closely than people with two normal kidneys. children who have had a kidney surgically removed may have a slightly increased chance of developing abnormal amounts of protein in the urine and some abnormality in kidney function by 25 years later. similar abnormalities have been found in individuals born with a single kidney. in addition, there is greater chance of developing high blood pressure. the decrease in kidney function is usually mild, and life span is normal. in general, special diets are not needed by individuals who have one healthy kidney. speak to your doctor or a registered dietitian if you have questions about the basic ingredients of a healthy diet. a urinalysis ( urine test ) and blood pressure check should be done yearly, and kidney function should be checked every few years, or more often if an abnormal urinalysis or blood pressure is found. because the transplanted kidney is usually placed into the pelvis, these kidneys are in a location providing less protection and, therefore, are more easily injured. consequently, the same recommendations of avoiding heavy contact and collision sports apply to the people who have had a kidney transplant. careful testing has shown that the transplanted kidney can increase its function as in other situations resulting in a single kidney, reaching a level of function that is about 40 percent greater than a normal level for a single kidney. if you have more questions, you should speak to your doctor. if you would like more information, please contact us. ©2013 national kidney foundation. all rights reserved. this material does not constitute medical advice. it is intended for informational purposes only. no one associated with the national kidney foundation will answer medical questions via e - mail. please consult a physician for specific treatment recommendations.


not long ago i had the chance to visit yamanashi prefecture ( 山 ) for the first time. most of the land of this prefecture is a big plain located north from mount fuji. yamanashi is known for its delicious peaches, for its beautiful landscapes, for having the fastest train in the world ( still under tests ) and for being the territory once ruled by takeda shingen, one of the most respected daimyo ( general, feudal lord ) in the history of japan. i will write today about things that i learned about takeda shingen during my visit to yamanashi, specially thanks to the nice taxi drivers that explained me the history of the area. takeda shingen – 武 田 信 takeda shingen armor takeda shingen never ruled over a big part of japan, and neither had a great army, but he was feared even by hideyoshi toyotomi, oda nobunaga and tokugawa ieyasu, being ieyasu the one that took control over all japan at the end of the 16th century. on of the keys to takeda ’ s power was the location of his territory, a big plain protected by huge mountains. in the foreground of the picture, the forests where scouts spotted the enemy incursions. in second plane the plains where the inhabitants of the former kai province, controlled by takeda shingen, lived ( yamanashi nowadays ). in the horizon more mountains and the imposing mount fuji overlooking the territory. apart from the great location of his territories, takeda was a calm and extremely intelligent man. according to historians, takeda was not able to control all japan because he died young ( when he was 49 years old ) and because he persisted stubbornly on fighting only one rival : uesugi kenshin, the daimyo of echigo province. manga based on the rivalry of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin sengoku basara anime, on the right takeda shingen using a tessen ( japanese war fan ) kagemusha, the most ambitious and expensive movie by akira kurosawa, is partly based on the life of takeda shingen ( in the center of the shot ) there are many facts that are still not known, but it is known that the armies of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin fought against each other dozens of times, the last time in the battle of kawanakajima. the details of the last battle are not well


known, but it is known that the armies of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin fought against each other dozens of times, the last time in the battle of kawanakajima. the details of the last battle are not well known but both sides lost around 4, 000 soldiers and at the end of the battle takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin fought one on one. takeda shingen got a deep wound made by the katana of uesugi kenshin, but he could defend himself with his tessen ( japanese war fan ) and could escape alive. takeda shingen, on the left, fighting in the battle of kawanakajima against uesugi kenshin. the armies of takeda and kenshin fighting each other in a battle in the coast of izu. the army of takeda, on the right, in one of the battles against kenshin the favorite weapon of takeda shingen was his tessen ( japanese war fan ) even tough they were eternal rivals, takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin had a lot of respect for each other. they gave presents and sent letters to each other frequently. for example, takeda shingen gave his best katana to uesugi kenshin as a present! who would give his best weapon to his worst enemy? according to the samurai honor code and the personality of japanese generals ( also the culture and the japanese society ) in a situation of rivalry it is more important the mutual respect than winning, you can always disagree with somebody but you have to maintain the respect. in the case of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin, they considered themselves lucky to have themselves as enemies. one of the original letters written by takeda shingen to his enemy uesugi kenshin. another example of the respect they had for each other was when kai province ( yamanashi nowadays ) ran out of salt and the armies of takeda shingen started to weaken ( it was not easy to get salt in that time in the interior of japan ). uesugi kenshin could have taken advantage of the situation and try to defeat his enemy ; but he did the opposite, he gave takeda several shipments of salt and waited for the armies of takeda to recover before starting the next battle. uesugi kenshin wrote in one of his letters to takeda shingen : “ peace is achieved with rice and salt, not with katanas and arrows ” –


waited for the armies of takeda to recover before starting the next battle. uesugi kenshin wrote in one of his letters to takeda shingen : “ peace is achieved with rice and salt, not with katanas and arrows ” – uesugi kenshin takeda shingen died prematurely at the age of 49, just when he was becoming very powerful by invading his neighboring provinces ( except the province of uesugi kenshin, that he could never invade ) and winning several battles to tokugawa ieyasu ( the future shogun and unifier of japan ). the cause of his death is still not very clear, some say he died of pneumonia, but the most popular legend says that he was assassinated with an arrow thrown by a ninja during the night without nobody noticing until the morning. when uesugi kenshin had news of his rival death instead of being happy it seems that he cried and ordered all the people in his territories to mourn the death of takeda shingen to respect his honor. he also decided to never attack again the territories of takeda, now controlled by his son. in fact, three years after the death of takeda shingen, the provinces of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin formed an alliance to fight against ieyasu tokugawa. however, they couldn ’ t do much against the unstoppable power of ieyasu tokugawa. ieyasu tokugawa, who unified japan and started the tokugawa shogunate that lasted from the 16th century until the end of the 19th century, was a big admirer of the battle style of takeda shingen, and he copied and assimilated many of his techniques and strategies. also the initial government of tokugawa was based on the government of takeda : most of the laws, the structure of the government, tax administration, etc. were copied by ieyasu tokugawa and applied all over japan. many consider that the foundations of the japan of today were initiated by the governing style of takeda shingen. takeda shingen grave in a temple near kofu station in yamanashi. takeda shingen statue at the exit of kofu station. most of the sightseeing spots in yamanashi are near kofu station. you can get there in an hour and a half with the “ kaiji ” train from shinjuku station in tokyo. if you visit kofu or the province of yamanashi you have to try “ shingen mochi ”, the typical sweet from the


there in an hour and a half with the “ kaiji ” train from shinjuku station in tokyo. if you visit kofu or the province of yamanashi you have to try “ shingen mochi ”, the typical sweet from the area, that according to locals it is eaten there since the times of takeda shingen. shingen mochi box. one of the four shingen mochi that were inside the box. it was delicious! takeda shingen family symbol. it seems that the family of the founder of mitsubishi are direct descendants of the family of takeda shingen and the logo of mitsubishi is an evolution of the symbol used by takeda shingen in his armors and flags almost 500 years ago. would takeda shingen be surprised to see mitsubishi cars with his clan symbol ( somewhat modified ) all around the world? 風 林 火 山 furin kazan, is literally translated as “ wind, forest, fire and mountain ”. it is not a philosophy of battle created originally by takeda shingen, but he was the first to introduce it in japan. it is a strategy of the book the art of war by sun tzu and can be interpreted as follows : “ move fast like the wind 風, remain compact like a forest 林, attack as furiously as fire 火, defend yourself as if you were a mountain 山 “. a coffee can with a picture of takeda shingen. if you still want to know more about takeda shingen you can read the samurai archives other japanese samurai and heroes :


there are two major ingredient labeling standards — the cosmetic, toiletry, and fragrance association ( ctfa ) standard, which is used in the united states, and the international nomenclature for cosmetic ingredients ( inci ) standard, which is used in the rest of the world, including canada. european laws require the use of the inci labeling standard on beauty products. inci listings show the full " scientific " name of a product and may be a little more difficult to comprehend. for instance : aloe barbadensis extract is aloe vera extract. also, the word fragrance is used to describe essential oils as well as synthetic fragrance ingredients. labels can show + - to indicate that an ingredient may or may not be present. for instance, the same label can be used across multiple lipsticks, with all the various color ingredients shown with + - indicators. numerous ingredients can be omitted from the label : any processing aid added and removed or converted to a declared ingredient, or any ingredient of another ingredient or processing aid present at an insignificant level and having no technical or functional effect. - 1. a substance added during manufacture and removed from the cosmetic in accordance with good manufacturing practices before the cosmetic is packaged in finished form. example : filter aid. - 2. a substance that is added during manufacture of a cosmetic, is converted to an ingredient declared on the label, and does not significantly increase the concentration of the declared ingredient. example : sodium hydroxide added to a sodium stearate and stearic acid - containing cosmetic. - 3. a substance added to a cosmetic during manufacture for its technical effect in processing but present in the finished cosmetic at an insignificant level and not having any technical or functional effect in that cosmetic. example : de - foaming agent. - 4. a substance added to a cosmetic as a component of a cosmetic ingredient and having no technical or functional effect in the finished cosmetic. example : preservative of a raw material added to a cosmetic as an ingredient at a concentration which reduces the preservative to a level at which it is no longer effective. ingredients deemed trade secret this is typically a blend of fragrance ingredients to create a " signature scent " for a line of products. for products, this is listed as " fragrance ( parfum ) " and is a unique blend of natural essential oils. to read more, check out the fda guidelines. also, check out the european union ' s cosmetic directive and in particular, note the section annex ii, which lists all banned cosmetic ingredients, and the remaining annexes that


blend of natural essential oils. to read more, check out the fda guidelines. also, check out the european union ' s cosmetic directive and in particular, note the section annex ii, which lists all banned cosmetic ingredients, and the remaining annexes that are permitted with limits and conditions. with the above listed exceptions, many fragrances can be listed as " other ingredients " in the us. in the eu, these are listed as " parfum " or " fragrance ". the list is very long of fragrance ingredients that can trigger allergies and otherwise irritate the skin. the eu amended their rules to mandate listing of 26 problematic fragrance ingredients. according to the ewg, " phthalates are often used in cosmetics and personal care products to carry fragrances. under current law, they can then simply be labeled “ fragrance, ” even though they may make up 20 % or more of the product. " contaminants such as lead and other heavy metals are not listed. certification labels help to provide added protection that the cosmetic you buy does not contain undesired ingredients. both bdih and usda organic certification labels require a higher standard from the manufacturer - bdih ensures that your cosmetic is completely free of synthetic ingredients and petrochemicals, while usda ensures that the ingredients are at least 95 % certified organic.


getting kids started early on oral care is very important in maintaining their overall health. and we all know that good habits start young. but with so many toothpastes lining the shelves today it can seem impossible to muddle your way through them. it seems each label promises whitening, tartar control, cavity prevention, and the list goes on, when all we really want is a safe and gentle toothpaste for our tots. most conventional toothpaste contains a range of unhealthy ingredients that you really do not need for healthy teeth and gums. flouride is added to everything from toothpaste and mouthwash, to soda and drinking water. this practice began in the 1950 ' s in an effort to decrease the frequency of dental decay, but it comes with unwanted negative effects. fluoride is a toxic substance which accumulates in the bones over time. fluoride is thought to possibly aggravate acne and other skin conditions, weaken the bones, and has been linked to certain forms of cancer. sodium lauryl sulfate ( sls ) is also commonly used in conventional toothpaste to cause the foaming action, which manufacturers believe gives that extra clean feeling. you actually do not need this foam to get teeth and gums clean, and you certainly do not need the sls. sls is not only a skin irritant, but is absorbed into the body and certain organs, causing possible health risks. scientists believe it is especially concerning when used by children. many toothpastes contain artificial colors and fragrance to entice children into using them. go to the dentist and your child will most likely come home with a tube of bright blue, bubblegum flavored toothpaste with sparkles. sparkles?! these pretty colors and fancy flavors are made up of synthetic ingredients and sugars, are completely unhealthy and unnecessary, and most children don ' t really even care to use them once the novelty wears off. would you want to start your day with a mouthful of bubblegum flavored goop? the good news is - you don ' t need all of those nasty chemicals to keep your children ' s teeth and gums healthy. and you don ' t need the silly colors or flavors to get them to use it. once they taste the mild berry flavor in lavera strawberry / raspberry toothpaste, they will be hooked and the healthy ingredients can do their job. we make lavera strawberry / raspberry toothpaste, designed especially for babies and


astronomy bio... gerard kuiper gerard peter kuiper was born on december 7, 1905, in harenkarspel, the netherlands. in 1933 he immigrated to the united states and in 1937 became a naturalized american citizen. he joined the staff of the yerkes observatory, affiliated with the university of chicago. he was director of the observatory from 1947 to 1949 and again, for a second term, from 1957 to 1960. from 1960 until his death in 1973 he held similar positions at the lunar and planetary laboratory at the university of arizona, and he was closely linked with the american space program. he worked on the origin of the planets because there were theoretical discrepancies arising from the new twentieth century hypotheses on galactic evolution. the most favored of these theories is that stars, and probably planets, are formed from the condensation products of interstellar gas clouds. for this condensation to occur, the gravitational effects forcing the cloud together must exceed the expansive effect of the gas pressure of the cloud. nonetheless, calculations of this hypothetical process indicated that under certain conditions of temperature and density, there was a lower limit to the size of the condensation products. as a matter of fact, it was found that this condensation theory was insufficient to account for the temperature or the amount of material that make up the bulk of the planets in the solar system. to make up for this, kuiper and his colleagues suggested that the mass of the cloud from which the planets were formed was much greater than the present mass of the planets. they indicated that the mass of the original interstellar gas cloud was approximately one - tenth the mass of the sun, or 70 times the total mass of the planets. this condensation, according to these new conditions, would produce " protoplanets ". but the idea of the formation of protoplanets appears to be unworkable, partly because it involves the condensation of only 1. 5 per cent of the original interstellar gas cloud, and could not account for the balance of the material. his work on planetary features was far more fruitful. in 1948 he predicted that carbon dioxide was one of the chief constituents of the martian atmosphere. in 1965, with the mariner space probes to mars, his theory was confirmed. in 1948 he discovered the fifth moon of uranus, which he called miranda. in 1949 he discovered the second moon of neptune, nereid. when compared with neptune ' s first moon, triton, whose diameter is 3


post health care jobs. what cytotechnologists do : a cytotechnologist is an expert in the study the formation, structure and function of cells. a cytotechnologist is trained to detect changes in cellular activity in the early diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. cytotechnologists supply information to physicians, who then make a diagnosis. cytotechnologists can work in hospitals and private laboratories, always under the supervision of a registered pathologist. the main duties of a cytotechnologist include : – working with pathologists to detect abnormalities in cellular material – preparing slides of body cells – examining cells microscopically to detect possible malignancy – working with a wide variety of laboratory specimens – reporting findings to the supervising pathologist or physician education & qualifications : to apply for an entry position in cytotechnology, you will need to have completed a relevant bachelor ’ s degree program, plus one year of special instruction in cytotechnology. typical subjects studied in a cytotechnology program include : embryology, cytology, clinical medicine, human anatomy, cytophysiology, endocrinology, cytochemistry, parasitology, microbiology, histology, and inflammatory diseases. certification is available by completing an exam administered by the american society for clinical pathologists board of registry ( ascp bor ). salary & job prospects : salaries for cytotechnologists vary from $ 60, 000 to $ 75, 000 depending on educational qualifications, position held, experience and location. the demand for cytotechnologists is predicted to grow rapidly over the coming years. this is mainly due to new screening procedures for cancer detection. find an allied health school near you : use the further your career zip code search box to find schools and colleges in your area that offer alliedhealth / medical technology programs. below is a list of some of the various types of allied health careers / professions : | links to types of allied health careers | anesthesiologist assistant » medical technologist » allied health school nyc :


| here are some quizzes and pre - tests that are useful when beginning and / or ending a unit on energy. please not that these are available in two formats : ms word 97 and html. the word format can be downloaded and saved to your computer so you can use them at any time ( you can only open these if you have ms word 97 ). if you do not have word 97 then you might choose the html format. it is formatted the same as the other document but you cannot save it. when you click on the link it will open it in the browser window. from there you can print it out and then make copies to give out. you can also use the html format as a way to preview the test or quiz before downloading it. in the future, these documents will available in different formats. * to save these quizzes in word format : 1. find the link named ' word format ' next to the quiz / test you want. 2. right click the link text. 3. choose ' save target as... ' 4. then choose a location that you can remember. 5. click the ' save ' button in the dialog box! * to view these files in html format simply click the link labeled ' html format ' next to the quiz / test you want to pre test ( word format, html format ) this is not a test. it is a pre - poll. it can be used to determine how much the kids know before starting an energy unit. it asks questions about energy conservation, renewable energy and where energy comes from. post test ( word format, html format ) this is a test. it was taken straight from the 1998 ohio energy project workshop. it is an effective way to test your students knowledge of subjects after they have been taught the information. more tests and quizzes


this page is to provide information about homeschooling in new zealand. in new zealand, homeschooling is perfectly legal, as long as you have applied for and received an exemption. these are available through the ministry of education and consist of an application form and the provision of certain information e. g. what you intend to cover, how you intend to measure progress etc. click here to see an outline of the process invovled in applying for a homeschooling exemption. there are approximately 6000 homeschooled students spread throughout the country with the biggest homeschooling population based in auckland. people homeschool for a number of different reasons including but not limited to the * religious and philoshophical reasons * peer pressure or bullying * dyslexia and / or gifted child * desire for more individual attention * special interest or talent that requires a lot of extra practice e. g. gymnastics, ballet, swimming * family unity * timetable flexibility * higher academic standards * small class size * family travel just as there are many reasons for homeschooling ( or home educating as it is often known ), there are also a number of methods or philosophies. below are listed some of the most popular approaches - the descriptions are not exhaustive, just designed to give a " snapshot overview ". ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ unschooling - this is where there is no set curriculum and children learn based on the opportunities that are around them. classical - based on ancient methods of learning, dating back to greco roman times. the belief is that learning occurs in three main stages. classical education tends to be an academically rigorous curriculum which is heavy on literature, languages ( including latin ), logic and rhetoric ( speaking / writing ) eclectic - a mixture of different topics and / or styles a. c. e. ( accelerated christian education ) - a structured curriculum which is self paced and self marked. predominantly consists of a set text and questions relating to that text. unit studies - topic based studies which tend to be discovery based ( often including hands - on activities ). often topics integrate several or many subject areas. charlotte mason - literature & discussion based curriculum similar in some ways to classical education but based on the methods of charlotte mason, a 19th century educator. often includes the techniques narration and dictation. click here to return to the home page contact us today to


spitok gompa : was built about 550 years ago by gyalpo bumlde, although one temple, dedicated to mahakala was built about 900 years ago. spitok gompa contains both old temples and those built in the 1970s. ancient thankhas are preserved here, some having been taken from the potala palace and lhasa after the chinese invaded. the gompa also has a statue of kali whose face is covered all year but displayed to the public for one day during spitok ' s festival. some 125 yellow - hat sect lamas are considered spitok lamas, but at least half of them live and pray at spitok ' s dependent gompas at sankar, stok and sabu. all the lamas gather at spitok in mid - winter, on the 28th and 29th days of the 11th month of the tibetan calendar for a major festival - the spitok gurstor, - when masked dances take place, ending with the sacrificial destruction of a cake. the festival is known as the spitok festival of the sacrifice of the 29th day. the name spitok is probably derived from the central tibetan language and means " effective as an example ", referring to the fact that this was the tibetans ' first monastery in ladakh. the head lama of spitok is also the head lama for ladakh and represents ladakh as a member of parliament, spending much of his time in delhi. after ascending and descending several flights of stairs, one is in the main courtyard. it is here that spitok ' s main festival takes place. steep steps leading from the main courtyard approach the dukhang or main temple. the walls both inside and outside the entryway have pictures of fierce protecting deities. inside the dukhang are five rows of low seats for the lamas and a high throne at the far end, reserved for the dalai lama, although he has only made one visit here since leaving tibet in 1959. behind the throne are manifestations of lord buddha. on both side walls of the dukhang are the buddhist canonical texts. beside the central throne doors lead to a low dark chapel behind. in a central position are images of tsong - kha - pa, founder of the yellow - hat sect of buddhism and his two chief disciples as well as an image of the buddha. on the left is an image of tara the saviouress and consort of avalokitesvara, and on the right are statues of previous head lamas. from the main courtyard


his two chief disciples as well as an image of the buddha. on the left is an image of tara the saviouress and consort of avalokitesvara, and on the right are statues of previous head lamas. from the main courtyard, one can reach another smaller courtyard which is in front of the chikhang temple, another assembly hall similar to the dukhang. this temple was built around 1960 and contains beautiful murals on all the walls. the room is dominated by a statue of sakyamuni, the historical buddha. to the right of the buddha is a statue of the eleven - headed avalokitesvara, the " lord of all he surveys " and analogous to the hindu god shiva. a small room behind the buddha statue is dedicated to a guardian divinity whose image remains covered all year, except for one day during the winter festival. the new chokhang temple is several levels above the dukhang courtyard. it is here that funeral ceremonies take place. the central large statue in this temple is of sakyamuni. to the left of the buddha is a statue of padme sambhava, an 8th century indian buddhist scholar who translated the buddhist texts into tibetan from their original languages of pali and sanskrit. to the right is the goddess tara. the temple also contains many thankhas, some quite new. diagonally opposite the chokhang and on the same level is a small temple called dolma lokhang which is devoted to tara ( dolma in ladakhi ). it has 21 beautiful statues of tara, representing her different forms. the gilded clay figure on a horse represents the king of ladakh, shukdan. next to temple is the head lama ' s private apartment. the largest temple, standing above the other temples near the crest of the rocks, is called the gonkhang. although another name for this temple is kali mater, the temple is not dedicated to the hindu goddess kali, but rather to mahakala, the fiercest buddhist guardian divinity. together with the image of mahakala are the images of other fierce guardians : the " six - armed one " ( a form of mahakala ), the " white guardian ", " the brother and sister ", khyitra on his dog and the goddess on her horse. the last one is derived from the hindu goddess kali who entered the buddhist pantheon of gods in a minor capacity. the images of mahakala and the six - armed form of mahakala are carved from black stone and are very old. in order to


women ’ s education – women ’ s empowerment : celebrating women ’ s history month march 1, 2012 - march 31, 2012 women ’ s education – women ’ s empowerment women ’ s history month raises awareness of the essential and influential roles women play in the development of our shared history. women ’ s history week was recognized by congress in 1981, and in 1987, congress designated the month of march to the celebration of women ’ s history in perpetuity. each year, the national women ’ s history project identifies a theme that highlights the myriad ways in which women have contributed to community – building and nation – building. the theme for 2012 is “ women ’ s education – women ’ s empowerment, ” which recognizes the essential role higher education has played in granting women political, economic, and social agency – and the biases, stereotypes, and pseudoscience women have faced to be educated equally with men. once considered too fragile of mind and body for intense intellectual pursuits, women now outnumber men in many colleges and universities around the united states. many opponents of women ’ s education saw higher education as unfeminine and diminished women ’ s chances for marriage. women ’ s colleges began opening in the nineteenth century and offered women educational opportunities previously unimagined. co – education was considered controversial by many, and courses of study for women were often restricted to a few fields, particularly in the humanities and areas that would be considered most useful for the domestic sphere. sex stereotyping in male – dominated fields such as the sciences also prevented many women from undertaking such courses of study. many american colleges and universities did not become co – educational until the mid – twentieth century, and educational opportunities offered to men were not extended to women until the passage of title ix of the education codes of the higher education act amendments in 1972 ( enacted in 1977 ), which prohibits gender discrimination by federally funded institutions. bylaws, constitution, and amendments, 1876 – 1886 delaware college admitted its first female students in september 1872. during this first period of co – education, a group of nine women students formed a literary club in 1876 called the pestalozzi literary society, named in honor of swiss educational reformer johann heinrich pestalozzi ( 1746 – 1827 ). the society ’ s stated purposes were to encourage companionship and advance literary pursuits among the college ’ s female students. the pestalozzians promoted social and political causes on campus and in delaware, particularly women ’ s rights ; the group brought women ’ s rights activist belva lockwood ( 1830 –


##hip and advance literary pursuits among the college ’ s female students. the pestalozzians promoted social and political causes on campus and in delaware, particularly women ’ s rights ; the group brought women ’ s rights activist belva lockwood ( 1830 – 1917 ) to speak on campus and sponsored a lecture by susan b. anthony ( 1820 – 1906 ). shown here is a volume containing the pestalozzi literary society ’ s constitution, bylaws, amendments, membership roster, and presidential oath. beneath thy guiding hand : a history of women at the university of delaware. newark, delaware : university of delaware press, 1994. from the first period of co – education in the nineteenth century to the opening of the women ’ s college of delaware in 1914 to full co – education in 1945, the history of women at the university of delaware has been neither simple nor straightforward. hoffecker ’ s book recounts the roles female students, faculty and administrators have occupied and held throughout the university ’ s history, as well as the contributions these women have made to the development of the university as an institution of higher education. members of tassel, 1951 tassel was an all – female honorary society established at the newly co – educational university of delaware in the early 1950s. women from the junior class were chosen each year for outstanding scholarship, leadership, and service. in 1960, tassel joined mortar board, the national honors society for women, which later included male members after the passage of the civil rights act. history of the women ’ s college of the university of delaware, 1914 – 1938. reprinted from delaware notes, 1947. winifred robinson ( 1867 – 1962 ) acquired a ph. d. in botany in 1912 and held teaching and administrative positions at vassar and the university of wisconsin summer school before becoming the first dean of the women ’ s college. she served as dean from the school ’ s opening in 1914 until her retirement at the age of 70 in 1938. dean robinson was a powerful force in shaping the new and experimental enterprise of women ’ s public higher education in delaware.


revision as of 15 : 42, 18 may 2010 by ngraham - a chain is a unit of measurement, equivalent to 66 ft. a chain consists of four poles. contours or contour lines - contour lines designate changes in elevation. elevation numbers are given at intervals, with the lines appearing concentrically in order to show the changes in elevation in a given area. contours are not limited to the mountainous western parts of the state, and are often used to show elevation in low - lying areas in the east. - abbreviation for " ditto. " this is often used in map legends to save space. english statute miles - " the international mile ( and before 1959, the statute mile ) is the distance typically meant when the word mile is used without other qualifying words ( e. g. nautical mile, see below ). the international and statute miles are both equal to 5, 280 feet, but the international mile is defined in terms of the international foot ( 0. 3048 m ), while the statute miles of the various english - speaking countries were based on the national foot of each country. the ( mostly obsolete ) u. s. statute mile is based on the u. s. survey foot ( which is exactly 1200 / 3937 m ) and differs from the international mile by about 3 mm. - the name statute mile originates from a statute of the parliament of england in 1592 during the reign of elizabeth i. this defined the statute mile as 5, 280 ft or 1, 760 yards ; or 63, 360 inches. both statute and international miles are divided into eight furlongs ( the length generally that a furrow was ploughed before the horses were turned, furlong = furrow - long ). in turn a furlong is ten chains ( a surveyor ' s chain, used as such until laser range finders took over ) ; a chain is 22 yards and a yard is three feet, making up 5, 280 ft. " - http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / mile - hachures, defined as " short lines following the direction of maximum slope " ( aacr2 cartographic materials, 2002 ) are probably the most common method for showing relief on historic maps of north carolina. hachures often designate specific mountains or hills, and are effective at showing variations in elevation, but they still do not convey as much information as numbered relief methods, such as contours and spot heights. longitude west from... - the prime meridian we use today


specific mountains or hills, and are effective at showing variations in elevation, but they still do not convey as much information as numbered relief methods, such as contours and spot heights. longitude west from... - the prime meridian we use today ( zero degrees longitude ), was not formally established at the royal observatory in greenwich, england until 1884. for a long time, the location of zero longitude varied from country to country and sometimes even from one mapmaker to the next. many early north carolina maps show two different longitudes, one at the top of the map, and one at the bottom. in the united states, mapmakers frequently measured longitude from washington, d. c. or from philadelphia, while french mapmakers measured longitude from paris. while this can be confusing, mapmakers were usually careful to note where they were measuring from ( for example, " longitude west from london. " ). however, because this was not always specificed, modern viewers of historic maps who are relying on a longitude measurement for comparison with current maps should keep in mind that an older map that appears to be " off " may simply be measuring longitude from a different location. - a pole is a unit of measurement, equivalent to 5. 5 yards / 16. 5 feet. also called a " rod " or a " perch. " a pole is one - quarter of the distance of a " chain. " - quaker meeting house. quaker meeting houses are often shown on early north carolina maps, especially in the western piedmont region. - also rhumb lines or rumb lines, or loxodrome. " this line of constant bearing is called a rhumb line. the word ' rhumb ' ( or sometimes rumb and it is the same in french though not very well known ) comes from the name of angle measurement representing the ' point ' on the old fashioned compass cards. there are 32 ' rhumbs ' in 360 degrees, hence a rhumb is 11 1 / 4 degrees. " ( source : http : / / jacq. istos. com. au / sundry / navrhumb. html ) sculp. ( also sc., sculpt., or sculpsit ) - variations of this term ( from the latin word sculpsit, meaning to carve or engrave ) are used to denote the name of the engraver of the map. the name of the engraver is often listed at the bottom of the map.


what is general practice? general practice covers all age ranges – children, adults and adolescents and is usually the patient ’ s first consultation before being referred to other specialists, if necessary. a general practitioner conducts annual physical examinations to monitor patients ’ blood pressure, cholesterol levels and glucose levels, and ensures other baseline tests are within normal levels for the patient ’ s age and gender. this specialist also treats acute and chronic illnesses, and provides health education and preventative care for all ages and genders. part of the skill set of the general practitioner includes treating patients with multiple health problems. general practitioners are also called family doctors, internists, or family practitioners. when do i see a general practitioner? when a patient is an infant or child, he or she might see a general practitioner who specializes in pediatric care. when the young patient transitions from childhood to adulthood during adolescence, he or she can see a general practice doctor specializing in adolescent medicine or a regular general practitioner, also known as adult - care physician. around the ages 18 - 21, patients typically transition to an adult - care general practitioner who is better suited to their health - care needs. what should i expect when i visit a general practitioner? a general practitioner ’ s scope of practice varies, but this health - care provider typically gives basic diagnoses and non - surgical treatment of common medical conditions and illnesses. doctors will collect a patient history and review it to help in the decision - making process when making a diagnosis. doctors review prior medical history, ailments and other health information. a physical examination helps them reach diagnoses. sometimes they will order basic medical tests, such as blood tests, electrocardiograms or x - rays. tests of a more complex and lengthy nature are typically handled by specialists. in this case, the general practitioner will make a referral. together with the patient, the health care provider forms a plan that can include additional testing if needed, a referral to see a specialist, medication prescriptions, therapies, changes to diet or lifestyle, additional patient education or follow - up treatment. patients also may receive advice or education on improving health behaviors, self - care and treatment, screening tests and immunizations. what are the most common conditions general practitioners treat? related articles : shopping for a new docdecoding your health test resultspatient types : which one are you? questions to ask when looking for a new doctor - common cold - gastrointestinal complaint - gynecological complaint - high blood pressure - infectious diseases -


plant or animal person, or thing adopted by a group as a representative symbol terrestrial - living on or in the ground ; not aquatic - any fresh, marine, or terrestrial crustacean of the order isopoda, having seven pairs of legs adapted for crawling and has a flattened body - any marine or fresh water crustaceans of the subclass copepoda that has an elongated body and a forked tail troglobites, troglophiles, trogloxenes a copepod in trogloxenes, troglophiles!! this is not gibberish. these are names of different categories of terrestrial cave animals and bacteria. then we have stygobites, stygophilies, and stygloxenes. these animals and bacteria are a bit different, they live in water. they are aquatic. there are a lot more, like extremophiles. these little organisms live in harsh environments like glaciers, swamps, and volcanoes. they can not be seen with the naked eye so you need a microscope. you might think that living in a cave habitat can be rather difficult, and indeed it is. trogloxenes that you might know are : bats, bears, foxes, and raccoons. bats are the most common trogloxenes, and have become a cave mascot. trogloxenes can live above ground, or below ground. they are cave visitors. troglophiles are animals that can go either way, they can live in a cave or outside of a cave. many of these will be insects like : crickets, centipedes, and some salamanders. these can be called cave lovers. troglobites are true cave dwellers. most troglobites have special adaptations that help them adjust to life in complete darkness. some troglobites have poor eye sight or have no eyes at all. they can sense vibrations or moving objects with their very long and sensitive antennas. they are also able to hear, smell, and feel as well. troglobites are pale, white, or transparent. because of this, troglobites can not come in contact with sunlight because the results can prove to be fatal. some examples of troglobites are blind flatworms, eyeless shrimp, isopods, and copepods. a cave can be a habitat for many interesting life forms. these life forms have adapted to their lives below or above


a new and better way to restore knee function and relieve the pain of kneecap arthritis and wear pain and loss of function from kneecap ( patella ) arthritis and cartilage wear is a common problem afflicting up to 10 % of the population. often patients undergo multiple operations only to end up with severe disability. this is because many of the traditional solutions have been shown to have fairly high failure rates averaging 30 %. ( table 1. ) see our further discussion on the surgical alternatives to patellofemoral pain. in addition, establishing the correct cause of kneecap pain and knowing when to perform any one operation and as importantly knowing what operation not to do is critical to successful treatment. table 1. operative approaches for patellofemoral arthritis - arthroscopic debridement - microfracture articular restoration - lateral release - soft - tissue realignment of the extensor mechanism - osteotomies of the tibial tubercle - mosiacplasty / autologous chondrocyte implantation - lateral patella partial facetectomy - patellectomy ( removal of the kneecap ) - total knee replacement what does arthritis of the kneecap look like? articular cartilage is that tissue covering the ends of bones where they meet to form a joint ( think of the knuckle of a chicken drumstick ). that precious layer must remain intact, smooth, and of a proper thickness or your body weight will not be cushioned and the bending of the joint will feel rough with increased mechanical friction. degenerative arthritis ( also known as osteoarthritis ) is the type of knee arthritis resulting from accumulative wear and tear or direct trauma damage to that joint surface. knee cap cartilage damage is also called chondromalacia patella ( chondro = cartilage ; malacia = softening ; patella = kneecap ). whatever the reason, once the joint surface deteriorates, the underlying bone is exposed and pain increases due to the overloading of the many underlying nerves. if the joint surface cannot be fixed or repaired, then the force of the joint must be reduced or the surface artificially protected ( replacement ). normal kneecap x - rayarthritic kneecap x - ray what are the indications for patellofemoral replacement? the indications for patellofemoral replacement are summarized in table 2. while operative replacement of any portion of the knee joint is one of the last options, it is often


kneecap x - ray what are the indications for patellofemoral replacement? the indications for patellofemoral replacement are summarized in table 2. while operative replacement of any portion of the knee joint is one of the last options, it is often the only good choice left when other treatments fail of result in increased pain. we have found a definite trend of more rapid recovery, better function, more predictable return to work, and decreased dependency on pain medication with this operation. patients can become very depressed and socially drained by the stress of constant pain and ineffectual prior treatment. patellofemoral replacement offers more predictable relief from these problems in our experience. table 2. indications for patellofemoral replacement - degenerative osteoarthritis ( ie. loss of joint space with osseous deformation ) limited to the patellofemoral joint - severe symptoms affecting daily activity referrable to patellofemoral joint degeneration unresponsive to lengthy ( 3 to 6 months ) nonsurgical options and / or failed prior conservative procedures ( eg. lateral release, arthroscopic debridement, cartilage transplantation ) - post traumatic osteoarthritis - extensive grade 3 chondrosis ( ie. loss of joint space without osseous deformation of the patellofemoral, joint space, particularly pantrochlear, medial facet, or proximal half of patella - failed extensor unloading procedure ( eg. maquet, fulkerson ) - patellofemoral malalignment / dysplasia induced degeneration with or without instability are there any contraindications to patellofemoral replacement surgery? yes, some patients cannot have this operation either because they wait too long and their knee is too damaged or they have one of the conditions listed in table 3. however, most patients should consider this procedure as a possible option for their patella arthritis and get evaluated before choosing a final solution. it is important to seek a surgeon who has experience with patellofemoral replacement, since opinions vary greatly depending upon the individual surgeon ' s own preferences. table 3. contraindications to patellofemoral arthroplasty - no attempt at nonoperative care or to rule out other sources of pain - arthritis involving the tibiofemoral articulation greater than kellgren grade i / ii - systemic inflammatory arthropathy - osteoarthritis / chondrosis less than grade


care or to rule out other sources of pain - arthritis involving the tibiofemoral articulation greater than kellgren grade i / ii - systemic inflammatory arthropathy - osteoarthritis / chondrosis less than grade 3 / 4 - patella infera - uncorrected patellofemoral instability / malalignment - uncorrected tibiofemoral mechanical malalignment ( valgus > 80 ; varus > 50 ) - active infection - evidence of chronic regional pain syndrome - fixed knee range of motion loss ( - 100 ext. - 1100 flex. minimum ) - psychogenic pain what other factors can adversely influence the success of patellofemoral replacement? several other factors have been identifies by our research to affect the success of kneecap surgery and particularly patellofemoral replacement. these are summarized in table 4. table 4. additional factors that may adversely effect patellofemoral arthroplasty outcome - multiple antecedent procedures or extensive soft - tissue trauma associated with residual quadriceps atrophy - history of prior arthrofibrosis in the same joint or other operative site - ligamentous tibiofemoral instability - a post menisectomy knee - high patient activity or bent knee use - age under 40 - unrealistic patient expectations - a surgeon with lack of experience in arthroplasty or extensor mechanism realignment - obesity ( bmi > 30 ) - patella alta - primary osteoarthritis - male gender what can i do if i have been told i have a bad, wornout, or arthritic kneecap and i have to either live with my pain or accept a total knee replacement? patients are often told that there is nothing more that can be done for them and they must live with the pain or worse accept a must larger and potentially complicated total knee procedure. many patients are younger than 50 and to live with the pain and disability of kneecap arthritis is not an option. these patients are very intimidated by the choices offered to them especially if their surgeon seems to throw up his hands over their problem. fortunately, our experience and the overall technological progress with patellofemoral replacement, now provides a better answer. what does a patellofemoral replacement look like? patellofemoral replacement ( " kneecap replacement ", patellofemoral arthroplasty ) is one type of minimally invasive knee surgery. the parts ( components ) are very small compared to a


##lofemoral replacement look like? patellofemoral replacement ( " kneecap replacement ", patellofemoral arthroplasty ) is one type of minimally invasive knee surgery. the parts ( components ) are very small compared to a standard total knee replacement. standard total knee replacement note : the much greater size of the components which means a larger portion of the normal knee is sacrificed with greater operative risks and a less natural feeling function. if a total knee operation fails or you experience a complication, the solutions in most cases are more complicated than with a patellofemoral replacement. steps you should take to obtain additional opinion about your kneecap problem : at the center, patients come from across the united states and the world to seek additional opinions. to get the most out of your visit and achieve proper treatment, you must do the following : - request a copy of your operative reports and medical records from your previous physician. - bring copies of any x - rays or mri ' s - write a concise history of your problem and it ' s treatment - you may contact dr. leadbetter at 1 - 410 - 601 - 8500 ( see appointment section on this web site for further details ) or go to our parent web site at www. lifebridgehealth. org - when you call for your appointment, our staff will obtain your insurance information and give you additional help. - directions to the center for joint preservation and replacement at sinai hospital, baltimore can be found at www. lifebridgehealth. org


centos uses both font systems and they use different folders : http : / / www. centos. org / docs / 5 / html / deployment _ guide - en - us / s1 - x - fonts. html red hat enterprise linux uses two subsystems to manage and display fonts under x : fontconfig and xfs. the newer fontconfig font subsystem simplifies font management and provides advanced display features, such as anti - aliasing. this system is used automatically for applications programmed using the qt 3 or gtk + 2 graphical toolkit. for compatibility, red hat enterprise linux includes the original font subsystem, called the core x font subsystem. this system, which is over 15 years old, is based around the x font server ( xfs ). on centos5 / redhat it seems that xfs gets its fonts from the x config file / etc / x11 / fs / config which points to / usr / share / x11 / fonts, and fontconfig gets its config from / etc / fonts / font. conf which points to / usr / share / fonts. by default neither font system sees the fonts from the other system. seems that rh wants to move to fontconfig but still has some things that use xfs. why they didnt just put all the fonts in 1 folder and pointed everything there so that both font systems had all the same fonts is a mystery.


about the artwork louis - jacques - mande daguerre is perhaps best known for his contribution to the history of photography. he invented the first photographic process, the daguerreotype in 1839. daguerre was apprenticed to an architect at the age of sixteen while also training as a draughtsman. he also worked in the studio of the stage designer for the paris opera, ignace - eugene - marie degotti as well as assisting pierre prevost in designing panorama paintings for public entertainment. daguerre established his reputation as a stage designer for parisian theatres, especially with the development of dioramas. these were buildings designed by daguerre for displaying his and charles - marie bouton ' s huge paintings. most of the themes of the paintings were landscapes, chapel interiors and volcanoes. the paintings were executed on thin linen. often real props were added to enhance spectators ' experience. lighting from the front and the back of the picture was used to suggest gradual passage from day to evening light as well the appearance and disappearance of actors and actresses. when one scene of the play was completed the auditorium was rotated to bring another view or picture on stage. these dioramas were in an early form of cinema and were very popular. the first diorama was opened in paris in 1822. its success was such that daguerre was asked to design another one in london, which opened in park square east, regent ' s park in 1823. daguerre ' s fascination with dioramas stemmed from his interest in finding appropriate ways of capturing light and atmospheric effects in painting, as well as making perspective an expressive and dramatic medium. the increasing taste for travelling and particularly visiting ruins and picturesque sites in the 18th century made daguerre ' s dioramas particularly popular among the people of his time. for those who did not have the chance to travel, dioramas offered an experience close to a real visit, while for the privileged it helped revive their memories and emotions. ' the ruins of holyrood chapel ' relates to the painting with the same title, which daguerre exhibited at the paris salon in 1824. the only difference between the two was that the paris salon work included the figure of a comtess, who was visiting the tomb of her former friend, the duchesse de grammont. she died in exile at holyrood in 1803 and was buried in the royal vault in the south - east corner of holyrood chapel. daguerre exhibited dioramas of the same subject in paris from 1823 until


rbldnsd is a small dns - protocol daemon which is designed to handle queries to dns - based ip - listing or name - listing services. such services are a simple way to share / publish a list of ip addresses or ( domain ) names which are " listed " for for some reason, for example in order to be able to refuse a service to a client which is " listed " in some blocklist. rbldnsd is not a general - purpose nameserver. it will answer to a and txt ( and soa and ns if such rrs are specified ) queries, and has limited ability to answer to some other types of queries. rbldnsd tries to handle data from two different perspectives : given a set ( or several ) of " listed entries " ( e. g. ip address ranges or domain names ), it builds and serves a dns zone. note the two are not the same : list of spammer ' s ips is not a dns zone, but may be represented and used as such, provided that some additional information necessary to build complete dns zone ( e. g. ns and soa records, maybe a records necessary for http to work ) is available. in this context, rbldnsd is very different from other general - purpose nameservers such as bind or nsd : rbldnsd operates with datasets ( sets of entries - ip addresses or domain names, logically grouped together ), while other general - purpose nameservers operates with zones. the way how rbldnsd operates may be somewhat confusing to bind experts. for rbldnsd, a building block is a dataset : e. g., set of insecure / abuseable hosts ( ip addresses ), set of network ranges that belongs to various spam operations ( ip ranges ), domain names that belong to spammers ( rhsbl ) and so on. usually, different kind of information is placed into separate file, for easy maintenance. from a number of such datasets, rbldnsd constructs a number of dns zones as specified on command line. a single dataset may be used for several zones, and a single zone may be constructed from several datasets. rbldnsd will answer queries to dns zones specified on the command line as a set of zone specifications. each zone specification consists of zone basename, dataset type and a comma - separated list of files that forms


( see below ), to indicate the points where the counters are starting back from zero. by default, rbldnsd writes absolute counter values into statsfile ( number of packets ( bytes ) since startup or last reset ). statsfile may be prefixed with plus sign ( + ), in which case rbldnsd will write delta values, that is, number of packets or bytes since last write, or number of packets ( bytes ) per unit of time ( " incremental " mode, hence the " + " sign ). dataset files are text files which are interpreted depending on type specified in command line. empty lines and lines starting with hash character ( # ) or semicolon ( ; ) are ignored, except for a special case outlined below in section titled " special entries ". a ( comma - separated ) list of files in dataset specification ( in type : file, file,... ) is interpreted as if all files where logically combined into one single file. when compiled with zlib support, rbldnsd is able to read gzip - compressed data files. so, every file in dataset specification can be compressed with gzip ( 1 ), and rbldnsd will read such a file decompressing it on - the - fly. this feature may be turned off by specifying - c option. rbldnsd is designed to service a dnsbl, where each entry have single a record and optional txt record assotiated with it. rbldnsd allows to specify a value and txt template either for each entry individually, or to use default a value and txt template pair for a group of entries. see section " resulting a values and txt templates " below for a way to specify them. if a line starts with a dollar sign ( $ ), hash character and a dollar sign ( # $ ), semicolon and dollar sign ( ; # ) or colon and a dollar sign ( : $ ), it is interpreted in a special way, regardless of dataset type ( this is one exception where a line starting with hash character is not ignored - to be able to use zone files for both rbldnsd and for djb ' s rbldns ). the following keywords, following a dollar sign, are recognized : $ maxrange4 / 24 $ maxrange4 256this constraint is active for a dataset it is specified in, and can be owerwritten


: this entry is listed ). if a value does not start with a colon, it is interpreted as txt template only, with a record defaulting to the default a value in current scope. ip address range may be followed by a comment char ( either hash character ( # ) or semicolon ( ; ) ), e. g. : 127 / 8 ; loopback networkin this case all characters up to the end of line are ignored, and default a and txt values will be used for this ip range. every ip address that fits within any of specified ranges is " listed ", and rbldnsd will respond to reverse queries against it within specified zone with positive results. in contrast, if an entry starts with an exclamation sign (! ), this is an exclusion entry, i. e. corresponding address range is excluded from being listed ( and any value for this record is ignored ). this may be used to specify large range except some individual addresses, in a compact form. if a line starts with a colon ( : ), this line specifies the default a value and txt template to return ( see below ) for all subsequent entries up to end of current file. if no default entry specified, and no value specified for a given record, rbldnsd will return 127. 0. 0. 2 for matching a queries and no record for matching txt queries. if txt record template is specified and contains occurences of of dollar sign ( $ ), every such occurence is replaced with an ip address in question, so singe txt template may be used to e. g. refer to a webpage for an additional information for a specific ip address. set of ip4 cidr ranges with corresponding ( a, txt ) values. similar to ip4set, but uses different internal representation ( implemented as a patricia trie ), accepts cidr ranges only ( not a. b. c. d - e. f. g. h ), allows to specify only one value per cidr range, and returns only one, most close matching, entry on queries. exclusions are supported too. this dataset is not memory - efficient to store many single ip addresses, but it is ok to use it to store many possible wide cidr ranges. " trivial " ip4set : a set of single ip addresses ( one per line ), with the same a + txt template. this dataset type is more efficient than ip4


to use it to store many possible wide cidr ranges. " trivial " ip4set : a set of single ip addresses ( one per line ), with the same a + txt template. this dataset type is more efficient than ip4set ( in both memory usage and access times ), but have obvious limitation. it is intended for dnsbls like dsbl. org, ordb. org and similar, where each entry uses the same default a + txt template. this dataset uses only half a memory for the same list of ip addresses compared to ip4set. set of ( possible wildcarded ) domain names with associated a and txt values. similar to ip4set, but instead of ip addresses, data consists of domain names ( not in reverse form ). one domain name per line, possible starting with wildcard ( either with star - dot ( *. ) or just a dot ). entry starting with exclamation sign is exclusion. default value for all subsequent lines may be specified by a line starting with a colon. wildcards are interpreted as follows : this dataset type may be used instead of ip4set, provided all cidr ranges are expanded and reversed ( but in this case, txt template will be expanded differently ). generic type, simplified bind - style format. every record should be on one line ( line continuations are not supported ), and should be specified completely ( i. e. all domain names in values should be fully - qualified, entry name may not be omitted ). no wildcards are accepted. only a, txt, and mx records are recognized. ttl value may be specified before record type. examples : # bl. ex. com # specify some values for current zone $ ns 0 ns1. ex. com ns2. ex. com # record with ttl www 3000 a 127. 0. 0. 1 about txt " ex. com combined blocklist " this is a special dataset that stores no data by itself but acts like a container for several other datasets of any type except of combined type itself. the data file contains an optional common section, where various specials are recognized like $ ns, $ soa, $ ttl ( see above ), and a series of sections, each of which defines one ( nested ) dataset and several subzones of the base zone, for which this dataset should be consulted. new ( nested ) dataset starts with a line $ data


, and a series of sections, each of which defines one ( nested ) dataset and several subzones of the base zone, for which this dataset should be consulted. new ( nested ) dataset starts with a line $ dataset type [ : name ] subzone subzone... and all subsequent lines up to the end of current file or to next $ dataset line are interpreted as a part of dataset of type type, with optional name ( name is used for logging purposes only, and the whole " : name " ( without quotes or square brackets ) part is optional ). note that combined datasets cannot be nested. every subzone will always be relative to the base zone name specified on command line. if subzone specified as single character " @ ", dataset will be connected to the base zone itself. this dataset type aims to simplify subzone maintenance, in order to be able to include several subzones in one file for easy data transfer, atomic operations and to be able to modify list of subzones on remote secondary nameservers. example of a complete dataset that contains subzone ` proxies ' with a list of open proxies, subzone ` relays ' with a list of open relays, subzone ` multihop ' with output ips of multihop open relays, and the base zone itself includes proxies and relays but not multihops : # common section $ ns 1w ns1. ex. com ns2. ex. com $ soa 1w ns1. ex. com admin. ex. com 0 2h 2h 1w 1h # list of open proxies, # in ` proxies ' subzone and in base zone $ dataset ip4set : proxy proxies @ : 2 : open proxy, see http : / / bl. ex. com / proxy / $ 127. 0. 0. 2 127. 0. 0. 10 # list of open relays, # in ` relays ' subzone and in base zone $ dataset ip4set : relay relays @ : 3 : open relay, see http : / / bl. ex. com / relay / $ 127. 0. 0. 2 127. 0. 2. 10 # list of optputs of multistage relays, # in ` multihop ' subzone only $ dataset ip4set : multihop - relay multihop :


127. 0. 0. 2 127. 0. 2. 10 # list of optputs of multistage relays, # in ` multihop ' subzone only $ dataset ip4set : multihop - relay multihop : 4 : multihop open relay, see http : / / bl. ex. com / relay / $ 127. 0. 0. 2 127. 0. 9. 12 # for the base zone and all subzones, # include several additional records $ dataset generic : common proxies relays multihop @ @ a 127. 0. 0. 8 www a 127. 0. 0. 8 @ mx 10 mx. ex. com # the above results in having the following records # ( provided that the base zone specified is bl. ex. com ) : # proxies. bl. ex. com a 127. 0. 0. 8 # www. proxies. bl. ex. com 127. 0. 0. 8 # relays. bl. ex. com a 127. 0. 0. 8 # www. relays. bl. ex. com 127. 0. 0. 8 # multihop. bl. ex. com a 127. 0. 0. 8 # www. multihop. bl. ex. com 127. 0. 0. 8 # bl. ex. com a 127. 0. 0. 8 # www. bl. ex. com 127. 0. 0. 8 note that $ ns and $ soa values applies to the base zone only, regardless of the placement in the file. unlike the $ ttl values and $ n substitutions, which may be both global and local for a given ( sub - ) dataset. in all zone file types except generic, a values and txt templates are specified as following : : 127. 0. 0. 2 : blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ if a line starts with a colon, it specifies default a and txt for all subsequent entries in this dataset. similar format is used to specify values for individual records, with the a value ( enclosed by colons ) being optional : 127. 0. 0. 2 : 127. 0. 0. 2 : blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ or, without specific a value : 127. 0. 0. 2 blacklisted : http : / /


0. 2 : 127. 0. 0. 2 : blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ or, without specific a value : 127. 0. 0. 2 blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ two parts of a line, delimited by second colon, specifies a and txt record values. both are optional. by default ( either if no default line specified, or no ip address within that line ), rbldnsd will return 127. 0. 0. 2 as a record. 127. 0. 0 prefix for a value may be omitted, so the above example may be simplified to : : 2 : blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ there is no default txt value, so rbldnsd will not return anything for txt queries it txt isn ' t specified. when a value is specified for a given entry, but txt template is omitted, there may be two cases interpreted differently, namely, whenever there ' s a second semicolon ( : ) after the a value. if there ' s no second semicolon, default txt value for this scope will be used. in contrast, when second semicolon is present, no txt template will be generated at all. all possible cases are outlined in the following example : # default a value and txt template : 127. 0. 0. 2 : ip address $ is listed # 127. 0. 0. 4 will use default a and txt 127. 0. 0. 4 # 127. 0. 0. 5 will use specific a and default txt 127. 0. 0. 5 : 5 # 127. 0. 0. 6 will use specific a and no txt 127. 0. 0. 6 : 6 : # 127. 0. 0. 7 will use default a and specific txt 127. 0. 0. 7 ip address $ running an open relay in a txt template, references to substitution variables are replaced with values of that variables. in particular, single dollar sign ( $ ) is replaced by a listed entry ( an ip address in question for ip - based datasets and the domain name for domain - based datasets ). $ n - style constructs, where n is a single digit, are replaced by a substitution variable $ n defined for this dataset in current scope ( see section " special entries " above ). to specify


domain - based datasets ). $ n - style constructs, where n is a single digit, are replaced by a substitution variable $ n defined for this dataset in current scope ( see section " special entries " above ). to specify a dollar sign as - is, use $ $. for example, the following lines : $ 1 see http : / / www. example. com / bl $ 2 for details 127. 0. 0. 2 $ 1 / spammer / $ $ 2 127. 0. 0. 3 $ 1 / relay / $ $ 2 127. 0. 0. 4 this spammer wants some $ $ $ $. $ 1 / $ will result in the following text to be generated : see http : / / www. example. com / bl / spammer / 127. 0. 0. 2 for details see http : / / www. example. com / bl / relay / 127. 0. 0. 3 for details this spammer wants some $ $. see http : / / www. example. com / bl / 127. 0. 0. 4 if the " base template " ( $ = variable ) is defined, this template is used for expansion, instead of the one specified for an entry being queried. inside the base template, $ = construct is substituted with the text given for individual entries. in order to stop usage of base template $ = for a single record, start it with = ( which will be omitted from the resulting txt value ). for example, $ 0 see http : / / www. example. com / bl? $ = ( $ ) for details 127. 0. 0. 2 r123 127. 0. 0. 3 127. 0. 0. 4 = see other blocklists for details about $ produces the following txt records : see http : / / www. example. com / bl? r123 ( 127. 0. 0. 2 ) for details see http : / / www. example. com / bl? 127. 0. 0. 3 ( 127. 0. 0. 3 ) for details see other blocklists for details about 127. 0. 0. 4 this is not a real dataset, while the syntax and usage is the same as with other datasets. instead of defining which records exists in a given zone and which does not, acl dataset specifies which client hosts ( peers ) are allowed to query the given zone. the dataset


syntax and usage is the same as with other datasets. instead of defining which records exists in a given zone and which does not, acl dataset specifies which client hosts ( peers ) are allowed to query the given zone. the dataset specifies a set of ipv4 address ranges ( currently, ipv6 addresses are not supported ) in a form of cidrs ( with the syntax exactly the same as understood by ip4trie dataset ), together with action specifiers. when a query is made from an ip address listed ( not for the ip address ), specified action changes rules used to construct the reply. possible actions and their meanings are : only one acl dataset can be specified for a given zone, and each zone must have at least one non - acl dataset. it is also possible to specify one global acl dataset, by specifying empty zone name ( which is not allowed for other dataset types ), like rbldnsd... : acl : filename... for this dataset type, only a few $ - style specials are recognized. in particular, $ soa and $ ns keywords are not allowed. when rbldnsd performs $ substitution in the txt template returned from acl dataset, it will use client ip address to substitute for a single $ character, instead of the ip address or domain name found in the original query. rbldnsd handles the following signals : some unsorted usage notes follows. when creating a data file for rbldnsd ( and for anything else, it is a general advise ), it is a good idea to create the data in temporary file and rename the temp file when all is done. never try to write to the main file directly, it is possible that at the same time, rbldnsd will try to read it and will get incomplete data as the result. the same applies to copying data using cp ( 1 ) utility and similar ( including scp ( 1 ) ), that performs copying over existing data. even if you ' re sure noone is reading the data while you ' re copying or generating it, imagine what will happen if you will not be able to complete the process for whatever reason ( interrupt, filesystem full, endless number of other reasons... ). in most cases is better to keep older but correct data instead of leaving incomplete / corrupt data in place. scp remote : data target. tmp & & mv target


, filesystem full, endless number of other reasons... ). in most cases is better to keep older but correct data instead of leaving incomplete / corrupt data in place. scp remote : data target. tmp & & mv target. tmp targetwrong : scp remote : data targetright :. / generate. pl > target. tmp & & mv target. tmp targetwrong :. / generate. pl > target from this point of view, rsync ( 1 ) command seems to be safe, as it always creates temporary file and renames it to the destination only when all is ok ( but note the - - partial option, which is good for downloading something but may be wrong to transfer data files - - usually you don ' t want partial files to be loaded ). in contrast, scp ( 1 ) command is not safe, as it performs direct copying. you may still use scp ( 1 ) in a safe manner, as shown in the example above. also try to eliminate a case when two ( or more ) processes performs data copying / generation at the same time to the same destination. when your data is generated by a cron job, use file locking ( create separate lock file ( which should never be removed ) and flock / fcntl it in exclusive mode without waiting, exiting if lock fails ) before attempting to do other file manipulation. all keys specified in dataset files are always relative to the zone base dn. in contrast, all the values ( ns and soa records, mx records in generic dataset ) are absolute. this is different from bind behaviour, where trailing dot indicates whenever this is an absolute or relative dn. trailing dots in domain names are ignored by rbldnsd. several zones may be served by rbldnsd, every zone may consist of several datasets. there are numerous ways to combine several data files into several zones. for example, suppose you have a list of dialup ranges in file named ` dialups ', and a list of spammer ' s ip addresses in file named ` spammers ', and want to serve 3 zones with rbldnsd : dialups. bl. ex. com, spam. bl. ex. com and bl. ex. com which is a combination of the two. there are two ways to do this : rbldnsd options... \ dialups. bl. ex. com : ip4set :


. ex. com and bl. ex. com which is a combination of the two. there are two ways to do this : rbldnsd options... \ dialups. bl. ex. com : ip4set : dialups \ spam. bl. ex. com : ip4set : spammers \ bl. ex. com : ip4set : dialups, spammers rbldnsd options... \ dialups. bl. ex. com : ip4set : dialups \ spam. bl. ex. com : ip4set : spammers \ bl. ex. com : ip4set : dialups \ bl. ex. com : ip4set : spammers ( note you should specify combined bl. ex. com zone after all its subzones in a command line, or else subzones will not be consulted at all ). in the first form, there will be 3 independent data sets, and every record will be stored 2 times in memory, but only one search in internal data structures will be needed to resolve queries for aggregate bl. ex. com. in second form, there will be only 2 data sets, every record will be stored only once ( both datasets will be reused ), but 2 searches will be performed by rbldnsd to answer queries against aggregate zone ( but difference in speed is almost unnoticeable ). note that when aggregating several data files into one dataset, an exclusion entry in one file becomes exclusion entry in the whole dataset ( which may be a problem when aggregating dialups, where exclusions are common, with open relays / proxies, where exclusions are rare if at all used ). similar effect may be achieved by using combined dataset type, sometimes more easily. combined dataset results in every nested dataset to be used independantly, like in second form above. combined dataset requires rbldnsd to be the authoritative nameserver for the whole base zone. most important, one may specify soa and ns records for the base zone only. so, some dnsbls which does not use a common subzone for the data, cannot use this dataset. an example being dsbl. org dnsbl, where each of list. dsbl. org, multihop. dsbl. org and unconfirmed. dsbl. org


common subzone for the data, cannot use this dataset. an example being dsbl. org dnsbl, where each of list. dsbl. org, multihop. dsbl. org and unconfirmed. dsbl. org zones are separate, independant zones with different set of nameservers. but for dsbl. org, where each dataset is really independant and used only once ( there ' s no ( sub ) zone that is as a combinations of other zones ), combined dataset isn ' t necessary. in contrast, sorbs. net zones, where several subzones used and main zone is a combination of several subzones, combined dataset is a way to go. when you have several nameservers for your zone, set them all in a similar way. namely, if one is set up using combined dataset, all the rest should be too, or else dns meta - data will be broken. this is because metadata ( soa and ns ) records returned by nameservers using combined and other datasets will have different origin. with combined dataset, rbldnsd return ns and soa records for the base zone, not for any subzone defined inside the dataset. given the above example with dialups. bl. ex. com, spammers. bl. ex. com and aggregate bl. ex. com zones, and two nameservers, first is set up in any ways described above ( using individual datasets for every of the 3 zones ), and second is set up for the whole bl. ex. com zone using combined dataset. in this case, for queries against dialups. bl. ex. com, first nameserver will return ns records like dialups. bl. ex. com. in ns a. ns. ex. com. while second will always use base zone, and ns records will look like bl. ex. com. in ns a. ns. ex. com. all authoritative nameservers for a zone must have consistent metadata records. the only way to achieve this is to use similar configuration ( combined or not ) on all nameservers. have this in mind when using other software for a nameserver. generic dataset type is very rudimentary. it ' s purpose is to complement all the other type to form complete nameserver that may answer to a, txt and mx queries.


when using other software for a nameserver. generic dataset type is very rudimentary. it ' s purpose is to complement all the other type to form complete nameserver that may answer to a, txt and mx queries. this is useful mostly to define a records for http access ( relays. bl. example. com a, www. bl. example. com a just in case ), and maybe descriptive texts as a txt record. since rbldnsd only searches one, most closely matching ( sub ) zone for every request, one cannot specify a single e. g. generic dataset in form proxies txt list of open proxies www. proxies a 127. 0. 0. 8 relays txt list of open relays www. relays a 127. 0. 0. 9for several ( sub ) zones, each of which are represented as a zone too ( either in command line or as combined dataset ). instead, several generic datasets should be specified, separate one for every ( sub ) zone. if the data for every subzone is the same, the same, single dataset may be used, but it should be specified for every zone it should apply to ( see combined dataset usage example above ). most of the bugs outlined in this section aren ' t really bugs, but present due to non - standartized and thus unknown expected behaviour of a nameserver that serves a dnsbl zone. rbldnsd matches bind runtime behaviour where appropriate, but not always. rbldnsd lowercases some domain names ( the ones that are lookup keys, e. g. in ` generic ' and ` dnset ' datasets ) when loading, to speed up lookup operations. this isn ' t a problem in most cases. there is no tcp mode. if a resource record does not fit in udp packet ( 512 bytes ), it will be silently ignored. for most usages, this isn ' t a problem, because there should be only a few rrs in an answer, and because one record is usually sufficient to decide whenever a given entry is " listed " or not. rbldnsd isn ' t a full - featured nameserver, after all. rbldnsd will not always return a list of nameserver records in the authority section of every positive answer : ns records will be provided ( if given ) only if there ' s a


a full - featured nameserver, after all. rbldnsd will not always return a list of nameserver records in the authority section of every positive answer : ns records will be provided ( if given ) only if there ' s a room for them in single udp packet. if records does not fit, authority section will be empty. rbldnsd does not allow axfr operations. for dnsbls, axfr is the stupidiest yet common thing to do - use rsync for zone transfers instead. this isn ' t a bug in rbldnsd itself, but in common practice of using axfr and the like to transfer huge zones in a format which isn ' t suitable for such a task. perhaps in the future, if there will be some real demand, i ' ll implement axfr " server " support ( so that rbldnsd will be able to act as master for bind nameservers, but not as secondary ), but the note remains : use rsync. rbldnsd truncates all txt records to be at most 255 bytes. dns specs allows longer txts, but long txts is something that should be avoided as much as possible - txt record is used as smtp rejection string. note that dns udp packet is limited to 512 bytes. rbldnsd will log a warning when such truncation occurs. this manpage corresponds to rbldnsd version 0. 996a. the rbldnsd daemon written by michael tokarev < email @ example. com >, based on ideas by dan bernstein and his djbdns package.


what does the future hold for the fight against malaria in africa? if we limit ourselves to the conventional approaches to fighting malaria - drugs, bednets and biocides - the future looks bleak. it looks like an endless war. the war started about 1950 when ddt and chloroquine looked like perfect weapons. but since then the development of resistance has shown us how ephemeral they were. the mosquitoes began to eat ddt for breakfast, and the malaria parasites learned to swim in chloroquine. historians are showing us that malaria has incredible tenacity in africa. we long for a solution to this horrible problem - an exit strategy. unfortunately who, usaid and the un agencies offer us nothing but more of the same - and with declining budgets. for the past few decades there has been an implicit but mythical exit strategy for the fight against malaria - the development of a vaccine. this implied weapon has been the stimulus for enormous amounts of immunological research, and has also given solace to field workers who see the disastrous brick wall of drug and biocide resistance coming again soon. the repeat of this historic disaster will mean that once again indoor spraying of biocides becomes exceedingly expensive, that treated bednets will no longer give protection, and that the current drugs will be useless. it is a grim picture, unless one has an exit strategy. but relying on the mythical vaccine is simply an exercise in fantasy. fortunately there is a practical exit strategy available, using proven methods that require little technology. perhaps the lack of technology is the reason why these weapons have not been pursued by our scientific and medical elite ; they are too mundane and we all want to be modern scientists. this realistic exit strategy features ( 1 ) shovels for digging drainage ditches and filling swampy sites of mosquito breeding, ( 2 ) window screens and ( 3 ) affordable electricity for fans that make sleeping bearable in screened houses. unlike the current vaccines being studied, shovels, window screens and affordable electricity are durable, and do not require re - application every few years. and we already have them all over the world. farmers all over africa know how to drain swamps with shovels. carpenters all over africa know how to screen in houses, after blocking the eaves with heavy paper or papyrus. affordable electricity is growing at the rate of 4. 1 % per year in africa, as new fuel and hydropower sources are developed faster than anyplace in the world ( christian science monitor 2013. ) it is important to note that


or papyrus. affordable electricity is growing at the rate of 4. 1 % per year in africa, as new fuel and hydropower sources are developed faster than anyplace in the world ( christian science monitor 2013. ) it is important to note that affordable electricity is available already in many african cities. as the majority of africans move to urban areas, they will find affordable electricity already there. extending it to rural areas will get us to the end. what basis is there for confidence in this practical exit strategy? simply the experience in all the northern countries where physicians no longer know what malaria looks like. the historian snowden documented the gradual disappearance of malaria from italy after the second world war ; largely before the advent of ddt and chloroquine ( snowden 2006, and jobin 2010 ). these cheap chemicals used to be thought of as the exit strategy in the who eradication program – until they hit the brick wall of chemical and drug resistance the first time, about 50 years ago. another important feature of this practical exit strategy is that it has multiple benefits, while a vaccine would be highly specific not only for one disease, but even for only one strain of that disease. a vaccine against plasmodium falciparum, the most prevalent killer in africa, would not protect against plasmodium vivax, a common killer in most of the tropical world. the multiple benefits of eliminating swamps and breeding sites has been shown in tanzania to also control some other species of mosquitoes which transmit filariasis ( castro 2010 ). screening of houses also keeps out houseflies which are important in transmission of cholera and other severe diarrheal diseases. screening of houses also increases the resale value of houses, in a way that biocide spraying could never do. buying shovels and picks to drain a swamp gives you tools to use in growing crops as well. this exit strategy has multiple benefits, always a winner. what about costs of this practical exit strategy? it is hard to compare anything with the cost of a mythical vaccine because none exists yet, except a recent one that gives protection to only one - third of the people injected, and would probably have to be boosted every 1 - 3 years. the short - term impact of this vaccine almost seals its fate as an impractical tool in africa, but in any event it would be incredibly expensive. the cost of digging a ditch or installing screens on your house is low, especially if you do it yourself. for comparison, we would want it to be cheaper


an impractical tool in africa, but in any event it would be incredibly expensive. the cost of digging a ditch or installing screens on your house is low, especially if you do it yourself. for comparison, we would want it to be cheaper than the current chemically - based strategy of who and the us pmi, based on drugs, bednets and biocides. the most recent data from pmi indicate that spraying a house in africa costs at least $ 7 per person protected, by a spray that was effective for about 3 months ( jobin 2012 ). to give year - round protection in a house with a family of 6 would cost $ 168 per year. if screens were installed to last 10 years and they cost less than $ 1, 680 they would be competitive with spraying. and this comparison neglects the cost of drugs and bednets. so screens look pretty good, especially if you do the work yourself and only have to buy the metallic screen material, some light lumber, and heavy paper to seal the eaves. likewise if you drain the swamps and depressions around your house, you could get some pretty good picks, hoes and shovels for $ 1, 680. this is where community efforts make the practical exit strategy even more feasible, as you could share these tools with your neighbors. so i have a suggestion. let us focus on communities in the midst of the malaria battle, and offer them an exit strategy that they can implement themselves. then when who and the global fund fail, when mosquitoes learn to coexist with pyrethroids, and when act is no longer effective, the communities can continue the fight. castro et al 2010 the importance of drains for the larval development of lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors in dar es salaam, united republic of tanzania. plos negl trop dis. 2010 may 25 ; 4 ( 5 ) christian science monitor 2013, mike pflanz, january 1. boston, usa jobin 2010 a realistic strategy for fighting malaria in africa, boston harbor publishers, massachusetts, usa jobin 2012 improving the us presidential malaria initiative, boston harbor publishers, massachusetts, usa snowden 2006 the conquest of malaria, yale university press, new haven, usa


wireless sensors are applicable for a variety of applications, whether it be smart cities ( smart parking, smart lighting, waste management ), industrial control ( m2m applications, indoor air quality, temperature monitoring ), ehealth ( fall detection, patient surveillance, ultraviolet radiation ) and many more. for each application, the sensor needs to function effectively, be small in size and low in cost. sensors enable engineers to establish wireless techniques that will ensure the reliability of data transmission, eliminate disturbance by other wireless devices, ensure data security ( and safety ), and lower the power consumption and price. sensors are becoming more commonplace and technologically advanced as it relates to the wireless industry. just recently a home security representative came to the house of a good friend of mine who was having some work done. the installer fully intended to take the old wires and re - connect them on the sensors and turn the system on. as it turns out, it was quicker and more cost effective ( no incremental cost ) to simply install a new wireless receiver and install wireless sensors on each door / window instead of re - connecting the existing wires. sensor technology has come a long way from being ahead of its time and expensive, to being cost effective and practical. we talked with some industry icons about the current state of wireless sensors in the industry, and what they think the technology has in store for the future. what are the high - growth segments within the sensor industry? bruce ulrich, wireless product line director, ams : one of the most exciting trends in the sensing industry is the move to energy harvesting and, in particular, passive sensing. coupled with wireless networks, passive sensing enables freedom of implementation for autonomous sensing. karthi gopalan, sensor afe marketing manager, sensor signal path products, texas instruments : environment sensing is growing exponentially with increasing pull from markets that are demanding greener, smarter and safer infrastructure. to alleviate the energy crisis and government regulations about safety, the building automation and air quality markets are demanding more and more sensing and control expertise. how are you altering your sensor designs to address the needs for industrial applications? bruce ulrich, wireless product line director, ams : we have developed optimized semiconductor processes that enable low - power products. we will continue to focus on improving our unique semiconductor processes to achieve the highest performance at the lowest power. these processes need to support the power, operating temperature, and reliability needs of the industrial market while achieving best - in - class performance. karthi gopalan, sensor afe marketing manager


processes to achieve the highest performance at the lowest power. these processes need to support the power, operating temperature, and reliability needs of the industrial market while achieving best - in - class performance. karthi gopalan, sensor afe marketing manager, sensor signal path products, texas instruments : the world is analog and the ability to precisely capture these diverse vectors is critical for energy efficiency, better decision making and safety. the variety of real world sensors are typically voltage output types such as temperature, rtd, load cell, and pressure sensors as well as current output types such as gas, thermopiles, photo diodes and electro - chemical sensors just to name a few. the analog technical challenges and sources of errors that affect a precision design such as sensor impedance, bias currents, noise, voltage offsets and drift, grounding and guarding are ubiquitous. for even the most experienced analog designer, this is a very time consuming task. ti recognizes this and wants to help the system designer develop hardware solutions as quickly as possible so that time can be spent on differentiating the end product from the competition. ti ’ s sensor afe devices process and convert these signals with great precision and less effort on the part of the design engineer. the integrated solutions incorporate the right application features that enable, for example : - longer battery life. - more time between calibrations. - compensation over temperature. - less interference with hand radios. are you finding that you need to customize sensors for different applications? if so, how? bruce ulrich, wireless product line director, ams : we have seen a migration of sensors from the industrial to the consumer space. similar to how dsp migrated from defense to consumer, we are seeing sensor technologies that were refined in industrial applications find new homes in portable devices. these new applications increase the need for low power as well as no load on the microcontroller. this requires sensors designed for each application to include the unique microcode required to operate independently in that application. in other words, smart sensors. karthi gopalan, sensor afe marketing manager, sensor signal path products, texas instruments : let ’ s take the toxic gas detection. for these multi - sensing applications the sensor afes offer advantages over traditional custom designs where multiple gases need to be sensed with the same instrument. the detectors have varying dynamic range of the currents to be detected depending on the end application and type of toxic gas ( 30 + gases ) being detected. some toxic gas sensors have a full - scale range of 600


to be sensed with the same instrument. the detectors have varying dynamic range of the currents to be detected depending on the end application and type of toxic gas ( 30 + gases ) being detected. some toxic gas sensors have a full - scale range of 600 µa and a sensitivity of 10 na / ppm, while others have a full - scale range of 10 µa and a sensitivity of 1 na / ppm. another example is the fixed safety instruments that are wall powered and wireless, which are very different from the personal safety portable gas detectors that are never fully powered down due to the long turn - on time constants of the sensors. it is critical to provide multiples modes of operation for the later. during normal operation, the gas sensor is being monitored and power consumption is 10 µa. in standby mode, where the sensor is still being biased to allow for a quick recovery time ( seconds vs. hours ) but no actual measurements are made, the power consumption is 6 µa. with the configurable sensor afes, the system designer is able to dynamically adjust the vectors of the signal path depending on the end application needs. wireless sensing is a new, promising field in sensor technology. measuring data using wireless transmission is by no means new to the industry, but does have enormous potential that has recently become very apparent. for both, industrial and consumer industries, the applications are endless. the benefits do however bring a number of challenges, which is why adoption has developed slowly up to now. with continuous developments in this area, however, many challenges have been faced and overcome. one example in particular is lack of reliability. end users are increasingly accepting new applications, and are beginning to put much more trust in sensor - enabled systems. sensors have exploded into new application spaces and are continuously proving their ability to solve real everyday problems. sensor technologies, hand - in - hand with new applications, are advancing at a rapid rate, and have infinite opportunities.