowing gas traveling at supersonic speeds in opposite directions through space. although astronomers for decades have looked at still pictures of stellar jets, they now can watch movies of them, thanks to nasa ' s hubble space telescope. a diverse team of scientists led by astronomer patrick hartigan of rice university in houston, texas, has collected enough high - resolution hubble images over a 14 - year period to stitch together time - lapse movies of young jets ejected from three stars. the moving pictures offer a unique view of stellar phenomena that move and change over just a few years. most astronomical processes change over timescales that are much longer than a human lifetime. the movies reveal the motion of the speedy outflows as they tear through their interstellar environments. never - before - seen details in the jets ' structure include knots of gas brightening and dimming over time and collisions between fast - moving and slow - moving material, creating glowing arrowhead features. these phenomena are providing clues about the final stages of a star ' s birth, offering a peek at how our sun behaved 4. 5 billion years ago. " for the first time we can actually observe how these jets interact with their surroundings by watching these time - lapse movies, " said hartigan. " those interactions tell us how young stars influence the environments out of which they form. with movies like these, we can now compare observations of jets with those produced by computer simulations and laboratory experiments to see what aspects of the interactions we understand and what parts we don ' t understand. " hartigan ' s team ' s results appeared in the july 20, 2011, issue of the astrophysical journal. jets are an active, short - lived phase of star formation, lasting only about 100, 000 years. they are called herbig - haro ( hh ) objects, named in honor of george herbig and guillermo haro, who studied the outflows in the 1950s. astronomers don ' t know what role jets play in the star - formation process or exactly how the star unleashes them. a star forms from a collapsing cloud of cold hydrogen gas. as the star grows, it gravitationally attracts more matter, creating a large spinning disk of gas and dust around it. eventually, planets may arise within the disk as dust clumps together. the disk material gradually spirals onto the star and escapes as high - velocity jets along the star ' s spin axis. the speedy jets may initially


gas and dust around it. eventually, planets may arise within the disk as dust clumps together. the disk material gradually spirals onto the star and escapes as high - velocity jets along the star ' s spin axis. the speedy jets may initially be confined to narrow beams by the star ' s powerful magnetic field. the jet phase stops when the disk runs out of material, usually a few million years after the star ' s birth. hartigan and his colleagues used the wide field planetary camera 2 to study jets hh 1, hh 2, hh 34, hh 46, and hh 47. hh 1 - hh 2 and hh 46 - hh 47 are pairs of jets emanating in opposite directions from single stars. hubble followed the jets over three epochs : hh 1 and hh 2 in 1994, 1997, and 2007 ; hh 34 in 1994, 1998, and 2007 ; and hh 46 and hh 47 in 1994, 1999, and 2008. the jets are roughly 10 times the width of our solar system and zip along at more than 440, 000 miles an hour ( 700, 000 kilometers an hour ). all of the outflows are roughly 1, 350 light - years from earth. hh 34, hh 1, and hh 2 reside near the orion nebula, in the northern sky. hh 46 and hh 47 are in the southern constellation vela. computer software wove together the years ' worth of observations, generating movies that show continuous motion. the movies support previous observations revealing that the twin jets are not ejected in a steady stream, like water flowing from a garden hose. instead, they are launched sporadically in clumps. the beaded - jet structure might be like a " ticker tape, " recording how material episodically fell onto the star. the movies show that the clumpy gas in the jets is moving at different speeds like traffic on a freeway. when fast - moving blobs " rear - end " slower gas, bow shocks arise as the material heats up. bow shocks are glowing waves of material similar to waves produced by the bow of a ship plowing through water. in hh 2, for example, several bow shocks can be seen where several fast - moving clumps bunch up like cars in a traffic jam. in another jet, hh 34, a grouping of merged bow shocks reveals regions that brighten and fade over time as the heated material cools where the shocks intersect.


several fast - moving clumps bunch up like cars in a traffic jam. in another jet, hh 34, a grouping of merged bow shocks reveals regions that brighten and fade over time as the heated material cools where the shocks intersect. in other areas of the jets, bow shocks form from encounters with the surrounding dense gas cloud. in hh 1 a bow shock appears at the top of the jet as it grazes the edge of a dense gas cloud. new glowing knots of material also appear. these knots may represent gas from the cloud being swept up by the jet, just as a swift - flowing river pulls along mud from the shoreline. the movies also provide evidence that the inherent clumpy nature of the jets begins near the newborn stars. in hh 34 hartigan traced a glowing knot to within about 9 billion miles of the star. " taken together, our results paint a picture of jets as remarkably diverse objects that undergo highly structured interactions between material within the outflow and between the jet and the surrounding gas, " hartigan explained. " this contrasts with the bulk of the existing simulations, which depict jets as smooth systems. " the details revealed by hubble were so complex that hartigan consulted with experts in fluid dynamics from los alamos national laboratory in new mexico, the atomic weapons establishment in england, and general atomics in san diego, calif., as well as computer specialists from the university of rochester in new york. motivated by the hubble results, hartigan ' s team is now conducting laboratory experiments at the omega laser facility in new york to understand how supersonic jets interact with their environment. " the fluid dynamicists immediately picked up on an aspect of the physics that astronomers typically overlook, and that led to a different interpretation for some of the features we were seeing, " hartigan explained. " the scientists from each discipline bring their own unique perspectives to the project, and having that range of expertise has proved invaluable for learning about this critical phase of stellar evolution. " hartigan ' s research team consists of adam frank of the university of rochester in new york ; john foster and paula rosen of the atomic weapons establishment in aldermaston, england ; bernie wilde, rob coker, and melissa douglas of los alamos national laboratory in new mexico ; and brent blue and freddy hansen of general atomics in san diego, calif. rice university, houston, texas rice university, houston, texas


you may be using computer and various other electronic gadgets and may be facing different problems some time due to loss of data so, you may have understood the importance of back up. but, one thing to be considered is that nowadays your data are stored somewhere else on the web, on smartphones so, you may be wondering to make your data secure. so, here are some tips for you to back up your data easily. q1. how to back up gmail? a : you ’ ll want to use an email programme such as outlook or download a free email client such as thunderbird, and then set up gmail so that you keep an extra copy of your mail on your personal computer. here ’ s how. first, get your email programme set up. thunderbird ( http : / / bit. ly / 2zxpym ) is a good choice, and it ’ s free. then sign in to gmail. click the options button in the upper right - hand corner, and select mail settings from the submenu. from the resulting settings page, click the ‘ forwarding and pop / imap ’ link. then select the radio button labeled ‘ enable pop for all mail ( even mail that ’ s already been downloaded ). ’ while you ’ re on this screen, click the ‘ configuration instructions ’ link to learn how to configure your email programme. finally, click the save changes button. now follow the instructions for setting up your email programme so that it can download your gmail messages. once downloaded, the messages are essentially backed up. you can back up your local computer, too, however, and have a third backup of your mail. q2. how to back up data on facebook and twitter account? a : if you ’ re an avid user of either of these social networking sites, there ’ s good reason to want to back them up : you probably have lots of information there, and if your account were ever frozen or lost, you ’ d lose that data. or you might simply lose track of what you want to find as the new information comes streaming in. for facebook, there ’ s an archive facebook plugin ( http : / / bit. ly / e5waor ) for firefox that does a good job of saving your facebook photos, messages, friends list, notes, and more to your hard drive. or you could turn to socialsafe ( http : / / www. socialsafe. net ), which will back up


with just a week remaining to secure a vitally needed, strong and robust arms trade treaty ( att ), the negotiations hang in the balance. the att, as it is commonly known, was launched in 2006 when 153 governments voted at the united nations to start work on developing a global arms deal to regulate the trade and transfer of conventional weapons. in 2009, the un general assembly launched a time frame for the negotiations of the att, and we are now at the final negotiating conference, where a treaty will be created. hopefully. the control arms coalition, which includes oxfam and dozens of other ngos, is calling on the member states to deliver a strong and effective att to help save lives, prevent human rights abuses and protect the livelihoods of people around the world. we are calling for a treaty to be an international, legally binding instrument based on states ' existing obligations under international law. it must establish binding criteria for analyzing international arms transfers on a case - by - case basis, and clearly determine when an arms transfer is prohibited. in practice, this should mean that a transfer of weapons will be stopped if there is evidence that the weapons are likely to be used for grave violations of international human rights, humanitarian law or will adversely affect sustainable development. with less than one week to go, a number of progressive states are leading the charge, but a small minority are still trying to hamper things at every turn. a vast majority of states, such as norway, mexico and kenya, are striving alongside campaigners and ngos to secure the strongest possible treaty, with a strong humanitarian dimension. but there are a smaller group of states who, whilst mildly supportive of a treaty, are attempting to make damaging changes that would weaken the treaty, such as removing ammunition or strong language on denying exports under certain criteria. finally there are states which, whilst unlikely to sign themselves up to any finished product, are trying to weaken any deal as much as they are able to. despite the enormous challenges being faced, optimism remains. in the last week we have seen some significant improvements in proposed sections, such as on the scope of a future att ( what would the treaty cover ), which as it stands covers everything from tanks to ammunition. even so, there are still significant omissions, such as consistent language that states " shall not " transfer weapons under the most serious criteria under the treaty, or language on preventing corruption. in other areas language has been much too weak and much too flimsy for anyone to take seriously. as


, such as consistent language that states " shall not " transfer weapons under the most serious criteria under the treaty, or language on preventing corruption. in other areas language has been much too weak and much too flimsy for anyone to take seriously. as the final date of the conference on july 27 gets ever closer, there is an increasing willingness by states to aim at compromise to achieve a treaty. what is certain, though, is that states must not use the ' spectre ' of consensus to conclude the conference with a weak treaty. at the moment, some are pushing ' compromise ' or ' flexible ' positions that are ' take or leave it ', not allowing for much further negotiation. at the same time, a number of other states have demanded that the treaty not enter into force without the " major exporters and importers " ( without giving a definition ), or proposing a very high number of ratifications. this merely serves to enhance the power of a select few states to decide on the final text of the treaty. although a treaty with all 193 member states signed up would be preferable, this must not be at the expense of a worthwhile treaty. a strong treaty can always achieve more signatures ; a weak treaty will rarely be strengthened. the att was never thought of as a just a ' trade ' treaty, but a treaty whose objective must be to help prevent human suffering by preventing transfers including leading to serious violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. as the negotiations approach their final week, states must be bold and brave in pushing for a strong treaty including these components. follow the control arms coalition on facebook follow louis belanger on twitter : www. twitter. com / louis _ press


checking pin passwords from databases that were released by hackers in the past, nick berry found that the 20 most popular ones compose more than 25 percent of all passwords in existence. by far, the most popular password is 1234. “ it ’ s staggering how popular this password appears to be. utterly staggering at the lack of imagination, ” berry writes. “ nearly 11 percent of the 3. 4 million passwords are 1234! ” the next most popular combination is 1111, clocking in at about 6 percent. passwords made of repeating numbers like this are overwhelmingly popular. and in a real move of maturity, 6969 charts at number 10 on the list. the least commonly used password? 8068, clocking in with a frequency of 0. 000744 percent. of course, just because this is currently the least used pin, it doesn ’ t mean it ’ s a smart idea to rush out and change your numbers to that combination. in fact, that bit of knowledge comes with a warning from berry. “ now that we ’ ve learned that, historically, 8068 is ( was? ) the least commonly used password 4 - digit pin, please don ’ t go out and change yours to this! ” he wrote. “ hackers can read too! they will also be promoting 8068 up their attempt trees in order to catch people who read this ( or similar ) articles. ” by pushing a number up their " attempt trees, " berry means hackers would give it more priority in the list of numbers they use to try and crack the password. what is the take - home from all of this data? for one, never use 1234 as your pin. but more generally, if your pin is a series of easily guessable numbers, it ’ s probably a bad idea to use that flimsy piece of security to protect your banking information. if your number shows up in the top 20, it might be wise to change it. berry also chides developers who make data like this easily accessible to hackers. all of the information used in berry ’ s study was found in unencrypted databases, meaning that once a developer or hacker has access to the database, no further methods are required to see any and all of the passwords available. that ’ s just bad security. see much, much more raw data on pim passwords at data genetics.


asian state national attributes, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 5018 ) principal investigator ( s ) : mogdis, franz ; tidwell, karen this data collection provides information on the national attributes of 17 asian nations in the period 1956 - 1968. data are provided for economic, political, and physical attributes of the various nations. information is provided on the gross national product ( gnp ), cost of living index, index of agricultural production, military expenditures, population size, size and orientation of the communist party, size of the armed forces, political strikes, riots, anti - government demonstrations, organized armed attacks, armed attacks with external involvement, on - going insurgency supported by the soviet union, assassination of officials, political turmoil and strikes, riots, irregular power transfers, government censorship, economic aid from intergovernmental organizations, and united nations vote on acceptance of communist china. these data are available only to users at icpsr member institutions. because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download the data. mogdis, franz, and karen tidwell. asian state national attributes, 1956 - 1968. icpsr05018 - v2. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2009 - 11 - 06. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr05018. v2 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr05018. v2 scope of study subject terms : agricultural production, assassinations, censorship, communist party, cost of living, coup d ' etat, economic conditions, economic indicators, foreign aid, gross national product, labor strikes, military expenditures, political systems, population estimates, protest demonstrations, riots, united nations geographic coverage : afghanistan, asia, australia, burma, cambodia, china ( peoples republic ), france, global, great britain, india, indonesia, japan, laos, malaysia, new zealand, pakistan, philippines, south korea, soviet union, sri lanka, taiwan, thailand, united states, vietnam ( socialist republic ) universe : a total of of 17 asian nations in the period 1956 - 1968. data types : aggregate data data collection notes : see also the related data collections, characteristics of asian states, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 5017 ), shared characteristics of asian dyads, 1969 ( icpsr 5034 ), regional interactions in asia, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 540


related data collections, characteristics of asian states, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 5017 ), shared characteristics of asian dyads, 1969 ( icpsr 5034 ), regional interactions in asia, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 5405 ), and asia and major powers dyadic interactions ( icpsr 5406 ). united nations statistical and demographic yearbooks, communist party organizations annual publications, newspapers, periodicals, and books extent of processing : icpsr data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. icpsr also routinely creates ready - to - go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - created variable labels and / or value labels. original icpsr release : 1984 - 05 - 10 - 2009 - 11 - 06 sas, spss, and stata setups have been added to this data collection. use any of the notification links to add this study to your rss feed ; you will then receive notification if the study is substantively updated. - citations exports are provided above. export study - level metadata ( does not include variable - level metadata ) if you ' re looking for collection - level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our metadata records page.


explore the links below for lessons, resources, and professional and academic opportunities specific to japanese studies. cjs produces a number of educational materials through involvement in teacher workshops and community events. download our k - 12 publication, exploring japan, created specifically for middle and high school students with an interest in japan. the articles are written by university of michigan students and staff, and include topics on japanese society, language, and opportunities for student involvement. download interview for a job in japan, created by mina mori, japanese teacher at athens high school in troy, mi. mina wrote this lesson plan as part of her participation in the k - 12 business language conference held at florida international university in january, 2010. mina attended this conference through the support of cjs and the center for international business education ( cibe ) at the university of michigan. buddhism in book of the dead order a free copy of this slidecast, featuring um professor kevin carr presenting on japan ' s early cultural and religious history, or borrow the book of the dead dvd by contacting cjs. east asian celebration : new year ' s traditions download a recording of this workshop featuring presentations on the customs, language, art, and food, as well as demonstrations on music and dance from itunes u. note : you must first download itunes in order to access this video. east asian celebration : the art & etiquette of tea view the japanese cha - no - yu ( tea ceremony ), performed by the japanese society of detroit women ' s club and narrated by anita savio of the consulate - general of japan in detroit. understanding your students : a workshop on cultural competence increase your knowledge of the challenges faced by japanese children in the american schools by viewing presentations on culture shock, cultural identity, cross - cultural communication, and more. understanding your students : a workshop on cultural competence university faculty and staff, independent consultants, educators, administrators, and community members gather together in a two - day workshop to explore the cultures and challenges of international k - 12 students. videos and slidecasts are available for viewing here - about japan - a teacher ' s resource ( from the japan society ) provides lessons, essays, and a discussion board that enable teachers to gain the knowledge and tools necessary to effectively teach about japan. - the japan project connects teachers with different topics in japanese studies. - j - guide to japan provides a topically arranged directory of internet - based resources. - osu : institute for japanese studies contains lessons and units available for teachers on various subjects, including heritage, contemporary culture, and japan '


in japanese studies. - j - guide to japan provides a topically arranged directory of internet - based resources. - osu : institute for japanese studies contains lessons and units available for teachers on various subjects, including heritage, contemporary culture, and japan ' s place in the world. - visualizing cultures provides visual images and interactive units for teaching about japan. - expanding east asian studies provides lessons on east asia categorized by core subjects. - japan past and present provides links to various lessons, categorized by subject. - education about asia is a journal available through association for asian studies. explore their website for information on subscribing, as well as access to past editions. - outreach world allows teachers to search for lessons organized according to country, time period, grade level, and more. history & geography - a comparative lesson on japanese warriors is available through discovery education. - japan - guide provides information on the japanese calendar. - internet sacred text archive provides information on ainu folk tales and culture. - bridging world history : early belief systems features an informative video on shinto. - project gutenberg makes “ bushido : the soul of japan ” available to the public. - download japanese maps from the national geographic society in pdf ( the zoom - in feature of acrobat reader is handy for pdf display ). - learn about places with tectonic activity through. discovery education. civics & governance - debate the decision to drop the " a - bomb " on hiroshima and nagasaki, then view a school boy ' s testimony of the hiroshima bombing, available through mit. - include a lesson on the internment of japanese americans during world war ii in your u. s. history curriculum. follow it up with a lesson on the civil rights movement. music, art, and literature - japanese traditional songs - available online, and include words, sheet music, and mp3s. - learn about the koto - includes how to play " sakura, sakura. " - taiko teacher resource guide - download the guide that accompanied the 2003 kodo performance, produced by the university musical society ( ums ). - lesson plans for festivals in asia - download through discovery. com. - j - pop videos - accessed free - of - charge by visiting youtube. - drawing anime style - exploring how cultural difference affects cartoon style. - freer gallery of asian art - offers an educational programs page for teachers. - digital images of japanese art - linked from the cleveland museum of art. - japanese tea culture - teach your students about this art form. language


difference affects cartoon style. - freer gallery of asian art - offers an educational programs page for teachers. - digital images of japanese art - linked from the cleveland museum of art. - japanese tea culture - teach your students about this art form. language & culture - association of teachers of japanese, alliance of associations of teachers of japanese, and japanese teachers association of michigan provide teaching materials as well as information on textbooks, workshops, conferences, and japanese language programs. - images from japan - photographs of japanese sights and scenes. - keiko schneider ' s bookmarks - links to japanese language and culture resources. - mononoke hime - a resource for listening comprehension and word / phrase recognition. - nihongo web - offers an interactive, online japanese language and culture program from the university of alabama, available for high school and / or college credit, or for those who just want to learn japanese on their own. - learn the kana - an introduction to hiragana and katakana. - wwwjdic - a valuable dictionary and language resource for students of japanese. - trends in japan - lists resources from web japan that provides articles on various aspects of japanese life and society, including street fashion, food and travel, and popular culture. - channel j - links to internet tv and movie news website. available in japanese and english. - feminism in japan - provides an extensive list of books on japanese gender relations. - short videos - provides links to videos of contemporary japan. - deai & the way we are - offer a look into high school life in japan. film, anime, and folk tales - film and photography in japan - gives information on these topics. - anime - an annotated filmography for use in the classroom provides aid for k - 14 educators in using anime to teach about different aspects of japan. - guides to japanese films is available through asian educational media service ( aems ). - japanese ghost stories - teach literature through film. - the teacher ' s companion to the anime companion - aspects of popular culture - manga as a teaching tool : comic books without borders - manga university - asian educational media service : for students of literature & humanities - japanese literature lesson plans ( membership fee required ) - japanese folk tales ( bilingual english - japanese ) - japanese literature and folk tales - provides excerpts from japanese literature and folk tales in the original japanese. just for kids - visit ann arbor and yookoso ann arbor j - blog - resources designed for japanese expatriates, available through the ann arbor area convention & visitors


tales - provides excerpts from japanese literature and folk tales in the original japanese. just for kids - visit ann arbor and yookoso ann arbor j - blog - resources designed for japanese expatriates, available through the ann arbor area convention & visitors bureau. - japanese school of detroit - a k - 12 heritage language school providing instruction in japanese for area students. - consulate - general of japan in detroit - promotes mutual understanding and ongoing dialogue between the citizens of japan and the u. s. contact their public relations section for resources about japan. - japan business society of detroit ( jbsd ) - provides support to japanese businesses in the area. - jsd women ' s club - promotes relationships between the japanese community and the local communities in michigan through cultural and educational activities. the volunteers provide demonstration and instruction on the arts of origami, japanese calligraphy, tea ceremony, japanese classical dance, among others. - great lakes taiko center - offers live taiko performances, classes in taiko drumming and is committed to sharing and spreading taiko drumming in michigan and the great lakes area. - michigan - japan professionals ' association ( mjpa ) - provides a network to japanese businesses, organizations, and residents that strives to stimulate cultural, economic, and educational opportunities in michigan. - outreach world offers a variety of resources and opportunities for educators and students. - the japan project connects teachers with different topics in japanese studies. - asian educational media service provides information on asian media. available through the center for east asian and pacific studies ( university of illinois at urbana - champaign ). - ask asia ( asia society ) provides a variety of teaching resources. - asia in the curriculum provides information on conferences, professional development workshops and provides educators with lessons on asia. - the international institute for asian studies ( iias ) - produces an online version of its academic newsletter that addresses issues related to japan. the following nrcs offer japan - related events, resources, and expertise ( title vi federally funded ) : columbia university, weatherhead east asian institute cornell university, east asia program duke university, asian / pacific studies institute georgetown university, east asia center harvard university, asia center illinois / indiana east asia national resource center consortium michigan state university, asian studies center ohio state university, east asian studies center stanford university, east asia national resource center university of california - berkeley, center for japanese studies university of california, los angeles and university of southern california, asia institute university of chicago, center for east asian studies university of hawaii, east asia council - japan university of iowa,


asia national resource center university of california - berkeley, center for japanese studies university of california, los angeles and university of southern california, asia institute university of chicago, center for east asian studies university of hawaii, east asia council - japan university of iowa, center for asian and pacific studies university of kansas, center for east asian studies university of michigan, center for japanese studies university of pennsylvania, center of east asian studies university of pittsburgh, asian studies program - japan university of washington, east asia center yale university : council on east asian studies - asahi, daily yomiuri, mainichi, and the japan times - links to newspapers in english. - social science japan ( institute of social science, university of tokyo ) and nipponia ( quarterly about culture and society ) - links to journals. - east asian history sourcebook - provides a comprehensive collection of links and documents to aid scholars interested in east asian ( most of the resources relate to japan or china ). - foreign press center japan - links to a private, non - profit foundation that supports the foreign press in japan. - japanese studies research resources - provides a collection of research tools and bibliography at duke university. - the japanese text initiative - offers a part of the online library of the electronic text center library, university of virginia. currently includes the kokinshu, ise monogatari, hojoki noh plays, sarashin nikki, the manyoushu, works by saikaku, basho and many others. can be searched in japanese or english. - jpoll - link to the japan public opinion location library. contains a searchable archive of public opinion data from japan. - kinema club - a searchable database of japanese film, organized by abe mark nornes, chair of the department of screen arts & culture and professor in asian languages and cultures at the university of michigan. - the japan society - offers courses, workshops and summer study tours in japan for educators. - educator exchange and professional development - available through allex — alliance for language learning and educational exchange ( formerly exchange : japan ). - workshop for teachers of japanese - offered through michigan state university. - carla summer institutes - designed for for foreign language and esl teachers at all levels of instruction, as well as program administrators, curriculum specialists, and language teacher educators. - franklin r. buchanan prize - available through the association for asian studies, is awarded to educators that develop curriculum materials dealing exclusively with one or more asian countries. - pre - college education program - offered through the united states - japan foundation, provides


. - franklin r. buchanan prize - available through the association for asian studies, is awarded to educators that develop curriculum materials dealing exclusively with one or more asian countries. - pre - college education program - offered through the united states - japan foundation, provides support to projects that promote mutual study and learning on topics related to the u. s. - japan relationship, including in - depth study of the culture, society and history of both countries. - new perspectives : japan - offered through the laurasian institution and open to all pre - collegiate teachers for summer study. - study homestay program - offered through the andeo international homestay and open to college - age students and adults. - the hikone exchange program - offers 7th and 8th grade student in ann arbor a chance to compete to become student ambassadors to japan, attend a japanese junior high school and live as part of a japanese family, and be matched with a japanese student host. - langubridge - offers study abroad summer immersion programs for high - school and college students 14 years of age and older ( varies by program ) in tokyo. - andeo international homestays - offers flexible 2 - 6 week summer study program for high - school students ages 14 - 18. - asse international student exchange programs - offers students a chance to study in japan for the summer or one academic year. - yfu usa - offers semester - long and academic year programs for high - school students and recent high - school graduates, ages 15 - 19. - the experiment in international living - offers an anime four - week summer arts program, open to high school students and focuses on japanese animation, and a japanese language training four - week summer language program, open to high - school students who have at least one year of language study. - cci high school exchange - offers semester or academic year programs open to high - school students ages 16 - 18. - japan national tourism organization - lists information about japan, the japanese, travel, major cities, holidays, hotels and much more. - american chamber of commerce in japan - offers internships for us students. - career strategy inc. - offers career counseling and executive search information in japan. - disco international career resource - provides recruiting events to help japanese - english speakers in attaining their ideal jobs. - japan business center - provides business center facilities and consultation to help you succeed in japan. - japan exchange and teaching - offers the jet program information for those wishing to travel to japan and work as assistant language teachers, coordinators for international relations, or sports


when the demand for, and the consumption of, a stock limited ( exhaustible ) resource steadily rises, the price is driven up until the resource is “ economically depleted ” which means the cost of producing the resource is higher than the value of the product. at that point a substitute ( or alternative ) resource becomes exhaustible energy resources heavily relied upon now are fossil fuels ( coal, oil, and natural gas ) and, to a lesser extent, nuclear resources. exhaustible energy powers the economy of the united states and the lifestyles of its people. more than 85 % of u. s. commercial energy is derived from fossil fuels, and 8 % from nuclear. only 7 % of our commercial energy is provided by renewables, mostly as biomass and hydropower, and increasingly wind and solar. let ’ s focus on the most problematic fossil fuel — petroleum. currant estimates of readily accessible reserves suggest we have about 30 years of oil left as long as every country in the world maintains current consumption patterns, i. e. consumption will not increase. we are at or very near the peak of the global oil consumption graph, a spike - like representation of the historic ( actual ) and future ( projected ) consumptions of world oil reserves. we have consumed about half of the estimated 1. 8 trillion barrels believed to be this means that consumption from here on is on the downhill side of the “ petroleum consumption curve. ” that ’ s supply. what about demand? today there are 6. 7 billion people on earth. our population is increasing by about 1. 2 % per year, and this apparently low rate is slowly decreasing. even with the low and decreasing rate, this is an increase of 78 million in the human population per year. that is an increase of 213, 000 people per day, or more than one million people every five days. the united nations estimates that the mid - century human population will be 9. 2 billion people with the addition of 2. 5 billion people, it is very likely that world petroleum consumption patterns will increase. at present, a disproportionately small share of the people of the world uses a disproportionately large share of the world ’ s energy resources. eighteen percent of the world ’ s population lives in the forty or so developed countries. the other 82 % of humanity lives in 160 countries that are economically classified as less - developed. more developed countries have population growth rates near, or even below, zero percent annually ( zero to negative population growth ). people in the developed countries typically


. the other 82 % of humanity lives in 160 countries that are economically classified as less - developed. more developed countries have population growth rates near, or even below, zero percent annually ( zero to negative population growth ). people in the developed countries typically use about four times the resources ( energy and otherwise ) and generate about four times the industrial pollution than people in less developed or developing countries. because the largest population growth occurs in developing countries, demographers suggest less - developed countries must become developed countries for the human population to stabilize. if the 5. 2 billion people in the developing countries increased their resource use four fold to meet the consumption level of the developed countries, this would further increase the demand of world petroleum resources. even without the addition of 2. 5 billion people, the end of the recoverable oil may be much sooner than 30 years away. reliance on stock - limited resources generates other problems aside from their exhaustibility. one is pollution — pollution from fossil fuels ( air pollutants ) and pollution from nuclear fuels ( radioactive wastes ). we have, with varying degrees of success, addressed or accepted some aspects of the pollution generated by our energy choices — soot, sulfur dioxide, smoke, etc. we have not dealt very well with the more dangerous effects of radioactive waste from nuclear power generation and the carbon emissions from burning coal, oil, and natural gas. this latter pollution is liberated when carbon fuels are oxidized ( burned ). carbon dioxide is one of several “ greenhouse gases ” ( heat - trapping gas ) that actually makes the world livable ; without them, earth would be a frozen planet. however, today ’ s rapidly rising amounts of carbon dioxide are a problem — they warm the planet too rapidly. the immediate challenge facing humanity on earth is not the extent of the predicted change, but the very rapid rate of the change. climatologists estimate that the current human - caused warming is 50 times faster than the relatively rapid warming that occurred 10, 000 years ago with the retreat of the latest glaciation of the pleistocene life is moderately resilient to moderate environmental change, but it is much less resilient to rapid change — higher life forms that have generation times measured in weeks, months, and years, and that depend on relatively stable environmental conditions, are most at risk. [ microbes, with generation times measured in minutes, hours, and days, are much more robust. ] large vertebrates, including humans, will be subject to the greatest disruption as critical ecological entities such as forests,


are most at risk. [ microbes, with generation times measured in minutes, hours, and days, are much more robust. ] large vertebrates, including humans, will be subject to the greatest disruption as critical ecological entities such as forests, croplands, coral reefs, etc. find themselves stranded in the wrong climate. polar bears in the wild are one example ; increased temperatures have limited their habitat. little can be done at this point to improve their situation. thus, fossil fuels are troublesome for two reasons — decreasing supplies and unacceptable environmental risk. either issue is serious enough to initiate immediate action. some call for increased contributions of nuclear, biomass ( ethanol and biodiesel ), wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal, and solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. is it the better part of wisdom not to choose nuclear power, since it is inherently dangerous ( high temperature, high pressure, and high toxicity ), and fissionable uranium is another exhaustible resource with pollution problems of its own. solar energy and solar - derived energy resources ( e. g. wind and flowing water ) seem to offer better, long - term choices. these resources are flow - limited — the other side of the energy - choice coin. flow - limited resources are perpetual resources – they flow as long as the sun shines ) – a definite advantage for anyone who believes in tomorrow. they are, as the term implies, limited in the sense that they can be used faster than they flow. until recently, the whole earth - life enterprise operated on perpetual solar energy — and the flow was fast enough to give us grizzly bears, starfish and competent humans. whether the reason is pollution impact or resource exhaustion, humans must reduce their consumption of energy for irrational, trivial, and destructive purposes. reduction is necessary at the community level and the individual level. on the community level, it would take a wise and confident person to propose an energy plan that would reduce the amount of energy use to the capacity of the environment to deal with it and reserve energy use for constructive purposes. on the individual level, to reduce overall personal ( and collective ) energy would involve fundamental shifts in the way that americans view their lives, their work, and their play. it would involve citizens assuming a sense of responsibility with respect to each other ( including the other 94 percent of humanity ) and to the ecological systems that support life. changing the way we live can be overwhelming but incremental changes can make a difference. when we were few and far between and when our tools were


the leader of the dravidian languages as far as number of speakers go, and the biggest linguistic group in india ¤ the origin of the language teluguis a richly developed language and the biggest linguistic unit in india, second only to hindi. linguistically, the language has deviated a good deal from its southern sisters kannada, tamil and malayalam. its an old one too, with origins as early as the 1st century ad, or perhaps even before as one of the later vedas ( 700bc ) mention the andhras, another name for the people of early inscriptions of the language date from around the 6th century, but a proper literary career starts five centuries later. the script, almost similar to that of kannada, took shape in 1000ad from the pahlava script of 7ad. ¤ telugutranslated from sanskrit most literatures began with translations from sanskrit. so did telugu with nannayabhatta ( 1020ad ), the adikavi or first poet of telugutranslating the mahabharata. it was a unusual translation, with lots of clever innovations but no deviations from the story. but nannayabhatta couldnt complete the job. tikanna came along sometime in the 13th century and furthered it. however, it was yerrapragada ( 14th century ) was finally able to clinch it. nannaya, tikanna and yerrapragada are known as the kavitraya or the three great poets of telugufor this mammoth effort. other such translations followed, like maranas markandeya purana, ketanas dasakumara charita, yerranas harivamsa and others. shaivite ( in praise of shiva ) works like sivatattwa sara, basavapurana and panditaradhya charitra were a part of this initial stash too. ¤ the great work of telgu literature by the time the telugupoets wrote down some original stuff along with translations, it was almost the end of the 14th century. slowly but steadily they picked up, some landmarks being srinathas sringara naishadha, potanas dasamaskandha, jakkanas vikramarka charitra and talapaka himmakkas subhadra kalyana. literary activities flourished, especially during the mighty the 16th century was the golden age in the history of tamil literature, thanks to the king krishna deva raya. the raja, a poet himself, introduced the prabandha (


kalyana. literary activities flourished, especially during the mighty the 16th century was the golden age in the history of tamil literature, thanks to the king krishna deva raya. the raja, a poet himself, introduced the prabandha ( a kind of love poetry ) in teluguliterature in his amukta malyada. he had in his court the ashtadiggajas ( literal : eight elephants ) who were the greatest of poets of the times. original verse compositions and stories were written in a new zeal. of those eight, allasani peddana ( 1510 - 1575ad ) is known as andhra kavita pitamahudu or grandfather of andhra poetry. in the following years, poets still wrote their prabandhas, but kind of overdid on the love bit which make some critics dismiss it as a of the dozens of poets of the 18th to mid 19th century, the only bright spot was kankanti paparaju whose uttara ramayana in campu style and the play vishnumayavilasa were admirable. but other genres bloomed. innumerable yakshagansa or indigenous dramas of song and prose works were also produced. tyagaraya of tanjore ( 19th century ) composed devotional songs in teluguwhich form the repertoire of the classical ragas of ¤ modern period in teluguliterature although the first printed telugubook was out in 1796, it took some time before the modern period in literature set in. young men acquainted with english literature tried to imitate shelly, keats and wordsworth, and a new type of romantic poetry called the bhavakavithwa was born. bengali novelists like rabindranath tagore, bankim chandra chatterjee and ramesh chandra dutta were a major influence on modern telugufiction. viresalingam pantulu ( 1848 - 1919 ) wrote the first novel in telugu, rakashekharacharitramu. other writers joined forces to build modern teluguliterature, like the dramatist dharmavaram krishnamachari, chilakamarti lakshminarasimham ( also called the blind poet of andhra desha ) the poets and dramatists gurujada apparavu and d. krishnamacharlu. ¤ sahiti samiti - a literary group was set up the literary group sahiti samiti was set up in 1921, and their progressive and rationalist journal sahiti was followed by several others. even now many writers


in october 1999, the food and drug administration ( usa ) approved a health claim for soy indicating that consumption of 25 grams of soy protein a day as part of a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol may help lower the risk of heart disease. additionally, soy has officially been approved in the uk, brazil, malaysia, japan, korea, philippines, indonesia and south africa. some countries have, however, been slower to approve a health claim and are requiring more substantive evidence. questions of concern include the impact of processing on the efficacity of soy protein, information on the normal and acceptable levels of isoflavones in soy products, efficacy of soy proteins in which isoflavones have been removed versus soy proteins containing isoflavones in respect to relationship with cardiovascular disease risk reduction, feasibility of consumers to take in 25 g of soy protein a day, effect of antinutritional factors ( e. g., trypsin inhibitors, phytates, lectins, lysinoalanine ), heat resistance of trypsin inhibitors found in soybeans and the specific effects of soy protein alone compared to soy protein within a matrix ( e. g., whole soybean foods and foods made from soy protein ingredients ). these questions are pertinent as there is a wide variety of soyfoods available on the market with different macro and micro nutrient compositions. answers to these questions will therefore be useful in identifying the specific conditions required for soyfoods to carry a health claim. foods prepared from whole soybeans include soymilk and tofu. soybean derived ingredients include defatted soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate and soy fibre. soy protein isolates in particular have been very successful commercially and are used extensively today in the production of a large number of foods. different techniques can be used for making soy protein isolate and the type of processing treatment used can affect the nutrient and physicochemical composition of the isolate ( e. g., composition of residual isoflavones, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid and minerals ). isoflavones, saponins, trypsin inhibitors and phytic acid are all biologically active molecules and as such variations in their composition can hinder the ability to determine if a reported health benefit is due to the soy protein alone or the presence of these other compounds. the chapter will provide a brief update on some of the reported health benefits of soy components. an overview of some


composition can hinder the ability to determine if a reported health benefit is due to the soy protein alone or the presence of these other compounds. the chapter will provide a brief update on some of the reported health benefits of soy components. an overview of some of the major soyfoods and soy ingredients currently available on the market will be provided along with a detailed list comparing the effects of processing on the composition of different soy products. requirements for obtaining health claims using the canadian example, as well as impacts of compositional differences on potential health benefits are further presented. 2. soybeans and health cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) is one of the leading causes of death in the world today. according to the world health organization by 2030, almost 23. 6 million people will die from cvds, mainly from heart disease and stroke ( www. who. int / mediacentre ). elevated low density lipoprotein ( ldl ) is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. ldl transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues and arteries and regulates cholesterol synthesis. retention of cholesterol in arteries can result in the formation of arterial plaques which increases the risk of atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, strokes and heart attacks. foods that decrease ldl levels will, therefore, increasingly be of interest as health foods. several reports have shown a decrease in ldl levels and an increase in hdl after consumption of soy ( nilavsen & meinertz, 1998 ; potter et al., 1998 ; merritt, 2004 ; zhuo et al., 2004 ; sacks et al., 2006 ; harlanda & haffnerb, 2008 ; taku et al., 2008 ). earlier studies showing similar results formed the basis of the current soy health claim in many jurisdictions. due to apparent inconsistencies in findings, in 2008 the weston price foundation submitted a petition to the fda in response to the fda ' s request for public comment on the issue claiming that soy protein products are not safe and have no long history of use in the food supply. the organization also claimed the evidence on soy protein and heart disease was contradictory and inconsistent, and that no standard of scientific agreement had been met ( http : / / www. physorg. com / news122663958. html ). a systematic study conducted by the us department of health & human services indicated that while the evidence was weak for other disease outcomes, there is a suggestion of a possible dose - response effect for


. com / news122663958. html ). a systematic study conducted by the us department of health & human services indicated that while the evidence was weak for other disease outcomes, there is a suggestion of a possible dose - response effect for soy protein for ldl reduction ( http : / / www. ahrq. gov / clinic / epcsums / soysum. htm ). using predictive equations along with a meta - analysis to determine whether the heart health claim for soy continues to be justified, jenkins et al. ( 2010 ) concluded that low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ldl - c ) reduction attributable to the combined intrinsic and extrinsic effects of soy protein foods ranged from 7. 9 to 10. 3 %. they further concluded from their study that soy remains one of a few food components that reduces serum cholesterol ( > 4 % ) when added to the diet. in a more recent study, onuegbu et al. ( 2011 ) fed 500 ml of soymilk daily to 42 apparently healthy young to middle - aged subjects for a period of 21 days and reported that soymilk consumption significantly reduced mean plasma tc by 11 % and ldl - c by 25 % and increased mean plasma hdl - c by 20 %. the authors also concluded that soy drink could be an important non - pharmacological cholesterol - reducing agent. furthermore, bruckert and rosenbaum ( 2011 ) have also recently reported ldl - cholesterol reduction ranging from - 3 to - 10 % for soy protein and have indicated that dietary recommendations may have important impacts on cardiovascular events as they can be implemented early in life and because the sum of the effect on ldl - cholesterol is far from being negligible. another major risk factor for developing cvd is elevated blood pressure ( ebp ). a major contributor to ebp is angiotensin ii which is a potent vasoconstrictor. vasoconstriction occurs when renin, an enzyme produced in the kidneys, proteolytically acts on circulating angiotensinogen and converts it to angiotensin i ( a decapeptide ). in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme ( ace ), angiotensin i is cleaved to the octapeptide, angiotensin ii resulting in arterial constriction and ebp. ace also breaks down bradykinin


angiotensin converting enzyme ( ace ), angiotensin i is cleaved to the octapeptide, angiotensin ii resulting in arterial constriction and ebp. ace also breaks down bradykinin, a vasodilator, further contributing to the elevation in blood pressure. inhibition of ace is, therefore, important for the lowering of blood pressure as this results in a decrease in the concentration of angiotensin ii and an increase in the levels of bradykinin ( yang et al., 1970 ; erdos, 1975 ). various reports have suggested that peptides from soy posses ace - inhibitory properties ( wu & ding, 2002 ; kuba et al., 2003 ; chiang et al., 2006 ; hartmann & meisel, 2007 ; yang et al., 2008 ). these peptides are usually not active when present within the sequence of parent proteins, but are released by enzymatic proteolysis in vivo or in vitro. in addition to soy proteins, some reports have attributed the beneficial health effect of soy to phytochemicals found in soybeans such as isoflavones which are naturally occurring non - steroid compounds with weak estrogenic effects and chemical structure similar to estradiol - 17β ( fig. 1 ). isoflavones are able to bind to estrogen receptors and are capable of triggering estrogen dependent responses physiologically. the main types of isoflavones found in soy are the aglycones ( daidzein, genistein, and glycitein ), the β - glucosides ( daidzin, genistin, and glycitin ) and their 6 ″ - o - malonyl - β - glucosides ( 6omalglc ) and 6 ″ - o - acetyl - β - glucosides ( 6oacglc ) conjugates. taku et al. ( 2010 ) conducted a meta - analysis to clarify the effects of soy isoflavone extracts on systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( sbp and dbp ) in adult humans. they reported that soy isoflavone extracts significantly decreased sbp but not dbp in adult humans, however, no dose - response relationship was observed. in other studies, high dietary intakes of soy isoflavones were found to be associated with lower risk of recurrence among postmenopausal


but not dbp in adult humans, however, no dose - response relationship was observed. in other studies, high dietary intakes of soy isoflavones were found to be associated with lower risk of recurrence among postmenopausal patients with breast cancer positive for estrogen and progesterone receptor and those who were receiving anastrozole as endocrine therapy ( kang et al., 2010a, b ). ogborn et al. ( 2010 ) have also recently reported that a soy diet ameliorated renal injury in rats. soy diets preserved normal renal function and reduced relative renal weight, scores for cystic change, fibrosis, tissue oxidized ldl content, inflammation and epithelial cell proliferation. in this study though, alcohol - extracted slow isoflavone soy protein was found to retain its major protective effects and only subtle differences were attributed to isoflavones. consumption of tofu containing high levels of isoflavones reportedly exerted positive effects on verbal memory, although not in older men and women, where no or negative effects of these compounds on brain cells and cognition was observed ( hogervorst et al., 2011 ). in regards to other health outcomes, messina ( 2010 ) reported that although recent clinical data have not supported the skeletal benefits of isoflavones, 2 large prospective epidemiologic studies found soy intake to be associated with marked reductions in fracture risk. additionally, soybean isoflavones modestly alleviate hot flashes in menopausal women. in addition to isoflavones, soy saponins may also exert bioactive effects. orally administered commercial purified soy saponin at 80 mg / kg body weight / day to spontaneously hypertensive rats for 8 weeks significantly decreased blood pressure ( hiwatashi et al., 2010 ). in another study on the effect of soy saponins on the growth of human colon cancer cells, tsai et al. ( 2010 ) reported that intake of soy saponin decreased the number of viable cells in a dose - dependent manner. they concluded that soy saponin may be effective in preventing colon cancer by affecting cell morphology, cell proliferation enzymes, and cell growth. additionally, phytic acid which is considered to be an antinutritional component in soybean may possess antioxidant effects ( sakac et al., 2010 ). recent research studies further suggest that lunasin, lectins, and trypsin


which is considered to be an antinutritional component in soybean may possess antioxidant effects ( sakac et al., 2010 ). recent research studies further suggest that lunasin, lectins, and trypsin inhibitors may have beneficial health properties. trypsin inhibitors in soy have been of particular concern because, if not destroyed by heat prioir to consumption, they can cause pancreatic hypertrophy / hyperplasia, which ultimately results in growth inhibition ( liener, 1994, 1996 ). the majority of approved health claim for soy covers only soy proteins as evidence surrounding the effects of isoflavones and other bioactive compouds in soy are more controversial. overall, although many studies suggest that the beneficial properties of soy may be attributed to the protein fraction, questions remain about potential synergistic or complimentary effects of other soy components. in the sections below, an attempt will be made to provide a review of some of the different soy products available and their compositional differences and how this could impact their health properties. 3. commercially available soyfoods and ingredients soybean has today become one of the world ’ s most economical and valuable agricultural commodities due to its unique composition. on a wet basis, soybeans contain about 35 % protein, 17 % oil, 31 % carbohydrate and 4. 4 % ash. the composition varies for different varieties and some cultivars can be found with protein contents of up to 50 %. soy proteins are nutritionally superior among vegetable proteins. soy protein isolate has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score ( pdcaas ) of 100 % which means that it has all the essential amino acids required to support growth and maintenance. it contains good supplies of essential amino acids, such as lysine, which are normally lacking in other cereals. fatty acids in soybeans consist of unsaturated fats, such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, which are nutritionally beneficial. additionally, soybeans also contain fibre and other phytochemicals, such as isoflavones and saponins which may have health benefits. 3. 1. major soyfoods 3. 1. 1. soybeans and sprouts green soybean and soybean sprouts are two whole soyfoods prepared from soybean seeds. sprouts are obtained by germinating soybeans for 5 - 10 days. they may be consumed fresh


sprouts green soybean and soybean sprouts are two whole soyfoods prepared from soybean seeds. sprouts are obtained by germinating soybeans for 5 - 10 days. they may be consumed fresh ( e. g., in salads ) or used as a vegetable in cooking. green vegetable soybean, on the other hand, is harvested just before maturity ( edamame ) and can be cooked and eaten in salads and in soups or as a snack. it is available fresh ( in pod or shelled ), canned or frozen. the composition of these two products although prepared from the whole seed will vary due to the germination process applied to sprouts. soymilk is the liquid extract obtained after cooking, grinding and filtering soybean. it is not a “ whole soyfood ” per se as the majority of the fibre fraction ( okara ) is removed during processing. the soymilk extract obtained after filtration has a consistency that is very similar to cow ’ s milk and is frequently used as an alternative to dairy products. there are four major types of soymilk products available ( unsweetened, sweetened, flavoured and low fat ). unsweetened soymilk generally contains only water and soybeans. sweetened soymilk may be sweetened with rice syrup, honey, corn or barley malt extract. flavoured soymilk may be sweetened or unsweetened, and is often flavoured with cocoa, vanilla, carob or strawberry. low fat soymilk may also be sweetened or unsweetened, flavoured or unflavoured, but usually contains less fat. soymilk is frequently fortified with vitamins and minerals to increase its nutrient value. blends of soymilk made with soybeans and different cereals or fruits are also available as well as “ functional soymilk products ” ( e. g., with added omega 3 or other functional ingredients ). some manufacturers process soymilk using soy protein isolate rather than starting with the bean. tofu is a curd made from heated soymilk. it is prepared by adding coagulating agents such as glucono - δ - lactone ( gdl ) or salts ( magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate ) to heated soymilk followed by pressing to remove the whey. the final product is a gel with different textures and degrees of hardness depending


- δ - lactone ( gdl ) or salts ( magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate ) to heated soymilk followed by pressing to remove the whey. the final product is a gel with different textures and degrees of hardness depending on the type and amount of coagulant used and processing method ( fig. 2 ). as with soymilk, tofu is not a “ whole food ” as the fibre is removed in the process of making the soymilk. the composition is also different from the starting soymilk as much of the whey is removed to concentrate the proteins and facilitate gel formation during pressing. tofu has a soft white texture which is in some respects similar to cheese. on a wet basis, pressed tofu with a moisture content of about 85 % contains 7. 8 % protein, 4. 2 % lipid, and 2 mg / g calcium ( wang et al., 1983 ; liu, 1997 ). it is important to mention that in addition to compositional differences due to the type of salts used, health outcomes may also vary due to differences in protein digestibility resulting from the type of network structure induced by the specific salt used in tofu - making. 3. 1. 4. other fermented products from soybean soy sauce and soy paste ( miso ) are fermented soy products that are frequently used as condiments and seasoning in foods. soy sauce and miso are made by fermenting soybean with or without other grains ( e. g., wheat, rice, barley ) with different types of aspergillus. soy sauce is obtained in a liquid form whereas miso is a thick paste. these products are traditionally used in asian cuisine but have become a mainstay of many modern diets. tempeh and natto are two other fermented soyfoods but these are less frequently consumed outside of asia. tempeh is made by fermenting dehulled and cooked soybeans with rhizopus whereas natto is fermented with baccillus subtilis. the composition of these products will again vary depending on the processing conditions used and the amount of soybean present in the finished product. furthermore, microorganisms used during fermentation can hydrolyse some phytochemicals such as isoflavones making them more bioactive. 3. 1. 5. soy dips / dressings there is a wide variety of dips / salad dressings


during fermentation can hydrolyse some phytochemicals such as isoflavones making them more bioactive. 3. 1. 5. soy dips / dressings there is a wide variety of dips / salad dressings etc. made from soybeans, soy flour, tofu, or soy protein isolates available on the market. they contain varying amounts of soy and their composition will similarly vary depending on the other ingredients used in the formulation. 3. 1. 6. other soyfoods the liquid extract during the preparation of soymilk can be further processed into a variety of refrigerated and frozen desserts such as ice cream, soy mousse, and fermented products such as soy yoghurt, soy probiotic beverage, and soy cheese, using processes similar to those used in the dairy industry. the composition of these products will vary as a function of the ingredients used in processing and the fermentation process including the type of bacteria used during fermentation. soybeans can also be roasted in a manner similar to peanuts. the product obtained has a nutlike flavour and a crunchy texture which can be consumed as a snack. as these are made from intact whole bean, the composition will be similar to that of the starting raw material, however, the roasting process can induce changes which may modify digestibility. roasted soybeans can also be ground to obtain roasted soy flour or roasted soynut butter. 3. 2. major soy ingredients 3. 2. 1. soy oil today soybean oil is one of the world ’ s leading vegetable oil for human consumption. soybean oil is extracted from the bean after dehulling and flaking using organic solvents. the extracted oil is downstream processed to obtain a refined oil. soybean oil is widely used in the manufacture of different foods. it is also frequently used as a salad or cooking oil and in the production of shortening, margarines, mayonnaise and salad dressings. by - products from the processing of soybean oil are also used to produce mono - and diglycerides and lecithin which are commonly used as emulsifying agents in foods. 3. 2. 2. soy flour, soy protein concentrates, isolates and hydrolysates extraction of oil from soybeans leaves behind the soy meal biomass. significant effort has been made in the last few decades to process this meal into value - added products. defatted soy flakes ( or


, isolates and hydrolysates extraction of oil from soybeans leaves behind the soy meal biomass. significant effort has been made in the last few decades to process this meal into value - added products. defatted soy flakes ( or flour, grits, meal ), soy protein concentrates ( spc ) and soy protein isolates ( spi ) are the three major products available from soy meal. additionally a full fat or partially defatted meal or flour can be obtained from the whole soybean. defatted soy flakes contain approximately 50 % protein while, spc and spi generally contain at least 65 % and 90 % protein on a dry basis, respectively. full - fat soy flour may be steamed and toasted to inactivate enzymes and enzyme inhibitors or unheated. unheated, undefatted ( or defatted ) soy flour gives an enzyme active full - fat soy flour which is used in the bakery industry to bleach flour. mechanically defatted soy meals with different fat contents are also available and usually sold in the organic category. micronized soy flour ( heat treated with infrared to eliminate anti - nutritional components in soy ) are also available as whole beans or ground. soy products are widely used in formulated foods, partly because of their nutritional value but especially for the functional properties of the protein, which include gelling, foaming and emulsification which underlie many food sensory attributes. other food products likely to contain soy ingredients include beverages, nutritional bars, bakery and cereal products, soups, meat products, beverages, confectionery, salad dressings and desserts. a growing use of soy protein concentrates and isolates is in the preparation of texturized food products that are used as meat alternatives or in cereal products. soy proteins can also be hydrolysed enzymatically or chemically to produce hydrolysed vegetable protein ( hvp ) which is used as a flavour enhancer in many foods. 4. compositional differences in soy products the macro and micro nutrient composition of different soy products will vary markedly depending on soybean variety and the attendant biotic and abiotic influences, processing condition, other ingredients used in processing and whether the whole soybean or specific components are used in product development. tables 1 to 8 provide detailed lists showing some of the compositional differences of a variety of soy products. as can be seen in the tables, the composition of protein, isoflavones, mineral, trypsin


are used in product development. tables 1 to 8 provide detailed lists showing some of the compositional differences of a variety of soy products. as can be seen in the tables, the composition of protein, isoflavones, mineral, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid and saponins can vary markedly for different soy products. additionally, it is important to note that even within a particular food category the type of processing technique and conditions used can impact composition and potential health benefits. we have showed in some of our earlier papers that the conditions used for processing of soy protein concentrates and isolates ( such as particle size, method of defatting, process ph ) can influence final product composition ( russin et al., 2007 ; l ’ hocine et al., 2006 ). furthermore, sobral et al. ( 2010 ) also reported that methods and conditions of preparation and storage of protein samples and mixtures of proteins were factors that modified their thermal behavior. in some instances higher denaturation temperatures increased thermal stabilization of soybean storage proteins which was attributed to protein - protein interactions occurring during processing. this increased stabilisation can impact digestibility and potentially, bioactivity. conditions used during spray drying can affect product composition. an increase of the inlet air temperature during spray drying of fermented soymilk greatly reduced viability and isoflavone aglycone content ( telang & thorat, 2010 ). moreover, denaturation of proteins during processing further reduced product solubility. processing of soybeans under severe alkaline conditions could lead to the formation of lysinoalanine, which can have negative impacts on health and decrease the bioavailability of essential amino acids ( i. e., lysine ). processing under milder alkaline conditions avoids the formation of lysinoalanine and reduces potential negative side effects ( liener, 1994 ). additionally, the temperature and time used during the germination of soybeans in the production of germinated soybean flour modified the concentrations of bioactive compounds ( i. e., isoflavones, saponins, trypsin inhibitors and lectins ) ( paucar - menacho et al., 2010a ). at 25 °c, an increase in germination time decreased the concentration of bowman - birk inhibitor, lectin and lipoxygenase. optimal increases in the concentrations of isoflavone aglycones ( daidzein


. at 25 °c, an increase in germination time decreased the concentration of bowman - birk inhibitor, lectin and lipoxygenase. optimal increases in the concentrations of isoflavone aglycones ( daidzein and genistein ) and saponin glycosides were observed with a 63 h germination time at 30 °c. in a second study the authors found that germination of soybean for 42 h at 25 °c increased lunasin concentration by 62 % and decreased the content of lectins by 59 % ( paucar - menacho et al., 2010b ). germination at 25 °c for 42 h resulted in a 32 % increase in the concentration of soy saponins. similarly, fermentation of soymilk using a variety of probiotic lactic acid bacteria ( lab ) resulted in the production of beta - glucosidase which hydrolyzed isoflavone glucosides to the bioactive isoflavone aglycones, genistein and daidzein in the fermented soymilk ( rekha & vijayalakshmi, 2010a, 2011 ). furthermore, decreases in phytic acid and increases in mineral bioavailability ( e. g., calcium ) were also observed. huang et al. ( 2011 ) prepared sufu, a fermented soybean curd, by ripening salted tofu cubes in aspergillus oryzae - fermented rice - soybean koji mash at 25, 35 or 45 °c for a period of 16 days and found that regardless of temperature, ripening caused a major reduction in the content of β - glucoside and malonylglucoside isoflavones along with a significant increase of aglycone isoflavone content. the highest increase in aglycone content and greatest decrease in malonylglucosides was observed at 45 °c and increasing ripening time further enhanced the changes observed. the composition and antioxidant property of tofu is also affected by processing and the type of coagulant used ( rekha & vijayalakshmi, 2010b ). tofu prepared with natural coagulants ( citrus limonum, garcinia indica, tamarindus indica, phyllanthus acidus and passiflora edulis ) had significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to


related to the type of material used for clinical studies. reinwald et al. ( 2010 ) argue the possibility that whole soy may have a more unique effect on health than a select soy component. differences in health outcomes related to soy and soy component consumption could be due to varietal and compositional differences, the impact of processing, additive effects of various components ( i. e., the whole is greater than the sum of the parts ) as well as age and health status. furthermore, some have argued that the presence or absence of specific gut microflora could also contribute to health outcomes ( patisaul & jefferson, 2010 ) as microorganisms may play a critical role in converting physiologically inactive phytochemicals to the bioactive form. as an example, reinwald and weaver ( 2010 ) have reported that whereas epidemiological studies in asia evaluating diets containing traditional whole soyfoods showed a positive association with bone mineral density and fracture protection, smaller scale intervention studies in western nations mainly using isolated soy protein ( sp ) and purified or concentrated soy isoflavones ( si ) rather than whole soyfoods have produced inconsistent results. similarly, lagari and levis ( 2010 ) found that clinical trials are conflictive regarding the effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and argue that much of the controversy lies in differences in study design, reporting of results, participants ' age and menopausal status, and type and dose of phytoestrogen used. in canada, where a health claim for soy has not yet been approved, the ministry responsible for health ( health canada ) requires the following evidence to substantiate health claims : causality – evidence of high quality and quantity of original research in humans based on randomized controlled intervention and / or prospective observational studies are mandatory to substantiate the health claim of food or food constituents with high level of certainty ( statistical significance achieved at p≤0. 05 ) and the relationship between the amount of food and the health effect. generalizability - the claimed effect of the food of food constituent is biologically / physiologically relevant and expected to benefit the health of the target population, appropriate and validated surrogate marker must be used to ensure the biological relevance and it should be part of the causal pathway between the food and the health outcome. quality assurance - the food is produced according to quality standards and consistently meets predefined


appropriate and validated surrogate marker must be used to ensure the biological relevance and it should be part of the causal pathway between the food and the health outcome. quality assurance - the food is produced according to quality standards and consistently meets predefined specifications. safety - the subject of a health claim application must be for a food approved for safe use ; or, if a novel food is the subject of the health claim, a novel food application must be completed and submitted to health canada preceding or concurrent with this application. the adverse effects related to food intake observed in human studies should be addressed and must provide risk management strategies to overcome the adverse effects and or restriction on use of food. as there is a wide variety of soy products available on the market, the specific type used for clinical studies can impact results. a major challenge for health claim support studies is the lack of standardized materials and controls for clinical studies as well as the use of appropriate clinical outcomes and surrogate endpoints for different disease risks. furthermore, very few studies have been conducted to understand what happens to soyfoods and soy components in the gastrointestinal tract and the specific events that occur at the mucosal barrier and how these events influence absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. the gastrointestinal mucosa is an interesting and complex system that acts as a barrier between the body and the lumenal environment and is selective in that it allows the transfer of selected nutrients across the epithelium while excluding perceived harmful components in the bolus. this complex interplay between bioactives and the intestinal mucosa also needs to be carefully documented to support any eventual health claim. matrix interactions can influence the bioactivity of the components of interest and the functional properties of the matrix. furthermore, for double blind placebo controlled studies which are the gold standard in clinical studies, the effect of the matrices used in the clinical trials need to be carefully evaluated. as policy makers, food regulators, industry and consumers in other jurisdictions demand more evidence to support current and future health claims, some question of interest that remain include the following : what is the relationship reported between the exposure to soy and specific health effects from both observational and intervention studies that meet selection criteria? can a clear distinction be made between the effect of soy protein alone and soy protein within a matrix ( e. g., whole soybean foods and foods made from soy protein ingredients )? what is the efficacy of soy proteins in which isoflavones have been removed versus soy proteins that contain


soy protein alone and soy protein within a matrix ( e. g., whole soybean foods and foods made from soy protein ingredients )? what is the efficacy of soy proteins in which isoflavones have been removed versus soy proteins that contain isoflavones in respect to relationship with cardiovascular disease risk reduction and other health claims? how are breakdown products absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and how do they exert physiological effects in the body? how do matrix effects influence adsorption, digestion, metabolism and excretion? what is the impact of processing on the efficacy of soy protein and the bioactivity of materials used in clinical trials? what are the ideal samples and controls that should be used in clinical trial studies for specific clinical outcomes and what surrogate endpoints should be used? what is the feasibility for consuming recommended intake levels for health claims especially in populations that do not consume soy frequently ( e. g., is the consumption of 20 - 25 g of soy protein a day feasible? )? what is the documented effect of anti - nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, phytates, lectins and lysinoalanine and the extent of heat resistance of trypsin inhibitors found in soybeans? soy protein has officially been approved in several countries as a “ functional food ”, making it one of the most valuable vegetable proteins in the world today. as concerns about health, climate change and the impacts of agricultural practices increase, assurance of a diversified sustainable source of nutrition that provides proven health benefits will become increasingly important. soybeans can contribute to this nutrient biodiversity in an instrumental way. in crop production and rotation, soybeans play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation making them an important component of agricultural sustainability. furthermore, soy proteins have excellent functional properties that can be exploited in various food applications. processing technologies are continually being investigated for soy protein fractionation which will allow modifications in protein profile and which could dramatically improve suitability of soy protein products for targeted food, nutraceutical and industrial applications ( e. g., enriched 11s, 7s, or 2s soy protein extracts ). breeding efforts to remove or enhance mico nutrients and other bioactive components are also likely to have an impact on improving health outcomes. to support health claims and enhance the benefits of consumption, constant evaluation of the totality of the body of knowledge in regards to potential health benefits and well designed experimental studies using well characterized materials will, therefore, be needed.


northrop began his career in 1916, when he joined the loughead brothers ( later renamed lockheed ) as a draftsman engineer. while there, he designed the f - 1, a large flying boat, and the s - 1, a sports biplane ; both airplanes featured an innovative monocoque ( single - shell fuselage ) design. he joined douglas aircraft company in 1923 and designed parts for the douglas world cruiser, the first airplane to fly around the world. subsequently, he returned to lockheed in 1927 as a chief engineer. at lockheed he designed the vega, a one - engine plane with an all - metal molded monocoque and internal - braced wing, setting the standard for clean design. northrop joined united aircraft and transportation, and while there he designed the alpha, one of the first modern low - wing all metal airplanes for commercial application. in 1932, northrop joined with douglas aircraft to form the northrop corporation. with northrop ' s engineering direction, northrop corporation designed the beta, gamma and delta commercial planes and later converted the alpha into the army a - 17 and a - 17a and navy bt - 1 bomber ( the forerunner of the douglas dauntless ). northrop ' s relationship with the military continued throughout world war ii with the development of the n - 3pb patrol bomber. built for the norwegian air force, it was one of the world ' s fastest military seaplanes. northrop followed with the black widow p - 61, the world ' s largest and most powerful fighter, designed specifically for night fighting. from the design of the black widow, northrop developed the northrop reporter f - 15, a photoreconnaissance plane capable of travelling more than 440 miles per hour, with a range of more than four thousand miles. also during the war, northrop developed and patented a new process for building airplanes out of ultra light welded magnesium. this new process, called " heliarc, " led to the development of the xp - 56 black bullet, xp - 79 flying ram and the first american cruise missile, the jb - 1 power bomb. northrop then continued his work on a flying wing bomber, finding success in 1940 with the flight of a one - third - scale model of the n - 1m, the first true flying wing. this design led to a contract from the air force in 1941 for the development of the xb - 35 flying - wing bomber and subsequent designs, the yb - 35, yb - 49 and yrb - 49. the contract