{"text": "people living in cardiff face higher gas and electricity bills than consumers in the rest of the uk energy bills ' to rise by \u00a3300 ' as the government ' s green policy is implemented volunteers from cheap energy provider e. on, which is one of the country ' s biggest energy suppliers, have collaborated to build a greenhouse at a school in bedford. energy comparison is one way through which people can reduce their costs but installing home insulation is also very effective, cheap energy users will be interested to learn. vince cable has pledged \u00a36. 5 million to train prospective engineers in renewable energy skills the government pledge to make progress on green issues and become the most eco - friendly government customers searching for cheap energy deals might benefit in coming years from a research centre designed to boost the offshore renewable energy sector. breaking news from energyhelpline. com : the gas & electricity switching service that compares all energy suppliers - act fast to save money on heating bills this winter property developers still have much to learn about constructing green homes, cheap gas and electricity customers might agree. domestic energy customers who receive a poor service from their energy supplier might be likely to switch gas and electricity providers. cheap gas customers who are tempted to compare energy prices might be able to keep an eye on their energy usage with a smart meter. younger families with constraints on their finances might be more inclined to compare energy prices and switch to a cheap electricity tariff. people who want to compare energy and switch gas tariffs could opt for a green energy provider, renewableuk has suggested. cheap energy customers who thought they would be safe on a fixed rate tariff might be disappointed to learn that four such deals have expired this week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4784155074015284, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.197797"} {"text": "marine ecosystem services refer to benefits that people obtain from marine ecosystems, including the open ocean, coastal seas, and estuaries. more than one third of the world ' s population lives in coastal areas ( table 1 ), and people throughout the world depend intimately on the oceans and coasts, and the resources they provide, for survival and well - being. yet marine ecosystems, and the resources they provide, are increasingly threatened by land - use change, overfishing, climate change, invasion of non - native species, and other impacts of a rapidly growing human population. types of marine ecosystem services ecosystem services can be divided into several categories ( table 2 ) : provisioning services. these include food, water, timber, and fiber. more than a billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of protein. fisheries and associated industries employ 38 million people directly, and another 162 million are indirectly supported. other provisioning services from marine ecosystems include building materials from mangrove and coral reef areas, and pharmaceutical compounds derived from marine algae and invertebrates. regulating services. these include regulation of climate, natural hazards such as floods, disease, wastes, and water quality. for example, coastal wetlands play an important role in water quality regulation by capturing and filtering sediments and organic wastes in transit from inland regions to the ocean. on a global scale, fixation of atmospheric carbon by oceanic algae and its eventual deposition in deep water represents an important part of the global carbon cycle and thus influences climate trends. cultural services. these include recreational, esthetic, and spiritual benefits derived from nature. coastal tourism is the fastest - growing sector of the global tourism industry, and is a major part of the economies of many small island developing nations. scuba diving and other nature - based tourism on coral reefs, for example, is estimated to contribute $ 30 billion to the global economy each year. moreover, the cultures and traditions of many coastal peoples are intimately tied to the marine ecosystems on which they depend. supporting services. these include soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling by healthy ecosystems, which support goods and services used more directly by humans. coastal habitats such as seagrass beds and mangroves are important nursery areas for the young stages of fishes and invertebrates that support coastal communities and commercial and recreational fisheries. threats to marine ecosystems and the services they provide unsustainable use of marine resources poses serious threats to food security of many coastal nations, particularly in the developing world. destruction and degradation of coastal habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves, increases risks to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4866261776083218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.201573"} {"text": "holocaust in estonia applying the german anti - jewish policy during world war ii in occupied estonia was divided into three separate parts. the first part involved the actions, led by the german security police ( jupo ) and sd, to arrest and execute local jews in estonia. the second part involved camps in the occupied territory, where jews were brought from other parts of europe, i. e. labour and educational camps and, the third part involved the vaivara complex of concentration camps. about 4400 jews lived in estonia before world war ii. in june 1941, the soviet authorities deported about 400 jews to russia. after the war broke out between germany and the soviet union, about 3000 jews left estonia with the red army. the 1000 jews who remained in estonia were arrested by the german occupying powers at the end of 1941. in most cases, the estonian policemen conducted formal investigations designed to show that the persecution was legal. by early 1942, the jews had all been secretly murdered and the wannsee conference declared estonia to be free of jews. only a few estonian jews survived the german occupation. during the war, the german authorities also brought jews to estonia from other occupied countries. the places controlled by the security police and sd ( labour and educational camps ) received jews in two stages. in the first stage, in september 1942, about 1000 mainly czech jews were brought to the jagala camp near tallinn from terezin ( theresienstadt ) in czechoslovakia and, in the second stage, about 1000 jews were brought from frankfurt am main and berlin. 400 - 500 younger jews from germany were sent to the camp. the rest, about 1600 people, were executed on the same day at kalevi - liiva. with the participation of estonian staff, a total of 1800 - 2000 people were executed at kalevi - liiva, including a few dozen estonian gypsies. of the approximately 2000 jews brought to estonia in september 1942, 74 are known to have survived the war. in june 1944, about 300 jews from the drancy concentration camp in france arrived in tallinn ; 34 survivors were evacuated in september of the same year to the stutthof concentration camp. the ss - controlled vaivara concentration camp complex existed from august 1943 until september 1944. within one year, about 10, 000 jews were brought there, mainly from lithuanian ghettoes. one third perished due to harsh living conditions in estonia or became unable to work and were sent to other camps, where they were killed. another third were evacuated in august 1944 to the stutthof", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43167156096187803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.205336"} {"text": "\" in cosmology, it turns out that ' a galaxy a long time ago ' and ' far, far away ' really do go together, \" says associate professor roger romani, who with graduate student david sowards - emmerd and professor peter michelson of stanford, and radio astronomer lincoln greenhill of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics, spotted one of the oldest supermassive black holes yet found. the scientists collaborate at the kavli institute for particle astrophysics and cosmology at stanford. \" in this case, we ' re looking at [ a black hole ] far enough away that it ' s within a billion years of the origin of it all, the big bang. \" the supermassive black hole sits in the center of a galaxy. a disk of stars and gas swirl around the black hole and eventually get sucked in. \" that generates enormous amounts of power, enormous amounts of energy, \" romani says. \" it ' s far more efficient even than nuclear fusion. these gravity - powered sources are the most powerful sources in the universe. \" as black holes go, this one is a messy eater. it ' s jabba the hutt, in fact, gobbling up its galaxy so quickly that not everything is making it down its throat past the point of no return - that place, called the \" event horizon, \" where not even light can escape gravity ' s strongest pull. the matter that doesn ' t make it past the event horizon is spewing back up in the form of accelerated high - energy particles. if a black hole amid a galaxy shoots out high - energy particles in narrow jets that just happen to be aimed at earth, astrophysicists give the whole thing a special name - \" blazar. \" amazingly, these blazars can be detected at nearly all energies, even at the high energy of gamma rays. in fact, distant blazars seem to dominate the gamma - ray sky and can obscure other objects of interest. pulsars, spinning neutron stars nearby in our own galaxy, can also emit gamma rays, but far fewer of them are known. romani, whose main interest is pulsars, wanted to identify and discard blazars so he could concentrate on the neutron stars. \" i got started working on the blazars as a way of culling the wheat from the chaff, \" romani says. \" but then the chaff proved just as interesting. \" in preparation for a mission that is scheduled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5465845388343109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.213061"} {"text": "stars. \" i got started working on the blazars as a way of culling the wheat from the chaff, \" romani says. \" but then the chaff proved just as interesting. \" in preparation for a mission that is scheduled to launch in 2007, the co - authors have surveyed 200 blazars ; eventually they hope to survey 2, 000. the mission, led by michelson, will use the gamma ray large area space telescope ( glast ) to study high - energy sources of radiation in the universe, such as supermassive black holes, merging neutron stars and hot streams of gas moving at nearly the speed of light. it is funded by nasa, the u. s. department of energy and government agencies in france, italy, japan and sweden. \" something really new is waiting to be found in the gamma - ray sky, \" romani says. \" if we could identify all the blazars, tag the pulsars - the things that are left over, that ' s where the really new discoveries will be. \" in photographs, blazars look just like stars. so how do scientists spot them? the co - authors first identified gamma rays seen by the energetic gamma ray experiment telescope ( egret ), a glast precursor initiated by stanford physics professor robert hofstadter in the 1970s and subsequently directed by michelson. greenhill led the effort to obtain radio images of the blazar jet using the very long baseline array ( vlba ). funded by the national science foundation and operated by the national radio astronomy observatory, the vlba is essentially a radio camera. it consists of 10 dish antennas - 25 meters wide and distributed from hawaii across the united states to st. croix - slaved together with computers to create a composite image with a resolution greenhill calls \" comparable to what they would get with a single antenna about as large as a continent. \" to find out how far away the blazar was, romani and sowards - emmerd used the hobby - eberly telescope ( het ), an optical instrument in a remote part of texas, to obtain spectral patterns of visible and infrared light. het is a joint project of the university of texas at austin, pennsylvania state university, stanford, ludwig - maximilians - universitat munchen and georg - august - universitat gottingen. spectroscopy reveals signatures of elements in a galaxy ' s gases. elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen radiate at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5256704663430833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.213985"} {"text": ", stanford, ludwig - maximilians - universitat munchen and georg - august - universitat gottingen. spectroscopy reveals signatures of elements in a galaxy ' s gases. elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen radiate at specific energies, or equivalently at specific wavelengths. a consequence of cosmic expansion is that those wavelengths get shifted to the red part of the spectrum, or \" red - shifted, \" if an object is extremely far away. the red shift corresponds to age. \" the higher that number, the smaller the universe was when the light was emitted - hence, the earlier you ' re talking about, \" romani explains. the hobby - eberly telescope told the researchers that the red shift of their blazar was 5. 5. this high number told them this was not just some star in our backyard ; it was an enormous source of energy shining from way across the universe. \" it ' s amazing to find something so interesting and unique in a relatively small survey, \" says sowards - emmerd, who re - analyzed egret data to select the targets examined by het and analyzed the optical data. \" we immediately realized that a high - redshift blazar and gamma - ray source would allow us to test our understanding of relativistic radio jets and their interaction with the cosmic microwave background leftover from the big bang, \" greenhill says. \" it ' s a searchlight that ' s set so far away that it illuminates matter and radiation all the way between us, between time one billion years after the big bang and now, \" romani says. \" if you can detect it with a gamma - ray telescope, you have a handle on the birth of stars and galaxies between then and now that you never had before. \" scientists are currently stymied about how a black hole could have gotten so big so fast. how do you take something big enough to hold 1, 000 solar systems and as heavy as all of the stars in our milky way galaxy put together, and quickly crunch - collapse it? scientists think the universe formed 13. 7 billion years ago with the big bang. the distance of the blazar indicates it formed a billion years after that. \" what ' s interesting about a billion years after the big bang is that this marks the end of the ' dark age, \" ' romani says. \" the universe first formed with an enormous flash of light and heat - that ' s the big bang - and then cooled off. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5837124925221401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.215130"} {"text": "billion years after the big bang is that this marks the end of the ' dark age, \" ' romani says. \" the universe first formed with an enormous flash of light and heat - that ' s the big bang - and then cooled off. and everything ' s dark for about a billion years. and toward the end of that period, the first stars and black holes and galaxies start collapsing and forming and turning on. we talk about that as the end of the dark age. so it ' s very interesting, and this is one of the big pushes in cosmology, to find objects back in the tail end of the dark age, when things are first lighting up, and then to use those to figure out how everything we have in the universe formed. \" in the next year, the scientists hope to use the vlba to take a better picture of the jet detected with radio waves and then observe its x - ray spectrum. this will help illuminate the matter between the supermassive black hole and earth, clarify the black hole ' s size and characterize the jet ' s material as it moves away from the black hole at nearly the speed of light. \" studying these things gives us a window into the sort of physical processes that we can ' t yet control here on earth, \" romani says. \" they ' re the extremes of physics. \" those extremes fascinate romani. \" pulsars are, i think, the most extreme objects in our universe, \" he says. these cores of dead stars have collapsed, but not far enough to form an event horizon, so they are just short of turning into black holes. they are the densest things in the measurable universe. they have the strongest magnetic fields. their surfaces have extremely high temperatures. they are cosmic accelerators that speed particles to the highest energies known. so far, scientists have found only a handful of gamma - ray pulsars, and romani is particularly excited about glast as a means of hunting down more in the milky way. \" i ' m particularly interested in ways in which you could find extreme physics out there in the cosmos and get a handle on physics of the 22nd or 23rd century by seeing what ' s going on in the sky. \" by dawn levy comment : roger romani, physics : ( 650 ) 725 - 7595, firstname. lastname @ example. org editors : a photo of the researchers is available at http : / / newsphotos. stanford. edu. relevant web urls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5681610840135861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.216133"} {"text": "baltimore, md \u2014 the ability of embryonic stem cells to differentiate into different types of cells with different functions is regulated and maintained by a complex series of chemical interactions, which are not well understood. learning more about this process could prove useful for stem cell - based therapies down the road. new research from a team led by carnegie ' s yixian zheng zeroes in on the process by which stem cells maintain their proper undifferentiated state. their results are published in cell october 26. embryonic stem cells go through a process called self - renewal, wherein they undergo multiple cycles of division while not differentiating into any other type of cells. this process is dependent on three protein networks, which guide both self - renewal and eventual differentiation. but the integration of these three networks has remained a mystery. using a combination of genetic, protein - oriented and physiological approaches involving mouse embryonic stem cells, the team \u2014 which also included current and former carnegie scientists junling jia, xiaobin zheng, junqi zhang, anying zhang, and hao jiang \u2014 uncovered a mechanism that integrates all three networks involved in embryonic stem cell self - renewal and provide a critical missing link to understanding this process. the key is a protein called utf1. it serves three important roles. first, it balances between activating and deactivating the necessary genes to direct the cell toward differentiation. at the same time, it acts on messenger rna that is the transcription product of the genes when they ' re activated by tagging it for degradation, rather than allowing it to continue to serve its cellular function. lastly, it blocks a genetic feedback loop that normally inhibits cellular proliferation, allowing it to occur in the rapid nature characteristic of embryonic stem cells. \" we are slowly but surely growing to understand the physiology of embryonic stem cells, \" zheng said. \" it is crucial that we continue to carrying out basic research on how these cells function. \" non - carnegie co - authors on the paper include gangquing hu, kairong cui, chengyu liu and keji zhao of the national institutes of health ; and john yates iii and bingwen lu of the scripps research institute, the latter of whom is now at pfizer. this research was supported by nih, nhlbi intramural research, hhmi, and the cystic fibrosis foundation therapeutics inc. the carnegie institution for science is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in washington, d. c., with six research departments throughout the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5358670741297942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.218954"} {"text": "first congenital chagas case in u. s. reported boy ' s mother said that she was diagnosed with the chagas disease during a previous pregnancy, and was not treated for the disease, as well as having no signs or symptoms. reviewed by robert jasmer, md friday, july 6, 2012 ( medpage today ) \u2014 a virginia boy born almost a year ago is the first case of congenital chagas disease reported in the u. s., according to the cdc. the boy was delivered by cesarean section at 29 weeks gestation in august 2010 after he was found to have fetal hydrops, the accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal compartments, the agency reported in the july 6 issue of morbidity and mortality weekly report. in the second week after birth, his mother \u2013 a 31 - year - old immigrant from bolivia \u2013 told physicians she had been previously diagnosed with chagas and testing of the infant revealed evidence of trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes the disease, which is transmitted to humans by blood - sucking insects. these insects are often called \" kissing bugs \" because they tend to bite people on the lips. the boy is \" the first documented congenital transmission of t cruzi in the united states, \" the cdc reported, adding, \" additional, but unrecognized, cases likely exist. \" the cdc said the boy ' s case is a reminder of the need for greater awareness of the disorder among healthcare providers. the boy was born with ascitic fluid in the peritoneal cavity, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion, the agency noted, and his physicians carried out a range of tests to discover the cause. blood tests for toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, and cytomegalovirus were negative, as were genetic tests for cytomegalovirus and enterovirus, a malaria smear, and a hepatitis panel. antibodies to herpes simplex virus were present, but cultures and genetic testing for viral nucleic acid were negative. the boy was treated empirically with acyclovir ( zovirax ) and given five days of ampicillin ( principen ) and gentamicin ( garamycin ) for presumed sepsis. but testing for the parasite did not take place until the mother told doctors she had been diagnosed with the disease during a previous pregnancy in bolivia and had not been treated. t cruzi trypomastigotes \u2014 the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41432246569103937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.222725"} {"text": ") for presumed sepsis. but testing for the parasite did not take place until the mother told doctors she had been diagnosed with the disease during a previous pregnancy in bolivia and had not been treated. t cruzi trypomastigotes \u2014 the extracellular form of the parasite \u2014 were found in a blood smear, serologic tests for antibodies against the parasite were positive, and polymerase chain reaction testing for t cruzi was strongly positive, the cdc reported. after a 60 - day course of benznidazole, the boy ' s symptoms cleared up and at 10 months repeat testing for the parasite was negative. benznidazole and nifurtimox, the anti - parasitic drugs used to treat chagas disease, are not approved in the u. s., but are available through the cdc for use under investigational protocols. testing of the mother showed she had chagas disease, although she had no signs or symptoms and her electrocardiogram was normal. the incidence of such cases is not well understood, the cdc noted, although an estimate based on home - country prevalence and birth rates among immigrants from areas where chagas is endemic suggests between 65 and 315 congenital transmissions a year in the u. s. the agency noted that u. s. obstetrician - gynecologists have \" limited knowledge \" of the disease, adding increased awareness is needed, especially among those who treat pregnant women from mexico and south and central america who might be at risk. one difficulty, the cdc added, is that congenital t cruzi infection \" has no specific clinical signs \" and infected newborns may have no symptoms or only very subtle ones. but \" even severe disease might not be recognized because of the lack of defining clinical features and because the diagnosis is not considered, \" the agency said. on the other hand, treatment in the first few weeks of life has a cure rate of more than 90 percent, the cdc reported. chagas was at the center of a controversy last month when a tropical medicine specialist called the disease the \" new hiv / aids of the americas. \" peter hotez, md, dean of baylor college of medicine ' s national school of tropical medicine in houston, wrote in an editorial that there were notable similarities between people living with chagas and those living with hiv / aids. \" based on the chronic morbidities and high mortalities, the prolonged and expensive treatment courses, the lack of therapeutic options, and barriers to access to essential medicines, a patient living with chagas disease faces", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40870115890815006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.224095"} {"text": "it \u2019 s becoming more common, although many parents fear the diagnosis. children are becoming overweight in startling numbers. there are many factors helping to cause the growing problem, but it is up to parents to help their child learn to live a healthier life style. if you are overweight yourself, helping your child will most likely help you as well. get the right attitude if your child is overweight, it is likely a scenario you \u2019 ve caused by overlooking a poor diet or lack of activity. if you \u2019 re overweight, even if you \u2019 re comfortable with your weight, you \u2019 ve passed on future health problems and possibly self esteem issues to your child by not helping them learn to eat and exercise properly. you can \u2019 t resolve a problem like this overnight and it is not the child \u2019 s problem to solve. the family is unhealthy or you \u2019 ve allowed at least one member to become unhealthy, so now the family must rally together to change lifestyles and regain focus on good health and proper nutrition. assess the damage it \u2019 s likely you realised there was a problem when you took your child to the doctor or to buy new clothes. if you didn \u2019 t realise your child was becoming overweight, you \u2019 re in a prime position to resolve the issue. but before you can start a new, healthy lifestyle, you must assess and eliminate the negative aspects of your current one. keep track for a few days of what each member of your household is eating. how much food goes into your child \u2019 s mouth and what is it? ask what she eats for lunch every day and press her for an honest answer. also keep track of everyone \u2019 s physical activity. try not to pad your notes with good intentions. good intentions didn \u2019 t get your family into this situation. you need to know the facts. be honest, even if its painful and shocking. make a plan to create a healthier diet, you would do very well to find healthier versions of foods your children already like to eat. by doing away with chicken nuggets and macaroni, you \u2019 re opening yourself up to tantrums and food strikes. instead, learn to make your own breaded chicken nuggets so you can skip the fried variety and make macaroni using whole grain noodles and organic cheeses. you can make your food change subtly over time, or call the family together to announce the new plan. when speaking of your new healthy diet, try very hard to avoid mentioning anyone \u2019 s weight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44611724755748516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.231739"} {"text": "##aroni using whole grain noodles and organic cheeses. you can make your food change subtly over time, or call the family together to announce the new plan. when speaking of your new healthy diet, try very hard to avoid mentioning anyone \u2019 s weight \u2013 except maybe your own \u2013 and leave your kids out of it. you want the family to be healthier, so you \u2019 re going to prepare things a bit healthier and there will be different kinds of snacks around. make no mention of weight loss. include activities that are fun for kids to help keep them moving. bring home a dancing game for the video system or sign your child up for an activity that he \u2019 d really like to play such as hockey or basketball. take family bike rides and walks, or drive out on the weekends for family hikes. make activities a part of everyone \u2019 s life so that they become fun and second nature \u2013 not punishment or work. what happens next when adults change diets and start excising, they lose weight. your child might not lose weight, however. children who are still growing need quite a few calories a day to give them energy and fuel. by changing a child \u2019 s diet, you are not necessarily taking away calories, but you are replacing empty calories with better food choices. the calories your child is consuming will likely fall because the food items are less calorie laden. but as your child grows, his weight might stay close to the same amount rather than increase. this means that he \u2019 ll simply be growing into his weight. if your child is very overweight, it is very likely that he will lose weight, especially when he starts exercising. when trying to help an overweight child, your goal is not to put the child on a diet. by teaching the child to eat properly and exercise, you \u2019 re simply changing the child \u2019 s pathways for the future. exercise will burn off fat and help built muscle, and the healthier diet will keep your child full of calories that help him grow into a healthy, strong young adult.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42975846311452853, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.233057"} {"text": "expert answers on finding your ancestors ' census enumeration districts. what ' s an enumeration district? an enumeration district ( ed for short ) is an administrative division of a particular county or township for the purposes of census - taking. each census taker would be assigned one or more eds, each of which was designated with a number. at one time, to find your ancestor ' s census return, you \u2019 d have to identify which roll of census microfilm contained the right ed. now that us censuses have been indexed by name, people don \u2019 t have to identify eds the way they used to. but you may find eds handy for a few reasons : - if you can \u2019 t find a household in records for a database site such as ancestry. com, you can browse by ed ( in ancestry. com, choose a census year, then scroll below the search box to pick a state, county or township ; a ward ; then an ed ). - enumerators didn ' t always proceed through their eds in orderly fashion : rather than go down one side of the street and up the other, they might cross back and forth or double back to places where no one was home. but you can compare a census return to a map of the corresponding ed to plot the neighborhood and see who lived next to - when the 1940 census comes out in 2012, a name index won ' t be available right away \u2014 but while you wait, you ' ll be able to find your ancestors ' records using the ed. to identify your ancestor ' s enumeration district, you \u2019 ll need to know the state, city and street name, and possibly a street number. then, try these tools : - stephen p. morse \u2019 s website has ed finding tools for the 1900 to 1940 censuses. start by reading this overview to see which ed - finding tool you need ( the 1940 tutorial quiz asks you a series of questions that will lead you to the ancestor ' s ed ). morse \u2019 s site also offers tools for ed number conversions between 1920 and 1930 censuses, and 1930 and 1940. - nara has put ed information for each census on microfilm. series a3378 has ed maps for 1900 through 1940 ; series t1224 has descriptions for 1830 through 1890, and 1910 through 1950. t1210 has ed text descriptions for the 1900 census. learn more about finding ancestors in the us census with these tools from family tree magazine :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4398567381001304, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.238905"} {"text": "during the recession, most businesses operated under the assumption that in order to save money, they would have to do more work with fewer employees. as a general rule, this was true. workplace productivity jumped throughout the downturn. but at the project level, the theory fell down. under - staffed projects invariably stumbled, incurring costly delays or even failing completely - - quickly erasing any labor cost - savings. managers found out that the \u201c less is more \u201d attitude often doomed projects from the start. in actuality, the more cost - effective move would have been to allocate enough resources before the work got underway. sure, hindsight is 20 / 20. but how do you figure out why a project ran aground and what the problems \u2019 root causes were? how do you examine a modern corporation, an incredibly complex system, and diagnose where the seeds of failure were sown? system dynamics, a modeling technique out of mit, attempts to do just that. it offers a holistic approach to understanding the behaviors of complex systems over time, through diagnosis of causal relationships. applicable across all industries, systems thinking can be particularly useful at the project level - - helping managers hone in on internal feedback loops and potential time delays that may impact a project \u2019 s outcome. at the most basic level, systems thinking seeks to correct a natural, but dangerous human tendency : the fundamental attribution error. it has always been easier to target a person as the reason why a project failed, but if the underlying system isn \u2019 t designed for success, it won \u2019 t matter who \u2019 s sitting in the manager \u2019 s chair. systems thinking moves beyond the blame game to find out what really happened. this school of thought applies to management a fairly recent observation in the sciences : linear relationships in nature, including human nature, are exceedingly rare. different from just analyzing outputs, systems thinking seeks an orderly way for managers to analyze all aspects of organizational dynamics that can affect a project team \u2019 s ability to be successful. by properly identifying these variables and studying the interactions between them within an organizational system, managers can figure out the positive and negative consequences that result from mixing certain components. when systems thinking experts enter a project that \u2019 s listing heavily, they immediately set up a structure to accurately diagnose problems. they typically look at a large number of variables, but there are a few issues that they encounter more frequently than others. - late to the game : \u201c less is more \u201d has come to mean doing more work with fewer people - - or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5300657689111237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.247656"} {"text": "problems. they typically look at a large number of variables, but there are a few issues that they encounter more frequently than others. - late to the game : \u201c less is more \u201d has come to mean doing more work with fewer people - - or, simply put - - working harder. but attempts to staff projects with fewer people will invariably backfire, as fatigue and stress take their toll on your employees. and, throwing more people at the problem when you \u2019 re late to the game will only make matters worse, as it disrupts the productivity of the project team. in order to set up the system for success, managers should create brutally honest resource plans during the project - planning phase, and gather enough sponsorship among upper level management ( those who control and supply resources ) in order to ensure that the project remains a high priority. - competing work priorities and conflicting directives : take a look at the org chart. if every manager above the employee isn \u2019 t informed of the project, its importance and its timeline, the work will fall to the wayside. looking at a map of a botched project, you \u2019 d be surprised how often failure to secure buy - in from all affected managers was the cause of a poor outcome. the trickle - down effect is very real : if a team member \u2019 s supervisors ( even those outside of the project ) don \u2019 t support the work, they will direct their staff away from executing it and prioritize work that fits their own individual incentives. as few companies are able to dedicate full - time resources to a project, employees recruited to work on specific projects often find themselves embroiled in a battle between their day - to - day responsibilities and new, extra duties. avoid intra - office contradiction by collecting all necessary \u201c signatures \u201d first, and ensuring that incentives exist for all managers in the organization to support the work. - checks and balances : the problem with diagnosing a systemic problem from within is that there \u2019 s typically a sizeable delay between cause and effect. this is particularly true of long - term projects. flaws that occur early are often identified too late, well after there \u2019 s a relatively easy fix. at the onset of any major assignment, set up a completely separate quality assurance function. also, provide incentives for project team members to identify problems, not hide them. for a more formalized process, you can pass work through an objective qa employee or department for review. having a separate quality assurance team can increase the likelihood of detecting issues early, and act as an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49555742017329985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.248686"} {"text": "members to identify problems, not hide them. for a more formalized process, you can pass work through an objective qa employee or department for review. having a separate quality assurance team can increase the likelihood of detecting issues early, and act as an insurance policy against costly overruns. - need for feedback : humans need feedback and a sense of purpose in order to remain motivated. however, in large, enterprise systems projects with lengthy timelines, it \u2019 s often hard to see immediate progress, and the very act of learning how to use a new it system can be a very frustrating experience - - especially if training is an after - thought. missing this piece can have devastating effects on the morale of your project team. for this reason, it \u2019 s very important that all members of a project team understand the importance of what they \u2019 re doing, and that managers provide a constant stream of support and feedback to their employees. a well designed communications and training plan is the hallmark of any key change initiative, and will increase your chances of success by many orders of magnitude. figuring out where a project went wrong hinges on your understanding of the underlying dynamics ; the beauty of systems thinking is that it allows you to examine beyond surface causes and dive straight to the root of the problems. intuition alone won \u2019 t deliver you to those conclusions. by systematically outlining the various potential feedback loops of your working system, this approach yields invaluable counter intuition that can salvage your current project, or guarantee that your next one will be a success. liz larsen is director of consulting services at navint partners, where she oversees the delivery of services relating to large - scale business change. she has an mba from the mit sloan school of management, where she was a member of its inaugural executive mba class. [ image : flickr user rawhead rex ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5258859314605623, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.249463"} {"text": "at home and back - to - school stop enjoying outdoor activities, just learn some simple yet effective prevention measures to reduce the risks, including precautions for children participating in before and after school activities. check with your local school district for more information. use insect repellent with deet when outdoors... in the backwoods and in the back yard! the west nile virus is carried long distances by infected birds and then spread locally by mosquitoes that bite these birds. the mosquitoes can then pass the virus to humans when they bite. avoid mosquitoes by keeping kids indoors at dawn and dusk when the bugs are most active. mosquitoes are not active during the heat of the day. have kids wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants while outdoors. babies can be protected from mosquitoes by covering their carrier in mosquito netting or thin fabric. q. is deet safe for use on children? a. repellent products must state any age restriction on the label. if there is none, the epa has not required a restriction on the use of the product. you may apply a product containing up to 30 % deet on any child over two months of age. do not let children apply it themselves, and be sure everyone washes their hands well so that they do not get anything in their eyes or mouth. always follow directions carefully. q. is oil of lemon eucalyptus safe for use on children? a. according to the label, oil of lemon eucalyptus products should not be used on children under 3 years of age. american academy of pediatrics link lay eggs in still water, which hatch in 7 to 10 days. if standing water is eliminated around the house or school weekly, many mosquitoes will be kept from breeding in the first place... and with fewer mosquitoes, everyone can have more fun outdoors! standing water in ponds, ditches, clogged rain gutters, flower pots, plant saucers, puddles, buckets, garden equipment and cans. check for items that might hold water including toys, pool covers, tarps, plastic sheeting, boats, canoes and trash. drill drainage holes in tire swings. in wading pools weekly. a personal protection tip sheet a home and garden checklist \u2022 print a brochure here to go to our kid ' s page with west nile virus educational \u2022 deet - products \u2022 new repellents approved ( cdc ) a deet brochure \u2022 deet online website and folk remedies note : even in areas where the virus is circulating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4373676048677666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.253604"} {"text": "because of its political alliances with nazi germany and fascist italy, after the axis defeat in 1945 spain became a pariah in democratized europe. the reactionary tendencies in spanish culture that resulted from this isolation changed with the us binational treaty of 1951, which coincided with the reorganization of franco ' s cabinet that established a film office in the ministry of information and tourism. the office ' s director, jose maria garcia escudero, championed jose antonio nieves conde ' s film surcos ( furrows, 1951 ), granting it a \" special interest \" subsidy, only to find the voices of old - guard conservatism condemning the film ' s \" sordid \" neorealist visual style and social content. opponents argued that juan de orduna ' s historical epic of columbus ' s journeys to the new world, alba de america ( american dawn, 1951 ), was a more appropriate reflection of national values. the scandal eventually led to garcia ecudero ' s departure from his post. the rest of the decade was, in fact, a replay of the clash between conservative and modernizing forces within the government and the film industry. the persistence of traditionalist cultural values was reflected in the popularity of melodramatic, pseudoreligious films during the early 1950s, best epitomized by the most widely acclaimed work of this reactionary genre : ladislao vajda ' s marcelino, pan y vino ( the miracle of marcelino, 1955 ). the film owes its popularity as much to the presence of the child actor pablito calvo as to the presumed religiosity of its narrative and theme. other child actors who sustained similar box - office appeal for otherwise negligible films include marisol ( pepa flores ) and joselito. the spanish brand of contemporary comedy, which had endured throughout the previous decade, now became a vehicle for veiled social criticism of the regime ' s policies. the earliest example of this potent genre is the debut film of juan antonio bardem ( 1922 \u2013 2002 ) and luis garcia berlanga ( b. 1921 ), esa pareja feliz ( that happy pair, 1953 ), a light comedy that highlighted the hard economic times of the early 1950s in the travails of a newlywed couple. while bardem went on to specialize in more political works, such as the tense melodrama muerte de un ciclista ( age of infidelity, 1955 ), berlanga '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4295193296583071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.259641"} {"text": "##avails of a newlywed couple. while bardem went on to specialize in more political works, such as the tense melodrama muerte de un ciclista ( age of infidelity, 1955 ), berlanga ' s career evolved through ingenious social comedies. bienvenido, mister marshall ( welcome, mister marshall, 1953 ), the most beloved spanish popular film of the past half - century, is a satirical look at cultural mores and the ineptitude of the regime ; los jueves, milagro ( miracles of thursday, 1957 ) satirizes church bureaucracy and false miracles. berlanga ' s subsequent social comedies, placido ( 1961 ) and el verdugo ( the executioner, 1963 ), take sharp aim at institutionalized charity and the spanish style of execution, respectively. thus, over the decade, the narrative and visual style of one of spain ' s most beloved filmmakers moved to progressively more scathing indictments of the spirit and everyday practices of francoist culture. working with berlanga ' s script collaborator, rafael azcona, italian - born marco ferreri ( 1928 \u2013 1997 ) created two of the blackest social comedies of the period : el pisito ( the little apartment, 1959 ) and el cochecito ( the wheelchair, 1960 ). social criticism in these films was rooted in the spanish variation of italian neorealism, which often used black humor to portray the long - suffering working class and the economic hardships to which they had become conditioned. this tendency achieves its blackest images in ferreri ' s the wheelchair, in which an old pensioner poisons his family after they prevent him from buying a motorized wheelchair. veering away from the comedic genre, carlos saura ' s ( b. 1932 ) debut feature, los golfos ( the delinquents, 1962 ), arguably the strongest expression of spanish neorealism, depicts the plight of youthful members of the urban underclass whose sense of frustration in late - 1950s madrid leads them to petty robberies. seemingly disconnected from ferreri ' s or berlanga ' s middle - class characters, saura ' s protagonists nonetheless reveal a spiritual kinship to the same defiant spirit of social criticism that mark the neorealist comedies of the period.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40581874902816184, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.261231"} {"text": "to make sure that our fisheries are managed well and that fish stocks remain in a healthy state into the future, we need to understand the behaviour of fish and figure out how many there are in each stock. we need to understand how fast they grow, how they reproduce, and how they interact with other fish species and the environment. there are scientists who research all this information for the fish species in our waters. why is research important? there are many fisheries in our exclusive economic zone ( eez ) that are important to both commercial and recreational fishers. these fisheries range from coastal species such as rock lobster, blue cod, snapper, and kahawai to deep - water fisheries, such as orange roughy, hoki, and oreo. if a fishery is over - fished, it can take a very long time for the fish to rebuild their population. the government uses information from scientists \u2019 research to work out how many fish can be caught in each fishery without over - fishing, and sets catch limits for each fishery to help protect the fish. how do scientists research fish stocks? fish stocks are difficult to measure because the fish move around a lot and may live on the seafloor at depths of more than 1000 metres. scientists use a wide range of research techniques to monitor fish stocks including : 1. trawl surveys in trawl surveys, a large trawl net is towed along the bottom of the sea to catch deep - water fish like orange roughy and hoki. the number of fish caught in the net gives an indication of how many fish are in that area, and what their average weight might be. fish move around and live in different areas, so there will be large areas where no fish are found and other areas where lots of fish are found. it would be too expensive to trawl over the whole area where a fish species is thought to live. tagging helps show the movements of fish like snapper, kahawai, and school shark. when fish are caught, details such as their length and weight are recorded and a small tag is attached to them ( it \u2019 s either inserted internally or clipped on externally ), then they are returned alive to the sea. the tag has a serial number and an address on it. if fishers catch a tagged fish, they should return at least the tag ( and usually the fish as well ) with details about where and when they caught the fish. because the scientists know where and when the fish was tagged, they can work out where the fish travelled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4488556012583523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.264667"} {"text": "if you have little time to spend at the gym, then circuit weight training is for you! circuit training is a session that involves a group of exercises that strengthens your major muscle groups, such as your quadriceps, hamstrings, biceps, triceps, abs and gluts, to give maximum results in a short amount of time. the key to circuit training is to do one set of each exercise and then repeat those same exercises again, allowing your muscles to exert themselves longer by giving them more time to relax. before you start circuit weight training, read these tips : 1. know your machine adjustments if you are doing circuit training on machines, it is important to adjust the machine to fit your size correctly. if the machine is not set up for your body size, then you may not be performing the exercise properly. there are usually posters set up by each machine to show how adjustments may be made to a piece of equipment. if there isn \u2019 t a poster, ask a fitness consultant at your gym for assistance. 2. know your limits it is important to know how much weight your legs, for example, can handle so you don \u2019 t end up causing an injury. it is better to start off at a lighter weight and then increase the resistance as you get stronger. try recording the weight you use for each exercise, so at your next session you aren \u2019 t wasting time figuring out the right resistance. also, make notes on how you felt. if a weight was easy during a rep, write it down so you know to add two to five pounds next time. 3. constantly change the routine don \u2019 t get in a habit of using the same machine for a muscle group ; and don \u2019 t forget about free weights. there are so many exercises to choose from that will work one muscle group, so try a different one each session for that week. this will help prevent a fitness plateau. 4. add cardio into the mix even though circuit training is primarily to work on strengthening muscles, it doesn \u2019 t hurt to ad five minutes of cardio in between circuits to help burn more fat. try doing jumping jacks, jumping rope, running in place, or if possible, climbing stairs. 5. allow your muscles to fully recover make sure to rest the full day following a session ( this doesn \u2019 t mean you can \u2019 t do any type of cardio exercise ). this is extremely important because it allows your muscles to rebuild and strengthen. so, if you circuit trained on monday, you wouldn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4659296928132252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.267463"} {"text": "the impact of the food for life partnership independent research, summarised in a new report \u2018 good food for all \u2019 reveals the success of five years of the food for life partnership. the partnership is working with over 4, 500 schools and communities across england to transform food culture. the evidence from three independent research studies focuses in particular on four main areas of impact : children \u2019 s health, tackling inequalities, improving education, and local enterprise and sustainability. good food for all read about the impact of the food for life partnership in its first five years of funding by the big lottery. download our evaluation report hear from food for life partnership schools good for improving education - more than twice as many fflp primary schools received an ofsted rating of outstanding following their participation ( 37. 2 % compared to 17. 3 % outstanding pre - enrolment ). headteachers reported a positive impact on pupil behaviour, attention and attainment. - inspectors have recognised the positive role of fflp in supporting personal development and wellbeing : 67. 1 % of schools felt the programme had a clear impact on their ofsted report in terms of pupils \u2019 personal development and well - being. good for children \u2019 s health - the programme is associated with changes in eating habits, with an increase in the proportion of primary school - age children reporting eating five portions of fruit or vegetables a day by 5 percentage points to 21 % ( those reporting eating four or more portions rose by 12 percentage points to 49 % ). and 45 % of parents said the family is eating more vegetables, with 43 % switching to healthier and more sustainable choices in the shopping basket. good for tackling inequalities - disadvantaged pupils are benefiting : over a two - year period, free school meal take - up went up 13 percentage points in fflp schools, 20. 9 % in secondary schools, and by 21 % across the board in schools achieving our silver or gold award. nationally, over 20 % of primary school pupils and 30 % of secondary school pupils eligible for healthy free school meals choose not to eat them for reasons including fear of stigma and the lure of fast food outlets. good for local enterprise and sustainability - school meal take - up rose by 5 percentage points over two years, making them more cost effective - over \u00a33 in social, economic and environmental value was created for every \u00a31 spent on food for life menus, mostly in the form of new jobs in the local economy. the independent evaluation team :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42429064120429755, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.269939"} {"text": "coeliac disease & gluten intolerance coeliac disease is caused by gluten intolerance. it affects a number of children and adults where populations have relied for centuries on foods containing gluten. many persons remain unaware of its presence and continue to suffering its various symptoms when they can be avoided. other non coeliac person remain to suffer unnecessarily. coeliac ( celiac ) disease is a life - long inflammatory disease of the upper small intestine caused by intolerance to the gluten affecting many genetically susceptible individuals worldwide. gluten is a protein found in wheat, and other similar proteins found in rye, barley and oats. these proteins damage the small finger - like projections ( villi ) that line the small intestine ( see figure 1 ), resembling a pile in a carpet, and play a significant role in digestion. when damaged and inflamed, the villi are unable to absorb water and nutrients such as vitamins, folic acid, iron and calcium. this causes the coeliac to be susceptible to a variety of other conditions related to malabsorption, including lactose intolerance. clinical and mucosal recovery after institution of a gluten free diet is objective evidence that the enteropathy is gluten induced. causes & mechanism the causes are presently presumed to be : - genetic susceptibility to the illness. - a trigger, which could be one of : - an environmental agent, probably a virus or other infection - possible exposure to gluten as a young baby before the gut barrier has developed fully. this association is currently under investigation. the timing of the first exposure to gluten is also thought to be important. babies who were introduced to wheat, barley, or rye at any time in the first three months had five times the risk of developing coeliac over those exposed at 4 to 6 months. those exposed later had a slightly increased risk relative to those exposed at 4 - 6 months. gluten is a mixture of two proteins, gliadin and glutenin which when mixed with water it becomes sticky and so forms the familiar texture of dough made from wheat and rye flour. figure 1 : healthy villi of the small intestine seen under the microscope. figure 2 : damaged villi of the small intestine. figure 3 : villi completely destroyed by the immune system. all pictures from netdoctor. com, courtesy of prof pj", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4782944521211824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.284010"} {"text": "of the small intestine seen under the microscope. figure 2 : damaged villi of the small intestine. figure 3 : villi completely destroyed by the immune system. all pictures from netdoctor. com, courtesy of prof pj ciclitira. as gluten is ingested and comes into contact with the villi covering the lining of the small intestine the immune system mistakenly attacks the villi by antibody production as if it was a ' foreign ' organism. antibodies are important defence proteins that have the ability to attach themselves to unfamiliar antigens, the enemy, such as bacteria or cancerous cells and trigger other reactions in order to destroy the offending organism or cell. in this case and in all other autoimmune diseases, a ' friendly fire ' occurs the immune system fails to recognise the villi. figure 1 shows a microscopic view of healthy villi attached to the lining of the small intestine. the antibodies are so potent that with immediate effect damage occurs ( see figure 2 ) and unless gluten is removed from the diet they are eventually destroyed ( see figure 3 ). apart from the inability to absorb nutrients, damaged lining to the small intestine has other negative results. it is unable to produce sufficient digestive enzymes essential to break down foods for complete digestion and absorption, such as lactose and carbohydrates. large components of foods remain in the digestive tracts unabsorbed which are in turn fermented by bacteria living naturally in our digestive tract and ideal conditions causing cramps, gas, bloating, flatulence and diarrhoea. see related food intolerance pages for more information and how to supplement your diet with enzymes to avoid these symptoms. more symptoms explained below. symptoms & signs coeliac disease has many and varied symptoms, and adult symptoms are different from those of children. a range of symptoms and signs may be associated with untreated coeliac disease. diarrhoea is one of the most common symptoms to affect people of all ages with coeliac disease. children may not gain weight or grow properly, while adults may find they lose weight. malabsorption may also leave people tired and weak, because of anaemia caused by iron or folate deficiency. - chronic diarrhoea - abdominal distension - poor feeding - poor weight gain - muscle wasting. - chronic diarrhoea or constipation - poor weight gain or growth - poor feeding - muscle wasting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5085943263564335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.285440"} {"text": "folate deficiency. - chronic diarrhoea - abdominal distension - poor feeding - poor weight gain - muscle wasting. - chronic diarrhoea or constipation - poor weight gain or growth - poor feeding - muscle wasting. - chronic diarrhea - weight loss rather than suffering from bowel problems, half of coeliac sufferers approach their doctor because of extreme tiredness and psychological problems such as depression, bone pain and sometimes even fractures ( due to thinning of the bones ), ulcers in the mouth or a blistering, itchy skin rash mostly on the elbows and knees ( called dermatitis herpetiformis ). coeliac disease may be the cause for some women having difficulty getting pregnant. recurrent miscarriage ( spontaneous loss of a pregnancy ) may also be attributed to coeliac disease. women with coeliac disease may become diagnosed during pregnancy because their bowel cannot absorb enough iron and vitamins to keep up with the demand of being pregnant, making them severely anaemic. babies who are small for their age in the womb ( intrauterine growth retardation ) are more frequently born to mothers with coeliac disease. coeliac disease is reported to be most common in ireland at a rate of 1 in 100 people. reviews about the rate in uk vary from 1 in 100 persons to 1 in 300. with a diagnosis of 1 in 250, italy also has a high rate. reports about the incidence in us vary as well, ranging from 1 per 133 to 1 per 500. however, it is more likely to be similar to the rage of the uk. some researchers have suggested that up to 10 - 15 % of persons may have some form of gluten intolerance but most of them either have no digestive - tract symptoms at all or they are so minor that go unnoticed. a large number of these can be non coeliac gluten intolerant. another problem is that many can go misdiagnosed because persons going for coeliac blood tests present themselves on a gluten free diet, hence antibodies are not present in their blood and tests prove false negative. it ' s also known that the condition runs in families and was once thought to affect only children. however, many adults are now being diagnosed with the disease. it ' s particularly common between the ages of 30 and 45 ; men and women seem to be affected equally. coeliac disease is sometimes associated with other conditions including type 1 ( insulin -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4410768451581688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.286686"} {"text": "however, many adults are now being diagnosed with the disease. it ' s particularly common between the ages of 30 and 45 ; men and women seem to be affected equally. coeliac disease is sometimes associated with other conditions including type 1 ( insulin - dependent ) diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease and ulcerative colitis. some reports claim that people from the west of ireland are more often affected, as are those from the punjab region of india, pakistan, the middle east and north africa. breastfeeding and delaying the introduction of foods containing gluten until after four months is suggested to prevent children from developing coeliac disease. this would avoid exposure to gluten as a young baby before the gut barrier has developed fully. this association is currently under investigation and a definitive way to stop the disease from developing is not known yet. coeliac disease comes in a variation of strengths, where some people are more severely affected than others. presently the only treatment is a life - long gluten - free diet. in the vast majority of patients, a strict gluten - free diet will relieve the symptoms. a tiny minority of patients suffer from refractory sprue, which means they do not improve on a gluten - free diet. this may be because the disease has been present for so long that the intestines are no longer able to heal. in other patients, the intestinal damage of coeliac disease may have been aggravated by other problems, such as intolerance to the dietary proteins found in eggs, milk, or soy. clinical trials are underway for a medication that can be taken by coeliacs before eating gluten that will protect against an auto - immune reaction, and hence prevent intestinal damage ( read article ) phase ii trials are expected to begin as early as the summer of 2006. recently in the u. s. researchers developed an enzyme that is able to break down the protein associated with gluten intolerance and inflammation of the upper digestive tract, causing damage to the villi. on a better note, for several years glutenzyme has been available in the uk. it is an enzyme protease produced from natural resources ( suitable for vegans ) that is able to break down the gluten protein, hence limiting or eliminating the damage that gluten causes to many coeliac sufferers. persons with severe coeliac disease are recommended to take glutenzyme especially when eating out to avoid any damage caused by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4416964650747739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.287986"} {"text": "gluten protein, hence limiting or eliminating the damage that gluten causes to many coeliac sufferers. persons with severe coeliac disease are recommended to take glutenzyme especially when eating out to avoid any damage caused by hidden gluten. persons who do not suffer from severe symptoms and are able to tolerate some gluten may find that glutenzyme may help them to move onto a normal diet. see products page for coeliac disease. find out more about glutenzyme. tests & diagnoses although the doctor may request a coeliac screen, which involves blood serum investigations, these tests are not definitely diagnostic of celiac disease. blood serum antibody tests ( endomysial, reticulin ( iga ), and gliadin ( igg and iga ) are used to measure levels of antibodies to gluten. if the antibodies in the blood are higher than normal then a biopsy of the small intestine is recommended. a biopsy of the lining of the small intestine checks for damage to the villi. if the villi appear damaged then a gluten - free diet is introduced. another biopsy is done after 6 months or more of dieting. relief of symptoms or reversion of an abnormal intestinal biopsy is the most convincing evidence that an individual has celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. a thorough workup includes four tests : - anti - tissue transglutaminase antibody ( ttg ), iga. this test is sometimes used alone. if this test is positive it is highly likely that the patient has coeliac disease. ttg test is not reliable in children before the age of 2. - anti - gliadin antibodies ( aga ), igg and iga. these tests are often useful when testing young symptomatic children, but they are found in fewer coeliacs than anti - ttg, and their presence does not automatically indicate coeliac disease because they are found in some other disorders. some people have an iga deficiency. they are unable to mount an iga response to any antigen and will have false negative tests for the iga type coeliac tests. yet iga deficiency is associated with coeliac disease and a tenfold risk of coeliac disease has been documented in selective iga deficiency. - anti - endomysial antibodies ( ema ), iga. this test is being replaced by the anti -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4574316504278898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.288941"} {"text": "associated with coeliac disease and a tenfold risk of coeliac disease has been documented in selective iga deficiency. - anti - endomysial antibodies ( ema ), iga. this test is being replaced by the anti - ttg test because both tests measure the autoantibodies that cause the tissue damage associated with coeliac disease. many physicians still order this test. this test as ttg test is also not reliable in children before the age of 2. - an older test, the anti - reticulin antibodies ( ara ), iga. iga anti - ara is not ordered as frequently as it once was, because it is less sensitive and less specific than the other tests. it is found in about 60 % of people with coeliac disease and 25 % of those with dermatitis herpetiformis. other routine tests are usually requested to assist in the diagnosis, including full blood count to check for anaemia, electrolytes, renal function and liver enzymes. testing negative but still feeling sensitive to gluten. many people contact me after they are sure to suffer from gluten intolerance but tests conclude negative. in a particular email, a 28 year old woman writes how much she suffered from coeliac like symptoms, mainly bloating and cramps followed by diarrhoea after having food containing gluten. her doctor requested a coeliac screen and when she went back for her results, the doctor told her to go home and make herself a nice cup of tea and a sandwich because the results were negative. she was happy at the news, and indeed she went home making herself a cup of tea and a nice sandwich which she has not had for many weeks. however, moments later the dreaded symptoms came back and was ill for two days missing her work! so what did go wrong? for three years, between 2001 and 2004 i worked in the immunology department of one of london ' s university hospitals. weekly we performed coeliac screening on around 80 patients referred to us by their doctor following a protocol to narrow down the patients with possible gluten intolerance. surprisingly it was only 1 - 2 % of them tested positive, this despite these patients experience coeliac like symptoms! so how could this be? a false negative result is possible to occur after the patient testing for the screen had gone for several days on a gluten free diet. this causes the immune system to slow its antibodies production down to normal levels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4395286756323804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.290632"} {"text": "! so how could this be? a false negative result is possible to occur after the patient testing for the screen had gone for several days on a gluten free diet. this causes the immune system to slow its antibodies production down to normal levels. since the tests rely on antibody detection the end result will be that or ' normal levels ', hence classified as negative. avoiding a false negative result. to obtain the real status of the condition it is necessary to consume food that contains gluten for a week before blood is being taken for the test. this way, if truly having coeliac disease there will be enough time for the immune system to produce antibodies. the presence of these antibodies determines the diagnosis of the disease. abstaining from food containing gluten will stop the immune system producing the antibodies needed for detection in the test, and people intolerant to gluten will end up as being told to be negative. unfortunately this may be a painful solution, but it is recommended for accurate diagnosis. one must take care in the quantities of gluten taken not to cause excessive symptoms but this varies from person to person. more importantly is not to subject children to aggressive consumption of foods with gluten and it is vital to to speak to the doctor about it first. if the test is negative, then it would be understandable to declare being free from coeliac disease. the same thing applies to those who are heading for a biopsy to confirm coeliac disease. if gluten had been out of the system for even a short time, the villi of the small intestines regenerate readily and hence, the biopsy will only reveal healthy villi. once again a false negative result. non coeliac gluten intolerance many times when a person is screened for coeliac, despite taking all precautions mentioned above, tests still indicate that the disease is not present. this despite that these persons suffer from symptoms upon digesting food containing gluten. this is very interesting or perhaps confusing to many. but put simply, this person may be non coeliac gluten intolerant ( ncgi ). it is estimated that around 15 % of the world population is ncgi as opposed to less than 1 % of coeliacs. gluten consists of many long elastic chains of proteins ( gives it the characteristics of a dough ) lined along each other. not all of them cause coeliac disease, but some can cause irritation to the small intestine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49182367334923927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.291814"} {"text": "coeliacs. gluten consists of many long elastic chains of proteins ( gives it the characteristics of a dough ) lined along each other. not all of them cause coeliac disease, but some can cause irritation to the small intestine, enough to hinder the cells of the small intestine to produce digestive enzymes to break down foods. symptoms are similar to food intolerance and more details can be found in the food intolerance pages. to confirm if you are ncgi do an elimination test. avoid all gluten food for at least two weeks and then introduce it. if symptoms return, and previous tests were negative or inconclusive then you know that you are ncgi. ncgi persons suffer from similar symptoms of food intolerance and glutenzyme that is capable to breaking down gluten proteins can be the solution for a normal diet reducing or eliminating symptoms associated with ncgi. other names for coeliac disease listed below are the names associated with celiac disease. all the names refer to the inability to tolerate gluten. - coeliac or celiac sprue - coeliacs or celiacs - coeliac or celiac disease - gee - herter ' s syndrome - gluten intolerance - gluten sensitive enteropathy - gluten sensitivity - idiopathic steatorrhea - intestinal infantilism - malabsorption syndrome - nontropical sprue - the coeliac syndrome celiac disease is linked to many immune related disorders. the best established connection is with type i diabetes ( mellitus ). some other illnesses related to celiac disease are chronic active hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. some researchers believe that gluten intolerance can impair mental functioning in some individuals. since gluten can damage the villi, it is common for coeliacs to have problems with food intolerance, especially lactose intolerance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47320375114746305, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.293505"} {"text": "what is ball of foot pain? ball of foot pain, otherwise known as metatarsalgia, is a condition typically caused by overuse. pain and inflammation in the ball of the foot are common among athletes or anyone who engages in high - impact sports. others can experience ball of foot pain due to high heels or ill - fitting shoes. increased pressure on the ball of the foot can be caused by constricting or high - heeled footwear. usually this pain comes on gradually over time. using a shoe with a wide toe box and good support can be helpful, as well as using inserts to relieve the pressure on the ball of the foot. another condition known as \u201c spread foot \u201d can occur in the metatarsal area, and that is caused by weakened metatarsal bones, which cause the toes to spread. again, properly - fitting footwear, low heels, and a wide toe box can alleviate these symptoms. footwear and related products recommended for ball of foot pain shoes with good support, a wide toe box, and low heels are best if you want to lessen the symptoms of metatarsalgia or avoid them entirely. other products that can help include : - the cluffy p4 everyday wedge fits underneath the insole or orthotic, and takes pressure off the ball of the foot. it also alleviates stiffness in the big toe joint, which is a common accompaniment to ball of foot pain. - foot petals women \u2019 s tip toes ball of foot cushion is a great mechanism for adding cushioning right to the ball of your foot. it has a small piece of adhesive so that you can affix it to your shoe, and it \u2019 s virtually invisible in all of your shoes. cushioning right at the ball of the foot greatly alleviates pressure in that area, and even helps keep your foot from slipping in your shoes. - pedag unisex high life ball of foot cushion is another cushion specifically to place in your shoes right under where the ball of your foot falls. this cushion is made of gel, is anatomically shaped, and even can help if your shoes are too big in the forefoot. - the pedag princess forefoot leather cushion not only cushions the ball of the foot, it also helps absorb sweat and the active carbon kills bacteria. made of vegetable tanned sheepskin with latex foam cushioning, this is another great product to help protect the metatarsal area. products that can help for spread foot include : the pedag un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4159036119494776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.297558"} {"text": "erika andersen, contributor i cover how people & organizations work, and how they can work better. we may have to put aside our image of video gamers as jobless nerds living in their parents \u2019 basements, playing warcraft till 3 in the morning in robe and slippers, surrounded by their beloved star wars action figures collection. it now looks as though playing video games can help you develop key skills and, in fact, support brain function. one of the most interesting and thoughtful people focusing on the benefits of gaming is dr. jane mcgonigal, a game designer and passionate advocate for, in her words, \u201c games that are designed to improve real lives and solve real problems. \u201d in fact, mcgonigal is the inventor and cofounder of superbetter, a game that over 100, 000 people have used to tackle real - life health challenges like depression, anxiety, chronic pain, and traumatic brain injury. mcgonigal and others argue that playing video games can provide the following benefits : - they teach you how to think critically, how to solve problems. dr. alan weiss, president and ceo, nch healthcare systems, says \u201c being immersed in a video game \u2026 can encourage creative solutions and adaptations [ which ] can then be applied to real life situations. the results can be surprisingly positive for individuals, communities, and society as a whole. \u201d if you think about it, even simple kids \u2019 games involve a little of this \u2013 figuring out how to do things in a better or different way, how to come up with a solution that will make you the winner. immersive video games can catalyze this fresh thinking in a much more powerful and 3 - dimensional way. - they teach you collaboration skills. especially now that web 2. 0 has made real - time, worldwide gaming easy and cheap, group play is mushrooming at an astonishing rate. in order to be successful in multiplayer games, players need to form alliances, work together toward common ends, figure out how to pool their resources \u2026 just the skills you need to learn in real life in order to succeed with others. - they teach you how to fail. in a world that too often buffers kids from competition \u2013 where every kid who runs in a race gets a ribbon, and children are told they \u2019 ve done a good job even when they haven \u2019 t \u2013 video games have clear winners and losers. winning teaches you how to win well ( without gloating or getting arrogant ) and losing teaches you how to lose well (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44951672077806215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.300764"} {"text": "children are told they \u2019 ve done a good job even when they haven \u2019 t \u2013 video games have clear winners and losers. winning teaches you how to win well ( without gloating or getting arrogant ) and losing teaches you how to lose well ( without whining or blaming ). it \u2019 s an important lesson \u2013 and research shows that we have more respect for people against whom we compete \u2013 no matter whether we win or lose. - they make you happy. this may seem both obvious and unimportant, but it actually circles back to the smartness argument. dr. mcgonigal says, \u201c games make us happy because they are hard work that we choose for ourselves. \u201d another name for \u2018 hard work we choose for ourselves \u2019 is mastery. when we work toward mastery, it stretches us \u2013 we go past our limitations, learn how to do new things \u2026. we get smarter. so, next time you spend some time in gnome town or star wars : the old republic, don \u2019 t think of it as a waste of time \u2026 consider it brain food. erika \u2019 s new book, leading so people will follow, is now available online and in bookstores everywhere. it was selected by amazon as one of the 10 best business books for october, and as one of this month \u2019 s jack covert selects. if you want to find out more about what erika and her colleagues at proteus do for their customers, check here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4796064780110686, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.301422"} {"text": "nuclear weapons were not the only item on the agenda at the pivotal 1986 reykjavik summit. u. s. president ronald reagan and soviet premier mikhail gorbachev discussed issues ranging from human rights to the soviet invasion of afghanistan. but understandably, nuclear weapons were at the heart of the talks, and today, the summit is mainly remembered for how the two leaders came within a hair ' s breadth of agreeing to the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within 10 years. two decades later, as u. s. president barack obama meets in moscow with russian president dmitry medvedev and prime minister vladimir putin, the agenda is similarly crowded, with concerns ranging from logistics in afghanistan to the status of russia ' s satellite states. but as the obama administration seeks a complete reset of the u. s. - russia relationship, progress on nuclear weapons must still be the top priority. the political environment on disarmament and nonproliferation has changed drastically in recent months. both countries have agreed in principle to work toward a world free of nuclear weapons. talks to create a disarmament mechanism to replace the expiring strategic arms reduction treaty ( start ) are well underway. for the first time in many years, it seems likely that the united states and russia will make dramatic moves toward fulfilling their non - proliferation treaty ( npt ) disarmament obligations. improved u. s. - russian cooperation would be generally beneficial on a range of problems. but on no other issue does so much depend on the agreements reached by just two countries. combined, the united states and russia account for more than 90 percent of the world ' s nuclear weapons. if the two countries do not come to a strong and bold new agreement, then there will be no disarmament. nor will there be any real chance to preserve and strengthen the npt. it is that simple. some will say that arms - control treaties are relics of the cold war, but a new agreement can help us define the future. the successor to start need not be about control, but instead can focus on collaboration. the strategic purpose of the u. s. and russian nuclear arsenals has evolved over the last two decades. the two countries no longer stand unblinking on opposite sides of the ocean, facing each other down with the threat of mutually assured destruction. today, both sides can approach disarmament as a cooperative global exercise with mutually beneficial outcomes. if start expires in december without a successor, there will be no agreed legal mechanism for controlling nuclear arsenals on both sides. this would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49245948320502286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.304162"} {"text": "freedom from toxic fracking waste : national rally dayfrackfree america national coalition news release : contact : vanessa pesec : phone : 440 - 781 - 6440 or e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org contact : susie beiersdorfer : phone : 234 - 201 - 8007 or e - mail : email @ example. com _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ concerned citizens announce a national rally day on september 12, 2012 a national coalition of local coordinators and groups in communities across america will hold simultaneous rallies throughout the day to shine light on the numerous problems associated with toxic fracking waste and its disposal, including its links to earthquakes, spills, and leaks. according to geologist susie beiersdorfer of frackfree america national coalition and frackfree mahoning valley, \u201c the public is not being fully or adequately informed of the risks of fracking and related processes to public health and safety and well - being. we are calling for increased transparency and public awareness about the truth of toxic fracking waste, which can contain naturally occurring radioactive material ( norm ) and numerous toxic chemicals or known carcinogens, like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene ( btex ), that could find their way into drinking water sources or into soil and air via leaks, surface spills near waterways, or well casing failures. \u201d the groups believe that the rosy picture of drilling for oil and gas painted by slick, expensive radio and television advertisements by the gas and oil industry does not represent the real experiences of many everyday concerned citizens who live near injection wells or along the routes where fracking waste is, or will be, transported and possibly spilled. the groups say that there are too many unanswered questions about fracking waste, partially because gas and oil companies are exempt from the safe drinking water act. according to the coalition, every newly permitted fracking well will result in millions of gallons of toxic fracking wastewater being created, transported, and disposed of somewhere. although the fracking waste is frequently referred to by the industry or others as \u201c brine, \u201d \u201c saltwater, \u201d or \u201c produced water, \u201d the groups believe that these euphemistic terms are highly misleading and give the public a false", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4607100809399911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.310438"} {"text": "although the fracking waste is frequently referred to by the industry or others as \u201c brine, \u201d \u201c saltwater, \u201d or \u201c produced water, \u201d the groups believe that these euphemistic terms are highly misleading and give the public a false sense of reassurance about the alleged safety of the fracking waste. \u201c the truth is that the risks imposed by the production, transport, and disposal of toxic fracking waste are creating a serious public health problem. toxic fracking waste can expose the public to a number of chemical and radioactive carcinogens, neurotoxins, and pulmonary and cardiovascular toxins. children, whose immune systems are still developing, workers on drill sites, and those handling toxic fracking wastes are especially vulnerable to risks as are persons living or working near drilling sites, along toxic fracking disposal routes or at or near toxic fracking waste injection wells, \u201d said vanessa pesec of neogap. fanc and neogap cite a columbus, ohio news story that illustrates how not knowing the components of fracking waste can put communities and first responders at unnecessary risk. they ask : how can cities and townships effectively prepare for an emergency when they don \u2019 t know what the substance is that they are dealing with? the groups say that even though the following news story is from columbus, ohio, the news report is relevant for all of the many states who face the possibility or present reality of fracking, which will result in the need to transport and dispose of waste, thereby increasing the chance for spills and leaks. see the following highly informative nbc 4 news video and report titled \u201c nbc4 investigates : what \u2019 s in the drilling waste water traveling into ohio? \u201d ( 5 / 23 / 2012 ). for media inquiries or for more information on fracking and related processes, toxic fracking waste, or how to coordinate or participate in a local rally, please sign up for free e - mail updates on the neogap and frackfree america national coalition websites and / or contact us by phone, website, facebook, twitter, or e - mail : for frackfree america national coalition e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org or call :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4788914324842132, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.313413"} {"text": "acoustic nerve - the eighth cranial nerve, the nerve concerned with hearing and balance. amplitude - the height of a sound wave, as associated with the loudness of a sound. ampulla - the swelling at the base of each semicircular canal, containing sensory cells which detect movement of the fluid within the canals. anvil - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the incus. assistive device - any device other than a hearing aid which helps the hearing impaired. audiogram - a graph depicting the ability to hear sounds at different audiologist - a person trained in the science of hearing and hearing impairments, who can administer tests and help in the rehabilitation of audiometry - the measurement of hearing acuity. auditory nerve - the nerve carrying electrical signals from the inner ear to the base of the brain. auricle - outer flap of the ear. also called the pinna. basilar membrane - thin sheet of material which vibrates in response to movements in the liquid that fills the cochlea. bony labyrinth - the cavity in the skull which contains the inner - ear brainstem testing - measures hearing sensitivity without requiring responses from very young patients or persons who are unable to communicate. bone conduction - the conduction of sound waves through reverberations of the mastoid bone to the inner ear. cc ( closed captioned ) - a broadcast television program that includes a signal which produces descriptive subtitles on the screen. requires cerumen - ear wax. cochlea - shaped like a snail ' s shell, this organ of the inner ear contains the organ of corti, from which eighth nerve fibers send hearing signlals to the brain. cochlear implant - replacement of part or all of the function of the conductive hearing loss - hearing loss caused by a problem of the outer or middle ear, resulting in the inablilty of sound to be conducted to the inner ear. congenital hearing loss - hearing loss that is present from birth which may or may not be hereditary. cortex - that surface of the brain where sensory information is processed. crista - sensory cells within the semicircular canals which detect cupola - jelly - like covering of the sensory hairs in the ampullae of the semicircular canals which responds to movement in the surrounding fluid and assists in maintaining balance. cycles ( per second ) - measurement of frequency, or a sound ' s pitch. decibel - measurement of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5712293982201152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.319553"} {"text": "hairs in the ampullae of the semicircular canals which responds to movement in the surrounding fluid and assists in maintaining balance. cycles ( per second ) - measurement of frequency, or a sound ' s pitch. decibel - measurement of the volume or loudness of a sound. ear canal - the short tube which conducts sound from the outer ear to the eardrum. eardrum - membrane separating outer ear from middle ear : the tympanum. eustachian tube - tube running from the nasal cavity to the middle ear. helps maintain sinus and middle ear pressure, protecting the ear frequency - the number of vibrations per second of a sound. hammer - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the malleus. impedance audiometry - test for measuring the ability to hear sound waves transmitted through bone. incus - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the anvil. inner ear - the portion of the ear, beginning at the oval window, which transmits sound signals to the brain and helps maintain balance. consists of the cochlea and vestibular apparatus. labyrinthitis - a viral infection in the vestibular canal which may macula - within the organs of balance, area containing sensory cells which measure head position. malleus - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the hammer. mastoid - the bone in which the entire ear mechanism is housed. part of the larger temporal bone. meniere ' s disease - a condition resulting from fluid buildup in the inner ear, leading to episodes of hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. middle ear - the portion of the ear between the eardrum and the oval window which transmits sound to the inner ear. consists of the hammer, anvil and stirrup. nerve loss deafness - a term used to differentiate inner - ear problems from those of the middle ear. organ of corti - the organ, located in the cochlea, which contains the hair cells that actually transmit sound waves from the ear through the auditory nerve to the brain. ossicles - collective name for the three bones of the middle ear : hammer, anvil and stirrup. otoliths - stone - like particles in the macula which aid in our awareness of gravity and movement. otosclerosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.572242776310065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.320663"} {"text": ". ossicles - collective name for the three bones of the middle ear : hammer, anvil and stirrup. otoliths - stone - like particles in the macula which aid in our awareness of gravity and movement. otosclerosis - a conductive hearing loss caused when the middle ear no longer transmits sound properly from the eardrum to the inner ear. otitis media - infection of the middle ear. otology - branch of medicine concentrating on diseases of the ear. outer ear - the external portion of the ear which collects sound waves and directs them into the ear. consists of the pinna ( auricle ) and the ear canal and is separated from the middle ear by the ear drum. oval window - membrane that vibrates, transmitting sound into the cochlea. separates the middle ear from the inner ear. perilymph - watery liquid that fills the outer tubes running through pinna - the outer, visible part of the ear, also called the auricle. presbycusis - a hereditary sensory - neural hearing loss that comes saccule - inner ear area which contains some of the organs that measure position and gravity. semicircular canals - curved tubes containing fluid, movement of which which makes us aware of turning sensations as the head moves. sensorineural hearing loss - hearing loss resulting from an inner sound wave - alternating low and high pressure areas, moving through the air which are as interpreted as sound when collected in the ear. stapes - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the stirrup. stirrup - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the stapes. tectorial membrane - thin strip of membrane in contact with sensory hairs which sound vibrations move producing nerve impulses. in the organ tinnitus - ringing or buzzing in the ears. tty ( phone device ) - dialog is achieved at any distance as words, typed into a tty, are converted to phone signals and appear, or are printed, as words on a receiving tty machine. tympanum - membrane separating outer ear from middle ear : the eardrum. vertigo - the sensation of moving or spinning while actually sitting or lying still. vestibular apparatus - part of the cochlea concerned with maintaining wave length - distance between the peaks of successive sound waves. white noise - a sound, such as running water,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5476826825422204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.321761"} {"text": "words, words, words. some words ( cat, cold, three ) are easily explained. others ( like art, balance, and strength ) are not. often, our attempts to explain abstract words to children fail because they just don \u2019 t make sense to tiny brains. gazziliwords is an app that takes on this challenge, using pictures and animation to create meaning in a way that makes sense to children. because it promotes higher level vocabulary development using great games, fun educational apps awards gazziliwords a top pick. gazziliwords by gazziliworld, llc, is the premier app in their series, available for the iphone, ipad, and ipod touch. it comes with one set of three words ( fingerprint, rainbow, and balance ) so your child can try it out. additional sets are available as in - app purchases ( iap ). all the characters in the gazziliworld apps are the same : lily, benito, kenji, tyler, and mimi. each game begins with one of the children asking questions : \u201c what is a rainbow? \u201d \u201c does it rest on the ground? \u201d \u201c can birds fly through it? \u201d the narrator explains the word in language appropriate to the child \u2019 s level. then, a scene appears which shows the concept in action. for example, the child taps the clouds to make it rain. after wiping away all the raindrops, a beautiful rainbow appears in the sky, arching over tyler with his umbrella. then, with a quick stroke of the finger, the colors become musical tones that allow the child to create a song. in just a few minutes, your child has experienced the connection between clouds, rain, sun, and the rainbow. what \u2019 s even better, she can probably tell you all about it. with the purchase of additional modules, the following words become available : art, healthy, patience, seed, electricity, strong, surprise, dream, sweat, shadow, air, time, internet, idea, stars, blood, bones, skin, family, vacation, and acceptance. this is an impressive list of concept words, compiled by individuals with expertise in child development. what fun educational apps liked - gazzilliworld is a place where kids are king and learning is a pleasure. i like the way gazziliwords acts like a visual encyclopedia designed for preschoolers. it makes the ideas come to life, and that \u2019 s what makes it special. as a sign of its extraordinary merit, gazziliwords was nominated for the prestigious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5544164501729284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.328836"} {"text": "the way gazziliwords acts like a visual encyclopedia designed for preschoolers. it makes the ideas come to life, and that \u2019 s what makes it special. as a sign of its extraordinary merit, gazziliwords was nominated for the prestigious webby award for gameplay on a tablet device. research shows that vocabulary development is closely correlated with reading success. by using gazziliwords, children are able to discover many new words that can help them better understand the world around them. gazziliwords is an educational app that will appeal to all children, even more reluctant learners, because it doesn \u2019 t feel like an educational app. it draws on the natural curiosity children have and it gives them information that they can really understand. this is why fun educational apps awards gazziliwords a top pick. ( top pick, noun - a way to recognize the highest quality apps available, so that parents can make smart decisions when purchasing them for their children. ) gazziliwords is available for download via the itunes app store - universal app free to try - additional sets are available as in - app purchases ( iap ). 0. 99 us $ / per set. julie peterson - i am a speech / language pathologist ( slp ) currently working in a school setting, serving children with special needs ages 6 - 14. i am inspired by apps that fulfill a need and do it in a fun way. have fun with apps! if you want to discover more fun educational apps make sure to subscribe to our rss feed and our news letter to receive regular update on great fun educational apps and for great offers visit our kids apps deals and if your are looking for more great apps for kids \u2026 discover appstar picks, a kids apps catalogue with hundreds of apps reviewed! disclosure : this review was move up the waiting list priority - services. all opinions expressed are purely that of the author.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136072879966898, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.329690"} {"text": "northern california coastal & inland valleys warm water please! use tepid water to irrigate indoor plants. most hail from the tropics and cold water puts them into a state of shock. deep water trees and shrubs permanent landscape plants will benefit from a monthly deep application of water during the dry season. use a deep watering tool or a soaker hose and apply water directly around the drip line. check with a long, sharp stick to see how deeply the water has penetrated. the stick will push easily through damp soil. recycle plastic picnic knives plastic knives make great plant labels. they are durable and can be written on with a sharpie to indicate variety and planting date. the indelible ink will last through the season. test corn for ripeness to test corn for ripeness pull back the silk and poke a fingernail into a plump kernel. if it exudes a milky white liquid the corn is ripe and ready to pick. consume harvested corn within a day or two of picking for ideal sweetness and flavor. train rose canes provide horizontal support for climbing roses such as a fence or trellis. when long canes are trained to grow horizontally they produce more flowering branches along the length. tie supports loosely with recycled nylon stockings to prevent injury to the main canes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4231867197022339, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.331197"} {"text": "homeowners, gardeners and landscape architects all know the importance a healthy lawn has on the overall appearance and quality of their spaces. to keep their grasses beautifully colored, a specially formulated fertilizer is specifically fed to their grasses. this provides the plants with necessary nutrients and water storage, which is mandatory for continued growth during the different months. grass fertilizers are specifically formulated to help maintain a healthy balance of nutrients and water storage that grasses need to properly develop. these fertilizers are split into three main categories where they work to meet the needs of those particular plants : warm season, cool season and seedling fertilizers. knowing the type of grasses in one ' s lawn is important to protect and maintain beautifully designed landscapes. blue grasses and rye grasses are examples of cold season grasses that do well in temperate climates. they require fertilization during the cool months, just before and after winter sets in. mid - spring feedings on these grasses help promote thicker, greener foliage that many gardeners prefer. they also require one to two light feedings of fertilizer in the early fall to keep the production of roots active without encouraging top growth, which can be dangerous when frosts begin. some grasses, like bermuda grass, start developing in late spring and early summer months. during this period, they need fertilization to help increase the production of foliage and root growth. each species requires a different amount of fertilization and it is important for gardeners to research the specific watering schedules and fertilizer types that their grasses require before planting. although warm grasses go dormant during the winter months, lightly feeding these plants once a month while dormant will often allow the warm grasses to prepare for spring warm - up. due to the climate of the areas closer to the equator, some lawns are able to stay green all year. this means that the grasses will also require regular feeding throughout the entire year to maintain optimum health and color. summer can be a difficult time for gardeners who are unsure about feeding their warm season grasses. time - release fertilizers help in the management of these grasses and won ' t damage or burn the grass as long as enough water is available. before fertilizing, be sure to acknowledge that more maintenance is required to control diseases and the growth of grasses the more often they are fed. never fertilize cool grasses during the summer. seedlings require a different fertilizer to grow properly. they need high amounts of macronutrients, phosphorus and potassium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45083989155697834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.334371"} {"text": "and the last bit of trust fades away \u2026 1. in the thirty years since its founding, the gdr has overcome many of the material and political consequences of the second world war. by building up productive, modern industries and making considerable improvements in the area of agriculture, the gdr created the material foundation that constitutes the prerequisite for the step - by - step development of a free, socialist social order. in contrast to the fgr, the old system of class rule was not restored in the gdr. here, that form of rule was abolished once and for all after the victory of the allied forces over the hitler dictatorship in 1945, and it was done with the approval of the vast majority of the people. through the elimination of private ownership of the means of production, the material basis of capitalism was removed and the decisive foundation for the development of socialist production conditions was created. 2. the reconstruction of a country devastated by war demanded great sacrifices by the workers and peasants. west german and multinational corporations, which still hope to liberate the gdr according to their own vision, used every possible economic and political means to obstruct and hinder it. but the people \u2019 s striving for security and peaceful cooperation proved stronger. an important step along the way was the international recognition of the gdr and the acceptance of both german states into the united nations and the conference on security and cooperation in europe ( csce ) in helsinki, the final act of which ( the helsinki accords ) is a program for general peace and the protection of human rights. 3. but economic and political developments in the gdr were obstructed not only from the outside and not only by the west german and international opponents of socialism. stalinism \u2013 a common yet misleading word for the dictatorship of the party apparatus \u2013 was still in full bloom in the soviet union and, accordingly, in the countries occupied by soviet troops, until 1956. the worst crimes of this tragic period were dealt with at the 20th party congress of the cpsu [ communist party of the soviet union ]. but the dictatorship of the central party apparatus, which is not subject to any democratic controls, continues to this day in the countries of real socialism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47441540003493465, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.339283"} {"text": "log in now to add this gigapan to a group gallery. log in now to add this gigapan to a gallery. about this gigapantoggle - taken by - stuart pimm - explore score - 0. 33 gigapixels - date added - may 02, 2011 - date taken - february 28, 2011 this image is part of a set designed to document ecosystem changes in the grasslands and forests that conservacion patagonica has acquired to connect areas of uplands and create the future patagonia national park. see : www. conservacionpatagonica. org. for the past eighty years, the chacabuco valley in chile \u2019 s aysen region was a large sheep ranch, where overgrazing had severely damaged the grasslands. with the launch of the patagonia national park project, conservacion patagonica removed the sheep from the land ; wildlife \u2014 most obviously guanacos \u2014 began to return to the area. kris tompkins, founder and president of conservacion patagonica, asked me to be one of the project \u2019 s scientific advisors. my immediate preoccupation was to document the ecological changes that would likely take place in the area as ranch became national park, as guanacos replaced sheep, as setting fires to clear forest stopped. moreover, global climate disruption is projected to make quite marked changes on this area : temperature and probably rainfall will shift, and glaciers will melt. i looked for a technical strategy for documenting these changes to develop a deeper understanding of land use changes throughout patagonia, where overgrazing affects huge expanses of grasslands. when i began this project in early 2011, the coverage of high - resolution satellite images was quite poor. this will surely improve, allowing for time series of birds - eye images to record the changes. but the need to have additional detailed and eye - level images is obvious. in the years and decades to come, these gigapans will form a baseline to allow the park \u2019 s managers and visitors to understand the changes taking place. i was inspired by j. r. hastings and r. m. turner \u2019 s \u201c the changing mile. \u201d over a century of photographs creates a visual account of land use changes that provides a rich source of understanding of ecological change and its drivers. i hope these photographs will do the same, in time. an account of this restoration \u2014 and an interview with kris tompkins \u2014 is at newswatch. nationalgeographic. com / 2010 / 01", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45802832611345334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.350526"} {"text": "source of understanding of ecological change and its drivers. i hope these photographs will do the same, in time. an account of this restoration \u2014 and an interview with kris tompkins \u2014 is at newswatch. nationalgeographic. com / 2010 / 01 / 23 / patagonia _ grasslands _ park / this lake had large numbers of waterbirds on it, including upland geese, chiloe wigeon, and red - gartered coot this area is still intensively grazed by sheep and lies outside the area that will become the park. where in the world is this gigapan? toggle gigapan stitch version 1. 1. 1240 ( macintosh ) panorama size : 333 megapixels ( 41792 x 7988 pixels ) input images : 75 ( 15 columns by 5 rows ) field of view : 141. 3 degrees wide by 27. 0 degrees high ( top = 11. 0, bottom = - 16. 0 ) vignette correction on : c1 = - 0. 0228 c2 = 0. 0023 all default settings original image properties : camera make : canon camera model : canon eos 40d image size : 3888x2592 ( 10. 1 megapixels ) capture time : 2011 - 02 - 28 12 : 21 : 02 - 2011 - 02 - 28 12 : 26 : 34 exposure time : 0. 01 focal length ( 35mm equiv. ) : 152. 2 mm white balance : automatic exposure mode : manual horizontal overlap : 29. 0 to 32. 9 percent vertical overlap : 47. 2 to 49. 9 percent computer stats : 2048 mb ram, 2 cpus total time 8 : 15 ( 6. 6 seconds per picture ) alignment : 2 : 23, projection : 1 : 10, blending : 4 : 42 ( preview finished in 4 : 14 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4485169644944519, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.351246"} {"text": "in september 1609, when henry hudson guided his ship, de halve maen, through the narrows dividing present - day staten and long islands, he was not the first european navigator to sail into what we know today as new york bay. the italian explorer giovanni da verrazzano came in 1524 ; the frenchmen jean alfonse de saintonge and jean cossin made separate voyages over the next half century. but it was hudson \u2019 s arrival that established a dutch claim to the region and changed its history for all time. hudson, an english mariner in dutch employ, had left amsterdam in april intending to explore the arctic seas north of norway for a possible eastern route to the rich trade of the indies. when ice floes barred the way, his eighty - five - foot vessel and its crew of sixteen mariners turned to the west and journeyed five thousand miles to north america. for weeks they navigated southwards within sight of the shore, looking for an estuary or bay that might indicate the beginnings of a western route to asia. by august they had reached long island and, after a few days exploring the coast around sandy hook, hudson set off up the broad, deep, and promising river that now bears his name. although the intrepid captain failed to locate a route to asia \u2014 his navigation of the hudson ended at the site of modern - day albany \u2014 he had discovered a territory rich in timber and furs that would please his dutch financiers back in amsterdam. hudson \u2019 s voyage took place at a critical moment in atlantic history, and, in particular, for the challenge of northern european states to the power of spain. weakened by the loss of the armada to england in 1588 and by relentless attacks on its new world gold fleets, spain was plagued by financial crises that pushed it to the edge of collapse. the spanish had also been unable to put down a revolt by their northern dutch provinces, eight of which had declared their independence and established a new dutch republic. in april 1609, after decades of intermittent and inconclusive hostilities, the two sides agreed to a truce, allowing dutch merchants to back voyages such as hudson \u2019 s without fear of spanish attack and financial ruin. show full essayhide full essay once news of hudson \u2019 s discovery reached holland, new expeditions arrived to trade beads, knives, and hatchets for furs with the munsee and lenape indians. these private traders established a fortified trading post, fort nassau, at the site of present - day albany and charted the coastline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45394807718661556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.368036"} {"text": ", new expeditions arrived to trade beads, knives, and hatchets for furs with the munsee and lenape indians. these private traders established a fortified trading post, fort nassau, at the site of present - day albany and charted the coastline and river inlets between cape cod and the delaware bay. in 1614, one of them, adrian block, produced the first map of the territory that he named new netherland. the following year, block and others formed the new netherland company and secured a three - year monopoly of the region \u2019 s trade from the states general, the governing body of the dutch republic. new netherland, like other early american colonies, was a state - sponsored venture, the aim of which was to realize a profit and serve the emerging dutch state by eliminating competition from other trading ports and capturing more of the indies from portugal and spain. in 1621, the states general drew up a charter for a new west india company, granting it a monopoly of all the dutch atlantic trade with west africa, brazil, the caribbean, and north america. the company was a joint - stock venture, financed by government investment and private capital to the tune of more than seven million guilders. like its east indian counterpart, it was managed by the shareholders who met in five regional chambers. the company enjoyed some success in its early years, establishing trading posts on both sides of the atlantic, dealing in slaves on the coast of africa, as well as gold, ivory, and sugar in the caribbean, suriname, and the northeast coast of brazil. new netherland was only part of the company \u2019 s concern, and a relatively minor one at that. in the summer of 1624, the company established a small settlement under the command of cornelis jacobsz may, the first provincial director, transporting some thirty families to what is now governor \u2019 s island. more colonists arrived the following year, and the settlement was relocated a short distance across the bay to the equally secure and more commodious lower tip of manhattan, establishing new amsterdam, later new york city. to secure the settlement, peter minuit, then the provincial director, offered sixty guilders worth of blankets, kettles, and knives to neighboring indians, who accepted the trade goods as gifts, sealing a defensive alliance with the newcomers and not, as was once supposed, as payment for the island of manhattan. fifteen years after hudson \u2019 s arrival, new netherland, the newest commercial outpost of the dutch empire, consisted of a small group of traders living", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.399696414672853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.369319"} {"text": "alliance with the newcomers and not, as was once supposed, as payment for the island of manhattan. fifteen years after hudson \u2019 s arrival, new netherland, the newest commercial outpost of the dutch empire, consisted of a small group of traders living at the edge of a vast and rich wilderness. the settlers \u2019 peace with the numerous local native american tribes was tenuous at best. the large linguistic and cultural native groupings of algonquian and iroquoian indians who inhabited the region were subdivided into smaller communities that were frequently at war or in some form of alliance with each other. the arrival of the dutch had piqued the interest of local indians, who regarded the newcomers as potential allies and sources of new and interesting gifts that could in turn be traded with other tribes. thus, the dutch found themselves drawn into a web of indian diplomacy that they only partially understood. as early as 1626, the settlers at fort orange ( formerly fort nassau ) suffered a bloody defeat at the hands of mohawks, the enemies of the mahicans, the tribe with which the dutch had been trading. beginning in 1629, european - amerindian commercial and diplomatic relations became even more complicated following the migration of thousands of english puritans from new england, the territory north of new netherland. these new englanders provided native americans with yet another source of gifts and friendship, and their rapidly growing and spreading settlement soon threatened to overwhelm the thinly populated new netherland. the arrival of the english prompted a reassessment of the colony \u2019 s future. in june 1629, in an attempt to bolster new netherland \u2019 s population, the company announced its intention to offer large tracts of land to patroons ( a dutch word for landowners, from the spanish \u201c patron \u201d ) who agreed to \u201c buy \u201d the land from the indians, settle fifty families within four years, and thereafter administer their settlements \u2019 civil and criminal courts. unfortunately, the relatively prosperous conditions prevailing in the united provinces and the limited benefits for settlers \u2014 who were expected to endure a dangerous sea voyage to live in the north american wilderness \u2014 hardly recommended the patroonships as desirable destinations. all the prospective communities except for rensselaerswijck, established by kiliaen van rensselaer on both banks of the hudson river near fort orange, failed to attract large numbers of investors and settlers. those who did make the trans - atlantic journey often deserted their designated employment, hoping to get rich quickly by defying the company \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43224928705575394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.370501"} {"text": "as the number of free traders increased, so did the competition for indian furs, prompting subtle changes in european - amerindian relations. as the caution of early years diminished, familiarity bred exploitation and, in time, mutual contempt. in 1639 the provincial director, willem kieft, made the fateful decision to try to exact a tribute from the neighboring raritan indians. in kieft \u2019 s view, since the indians, as defensive allies, benefited from the presence of the company and the colonists, it was only reasonable that they bear some of its costs. the indians, for their part, could see little benefit in having allies who stuck to the coast and concentrated on trade, and they rejected kieft \u2019 s authority to levy a tribute. the two sides clashed inconclusively until 1643, when the slaughter of some eighty wecquaesgeek indians across the river from new amsterdam at pavonia ( jersey city ) succeeded in uniting almost the entire indian population of the lower hudson valley against new netherland. when keift \u2019 s war ended two years later, dozens of colonists and some 1600 indians had been killed, and new netherland was almost wiped out. appealing for intervention to the states general in holland, the settlers declared that \u201c almost every place is abandoned... we, wretched people, must skulk, with wives and little ones that still survive in poverty together... whilst the indians daily threaten to overwhelm us. \u201d in 1647 the company shareholders dispatched peter stuyvesant to restore the colony. a stern and sober man, stuyvesant was also a fiercely loyal employee who had lost a leg in the company \u2019 s service while fighting the portuguese on the caribbean island of saint martin. no sooner had he arrived than stuyvesant and his hand - picked council issued a flurry of orders on matters ranging from compulsory church attendance to fire prevention and the keeping of hogs and goats. this set the tone for his seventeen - year administration, during which time he negotiated boundary agreements with the english to the north, led a force of seven hundred men to expel the swedes from the delaware river to the south, and, through a combination of diplomacy and armed force, rebuilt dutch influence and strength in the region. stuyvesant managed to navigate a middle course between the competing demands of settler lobbies seeking greater autonomy and distant company shareholders trying to preserve their authority and chartered prerogatives. although he acquired a reputation as a domineering and auto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3903428057020254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.372626"} {"text": ". stuyvesant managed to navigate a middle course between the competing demands of settler lobbies seeking greater autonomy and distant company shareholders trying to preserve their authority and chartered prerogatives. although he acquired a reputation as a domineering and autocratic administrator, most historians agree that under stuyvesant \u2019 s care, new netherland \u2019 s population of independent traders and farmers collaborated, establishing orderly villages and small towns. new amsterdam quickly became known as the major port and capital of this increasingly prosperous provincial society. the origins of the city \u2019 s government can be traced to a campaign for municipal reform begun by local merchants in the 1640s and culminating with the first meeting of the municipal government on february 2, 1653. the city \u2019 s first burgomasters and schepens ( roughly equivalent to the english mayors and aldermen ) were given charge of the school, the docks, and a newly established public weigh - house, but they added to their administrative powers in subsequent years. in the course of the decade, the lives of ordinary settlers in new amsterdam came to resemble those of the urban dutch brede middenstand, roughly equivalent to the english middling sort, who balanced their private pursuits with public obligations and adherence to a regulatory order, and served as a powerful integrating force upon an otherwise diverse settler group. during this period of growth, neither the burgomasters nor the ordinary colonists realized that their success was about to become the source of their undoing. in the late 1650s the colony \u2019 s new - found prosperity attracted the attention of powerful english interests who were jealous of the dutch imperial success. within months of charles ii \u2019 s restoration in 1660, parliament adopted another navigation act, designed to drive the dutch from the english - controlled american trade. the keenest advocates of england \u2019 s commercial empire gathered around the king \u2019 s younger brother, james, duke of york. by march 1664 james and his counsellors had succeeded in persuading the king to grant his brother part of present - day maine and a handful of islands near its shores. in an act of superlative aggrandizement, the most substantial part of james \u2019 s grant awarded him control of all the territory lying between the delaware and connecticut rivers \u2014 the territory comprising new netherland. in may of 1664 james, duke of york, dispatched colonel richard nicolls with four ships and three hundred soldiers to secure the \u201c entyre submission and obedience \u201d of england \u2019 s newest colonial american subjects. in mid - august the invaders dise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38188695621336793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.373661"} {"text": "in may of 1664 james, duke of york, dispatched colonel richard nicolls with four ships and three hundred soldiers to secure the \u201c entyre submission and obedience \u201d of england \u2019 s newest colonial american subjects. in mid - august the invaders disembarked from vessels anchored off long island in gravesend bay and moved west to brooklyn. nicolls enlisted residential militias from the english towns on long island and distributed handbills ahead of the advancing troops offering fair treatment for those who surrendered. the english commander repeated his terms in a letter written to stuyvesant, promising that in return for capitulation the settlers would \u201c peaceably enjoy whatsoever god \u2019 s blessing and their own honest industry have furnished them with and all other privileges with his majesty \u2019 s english subjects. \u201d stuyvesant wanted to make a fight of it. but when he tried to convince new amsterdam \u2019 s leaders to keep news of the lenient surrender terms \u2014 and reports of the fort \u2019 s limited supply of good gun powder \u2014 from the inhabitants, the burgomasters left the meeting \u201c greatly disgusted and dissatisfied. \u201d furious at their defiance, stuyvesant tore up nicolls \u2019 s letter offering terms. within hours work on the city \u2019 s fortifications ceased, and a delegation of the \u201c inhabitants of the place assisted by their wives and children crying and praying \u201d confronted the director and demanded that he re - assemble the letter and negotiate surrender. the following day ninety - three prominent burghers \u2014 including stuyvesant \u2019 s own seventeen - year - old son \u2014 presented a remonstrance denouncing resistance as a folly that would not save \u201c the smallest portion of our entire city, our property and ( what is dearer to us ), our wives and children, from total ruin. \u201d stuyvesant relented, and merchant leaders met with nicolls and his officers to draft the articles of capitulation under which new netherland and new amsterdam became new york, new york. the conquest of new netherland expelled the dutch from the continent and consolidated the english colonization of north america. thereafter the english turned their attention to the french as their major european competitor in the north atlantic, culminating with the french and indian war ( 1756 \u2013 1763 ), which ushered in the era of the american revolution. but dutch new york lived on in the marriage choices, inheritance practices, and naming patterns of a population that, in new york city, remained \u201c dutch \u201d until at least the end of the seventeenth century and up the hudson river", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40590042614566935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.374634"} {"text": "of the american revolution. but dutch new york lived on in the marriage choices, inheritance practices, and naming patterns of a population that, in new york city, remained \u201c dutch \u201d until at least the end of the seventeenth century and up the hudson river valley for a decade or more into the eighteenth. for those who care to look, dutch new york lives on still in the names of streets and noteworthy families, and in the \u201c cookies \u201d and \u201c coleslaw \u201d that the rest of the world has come to consider so quintessentially american. e. b. o \u2019 callaghan and berthold fernow, eds. documents relative to the colonial history of the state of new york. ( albany : weed, parsons, 1856 \u2013 1887 ), 1 : 139. simon middleton is senior lecturer in history at the university of sheffield in england and the author of from privileges to rights : work and labor in colonial new york ( 2006 ). make gilder lehrman your home for history already have an account? please click here to login and access this page. how to subscribe click here to get a free subscription if you are a k - 12 educator or student, and here for more information on the affiliate school program, which provides even more benefits. otherwise, click here for information on a paid subscription for those who are not k - 12 educators or students. make gilder lehrman your home for history become an affiliate school to have free access to the gilder lehrman site and all its features. click here to start your affiliate school application today! you will have free access while your application is being processed. individual k - 12 educators and students can also get a free subscription to the site by making a site account with a school - 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12 school subscription : $ 195 click here to sign up for an institutional subscription, which allows site access to all faculty and students in a single school, or all visitors to a library branch. make gilder lehrman your home for history upgrade your account we ' re sorry, but it looks as though you do not have access to the full gilder lehrman site. all k - 12 educators receive free subscriptions to the gilder lehrman site, and our affiliate school members gain even more benefits! how to subscribe k - 12 educator or student? click here to edit your profile and indicate this, giving you free access, and here for more information on the affiliate school program. not a educator or student? click here for more information on purchasing a subscription to the gilder lehrman site. related site content - teaching resourceessential questions in teaching american history - essaynative american discoveries of europe - essaythe columbian exchange - essayiberian roots of the transatlantic slave trade, 1440 \u2013 1640 - primary sourcea jamestown settler describes life in virginia, 1622 - essayengland on the eve of colonization - essaynavigating the age of exploration - teaching resourcenew amsterdam : the center of the dutch settlement - primary sourcethe surrender of new netherland, 1664 - essayamerican indians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4252218470150013, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.378074"} {"text": "can grapefruit stop stroke? grapefruit and oranges \u201c appear to protect against having a \u2018 brain attack \u2019 \u201d, the daily mail has reported. the mail says that these and other citrus fruits can protect the brain from stroke due to their antioxidant content. the research behind this story involved almost 70, 000 women taking part in the nurses \u2019 health study in the us. they were asked to complete food frequency questionnaires ( which asked them to recall how frequently certain foods were consumed during a specified period of time ) every four years and over around 14 years of follow - up the researchers documented the numbers of strokes that occurred, overall and by type. the researchers found that women who had the highest intake of flavanone ( a crystalline compound found in citrus fruit ) had a reduced risk of ischaemic stroke. however, they found no association between consuming actual citrus fruits and juices and being at risk of ischaemic stroke, and no association between consumption of flavonoids overall and risk of stroke. this makes these findings far from conclusive. whether citrus fruits and the chemicals they contain have any association with stroke risk needs more investigation. but on the basis of this study alone, there is no evidence that women who eat citrus fruits will reduce their risk of stroke. however, a balanced diet high in fruit and vegetables is known to be beneficial to health and can reduce the risk of several diseases, including cardiovascular disease. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from the university of east anglia and other institutions in the us and italy, and was funded by the national institutes of health, department of health and human services. it was published in the peer - reviewed medical journal stroke. the daily mail does not accurately represent the findings of the study. its headline, \u201c how eating oranges and grapefruit can cut the risk of a stroke \u201d, contradicts the finding that there was no significant association between intake of citrus fruits and juices and risk of stroke. what kind of research was this? this was an analysis of women enrolled in the ongoing nurses \u2019 health study in the us. the researchers aimed to use data from this cohort study to examine associations between subclasses of flavonoids and risk of stroke. flavonoids are plant chemicals believed to have antioxidant properties, and are found in several food groups, including citrus fruits, berries, onions, certain pulses, tea and wine. cohort studies such as this aren ' t ideal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4240404717109898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.387604"} {"text": ". flavonoids are plant chemicals believed to have antioxidant properties, and are found in several food groups, including citrus fruits, berries, onions, certain pulses, tea and wine. cohort studies such as this aren ' t ideal for showing cause and effect. in this study, researchers circulated regular food frequency questionnaires at the same time as looking at clinical outcomes. it is difficult to guarantee that food intake patterns preceded the development of cardiovascular disease. furthermore, because food frequency questionnaires are self - completed, they are also likely to contain inaccuracies and may not represent the pattern of food intake over a lifetime. finally, it may be difficult to ensure that other things that could be associated with both diet and risk of stroke ( confounding factors ) have been taken into account. what did the research involve? the nurses \u2019 health study started in 1976 and enrolled 121, 700 female nurses aged 30 to 55. participants completed follow - up questionnaires on diseases and lifestyle factors every two years, as well as food frequency questionnaires every four years. in this study, researchers looked at food questionnaires completed from 1990 onwards ( the time when the questionnaires covered sufficient fruit and vegetables to assess flavonoid intake ). this study included the 69, 622 women who had sufficient information on food intake and who did not report a stroke before 1990. the researchers constructed a database to assess intake of the different flavonoid subclasses. intake of individual subclasses was calculated as the total consumption frequency of each food, multiplied by the content of the specific flavonoid for the specified portion size. the six flavonoid subclasses were reported to be those commonly consumed in the us diet : - flavanones ( eriodictyol, hesperetin, naringenin ) - anthocyanins ( cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin ) - flavan - 3 - ols ( catechins, epicatachins ) - flavonols ( quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isohamnetin ) - flavones ( luteolin, apigenin ) - polymers ( including proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, and thearubigins ) the outcome of stroke was self - reported, with reports verified by review of medical records. what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5151576073147759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.388577"} {"text": "luteolin, apigenin ) - polymers ( including proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, and thearubigins ) the outcome of stroke was self - reported, with reports verified by review of medical records. what were the basic results? over 14 years of follow - up there were 1, 803 strokes among the 69, 622 participants ( 52 % ischaemic strokes \u2013 caused by a blood clot, 14 % haemorrhagic \u2013 caused by a bleed in the brain, and the rest \u2013 of unknown type ). the average intake of total flavonoids was 232mg per day. tea was reported to be the main contributor to total flavonoid intake, followed by apples and oranges or orange juice. women who ate more flavonoids tended to : - exercise more - have a greater intake of fibre, folate, fruits and vegetables - have a lower intake of caffeine and alcohol - be less likely to smoke the researchers found that women who consumed the highest quantity of the flavanone subclass had reduced risk of ischaemic stroke compared with those who consumed the lowest quantity of flavanone ( relative risk 0. 81, 95 % confidence interval 0. 66 to 0. 99 ). the relationship between flavanones and stroke overall was not reported. as 95 % of flavanones are reported to be derived from citrus ( in this study, oranges and orange juice were the highest contributors ), they looked for a relationship between intake of citrus fruit / juice and risk of ischaemic stroke but found no significant association ( relative risk 0. 90, 95 % confidence interval 0. 77 to 1. 05 ). how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that flavonoid intake was not associated with risk of stroke, but that increased intake of the flavanone subclass reduced the risk of ischaemic stroke. they said that because experimental data suggests that the flavanone content of citrus fruits may protect the heart, there may be an association between citrus fruit consumption and stroke risk, but this has not yet been proven. despite the news headlines, this study provides no evidence that women who eat citrus will reduce their risk of stroke. the researchers found a link between higher intake of flavanones and reduced risk of ischaemic stroke, but : - no association between the actual consumption of citrus fruits and juices and risk of ischaemic stroke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46468119140473196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.389518"} {"text": "risk of stroke. the researchers found a link between higher intake of flavanones and reduced risk of ischaemic stroke, but : - no association between the actual consumption of citrus fruits and juices and risk of ischaemic stroke - no association between total flavonoid intake and risk of stroke the researchers didn \u2019 t report on any association between flavanone, flavonoid or citrus consumption and risk of stroke overall. there was no association with haemorrhagic stroke and presumably there was none found for stroke overall. further problems with making the conclusions stated in the headlines include : - the design of this cohort study cannot easily imply cause and effect. the researchers excluded women who had experienced a stroke prior to 1990, but assessed both food consumption and stroke outcomes over the following 14 years. this makes it difficult to ensure that food - intake patterns preceded the development of cardiovascular disease. - food frequency questionnaires are self - completed and often contain inherent inaccuracies, and may not represent a lifelong food - intake pattern. - the researchers used the most recent us department of agriculture databases to categorise individual foods according to their content of flavonoid chemicals. however, they did not further describe how they did this in their report. as the researchers acknowledged, there is potential for the misclassification of flavonoids using this method as there is wide variation in flavonoid content of foods. flavonoid content of fruit depends on their geographical origin, growing season, different cultivars, agricultural methods and processing. it is also difficult to say how flavonoids are processed in the body. - the researchers did adjust their analyses for multiple potential dietary, lifestyle and medical factors, but it is possible that some confounding factors that could be associated with both diet and risk of stroke have not been taken into account. whether or not citrus fruits and the chemicals they contain have any association with stroke risk may be a topic for further research. however, on the basis of this study alone, there is no evidence that women who eat grapefruit, oranges or any other citrus fruit will reduce their risk of stroke. analysis by bazian. search for a job search for a car search for a house weather for goole wednesday 19 june 2013 temperature : 10 c to 22 c wind speed : 14 mph wind direction : north temperature : 12 c to 18 c wind speed : 12 mph wind direction : east", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4708863377861373, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.390478"} {"text": "this content is from wikipedia. we do not consider this content professional or citable. please use your discretion when relying on it. gradesaver also offers a professionally written study guide by one of our staff editors. robinson crusoe / / is a novel by daniel defoe, first published on 25 april 1719. this first edition credited the work ' s fictional protagonist robinson crusoe as its author, and was published under the considerably longer original title the life and strange surprizing adventures of robinson crusoe, of york, mariner : who lived eight and twenty years, all alone in an un - inhabited island on the coast of america, near the mouth of the great river of oroonoque ; having been cast on shore by shipwreck, wherein all the men perished but himself. with an account how he was at last as strangely deliver ' d by pirates. epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is a fictional autobiography of the title character ( whose birth name is robinson kreutznaer ) \u2014 a castaway who spends years on a remote tropical island near trinidad, encountering cannibals, captives, and mutineers before being rescued. the story is widely perceived to have been influenced by the life of alexander selkirk, a scottish castaway who lived for four years on the pacific island called \" mas a tierra \" ( in 1966 its name was changed to robinson crusoe island ), chile. however, other possible sources have been put forward for the text. it is possible, for example, that defoe was inspired by the latin or english translations of ibn tufail ' s hayy ibn yaqdhan, an earlier novel also set on a desert island. another source for defoe ' s novel may have been robert knox ' s account of his abduction by the king of ceylon in 1659 in \" an historical account of the island ceylon, \" glasgow : james maclehose and sons ( publishers to the university ), 1911. in his 2003 book \" in search of robinson crusoe \", tim severin contends that the account of henry pitman in a short book chronicling his escape from a caribbean penal colony and subsequent shipwrecking and desert island misadventures, is the inspiration for the story. despite its simple narrative style, robinson crusoe was well received in the literary world and is often credited as marking the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre. before the end of 1719 the book had already", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.422160845984575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.395202"} {"text": "a frightened villager brings the lid of a barrel that contained uranium oxide ( yellowcake ) taken from the tuwaitha nuclear facility, that was left unsecured by occupying forces after the fall of saddam hussein. the family used this radioactive barrel to store water and are complaining of rashes and skin problems. say no to war greenpeace is opposed to war. most recently, we joined with people all over the world in months of global action to promote a non - violent solution to the conflict in iraq. we believedthe war was more about oil than about effectively dealing with weaponsof mass destruction. it would result in devastating human andenvironmental consequences, and set a dangerous ( not to mentionillegal ) precedent. though the occupyingforces were quick to secure iraqi oil fields, they neglected tosafeguard dangerous nuclear material. now that material has made itsway to homes and schools. weapons of mass destruction, the alleged reason for the war in the first place, were never found. uranium and other nuclear material stored under un control in iraquntil the fall of saddam hussein have been stolen and local residentsare reportedly displaying symptoms of radiation poisoning. six weeksafter the occupying forces took control of the country, the us finallyconceded that the un nuclear watchdog, the international atomic energyagency ( iaea ), could return to assess what has been stolen at part ofone site, tuwaitha. yet the iaea has been refused access to the nearbypopulation or to other sites it wants to visit, in contravention of unresolutions. we went to iraq in june 2003 with a small, specialist teamto examine the local environment and to assess the extent of anynuclear contamination. the team took samples of soil and water forlaboratory analysis and conducted on - site monitoring with specialistradiation detection equipment. while the extent of the greenpeaceradiological survey will not be comprehensive, it will provide someidea of the true level of risk to the people of the area and to theenvironment. we are calling for a full assessment of the situation at tuwaitha and other nuclear sites in iraq : - theoccupying powers must allow the iaea to remain in iraq with anunrestricted mandate to test as well as document all nuclear sites. - theoccupying powers must allow the iaea to oversee an urgent medical andenvironmental assessment of the impact of the radioactive material thathas spread in the local community - a practice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49564510223145414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.399128"} {"text": "gulf coast ecosystem restoration task force ( gcertf ) as a result of the deepwater horizon oil spill, president obama commissioned secretary of the navy, ray mabus to develop recommendations for full restoration of the gulf coast. as a result of the report, the gulf coast ecosystem restoration task force was established through executive order 13554 and tasked with defining ecosystem restoration goals, coordinating government policies, proposing additional actions ( where necessary ), and identifying monitoring, assessment, research and restoration gaps. the task force is chaired by epa administrator lisa p. jackson, co - chaired by garrett graves who also serves as chair of the louisiana office of coastal protection and restoration authority and contains representatives from each of the other gulf states as well as ten other federal agencies. many members of the alliance sit on the task force itself or on the variety of coordination teams. to gather information necessary for development of a gulf - wide restoration plan, the task force held more than 40 public meetings throughout the gulf to listen to the concerns of the public. the result was the gulf of mexico regional ecosystem restoration strategy that was officially released on december 5, 2011. to review the gulf of mexico regional ecosystem restoration strategy or learn more about the gulf coast ecosystem restoration task force, visit www. epa. gov / gulfcoasttaskforce. to sign up to receive automatic updates on task force activities and announcements, please email gulfcoasttaskforce @ epa. gov. for questions concerning the web firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4150320293248084, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.404560"} {"text": "if the p / e ratio is an indication of how many years it takes for the company to earn back the stock price shareholders pay to buy the shares, the earnings yield is an indication of how much return shareholders investment in the company earned over the past 12 months. the higher the earnings yield is, the better. if a company loses money, the earnings yield is negative. this gives a more straightforward indication that the company is losing money. this is an advantage of using earnings yield instead of the p / e ratio in valuation. for valuation purposes, the p / b ratio and the p / s ratio should be used for companies that are losing money. like the p / e ratio, the earnings yield can be used to compare investments in different industries. it can even be used to compare the attractiveness of different asset classes such as bonds and cash. of course, the earnings yield should not be the only factor in deciding which asset classes to invest. also similar to the p / e ratio, the earnings yield does not consider the growth of the business. a growing company with the same earnings yield should be more attractive than a company that has the same earnings yield but does not grow. a better indicator of the attractiveness of an investment which takes growth into account is the forward rate of return. just like the p / e ratio, non - recurring items such as selling part of the business, selling a previous investment, etc., can affect earnings yield dramatically. the earning yield is also a poor indication for cyclical companies. when a cyclical stock has a high earnings yield it is usually at the peak of its cycle., earnings yield ( joel greenblatt ), forward rate of return? market cap, net income * all numbers are in millions except for per share data universal forest products inc. annual data universal forest products inc. quarterly data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43181616452712807, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.406628"} {"text": "june 19 2013 latest news : saturday, february 16, 2013 adam sonin explores the career of writer aldous huxley, whose best known work, brave new world, has been translated into 28 languages. aldous leonard huxley ( 1894 - 1963 ) was the third son of leonard huxley ( 1860 - 1933 ), an assistant master at charterhouse, editor of cornhill magazine and son of eminent scientist thomas henry huxley ( 1825 - 1895 ). aldous \u2019 s eldest brother was the zoologist, philosopher and first director of unesco, sir julian sorell huxley ( 1887 - 1975 ), whom david attenborough worked for in his early days as a bbc trainee. his mother, julia ( 1862 - 1908 ) was the niece of the poet matthew arnold and, according to a family biographer, they were \u201c children from whom nothing but the best would be tolerated \u201d. in 1908, a precocious, pale, blue - eyed boy with an oversized head started his academic life at eton college. this coincided with the unexpected death of his mother, which huxley said was \u201c as if a great explosion had taken place in the family \u201d. his brother julian \u2019 s wife, juliette, later commented that \u201c it was to aldous the irreparable loss, a betrayal of his faith in life \u201d. three years later, in 1911, huxley suffered a serious eye infection which was left untreated over term - break at school. as a result he was left partially blind for 18 months. while recuperating at home, he taught himself to touch - type and learnt to \u201c read braille and even braille music, which is very difficult \u201d. years later, the writer commented that \u201c everything has its compensations and i remember with pleasure the volupte of reading braille in bed, in the dark and with one \u2019 s book and one \u2019 s hands snugly under the bed clothes \u201d. abandoning any future inclination or ambition he had towards science or medicine, huxley turned to the idea of writing, which was \u201c a very important event in my life \u201d. he started off by writing \u201c bad verses \u201d and then \u201c wrote an entire novel which i never read because i couldn \u2019 t see what i had written \u201d. sadly the 80, 000 - word manuscript no longer exists but was \u201c a rather bitter novel about a young man and his relationship to two types of women \u201d. huxley was privately tutored at home but felt cut off from \u201c a great many ordinary kinds of outlets for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42524972151401497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.415580"} {"text": "000 - word manuscript no longer exists but was \u201c a rather bitter novel about a young man and his relationship to two types of women \u201d. huxley was privately tutored at home but felt cut off from \u201c a great many ordinary kinds of outlets for social communication with people of my own age \u201d. after about two years he regained very limited sight and managed to win a scholarship to balliol college, oxford, where he read english literature and language, often, quite literally, through a \u201c rather powerful magnifying glass and went through university on that basis \u201d. the writer and journalist beverley nichols best captured the image of his rake - thin 6ft 4. 5in friend : \u201c quantities of aldous huxley reclined on my sofa, spreading over the cushions, and stretching long tentacles on the floor. \u201d huxley graduated with a first class degree and won the stanhope essay prize in 1916. despite his imposing physical presence, huxley had an unforgettable mellifluous voice, exuded a quiet charm and demonstrated an immense yet gentle curiosity for all matters. his formidable mental archive led bertrand russell \u2013 an occasional fellow guest with huxley at garsington manor, home of english aristocrat and society hostess lady ottoline morrell \u2013 to comment that he could tell which volume of the encyclopaedia britannica the student huxley was reading by the prominence of subjects with that letter in their conversation. at garsington, huxley consorted with the sitwells, lytton strachey, maynard keynes and others in the bloomsbury circle. it was here he met his future wife, a belgian refugee named maria nys, who had been living at the house. the couple married in 1919 and a year later had their only son, matthew. after his oxford days, huxley had stints as a secretary at the air board and teaching posts at repton school and eton college. as a teacher at eton college, huxley \u2019 s pupils included the writer george orwell and historian steven runciman. while working at the air board in the strand, he lived at his father \u2019 s house in 16 bracknell gardens, hampstead, in \u201c a most pleasant room, looking on the garden \u201d. a plaque commemorating huxley at the house was erected in 1995 and celebrates \u201c men of science and letters \u201d. huxley worked as a literary journalist for john middleton murray at the athenaeum and then for vanity fair and vogue. at this time, the couple, now married, were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4457040821675834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.416699"} {"text": "the house was erected in 1995 and celebrates \u201c men of science and letters \u201d. huxley worked as a literary journalist for john middleton murray at the athenaeum and then for vanity fair and vogue. at this time, the couple, now married, were living in a tiny studio flat at 18 hampstead hill gardens, which they shared with a pug and a kitten \u2013 both given as wedding gifts. by the age of 26, huxley \u2019 s poetry had matured significantly. virginia woolf praised the \u201c high technical skill and great sensibility \u201d and marcel proust placed him in the first rank of young british authors. after his first novel, crome yellow ( 1921 ), was published, bringing instant fame, f. scott fitzgerald wrote : \u201c this is the highest point so far attained by anglo - saxon sophistication. huxley is the wittiest man writing in english. \u201d such high praise and he was still only in his 20s. years later fitzgerald was to base one of his characters on huxley, satirising him as boxley, the ineffectual scriptwriter, in his posthumously published work, the love of the last tycoon ( 1941 ). a round - the - world tour in 1925 brought huxley before readers in bombay, kyoto and los angeles and with his royalties he purchased a small villa in southern france and a bugatti convertible for maria, specially stretched to accommodate his long legs. having spent time living on the continent and in london, the spring of 1937 saw the huxleys set sail for america. they arrived in new york and embarked on a five - week road trip across the country. the bugatti had been given to friends and they drove a humble car made by ford. huxley then went on a speaking tour of america, something which initially terrified him, and finally settled in california, attracted by its clear bright air which aided his sight. promises from hollywood studios regarding adaptations of his books were unfulfilled, but work as a screenwriter was plentiful. he met the new immigrant community of hollywood, which included playwright bertolt brecht, thomas and heinrich mann, and film director george cukor. films huxley worked on include madame curie, a bio - pic drafted in 1938 ( and later rewritten by f. scott fitzgerald ) ; pride and prejudice, also for metro - goldwyn - mayer ( 1940 ), and jane eyre ( 1943 ), whose screenplay huxley wrote with the director robert stevenson and john houseman. he was even signed up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4235279338136541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.418414"} {"text": "by f. scott fitzgerald ) ; pride and prejudice, also for metro - goldwyn - mayer ( 1940 ), and jane eyre ( 1943 ), whose screenplay huxley wrote with the director robert stevenson and john houseman. he was even signed up by walt disney to develop the script for alice in wonderland. however, huxley was not fond of this life and wrote to his brother of his experiences with studio executives stating that they \u201c have the characteristics of the minds of chimpanzees, agitated and infinitely distractible \u201d. the huxleys \u2019 hollywood circle included screenwriter anita loos, actress greta garbo, comic film star harpo marx, the chaplins and later composer igor stravinsky, who they met at the farmer \u2019 s market. life, however, was modest and fairly austere. loos wrote of a picnic the group once took, recalling, \u201c with dramatis personae so fantastic that they might have come out of alice in wonderland \u201d. incidentally, huxley once warned stravinsky, before he was to meet evelyn waugh, that the novelist could be \u201c prickly, pompous and downright unpleasant \u201d. huxley \u2019 s best known work, brave new world ( 1932 ), has been translated into 28 languages. despite this, news of his death was buried by the media as it coincided with the assassination of president john f. kennedy ( and incidentally the death of the chronicles of narnia author c. s. lewis ). along with karl marx and sigmund freud, huxley \u2019 s face appears on the cover of the beatles \u2019 album sgt. pepper \u2019 s lonely hearts club.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41058307601976496, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.419062"} {"text": "by : matthew ( ted ballwin ) yoga is increasing in popularity. once derided as useless, the practice of stretching, breathing and challenging your body ' s flexibility and stamina has become more widespread, as has information on its health benefits. one of the most interesting areas of information to come out of relevant studies is the reduction in stress. historically stress is a major cause for employee sick time, heart disease, and family breakdown and is a major ' silent killer ', as a contributing factor to cardiovascular disorder ( cvd ). stress can be seen as a symptomatic response to the things going on around us, which are physical and mental responses to our situations. tearful or angry outbursts by overextended people, metabolism problems, increased skin conductivity ( a measure of response to stress ), problems with distressing via exercise because of tenseness or muscle strains, and high blood pressure, are all areas where yoga can help. yoga lowers your stress levels and has surprising other health benefits, which, in their way, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. why is it important to lower stress? a major factor in cardiovascular disorders is high blood pressure, which is treated with beta blockers and other medication. high blood pressure is a leading cause of heart attacks, and in some risk factor lists it ranks above high cholesterol, poor diet or diabetes. when left unchecked, high blood pressure can cause embolism, stroke or heart failure. lowering the stress of someone with high blood pressure is an incredibly important element of their regimen, which is why a recent overview of 70 yoga clinical studies from the past 35 years may hold the breakthrough to supporting people into choosing a low cost, no side effect alternative to their current treatment plans. yoga gives them the opportunity to increase body flexibility, posture and relaxation, and has some interesting separate health benefits. scientific observations of using yoga to lower stress the observations in the study showed a manifold drop in stress, obesity, blood pressure, free radicals, bad cholesterol and an increase in antioxidants, markers of good cardio - respiratory function, breathing regulation and more. all of these show promise in fighting heart disease and stress related problems. of the 51 studies, the following data was collated : the research by dr innes identified a core set of 42 studies that investigated yoga in relation to cardio - vagal response ; specifically, the vagus nerve and its ability to lower the heart rate. these studies showed that those who practiced yoga for a long period time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5134718123754171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.424665"} {"text": "innes identified a core set of 42 studies that investigated yoga in relation to cardio - vagal response ; specifically, the vagus nerve and its ability to lower the heart rate. these studies showed that those who practiced yoga for a long period time had significant reduction in cortisol concentrations and respiratory and heart rates. cortisol is a chemical that the body produces in response to anxiety and stress, amongst a set of other ' stress ' related chemicals, and is believed to suppress immune response and cause an increase in both blood pressure and blood sugar levels. skin conductance was reduced and cardiovascular response to stress in general was far more favorable. renin, an enzyme that controls blood pressure, was reduced as well. changes were also noted in adrenal gland secretions, which in turn lead to a drop in blood pressure as these ' fight or flight ' chemicals were reduced. overall, the heart and respiratory rate at rest and after exercise were more favorable in all groups involved in these studies, whether healthy or hypertensive, adult or child. out of 37 studies, 28 reported improvement in blood pressure. specifically, healthy adults and those with hypertension who practiced raja yoga meditation exhibited reduced diastolic pressure. mental and physical wellbeing and the chemicals associated with them were increased, as was the body ' s production of antioxidants, which eliminate free radicals in the body and protect the skin. sleep, posture and energy levels also improved, which in the chronically ill or disabled is a good sign, as yoga is a fairly inclusive exercise regimen - anyone can take part, with supervision, and join in at one of the levels. yoga creates a feeling of well being that counters the effects of stress, which in turn supports the lowering of blood pressure. increased and appropriate sleep also supports a better stress response as you are less likely to feel overwhelmed or under pressure if you are clear headed, and this by itself lowers stress. all of these elements feed from the positive changes in the cardio - vagal system to your mental and physical responses, which in turn supports the lowering and mitigation of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. but it doesn ' t end there. physical signs that yoga helps the body studies have suggested that yoga, in all forms, supports the lowering of bad cholesterol and increases the good cholesterol, while lowering triglyceride levels. triglycerides are a specific molecule contained in animal and vegetable fats. unused triglycerides are stored as fat. historically we are consuming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5287529362562534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.427542"} {"text": "bad cholesterol and increases the good cholesterol, while lowering triglyceride levels. triglycerides are a specific molecule contained in animal and vegetable fats. unused triglycerides are stored as fat. historically we are consuming far more of these than any other time in recorded existence, which is why many people believe dietary issues need to be addressed at the forefront of ending heart disease. ideally an adult should have less than 100 mg / dl of ldl ' s, which is also referred to as bad cholesterol, and more than 50mg / dl of hdls, known as good cholesterol. yoga appears to reduce total cholesterol by up to 25 %. specifically, it lowers triglycerides by up to almost 30 % and decreases ldl by up to 26 %. this in turn leads to weight loss and better body composition. it is common sense that less weight means less pressure on joints and less stress on your heart. moreover, posture - improving routines can increase blood flow. eighteen studies from six countries focused on these elements and the results suggested that there was an improvement in both body composition and posture after short and long term yoga exercises, plus between 1. 5 % and 13. 6 % weight loss. these studies were far reaching, covering those with and without cvd factors and diabetes. what this means for your health? while the studies are still waiting conclusive controlled testing, this information, which has been collected over a period of 34 years, clearly shows that yoga has considerable health benefits. with no barriers to entry, no known side effects and with a reputable instructor, it cannot harm anyone ' s health. in fact, with the myriad of evidence - based results collected in these studies there is no reason not to recommend yoga to anyone who is struggling with traditional exercise, stress, or needs to lose weight. very few other exercises combine low cost, low entry barrier and high results as yoga does. while the final studies are underway into exactly how yoga affects our health and wellness, there is no reason not to give it a try yourself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48867753375537176, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.428390"} {"text": "inflammation - a simple explanation as well as your body having to deal with free radicals, glycation and methylation it also has to fight against chronic inflammation! this is an ongoing battle which is being waged every second of the day. if it is not controlled, inflammation will wreak havoc in your body. in fact, some scientists believe that chronic inflammation is the cause of most age related damage. this is because excessive inflammation causes toxic chemicals which eat away body tissues, thus leading to heart disease, dementia, arthritis and diabetes just to mention a few. as with the other three concerns \u2026 ( free radicals, glycation and methylation ), the cause of inflammation cannot be narrowed down to one thing only. all four issues are interrelated! for example, let \u2019 s take mda ( malondialdehyde ). mda is a dangerous chemical byproduct formed in your body as a result of the action of free radicals on the fatty membranes of your cells. it is a major factor in the production of ages from glycation. this same chemical, mda, is also implicated in inflammation. this perhaps helps show you how nothing works in isolation! cut the supply line! using the example of mda \u2026 if you reduce the free radicals in your body through the use of anti - oxidants then you will reduce the oxidation of your cell membranes which will in turn reduce the formation of mda which in turn will reduce glycation and thus the formation of ages \u2026 and this will help reduce inflammation. in other words... cut the supply line. however, it is not possible to control all the free radicals so no matter how many anti - oxidants you take mda is still going to form \u2026 and will continue to attempt to produce ages which in turn can contribute to inflammation. so, this is why it is so important to take carnosine in addition to anti - oxidants in order to minimize the formation of ages. but \u2026 not all ages can be avoided and by extension not all inflammation can be avoided either so you have to ensure that you address inflammation in addition to the above mentioned three concerns! if you don \u2019 t, your \u2018 anti - aging \u2019 or \u2018 wellness \u2019 program can never be successful. to demonstrate this further \u2026 a component of inflammation is excitotoxicity. if allowed to \u2018 continue \u2019 the result is the death of brain cells leading to strokes and dementia. excitotoxicity occurs when brain cells get overexcited due to excess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48895153428244736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.432796"} {"text": "further \u2026 a component of inflammation is excitotoxicity. if allowed to \u2018 continue \u2019 the result is the death of brain cells leading to strokes and dementia. excitotoxicity occurs when brain cells get overexcited due to excess glutamate in the diet. msg and other flavor enhancers are the culprits here and should be kept to a minimum in your diet. fortunately carnosine can protect against excessive excitotoxicity. another seriously dangerous chemical associated with chronic inflammation is tumour necrosis factor ( tnf ). tnf actively promotes the degeneration of your brain and nerves! it is activated by a combination of free radicals and ages. some doctors and marketers on the internet promote omega 3 fish oil as the answer to inflammation. there is no doubt that the anti - inflammatory component of omega 3 fish oils are certainly very helpful in reducing the impact of inflammation \u2026 but, it is only dealing with one component of the much broader picture of inflammation. take tnf as another example. to keep this chemical as low as possible you need to also be taking nutrients that will help such as a calorie restriction mimics. this is another subject on its own but the best known natural calorie restriction mimic is resveratrol. key nutrients that can work in synergy with omega 3 fish oil to reduce inflammation and the damage from it are : - * flavanoids - * alpha lipoic acid - * carnosine - * turmeric - * glutathione - * resveratrol we use all of these nutrients in our total balance one of the biggest challenges we have at xtend - life is trying to explain to customers how total balance works. unfortunately most consumers have been \u2018 educated \u2019 that free radicals are the biggest concern in any wellness or anti - aging program. lately that \u2018 education \u2019 has been expanded by marketers of fish oils, to include inflammation. but \u2026 just addressing free radicals with anti - oxidants or inflammation with fish oils will not achieve what you want. it is only part of the equation. it takes more that one nutrient to get a result in just one part of this very complex equation. each part has to be addressed from multiple angles, and every part of the equation also needs to be dealt with. there is a reason why we have 75 - 85 nutrients in our total balance range! each nutrient is there for a reason and has been carefully integrated. the individual components of each nutrient have also been studied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47302602711665453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.434232"} {"text": "learn how caffeine causes the sugars of patients with diabetes to become unstable in this medical report. read the full transcript \u00bb [ music playing ] allison chow : for insidermedicine un 60, i ' m allison chow. from north carolina, caffeine may cause the sugars of patients with diabetes to become unstable. a study of 10 patients with type 2 diabetes, none of whom were taking insulin, showed that drinking four cups of coffee per day resulted in an 8 % increase in blood sugar. the rise was especially apparent following meals ; blood sugars were elevated by 9 % after breakfast, 15 % after lunch, and 26 % after dinner. from copenhagen, a new study fails to detect a significant difference between two commonly used types of drug - eluting stents in patients with heart attack and angina. in a randomized clinical trial involving over 2, 000 patients, the risk of a major adverse cardiac event was approximately 10 % in both the sirolimus - eluting and paclitaxel - eluting groups. no difference was detected in the development of stent thrombosis rates. and finally, from baltimore, a new study evaluating the effect of smoking on lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis may shed light on how genetics and environmental factors combine to influence how effectively we breathe. researchers evaluating over 800 subjects noted that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with decreased lung function for all measures of lung function studied. in addition, certain mutations in the cystic fibrosis causing gene determined the magnitude of the effect. for insidermedicine in 60, i ' m allison chow. [ music playing ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45073768674833153, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.436648"} {"text": "how to reduce exercise induced asthma is asthma hitting you during morning jog? when doing physical work do you suddenly start gasping air? if the answer is yes, then you may have exercise induced asthma. but don \u2019 t worry. you \u2019 re not alone. nearly one in ten people have this type of asthma. in 1984 olympics, nearly 20 percent olympians suffered from exercise induced asthma. how to get rid of exercise induced asthma close your mouth : while exercising if you open your mouth to gasp air, back of your throat gets dried and cool, and this triggers asthma. so please shut your mouth and breathe through nose only. go for swimming : swimming is the best exercise for asthma. due to the high humidity your mouth doesn \u2019 t get dried. but if you \u2019 re not a great fan of swimming, go for basketball, tennis and golf which are also equally effective. go slow : don \u2019 t start your exercise session like a horse with high speed running. first do some warm up exercise, then little jogging and gradually increase your speed. see to that you are able to breathe in equal intervals. carry medicines : always have asthma medicines in your gym bag. take your medicines 15 minutes before start. people with exercise induced asthma mostly use short - and long - acting beta2 - agonist bronchodilator inhalers. cromolyn sodium ( inhalation ) is also used widely.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39346386546403245, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.438033"} {"text": "jonas salk, with both eloquence and simplicity, once stated that there are two primary approaches to treating ill people. he said that there are therapeutic techniques that directly impact specific symptoms, and there are methods that stimulate the body ' s own immune and defense system. whereas conventional medical treatments today tend to focus on the former goal of treating or controlling symptoms, various natural therapeutics primarily attend to the latter goal of augmenting the person ' s own inherent defenses. although the direct treatment of symptoms often has immediate effects, its benefits tend to be short - term. because such therapeutic interventions do not usually strengthen the person ' s own defenses, the individual remains prone to recurrence of their problem. in contrast, therapeutic methods that strengthen a person ' s immune and defense system has longer term benefit and can prevent recurrence, but the benefit is sometimes achieved more slowly. these generalizations about therapeutic methods are, however, just that, generalizations. there are plenty of exceptions, but these generalizations create a useful framework from which to evaluate the benefits and limitations of various therapeutic approaches. homeopathy and immune response homeopathy obviously fits into the class of therapeutic methods that augment the body ' s own defenses. the basis of homeopathy, called the principle of similars, suggests that a microdose of a substance will heal whatever pattern of symptoms this substances causes in large dose. this principle is also observed in the use of vaccinations and allergy treatments, though homeopathic medicines are both considerably smaller and safer in dose and more individualized to the person they are being used to treat. although homeopathic medicines are thought to stimulate the body ' s own defenses, how they do so remains a mystery. one study published in the european journal of pharmacology1 showed that a homeopathic medicine, silicea, stimulated macrophages ( macrophages are a part of the body ' s immune system which engulf bacteria and foreign substances ). how or why silicea was able to have this action or why exceedingly small doses of it are so active is unknown. in the same way that physicians and pharmacologists do not understand how many drugs work, we do not understand how homeopathic medicine actually work. homeopathic medicine do not simply stimulate the body ' s immune system to treat ill people, for they can also calm it when this is necessary for the healing of the individual. an example of this latter effect was observed in a study of the homeopa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5689971207264126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.441270"} {"text": "##opathic medicine do not simply stimulate the body ' s immune system to treat ill people, for they can also calm it when this is necessary for the healing of the individual. an example of this latter effect was observed in a study of the homeopathic treatment of people with rheumatoid arthritis, a condition which is considered an autoimmune illness. people with auto - immune ailments suffer because their body ' s immune system is over - active and it attacks the person ' s own cells, not just bacteria, viruses, or foreign substances. this study on 46 people with rheumatoid arthritis showed that those given an individualized choice of homeopathic medicine got considerably more relief than those given a placebo. 2 a total of 82 % of those people given a homeopathic medicine experienced relief of pain, while only 21 % of those given a placebo got a similar degree of relief. homeopathy and infectious diseases toward the end of louis pasteur ' s life, he had come to realize that germs may not be the cause of disease afterall, but instead are probably the results of disease. in other words, various bacteria and other infective organisms may be present when there is some type of disease, but infection tends to establish itself primarily when a person ' s own defenses are compromised sufficiently to make him susceptible to the infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5027916231810012, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.442409"} {"text": "what is diabetes mellitus by alfred j. plechner, d. v. m. to this as the sugar diabetes. why does this happen? there are many reasons for why this may happen, but the basic problem occurs due to a lack of production of an endocrine hormone produced by the pancreas called insulin. sometimes this is the case and other times it may not be. classically, through a genetic problem, acquired problem or early aging, this deficiency in insulin can occur. this deficiency is normally determined by measuring blood sugar levels, and when over a certain level, may be accompanied by specific clinical signs like increased water intake excess urination and may be often accompanied by weight loss. insulin therapy is often used to normalize the blood sugar levels and clinical signs. if proper management of the diabetic patient does not occur with insulin therapy, other clinical parameters need to be considered. what are these parameters? first make sure the insulin is still effective. make sure the insulin has been properly refrigerated. make sure when you roll the insulin vial in your hand for proper mixing you are not shaking the vial and fracturing the active components. be aware of possible food allergies that might inflame the pancreas and reduce the production of insulin. this is particularly why cats seem to develop insulin deficiencies and then return to normal with a food change. immune reactions can be common in both dogs and cats due to the plechner syndrome when the deregulated immune cells make anti - antibodies to the insulin or a portion of the cells in the pancreas that produce the insulin. replacement steroids are not used because re - establishing the hormone control of the immune system can bring the insulin levels back to normal when there are anti - insulin antibodies present. your local pharmacy will have glucose urine sticks to test your pet \u2019 s urine to make sure there is some urine glucose present otherwise do not give insulin and call your veterinarian. always have honey or karo syrup on hand, and if your pet appears wobbly or disoriented, immediately give your pet the glucose supplement, and call your veterinarian. if the situation is questionable, do not give insulin and call your veterinarian. in the short term analysis, your pet will not die with too high a blood sugar, but certainly can die with too much top of page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45743397930119195, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.445470"} {"text": "frequently asked questions - regarding blood pressure monitors what is blood pressure? omron - blood pressure is the force generated by the blood against the walls of arteries during cardiac contraction and relaxation ( e. g., the pumping action of the heart ). lifesource - blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries. systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts ; diastolic pressure occurs when the heart expands. blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury ( mmhg ). why measure your blood pressure? omron - blood pressure measurement can highly reflect one ' s health condition. high blood pressure is potentially linked to serious illnesses such as stroke, heart disease and kidney failure. since there is no symptom most of the time, many hypertension people do not realize they are at risk until their health is seriously threatened. why measure your blood pressure at home? lifesource - it is now well known that, for many individuals, blood pressure readings taken in a doctor \u2019 s office or hospital setting might be elevated as a result of apprehension and anxiety. this response is commonly called \u201c white coat hypertension. \u201d in any case, self - measurement at home supplements your doctor \u2019 s readings and provides a more accurate, complete blood pressure history. in addition, clinical studies have shown that the detection and treatment of hypertension is improved when patients both consult their physicians and monitor their own blood pressure at home. why affects your blood pressure? blood pressure is affected by many factors : age, weight, time of day, activity level, climate, altitude and season. certain activities can significantly alter one \u2019 s blood pressure. walking can raise systolic pressure by 12 mmhg and diastolic pressure by 5. 5 mmhg. sleeping can decrease systolic blood pressure by as much as 10 mmhg. taking your blood pressure repeatedly without waiting an interval of 5 minutes between readings, or without raising your arm to allow blood to flow back to the heart, can also affect it. in addition to these factors, beverages containing caffeine or alcohol, certain medications, emotional stress and even tight - fitting clothes can make a difference in the readings. why does my blood pressure fluctuate throughout the day? omron - individual blood pressure varies greatly both on a daily and a seasonal or temperature basis. these variations may be more pronounced in hypertension patients. normally the blood pressure rises while at work and is at its lowest during sleep. lifesource - an individual \u2019 s blood pressure varies greatly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5339879609782585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.449759"} {"text": "on a daily and a seasonal or temperature basis. these variations may be more pronounced in hypertension patients. normally the blood pressure rises while at work and is at its lowest during sleep. lifesource - an individual \u2019 s blood pressure varies greatly from day to day and season to season. for hypersensitive individuals, these variations are even more pronounced. normally, blood pressure rises during work or play and falls to its lowest levels during sleep. blood pressure guide : establishing baseline measurements the most important method to get an accurate blood pressure measurement is consistency. to get the most benefit out of your monitor, it is important to establish a \u201c baseline measurement. \u201d this helps build a foundation of measurements that you can use to compare against future readings. to build this baseline measurement, devote two weeks for consistent blood pressure monitoring. this involves doing everything the same way when you measure ( e. g. measuring during the same time of day, in the same location, sitting in the same chair, using the same cuff, etc. ). once you establish your baseline measurement, you can start evaluating if your measurement has been affected based on things like lifestyle changes or medication treatment. what is hypertension? lifesource - hypertension ( high blood pressure ) is the diagnosis given when readings consistently rise above normal. it is well known that hypertension can lead to stroke, heart attack or other illness if left untreated. referred to as a \u201c silent killer \u201d because it does not always produce symptoms that alert you to the problem, hypertension is treatable when diagnosed early. can hypertension be controlled? in many individuals, hypertension can be controlled by altering lifestyle and minimizing stress, and by appropriate medication prescribed and monitored by your doctor. the american heart association recommends the following lifestyle suggestions to prevent or control hypertension : reduce salt and fat intake maintain proper weight have regular physical checkups monitor your blood pressure at periodic intervals what is an irregular heartbeat? lifesource - a heartbeat that varies by 25 % from the average of all heartbeat intervals during the blood pressure measurement. relax, remain still and refrain from talking during measurements. omron health management software ( included with select products ) allows you to view, process and print data about blood pressure. the following operating environments are required to run this software. microsoft\u00ae windows\u00ae 2000 professional microsoft\u00ae windows\u00ae xp home edition microsoft\u00ae windows\u00ae xp professional edition 600 mhz or higher, pentium compatible cpu, pc / at compatible machine 128mb or more hard disc space : 32mb or more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5044619990121426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.450942"} {"text": "in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right... to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. amendment vi by affording a right to assistance of counsel, the founders specifically meant to reject the english practice of prohibiting felony defendants from appearing through counsel except upon debatable points of law that arose during trial. after the glorious revolution in england ( 1688 ), parliament passed a statute allowing those accused of treason to appear through counsel. the framers clearly meant to extend the right to be heard through counsel to cases of felony as well as treason. history does not speak so clearly to the related but distinct question of whether a defendant who is too poor to retain private counsel has the right to a lawyer paid at public expense. self - representation appears to have been common at the time of the founding, but representation by professional lawyers became more frequent during the first half of the nineteenth century. some of the nineteenth - century treatise writers assumed that the legal profession would not permit poverty to deny legal assistance to defendants in serious cases. there were some instances of litigation over the question of whether volunteer lawyers for the poor would have an action for fees against the public authorities. the common practice thus seems to have been that members of the bar would represent indigent criminal defendants, motivated by public spirit, a thirst for trial experience, or the attendant publicity. in some places such lawyers were compensated at public expense. while there can be no doubt that the framers valued the right to counsel, their primary purpose lay in removing legal obstacles to representation by lawyers privately retained by defendants who could afford lawyers. not until 1938 did the supreme court hold that the sixth amendment required court - appointed counsel for defendants too poor to afford private counsel, or a knowing and intelligent waiver of court - appointed counsel by the accused. johnson v. zerbst ( 1938 ). the sixth amendment, however, applied only in federal cases. as late as 1963, several poorer states, all in the south, refused to provide appointed counsel for all indigent felony defendants, many, if not most, of whom were black. prior to 1963, the supreme court had addressed the question of counsel for the indigent accused persons in state cases under the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment, rather than under the sixth amendment, which deals specifically with the right to counsel. in the state cases, beginning with powell v. state of alabama in 1932, the court read due process to require appointed counsel in capital cases, and in felony cases when they presented special needs for legal advice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45176175597205254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.456013"} {"text": "which deals specifically with the right to counsel. in the state cases, beginning with powell v. state of alabama in 1932, the court read due process to require appointed counsel in capital cases, and in felony cases when they presented special needs for legal advice. the modern law interpreting the right - to - counsel clause really begins with the 1963 decision in gideon v. wainwright, holding that the fourteenth amendment incorporates the right - to - counsel guarantee of the sixth amendment, making it applicable in state as well as federal cases. gideon left open at least three important questions. first, when does the right to counsel arise? second, are there offenses so minor that the government need not provide appointed counsel? third, how competently must defense counsel perform to satisfy constitutional standards? in the years since gideon, the court has held that the right to counsel arises with the institution of formal proceedings by way of indictment, information, complaint, or arraignment. thus, whatever rights to counsel a suspect enjoys after arrest but before the filing of the charge ( a timing decision largely within the control of the authorities ) come, not from the sixth amendment, but from other sources, such as the miranda rights derived from the fifth amendment self - incrimination clause. once the sixth amendment right to counsel has attached, the accused has the right to the presence of counsel during all subsequent critical stages of the case, including the preliminary hearing, pretrial motions, interrogation, plea negotiations, and of course the trial itself. the right to counsel ends with a final judgment of the trial court. the supreme court has declared that the right to counsel on appeal arises from the equal protection clause, not the sixth amendment. as to the level of criminal charge that triggers the right to counsel, the courts have never complied with the literal meaning of the sixth amendment. in this instance, at least, \" all \" does not mean \" all criminal prosecutions \" : it means some. petty offenses have been adjudicated without counsel from the time of the founding to this day. the traditional understanding of petty offenses included misdemeanors punishable by less than six months in jail. the modern supreme court has held that no offense can be deemed petty for purposes of the exception to the right to counsel if the accused does in fact receive a sentence that includes incarceration, howsoever brief. as for the standard of representation, the supreme court in strickland v. washington ( 1984 ) adopted a two - step test for ineffective assistance of counsel claims. to set aside a plea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46403212008169403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.457079"} {"text": "sentence that includes incarceration, howsoever brief. as for the standard of representation, the supreme court in strickland v. washington ( 1984 ) adopted a two - step test for ineffective assistance of counsel claims. to set aside a plea, verdict, or sentence on account of defective lawyering, the defendant must show that defense counsel ' s performance fell outside the range of professional competence and that counsel ' s performance prejudiced the defendant so as to call the reliability of the proceedings into question. in the first prong of the test, the courts indulge a presumption of competence ; many vital decisions ( e. g., whether to accept a plea bargain, whether to call the defendant as a witness ) are so problematic that they are classified as unreviewable tactical choices. in the second prong, the burden lies on the defendant to show that, but for counsel ' s unprofessional errors, there is a fair probability that the results of the proceedings might have been different. prejudice against the right to effective assistance of counsel is presumed only from the actual or constructive denial of counsel, an actual conflict of interest that impairs counsel ' s performance, or arbitrary interference by court ruling or statute with counsel ' s presentation of the defense. lack of sufficient resources for indigent defense, in and of itself, does not constitute a violation of the sixth amendment. that question is left to congress and the state legislatures to address. - donald a. dripps - professor of law - university of san diego school of law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48662009794261685, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.457691"} {"text": "the present study is an enquiry into the smcs success. it brings into focus the post - plague environmental cleanliness strategies and actions followed by the smc, their impact, sustainability and other issues. strategies and actions multi - pronged strategies adopted by the smc to achieve the programme goals, include : - streamlining of functional, administrative, financial and technological aspects within smc ; - awareness creation and capacity building of the municipal staff and city population, especially weaker section ; - inviting private sector participation in garbage management ; - introduction of a very well orchestrated garbage removal and disposal schedule ; - educating the public and issuing of instruction for the correct way of garbage disposal ; - special focus on cleanliness and infrastructure development in slums ; - better co - ordination between elected wing and executives wing of the corporation ; - quick decision making through administrative decentralisation ; - carefully planned grievance redressal, monitoring and surveillance system ; and - need based technological improvement, and such others. - the programme has created tangible impact on cleanliness, living environment and awareness level leading to significant improvement in the mortality and morbidity ; - surat experiment has now become a model within and outside the country, which several city governments are trying to replicate ; - a partnership approach between public and private sector, citizens and community is slowly emerging. negative aspects and sustainability issues - since the programme started in the aftermath of plague, achieving of immediate and tangible results through strict administrative actions was the implementation strategy. community participation and ngo involvement in the planning and implementation was never attempted on a large scale. - enforcement of environmental discipline through punitive actions, like administrative charges, is still continuing. this indicates lower level of participation and awareness. this may create sustainability problems in future. - good leadership, which is the hallmark of the programme success, makes it vulnerable. unless the system accepts community involvement as a larger strategy, continuity of the programme may be in jeopardy in future in the absence of a committed leader. india is a rapidly urbanising country with its share of urban population consistently rising over the decades. while at the beginning of this century only 10. 48 per cent of the total population lived in urban areas, the proportion increased to 17. 29 per cent in 1951 and, according to the 1991 census, 25. 72 per cent or 217 million of the countrys 844 million population lived in urban areas. urbanisation is also an important indicator of economic growth in a country. it is significant that the contribution of the urban sector in indias gdp has consistently grown from 29", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4786792891563154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.474859"} {"text": "cent or 217 million of the countrys 844 million population lived in urban areas. urbanisation is also an important indicator of economic growth in a country. it is significant that the contribution of the urban sector in indias gdp has consistently grown from 29 per cent in 1950 - 51 to 47 per cent in 1980 - 81 and is expected to cross 60 per cent by 2001 ( planning commission, 1992 ). however, with growing urbanisation, the emergence of the gap between demand and supply of infrastructure has become a hard reality. this can be attributed to the fact that the pace of urbanisation far exceeds the growth of urban services. as the indian national report, habitat ii mentions, \" the major environmental concerns in an urbanising india relate to high levels of water pollution due to poor waste disposal, inadequate sewerage and drainage and improper disposal of industrial effluents. air pollution levels are rising mainly because of congested streets, poorly maintained vehicles, fuel burning and industrial activities. the dumping of solid wastes in low lying areas contributes to land and ground water pollution and high levels of noise pollution arise out of vehicular traffic, industrial operations, construction, etc. \" ( government of india, 1996, p. 15 ). in the indian administrative structure the responsibility of providing basic amenities and a clean environment in the cities rests with the third tier of the government, i. e., the municipal authorities. however, municipal authorities are generally found wanting in fulfilling these responsibilities because of various factors including financial deficiencies, inadequate enterprise, political interference from the higher levels of government and encroachment on the functions of the local governments by various parastatal agencies. the indian parliament passed the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment acts in 1992 to empower the rural and urban local governments by according them constitutional status. an appropriate institutional set - up was envisaged in these acts whereby the local governments, which consist of democratically elected representatives of the people, are supposed to be the prime movers of urban governance. local governments have been envisaged to be more broad based and representative with reservation of 33 per cent seats for women and proportional seats for the socially backward sections of the population. to fulfil the countrys commitment to the agenda of habitat ii, local agenda 21 and other international and national programmes, the institutional set - up at the local level emphasised by the government envisages the local government at the centre stage with private sector, ngos, cbos and other local level organisations as co - actors. setting of the present study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452004921665781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.476090"} {"text": "national programmes, the institutional set - up at the local level emphasised by the government envisages the local government at the centre stage with private sector, ngos, cbos and other local level organisations as co - actors. setting of the present study the present report is the study of a local government in the country, viz. surat municipal corporation. this is essentially a follow - up of our previous study ( plague in surat - crisis in urban governance by archana ghosh and sami ahmad ) which was conducted in december 1994, in the context of the plague epidemic in the city in september 1994. in the context of the politico - cultural situation prevailing at that time in surat it is significant to note that the surat municipal corporation ( smc ) had no elected body accountable to the people when the calamity struck the city. the earlier study aimed to gauge the level of provision and quality of basic amenities with a view to assess the environmental problems in the city and the local governments response to them. the following questions formed the core of our enquiry : - is it correct to assume that the surat tragedy was due to the absence of an elected local government? - did it occur because of the laxity on the part of the city administration inspite of the presence of an elected corporation in surat since 1966? - if the city administration was indifferent and wasnt discharging its duties, what were the reasons for the same? - if our concern is for elected city governments, what are the pre - requisites for their effective functioning? ( ghosh and ahmad, 1996, p. 4 ) the study analysed the administrative, political and legal aspects of the surat municipal corporation in great depth. the provision of basic services and peoples participation in solving local problems was also examined to assess the level of self reliance of the community. the study highlighted stark realities in so far as the level of basic services were concerned. it observed that \" though the citys economic activity has increased manifold through the unprecedented growth of small scale industries in the un - organised sector and through the setting up of some large scale industries by big industrial houses, peoples living conditions have deteriorated to such a large extent that surat is said to be the dirtiest city of its size in the whole country \" ( ghosh and ahmad, 1996, p. 4 ). while assessing the role of the city government the study revealed that the smc had failed to provide basic amenities and services to the people of the city in accordance with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47639382959492593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.477898"} {"text": "in the whole country \" ( ghosh and ahmad, 1996, p. 4 ). while assessing the role of the city government the study revealed that the smc had failed to provide basic amenities and services to the people of the city in accordance with their needs and priorities although the city government had the privilege of an almost continuos existence of an elected government. the dismal performance of the smc seems to nullify the common notion that effective city administration and provision of quality services depends largely on the existence of a strong city government in which democratically elected representatives manage city affairs and are able to take quick decisions in times of need. the occurrence of plague was not sudden. the environmental degradation in the city, a culmination of long neglect by the local body, was responsible for the outbreak of the plague epidemic. the above account prepared the background for the present study. the setting is again the city of surat and main actor is the smc. what inspired this follow - up study were the developments that seemed to have been triggered off by the smc in the city since may 1995. the smc refurbished its image and that of the city within a short time. the municipal corporation was dramatically successful in cleaning up the city, and in 1996, surat was acclaimed as the second cleanest city, next only to chandigarh, among 100 cities for which a rapid survey was conducted. this survey was based on a 40 - point checklist prepared by an environmentalist group of the indian national trust for art and cultural heritage ( intach ), a premier organisation working for preserving indian cultural heritage. several other independent organisations, media reports, etc. also proclaim surat as one of the cleanest cities in the country today. objectives of the study the study aims at identifying the operations of the smc in garbage disposal and public health management in the post - plague period responsible for its present image. the period under review is from may, 1995 till march, 1998. the study aims to broadly examine the following aspects : - what actions did the smc take to clean the city through solid waste management and public health measures in order to counter surats image as one of the dirtiest cities in the country? - what strategies were adopted by the smc to achieve these goals? - what type of administrative restructuring and financial resource management policies were adopted and how these helped the project achieve the desired goal? - what was the role of the beneficiaries and other stakeholders in the entire process? - what results did the project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47446020075329004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.479280"} {"text": "? - what type of administrative restructuring and financial resource management policies were adopted and how these helped the project achieve the desired goal? - what was the role of the beneficiaries and other stakeholders in the entire process? - what results did the project achieve and what impact did it have on the main actors and the community? - whether the surat experience had any impact on public policies with respect to garbage disposal at the city level? - what were the positive and negative aspects of the whole process? - what steps have been taken to maintain the sustainability of these initiatives? - whether this initiative can be replicated elsewhere within or outside the country? the study is based on secondary as well as primary sources. for primary data collection an impressionistic survey was conducted by the author in the city, especially in slum localities, in march 1998. interviews with municipal officials, elected leaders, ngo representatives, elected women representatives, representatives of the industrial and business community and conversations with the local people and representatives of poor people in slums provided sufficient inputs to assess the impact of the new initiatives and know their reactions to and role in various aspects of the programme. secondary sources comprise our own previous study on surat. many other media reports, articles and news items which were published both during and after the outbreak of plague and published and unpublished documents of the smc served as a vital source of secondary information. design of the report the report has seven chapters. chapter ii gives an overview of the surat city. the profile of surat city in terms of its physical setting, demographic, social and economic context has been presented in this chapter. chapter iii introduces the main actor, the smc and defines the programme context. chapter iv deals with the role of the smc in managing the urban environment especially with respect to garbage collection and public health services including water supply and sanitation. its new programme initiatives, roles and performance in the post plague period from may 1995 onwards have been contrasted with the pre - plague scenario. the administrative and financial strategies adopted by the local government to strengthen the delivery system of the specific services have been discussed in chapter v. reactions and responses of the other actors and stakeholders have been presented in chapter vi. chapter vii concludes the report with a critical overview of the whole process in terms of the positive and negative aspects of the results achieved, sustainability and scope for replication of the efforts in different settings and lessons learned. strategies for action the present clean and healthy image of surat is not the result of vigorous sanitation and public health actions only. if it were not supported", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.483971532410402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.480420"} {"text": "of the results achieved, sustainability and scope for replication of the efforts in different settings and lessons learned. strategies for action the present clean and healthy image of surat is not the result of vigorous sanitation and public health actions only. if it were not supported by the integrated approach with appropriate administrative, managerial and financial strategies, the programme would not have been successful. the total administrative overhauling and prudent financial management helped this process achieve the targeted goals in the shortest possible time. decentralisation of power, authority and accountability it has been noted earlier that according to the bpmc act of 1949, which governs the functioning of the smc, the municipal commissioner is all powerful in the executive wing. he enjoys financial and administrative power and authority as entrusted to him by the act, subject to the approval of the deliberative or the elected body. the concentration of powers in the hands of the commissioner, who is a state government appointee, posted for a specific period, makes the other senior officials in the municipality totally dependent on the higher authority for decision making and thus creates sufficient ground for them to avoid responsibility and accountability. for electoral purposes, the city is divided into 33 municipal wards. however, the ward offices which had been existing in every ward for long were rudimentary in nature and immensely understaffed. due to these weaknesses they could only address small scale complaints and could barely manage to look after the cleaning of the ward. the corporation area was divided into six administrative zones in april 1994, but the zonal offices were also without much power and authority. the zonal offices, each headed by a senior municipal official of deputy or assistant commissioners rank, were formed with the objective of streamlining the engineering, sanitation, and revenue collection process. but these offices were also not equipped with manpower and finances. as a result, they were not operating very effectively before 1995. the first initiative taken after 1995 by the smc was to set up a new decentralised administrative structure. in this new set - up the powers and authority are not centralised in the commissioners office. not only decision making power but also financial authority has been delegated to the zonal office in - charge. each zonal office headed by a deputy or assistant commissioners with support staff manage the planning, implementation and monitoring of municipal functions at the zonal level. he has been empowered with financial authority as well and can sanction any project upto rs. 2 million without prior approval from the higher authority. collective decision making the decision making process has been rationalised and made more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4863222780880865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.481423"} {"text": "functions at the zonal level. he has been empowered with financial authority as well and can sanction any project upto rs. 2 million without prior approval from the higher authority. collective decision making the decision making process has been rationalised and made more broad based. the municipal commissioner with senior officials in the rank of deputy commissioner, assistant commissioner and the heads of engineering and town planning departments work as a team for the review of day - to - day work and the formulation of policies and programmes. collective decision making, rather than a hierarchical set - up with top down system of percolating orders, has been adopted as a new strategy. however, decision making is not limited to this team of higher officials only. even the opinion of the lowest municipal employee also matters in this newly adopted system of collective decision making through consultation. monitoring and surveillance meetings are conducted at the municipal headquarters daily for reviewing the progress of complaint redressal and for discussing other related issues at 3 : 00 p. m. on working days and at 1 : 00 p. m. on sundays. besides the commissioner and zonal heads, heads of departments and health officers participate in the meeting. monitoring and surveillance system also includes technological improvement and introduction of modern equipment. the zonal heads and a section of other employees who work in the field have been given wireless set. this facilitates communication, decision making, effective co - ordination among the employees of various zones and allows optimum utilisation of both men and material so that no machine or vehicle remains idle at one place when it is needed at another place in the city. extensive complaint registering system at the ward, zonal level and then at the corporation headquarters has been incorporated in the daily routine. zonal heads, other senior officials and their staff make a round of their assigned localities daily between 7 : 30 a. m. and 12 noon to assess the prevailing problems. two types of cards, red and white, have been introduced by the smc for registration of complaints by the residents concerning public health and engineering. depending on the nature of complaints work must be completed in either 24, 48 or upto a maximum of 72 hours. major complaints, like giving new water connections, laying down of drainage or sewerage lines, repairing of roads, etc. have to be completed within 7 days. ( see annex - iii ). co - ordination with elected wing even though the elected wing does not participate in the daily review meeting for decisions making on important issues the mayor, deputy mayor and the chairpersons of the standing committee are consulted by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4933210696123018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.482393"} {"text": "days. ( see annex - iii ). co - ordination with elected wing even though the elected wing does not participate in the daily review meeting for decisions making on important issues the mayor, deputy mayor and the chairpersons of the standing committee are consulted by the commissioner and other officials. maintaining strict discipline and upholding good work culture introducing strict discipline among all sections of employees, including senior officials, was another bold administrative step undertaken by the smc. the errant officials and employees who found it difficult to adjust to the new work environment were reprimanded. strict disciplinary actions, including termination of jobs, were adopted against some of the errant employees. a few senior officials were compelled to take voluntary retirement in order to avoid humiliation. although the harsh decisions could have caused large scale agitation by the workers, the genuineness of intention of the authority and support from a majority of the employees made the work easier for the management. hence, strong action against a small number of disgruntled employees could be taken. simultaneous initiatives of upgrading the quality of life in the sweepers colonies through the provision of potable water supply, sanitation facilities, paving of roads, provision of street lights, etc. brought back the confidence of this section of the workers in the local body. some of their long pending grievances like unpaid leave salary, medical bills, increment dues, etc. were also sorted out on a priority basis. these attitudinal changes among the senior officials, to appreciate the problems of the field staff, facilitated the co - operation from the latter. a system was also introduced to give awards to one sweeper and sweeperess on 15 august and 26 january on the occasion of the independence day and republic day of the country for the best performance. the above mentioned initiatives have improved the working conditions in the entire corporation. the total 15, 000 employees of the corporation, from the commissioner to the lowest level, are now a dedicated and hard working lot working almost 12 hours a day, 365 days a year, to keep their city clean and disease free. strengthening municipal income and expenditure the smc has always remained one of the richest municipalities in the country. the growing industrial base, with big and small industries, has contributed to the citys income significantly. in the pre - plague period, during 1990 - 93, the average per capita income of the smc was rs. 771. 24 which was more than many other municipal governments in cities of similar size. this was so despite the fact that the municipal revenue potentialities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.455746190342319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.483350"} {"text": "plague period, during 1990 - 93, the average per capita income of the smc was rs. 771. 24 which was more than many other municipal governments in cities of similar size. this was so despite the fact that the municipal revenue potentialities were not exploited to their fullest. the revenue collection was much below the target. the expenditure pattern also reflected the bias towards revenue expenditure, that too on salaries and wages. capital expenditure on infrastructure development in health sector, water supply, sewerage and sanitation was not given due prominence in the municipal budgets. several measures were taken in the post - plague period to streamline the municipal financial management. proper valuation of goods on which octroi can be levied, introduction of \" flying squad \" to check octroi evasion, on - line computerisation of octroi collection and its day to day accounting have augmented the octroi collection, which is the mainstay of the municipal revenue income. the collection has increased from rs. 973. 00 million to rs. 1980. 00 million during 1993 - 94 and 1997 - 98. rationalisation of property tax structures, valuation of properties at close intervals instead of the previous practice of four yearly revision, have enhanced the property tax collection as well. better enforcement and monitoring has improved the collection of taxes from 30 per cent to more than 80 per cent of the total demand. a significant progress has also been made in rationalising the expenditure pattern. administrative expenses have been significantly reduced from 41 per cent in 1993 - 94 to 35 per cent in 1996 - 97. the capital expenditure on infrastructure projects has increased by 47 per cent during the same period. table 15 shows that the revenue income of the smc has grown significantly from rs. 1387. 16 million in 1993 - 94 to a proposed rs. 3255. 37 million in 1997 - 98. the capital income which was almost insignificant in 1993 - 94 at a value of rs. 71. 32 million, has also increased significantly by almost 713. 32 per cent to total rs. 580. 06 million in 1998 - 99. the most spectacular increase has been in the total capital expenditure which has grown by 544. 24 per cent, from only rs. 342. 4 million in 1993 - 94 to proposed rs. 2205. 88 million in 1998 - 99. this focus on the capital expenditure by the smc has facilitated the provision of improved sanitation and public health facilities to a great extent. in order to execute long term capital projects market borrowing through the flotation of municipal bonds is the future", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4520993397105016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.484396"} {"text": "legislation would make california the first state to ban incandescent light bulbs posted by home energy on february 13, 2007 assemblymember lloyd levine ( d - van nuys ), the chair of the assembly \u2019 s utilities and commerce committee, plans to introduce legislation - the how many legislators does it take to change a light bulb act - to ban the sale of incandescent light bulbs in california by the year 2012. says levine : \" incandescent light bulbs were first developed almost 125 years ago, and since that time they have undergone no major modifications. meanwhile, they remain incredibly inefficient, converting only about five percent of the energy they receive into light. it \u2019 s time to take a step forward \u2013 energy - efficient bulbs are easy to use, require less electricity to do the same job, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and save consumers money. \u201d according to the rocky mountain institute ( rmi ), replacing a 75 - watt incandescent light bulb with a 20 - watt compact fluorescent would result in the same amount of light but would save 1, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide and save customers $ 55 over the life of the bulb ( while the life of one 75 - watt incandescent bulb is roughly 750 hours, the life of a compact fluorescent is a whopping 10, 000 hours ). meanwhile, incandescent bulbs use 750 kwh over 10, 000 hours, while compact fluorescents use only 180 kwh. \u201c electricity - saving technologies may not be glamorous, \" says levine, \" but the facts are that there are hundreds of electricity - saving innovations now on the market that if fully used throughout the united states, would significantly decrease the electricity the country now uses. the time has come for this legislation. \u201d - - from assemblymember lloyd levine ' s web page. enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all blog entries and comments are subject to review prior to posting. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45527822809692675, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.486327"} {"text": "stars aren ' t shy about sending out birth announcements. they fire off energetic jets of glowing gas traveling at supersonic speeds in opposite directions through space. although astronomers for decades have looked at still pictures of stellar jets, they now can watch movies of them, thanks to nasa ' s hubble space telescope. a diverse team of scientists led by astronomer patrick hartigan of rice university in houston, texas, has collected enough high - resolution hubble images over a 14 - year period to stitch together time - lapse movies of young jets ejected from three stars. the moving pictures offer a unique view of stellar phenomena that move and change over just a few years. most astronomical processes change over timescales that are much longer than a human lifetime. the movies reveal the motion of the speedy outflows as they tear through their interstellar environments. never - before - seen details in the jets ' structure include knots of gas brightening and dimming over time and collisions between fast - moving and slow - moving material, creating glowing arrowhead features. these phenomena are providing clues about the final stages of a star ' s birth, offering a peek at how our sun behaved 4. 5 billion years ago. \" for the first time we can actually observe how these jets interact with their surroundings by watching these time - lapse movies, \" said hartigan. \" those interactions tell us how young stars influence the environments out of which they form. with movies like these, we can now compare observations of jets with those produced by computer simulations and laboratory experiments to see what aspects of the interactions we understand and what parts we don ' t understand. \" hartigan ' s team ' s results appeared in the july 20, 2011, issue of the astrophysical journal. jets are an active, short - lived phase of star formation, lasting only about 100, 000 years. they are called herbig - haro ( hh ) objects, named in honor of george herbig and guillermo haro, who studied the outflows in the 1950s. astronomers don ' t know what role jets play in the star - formation process or exactly how the star unleashes them. a star forms from a collapsing cloud of cold hydrogen gas. as the star grows, it gravitationally attracts more matter, creating a large spinning disk of gas and dust around it. eventually, planets may arise within the disk as dust clumps together. the disk material gradually spirals onto the star and escapes as high - velocity jets along the star ' s spin axis. the speedy jets may initially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5441086776206203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.491172"} {"text": "gas and dust around it. eventually, planets may arise within the disk as dust clumps together. the disk material gradually spirals onto the star and escapes as high - velocity jets along the star ' s spin axis. the speedy jets may initially be confined to narrow beams by the star ' s powerful magnetic field. the jet phase stops when the disk runs out of material, usually a few million years after the star ' s birth. hartigan and his colleagues used the wide field planetary camera 2 to study jets hh 1, hh 2, hh 34, hh 46, and hh 47. hh 1 - hh 2 and hh 46 - hh 47 are pairs of jets emanating in opposite directions from single stars. hubble followed the jets over three epochs : hh 1 and hh 2 in 1994, 1997, and 2007 ; hh 34 in 1994, 1998, and 2007 ; and hh 46 and hh 47 in 1994, 1999, and 2008. the jets are roughly 10 times the width of our solar system and zip along at more than 440, 000 miles an hour ( 700, 000 kilometers an hour ). all of the outflows are roughly 1, 350 light - years from earth. hh 34, hh 1, and hh 2 reside near the orion nebula, in the northern sky. hh 46 and hh 47 are in the southern constellation vela. computer software wove together the years ' worth of observations, generating movies that show continuous motion. the movies support previous observations revealing that the twin jets are not ejected in a steady stream, like water flowing from a garden hose. instead, they are launched sporadically in clumps. the beaded - jet structure might be like a \" ticker tape, \" recording how material episodically fell onto the star. the movies show that the clumpy gas in the jets is moving at different speeds like traffic on a freeway. when fast - moving blobs \" rear - end \" slower gas, bow shocks arise as the material heats up. bow shocks are glowing waves of material similar to waves produced by the bow of a ship plowing through water. in hh 2, for example, several bow shocks can be seen where several fast - moving clumps bunch up like cars in a traffic jam. in another jet, hh 34, a grouping of merged bow shocks reveals regions that brighten and fade over time as the heated material cools where the shocks intersect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5205500410955901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.492765"} {"text": "several fast - moving clumps bunch up like cars in a traffic jam. in another jet, hh 34, a grouping of merged bow shocks reveals regions that brighten and fade over time as the heated material cools where the shocks intersect. in other areas of the jets, bow shocks form from encounters with the surrounding dense gas cloud. in hh 1 a bow shock appears at the top of the jet as it grazes the edge of a dense gas cloud. new glowing knots of material also appear. these knots may represent gas from the cloud being swept up by the jet, just as a swift - flowing river pulls along mud from the shoreline. the movies also provide evidence that the inherent clumpy nature of the jets begins near the newborn stars. in hh 34 hartigan traced a glowing knot to within about 9 billion miles of the star. \" taken together, our results paint a picture of jets as remarkably diverse objects that undergo highly structured interactions between material within the outflow and between the jet and the surrounding gas, \" hartigan explained. \" this contrasts with the bulk of the existing simulations, which depict jets as smooth systems. \" the details revealed by hubble were so complex that hartigan consulted with experts in fluid dynamics from los alamos national laboratory in new mexico, the atomic weapons establishment in england, and general atomics in san diego, calif., as well as computer specialists from the university of rochester in new york. motivated by the hubble results, hartigan ' s team is now conducting laboratory experiments at the omega laser facility in new york to understand how supersonic jets interact with their environment. \" the fluid dynamicists immediately picked up on an aspect of the physics that astronomers typically overlook, and that led to a different interpretation for some of the features we were seeing, \" hartigan explained. \" the scientists from each discipline bring their own unique perspectives to the project, and having that range of expertise has proved invaluable for learning about this critical phase of stellar evolution. \" hartigan ' s research team consists of adam frank of the university of rochester in new york ; john foster and paula rosen of the atomic weapons establishment in aldermaston, england ; bernie wilde, rob coker, and melissa douglas of los alamos national laboratory in new mexico ; and brent blue and freddy hansen of general atomics in san diego, calif. rice university, houston, texas rice university, houston, texas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5512588009179329, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.493983"} {"text": "you may be using computer and various other electronic gadgets and may be facing different problems some time due to loss of data so, you may have understood the importance of back up. but, one thing to be considered is that nowadays your data are stored somewhere else on the web, on smartphones so, you may be wondering to make your data secure. so, here are some tips for you to back up your data easily. q1. how to back up gmail? a : you \u2019 ll want to use an email programme such as outlook or download a free email client such as thunderbird, and then set up gmail so that you keep an extra copy of your mail on your personal computer. here \u2019 s how. first, get your email programme set up. thunderbird ( http : / / bit. ly / 2zxpym ) is a good choice, and it \u2019 s free. then sign in to gmail. click the options button in the upper right - hand corner, and select mail settings from the submenu. from the resulting settings page, click the \u2018 forwarding and pop / imap \u2019 link. then select the radio button labeled \u2018 enable pop for all mail ( even mail that \u2019 s already been downloaded ). \u2019 while you \u2019 re on this screen, click the \u2018 configuration instructions \u2019 link to learn how to configure your email programme. finally, click the save changes button. now follow the instructions for setting up your email programme so that it can download your gmail messages. once downloaded, the messages are essentially backed up. you can back up your local computer, too, however, and have a third backup of your mail. q2. how to back up data on facebook and twitter account? a : if you \u2019 re an avid user of either of these social networking sites, there \u2019 s good reason to want to back them up : you probably have lots of information there, and if your account were ever frozen or lost, you \u2019 d lose that data. or you might simply lose track of what you want to find as the new information comes streaming in. for facebook, there \u2019 s an archive facebook plugin ( http : / / bit. ly / e5waor ) for firefox that does a good job of saving your facebook photos, messages, friends list, notes, and more to your hard drive. or you could turn to socialsafe ( http : / / www. socialsafe. net ), which will back up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.421182601278959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.496332"} {"text": "with just a week remaining to secure a vitally needed, strong and robust arms trade treaty ( att ), the negotiations hang in the balance. the att, as it is commonly known, was launched in 2006 when 153 governments voted at the united nations to start work on developing a global arms deal to regulate the trade and transfer of conventional weapons. in 2009, the un general assembly launched a time frame for the negotiations of the att, and we are now at the final negotiating conference, where a treaty will be created. hopefully. the control arms coalition, which includes oxfam and dozens of other ngos, is calling on the member states to deliver a strong and effective att to help save lives, prevent human rights abuses and protect the livelihoods of people around the world. we are calling for a treaty to be an international, legally binding instrument based on states ' existing obligations under international law. it must establish binding criteria for analyzing international arms transfers on a case - by - case basis, and clearly determine when an arms transfer is prohibited. in practice, this should mean that a transfer of weapons will be stopped if there is evidence that the weapons are likely to be used for grave violations of international human rights, humanitarian law or will adversely affect sustainable development. with less than one week to go, a number of progressive states are leading the charge, but a small minority are still trying to hamper things at every turn. a vast majority of states, such as norway, mexico and kenya, are striving alongside campaigners and ngos to secure the strongest possible treaty, with a strong humanitarian dimension. but there are a smaller group of states who, whilst mildly supportive of a treaty, are attempting to make damaging changes that would weaken the treaty, such as removing ammunition or strong language on denying exports under certain criteria. finally there are states which, whilst unlikely to sign themselves up to any finished product, are trying to weaken any deal as much as they are able to. despite the enormous challenges being faced, optimism remains. in the last week we have seen some significant improvements in proposed sections, such as on the scope of a future att ( what would the treaty cover ), which as it stands covers everything from tanks to ammunition. even so, there are still significant omissions, such as consistent language that states \" shall not \" transfer weapons under the most serious criteria under the treaty, or language on preventing corruption. in other areas language has been much too weak and much too flimsy for anyone to take seriously. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4718481616776335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.499714"} {"text": ", such as consistent language that states \" shall not \" transfer weapons under the most serious criteria under the treaty, or language on preventing corruption. in other areas language has been much too weak and much too flimsy for anyone to take seriously. as the final date of the conference on july 27 gets ever closer, there is an increasing willingness by states to aim at compromise to achieve a treaty. what is certain, though, is that states must not use the ' spectre ' of consensus to conclude the conference with a weak treaty. at the moment, some are pushing ' compromise ' or ' flexible ' positions that are ' take or leave it ', not allowing for much further negotiation. at the same time, a number of other states have demanded that the treaty not enter into force without the \" major exporters and importers \" ( without giving a definition ), or proposing a very high number of ratifications. this merely serves to enhance the power of a select few states to decide on the final text of the treaty. although a treaty with all 193 member states signed up would be preferable, this must not be at the expense of a worthwhile treaty. a strong treaty can always achieve more signatures ; a weak treaty will rarely be strengthened. the att was never thought of as a just a ' trade ' treaty, but a treaty whose objective must be to help prevent human suffering by preventing transfers including leading to serious violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. as the negotiations approach their final week, states must be bold and brave in pushing for a strong treaty including these components. follow the control arms coalition on facebook follow louis belanger on twitter : www. twitter. com / louis _ press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5399166807382916, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.500576"} {"text": "checking pin passwords from databases that were released by hackers in the past, nick berry found that the 20 most popular ones compose more than 25 percent of all passwords in existence. by far, the most popular password is 1234. \u201c it \u2019 s staggering how popular this password appears to be. utterly staggering at the lack of imagination, \u201d berry writes. \u201c nearly 11 percent of the 3. 4 million passwords are 1234! \u201d the next most popular combination is 1111, clocking in at about 6 percent. passwords made of repeating numbers like this are overwhelmingly popular. and in a real move of maturity, 6969 charts at number 10 on the list. the least commonly used password? 8068, clocking in with a frequency of 0. 000744 percent. of course, just because this is currently the least used pin, it doesn \u2019 t mean it \u2019 s a smart idea to rush out and change your numbers to that combination. in fact, that bit of knowledge comes with a warning from berry. \u201c now that we \u2019 ve learned that, historically, 8068 is ( was? ) the least commonly used password 4 - digit pin, please don \u2019 t go out and change yours to this! \u201d he wrote. \u201c hackers can read too! they will also be promoting 8068 up their attempt trees in order to catch people who read this ( or similar ) articles. \u201d by pushing a number up their \" attempt trees, \" berry means hackers would give it more priority in the list of numbers they use to try and crack the password. what is the take - home from all of this data? for one, never use 1234 as your pin. but more generally, if your pin is a series of easily guessable numbers, it \u2019 s probably a bad idea to use that flimsy piece of security to protect your banking information. if your number shows up in the top 20, it might be wise to change it. berry also chides developers who make data like this easily accessible to hackers. all of the information used in berry \u2019 s study was found in unencrypted databases, meaning that once a developer or hacker has access to the database, no further methods are required to see any and all of the passwords available. that \u2019 s just bad security. see much, much more raw data on pim passwords at data genetics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4937429016008637, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.504241"} {"text": "asian state national attributes, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 5018 ) principal investigator ( s ) : mogdis, franz ; tidwell, karen this data collection provides information on the national attributes of 17 asian nations in the period 1956 - 1968. data are provided for economic, political, and physical attributes of the various nations. information is provided on the gross national product ( gnp ), cost of living index, index of agricultural production, military expenditures, population size, size and orientation of the communist party, size of the armed forces, political strikes, riots, anti - government demonstrations, organized armed attacks, armed attacks with external involvement, on - going insurgency supported by the soviet union, assassination of officials, political turmoil and strikes, riots, irregular power transfers, government censorship, economic aid from intergovernmental organizations, and united nations vote on acceptance of communist china. these data are available only to users at icpsr member institutions. because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download the data. mogdis, franz, and karen tidwell. asian state national attributes, 1956 - 1968. icpsr05018 - v2. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2009 - 11 - 06. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr05018. v2 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr05018. v2 scope of study subject terms : agricultural production, assassinations, censorship, communist party, cost of living, coup d ' etat, economic conditions, economic indicators, foreign aid, gross national product, labor strikes, military expenditures, political systems, population estimates, protest demonstrations, riots, united nations geographic coverage : afghanistan, asia, australia, burma, cambodia, china ( peoples republic ), france, global, great britain, india, indonesia, japan, laos, malaysia, new zealand, pakistan, philippines, south korea, soviet union, sri lanka, taiwan, thailand, united states, vietnam ( socialist republic ) universe : a total of of 17 asian nations in the period 1956 - 1968. data types : aggregate data data collection notes : see also the related data collections, characteristics of asian states, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 5017 ), shared characteristics of asian dyads, 1969 ( icpsr 5034 ), regional interactions in asia, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 540", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4859324279269202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.507464"} {"text": "related data collections, characteristics of asian states, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 5017 ), shared characteristics of asian dyads, 1969 ( icpsr 5034 ), regional interactions in asia, 1956 - 1968 ( icpsr 5405 ), and asia and major powers dyadic interactions ( icpsr 5406 ). united nations statistical and demographic yearbooks, communist party organizations annual publications, newspapers, periodicals, and books extent of processing : icpsr data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. icpsr also routinely creates ready - to - go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - created variable labels and / or value labels. original icpsr release : 1984 - 05 - 10 - 2009 - 11 - 06 sas, spss, and stata setups have been added to this data collection. use any of the notification links to add this study to your rss feed ; you will then receive notification if the study is substantively updated. - citations exports are provided above. export study - level metadata ( does not include variable - level metadata ) if you ' re looking for collection - level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our metadata records page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5013051444932838, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.507994"} {"text": "explore the links below for lessons, resources, and professional and academic opportunities specific to japanese studies. cjs produces a number of educational materials through involvement in teacher workshops and community events. download our k - 12 publication, exploring japan, created specifically for middle and high school students with an interest in japan. the articles are written by university of michigan students and staff, and include topics on japanese society, language, and opportunities for student involvement. download interview for a job in japan, created by mina mori, japanese teacher at athens high school in troy, mi. mina wrote this lesson plan as part of her participation in the k - 12 business language conference held at florida international university in january, 2010. mina attended this conference through the support of cjs and the center for international business education ( cibe ) at the university of michigan. buddhism in book of the dead order a free copy of this slidecast, featuring um professor kevin carr presenting on japan ' s early cultural and religious history, or borrow the book of the dead dvd by contacting cjs. east asian celebration : new year ' s traditions download a recording of this workshop featuring presentations on the customs, language, art, and food, as well as demonstrations on music and dance from itunes u. note : you must first download itunes in order to access this video. east asian celebration : the art & etiquette of tea view the japanese cha - no - yu ( tea ceremony ), performed by the japanese society of detroit women ' s club and narrated by anita savio of the consulate - general of japan in detroit. understanding your students : a workshop on cultural competence increase your knowledge of the challenges faced by japanese children in the american schools by viewing presentations on culture shock, cultural identity, cross - cultural communication, and more. understanding your students : a workshop on cultural competence university faculty and staff, independent consultants, educators, administrators, and community members gather together in a two - day workshop to explore the cultures and challenges of international k - 12 students. videos and slidecasts are available for viewing here - about japan - a teacher ' s resource ( from the japan society ) provides lessons, essays, and a discussion board that enable teachers to gain the knowledge and tools necessary to effectively teach about japan. - the japan project connects teachers with different topics in japanese studies. - j - guide to japan provides a topically arranged directory of internet - based resources. - osu : institute for japanese studies contains lessons and units available for teachers on various subjects, including heritage, contemporary culture, and japan '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4602083025071956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.522439"} {"text": "in japanese studies. - j - guide to japan provides a topically arranged directory of internet - based resources. - osu : institute for japanese studies contains lessons and units available for teachers on various subjects, including heritage, contemporary culture, and japan ' s place in the world. - visualizing cultures provides visual images and interactive units for teaching about japan. - expanding east asian studies provides lessons on east asia categorized by core subjects. - japan past and present provides links to various lessons, categorized by subject. - education about asia is a journal available through association for asian studies. explore their website for information on subscribing, as well as access to past editions. - outreach world allows teachers to search for lessons organized according to country, time period, grade level, and more. history & geography - a comparative lesson on japanese warriors is available through discovery education. - japan - guide provides information on the japanese calendar. - internet sacred text archive provides information on ainu folk tales and culture. - bridging world history : early belief systems features an informative video on shinto. - project gutenberg makes \u201c bushido : the soul of japan \u201d available to the public. - download japanese maps from the national geographic society in pdf ( the zoom - in feature of acrobat reader is handy for pdf display ). - learn about places with tectonic activity through. discovery education. civics & governance - debate the decision to drop the \" a - bomb \" on hiroshima and nagasaki, then view a school boy ' s testimony of the hiroshima bombing, available through mit. - include a lesson on the internment of japanese americans during world war ii in your u. s. history curriculum. follow it up with a lesson on the civil rights movement. music, art, and literature - japanese traditional songs - available online, and include words, sheet music, and mp3s. - learn about the koto - includes how to play \" sakura, sakura. \" - taiko teacher resource guide - download the guide that accompanied the 2003 kodo performance, produced by the university musical society ( ums ). - lesson plans for festivals in asia - download through discovery. com. - j - pop videos - accessed free - of - charge by visiting youtube. - drawing anime style - exploring how cultural difference affects cartoon style. - freer gallery of asian art - offers an educational programs page for teachers. - digital images of japanese art - linked from the cleveland museum of art. - japanese tea culture - teach your students about this art form. language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4762486724285533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.523627"} {"text": "difference affects cartoon style. - freer gallery of asian art - offers an educational programs page for teachers. - digital images of japanese art - linked from the cleveland museum of art. - japanese tea culture - teach your students about this art form. language & culture - association of teachers of japanese, alliance of associations of teachers of japanese, and japanese teachers association of michigan provide teaching materials as well as information on textbooks, workshops, conferences, and japanese language programs. - images from japan - photographs of japanese sights and scenes. - keiko schneider ' s bookmarks - links to japanese language and culture resources. - mononoke hime - a resource for listening comprehension and word / phrase recognition. - nihongo web - offers an interactive, online japanese language and culture program from the university of alabama, available for high school and / or college credit, or for those who just want to learn japanese on their own. - learn the kana - an introduction to hiragana and katakana. - wwwjdic - a valuable dictionary and language resource for students of japanese. - trends in japan - lists resources from web japan that provides articles on various aspects of japanese life and society, including street fashion, food and travel, and popular culture. - channel j - links to internet tv and movie news website. available in japanese and english. - feminism in japan - provides an extensive list of books on japanese gender relations. - short videos - provides links to videos of contemporary japan. - deai & the way we are - offer a look into high school life in japan. film, anime, and folk tales - film and photography in japan - gives information on these topics. - anime - an annotated filmography for use in the classroom provides aid for k - 14 educators in using anime to teach about different aspects of japan. - guides to japanese films is available through asian educational media service ( aems ). - japanese ghost stories - teach literature through film. - the teacher ' s companion to the anime companion - aspects of popular culture - manga as a teaching tool : comic books without borders - manga university - asian educational media service : for students of literature & humanities - japanese literature lesson plans ( membership fee required ) - japanese folk tales ( bilingual english - japanese ) - japanese literature and folk tales - provides excerpts from japanese literature and folk tales in the original japanese. just for kids - visit ann arbor and yookoso ann arbor j - blog - resources designed for japanese expatriates, available through the ann arbor area convention & visitors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4935816740509519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.524969"} {"text": "tales - provides excerpts from japanese literature and folk tales in the original japanese. just for kids - visit ann arbor and yookoso ann arbor j - blog - resources designed for japanese expatriates, available through the ann arbor area convention & visitors bureau. - japanese school of detroit - a k - 12 heritage language school providing instruction in japanese for area students. - consulate - general of japan in detroit - promotes mutual understanding and ongoing dialogue between the citizens of japan and the u. s. contact their public relations section for resources about japan. - japan business society of detroit ( jbsd ) - provides support to japanese businesses in the area. - jsd women ' s club - promotes relationships between the japanese community and the local communities in michigan through cultural and educational activities. the volunteers provide demonstration and instruction on the arts of origami, japanese calligraphy, tea ceremony, japanese classical dance, among others. - great lakes taiko center - offers live taiko performances, classes in taiko drumming and is committed to sharing and spreading taiko drumming in michigan and the great lakes area. - michigan - japan professionals ' association ( mjpa ) - provides a network to japanese businesses, organizations, and residents that strives to stimulate cultural, economic, and educational opportunities in michigan. - outreach world offers a variety of resources and opportunities for educators and students. - the japan project connects teachers with different topics in japanese studies. - asian educational media service provides information on asian media. available through the center for east asian and pacific studies ( university of illinois at urbana - champaign ). - ask asia ( asia society ) provides a variety of teaching resources. - asia in the curriculum provides information on conferences, professional development workshops and provides educators with lessons on asia. - the international institute for asian studies ( iias ) - produces an online version of its academic newsletter that addresses issues related to japan. the following nrcs offer japan - related events, resources, and expertise ( title vi federally funded ) : columbia university, weatherhead east asian institute cornell university, east asia program duke university, asian / pacific studies institute georgetown university, east asia center harvard university, asia center illinois / indiana east asia national resource center consortium michigan state university, asian studies center ohio state university, east asian studies center stanford university, east asia national resource center university of california - berkeley, center for japanese studies university of california, los angeles and university of southern california, asia institute university of chicago, center for east asian studies university of hawaii, east asia council - japan university of iowa,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4573096085580798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.527287"} {"text": "asia national resource center university of california - berkeley, center for japanese studies university of california, los angeles and university of southern california, asia institute university of chicago, center for east asian studies university of hawaii, east asia council - japan university of iowa, center for asian and pacific studies university of kansas, center for east asian studies university of michigan, center for japanese studies university of pennsylvania, center of east asian studies university of pittsburgh, asian studies program - japan university of washington, east asia center yale university : council on east asian studies - asahi, daily yomiuri, mainichi, and the japan times - links to newspapers in english. - social science japan ( institute of social science, university of tokyo ) and nipponia ( quarterly about culture and society ) - links to journals. - east asian history sourcebook - provides a comprehensive collection of links and documents to aid scholars interested in east asian ( most of the resources relate to japan or china ). - foreign press center japan - links to a private, non - profit foundation that supports the foreign press in japan. - japanese studies research resources - provides a collection of research tools and bibliography at duke university. - the japanese text initiative - offers a part of the online library of the electronic text center library, university of virginia. currently includes the kokinshu, ise monogatari, hojoki noh plays, sarashin nikki, the manyoushu, works by saikaku, basho and many others. can be searched in japanese or english. - jpoll - link to the japan public opinion location library. contains a searchable archive of public opinion data from japan. - kinema club - a searchable database of japanese film, organized by abe mark nornes, chair of the department of screen arts & culture and professor in asian languages and cultures at the university of michigan. - the japan society - offers courses, workshops and summer study tours in japan for educators. - educator exchange and professional development - available through allex \u2014 alliance for language learning and educational exchange ( formerly exchange : japan ). - workshop for teachers of japanese - offered through michigan state university. - carla summer institutes - designed for for foreign language and esl teachers at all levels of instruction, as well as program administrators, curriculum specialists, and language teacher educators. - franklin r. buchanan prize - available through the association for asian studies, is awarded to educators that develop curriculum materials dealing exclusively with one or more asian countries. - pre - college education program - offered through the united states - japan foundation, provides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44380377534330295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.528351"} {"text": ". - franklin r. buchanan prize - available through the association for asian studies, is awarded to educators that develop curriculum materials dealing exclusively with one or more asian countries. - pre - college education program - offered through the united states - japan foundation, provides support to projects that promote mutual study and learning on topics related to the u. s. - japan relationship, including in - depth study of the culture, society and history of both countries. - new perspectives : japan - offered through the laurasian institution and open to all pre - collegiate teachers for summer study. - study homestay program - offered through the andeo international homestay and open to college - age students and adults. - the hikone exchange program - offers 7th and 8th grade student in ann arbor a chance to compete to become student ambassadors to japan, attend a japanese junior high school and live as part of a japanese family, and be matched with a japanese student host. - langubridge - offers study abroad summer immersion programs for high - school and college students 14 years of age and older ( varies by program ) in tokyo. - andeo international homestays - offers flexible 2 - 6 week summer study program for high - school students ages 14 - 18. - asse international student exchange programs - offers students a chance to study in japan for the summer or one academic year. - yfu usa - offers semester - long and academic year programs for high - school students and recent high - school graduates, ages 15 - 19. - the experiment in international living - offers an anime four - week summer arts program, open to high school students and focuses on japanese animation, and a japanese language training four - week summer language program, open to high - school students who have at least one year of language study. - cci high school exchange - offers semester or academic year programs open to high - school students ages 16 - 18. - japan national tourism organization - lists information about japan, the japanese, travel, major cities, holidays, hotels and much more. - american chamber of commerce in japan - offers internships for us students. - career strategy inc. - offers career counseling and executive search information in japan. - disco international career resource - provides recruiting events to help japanese - english speakers in attaining their ideal jobs. - japan business center - provides business center facilities and consultation to help you succeed in japan. - japan exchange and teaching - offers the jet program information for those wishing to travel to japan and work as assistant language teachers, coordinators for international relations, or sports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4860015639055624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.529455"} {"text": "when the demand for, and the consumption of, a stock limited ( exhaustible ) resource steadily rises, the price is driven up until the resource is \u201c economically depleted \u201d which means the cost of producing the resource is higher than the value of the product. at that point a substitute ( or alternative ) resource becomes exhaustible energy resources heavily relied upon now are fossil fuels ( coal, oil, and natural gas ) and, to a lesser extent, nuclear resources. exhaustible energy powers the economy of the united states and the lifestyles of its people. more than 85 % of u. s. commercial energy is derived from fossil fuels, and 8 % from nuclear. only 7 % of our commercial energy is provided by renewables, mostly as biomass and hydropower, and increasingly wind and solar. let \u2019 s focus on the most problematic fossil fuel \u2014 petroleum. currant estimates of readily accessible reserves suggest we have about 30 years of oil left as long as every country in the world maintains current consumption patterns, i. e. consumption will not increase. we are at or very near the peak of the global oil consumption graph, a spike - like representation of the historic ( actual ) and future ( projected ) consumptions of world oil reserves. we have consumed about half of the estimated 1. 8 trillion barrels believed to be this means that consumption from here on is on the downhill side of the \u201c petroleum consumption curve. \u201d that \u2019 s supply. what about demand? today there are 6. 7 billion people on earth. our population is increasing by about 1. 2 % per year, and this apparently low rate is slowly decreasing. even with the low and decreasing rate, this is an increase of 78 million in the human population per year. that is an increase of 213, 000 people per day, or more than one million people every five days. the united nations estimates that the mid - century human population will be 9. 2 billion people with the addition of 2. 5 billion people, it is very likely that world petroleum consumption patterns will increase. at present, a disproportionately small share of the people of the world uses a disproportionately large share of the world \u2019 s energy resources. eighteen percent of the world \u2019 s population lives in the forty or so developed countries. the other 82 % of humanity lives in 160 countries that are economically classified as less - developed. more developed countries have population growth rates near, or even below, zero percent annually ( zero to negative population growth ). people in the developed countries typically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5131930931380763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.535080"} {"text": ". the other 82 % of humanity lives in 160 countries that are economically classified as less - developed. more developed countries have population growth rates near, or even below, zero percent annually ( zero to negative population growth ). people in the developed countries typically use about four times the resources ( energy and otherwise ) and generate about four times the industrial pollution than people in less developed or developing countries. because the largest population growth occurs in developing countries, demographers suggest less - developed countries must become developed countries for the human population to stabilize. if the 5. 2 billion people in the developing countries increased their resource use four fold to meet the consumption level of the developed countries, this would further increase the demand of world petroleum resources. even without the addition of 2. 5 billion people, the end of the recoverable oil may be much sooner than 30 years away. reliance on stock - limited resources generates other problems aside from their exhaustibility. one is pollution \u2014 pollution from fossil fuels ( air pollutants ) and pollution from nuclear fuels ( radioactive wastes ). we have, with varying degrees of success, addressed or accepted some aspects of the pollution generated by our energy choices \u2014 soot, sulfur dioxide, smoke, etc. we have not dealt very well with the more dangerous effects of radioactive waste from nuclear power generation and the carbon emissions from burning coal, oil, and natural gas. this latter pollution is liberated when carbon fuels are oxidized ( burned ). carbon dioxide is one of several \u201c greenhouse gases \u201d ( heat - trapping gas ) that actually makes the world livable ; without them, earth would be a frozen planet. however, today \u2019 s rapidly rising amounts of carbon dioxide are a problem \u2014 they warm the planet too rapidly. the immediate challenge facing humanity on earth is not the extent of the predicted change, but the very rapid rate of the change. climatologists estimate that the current human - caused warming is 50 times faster than the relatively rapid warming that occurred 10, 000 years ago with the retreat of the latest glaciation of the pleistocene life is moderately resilient to moderate environmental change, but it is much less resilient to rapid change \u2014 higher life forms that have generation times measured in weeks, months, and years, and that depend on relatively stable environmental conditions, are most at risk. [ microbes, with generation times measured in minutes, hours, and days, are much more robust. ] large vertebrates, including humans, will be subject to the greatest disruption as critical ecological entities such as forests,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4954814827500562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.536117"} {"text": "are most at risk. [ microbes, with generation times measured in minutes, hours, and days, are much more robust. ] large vertebrates, including humans, will be subject to the greatest disruption as critical ecological entities such as forests, croplands, coral reefs, etc. find themselves stranded in the wrong climate. polar bears in the wild are one example ; increased temperatures have limited their habitat. little can be done at this point to improve their situation. thus, fossil fuels are troublesome for two reasons \u2014 decreasing supplies and unacceptable environmental risk. either issue is serious enough to initiate immediate action. some call for increased contributions of nuclear, biomass ( ethanol and biodiesel ), wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal, and solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. is it the better part of wisdom not to choose nuclear power, since it is inherently dangerous ( high temperature, high pressure, and high toxicity ), and fissionable uranium is another exhaustible resource with pollution problems of its own. solar energy and solar - derived energy resources ( e. g. wind and flowing water ) seem to offer better, long - term choices. these resources are flow - limited \u2014 the other side of the energy - choice coin. flow - limited resources are perpetual resources \u2013 they flow as long as the sun shines ) \u2013 a definite advantage for anyone who believes in tomorrow. they are, as the term implies, limited in the sense that they can be used faster than they flow. until recently, the whole earth - life enterprise operated on perpetual solar energy \u2014 and the flow was fast enough to give us grizzly bears, starfish and competent humans. whether the reason is pollution impact or resource exhaustion, humans must reduce their consumption of energy for irrational, trivial, and destructive purposes. reduction is necessary at the community level and the individual level. on the community level, it would take a wise and confident person to propose an energy plan that would reduce the amount of energy use to the capacity of the environment to deal with it and reserve energy use for constructive purposes. on the individual level, to reduce overall personal ( and collective ) energy would involve fundamental shifts in the way that americans view their lives, their work, and their play. it would involve citizens assuming a sense of responsibility with respect to each other ( including the other 94 percent of humanity ) and to the ecological systems that support life. changing the way we live can be overwhelming but incremental changes can make a difference. when we were few and far between and when our tools were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5164336446173088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.538132"} {"text": "the leader of the dravidian languages as far as number of speakers go, and the biggest linguistic group in india \u00a4 the origin of the language teluguis a richly developed language and the biggest linguistic unit in india, second only to hindi. linguistically, the language has deviated a good deal from its southern sisters kannada, tamil and malayalam. its an old one too, with origins as early as the 1st century ad, or perhaps even before as one of the later vedas ( 700bc ) mention the andhras, another name for the people of early inscriptions of the language date from around the 6th century, but a proper literary career starts five centuries later. the script, almost similar to that of kannada, took shape in 1000ad from the pahlava script of 7ad. \u00a4 telugutranslated from sanskrit most literatures began with translations from sanskrit. so did telugu with nannayabhatta ( 1020ad ), the adikavi or first poet of telugutranslating the mahabharata. it was a unusual translation, with lots of clever innovations but no deviations from the story. but nannayabhatta couldnt complete the job. tikanna came along sometime in the 13th century and furthered it. however, it was yerrapragada ( 14th century ) was finally able to clinch it. nannaya, tikanna and yerrapragada are known as the kavitraya or the three great poets of telugufor this mammoth effort. other such translations followed, like maranas markandeya purana, ketanas dasakumara charita, yerranas harivamsa and others. shaivite ( in praise of shiva ) works like sivatattwa sara, basavapurana and panditaradhya charitra were a part of this initial stash too. \u00a4 the great work of telgu literature by the time the telugupoets wrote down some original stuff along with translations, it was almost the end of the 14th century. slowly but steadily they picked up, some landmarks being srinathas sringara naishadha, potanas dasamaskandha, jakkanas vikramarka charitra and talapaka himmakkas subhadra kalyana. literary activities flourished, especially during the mighty the 16th century was the golden age in the history of tamil literature, thanks to the king krishna deva raya. the raja, a poet himself, introduced the prabandha (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39442645141527644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.545886"} {"text": "kalyana. literary activities flourished, especially during the mighty the 16th century was the golden age in the history of tamil literature, thanks to the king krishna deva raya. the raja, a poet himself, introduced the prabandha ( a kind of love poetry ) in teluguliterature in his amukta malyada. he had in his court the ashtadiggajas ( literal : eight elephants ) who were the greatest of poets of the times. original verse compositions and stories were written in a new zeal. of those eight, allasani peddana ( 1510 - 1575ad ) is known as andhra kavita pitamahudu or grandfather of andhra poetry. in the following years, poets still wrote their prabandhas, but kind of overdid on the love bit which make some critics dismiss it as a of the dozens of poets of the 18th to mid 19th century, the only bright spot was kankanti paparaju whose uttara ramayana in campu style and the play vishnumayavilasa were admirable. but other genres bloomed. innumerable yakshagansa or indigenous dramas of song and prose works were also produced. tyagaraya of tanjore ( 19th century ) composed devotional songs in teluguwhich form the repertoire of the classical ragas of \u00a4 modern period in teluguliterature although the first printed telugubook was out in 1796, it took some time before the modern period in literature set in. young men acquainted with english literature tried to imitate shelly, keats and wordsworth, and a new type of romantic poetry called the bhavakavithwa was born. bengali novelists like rabindranath tagore, bankim chandra chatterjee and ramesh chandra dutta were a major influence on modern telugufiction. viresalingam pantulu ( 1848 - 1919 ) wrote the first novel in telugu, rakashekharacharitramu. other writers joined forces to build modern teluguliterature, like the dramatist dharmavaram krishnamachari, chilakamarti lakshminarasimham ( also called the blind poet of andhra desha ) the poets and dramatists gurujada apparavu and d. krishnamacharlu. \u00a4 sahiti samiti - a literary group was set up the literary group sahiti samiti was set up in 1921, and their progressive and rationalist journal sahiti was followed by several others. even now many writers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3792356185366206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.546904"} {"text": "in october 1999, the food and drug administration ( usa ) approved a health claim for soy indicating that consumption of 25 grams of soy protein a day as part of a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol may help lower the risk of heart disease. additionally, soy has officially been approved in the uk, brazil, malaysia, japan, korea, philippines, indonesia and south africa. some countries have, however, been slower to approve a health claim and are requiring more substantive evidence. questions of concern include the impact of processing on the efficacity of soy protein, information on the normal and acceptable levels of isoflavones in soy products, efficacy of soy proteins in which isoflavones have been removed versus soy proteins containing isoflavones in respect to relationship with cardiovascular disease risk reduction, feasibility of consumers to take in 25 g of soy protein a day, effect of antinutritional factors ( e. g., trypsin inhibitors, phytates, lectins, lysinoalanine ), heat resistance of trypsin inhibitors found in soybeans and the specific effects of soy protein alone compared to soy protein within a matrix ( e. g., whole soybean foods and foods made from soy protein ingredients ). these questions are pertinent as there is a wide variety of soyfoods available on the market with different macro and micro nutrient compositions. answers to these questions will therefore be useful in identifying the specific conditions required for soyfoods to carry a health claim. foods prepared from whole soybeans include soymilk and tofu. soybean derived ingredients include defatted soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate and soy fibre. soy protein isolates in particular have been very successful commercially and are used extensively today in the production of a large number of foods. different techniques can be used for making soy protein isolate and the type of processing treatment used can affect the nutrient and physicochemical composition of the isolate ( e. g., composition of residual isoflavones, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid and minerals ). isoflavones, saponins, trypsin inhibitors and phytic acid are all biologically active molecules and as such variations in their composition can hinder the ability to determine if a reported health benefit is due to the soy protein alone or the presence of these other compounds. the chapter will provide a brief update on some of the reported health benefits of soy components. an overview of some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48099306392182034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.572906"} {"text": "composition can hinder the ability to determine if a reported health benefit is due to the soy protein alone or the presence of these other compounds. the chapter will provide a brief update on some of the reported health benefits of soy components. an overview of some of the major soyfoods and soy ingredients currently available on the market will be provided along with a detailed list comparing the effects of processing on the composition of different soy products. requirements for obtaining health claims using the canadian example, as well as impacts of compositional differences on potential health benefits are further presented. 2. soybeans and health cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) is one of the leading causes of death in the world today. according to the world health organization by 2030, almost 23. 6 million people will die from cvds, mainly from heart disease and stroke ( www. who. int / mediacentre ). elevated low density lipoprotein ( ldl ) is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. ldl transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues and arteries and regulates cholesterol synthesis. retention of cholesterol in arteries can result in the formation of arterial plaques which increases the risk of atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, strokes and heart attacks. foods that decrease ldl levels will, therefore, increasingly be of interest as health foods. several reports have shown a decrease in ldl levels and an increase in hdl after consumption of soy ( nilavsen & meinertz, 1998 ; potter et al., 1998 ; merritt, 2004 ; zhuo et al., 2004 ; sacks et al., 2006 ; harlanda & haffnerb, 2008 ; taku et al., 2008 ). earlier studies showing similar results formed the basis of the current soy health claim in many jurisdictions. due to apparent inconsistencies in findings, in 2008 the weston price foundation submitted a petition to the fda in response to the fda ' s request for public comment on the issue claiming that soy protein products are not safe and have no long history of use in the food supply. the organization also claimed the evidence on soy protein and heart disease was contradictory and inconsistent, and that no standard of scientific agreement had been met ( http : / / www. physorg. com / news122663958. html ). a systematic study conducted by the us department of health & human services indicated that while the evidence was weak for other disease outcomes, there is a suggestion of a possible dose - response effect for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5338703173390218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.573980"} {"text": ". com / news122663958. html ). a systematic study conducted by the us department of health & human services indicated that while the evidence was weak for other disease outcomes, there is a suggestion of a possible dose - response effect for soy protein for ldl reduction ( http : / / www. ahrq. gov / clinic / epcsums / soysum. htm ). using predictive equations along with a meta - analysis to determine whether the heart health claim for soy continues to be justified, jenkins et al. ( 2010 ) concluded that low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ldl - c ) reduction attributable to the combined intrinsic and extrinsic effects of soy protein foods ranged from 7. 9 to 10. 3 %. they further concluded from their study that soy remains one of a few food components that reduces serum cholesterol ( > 4 % ) when added to the diet. in a more recent study, onuegbu et al. ( 2011 ) fed 500 ml of soymilk daily to 42 apparently healthy young to middle - aged subjects for a period of 21 days and reported that soymilk consumption significantly reduced mean plasma tc by 11 % and ldl - c by 25 % and increased mean plasma hdl - c by 20 %. the authors also concluded that soy drink could be an important non - pharmacological cholesterol - reducing agent. furthermore, bruckert and rosenbaum ( 2011 ) have also recently reported ldl - cholesterol reduction ranging from - 3 to - 10 % for soy protein and have indicated that dietary recommendations may have important impacts on cardiovascular events as they can be implemented early in life and because the sum of the effect on ldl - cholesterol is far from being negligible. another major risk factor for developing cvd is elevated blood pressure ( ebp ). a major contributor to ebp is angiotensin ii which is a potent vasoconstrictor. vasoconstriction occurs when renin, an enzyme produced in the kidneys, proteolytically acts on circulating angiotensinogen and converts it to angiotensin i ( a decapeptide ). in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme ( ace ), angiotensin i is cleaved to the octapeptide, angiotensin ii resulting in arterial constriction and ebp. ace also breaks down bradykinin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4877805866501834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.574922"} {"text": "angiotensin converting enzyme ( ace ), angiotensin i is cleaved to the octapeptide, angiotensin ii resulting in arterial constriction and ebp. ace also breaks down bradykinin, a vasodilator, further contributing to the elevation in blood pressure. inhibition of ace is, therefore, important for the lowering of blood pressure as this results in a decrease in the concentration of angiotensin ii and an increase in the levels of bradykinin ( yang et al., 1970 ; erdos, 1975 ). various reports have suggested that peptides from soy posses ace - inhibitory properties ( wu & ding, 2002 ; kuba et al., 2003 ; chiang et al., 2006 ; hartmann & meisel, 2007 ; yang et al., 2008 ). these peptides are usually not active when present within the sequence of parent proteins, but are released by enzymatic proteolysis in vivo or in vitro. in addition to soy proteins, some reports have attributed the beneficial health effect of soy to phytochemicals found in soybeans such as isoflavones which are naturally occurring non - steroid compounds with weak estrogenic effects and chemical structure similar to estradiol - 17\u03b2 ( fig. 1 ). isoflavones are able to bind to estrogen receptors and are capable of triggering estrogen dependent responses physiologically. the main types of isoflavones found in soy are the aglycones ( daidzein, genistein, and glycitein ), the \u03b2 - glucosides ( daidzin, genistin, and glycitin ) and their 6 \u2033 - o - malonyl - \u03b2 - glucosides ( 6omalglc ) and 6 \u2033 - o - acetyl - \u03b2 - glucosides ( 6oacglc ) conjugates. taku et al. ( 2010 ) conducted a meta - analysis to clarify the effects of soy isoflavone extracts on systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( sbp and dbp ) in adult humans. they reported that soy isoflavone extracts significantly decreased sbp but not dbp in adult humans, however, no dose - response relationship was observed. in other studies, high dietary intakes of soy isoflavones were found to be associated with lower risk of recurrence among postmenopausal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5001505836036457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.577286"} {"text": "but not dbp in adult humans, however, no dose - response relationship was observed. in other studies, high dietary intakes of soy isoflavones were found to be associated with lower risk of recurrence among postmenopausal patients with breast cancer positive for estrogen and progesterone receptor and those who were receiving anastrozole as endocrine therapy ( kang et al., 2010a, b ). ogborn et al. ( 2010 ) have also recently reported that a soy diet ameliorated renal injury in rats. soy diets preserved normal renal function and reduced relative renal weight, scores for cystic change, fibrosis, tissue oxidized ldl content, inflammation and epithelial cell proliferation. in this study though, alcohol - extracted slow isoflavone soy protein was found to retain its major protective effects and only subtle differences were attributed to isoflavones. consumption of tofu containing high levels of isoflavones reportedly exerted positive effects on verbal memory, although not in older men and women, where no or negative effects of these compounds on brain cells and cognition was observed ( hogervorst et al., 2011 ). in regards to other health outcomes, messina ( 2010 ) reported that although recent clinical data have not supported the skeletal benefits of isoflavones, 2 large prospective epidemiologic studies found soy intake to be associated with marked reductions in fracture risk. additionally, soybean isoflavones modestly alleviate hot flashes in menopausal women. in addition to isoflavones, soy saponins may also exert bioactive effects. orally administered commercial purified soy saponin at 80 mg / kg body weight / day to spontaneously hypertensive rats for 8 weeks significantly decreased blood pressure ( hiwatashi et al., 2010 ). in another study on the effect of soy saponins on the growth of human colon cancer cells, tsai et al. ( 2010 ) reported that intake of soy saponin decreased the number of viable cells in a dose - dependent manner. they concluded that soy saponin may be effective in preventing colon cancer by affecting cell morphology, cell proliferation enzymes, and cell growth. additionally, phytic acid which is considered to be an antinutritional component in soybean may possess antioxidant effects ( sakac et al., 2010 ). recent research studies further suggest that lunasin, lectins, and trypsin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5061104985484618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.578540"} {"text": "which is considered to be an antinutritional component in soybean may possess antioxidant effects ( sakac et al., 2010 ). recent research studies further suggest that lunasin, lectins, and trypsin inhibitors may have beneficial health properties. trypsin inhibitors in soy have been of particular concern because, if not destroyed by heat prioir to consumption, they can cause pancreatic hypertrophy / hyperplasia, which ultimately results in growth inhibition ( liener, 1994, 1996 ). the majority of approved health claim for soy covers only soy proteins as evidence surrounding the effects of isoflavones and other bioactive compouds in soy are more controversial. overall, although many studies suggest that the beneficial properties of soy may be attributed to the protein fraction, questions remain about potential synergistic or complimentary effects of other soy components. in the sections below, an attempt will be made to provide a review of some of the different soy products available and their compositional differences and how this could impact their health properties. 3. commercially available soyfoods and ingredients soybean has today become one of the world \u2019 s most economical and valuable agricultural commodities due to its unique composition. on a wet basis, soybeans contain about 35 % protein, 17 % oil, 31 % carbohydrate and 4. 4 % ash. the composition varies for different varieties and some cultivars can be found with protein contents of up to 50 %. soy proteins are nutritionally superior among vegetable proteins. soy protein isolate has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score ( pdcaas ) of 100 % which means that it has all the essential amino acids required to support growth and maintenance. it contains good supplies of essential amino acids, such as lysine, which are normally lacking in other cereals. fatty acids in soybeans consist of unsaturated fats, such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, which are nutritionally beneficial. additionally, soybeans also contain fibre and other phytochemicals, such as isoflavones and saponins which may have health benefits. 3. 1. major soyfoods 3. 1. 1. soybeans and sprouts green soybean and soybean sprouts are two whole soyfoods prepared from soybean seeds. sprouts are obtained by germinating soybeans for 5 - 10 days. they may be consumed fresh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47501363298887467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.579530"} {"text": "sprouts green soybean and soybean sprouts are two whole soyfoods prepared from soybean seeds. sprouts are obtained by germinating soybeans for 5 - 10 days. they may be consumed fresh ( e. g., in salads ) or used as a vegetable in cooking. green vegetable soybean, on the other hand, is harvested just before maturity ( edamame ) and can be cooked and eaten in salads and in soups or as a snack. it is available fresh ( in pod or shelled ), canned or frozen. the composition of these two products although prepared from the whole seed will vary due to the germination process applied to sprouts. soymilk is the liquid extract obtained after cooking, grinding and filtering soybean. it is not a \u201c whole soyfood \u201d per se as the majority of the fibre fraction ( okara ) is removed during processing. the soymilk extract obtained after filtration has a consistency that is very similar to cow \u2019 s milk and is frequently used as an alternative to dairy products. there are four major types of soymilk products available ( unsweetened, sweetened, flavoured and low fat ). unsweetened soymilk generally contains only water and soybeans. sweetened soymilk may be sweetened with rice syrup, honey, corn or barley malt extract. flavoured soymilk may be sweetened or unsweetened, and is often flavoured with cocoa, vanilla, carob or strawberry. low fat soymilk may also be sweetened or unsweetened, flavoured or unflavoured, but usually contains less fat. soymilk is frequently fortified with vitamins and minerals to increase its nutrient value. blends of soymilk made with soybeans and different cereals or fruits are also available as well as \u201c functional soymilk products \u201d ( e. g., with added omega 3 or other functional ingredients ). some manufacturers process soymilk using soy protein isolate rather than starting with the bean. tofu is a curd made from heated soymilk. it is prepared by adding coagulating agents such as glucono - \u03b4 - lactone ( gdl ) or salts ( magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate ) to heated soymilk followed by pressing to remove the whey. the final product is a gel with different textures and degrees of hardness depending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4830938949748585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.580484"} {"text": "- \u03b4 - lactone ( gdl ) or salts ( magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate ) to heated soymilk followed by pressing to remove the whey. the final product is a gel with different textures and degrees of hardness depending on the type and amount of coagulant used and processing method ( fig. 2 ). as with soymilk, tofu is not a \u201c whole food \u201d as the fibre is removed in the process of making the soymilk. the composition is also different from the starting soymilk as much of the whey is removed to concentrate the proteins and facilitate gel formation during pressing. tofu has a soft white texture which is in some respects similar to cheese. on a wet basis, pressed tofu with a moisture content of about 85 % contains 7. 8 % protein, 4. 2 % lipid, and 2 mg / g calcium ( wang et al., 1983 ; liu, 1997 ). it is important to mention that in addition to compositional differences due to the type of salts used, health outcomes may also vary due to differences in protein digestibility resulting from the type of network structure induced by the specific salt used in tofu - making. 3. 1. 4. other fermented products from soybean soy sauce and soy paste ( miso ) are fermented soy products that are frequently used as condiments and seasoning in foods. soy sauce and miso are made by fermenting soybean with or without other grains ( e. g., wheat, rice, barley ) with different types of aspergillus. soy sauce is obtained in a liquid form whereas miso is a thick paste. these products are traditionally used in asian cuisine but have become a mainstay of many modern diets. tempeh and natto are two other fermented soyfoods but these are less frequently consumed outside of asia. tempeh is made by fermenting dehulled and cooked soybeans with rhizopus whereas natto is fermented with baccillus subtilis. the composition of these products will again vary depending on the processing conditions used and the amount of soybean present in the finished product. furthermore, microorganisms used during fermentation can hydrolyse some phytochemicals such as isoflavones making them more bioactive. 3. 1. 5. soy dips / dressings there is a wide variety of dips / salad dressings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4723820537970109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.581422"} {"text": "during fermentation can hydrolyse some phytochemicals such as isoflavones making them more bioactive. 3. 1. 5. soy dips / dressings there is a wide variety of dips / salad dressings etc. made from soybeans, soy flour, tofu, or soy protein isolates available on the market. they contain varying amounts of soy and their composition will similarly vary depending on the other ingredients used in the formulation. 3. 1. 6. other soyfoods the liquid extract during the preparation of soymilk can be further processed into a variety of refrigerated and frozen desserts such as ice cream, soy mousse, and fermented products such as soy yoghurt, soy probiotic beverage, and soy cheese, using processes similar to those used in the dairy industry. the composition of these products will vary as a function of the ingredients used in processing and the fermentation process including the type of bacteria used during fermentation. soybeans can also be roasted in a manner similar to peanuts. the product obtained has a nutlike flavour and a crunchy texture which can be consumed as a snack. as these are made from intact whole bean, the composition will be similar to that of the starting raw material, however, the roasting process can induce changes which may modify digestibility. roasted soybeans can also be ground to obtain roasted soy flour or roasted soynut butter. 3. 2. major soy ingredients 3. 2. 1. soy oil today soybean oil is one of the world \u2019 s leading vegetable oil for human consumption. soybean oil is extracted from the bean after dehulling and flaking using organic solvents. the extracted oil is downstream processed to obtain a refined oil. soybean oil is widely used in the manufacture of different foods. it is also frequently used as a salad or cooking oil and in the production of shortening, margarines, mayonnaise and salad dressings. by - products from the processing of soybean oil are also used to produce mono - and diglycerides and lecithin which are commonly used as emulsifying agents in foods. 3. 2. 2. soy flour, soy protein concentrates, isolates and hydrolysates extraction of oil from soybeans leaves behind the soy meal biomass. significant effort has been made in the last few decades to process this meal into value - added products. defatted soy flakes ( or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4755761610453933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.582376"} {"text": ", isolates and hydrolysates extraction of oil from soybeans leaves behind the soy meal biomass. significant effort has been made in the last few decades to process this meal into value - added products. defatted soy flakes ( or flour, grits, meal ), soy protein concentrates ( spc ) and soy protein isolates ( spi ) are the three major products available from soy meal. additionally a full fat or partially defatted meal or flour can be obtained from the whole soybean. defatted soy flakes contain approximately 50 % protein while, spc and spi generally contain at least 65 % and 90 % protein on a dry basis, respectively. full - fat soy flour may be steamed and toasted to inactivate enzymes and enzyme inhibitors or unheated. unheated, undefatted ( or defatted ) soy flour gives an enzyme active full - fat soy flour which is used in the bakery industry to bleach flour. mechanically defatted soy meals with different fat contents are also available and usually sold in the organic category. micronized soy flour ( heat treated with infrared to eliminate anti - nutritional components in soy ) are also available as whole beans or ground. soy products are widely used in formulated foods, partly because of their nutritional value but especially for the functional properties of the protein, which include gelling, foaming and emulsification which underlie many food sensory attributes. other food products likely to contain soy ingredients include beverages, nutritional bars, bakery and cereal products, soups, meat products, beverages, confectionery, salad dressings and desserts. a growing use of soy protein concentrates and isolates is in the preparation of texturized food products that are used as meat alternatives or in cereal products. soy proteins can also be hydrolysed enzymatically or chemically to produce hydrolysed vegetable protein ( hvp ) which is used as a flavour enhancer in many foods. 4. compositional differences in soy products the macro and micro nutrient composition of different soy products will vary markedly depending on soybean variety and the attendant biotic and abiotic influences, processing condition, other ingredients used in processing and whether the whole soybean or specific components are used in product development. tables 1 to 8 provide detailed lists showing some of the compositional differences of a variety of soy products. as can be seen in the tables, the composition of protein, isoflavones, mineral, trypsin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4971167782274809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.583351"} {"text": "are used in product development. tables 1 to 8 provide detailed lists showing some of the compositional differences of a variety of soy products. as can be seen in the tables, the composition of protein, isoflavones, mineral, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid and saponins can vary markedly for different soy products. additionally, it is important to note that even within a particular food category the type of processing technique and conditions used can impact composition and potential health benefits. we have showed in some of our earlier papers that the conditions used for processing of soy protein concentrates and isolates ( such as particle size, method of defatting, process ph ) can influence final product composition ( russin et al., 2007 ; l \u2019 hocine et al., 2006 ). furthermore, sobral et al. ( 2010 ) also reported that methods and conditions of preparation and storage of protein samples and mixtures of proteins were factors that modified their thermal behavior. in some instances higher denaturation temperatures increased thermal stabilization of soybean storage proteins which was attributed to protein - protein interactions occurring during processing. this increased stabilisation can impact digestibility and potentially, bioactivity. conditions used during spray drying can affect product composition. an increase of the inlet air temperature during spray drying of fermented soymilk greatly reduced viability and isoflavone aglycone content ( telang & thorat, 2010 ). moreover, denaturation of proteins during processing further reduced product solubility. processing of soybeans under severe alkaline conditions could lead to the formation of lysinoalanine, which can have negative impacts on health and decrease the bioavailability of essential amino acids ( i. e., lysine ). processing under milder alkaline conditions avoids the formation of lysinoalanine and reduces potential negative side effects ( liener, 1994 ). additionally, the temperature and time used during the germination of soybeans in the production of germinated soybean flour modified the concentrations of bioactive compounds ( i. e., isoflavones, saponins, trypsin inhibitors and lectins ) ( paucar - menacho et al., 2010a ). at 25 \u00b0c, an increase in germination time decreased the concentration of bowman - birk inhibitor, lectin and lipoxygenase. optimal increases in the concentrations of isoflavone aglycones ( daidzein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5244053693368695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.584484"} {"text": ". at 25 \u00b0c, an increase in germination time decreased the concentration of bowman - birk inhibitor, lectin and lipoxygenase. optimal increases in the concentrations of isoflavone aglycones ( daidzein and genistein ) and saponin glycosides were observed with a 63 h germination time at 30 \u00b0c. in a second study the authors found that germination of soybean for 42 h at 25 \u00b0c increased lunasin concentration by 62 % and decreased the content of lectins by 59 % ( paucar - menacho et al., 2010b ). germination at 25 \u00b0c for 42 h resulted in a 32 % increase in the concentration of soy saponins. similarly, fermentation of soymilk using a variety of probiotic lactic acid bacteria ( lab ) resulted in the production of beta - glucosidase which hydrolyzed isoflavone glucosides to the bioactive isoflavone aglycones, genistein and daidzein in the fermented soymilk ( rekha & vijayalakshmi, 2010a, 2011 ). furthermore, decreases in phytic acid and increases in mineral bioavailability ( e. g., calcium ) were also observed. huang et al. ( 2011 ) prepared sufu, a fermented soybean curd, by ripening salted tofu cubes in aspergillus oryzae - fermented rice - soybean koji mash at 25, 35 or 45 \u00b0c for a period of 16 days and found that regardless of temperature, ripening caused a major reduction in the content of \u03b2 - glucoside and malonylglucoside isoflavones along with a significant increase of aglycone isoflavone content. the highest increase in aglycone content and greatest decrease in malonylglucosides was observed at 45 \u00b0c and increasing ripening time further enhanced the changes observed. the composition and antioxidant property of tofu is also affected by processing and the type of coagulant used ( rekha & vijayalakshmi, 2010b ). tofu prepared with natural coagulants ( citrus limonum, garcinia indica, tamarindus indica, phyllanthus acidus and passiflora edulis ) had significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46879425975779193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.585391"} {"text": "related to the type of material used for clinical studies. reinwald et al. ( 2010 ) argue the possibility that whole soy may have a more unique effect on health than a select soy component. differences in health outcomes related to soy and soy component consumption could be due to varietal and compositional differences, the impact of processing, additive effects of various components ( i. e., the whole is greater than the sum of the parts ) as well as age and health status. furthermore, some have argued that the presence or absence of specific gut microflora could also contribute to health outcomes ( patisaul & jefferson, 2010 ) as microorganisms may play a critical role in converting physiologically inactive phytochemicals to the bioactive form. as an example, reinwald and weaver ( 2010 ) have reported that whereas epidemiological studies in asia evaluating diets containing traditional whole soyfoods showed a positive association with bone mineral density and fracture protection, smaller scale intervention studies in western nations mainly using isolated soy protein ( sp ) and purified or concentrated soy isoflavones ( si ) rather than whole soyfoods have produced inconsistent results. similarly, lagari and levis ( 2010 ) found that clinical trials are conflictive regarding the effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and argue that much of the controversy lies in differences in study design, reporting of results, participants ' age and menopausal status, and type and dose of phytoestrogen used. in canada, where a health claim for soy has not yet been approved, the ministry responsible for health ( health canada ) requires the following evidence to substantiate health claims : causality \u2013 evidence of high quality and quantity of original research in humans based on randomized controlled intervention and / or prospective observational studies are mandatory to substantiate the health claim of food or food constituents with high level of certainty ( statistical significance achieved at p\u22640. 05 ) and the relationship between the amount of food and the health effect. generalizability - the claimed effect of the food of food constituent is biologically / physiologically relevant and expected to benefit the health of the target population, appropriate and validated surrogate marker must be used to ensure the biological relevance and it should be part of the causal pathway between the food and the health outcome. quality assurance - the food is produced according to quality standards and consistently meets predefined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5358764473464607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.587644"} {"text": "appropriate and validated surrogate marker must be used to ensure the biological relevance and it should be part of the causal pathway between the food and the health outcome. quality assurance - the food is produced according to quality standards and consistently meets predefined specifications. safety - the subject of a health claim application must be for a food approved for safe use ; or, if a novel food is the subject of the health claim, a novel food application must be completed and submitted to health canada preceding or concurrent with this application. the adverse effects related to food intake observed in human studies should be addressed and must provide risk management strategies to overcome the adverse effects and or restriction on use of food. as there is a wide variety of soy products available on the market, the specific type used for clinical studies can impact results. a major challenge for health claim support studies is the lack of standardized materials and controls for clinical studies as well as the use of appropriate clinical outcomes and surrogate endpoints for different disease risks. furthermore, very few studies have been conducted to understand what happens to soyfoods and soy components in the gastrointestinal tract and the specific events that occur at the mucosal barrier and how these events influence absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. the gastrointestinal mucosa is an interesting and complex system that acts as a barrier between the body and the lumenal environment and is selective in that it allows the transfer of selected nutrients across the epithelium while excluding perceived harmful components in the bolus. this complex interplay between bioactives and the intestinal mucosa also needs to be carefully documented to support any eventual health claim. matrix interactions can influence the bioactivity of the components of interest and the functional properties of the matrix. furthermore, for double blind placebo controlled studies which are the gold standard in clinical studies, the effect of the matrices used in the clinical trials need to be carefully evaluated. as policy makers, food regulators, industry and consumers in other jurisdictions demand more evidence to support current and future health claims, some question of interest that remain include the following : what is the relationship reported between the exposure to soy and specific health effects from both observational and intervention studies that meet selection criteria? can a clear distinction be made between the effect of soy protein alone and soy protein within a matrix ( e. g., whole soybean foods and foods made from soy protein ingredients )? what is the efficacy of soy proteins in which isoflavones have been removed versus soy proteins that contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5077489067183247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.588785"} {"text": "soy protein alone and soy protein within a matrix ( e. g., whole soybean foods and foods made from soy protein ingredients )? what is the efficacy of soy proteins in which isoflavones have been removed versus soy proteins that contain isoflavones in respect to relationship with cardiovascular disease risk reduction and other health claims? how are breakdown products absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and how do they exert physiological effects in the body? how do matrix effects influence adsorption, digestion, metabolism and excretion? what is the impact of processing on the efficacy of soy protein and the bioactivity of materials used in clinical trials? what are the ideal samples and controls that should be used in clinical trial studies for specific clinical outcomes and what surrogate endpoints should be used? what is the feasibility for consuming recommended intake levels for health claims especially in populations that do not consume soy frequently ( e. g., is the consumption of 20 - 25 g of soy protein a day feasible? )? what is the documented effect of anti - nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, phytates, lectins and lysinoalanine and the extent of heat resistance of trypsin inhibitors found in soybeans? soy protein has officially been approved in several countries as a \u201c functional food \u201d, making it one of the most valuable vegetable proteins in the world today. as concerns about health, climate change and the impacts of agricultural practices increase, assurance of a diversified sustainable source of nutrition that provides proven health benefits will become increasingly important. soybeans can contribute to this nutrient biodiversity in an instrumental way. in crop production and rotation, soybeans play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation making them an important component of agricultural sustainability. furthermore, soy proteins have excellent functional properties that can be exploited in various food applications. processing technologies are continually being investigated for soy protein fractionation which will allow modifications in protein profile and which could dramatically improve suitability of soy protein products for targeted food, nutraceutical and industrial applications ( e. g., enriched 11s, 7s, or 2s soy protein extracts ). breeding efforts to remove or enhance mico nutrients and other bioactive components are also likely to have an impact on improving health outcomes. to support health claims and enhance the benefits of consumption, constant evaluation of the totality of the body of knowledge in regards to potential health benefits and well designed experimental studies using well characterized materials will, therefore, be needed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5088193989047317, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.589967"} {"text": "northrop began his career in 1916, when he joined the loughead brothers ( later renamed lockheed ) as a draftsman engineer. while there, he designed the f - 1, a large flying boat, and the s - 1, a sports biplane ; both airplanes featured an innovative monocoque ( single - shell fuselage ) design. he joined douglas aircraft company in 1923 and designed parts for the douglas world cruiser, the first airplane to fly around the world. subsequently, he returned to lockheed in 1927 as a chief engineer. at lockheed he designed the vega, a one - engine plane with an all - metal molded monocoque and internal - braced wing, setting the standard for clean design. northrop joined united aircraft and transportation, and while there he designed the alpha, one of the first modern low - wing all metal airplanes for commercial application. in 1932, northrop joined with douglas aircraft to form the northrop corporation. with northrop ' s engineering direction, northrop corporation designed the beta, gamma and delta commercial planes and later converted the alpha into the army a - 17 and a - 17a and navy bt - 1 bomber ( the forerunner of the douglas dauntless ). northrop ' s relationship with the military continued throughout world war ii with the development of the n - 3pb patrol bomber. built for the norwegian air force, it was one of the world ' s fastest military seaplanes. northrop followed with the black widow p - 61, the world ' s largest and most powerful fighter, designed specifically for night fighting. from the design of the black widow, northrop developed the northrop reporter f - 15, a photoreconnaissance plane capable of travelling more than 440 miles per hour, with a range of more than four thousand miles. also during the war, northrop developed and patented a new process for building airplanes out of ultra light welded magnesium. this new process, called \" heliarc, \" led to the development of the xp - 56 black bullet, xp - 79 flying ram and the first american cruise missile, the jb - 1 power bomb. northrop then continued his work on a flying wing bomber, finding success in 1940 with the flight of a one - third - scale model of the n - 1m, the first true flying wing. this design led to a contract from the air force in 1941 for the development of the xb - 35 flying - wing bomber and subsequent designs, the yb - 35, yb - 49 and yrb - 49. the contract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43063265478643115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.596071"} {"text": "flying wing. this design led to a contract from the air force in 1941 for the development of the xb - 35 flying - wing bomber and subsequent designs, the yb - 35, yb - 49 and yrb - 49. the contract was later cancelled in 1949 and all but one of the airplanes was destroyed. a flying wing bomber would not find production for another forty years, with the deployment of the b - 2 spirit stealth bomber in 1993. the flying wing continues to be known for its high aerodynamic efficiency and for the stealth it provides in eluding the enemy. born in newark, new jersey in 1895, john northrop and his parents, charles and helen, moved several times during his early childhood, finally settling in california in 1904. northrop graduated from santa barbara high school in 1913. rather than pursuing an academic career, he worked as an architectural draftsman, garage mechanic and building tradesman. in 1942, northrop founded the northrop institute of technology in los angeles ( later northrop university ), to provide students interested in technology with the opportunity to advance into the industry. northrop has also been the recipient of several awards and honors, including the st. louis medal from asme in 1947, a presidential certificate of merit in 1974 and induction into both the international aerospace hall of fame in 1972 and the national aviation hall of fame in 1974.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4449189597160932, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.596776"} {"text": "tell a friend create an account sign in now count to 5 : represent numbers ( up to 5 ) comparing : compare groups ( fewer or more ) size : long and short size : light and heavy money : pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters... and 37 more skills! see all pre - k skills numbers and counting beyond 20 : count groups of ten patterns : similar patterns subtracting : subtract with pictures - numbers up to 5 fractions : identify halves, thirds, fourths measurement : holds more or less... and 118 more skills! see all kindergarten skills counting and number patterns : ordinal numbers comparing : comparing numbers up to 100 estimating : estimate to the nearest ten money : compare money amounts time : months of the year... and 150 more skills! see all first - grade skills names of numbers : ordinal numbers up to 100th properties : fact families geometry : flip, turn, and slide fractions : compare fractions... and 207 more skills! see all second - grade skills place values : place value names mixed operations : addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division word problems mixed operations : multi - step word problems money : add and subtract money amounts decimals : what decimal number is illustrated?... and 222 more skills! see all third - grade skills division : divide by 1 - digit numbers : complete the table algebra : simplify expressions using order of operations and parentheses geometry : open and closed shapes and qualities of polygons fractions and mixed numbers : patterns of equivalent fractions fractions and mixed numbers : fractions of a number... and 207 more skills! see all fourth - grade skills decimals : convert fractions to decimals multiply decimals : multiply a decimal by a one - digit whole number multiply decimals : multiply two decimals using grids coordinate graphs : coordinate graphs as maps consumer math : sale prices... and 263 more skills! see all fifth - grade skills exponents and square roots : evaluate exponents consumer math : which is the better coupon? consumer math : percents - calculate tax, tip, mark - up, and more algebra : add and subtract like terms divide fractions : divide fractions and mixed numbers... and 275 more skills! see all sixth - grade skills exponents and square roots : square roots of perfect squares consumer math : find the percent : tax, discount, and more number sequences : arithmetic sequences single", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5184044331072226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.599856"} {"text": "fractions and mixed numbers... and 275 more skills! see all sixth - grade skills exponents and square roots : square roots of perfect squares consumer math : find the percent : tax, discount, and more number sequences : arithmetic sequences single - variable equations : solve one - step linear equations probability : make predictions... and 249 more skills! see all seventh - grade skills scientific notation : multiply numbers written in scientific notation measurement : convert rates and measurements : customary units coordinate graphs : distance between two points geometry : volume and surface area of spheres monomials and polynomials : multiply and divide monomials... and 266 more skills! see all eighth - grade skills absolute value equations and inequalities : solve absolute value inequalities direct and inverse variation : write direct variation equations linear functions : standard form : graph an equation radical expressions : add and subtract radical expressions rational functions and expressions : simplify rational expressions... and 254 more skills! see all algebra skills congruent triangles : hypotenuse - leg theorem quadrilaterals : properties of trapezoids similarity : similarity of circles circles : tangent lines circles : inscribed angles... and 165 more skills! see all geometry skills don ' t see your level? more advanced topics are on their way. to be notified when new courses are ready. terms of service tell us what you think \u00a9 2013 ixl learning. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5489803458677902, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.600609"} {"text": "for several years, global warming has been discussed in terms of its various influences on human society and a wide range of countermeasures have been actively promoted. recently, the interest on impact evaluation has shifted from the entire global domain to particular countries or regional societies. regional influences of the global warming often manifest themselves as the noticeable modulations of natural climate variability. in this respect, apl \u2019 s activities are closely and directly related to our real life events not in a distant future but in the present or several months ahead. apl \u2019 s activities are expected to contribute to the various fields of human activities indicated here which may be influenced by the ongoing global warming. according to the report of the world meteorological organization ( wmo ), trillions of dollars worth of assets and thousands of human lives are saved globally every year by daily weather forecasting. many of the extreme weather phenomena responsible for disasters are closely connected to climate variations. the variation in wheat production in australia is a typical case ( lower row left ). the progression of global warming tends to influence climate patterns. thus, forecasting changing climate variability patterns has a substantial social benefit for protecting human lives and assets. el nino, often mentioned in association with abnormal weather patterns, is a well - known and significant phenomenon in the tropical pacific ocean. although the indian ocean had been considered as an inactive ocean, el nino like phenomenon called the \u201c indian ocean dipole phenomenon \u201d ( iod ) was discovered about a decade ago. the frequency with which iod occur seems to increase recently probably due to the ongoing global warming. on the other hand, el nino tends to emerge with a slightly different pattern, called \u201c el nino modoki \u201d, which may also be a result of global warming. those two new phenomena were discovered by the research activities done in the parent body of the present apl. advanced forecasting research has since been carried on and developed further by future apl activities. although el nino and iod are phenomena that occur over the oceans, both of which largely influence the global atmospheric flow pattern through their associated anomalous sea surface temperature field. the oceanic influence thus exerted on the lower boundary of the atmosphere propagates in the form of characteristic atmospheric wave patterns horizontally as well as vertically and eventually reaches the regions quite far from the original location of the phenomena. this mechanism is referred to as \u201c teleconnection \u201d and it provides important information for people living across the globe. the right figure shows the unique teleconnection patterns respectively related to iod and el nino. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5180295348597912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.604051"} {"text": "john spencer wrote a post where he outlines 14 reasons why multiple choice tests suck. consider these points : i also wrote a post on the folly of multiple choice tests. - multiple choice is shallow. i know people try to create analytical, evaluative and creative questions. however, the medium itself is one of recall and recognition. - knowledge is often connective and deeply rooted in context. multiple choice takes away connective thinking and puts it into empty silos, where knowledge is reduced to lowest common denominator. i want students to know information. however, i also want them to know applied information. i want them to put the information together. - multiple choice is unreliable. as long as a student can guess a correct answer, every question is somewhat suspect. i get it. teachers can look for overall trends and take out the statistical probability of guessing. however, how does that help anyone figure out if a child needs additional support with a concept. - there is rarely a chance to explain why something is true. students should be able to articulate what they know and give a defence for why it is true. - multiple choice kills the desire to learn. it might not sound like a big deal, but every time my students take a test, they are less likely to enjoy what they learn. - if you try for critical thinking, multiple choice tests become subjective. students end up with questions like, \" which of the following best describes... \" and the test becomes meaningless. - multiple choice does not allow for nuance, paradox or mystery. - students need to see knowledge as contextual and personal. multiple choice tests are standardized, impersonal and void of any real context. students internalize the idea that learning is something irrelevant. - it reduces self - efficacy. multiple choice tests fail to allow students to find information themselves and make decisions about their learning. to do so would make tests \" unreliable. \" too many variables. unfortunately, life has multiple variables and \" learn to be a critical thinking citizen \" cannot be easily measured. - multiple choice pushes students toward a narrow, cerebral definition of learning. multiple choice does not allow for social learning. instead, students must prove what they know in isolation. it doesn ' t allow for multiple modalities or differentiation, either. - google has replaced multiple choice. in an era when knowledge is instantly available, we should be seeing whether students can find information, ask deep questions, engage with sources, curate what they find and find the bias in a source. multiple choice doesn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4978150314118325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.606962"} {"text": "who : diesel exhaust can cause cancer decision could pressure gov ' ts to introduce stricter limits on emission exhaust from diesel engines can cause cancer, a prominent global cancer group that ' s part of the world health organization said tuesday. while the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) has no power to set or enforce rules, many governments look to it for guidance and the decision could put pressure on those governments to introduce stricter limits on emissions, especially to protect workers who are exposed to diesel exhaust while on the job. the iarc has for more than two decades classified diesel engine exhaust as a \" probable \" carcinogen - - a cancer - causing agent - - but until recently there was no clear evidence linking it to higher cancer rates. this winter, however, two studies were published based on research involving more than 12, 000 mine workers done by the national cancer institute and the national institute for occupational safety and health, known as the diesel exhaust in miners study, or dems. together, the two new papers found an increase in lung cancer rates among workers exposed to diesel exhaust underground, with greater exposure linked to steadily higher cancer rates. in workers with the highest exposure, deaths from lung cancer tripled in one study, and increased five - fold in the other. it ' s unclear whether the decision will affect rules in the united states. since 2008, the mine safety and health administration has enforced a limit of 160 micrograms of total carbon per cubic meter for workers in u. s. mines. \" total carbon \" is used as a marker for diesel fumes. luke popovich, a spokesman for the national mining association, said the iarc decision has \" little bearing \" on current conditions. popovich said the recent studies aren ' t relevant, because they looked at worker exposures from the 1950s until the 1990s, when older and dirtier equipment was in use. \" it therefore does not reflect the technology changes that have been made since then, \" he said. industry groups and clean - air advocates alike say recent improvements are dramatic. the diesel technology forum and the national resources defense council both estimate that diesel emissions, including dangerous particles, are reduced by 99 % in newer engines. however, older engines are still in widespread use, especially in poor countries. dr. christopher wild, the iarc director, said the united states and europe already have \" stringent \" guidelines on diesel fumes, but that there is \" relatively little information about diesel exhaust in developing countries. \" other scientists warn that cancer takes years or even decades to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4636687833346915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.612558"} {"text": "the iarc director, said the united states and europe already have \" stringent \" guidelines on diesel fumes, but that there is \" relatively little information about diesel exhaust in developing countries. \" other scientists warn that cancer takes years or even decades to develop, meaning that people exposed to fumes in the past are still at risk. mining groups have criticized the dems research ever since its launch in 1992. last year, scientists funded by the industry - backed mining awareness research group ( marg ) wrote a paper criticizing the dems study, saying its methods for estimating exposure were \" imprecise \" and \" unreliable. \" henry chajet, an attorney with patton boggs, a law firm that represents the mining awareness group, responded to the iarc decision by saying, \" marg members are deeply concerned about the study and its conclusions. \" he said researchers had no way to reliably estimate exposure, that the results are \" confusing \" and that researchers haven ' t shared all their data. chajet is an aggressive critic. earlier this year, he sent letters to the lancet and other medical journals, urging them to hold off publishing papers on the dems study. \" we respectfully request that you and your counsel carefully consider any intent to publish these papers, as well as the impact and consequences of any such publication or distribution, \" chajet wrote in his letter to the lancet. the iarc didn ' t specify a level at which diesel fumes are harmful, but data from dems suggests that cancer risks go up even at relatively modest levels - - the equivalent of air pollution in some major cities, including london, mexico city and the bronx section of new york city. the iarc does not make policy recommendations, but dr. kurt straif, the head of the classification program, warns that the danger may not be limited to mine workers. \" we have learned from other carcinogens, such as radon, that initial studies showing a risk in heavily exposed occupational groups were followed by positive findings for the general population. therefore actions to reduce exposures should encompass workers and the general population. \" in a polluted city, the cancer risk may be low for a given individual, \" but if you ' ve got a ubiquitous exposure such as diesel engine exhaust, then it could make an awful lot of people ill, \" warns lesley rushton, a biostatistician at imperial college london. earlier this year, rushton wrote an editorial in the journal of the national cancer insitute, urging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43879226266375526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.613510"} {"text": "articles in art the latest cambodia hip hop series khmer romanization refers to the representation of the khmer ( cambodian ) language using letters of the latin ( roman ) alphabet. romanization of khmer is usually applied to khmer proper nouns such as names of people and geographical names as in a gazetteer. khmer numerals are characters used for writing numbers for several languages in cambodia, most notably cambodia ' s official language, khmer. they date back to at least the oldest known epigraphical inscription of the khmer numerals in 604 ad, found on a stele in prasat bayang, cambodia, located not far from angkor borei. khmer grammar is generally a subject verb object ( svo ) language with prepositions. although primarily an isolating language, lexical derivation by means of prefixes and infixes is common. dialects are sometimes quite marked. notable variations are found in speakers from phnom penh ( which is the capital city ), the rural battambang area, the areas of northeast thailand adjacent to cambodia such as surin province, the cardamom mountains, and in southern vietnam. the dialects form a continuum running roughly north to south. the speech of phnom penh, considered the standard, is mutually intelligible with the others but a khmer krom speaker from vietnam, for instance, may have great difficulty communicating with a khmer native to sisaket province in thailand. the khmer script ( ; akkharakram khemara pheasa, informally aksar khmer ; ) is used to write the khmer language which is the official language of cambodia. khmer ( ), or cambodian, is the language of the khmer people and the official language of cambodia. it is the second most widely spoken austroasiatic language ( after vietnamese ), with speakers in the tens of millions. khmer has been considerably influenced by sanskrit and pali, especially in the royal and religious registers, through the vehicles of hinduism and buddhism. it is also the earliest recorded and earliest written language of the mon - khmer family, predating mon and by a significant margin vietnamese. as a result of geographic proximity, the khmer language has influenced, and also been influenced by ; thai, lao, vietnamese and cham many of which all form a pseudo - sprachbund in peninsular southeast asia, since most contain high levels of sanskrit and pali influences. most temples in cambodia fall into mainly hindu and buhdist categories. the buddhist temples in cambodia are mostly pagodas. pagodas are built", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4463721075980772, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.617521"} {"text": "pseudo - sprachbund in peninsular southeast asia, since most contain high levels of sanskrit and pali influences. most temples in cambodia fall into mainly hindu and buhdist categories. the buddhist temples in cambodia are mostly pagodas. pagodas are built in any province, district of cambodia. the hindu temples are mostly built in some of provinces in cambodia. cambodia faces some serious problems in its schools due to a shortage of classrooms, an increase in the number of students and deterioration of school buildings. unlike many places around the world, where schools abound but teachers are few, the education bottleneck in cambodia is the lack of buildings. one of the most powerful long term answers to child prostitution and poverty in cambodia is to construct and jump start schools in some of the most remote and poverty stricken areas of the country. the roads standard in cambodia is managed by ministry of public works and transport, of cambodia. the ministry is mandated to \" build, maintain and manage all the transportation infrastructure such as roads, bridges, ports, railways, waterways and buildings \" in the nation. ministry offices are located in phnom penh. news in art between 1. 7 and 2. 2 million people, almost a quarter of cambodia ' s population, died between 1975 and 1979 under the ultra - maoist khmer rouge regime. pol pot, the architect of the \" year zero \" revolution, died in 1998, but his sidekicks are now on trial... catched this house, commissioned in 1965 by the national bank of cambodia to house its employees, is one of molyvann ' s \" 100 houses \" whose design was based on traditional khmer homes. it eventually fell into a state of disrepair. molyvann is most proud of his... catched phnom penh : to dedicate to former king his majesty norodom sihanouk who passed away on october 15, 2012 at the age of 90, the national bank of cambodia released a... catched - thousands of cambodians attended 100 \u2013 day funeral ceremony of late king father norodom sihanouk - architect turned artist mixes canvas and camera - six - year - old allegedly strangled for jewellery - cambodia, us leader focus on democracy and debt deal - cambodia \u2019 s first animation school brings india to angkor - thief slips between the croupiers - former king norodom sihanouk, father of nation \u2019 s statue will be displayed near independence monument", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47067253263114006, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.618420"} {"text": "mmm \u2026 doughnuts! national doughnut day ever wonder where this sweet, circular treat ( homer simpson \u2019 s fave! ) came from? the early years doughnuts have been around for hundreds of years. archaeologists turned up several fossilized fried cakes with holes in the center in prehistoric ruins in the southwestern united states. how these early native americans prepared their doughnuts is still unknown. most historians talk about doughnut history as starting in the mid - 19th century, when the dutch wrote down their recipes for \u201c olykoeks, \u201d or \u201c oily cakes, \u201d which were balls of sweet dough fried in pork fat, with apples, prunes or raisins in the middle. soon after, the pilgrims brought the tasty snack with them to america. there was just one little problem with doughnuts back then \u2013 when the olykoeks were pulled out of the hot oil, the centers were hardly ever cooked through. hole in one so how did doughnuts get their modern - day name? there \u2019 s a story about a woman from new england \u2013 elizabeth gregory \u2013 who was known for her yummy olykoeks. her secret was to add a hint of nutmeg and fill the center with hazelnuts or walnuts. she even had a special name for her creation : dough - nuts. ( she may have got the name from an instruction in the recipe, which said to make \u201c little nuts of dough \u201d and place them into the hot oil. and how did doughnuts get the whole in the center? well, the story of elizabeth gregory continues, though there are a few different endings. in one, she gives her son \u2013 a sea captain \u2013 some dough - nuts to take with him on one of his ocean journeys. but when a storm started at sea, the captain found himself having a hard time holding the treat and steering the ship. so he impaled the dough - nut on one of the steering wheel \u2019 s spokes, creating a hole in the middle of it. another version of the story says the captain simply didn \u2019 t like the nuts his mother put in the center of the dough - nuts, so he poked them out, leaving an empty whole in the middle. whatever the real story is, there were benefits to making doughnuts with holes. they cooked more evenly and their unique shape made them extremely popular. during world war i, doughnuts had already achieved status as an american favorite. young american men fighting oversees were served doughnuts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39707237233525844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.621157"} {"text": "a british seismologist explains earthquakes. the rumbling and shaking of earthquakes puzzled people for centuries, writes musson, chief spokesman at the british geological survey. aristotle blamed the noise on roaring winds forced through subterranean caverns. the people of lisbon, portugal, racked by a massive quake in 1755, felt certain god was punishing the wicked. shortly thereafter, working with limited data, scientists began to develop an understanding : british geologist john michell posited that earthquakes transmitted on elastic waves ; his colleague charles lyell found evidence of moving faults. based on observations of the archetypal san francisco quake of 1906, johns hopkins geologist harry fielding reid accurately defined an earthquake as a violent movement of rocks that releases energy in the form of waves that spread outward at high velocity. musson describes the evolving science of seismology, including the development of today \u2019 s global seismological networks. analyzing the most significant earthquakes of all time \u2014 lisbon, san francisco and sumatra ( 2004 ) \u2014 he explains what we know about these \u201c strange and uncanny things \u201d and scientists \u2019 \u201c persistent failure \u201d at predicting them. based on the growing population of urban areas, especially in developing nations, where buildings are not designed to withstand violent shaking, scientists are able to predict that a massive future quake will eventually result in 1 million deaths. in villages in seismically active areas, builders generally use available materials and follow traditional practices, which can lead to high death tolls. in earthquake - savvy cities, builders prevent collapses through reinforcement and other techniques. musson urges national governments to mandate earthquake safety programs. in the meantime, he writes, the safest place to be during a quake is under a solid piece of furniture. an authoritative and accessible investigation of one of nature \u2019 s most destructive forces.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5475341618464005, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.623069"} {"text": "more voices needed in climate debate after two weeks of climate negotiations in doha, bleary - eyed ministers, negotiators, and advocates are headed back home to the various regions around the world. few, if any, are leaving entirely satisfied. the pace of progress on climate change is still too slow and the political will for greater ambition remains elusive. that said, these talks did achieve the basic goal of extending the kyoto protocol and moving countries onto a single negotiating track toward a new climate agreement by 2015. this leaves the door for more progress ahead. this year ' s talks took place against the backdrop of two disturbing trends. on the one hand, there are multiple signs that climate change is here and its impacts are already being felt around the world. on the other hand, the world remains tied to the consumption of fossil fuels that drive more and more greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. with each passing day that we don ' t shift directions, we are increasingly locking ourselves into more unstable climate future. the real question is : can the international talks have a real impact on climate change? but before we get to that question, let ' s look more closely at the two trends : first, in recent years, we ' ve seen a surge in climate and extreme weather events, along with analysis and other evidence that the world is on an unsustainable course. the most recent and tragic example was super typhoon bopha that swept across the philippines this week, killing at least 500 people and leaving tens of thousands displaced. typhoons aren ' t unusual in the philippines, but this one is the most southern on record and it arrived particularly late in the year. the storm, of course, comes on the heels of hurricane sandy, which swept through the caribbean and up the east coast of the united states, leaving hundreds dead, and thousands without power or property. these are the kind of extreme weather events that are becoming more common in a warming world. on top of these examples are a series of powerful new reports that reinforce the dangerous direction the world is headed. for instance, the world bank just released a report, \" turning down the heat, \" which explores a world with four degrees celsius of global temperature growth. the picture is not pretty. four degrees would bring more intense wildfires, heat waves, and droughts. ocean life would die off, while pests and disease would increase, the report says. already we are seeing that polar ice is melting faster than expected and sea levels are rising beyond many projections. for instance, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4541643844974421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.628640"} {"text": "heat waves, and droughts. ocean life would die off, while pests and disease would increase, the report says. already we are seeing that polar ice is melting faster than expected and sea levels are rising beyond many projections. for instance, noaa just released a study showing that sea levels could rise as much as 6. 6 feet by the end of the century. furthermore, temperature records continue to fall. the united states is on course to have it hottest year on record, as withering drought spreads across two - thirds of the country. that brings us to the second major trend, which is the world ' s ongoing dependence on fossil fuels. wri recently released an analysis showing that there are nearly 1, 200 new proposed coal plants worldwide. while not all of these will be developed, even a fraction of them would drive up global emissions. oil, likewise, remains a dominant fuel source. and, despite the enormous profits, the international energy agency has reported that government subsidies for fossil fuels were six times those for renewable energy in 2011. this dependence on fossil fuels keeps pushing up the global emissions. ( 2011 also broke the record for greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. ) that ' s why what happens in the global climate agreements is so crucial. the un is the only venue that brings all countries together and gives each a chance to have a voice. it provides a common arena that enhances transparency and accountability among countries. but, the un is only as effective as the political will of its members. right now, when it comes to climate change, we are simply not seeing nearly enough commitment nor ambition from national leaders. greater domestic action can instill confidence and help build momentum. with more national leadership, the un can move faster and take a bigger bite out of global emissions. of course, the international system cannot solve the problem on its own. we need business leaders, government officials, and the public to step up as well. we need more of their voices in the debate. fortunately, public understanding of climate change is on the rise, as is support for action. turning again to the doha meeting, it ' s certainly clear that the meeting alone won ' t do enough to address this issue. but it does put countries on a track and provides them with the opportunity to raise their ambition. the time we have to cut emissions to avoid the worst consequences of climate change is running short. the stakes are high. it ' s time for world leaders, negotiators and the public to increase their intensity, to develop more specific strategies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4902676256011068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.629803"} {"text": "with this revised edition of the solar system, michael seeds ' goal is to help students use astronomy to understand science and use science to understand what we are. fascinating and engaging, this text illustrates the scientific method and guides students to answer these fundamental questions : what are we? how do we know? in discussing the interplay between evidence and hypothesis, seeds provides not only facts but also a conceptual framework for understanding the logic of science. this edition addresses the newest developments and latest discoveries in the exciting study of astronomy, including new data on jupiter ' s ring system ; new evidence of dark energy, quasars, and galaxy collisions ; and a look inside supernova explosions. - seeds ' thematic emphasis on the scientific method stands out in two recurring text features. \" how do we know? \" boxes draw on examples of great moments in science from various disciplines to illustrate the logical processes scientists use to learn about nature. the \" scientific argument \" feature at the end of each section contains a carefully designed question to help students review the key concepts. a short answer follows each question to emphasize how scientists construct logical arguments from observations, evidence, theories, and natural laws. an additional question gives students a chance to construct their own argument on a related issue. - for the seventh edition, several elements have been designed to help students develop a stronger understanding of the big picture. chapter opening \" guideposts \" connect previous and subsequent chapters to the material students are about to read, highlighting the \" essential questions \" within that chapter. these essential questions act as the organizing elements in the chapter summaries to encourage students to gain a deeper understanding of the material rather than just memorize a list of facts. - seeds ' unique art program showcases this visual science in a consistent, striking new style. the hallmark concept art spreads are numbered and emphasized in text narratives, making these two - page visual summaries easy to analyze and synthesize. concept figures marry art and text, encouraging students to synthesize information as a unified concept. guided discovery figures lead students through several frames of art to demonstrate processes that occur over time and provide brief guiding comments explaining each frame. to help students understand the main idea at a glance, all h - r diagrams are consistently designed. - two different cd - based planetarium software options are available on request, allowing instructors more flexibility when designing their course. choose from thesky student edition or starry night. - available on request with the text are two innovative technology enhancements. virtual astronomy labs focus on 20 of the most important concepts in astronomy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5846151896655555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.634145"} {"text": "embrace your roman muse! as a learner of latin you want to experience the roman world by reading its writers in their original language. but you may be unsure where to begin in the classical canon or you may worry that your latin skills are insufficient to tackle authentic texts. requiring only a grounding in the basics beginning latin poetry reader lets you explore the rich and diverse range of latin verse including epics comedies satires lyric poetry and even graffiti! inside you ' ll find seventy selections from authors of the early republic such as plautus and terrance as well as those of the golden and silver ages such as vergil horace ovid and juvenal - - all supported by helpful footnotes and english translations. this book also includes a clear overview of latin syntax and the metrics of its verse a glossary of all latin words found in the readings and a time line showing the historical and literary context of each author. lose yourself in : the sparkling comedies of plautus the intimate love poetry of catullus the majestic hexameters of vergil the elegant lyricism of horace the refined sensuality of ovid the compelling satires of juvenal the bristly epigrams of martial if you use one of kobo ' s free reading apps you won ' t need to worry about download options most of the time. your kobo reading app can easily add kobo store books to your library for a seamless reading experience. download options matter when : you want to read your book on an ereader other than the kobo ereader ( see here for a list of supported ereaders ). the book you want is only available as an adobe drm pdf. in both of these cases you will need to : download a copy of your book to your computer. open the book using a free application called adobe digital editions. you can also use digital editions to transfer the book to your ereader. see here for more information on digital editions. you can read this item on your computer using our free kobo desktop application. this application lets you read, manage your library of ebooks, and even shop for new ones. check out our demo for more information!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41071550508446303, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.637764"} {"text": "bg chap 8 - lifespan of brahma brahmaloka and other planets are destroyed because of limitations of time. even if brahma, the master of the planet, must die, what can be said of others? the persons situated on elevated planets such as mahar - loka know that one day of brahma is a thousand cycles of the four yugas by human calculations and such is the duration of brahma \u2019 s night also. the four yugas are satya ( lasts 1, 728, 000 years ), treta ( lasts 1, 296, 000 years ), dvapara ( 864, 000 years ) and kali ( lasts 432, 000 years ). the total duration of these four yugas is thus 4, 320, 000 human years. one thousand of this cycle of four yugas is one kalpa or one day of brahma. using a different calculation : one year of human is a day and night of the devatas. thus 360 days of the devas ( 1 year of deva ) is 360 human years. twelve thousand devata years is 4, 320, 000 human years, and this makes a cycle of four yugas. one thousand of these cycles makes one day of brahma. his night is also the same duration. one hundred of those years is the lifespan of brahma. after that brahma dies. if the brahma is a vaisnava, he will attain liberation. by these calculations the life of brahma seems fantastic and interminable, but from the viewpoint of eternity it is as brief as a lightning flash. in the causal ocean there are innumerable brahmas rising and disappearing like bubbles in the atlantic. brahma and his creation are all part of the material universe, and therefore they are in constant flux.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43967120758844397, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.639914"} {"text": "how does your diet affect your skin? nutrients, water can keep skin safe, supple laura spencer,, contributing writer can what you eat make a difference in your skin ' s health? medical evidence indicates that diet does affect your skin. a diet lacking proper fluids can leave the skin weak and fragile ; a poor diet on the whole can degrade your skin even more. and diseases such as diabetes can discolor skin or make it thicker. even without complications, eating some foods is linked to poor skin. mayoclinic. com says that a diet high in meat and full - fat milk can be related to wrinkles. effects of a good diet eating a healthy diet can lead to healthy skin, according to healthcentral. com. for example, the vitamin e in almonds and sunflower seeds supports the cells that protect the skin. the vitamin c in fruits, peppers and other vegetables contributes to the skin ' s production of collagen. zinc and iron in meats and vitamin - enhanced cereals, meanwhile, help with cell production and oxygenation. and the vitamin a in certain vegetables keeps the skin smooth and protects it from the sun. researchers have also found that whole grains can reduce acne. the omega - 3 fatty acids found in fish and nuts can lead to fewer wrinkles, and the flavonols in dark chocolate lessen the skin ' s sensitivity to the sun. fluids help skin an article at health. yahoo. com explains the impact of getting enough water. water is critical for the proper functioning of our bodies. every single cell needs water to work correctly, and that includes skin cells. water keeps your skin hydrated and helps to remove toxins. according to mayoclinic. com, the amount of water that a person needs varies by individual and is affected by other factors such as climate and the amount of exercise that an individual gets. general dietary recommendations suggest that men drink about 3 liters of liquids a day and women drink about 2. 2 liters daily. it is important to remember that most diet - related skin conditions can be prevented or alleviated by following a healthy diet rich in the right nutrients, and by making sure you get enough water. distributed by internet broadcasting. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.434495205343524, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.643659"} {"text": "this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. skoolbo has just completed an improvement analysis on the first 10 million questions and found that after three hours of learning time, average improvements are 23. 3 % in literacy and 12. 2 % in numeracy. singapore ( prweb ) january 30, 2013 children from all over the world have collectively answered more than 10 million literacy and numeracy questions on skoolbo, the world \u2019 s largest educational game. skoolbo has just completed an improvement analysis on the first 10 million questions and found that after three hours of learning time, average improvements are 23. 3 % in literacy and 12. 2 % in numeracy. refer to \u201c it \u2019 s all about improvement \u201d for a full breakdown. shane hill, skoolbo founder and ceo, said : \u201c our whole reason for being is about lifting educational outcomes \u2013 it \u2019 s at the heart of everything we do. to see such conclusive evidence of highly significant improvement across a full range of students from different parts of the world is extremely gratifying. \u201d skoolbo also released some of its data on the relative difficulty of various numeracy and literacy concepts. skoolbo has found that children find alphabetical order considerably more complex than spelling. telling the time on an analogue clock is also a topic that poses considerable challenge to many children. skoolbo continues to grow fast with a 49 % increase in users over the last four weeks. skoolbo is a team of educators and developers spanning the globe that commit to creating innovative and free educational games for children. the company believes that technology can drastically improve learning outcomes for children by recognising and harnessing the way children learn. the skoolbo dream our dream is that every child learns to read and gains confidence with numbers... these are life ' s essentials. we believe technology can dramatically help and that the best way to do it is to make it lots of fun and to make it free! for more information, please visit http : / / www. skoolbo. com for the original version on prweb visit : http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / prweb2013 / 1 / prweb10377397. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4973722589679062, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.646059"} {"text": "- the use of self - learning modules to facilitate learning of basic science concepts in an integrated medical curriculummohammed k khalil department of medical education, college of medicine, university of central florida, orlando, florida, usa anat sci educ 3 : 219 - 26. 2010.. 05 ). in conclusion, the use of slms in an integrated basic science curriculum has the potential to individualize the teaching and improve the learning of basic sciences... - evaluation of cognitive loads imposed by traditional paper - based and innovative computer - based instructional strategiesmohammed k khalil university of central florida, orlando, fl, usa j vet med educ 37 : 353 - 7. 2010.. 0001, df = 76, for two - tailed distribution. consistent with cognitive load theory, innovative computer - based instructional strategies decrease extraneous cognitive load compared with traditional paper - based instructional strategies... - insights gained from the analysis of performance and participation in online formative assessmentjonathan d kibble medical education, university of central florida, college of medicine, orlando, florida 32827, usa teach learn med 23 : 125 - 9. 2011.. online quizzes are simple, cost - effective methods to provide formative assessment, but their effectiveness in enhancing learning and performance in medical education is unclear...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5030921320197274, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.648797"} {"text": "the naked truth : how to prevent baring it all due to hair loss ( bpt ) - whether it \u2019 s a few extra hairs in the sink or a completely bare scalp, baldness is a common issue for many people \u2013 not just men. balding generally refers to hair loss from your scalp, usually caused by genetics, environment, various medications or an underlying medical condition. it is often characterized with a receding hairline and thinning crown near the temples and mid - anterior scalp. the word \" alopecia \" is the medical term for hair loss. androgenetic alopecia, a typical pattern of male baldness beginning at the hairline and gradually receding, is the most common form of hair loss, accounting for more than 95 percent of the cases in men. a quarter of those men start seeing signs of hair loss before they reach 21. but there are also several hundred diseases that include hair loss as a primary symptom. by age 35, two - thirds of american men will experience some degree of noticeable hair loss, and by age 50, about 85 percent of men have significantly thinning hair. most people dealing with baldness have hair follicles with an inherited or genetic sensitivity to dihydrotestosterone ( dht ), a derivative or by - product of testosterone. hair follicles that are sensitive to this hormone begin to shrink, which over time shortens the lifespan of each affected hair follicle. eventually, these follicles prevent hair from growing altogether, resulting in a bald spot. even though baldness is perceived to be a male condition, women actually make up 40 percent of american hair loss sufferers. hair loss in children is also more common than most people think and currently is responsible for about 3 percent of all pediatric office visits in the country. balding can be slowed or even stopped if caught early enough. many experts agree the best results happen when you begin treatment as soon as possible after the hair loss begins. there are several ways to treat and handle alopecia today, most of which are indicated by the severity or progression of the disease. while some people let their baldness naturally run its course, others use hairstyles, makeup or clothing to cover the condition. there are also medications and surgical procedures available to treat and prevent hair loss, but individuals should always contact their doctor to first discuss their options before pursuing any treatment. the most popular over - the - counter ( non - prescription ) topical hair regrowth treatments approved by the food and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5189864988872472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.652367"} {"text": "procedures available to treat and prevent hair loss, but individuals should always contact their doctor to first discuss their options before pursuing any treatment. the most popular over - the - counter ( non - prescription ) topical hair regrowth treatments approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) contain minoxidil, including rogaine. minoxidil is not intended for frontal baldness or receding hairline. allegan, mich. - based perrigo is a pharmaceutical company that manufactures and distributes most of the over - the - counter medications found under store - brand labels at leading retailers, grocers, club stores and pharmacies. the company recently received approval from the fda to market an over - the - counter, store - brand minoxidil 5 percent foam for men, which compares to the active ingredient in men ' s rogaine. the company also markets store - brand minoxidil 5 percent topical solution ( extra strength for men ) and minoxidil 2 percent topical solution ( regular strength for men ), as well as minoxidil 2 percent topical solution for women, which compares to the active ingredient in women \u2019 s rogaine. researchers believe that minoxidil works in part by partially enlarging the hair follicles and reversing the shrinking process. by enlarging follicles, the growth phase of the hair cycle is prolonged, allowing the hair to become longer and thicker looking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45529768645029245, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.653047"} {"text": "this code illustrates the wait - for - push command. when a touch sensor on port 1 is pressed, motor a will stop. this code uses two very important coding commands, case structures and loops. the touch sensor switch causes motor a to go forward if the touch sensor is released and backward if it is pressed. the loop causes the switch to loop infinitely. when run, this code will cause a car to \" snake \" forward in wide arcs. the length of the turns can be modified by changing either the time or motor power. the nxt can also be used to play music. by placing notes manually custom songs can be created. this program beeps, runs lurch - 1, then beeps again. this code uses a loop to turn motor a on - and - off three times. when downloaded to a single motor car, this program will accelerate the vehicle forward in three short bursts. the number of loops can be changed by modifying the constant \" 2 \". alternatively, if you want an infinite program, you can set the stop condition of the loop to a false constant. this program runs motor b until the light reading is less than 50. once the light reading is less than 50, motor b stops and motor c runs for 0. 25 seconds. this processed is infinitely looped. this program is works like the line follower : wait for dark program but it uses a switch. the program runs a switch - - in a infinite loop - - that runs motor b and makes sounds when reading light. the program stops motor b then runs motor c for 0. 25 seconds when in this code, sound frequencies are played corresponding to changing light values. light sensor readings, which fall between 0 - 100, are placed in a variable and multiplied by the constant 8. the value of that variable, which now falls between 0 - 800, becomes the frequency in hz of the sound played. the frequency is also displayed on the nxt. there are many ways to stop a car at a black line. using sensor attached to port 1, the program takes the initial light reading, drives forward ( one motor car ) and waits for a difference greater than or equal to 15. once this difference is reached, the case structure stops the nxt and exits the program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5058553227382597, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.656689"} {"text": "special offer : - limited time only! ( the ad below will not display on your printed page ) seventh graders often think the world is against them : \" she looked at me the wrong way ; i ' m going to cry. \" they behave better at school - - they can be cooperative in class, then go home and become very territorial. they are couch potatoes and not very adventurous. they don ' t know what to do with themselves but hate to go anywhere with the family, especially on vacation. friendships are all - important. up until now, kids have been merely thinking of defying authority ; now they are prepared to do it. peer issues and a rapidly developing interest in the opposite sex occupy the minds of most seventh graders, who are struggling desperately to fit in. girls still want to be in with the other girls, and boys with boys, but now the way to win acceptance may be to have a connection with a member of the opposite sex. kids will try one mode of dress to make them look hip, only to get snickers and stares from classmates. the result is despair - - then suddenly the mood improves for no apparent reason. expressions of individuality may show up in your teenager ' s choice of music : rock and rap music are increasingly popular with this age group, and the controversial, sometimes violent, sexual lyrics can be troubling to many parents. what your child will learn the biggest academic change for seventh graders is that in most junior high schools specialists teach virtually all subjects - - math, science, language arts, and social sciences. ( true some middle schools use team - teaching and integrated subjects. ) your child ' s day is more fragmented, but she can benefit from each teacher ' s intellectual best. the transition from being the oldest in a school to the youngest can be scary for those seventh graders who ' ve had to switch into junior high or middle schools. guidance counselors spend a lot of time resolving battles between groups of friends. a desire to define rules, and then seek to overthrow them, is common. teachers will help students to... \" the internet, beepers, and other electronic devices have opened up a whole new area of experimentation for sixth and seventh graders. they can say things to others through instant messaging that they would never say in person. in these years, it ' s important that parents continue the values discussions that they began years ago. \" kyle pruitt, phd, yale child study center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4819593372142211, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.663552"} {"text": "history : homestead act factored into early ll settlement liberty lake historical society supporters of the homestead act held the belief that the availability of free or cheap land, under the right terms, would ease the burden of the lack of land in states along the eastern u. s. it would promote the settlement of the west and help form new states. this, in turn, would generate federal income to help run the republic, while providing opportunity to any citizen willing to take up farming. from 1830 to 1860, several homestead proposals were brought before congress. these bills lacked the votes to pass largely because the southern states saw the west as a place to expand their plantations operated with slave labor. with the secession of the southern states in 1861, the homestead act easily passed, and abraham lincoln signed it into law in may 1862. the passage of this law was met with great optimism, especially for those who had the courage and willingness to do hard work. a few significant events along with the homestead act made liberty lake and the surrounding area favorable for settlement over the next two decades. these included the indian peace treaties of 1858, the completion of the mullan road in 1862 and the pacific railroad acts of 1863 to 1866 which encouraged the developments of the nation ' s railroads. the requirements of the homestead act were few but sometimes daunting, especially in remote areas. getting to the homestead site was a challenge in itself. the mullan road facilitated access to this area from both directions. pioneers traveling on the oregon trail could connect to the mullan road in walla walla, wash. ; whereas those coming by way of the missouri river could connect at fort benton, mont. by 1883, you could travel to this region on the northern pacific railroad. a homesteader needed only to be the head of a family or at least 21 years of age to claim a 160 - acre parcel of land. potential homesteaders came for many different reasons and from many different states and countries. if you were not already a citizen, only declaration of intention to become one was required to make a claim. immigrants, including danes, norwegians and germans, comprised a notable percentage of the liberty lake area ' s homesteaders. they immigrated from countries including canada, denmark, norway, germany and austria. after they lived on the land, made certain improvements, farmed for five years and attained citizenship ( if they were not already ), homesteaders were eligible to prove their claim. to start the homesteading process, a person had to file their intentions at the nearest land office. the land agent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3843019482220898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.667804"} {"text": "improvements, farmed for five years and attained citizenship ( if they were not already ), homesteaders were eligible to prove their claim. to start the homesteading process, a person had to file their intentions at the nearest land office. the land agent checked the plot of land in question for previous ownership claims. if the land was available, a filing fee of $ 10 was paid to temporarily claim the land along with a $ 2 commission to the agent. the homesteader then returned to the land to begin improvements, which included building a home and cultivating a portion of the land. at the end of the process, the person had to prove and be verified by two credible witnesses that all requirements had been met. if successful, a $ 6 fee was paid with the final form, and the homesteader received a patent for the land. the home was usually one of the first improvements made. it needed to be a minimum size and have at least one window. these dwellings could be constructed out of a variety of materials from sod to logs. in the inland empire, there was a ready supply of trees so most of the early homes were built out of logs. as sawmills developed to meet the demands of the railroads and growing communities, cut lumber became the building material of choice. during the 19th century, irrigation of crops was not practical on a large - scale basis, because it would take too much human labor. farmers had to rely on what nature supplied. our region annually averages 16. 67 inches of precipitation, which is less than 45 percent of what the state of ohio averages. this difference has a dramatic impact on the yield the crops produce. because of this, it was a real challenge for many of the homesteaders in this region to live off the land. advances in dry - land farming in the 1870s and 1880s helped in this regard, but not enough for the sandy, rocky soil around liberty lake. to survive, most homesteaders in our area needed additional sources of income. along with working their homesteads, many worked additional jobs. some worked in lumber mills providing railroad ties to the expanding railroads. others taught school, delivered supplies or worked for the government performing land surveys or carrying mail. homesteading was both physically and emotionally difficult. about half the homesteading claims were successful nationally. but those who did survive provided much of the spirit and inspiration upon which our great country was built. ross schneidmiller is president of the liberty lake historical society and a lifelong resident of the community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3856258213087424, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.669357"} {"text": "books > calculus this short introductory text focuses mainly on integration and differentiation of functions of a single variable, although iterated integrals are discussed. infinitesimals are used when appropriate, and are treated more rigorously than in old books like thompson ' s calculus made easy, but in less detail than in keisler ' s elementary calculus : an approach using infinitesimals. numerical examples are given using the open - source computer algebra system yacas, and yacas is also used sometimes to cut down on the drudgery of symbolic techniques such as partial fractions. proofs are given for all important results, but are often relegated to the back of the book, and the emphasis is on teaching the techniques of calculus rather than on abstract results. the book is designed more for self - study than for classroom use ; full solutions are given for nearly all the end - of - chapter problems. - download in adobe acrobat format - view the html version ( good for casual browsing, but not printer - friendly ). - epub, kindle. ( these have imperfect formatting because of the present limitations of readers in handling math. ) - epub 3 with mathml. ( this won ' t work properly on handheld ebook readers that don ' t support epub 3 and mathml. such readers will probably not come on the market until 2013. ) - buy a printed copy. - latex source code - inf, a calculator that can handle infinite and infinitesimal numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5683182848835066, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.670967"} {"text": "' world ' s fastest supercomputer ' crowned in us the titan supercomputer at oak ridge national laboratory was crowned the fastest in the world just a few weeks after its debut. in the clash of the world ' s supercomputing titans, a new u. s. supercomputer named \" titan \" is king. the $ 100 - million titan seized the no. 1 supercomputer ranking on the top500 list with a performance record of 17. 59 petaflops per second ( quadrillions of calculations per second ). the supercomputer, a cray xk7 system based at tennessee ' s oak ridge national laboratory, leaped past the former champion, the sequoia supercomputer at california ' s lawrence livermore national laboratory. the top five supercomputers in the world are : - titan cray xk47 at oak ridge national laboratory ( 17. 59 petaflops / s ) - sequoia bluegene / q at lawrence livermore national laboratory ( 16. 33 petaflops / s ) - fujitsu ' s k computer at the riken advanced institute for computational science in kobe, japan ( 10. 51 petaflops / s ) - the mira bluegene / q computer at argonne national laboratory in lemont, ill. ( 8. 16 petaflops / s ) - the juqueen bluegene / q computer at the forschungszentrum juelich in germany. ( 4. 14 petaflops / s ) u. s. supercomputers had fallen behind china ' s tianhe - 1a supercomputer and japan ' s fujitsu k computer starting in 2009, but staged a comeback with sequoia ' s rise in 2012. sequoia ' s 1, 572, 864 computing cores actually outnumber titan ' s 560, 640 cores, but not all computing cores are created equal. titan draws 90 percent of its performance from having 261, 632 of nvidia ' s new k20x accelerator cores. the nvidia accelerator cores use the same graphics processing unit ( gpu ) technology that drives graphics cards for displaying video games. gpus run tasks on many different \" threads \" that may run slower than traditional threads on central processing units ( cpus ), but gpus make up for that by running many more threads simultaneously. gpu - driven supercomputers will become even more crucial in building", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4366007990947694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.673262"} {"text": "granny says life evolved between the mica sheets this behind the scenes article was provided to livescience in partnership with the national science foundation. i have a passion for mica. this passion led me, in my 62nd year and almost a grandmother, to develop a hypothesis for the origins of life. \u201c develop a hypothesis \u201d is what i \u2019 ve been doing in the last many months, but the original inspiration came when i had not a scientific thought in my head. i was bent over the dissecting microscope in my apartment in virginia, near the national science foundation, splitting mica into thin sheets to arrange around some crystals grown from a smithsonian crystal - growing kit. as i looked at the bits of green algae and brown crud at the edges of the mica sheets, i thought, \u201c this would be a good place for life to originate! \u201d my hypothesis is that life originated between thin sheets of mica rocks, which provided many separate spaces for prebiotic molecules to evolve, sometimes in isolation from each other and sometimes in association with each other, as they oozed around within and between sheets. the energy needed for life to evolve from non - living molecules might have come simply from the sun and the waves. the mica hypothesis says that life developed as a \u2018 sandwich filling \u2019 in mica \u2018 sandwiches \u2019 in the prebiotic \u2018 soup, \u2019 or, as : \u2018 life between the sheets. \u2019 this contrasts with the \u2018 pizza \u2019, clay, and vesicle hypotheses, in which life originated on the surfaces of earth \u2019 s mineral crust, in clay particles, or in lipid vesicles. there are also \u2018 rna world \u2019 and \u2018 metabolism first \u2019 hypotheses. my hypothesis says that rna and proteins and metabolic chemistries could all have evolved between the mica sheets and then combined and emerged, coated with lipid membranes, as primitive cells. my passion for mica came from my research in biological atomic force microscopy, for almost 20 years now, starting soon after the atomic force microscope ( afm ) was invented in 1986. the afm feels a surface by raster - scanning a tiny tip across the surface, with a sensitivity so fine that it can feel even bare dna molecules on a flat surface. the flat surface we use is mica, a layered mineral with atomically flat sheets that can be peeled off with adhesive tape to expose a clean surface. maybe you are now asking, \u201c how can you see bare dna molecules on the mica when you said there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5593867453323145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.678960"} {"text": "use is mica, a layered mineral with atomically flat sheets that can be peeled off with adhesive tape to expose a clean surface. maybe you are now asking, \u201c how can you see bare dna molecules on the mica when you said there was algae and crud on it? \u201d the mica we use for afm samples is high grade mica, free of bubbles and other defects. the mica that inspired my hypothesis for the origins of life came from an abandoned mica mine in a connecticut state park, where my brother jim had taken some of us for a hike the previous summer. it had lots of bubbles and defects. theories and hypotheses why do i call my idea a \u2018 hypothesis \u2019? people use words in many ways, but one of the strengths of science is that it tries to use words in precisely defined ways. theories are much stronger than hypotheses. a hypothesis is a starting point in the scientific method, while a theory is the result of much research and testing. once there were also scientific laws, but now we know that even newton \u2019 s laws are not totally correct. therefore, newer scientists such as charles darwin call their well - tested ideas \u2018 theories \u2019 instead of \u2018 laws \u2019. my idea is only a hypothesis, ready for testing, by me and hopefully by many others in the scientific community. how discoveries are made dan koshland, a famous biochemist, wrote that there are three ways discoveries are made : charge, challenge, or chance. he calls this the \u2018 cha - cha - cha theory of scientific discovery \u2019. louis pasteur said that chance favors the prepared mind. i think mine was a \u2018 chance \u2019 discovery, by a mind prepared by decades of diverse education and research in biochemistry, chemistry, cell biology, biophysics, nanoscience and materials science. koshland, and einstein before him, said that the process of discovery seems to be the same in science and in other areas. therefore we are all making discoveries in the same ways, whatever our areas of knowledge. discoveries range from small to earth - shaking. i wonder which kind the mica hypothesis will be : a big one that gets into textbooks some day or a small one that falls into oblivion. i \u2019 ll get some clues about this when i attend the origin - of - life gordon research conference next week and share my hypothesis with people who have worked in the field for years or decades. editor ' s note : this research was presented at the american society for cell biology \u2019 s 47th annual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.616408342730643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.680092"} {"text": "so many primates for primatology \u2013 anthropology 1. 8 i once asked students to write about their most recent anthropology course, explaining what they liked best and what they liked least. one student chose \u201c primates and primatology \u201d and then for the best part wrote \u201c so many primates. \u201d he then wrote the same thing in the worst part : \u201c so many primates. \u201d as jonathan marks notes in his 2011 humorous blog - post review a first lecture on primate taxonomy, anthropologists and primatologists have documented a much larger variety of primate species than previously imagined : in the 1980s there were fewer than 200 primate species documented, but primatology now acknowledges over 400. somewhat ironically \u2013 and sadly \u2013 this is concurrent with habitat loss and endangerment for many primates. this also prompts the reasonable question of why anthropologists spend so much time documenting the number of species of non - human primates as well as their different activities by group and individually. most people assume primatology is about getting a sense of our closest relatives, establishing an evolutionary baseline of human traits. it is not. what anthropological primatology documents is an astounding range of variation in primate species, as well as different group and individual behavior. primatology reveals there is no single primate behavior pattern at the base of human evolution. chimpanzees and bonobos are equally related to the most recent common ancestor with human beings. chimpanzee and bonobo behavior varies, both between species and within different groups. there are yet other patterns with gorillas, gibbons, and orangutans. moreover, these species have been evolving for the 6 - 12 million years since splitting off from the lines that would lead to hominids. any contemporary behavior may have evolved independently and cannot be assumed to be a common ancestral model. \u201c as it turns out, there is not one generalized \u2018 primate pattern \u2019 found in nature but a variety of patterns with some common themes \u201d ( mackinnon and fuentes 2005 : 87 ; see also the blog - post the better bonobos of our nature by eric michael johnson in the primate diaries ). in a 2011 blog - post titled humans and other animals : a voice from anthropology, anthropologist barbara j. king urges us to avoid the \u201c species - level trap \u201d : the species - level trap is an easy lure. you \u2019 ve heard the claims, maybe, about chimpanzees and bonobos? chimpanzees are the male - violent, make - war apes, whereas their close cousins the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4235286206265827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.686995"} {"text": "the species - level trap is an easy lure. you \u2019 ve heard the claims, maybe, about chimpanzees and bonobos? chimpanzees are the male - violent, make - war apes, whereas their close cousins the bonobos are female - empowered and sexy - pacific. don \u2019 t believe it, at least not in this overly - simple form. gentle chimpanzees and feisty bonobos exist, as do apes who one day are kind and the next cruel, shaped ( as are we humans ) by some combination of how they were raised, their day - to - day social encounters and their genetics. this is especially important when popular media has depicted non - human primates as the source of supposed innate tendencies toward male aggression, dominance, and violence \u2013 see the 2013 edited volume war, peace, and human nature and see also the 2012 blog - post by agustin fuentes, bad to the bone : are humans naturally aggressive? even among the usually more aggressive chimpanzees, documented cases of lethal violence and war - like behavior are relatively rare, occurring in some groups but not others ( mackinnon and fuentes 2005 : 92 ). and most of the best documented cases, those that have most captured the public imagination, happened at gombe, the site of jane goodall \u2019 s original primatology research. with this in mind, it is instructive to return to the early primatology footage from gombe, contained in the national geographic film among the wild chimpanzees ( 1984 ). as the film unfolds, it becomes clear how much humans interact with chimpanzees. access to human artifacts upsets chimpanzee hierarchies. one of the non - dominant males discovers he can create a \u201c horrifying noise \u201d by rolling empty kerosene cans : \u201c originally one of the lowest - ranking males, mike was now # 1. \u201d the chimps spar over human - provided food supplies, fighting with each other and against the baboons. goodall was one of the first to document chimpanzees hunting baboons, but they had already been fighting baboons over the bananas in the human camp. then there are the unforgettable scenes of infanticide, of a female chimp killing and eating another chimp \u2019 s infant. but as this takes place, one of the younger chimps \u201c ran over to the two field assistants who were watching this horrifying struggle, stood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4957021871303951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.688004"} {"text": "scenes of infanticide, of a female chimp killing and eating another chimp \u2019 s infant. but as this takes place, one of the younger chimps \u201c ran over to the two field assistants who were watching this horrifying struggle, stood upright, looked into their eyes, looked back at the scene, and really seemed to be begging for help \u201d ( jane goodall 1984, my transcription ) as goodall notes, the powerful homicidal chimp would do this again, fighting off attempts at human intervention. however, what must the chimps have thought of these humans, who obviously did have the technical means to intervene, to prevent further cruelties, but did not? is this asking too much of primatology? perhaps, but people are showing up, tracking down chimpanzees, giving them food, participating in their grooming sessions, giving them names, and befriending them. it must seem pretty strange to the chimps. given all that occurred at gombe \u2013 how chimps used human technologies to alter status hierarchies, how they fought among each other and with the baboons for human - supplied food, the friendly interaction, and the cruelty \u2013 i take reports of chimpanzee intergroup \u201c warfare \u201d with more than a few grains of salt. this is not to say there is no violence among chimpanzee groups, but simply to wonder about what we can really deduce from the violent incidents we have documented. after all, can it just be coincidence that the intergroup warfare occurs at the same time when humans have drastically reduced chimpanzee habitats? as habitat shrinks, pushing some groups to the brink of extinction, it is not surprising that something like warfare might intensify. this is not unique to non - human primates \u2013 see the 2006 news article by charles siebert an elephant crackup? for an account of how elephants seem to be turning increasingly erratic and violent as humans encroach on their habitat. and in a 2012 blog - post desert trackways : seven - million - year - old clues to elephant social complexity, anthropologist barbara j. king agrees with siebert \u201c that the evidence for elephant post - traumatic stress disorder is compelling. it \u2019 s only gotten worse for elephants in the years since he wrote his piece. \u201d margaret g. power was an early critic of the interpretations from gombe. her 1995 article gombe revisited : are chimpanzees violent and hierarchical in the \u2018 free \u2019 state? is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4343334754079832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.688865"} {"text": "elephants in the years since he wrote his piece. \u201d margaret g. power was an early critic of the interpretations from gombe. her 1995 article gombe revisited : are chimpanzees violent and hierarchical in the \u2018 free \u2019 state? is a fascinating assessment of what we can and cannot learn from the gombe research, since the artificial feeding introduced stress and frustration into the chimpanzee group. i would not want to conclude there is a natural egalitarianism in chimpanzee societies, as power seems to do in the egalitarians \u2013 human and chimpanzee ( 1991 ), but her critique that we cannot assume a natural hierarchy and warfare is well - founded. unfortunately, the message is hardly heard in many popular accounts. in a 2011 news article which should focus on human sharing and sociality, nicholas wade exaggerates the contrast of humans with chimpanzees, claiming chimpanzees are \u201c a cluster of small, hostile groups constantly at war with each other, the default state of chimpanzee society \u201d ( supremacy of a social network ). once again, this varies between chimpanzee groups, can hardly be called a default state, and is not necessarily true of equally related non - human primates, such as bonobos. unlike the original gombe footage, more recent primatology film of chimpanzees strives to be naturalistic, with less obvious human intervention. in the \u201c food for thought \u201d section of the 2003 film series the life of mammals there is amazing footage of a chimpanzee hunting party brutally attacking a troop of colobus monkeys. the footage is incredible, but what kind of camera setup and interaction did it take to get those shots? the first time i posed this question in class, a puzzled look came over one student \u2019 s face, as she asked in disbelief : \u201c are you saying they \u2019 re acting? \u201d not exactly, although i would not rule it out. the great apes are extremely intelligent and creative creatures. do we really think we can send in a film crew and it goes unnoticed? the larger point remains : when we study the myriad primate species, with differing behaviors by species, by group, and individually, what we do not see is one single primate pattern accessible as ancestral basis. there are so many primates. next : 1. 9 \u2013 bipedalism is also called walking previous : 1. 7 \u2013 race becomes biology, inequality embodied to cite : antrosio, jason, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.510304869934829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.689777"} {"text": "| internet > world wide web > history > web browser history dozens of innovative web browsers have been created by various people and teams over the years. the first widely used web browser was ncsa mosaic. the mosaic programming team then created the first commercial web browser called netscape navigator, renamed communicator, then renamed back to just netscape. the netscape browser led in user share until microsoft internet explorer took the lead in 1999 due to its distribution advantage. open source software version of netscape was then developed called mozilla, which was the internal name for the old netscape released in 2002. mozilla has since gained in market share, particularly on non - windows platforms, largely due to its open and in 2004 was released in the quickly popular firefox version. a chronological listing of some of the influential early web browsers that advanced the state of the art is - worldwideweb. tim berners - lee wrote the first web browser on a next computer, called worldwideweb, finishing the first version on christmas day, 1990. he released the program to a number of people at cern in march, 1991, introducing the web to the high energy physics community, and beginning its spread. - libwww. berners - lee and a student at cern named jean - francois groff ported the worldwideweb application from the next environment to the more common c language in 1991 and 1992, calling the new browser libwww. groff later started the first web design company, infodesign. ch. - line - mode. nicola pellow, a math student interning at cern, wrote a line - mode web browser that would work on any device, even a teletype. in 1991, nicola and the team ported the browser to a range of computers, from unix to microsoft dos, so that anyone could access the web, at that point consisting primarily of the cern phone book. - erwise. after a visit from robert cailliau, a group of students at helsinki university of technology joined together to write a web browser as a master ' s project. since the acronym for their department was called \" oth \", they called the browser \" erwise \", as a joke on the word \" otherwise \". the final version was released in april, 1992, and included several advanced features, but wasn ' t developed further after the students graduated and went on to other jobs. - violawww. pei wei, a student at the university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46706941984404204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.696392"} {"text": "otherwise \". the final version was released in april, 1992, and included several advanced features, but wasn ' t developed further after the students graduated and went on to other jobs. - violawww. pei wei, a student at the university of california at berkeley, released the second browser for unix, called violawww, in may, 1992. this browser was built on the powerful interpretive language called viola that wei had developed for unix computers. violawww had a range of advanced features, including the ability to display graphics and download applets. - midas. during the summer of 1992, tony johnson at slac developed a third browser for unix systems, called midas, to help distribute information to colleagues about his physics research. - samba. robert cailliau started development of the first web browser for the macintosh, called samba. development was picked up by nicola pellow, and the browser was functional by the end of 1992. - mosaic. marc andreessen and eric bina from the ncsa released the first version of mosaic for x - windows on unix computers in february, 1993. a version for the macintosh was developed by aleks totic and released a few months later, making mosaic the first browser with cross - platform support. mosaic introduced support for sound, video clips, forms support, bookmarks, and history files, and quickly became the most popular non - commercial web browser. in august, 1994, ncsa assigned commercial rights to mosaic to spyglass, inc., which subsequently licensed the technology to several other companies, including microsoft for use in internet explorer. the ncsa stopped developing mosaic in january 1997. - arena. in 1993, dave raggett at hewlett - packard in bristol, england, developed a browser called arena, with powerful features for positioning tables and graphics. the university of kansas had written a hypertext browser independently of the web, called lynx, used to distribute campus information. a student named lou montulli added an internet interface to the program, and released the web browser lynx 2. 0 in march, 1993. lynx quickly became the preferred web browser for character mode terminals without graphics, and remains in use today. resources include the browser. org lynx page, the isc lynx page, and the lynx tom bruce, cofounder of the legal information institute, realized that most lawyers used microsoft pc ' s, and so he developed a web browser for that platform called cello, finished in the summer of 1993. - opera. in 1994, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46248702966180116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.697352"} {"text": "lynx tom bruce, cofounder of the legal information institute, realized that most lawyers used microsoft pc ' s, and so he developed a web browser for that platform called cello, finished in the summer of 1993. - opera. in 1994, the opera browser was developed by a team of researchers at a company called telenor in oslo, norway. the following year, two members of the team - - jon stephenson von tetzchner and geir ivars\u00b0y - - left telenor to establish opera software to develop the browser commercially. opera 2. 1 was first made available on the internet in the summer of 1996. - internet in a box. in january, 1994, o ' reilly and associates announced a product called internet in a box which collected all of the software needed to access the web together, so that you only had to install one application, instead of downloading and installing several programs. while not a unique browser in its own right, this product was a breakthrough because it distributed other browsers and made the web a lot more accessible to the home user. - navipress. in february, 1994, navisoft released a browser for the pc and macintosh called navipress. this was the first browser since berners - lee ' s worldwideweb browser that incorporated an editor, so that you could browse and edit content at the same time. navipress later became aolpress, and is still available in some download locations on the internet but has not been maintained since 1997. - mozilla. in october, 1994, netscape released the the first beta version of their browser, mozilla 0. 96b, over the internet. on december 15, the final version was released, mozilla 1. 0, making it the first commercial web browser. an open source version of the netscape browser was released in 2002 was also named mozilla in tribute to this early version, and then released as the quickly popular firefox in november, 2004. - internet explorer. on august 23rd, 1995, microsoft released their windows 95 operating system, including a web browser called internet explorer. by the fall of 1996, explorer had a third of market share, and passed netscape to became the leading web browser in 1999. many other browsers were also developed in the 1990 ' s to address niche requirements, several of which are listed below : mosaic for x resources. the following references provide more information about - browser applications - - lists sites that keep track of the different types of browser", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42996929943020923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.698445"} {"text": "study supports link between obesity, cavities in homeless kids monday, nov. 19 ( healthday news ) - - among homeless children, obesity is associated with an increased risk of cavities, a new study indicates. the findings provide further evidence of the link between the two conditions in children living below the poverty level, according to the researchers from case western reserve university and the university of akron, in ohio. for the study, the investigators looked at 157 children, aged 2 to 17 years, who were living in an urban homeless shelter. most of the kids were from single - parent families headed by women, with one or two siblings. the children ' s obesity was calculated using body mass index ( bmi ), a measurement of body fat based on height and weight. the investigators included missing, filled or injured teeth in their cavity count. as bmi increased with age, so did the number of cavities, marguerite dimarco, an associate professor at the frances payne bolton school of nursing at case western reserve university, and colleagues explained in a university news release. the researchers said their findings support reports from the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention that obesity and poor oral health have doubled in the united states since 1980, increasing the risk of health problems such as diabetes, as well as self - esteem issues. poor families have difficulty getting dental care, but poverty also adds to dental health problems in other ways, such as making it difficult to obtain nutritious food and a lack of refrigeration to keep food fresh, dimarco pointed out in the news release. some homes even lack running water, she added. \" there are no easy solutions, especially with the homeless population, \" dimarco said. the study was released online in advance of print publication in the journal of pediatric health care. while the study found an association between obesity and poor dental health in homeless kids, it did not prove a cause - and - effect relationship. the nemours foundation explains how to keep your child ' s teeth healthy. source : case western reserve university, news release, nov. 13, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4659702571863487, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.701461"} {"text": "the machias river was long a vehicle for the lumber trade. for many years the town of machias exported all sorts of sawed wood products, much of it on british vessels. when the british schooner \" margaretta \" arrived in machias in june of 1775 to pick up machias river lumber to help build british barracks, the town captured the schooner, thereby engaging this country in its first naval battle of the revolution. the most important topographical feature of the machias river occurs in the town of machias and gives both the river and the town their names. \" machias \" is an indian word that means \" bad little falls \" and refers to the steep, rough falls in the heart of the town where the river makes its final plunge. subsequently the name was applied to both the town and the river. the machias rates with the allagash, the penobscot, and the saint john as one of maine ' s most scenic waterways. it offers semi - wilderness travel with lakes, swamps, intermittent rapids up to class iii, ledges, waterfalls, and portages - all in a region that has much less use than the allagash, and which is more accessible than the saint john. the trip, in its entirety, is 77 miles in length. it begins at fifth machias lake and reaches tidewater, emptying into the ocean at the coastal town of machias. the trip requires a minimum of six days with favorable weather. it is possible to split the trip distance almost exactly in half and paddle either the upper section which would include all 5 of the machias lakes with their interconnecting thoroughfares and river sections or the lower section which is entirely river travel. three days are needed for either section. there are 8 miles of river between 5th and 4th lakes, 3 miles between 4th and 3rd, 4 miles between 3rd and 2nd lakes, and 2 miles between 2nd and 1st machias lake. the river is quite narrow in this upper half and those sections between the lakes contain many interesting rapids and ledge drops ranging from class i to class iii. there is also a likely portage around the \" long falls \" area between 3rd and 2nd lakes. approaching the half - way point of the trip there are two challenging drops to negotiate after scouting. carrick pitch is a class iii boulder strewn obstacle of a couple hundred yards and the class ii - iii half mile long airline rapid has swift current, big waves, and a complicated right - left - right s - turn. the upper half short trip ends here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4507330437466079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.707785"} {"text": "pitch is a class iii boulder strewn obstacle of a couple hundred yards and the class ii - iii half mile long airline rapid has swift current, big waves, and a complicated right - left - right s - turn. the upper half short trip ends here and the lower half short trip begins here. if paddling the entire long trip, we camp overnight at the airline. since the \" west branch \" of the machias joins the main river flow a few miles upstream, the river from here to the ocean is a much larger river with many sections of flatwater separated by falls and heavy rapids. about four miles after leaving the airline we reach the first of the potentially dangerous drops, \" little falls \", a series of rugged and ragged ledges. in another four miles we reach \" wigwam rapids \", a series of four distinct pitches extending over a distance of 2 miles. the sections are of varying difficulty including class iii which can contain severe wave formations in high water conditions. three miles beyond the \" wigwams \" we reach \" upper holmes falls \", a 15 foot waterfall requiring another portage. just around the next bend is \" lower holmes falls \". this drop may be run by experienced paddlers after scouting or may be portaged. there are two islands in the middle of the falls, the lower of which is at the severe pitch of this drop. the upper island that leads into the fall has upon it a stone monument honoring obadiah hill, a pioneer of early machias who died here in 1786. one can stop to see the monument and then ferry to the right shore for the portage or, if the water is not at a high level, to the upstream end of the lower island to view lower holmes falls. the worst part of the fall is on the left side of this steep - sided island and is not visible from the portage trail which follows the right bank. this is a geologically interesting site which offers examples of irregular jointing, irregular granite veins and basalt dikes, and curved fracture surfaces. the river runs forcefully through a fairly narrow channel here. don ' t hesitate to portage around this very difficult pitch if your skills or the water conditions are not conducive to a successful attempt. in the next section you ' ll meet \" river ' s end \", so named because as you approach it from upstream the river seems to disappear underground. about 12 miles from the ocean we reach the last major rapid and possible portage at a place called \" grand falls \". this rapid is runnable by experienced canoe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554863967446532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.712491"} {"text": "a paper presented by antares at sidang seni 2001, galeri petronas \u2019 first annual conference on the arts, march 24 - 25, 2001 once in a while it helps to sit back and think about things like art \u2013 and what it actually means to be called or to call someone an artist. we could think about the earliest evidence of human artistic activity, found before the outbreak of the first world war in southern france : the famous paleolithic cave paintings of lascaux, more than 30, 000 years old, which largely depict the primal mystique of the hunt. the scholar joseph campbell, in primitive mythology, describes these prehistoric artists as shamans : medicine men and women who worked as intermediaries between the mystical and practical worlds, whose private visions - projected into public ceremony and ritual - could effect profound change in our lives by impinging upon our perceptions. then, as now, the shaman - artist served as a visionary of the sacred, a medium connecting the various dimensions, a transducer of spirit into matter and vice versa, a vital link between metaphysical and physical. his ability to merge the inner world of dreams and symbols with the outer world of the hunt made him a healer and a seer, gifted with initiatic and prophetic authority. australian aboriginal creation myths speak of archetypal ancestors, closely linked to specific animal lineages, singing the landscape into being as songlines. the spiritual world is a vibratory essence which can materialize itself by lowering its frequencies. physical reality is but a shadow of the metaphysical. interestingly, this idea of earthly existence as a shadow - play is the central metaphor in plato \u2019 s famous allegory of the cave, wherein he describes the unawakened consciousness as a prisoner chained in darkness, kept enthralled by an illusory pageant of animated shadows enacted by an invisible priesthood. precisely the technique employed in the wayang kulit tradition, still practised in former colonies of the majapahit empire. the imaginative interplay of light and dark creates all drama \u2013 a word associated with dreams and nightmares. from plato \u2019 s cave to wayang kulit to the magic lantern and george lucas \u2019 s industrial light magic is a mere progression of technological sophistication. a father amusing his child by creating animated shadows with his hands is drawing on a very ancient artform. these days the same father ( especially if his name happens to be george lucas or steven spielberg ) would have access to computer - generated digital images which enormously enhance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.553084316043785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.729235"} {"text": "his child by creating animated shadows with his hands is drawing on a very ancient artform. these days the same father ( especially if his name happens to be george lucas or steven spielberg ) would have access to computer - generated digital images which enormously enhance his power to project his imagination to a remote audience of millions. the art of entertaining and enthralling an audience is akin to hypnotism ( or to an ancient javanese magical practice known as pukau, by which means the victim is involuntarily put into a paralytic trance, thereby allowing the practitioner to do as he will as long as the spell lasts ). disregarding the superficial changes in the technology of art, the primary tool of the artist will always be his imagination. the secondary tool of the artist might be a stick with which to draw figures in the sand, a brush with which to paint, a chisel with which to chip away stone, a flute on which to blow, a lute on which to strum, or a computer with which to sequence an electronic fugue. technology, after all, is essentially the evolution of tool - making and using. a gripping tale can be told with only an eloquent tongue \u2013 or with an extravagant panoply of son et lumiere effects. without the artistic imagination, creation itself would not exist, nor would the concept of a creator. we have been told that god made man in his image ; the artist intuitively knows that the reverse equally applies. to imagine is to create an image on the screen of one \u2019 s mind \u2013 and this act of imagination, when focused through the clear lens of willful intent, is a magical performance which can effect a transformation on all levels. thus the artist - shaman - magician has always been a source of fascination and fear. his powers of creation and projection make of him a god or demon, depending on his mood and inclination. and indeed, in days of old, the visionary power of the artist - shaman often gave him tremendous influence over his tribe. it was only recently \u2013 in the last 13, 000 years or so \u2013 that brute strength gained ascendancy over mind, and the warrior muscled his way into dominance. the gradual erosion of archetypal pantheons and monarchies has facilitated the rise of the merchant - entrepreneur, whose crude time - is - money credo rapidly became the \u2018 bottom line \u2019 over the last few centuries. commercialism and industrialism now threaten, alas, to turn art into just another economic activity \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5243500254914386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.731940"} {"text": "the rise of the merchant - entrepreneur, whose crude time - is - money credo rapidly became the \u2018 bottom line \u2019 over the last few centuries. commercialism and industrialism now threaten, alas, to turn art into just another economic activity \u2013 and the artist \u2019 s ceremonial and magical role into a purely ornamental one. no doubt a certain superstitious awe still attends the artist \u2019 s endeavors ; but in the age of consumerism, the artist - shaman \u2019 s contribution to the success of the hunt has been reduced to churning out effective advertising and public relations for the vulgar new gods of materialism - or fashionable new trends for the children of the privileged. at this juncture, we must examine the complex interactions between the inner and outer self of the artist. paradoxically, what begins as a unique experience ultimately transforms itself into a universal truth through the exercise of the artistic imagination and will. a personal encounter with grievous loss and emotional distress, for example, can be transmuted into art \u2013 in the form of a novel or a symphony or a painting or sculpture - and thereby shared with society at large. the skillful selection of linguistic, visual, auditory, olfactory or tactile symbols that will compress a complex experience into communicable or transferable form is what constitutes the inner technology of art. the word technology itself derives from technique \u2013 which may be classified as \u201c hardware and software \u201d in modern parlance. tools are hardware and, as such, are utterly useless unless one is also equipped with the necessary knowhow, the software. a simple case in point can be seen in the evolution of writing utensils - from chisel or quill or brush to chalk or crayon or ink pen ; from manual to electric typewriter, to electronic word processor \u2013 all in the course of a mere 6, 000 years. and yet, the use of a high - powered computer does not provide any creative edge over the use of a goose quill. would shakespeare or mozart, for instance, have done more inspired work if they had had access to \u201c better \u201d tools? indeed the sonnets and plays of shakespeare have survived the centuries better written in ink on parchment than they would have as digital code on magnetic disks \u2013 just as mozart \u2019 s masterpieces have better lasted the centuries on paper than they would have on acetate or vinyl or optical disk. perhaps a digression is in order here : when politicians speak of \u201c smart schools \u201d they invariably have an image of students being plugged into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5225028733623457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.733599"} {"text": "ruinous competitiveness than any athlete or warrior. could it be that the golden age when art and philosophy reigned triumphant abruptly ended when artists and philosophers became too isolated in their ivory towers and lost direct contact with the grassroots? is that why there has been a pronounced swing towards community arts as a new context in which the artist can once again feel connected with his or her tribe? contributing positively towards greater cohesion and healing is possibly the most creative option available to the artist - shaman at this point in evolution. as human consciousness becomes more engrossed with density, darkness and discontent, the urge to destroy grows more compelling than the urge to create. hindu mythology offers us a helpful metaphor by postulating the archetypal trinity of creator - destroyer - preserver \u2013 brahma, shiva and vishnu. the dynamic principle of 3 defines many processes, even in the atomic world of nuclei, electrons and protons. the eternal quest for truth is ultimately three - pronged : science represents the left brain, art the right brain, and spirituality the heart. only a creative convergence of all three prongs can lead us to self - mastery and wisdom. in the biological world the trinity of mother, father and child underlies all life cycles. what the mother creates, the father destroys, and the child preserves \u2013 even as we emerge from the past into the present, and project ourselves into the future. the conclusion we may draw from this is that our greatest hope now resides in the upcoming generation : whether it has the ability and agility to avoid growing up like the corrupt and morally bankrupt father and propel itself an octave higher in aesthetical and ethical awareness, attaining the mystical baraka or heaven \u2019 s grace - and regaining thereby the artistic key to a new paradigm of paradise on earth. antares \u00a9 march 2001 \u201c art is a means of connecting two worlds, the visible and the invisible, the physical and the spiritual. the area of our consciousness where culture has its roots lies in the uncontrolled mind of every individual : in the moment when it is given space to make a creative leap. artists, scientists and spiritual masters alike have great respect for that particular faculty of our human potential. it is in the realization of each individual \u2019 s intuitive creativity that everybody would agree with the statement, everyone is an artist. \" ~ louwrien wijers \u201c art as awakened warriorship... art as a dynamic agent of planetary transformation... art as a foundation for global peace... \u201d ~ jose arguelles \u201c culture is shared meaning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5401100018020287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.736478"} {"text": "a quilt exhibit pieces together a story about american history download mp3 ( right - click or option - click the link. ) welcome to this is america in voa special english. i ' m steve ember. and i ' m shirley griffith. this week on our program, we visit a quilting exhibit at the renwick gallery of the smithsonian american art museum in washington, d. c. quilts are colorful bed coverings made by sewing together pieces of cloth into different designs. these finely crafted works of art celebrate the creativity and skill of generations of women. the renwick exhibit is called \" going west! quilts and community. \" it includes fifty quilts made from around the eighteen thirties to the nineteen thirties in the area of what is today the midwestern state of nebraska. robyn kennedy is the chief of the renwick gallery. she says the guest curator of the exhibit, sandi fox, wanted to look at the quilts that settlers in a certain area of the united states brought with them, then later made. sandi fox looked at more than two thousand quilts before she chose the ones to show. starting in the eighteen forties, three major paths leading to the western territories of the united states ran alongside each other. the oregon trail, mormon trail and california trail came together along the great platte river. this area by eighteen fifty - four was called the nebraska territory. settlers in their wagons pulled by horses followed these trails to find land and create a new life for themselves. some settlers continued on to areas further west. but others decided to settle in nebraska. the renwick exhibit explores quilts made by settlers and later generations of quilters in this part of america known for its severe winters. a few of the quilts in the \" going west! \" exhibit were treasures that families brought with them from europe as reminders of the life they left behind. for example, one family from sweden who settled in nebraska in the eighteen sixties brought with them a whole cloth quilt made from red silk. the quilt is remarkable for its richly detailed stitching. looking at this quilt, you can imagine how the family enjoyed its warmth and beauty while building a new life in america. robyn kennedy explains how some quilts in the exhibit tell a story about the groups of people who settled in nebraska. robyn kennedy : \" well, it really gives you an idea of the sense of community that these people had. many of these were done as fund raisers for a variety of different projects. and sometimes they were auctioned several times. people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48016134634125285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.747500"} {"text": "nebraska. robyn kennedy : \" well, it really gives you an idea of the sense of community that these people had. many of these were done as fund raisers for a variety of different projects. and sometimes they were auctioned several times. people would pay twenty - five cents to have their name on it, but then once the completed quilt was done, then that would be auctioned off. \" for example, one red and white piece called the \" omaha commerce quilt \" was made in eighteen ninety - five by a women \u2019 s aid group at a lutheran church. local businesses bought advertising space on the quilt. different women in the church group stitched each cloth advertisement. the quilt was probably set out to create publicity for the businesses that gave money to the women \u2019 s cause. it might also have been sold to raise more money. robyn kennedy points to a quilt that shows a community coming together for another reason. robyn kennedy : \" this is an anniversary quilt for this couple, for their fiftieth anniversary, nineteen - oh - seven. but they first got married in eighteen fifty - seven. so this is their community celebrating. \" this shiny blue quilt with yellow stitching also represents a change in the technology of quilt making. one area of the quilt was clearly sewn by hand by different friends and family members of the married couple being honored. but the words sewn into the center of the cloth proudly announce that they were stitched with a sewing machine made by the new home company. other quilts tell a story about an individual \u2019 s life. edith withers myers made a quilt called \" you are the darling of the earth \" in about eighteen ninety - eight. this crazy quilt is like a written journal of this young woman \u2019 s social life. crazy quilts are a popular form of quilt design. there is no set pattern. a quilter can use her imagination to piece together cloth in whatever form or shape she wishes. edith meyers stitched onto her quilt words describing parties and dances she attended. she stitched in the names of her friends as well as popular slang words at the time, including \" toots \" and \" buzz. \" for a quilt made in about nineteen ten, a woman named azuba read recreated the objects found in a hat maker \u2019 s store. she was a professional hat maker herself. she covered her spirited crazy quilt with flowers and feathers like the ones she might have placed on the hats she made for women. by definition, a quilt is made from two layers of fabric with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48188258830536146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.748522"} {"text": "s store. she was a professional hat maker herself. she covered her spirited crazy quilt with flowers and feathers like the ones she might have placed on the hats she made for women. by definition, a quilt is made from two layers of fabric with a soft material such as wool or cotton batting in between. the two sides of fabric are sewn together to keep the filling from moving around inside the quilt. the stitches can be made in such a way as to form detailed patterns or designs on the quilt. a quilt made from a solid piece of fabric on top is called a whole cloth quilt. patchwork quilts are made from many pieces of different colored fabrics that have been sewn together, or \" pieced, \" in a design. often the small pieces of fabric that make up the quilt come from old pieces of clothing. a quilter can also sew different pieces of fabric onto the top of the quilt to form designs. this method is called applique. quilting in general is not american. through history, cultures around the world have created quilted coverings and clothing. but quilting in the united states developed qualities that are now very much american, such as patchwork. quilts were more than warm protection against cold winters. quilt making provided women with an important form of creative expression and invention. quilting is also a social activity. quilters come together at quilting bees to work on coverings together and to enjoy socializing. there are many traditional american designs that appear on quilts. these include the double wedding ring, bear \u2019 s paw and honeycomb patterns. some patterns like the wagon wheel, log cabin and lone star represent the experiences of settlers on the american frontier. quilt exhibits are very popular in the united states. the smithsonian has had several quilt exhibits over the years. people enjoy the expressive colors and inventiveness of the art. and quilt exhibits are especially popular among the large and active quilting communities around the country. every tuesday and friday, for the exhibit, several members of the annapolis quilting guild set up their materials in the renwick gallery. the quilters are there to answer the questions of museum visitors and to show them how quilts are made. one quilt in the exhibit tells a story about a life other than that of the person who made it. in fact, historians do not know who made \" the civil war quilt. \" in eighteen sixty - one, a young soldier in the american civil war was ordered to visit nearby farms and ask for warm blankets for the troops.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5440437826989801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.749650"} {"text": "person who made it. in fact, historians do not know who made \" the civil war quilt. \" in eighteen sixty - one, a young soldier in the american civil war was ordered to visit nearby farms and ask for warm blankets for the troops. one family gave joseph miller this extraordinarily detailed applique quilt covered in red flowers and leaves. he kept the quilt throughout the war. it became black with dirt, but somehow remained in one piece. after the war, he cleaned the quilt and kept it with him for the rest of his life. looking at the beautiful condition of the quilts at the renwick gallery, you might find it hard to believe many are well over a hundred years old. robyn kennedy explains that to help preserve the quilts, the renwick shows them in rooms that have low lighting. the quilts are hung from the walls in such a way as to permit air to move behind them. also, museum workers always wear white gloves when touching the quilts. the oils or dirt on a person \u2019 s hands could harm the cloth. ms. kennedy says the museum sometimes has a problem with visitors who want to touch the quilts to look at how they were made. so the smithsonian offers public \" white glove \" events where visitors can look up close at the methods used for each quilt. when the quilts travel, they are gently folded, wrapped in acid - free paper and placed in acid - free boxes. some quilts in the show are made from more unusual materials. for example, one is made out of the cloth from men \u2019 s suits. another quilt, from nineteen thirty - five, is made from men ' s neckties. \" the holen boys ties quilt \" is made from almost one hundred silk ties. they form a striking pattern and radiate outwards like the rays of the sun. robyn kennedy says that ninety - three relatives of the holen family plan to visit their ancestral quilt at the renwick. the holen quilt helps show that generations later, the personal stories and experiences captured by these skillful works of art are still powerful. the quilts remain as expressive and lovely today as they were when they first were stitched. our program was written and produced by dana demange. i \u2019 m shirley griffith. and i \u2019 m steve ember. our programs are online with transcripts and mp3 files at voaspecialenglish. com. we also have pictures of some of the quilts in the exhibit. join us again next week for this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740591821433002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.750747"} {"text": "step 3. 4. describe the connections between the professional development you are planning and other professional development. individual professional development activities and programs can have greater impact if they are connected to and reinforce other professional development. for example, a series of workshops and follow up that is intended to support implementation of a new reading program can be followed by a second series that focuses on more complex or challenging implementation tasks. the advantage of these back - to - back series is that they can greatly extend teacher engagement in the implementation effort and provide ongoing support for their work. in addition, this longer period of support often reflects the realities of how long full implementation takes. a second way to think about connections between activities is to think about activities that may parallel each other, while at the same time addressing different professional learning needs. continuing with the example of introducing a new reading program, it is possible that new and inexperienced teachers will require different kinds of professional development and support than more experienced teachers. therefore, parallel programs can address these differences, while helping to maintain the overall schedule for implementation of the new program. in the end, professional development that complements other professional development is likely to have a greater impact than activities that are not connected. is the professional development that you are planning explicitly connected to other professional development? note to readers : if the answer is yes, the planner will be prompted to indicate which activity the one that is being planned is connected to or aligned with and to provide a brief description of the connection and / or the rationale for it. ( next page ) ( previous page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4976098788589692, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.754607"} {"text": "causesby mayo clinic staff click to enlarge | anatomy of the eye | retinal detachment can occur as a result of : - shrinkage or contraction of the vitreous ( vit - ree - us ) \u2014 the gel - like material that fills the inside of your eye. this can create tugging on the retina and a retinal tear, leading to a retinal detachment. - advanced diabetes - an inflammatory eye disorder how retinal detachment occurs retinal detachment can occur when the gel - like material ( vitreous ) leaks through a retinal hole or tear and collects underneath the retina. reasons for holes or tears include : aging or retinal disorders can cause the retina to thin. retinal detachment due to a tear in the retina typically develops when there is a sudden collapse of the vitreous, causing tugging on the retina with enough force to create a tear. fluid inside the vitreous then finds its way through the tear and collects under the retina, peeling it away from the underlying tissues. these tissues contain a layer of blood vessels called the choroid ( kor - oid ). the areas where the retina is detached lose this blood supply and stop working, so you lose vision. - in certain inflammatory conditions or other disorders, fluid also can accumulate beneath the retina without a tear or break. aging - related retinal tears that lead to retinal detachment as you age, your vitreous may change in consistency and shrink or become more liquid. eventually, the vitreous may separate from the surface of the retina \u2014 a common condition called posterior vitreous detachment ( pvd ). it ' s also called vitreous collapse. as the vitreous separates or peels off the retina, it may tug on the retina with enough force to create a retinal tear. left untreated, fluid from the vitreous cavity can pass through the tear into the space behind the retina, causing the retina to become detached. pvd can cause visual symptoms. you may see flashes of sparkling lights ( photopsia ) when your eyes are closed or when you ' re in a darkened room. new or different floaters may appear in your field of vision. - facts about retinal detachment. national eye institute. http : / / www. nei. nih. gov / health / retinaldetach / retinaldetach. asp. accessed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4973489397952246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.762365"} {"text": "in your field of vision. - facts about retinal detachment. national eye institute. http : / / www. nei. nih. gov / health / retinaldetach / retinaldetach. asp. accessed jan. 31, 2013. - goldman l, et al. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa. : saunders elsevier ; 2012. http : / / www. mdconsult. com / das / book / body / 191371208 - 2 / 0 / 1492 / 0. html # accessed jan. 31, 2013. - posterior vitreous detachment, retinal breaks, and lattice degeneration ppp. san francisco, ca. american academy of ophthalmology. http : / / one. aao. org / ce / practiceguidelines / ppp _ content. aspx? cid = 8d149a8a - 0c90 - 4bf8 - b3e1 - beaffde76079. accessed feb. 1, 2013. - tintinalli je, et al. tintinalli ' s emergency medicine : a comprehensive study guide. 7th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2011. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / resourcetoc. aspx? resourceid = 40. accessed jan. 27, 2013. - arroyo jg. retinal detachment. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home. accessed feb. 1, 2013. - information for healthy vision. national eye institute. http : / / www. nei. nih. gov / lowvision / content / resources. asp. accessed feb. 1, 2013. - programs and services. american association for the blind. http : / / www. afb. org / default. aspx. accessed feb. 1, 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46584644982512147, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.763100"} {"text": "good news for olympic athletes : there is not sufficient scientific evidence to support the long perpetuated theory that athletes should avoid sex before sport. while the ancient greeks believed that abstinence enhances physical performance and that sex before competition zaps energy and for years coaches and sports competitors have been practicing abstinence the night or even weeks before competition, scientists say that there has still been no scientific evidence to show that sex spoils sport. muhammad ali, for one, reportedly went without sex for six weeks before a fight and english coach glenn hoddle forbade the players on his soccer team from having sex during the month - long 1998 world cup. however, scientists say that the long - standing \" no sex before sport \" myth has not really been fully proven, and that most research looking at the physiological effects has so far not been able to show that sex reduces physical strength, power or endurance. \" when we test people in the lab, we are examining ' tests of performance ' but in competition, psychology very likely plays a much more important role, \" professor ian shrier of mcgill university in canada said, according to reuters. \" those who claim it decreases performance usually say it is because it decreases focus or aggression or tension. there are no studies that have examined this. \" researchers reviewed previous studies and the findings, published in the clinical journal of sport medicine, suggest that sex the night before competition has no effect on physiological test results. in one of the studies researchers tested the maximum - effort grip strength of 14 married male former athletes the morning after coitus and after at least six days of abstinence and found that neither strength nor endurance of the flexing muscles appeared to be negatively affected by sex the previous night. a follow - up study conducted by scientists at colorado state university on ten healthy, married men between the ages of 18 and 45 found that grip strength, balance, lateral movement, reaction time, aerobic power, and vo2 max, a way to measure oxygen efficiency, did not seem to be affected by sex the previous night. another study found that having sex 12 hours before a fitness test did not seem to affect maximal aerobic power, oxygen pulse or blood pressure. researchers said that the ancient myth that athletes should practice abstinence may stem from the theory, which has yet to be scientifically proven, that sexual frustration makes people more aggressive, and that the act of ejaculation draws testosterone, a physical performance - related hormone, from the body. \" even if that theory is correct, most people currently believe there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47004576573184187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.768370"} {"text": "to be scientifically proven, that sexual frustration makes people more aggressive, and that the act of ejaculation draws testosterone, a physical performance - related hormone, from the body. \" even if that theory is correct, most people currently believe there is an optimal level of aggression or focus - too little and you don ' t do well, too much and you don ' t do well, \" shrier said. in fact, researcher emmanuele jannini, and professor of endocrinology at the university of l ' aquila in italy, found that sex may even stimulate the production of testosterone. he told the national geographic that the current thinking that sex diminishes performance \" is a really wrong idea. \" \" after three months without sex, which is not so uncommon for some athletes, testosterone dramatically drops to levels close to children ' s levels, \" jannini said. \" do you think this may be useful for a boxer? \" experts say that the effect of sex on physical performance would depend heavily on the person having sex, how often, the duration and in what way. \" if it ' s ' up all night swinging from the rafters ' type sex we ' re talking about, then obviously the athlete is not going to be getting enough sleep or rest and their mind isn ' t on the job, \" martin milton, an expert in psychotherapeutic and counseling psychology at the university of surrey, said, according to reuters. \" so that might well be more the issue than whether or not being involved in a short period of sex might be detrimental to someone ' s performance. \" published by medicaldaily. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4559047132787844, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.769208"} {"text": "from our 2012 archives autism diagnosis often occurs later for black children latest neurology news monday, feb. 20 ( healthday news ) - - black children with autism tend to be diagnosed later than white children with the disorder, and this delay can lead to longer and more intensive treatment, researchers say. lack of access to quality, affordable and culturally knowledgeable health care are among the reasons for the delay in a diagnosis of autism in black children, said researcher martell teasley, an associate professor in the college of social work at florida state university in tallahassee. teasley also suggested that social stigma attached to mental health issues within the black community may add to the problem. some black parents may find it hard to accept that their child has autism, so even when the disorder is diagnosed, there may be a reluctance to use autism treatment services. misdiagnosis is also a potential problem, the study authors noted. \" there are no subjective criteria for diagnosing autism. only brain scans can truly provide appropriate diagnoses, because we are dealing with biological and chemical imbalances in the brain, \" teasley said in a university news release. \" not every child is going to have access to this kind of medical evaluation, particularly those who are indigent and don ' t have health care funding. \" the findings from teasley and colleagues were published in a special online edition of the journal social work in public health, which dealt specifically with health care issues in the black community. \" less discussion about autism among african americans or between african americans and health care providers leads to misdiagnoses, a lack of treatment and a lack of services, \" teasley pointed out in the news release. \" this will lead to greater challenges for families - - more stress and anxiety, and poorer developmental outcomes. \" the rate of autism diagnosis is the same among children of all racial groups, one in 110, according to estimates. but later diagnosis among black children can be harmful. \" intervention for any autistic child needs to start around age 3, so we can get the child to begin to learn how to eat right and develop normal, healthy routines, which will result in a better developmental outcome, \" teasley said. \" later intervention will result in a poorer developmental outcome that can have a lasting impact on the child ' s and family ' s quality of life. \" - - robert preidt copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. source : florida state university, news release, feb. 15, 2012 get the latest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4577090610839232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.773528"} {"text": "could internet addiction be genetic? latest mental health news tuesday, sept. 4 ( healthday news ) - - not only is internet addiction a legitimate compulsion, it may have the same genetic component as nicotine addiction, a new study suggests. out of nearly 850 people interviewed about their internet habits, german researchers evaluated 132 who showed signs of being hooked to the web, while another 132 without problematic internet behavior were selected as a control group. the addicted users said that all their thoughts revolved around the internet during the day, and they felt that their well - being was harmed if they couldn ' t go online. the participants ' average age was 25. the study authors conducted a genetic analysis and discovered that the people with internet addiction were more likely than others to have a genetic mutation on the chrna4 gene, which is known to play a major role in nicotine addiction. the gene mutation was more common in women with online addiction than in men with the problem, according to the study. but the researchers said further research is needed to confirm this because numerous surveys have found that men are more prone to internet addiction than women. the study was recently published in the journal of addiction medicine. the study found an association between the gene mutation and addiction, but it did not prove a definitive link. overall, the findings show \" that internet addiction is not a figment of our imagination, \" study author christian montag, of the department for differential and biological psychology at the university of bonn, said in a university news release. while more research is needed to further analyze the link between this gene mutation and online addiction, the study \" shows that there are clear indications for genetic causes of internet addiction, \" montag said. learning more about how genetics influences internet addiction could lead to better treatments, he noted. noting that these addicted internet users reported only occasionalproblems in everyday life because of overuse of the internet, the researchers said extreme users should be evaluated in future research. previous research has found about 1 percent of germans are addicted to the internet, according to background information in the study. - - robert preidt copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. source : university of bonn, news release, aug. 29, 2012 get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48845397357124926, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.776887"} {"text": "why aren ' t there b batteries? reader donna wrote in wondering why there are aa, aaa, c and d batteries, but no b. well, there used to be, but they \u2019 re not really needed anymore. around the time of world war i, american battery manufacturers, the war industries board, and a few government agencies got together to develop some nationally uniform specifications for the size of battery cells, their arrangement in batteries, their minimum performance criteria, and other standards. in 1924, industry and government representatives met again to figure out a naming system for all those cells and batteries they had just standardized. they decided to base it around the alphabet, dubbing the smallest cells and single - cell batteries \u201c a \u201d and went from there to b, c and d. there was also a \" no. 6 \" battery that was larger than the others and pretty commonly used, so it was grandfathered in without a name change. as battery technology changed and improved and new sizes of batteries were made, they were added to the naming system. when smaller batteries came along, they were designated aa and aaa. these newer batteries were the right size for the growing consumer electronics industry, so they caught on. c and d batteries also found a niche in medium - and high - drain applications. the mid - size a and b batteries simply didn \u2019 t have a market and more or less disappeared in the u. s.. while you typically won \u2019 t see either a or b batteries on american store shelves, they \u2019 re still out there in the wild. a batteries were used in early - model laptop battery packs and some hobby battery packs. b batteries are still sometimes used in europe for lanterns and bicycle lamps. according to energizer, though, their popularity is dwindling there, too, and they might be completely discontinued.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4374521568622984, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.780002"} {"text": "the typical american child receives 24 immunizations by age 2, with some getting as many as five shots during a single doctor ' s visit. is this the best way to protect young children from deadly diseases, or does it overload the immune system of these tiny bodies making some vulnerable to a vaccine - induced reaction? on wednesday, after reviewing existing research, the influential institute of medicine declared the recommended vaccine schedule safe. \" we conducted an extensive ( scientific ) literature review, \" said alfred berg, a family medicine professor at the university of washington in seattle. \" our committee found no evidence that the childhood immunization schedule is not safe. \" advances have reduced the inactivated or dead viruses and bacteria that children are exposed to in vaccines, the committee said. and it noted that new vaccines undergo rigorous testing by the food and drug administration. but the findings are unlikely to ease the concerns of some parents of autistic children and other critics who believe vaccines had serious side effects and may have led to their children ' s disorders. \" it doesn ' t sound like this report is going to get to the such concerns prompted the u. s. department of health and human services to ask the institute to investigate, especially since some parents are delaying or avoiding having their children vaccinated. san jose resident rebecca makarova is among the 90 percent of american families that follow the recommended schedule. she has a 5 - year - old boy, a 3 - year - old girl, and a 17 - month - old boy. \" i ' m trusting my health care provider, \" makarova said. \" for me, that ' s one way of helping protect them. \" but alameda resident tammy tsao decided to space out shots for her 2 - year - old son to avoid his getting four at once. \" even for an adult, that ' s shocking for the body, \" tsao said. the committee found no studies of whether it is better or worse to space out vaccinations within the recommended time frame. but it noted that outbreaks of diseases such as measles and whooping cough have occurred when parents delayed vaccinations past the recommended period or declined immunizations. after january 2014, california will require parents who want their children exempted from immunizations to estepp, a san diego resident and a spokeswoman for the elizabeth birt center, is among those seeking more research. she said her then 9 - month - old son, who had been developing normally, reacted severely to a hepatitis b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42418697778796066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.784005"} {"text": "to estepp, a san diego resident and a spokeswoman for the elizabeth birt center, is among those seeking more research. she said her then 9 - month - old son, who had been developing normally, reacted severely to a hepatitis b shot. \" it started with fever and high - pitched screaming and incredible diarrhea, \" she said. \" it lasted for 10 days and then he recovered, but he was sick constantly and he had mystery fevers. \" estepp said her son ' s development stalled and he was diagnosed with autism. he is now 15. autism ' s cause is unknown and most in the medical community argue that no evidence links it to vaccines. some critics have urged studies comparing immunized children to those in communities who are not vaccinated. but with less than 1 percent of americans declining all immunizations, the committee concluded it would be difficult to recruit enough willing participants and unethical to ask them to forego immunization. scott laster, a board member of the advocacy group safeminds, said researchers could compare vaccinated and unvaccinated children by looking at home - schooled children. \" they ' re not doing the study because they don ' t want to find the answer, \" he said. alameda resident elizabeth tran wong believes vaccination pros outweigh the cons, especially since her 3 - year - old daughter is in preschool where she is exposed to other children. \" when it comes to modern medicine, i trust them as much as i can, \" tran wong said. \" stuff like chickenpox and smallpox, that was a huge threat back in the day. it ' s crazy to think people would die from that. no one even knows what it is anymore. \" federal guidelines recommend vaccinating children against these diseases. some require several doses, with the first occurring within the first two months. diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis haemophilus influenzae type b measles, mumps, rubella", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41994266544455755, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.784933"} {"text": "a wind barrier of living trees and shrubs maintained to protect the farm home, other buildings, garden, orchard, or feedlots. syn. shelterbelt. a planting of trees, shrubs, or other vegetation, usually perpendicular or nearly so, to the principal wind direction, to protect soil, crops, homesteads, roads, etc., against the effects of winds, such as wind erosion and the drifting of soil and snow. ( a ) a narrow shelterbelt or other obstacle maintained against the wind. syn wind belt ( b ) wind breakage, i. e. the breaking of trees or branches by wind. ( bcft modif. ). a small - scale shelterbelt or other barrier, natural or artificial, maintained to deflect the wind. any structure that lessens the force of wind, for instance hedges, walls etc. rows of trees or shrubs planted to block wind flow, reduce soil erosion, and protect sensitive crops from high winds. a row of trees which serve as protection from the wind a line of trees that provide protection from strong winds in a certain direction hedge or fence of trees designed to lessen the force of the wind and reduce erosion a barrier placed in the path of the wind to \" bend \" its flow upwards a living barrier of trees or a combination of trees and shrubs that is located adjacent to a farmstead, field, feedlot, or other area an effective barrier, several rows wide, and should be composed of several types of trees and tall shrubs a hedge, fence or row of trees planted so it will break the force of the wind. row of trees or shrubs placed in a farm field to slow the wind and keep it from blowing. a group of trees or shrubs in any arrangement that will afford protection from high winds to animals or crops or both. when the arrangement is in a long line the group is called a shelterbelt. if an associated reason is also to harvest timber at some future date it is sometimes called a ' timberbelt '. related term : windstrip a living barrier that usually includes several rows of trees, and perhaps shrubs, located upwind of a farm, field, feedlot or other area and intended to reduce wind velocities. windbreaks, also called shelterbelts, can reduce wind erosion, conserve energy or moisture, control snow accumulations, and provide shelter for livestock or wildlife. a strip of trees or shrubs maintained mainly to alter windflow and microclimates in the sheltered zone, usually farm buildings. something offering protection against the wind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.544131115379936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.789006"} {"text": "illuminated manuscripts written in greek were considered one of the greatest art forms by the highly literate and sophisticated clerical and secular elite of byzantium. over the centuries many works were commissioned for use in important churches. the calendar in this lectionary and the quality of the entire work suggest that the manuscript was made for the great church of hagia sophia in constantinople. the gospels were central to the liturgy of the orthodox church. at the little entrance, which introduced the liturgy of the word, the deacon presented the gospel to the faithful. in the middle byzantine era, the lectionary replaced the gospel book as the most widely used text by the church. in it gospel texts were rearranged by the sequence in which they were read during the liturgical year, which begins at easter in the orthodox church. often, as in this manuscript, the liturgical calendar and the lives of saints who were celebrated daily were included in the text. highly trained scribes wrote the texts to which were added the elaborately colored initials for special readings and the illuminations that added great value to the work. the evangelist matthew ( fol. 43r ) the customary decoration for lectionaries included portraits of the four evangelists, beginning with john whose text is read at easter. in this illumination, the white - haired, bearded evangelist matthew sits before a city wall ; his name is inscribed in greek above. his pose echoes that of ancient philosophers as adopted for christian use. god ' s hand descends from the arc of the blue heaven, directly inspiring the writer at his desk. the writing table includes all the implements needed by a scribe, including a scroll ready for the words of the text. the evangelist ' s face is subtly modulated ; his garments and the cityscape behind are defined in pastel hues. the elegantly articulated border echoes the patterns widely seen in cloisonne enamel works of the period. the incipit, or first letter, of the handsome script written in gold presents a small child raising his hands to a seated image of christ. the scene reflects the first lines of the reading : \" the lord said : see that you never despise one of these little ones \" ( matthew 18 : 10 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43677303036250725, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.792745"} {"text": "photograph by carmem l. vilanova universal lifeline : even stephen hawking has warned against connecting with extraterrestrial life forms. e. t. stay home? we haven ' t heard from space aliens, and that might be good news by ronald bailey if extraterrestrial civilizations exist in our galaxy \u2014 and there are good reasons to think they do \u2014 it ' s probably a good idea to mind our own business and hope they do the same. there seems to be plenty of available real estate for extraterrestrials to live on. in the past few years, astronomers have identified over 500 planets circling nearby stars. extrapolating these findings, it is likely that tens of trillions of planets revolve around the hundreds of billions of stars that make up our home galaxy. trillions of these planets could have earth - like characteristics ; i. e., rocky with liquid water. in a 2008 article in the journal astrobiology, university of east anglia researcher andrew watson calculated the probability that intelligent life will emerge on earth - like planets is quite low ( less than 0. 01 percent over 4 billion years ). however, if there are a trillion earth - like planets in the galaxy, that would imply that intelligent life could arise on roughly 10 million of them. or, if that ' s too high, cut the figure down by a factor of 10, to just 1 million planets inhabited by intelligent aliens. americans are open to the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations. a 2008 scripps howard news service poll found that 56 percent of americans believe that intelligent life exists on other planets, and more than one - third think that aliens have already visited earth. in 1960, project ozma used a radio telescope to search for artificial transmissions from nearby stars. in november 2010, astronomers from 12 countries celebrated the 50th anniversary of seti ( the search for extra - terrestrial intelligence ) using new instruments, including the allen telescope array, that dramatically increase the rate at which stars can be surveyed for signals produced by technologically advanced civilizations. since 1999, the seti @ home project has involved hundreds of thousands of volunteers who process radio telescope data on their home computers searching for signals. so far, the sky searches have turned up nothing. so why the \" great silence \"? or as manhattan project physicist enrico fermi quipped over lunch in 1950, \" where are they? \" in 1980, physicist frank tipler proposed a scenario in which alien civilizations would launch fleets of self - replicating machines possessing human - level intelligence to explore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5029251570999095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.800451"} {"text": "as manhattan project physicist enrico fermi quipped over lunch in 1950, \" where are they? \" in 1980, physicist frank tipler proposed a scenario in which alien civilizations would launch fleets of self - replicating machines possessing human - level intelligence to explore the galaxy. the machines would arrive in a new star system and immediately start to populate it with duplicates of themselves and launch the next wave of explorers. tipler calculated that once launched, such machines would inhabit every solar system in the galaxy within 300 million years. since there is no evidence for such an ever - expanding fleet of self - replicating machines, tipler concluded, \" extraterrestrial intelligent beings do not exist. \" in 1983, astronomer carl sagan and geophysicist william newman countered tipler ' s \" solipsistic \" conclusion arguing, among other things, that intelligent aliens might refrain from constructing fleets of self - replicators because such machines might turn on their creators. in addition, sagan and newman suggested that advanced aliens might have \" much more exciting and fulfilling objectives... than strip - mining or colonizing every planet in sight. \" then sagan and newman turned pollyannaish proposing that aggressive mean - spirited aliens would conveniently kill themselves off leaving only benevolent civilizations \" pre - adapted to live with other groups in mutual respect. \" moreover, they suggested, \" we think it is possible that the milky way is teeming with civilizations that are far beyond our level of advance as we are beyond the ants ; and paying us about as much attention as we pay to the ants. \" never mind how thoughtlessly we walk over anthills as we go about our daily tasks. george mason university economist robin hanson took tipler ' s arguments seriously but laid out a scenario in which a wave of exploration by aliens would hop through our region of the galaxy only temporarily occupying the more favorable oases before pushing on, followed by a more sedentary wave later. we just happen to be living in a solar system that the first wave skipped over and which the second wave has not yet reached. let ' s assume seti is successful and we detect the existence of an extraterrestrial civilization. what effect would such a discovery have on humanity? when we contemplate extraterrestrials we see ourselves ; they are mirrors reflecting humanity ' s hopes and fears. on the side of hope, many see e. t. s as benevolent saviors from our worst natures ; on the fear side, they reflect our worst natures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5217972306748933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.801423"} {"text": "we see ourselves ; they are mirrors reflecting humanity ' s hopes and fears. on the side of hope, many see e. t. s as benevolent saviors from our worst natures ; on the fear side, they reflect our worst natures. sagan and newman believed of extraterrestrials that \" it is highly likely that their intentions are benign and their sensitivities about societies at our level of technological adolescence delicate. \" apparently, aliens obey the prime directive as formulated by the tv series star trek in which advanced civilizations don ' t interfere with primitive cultures. in sagan ' s 1985 sci - fi novel contact, aliens were portrayed as wise teachers who want to help humanity explore the hidden meanings inscribed in the very structure of the universe. tipler pondered the idea that the \" biological exclusion \" principle might apply to encounters with aliens, the upshot being that two intelligent species cannot co - exist because they would both be competing for the same resources. if one species had even a slight advantage over the other, it would out - compete the second one. in fact, it has been suggested that this is what happened when neanderthals and modern humans came in contact, with the consequence that neanderthals are now extinct. more recently, cambridge university physicist stephen hawking warned that if we detect intelligent aliens, we should be \" wary of answering back, until we have developed a bit further. \" why? \" meeting a more advanced civilization, at our present stage, might be a bit like the original inhabitants of america meeting columbus, \" explained hawking. \" i don ' t think they were better off for it. \" even if sagan and newman are correct that the galaxy is populated with saintly super - advanced intelligences, it is puzzling that no one has so far found any physically detectable astronomical evidence of their existences. hanson also noted that our instruments should be able to detect some evidence for his postulated colonizing wave front as it progressed by converting matter and energy around various stars. there is, however, another possible explanation for this absence of evidence for extraterrestrial civilizations \u2014 intelligence could be toxic. in 1996, hanson formulated the idea that there is a \" great filter \" that somehow reduces the chances that a civilization can reach the stars before going extinct. the question then becomes whether the great filter is behind us or ahead of us. it might turn out that evolving life is highly improbable, which would suggest that the filter is behind us and that we are alone in the universe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5496816908590414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.802514"} {"text": "going extinct. the question then becomes whether the great filter is behind us or ahead of us. it might turn out that evolving life is highly improbable, which would suggest that the filter is behind us and that we are alone in the universe. of course, finally detecting an alien civilization would be a positive event with regard to the great filter : if aliens have survived technological development, then so might we. but what if we just find evidence of alien life? oxford university transhumanist philosopher nick bostrom argues that finding fossils for independently evolved complex life on mars would signal a dismal future for humanity. \" such a discovery would be a crushing blow, \" argues bostrom. \" it would be by far the worst news ever printed on a newspaper cover. \" why? because it would mean that it is highly probable that life arises frequently in the universe. in that case, since we have no evidence for extraterrestrial civilizations that would strongly imply that the great filter lies ahead of us, it is likely we will be winnowed out by it. intelligent life might inevitably destroy itself by deploying apocalyptic technology : thermonuclear weapons, biotech plagues, runaway nanotechnology or other horrors we have yet to imagine. thus bostrom concludes, \" in the search for extraterrestrial life, no news is good news. it promises a potentially great future for humanity. \" in other words, extraterrestrial silence is golden. send a letter to the editor about this story.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4971306637590223, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.803210"} {"text": "europe ' s strongest economic and industrial power, germany is also the most populous european country outside russia. fertile northern plains stretch south from the north and baltic seas changing to central highlands and then rising to the rugged schwarzwald ( black forest ) in the southwest and to the alps in the far south. germans are highly urbanized ; about 86 percent live in cities and towns. with one of the world ' s lowest birthrates, germany is a magnet for foreign workers \u2014 some 7. 3 million immigrants live here. some german industry is well known ( daimler chrysler, siemens, and volkswagen ) ; some, like transrapid ( the maglev railway ) and nordex wind turbines, represent new environment - friendly technology. \" wir sind ein volk \u2014 we are one people, \" sang crowds on november 9, 1989, as east germans breached the berlin wall. a year later, just after midnight on october 3, 1990, germany was reborn. one people, divided since the end of world war ii, had one country again. yet german unity is relatively new. disparate germanic principalities did not come together until 1871, when the king of prussia became kaiser ( emperor ) of germany. the berlin wall went up in 1961 to stop east germans from fleeing west. rejoining two populations after 45 years of separation has been difficult. the economy in eastern germany remains weak \u2014 the population is declining as young people go west for jobs. a bright spot in the east is berlin as the construction boom continues in germany ' s capital and largest city ; tourists come to see the innovative architecture, including the reichstag building with its glass dome. a founding member of the european union, germany stands to gain from increased trade with the 2004 addition of the czech republic, poland, and others to eu membership. before its unification in 1871, germany was a loose confederation of states, the largest of which was prussia. and although all of the states adopted one national identity after unification, to this day they are aware of their individual traditions and histories. germany is now divided into 16 states, the boundaries of which were largely determined after the second world war. each of the states has its own capital and regional government. in some areas, people speak regional dialects of german that non - locals find difficult to understand : plattdeutsch in the north, sachsisch in parts of the east and bayerisch in the south, to name a few. travelling between bavaria in the south, lower saxony in the north and rhineland in the west, you will see many differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46386829128224605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.807179"} {"text": "a good procurement is one where you get the goods or services you need at a price you can afford. you will be able to show that your procurement process was contestable and transparent. what is procurement? procurement covers all business processes associated with purchasing goods or services. it can be as simple as getting three quotes for a small plumbing job, or it can be a lengthy and complex process. because of the potential complexity, public entities like the ministry and schools must be clear about their procurement process \u2019 overall objective and select a procurement method that gives value for money. back to top ministry procurement methods use the ministry \u2019 s procurement process options flowchart to choose the appropriate procurement method. procurement process - options there are four possible procurement options. the order of the procurement process is : - document your needs - identify potential suppliers - choose the correct procurement method - call for tenders - evaluate tenders - award contracts. boards must follow ministry procurement processes when : - engaging a project manager - engaging other consultants separately engaged for the project - engaging contractors for construction and maintenance work - purchasing goods and other services. use an expert for your procurement the procurement process can be complicated and should be managed by your project manager. these guidelines won \u2019 t teach you how to become a procurement expert. if you need to procure a project manager, we recommend you use a procurement specialist or a preferred supplier project manager. back to top public spending principles a public entity \u2019 s fundamental public obligation is always to act fairly and reasonably and within the law. this means a higher standard of conduct than what may apply in the private sector. the essential procurement principles for crown agencies \u2013 including schools \u2013 are contestability and transparency. contestability - means ensuring there is open and effective competition throughout the procurement process. transparency - means an open and properly documented process is followed. audit new zealand summarises basic procurement principles as : - accountability. public entities must be able to give complete and accurate accounts when using public funds. they should also have suitable governance and management arrangements to oversee funding arrangements. - openness. public entities should be transparent in administering funds \u2013 to support accountability and promote clarity. - value for money. public entities should use resources effectively, economically and without waste, with due regard for the total costs and benefits of an arrangement. this does not necessarily mean selecting the lowest price but rather the best possible outcome for the total cost of ownership ( or whole - of - life cost ). - lawfulness. public entities must remain within the law and meet their legal obligations. - fairness. public entities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5191776936520999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.818808"} {"text": "necessarily mean selecting the lowest price but rather the best possible outcome for the total cost of ownership ( or whole - of - life cost ). - lawfulness. public entities must remain within the law and meet their legal obligations. - fairness. public entities have a general public law obligation to act fairly and reasonably. they must be, and be seen to be, impartial in their decision - making. - integrity. anyone who is managing public resources must do so with the utmost integrity. why these principles exist these principles are intended to : - protect you and the ministry when you spend public money - demonstrate that no undue influence or unfair advantage was gained by successful tenderers - meet the financial management and performance requirements and standards of integrity and conduct set out in the public finance act 1989 - include procuring the services of project managers, consultants and contractors as well as purchasing goods. a public entity must always consider the risk of complaint or judicial review of its procurement actions or decisions. what to avoid if you cannot demonstrate that your procurement process is or was transparent and contestable, you may have to do it again. the ministry will withhold your project funding if you cannot demonstrate that your procurement process was contestable and transparent. the following table gives examples of non - contestable or non - transparent processes and remedies. | | the remedy is to... | | three quotations are required but only one quotation is sought. | | re - advertise the tender or seek further quotes. | | the product specification or service schedule defines a good or service that can only be supplied by one company. | | rewrite the specification to provide effective competition eg, not ' such - and - such a boiler from company x ' but ' a boiler with x heat output for a school of size y '. | | you opt to use the preferred supplier process to choose a project manager but also include a project manager who is not on the preferred supplier list. | | to retender using a full tender process or re - do the preferred supplier process using suppliers on the list. | back to top good practice principles for boards all procurement decisions must be reviewed and if agreed signed off by the board. therefore, boards engaged in any procurement process must have proof the : - correct process and procedures are followed and documented before board sign - off - recommended tenderer is the tenderer who best meets the tender evaluation criteria, as demonstrated in the documentation. when working through a procurement process, boards must ensure : - the lines and levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.525961895610884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.820244"} {"text": "process and procedures are followed and documented before board sign - off - recommended tenderer is the tenderer who best meets the tender evaluation criteria, as demonstrated in the documentation. when working through a procurement process, boards must ensure : - the lines and levels of authority and control are clear \u2013 who is authorised to do what - work is limited to what is necessary - the procurement process demands high standards of contestability and transparency - they learn from the experience and make changes for future tendering. confidentiality is a common characteristic of any competitive procurement process. - take particular care when handling commercially sensitive information - note that confidentiality obligations apply throughout the entire procurement process and after the contract has terminated or expired. back to top contact with people involved in the procurement process - nominate a contact person for tenderers to contact during a procurement process - require that tenderers only contact the nominated person - ensure all communication between tenderers and evaluation panel are formal \u2013 informal communications may prejudice the procurement \u2019 s integrity. this reduces the risk of potential suppliers playing off one procurement team member against another. police vetting of consultants, contractors and their staff changes have been made to police vetting requirements. for more information about the changes, go to circular 2010 / 09 \u2013 changes to police vetting requirements. all consultants, contractors and their staff who will be at the school for a reasonable period of time need to be vetted by the nz police before the contract starts. vetting isn \u2019 t necessary for tradespeople who work at the school occasionally or irregularly during the year. construction workers on school grounds must be vetted to ensure school students \u2019 safety during school hours. the legislation requires the school board to send completed vetting forms to the new zealand police licensing and vetting centre. the contracting company cannot request it directly. police vetting can take up to six weeks, so submit the application well before on - site construction starts to allow processing time. the new zealand police website has more information about the police vetting process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45108553866506285, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.821234"} {"text": "secession : a specifically american principle [ part 1 of \" the secession tradition in america, \" a paper presented at the 1995 mises institute conference, \" secession, state, and economy. \" ] the united nations charter asserts the self - determination of peoples as a fundamental human right. from this, there has developed a lively debate among international jurists about whether the right of self - determination includes a right of legitimate secession. but while the concept of legitimate secession is being explored in the world at large, it forms no part of contemporary american political discourse. there was a time, however, when talk about secession was a part of american politics. indeed, the very concept of secession and self - determination of peoples, in the form being discussed today, is largely an american invention. it is no exaggeration to say that the unique contribution of the eighteenth - century american enlightenment to political thought is not federalism but the principle that a people, under certain conditions, have a moral right to secede from an established political authority and to govern themselves. in what follows i would like to sketch out this all - but - forgotten american political tradition. the english verb \u201c to secede \u201d comes from the latin \u201c secedere, \u201d meaning any act of withdrawal. the exclusively political connotations that govern the term today are peculiarly american, and do not appear in english until the early nineteenth century. prior to then, one could speak of the soul seceding from the body ; or of seceding from one room of a building to another ; or of seceding from any sort of human fellowship. the latter is how \u201c secession \u201d was defined in samuel johnson \u2019 s dictionary in the mid - eighteenth century. but johnson did not capture the scottish use of the term. the church of scotland split in 1733. those who left called themselves \u201c seceders \u201d and the resulting church the \u201c secession church. \u201d the church went by this name for more than a century, during which time it split again, but was reunited in 1829 under the disarming name of the \u201c united secession church. \u201d the seceding self - governing religious community paved the way for the seceding self - governing political community and the term as we understand it today. one of the first to use the term in this new and exclusively political way was thomas jefferson, who, in 1825, retrospectively described the colonies as having seceded from the british union. the word \u201c secession, \u201d for us, not only has exclusively political connotations, it is a term that marks out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5522461705349202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.831591"} {"text": "political way was thomas jefferson, who, in 1825, retrospectively described the colonies as having seceded from the british union. the word \u201c secession, \u201d for us, not only has exclusively political connotations, it is a term that marks out a peculiarly modern political act. but this is not obvious, for it might be thought that as long as there have been large - scale political regimes, peoples have sought to withdraw from them. it could be said that the israelites seceded from egypt, or that melos unsuccessfully sought to secede from the athenian league. we can, of course, speak in this way, but the concept of secession, as understood in contemporary political discourse, is more specific in its meaning. secession, for us, presupposes the background of the modern state, and this sort of state is only about two centuries old. so secession is not just any kind of political action ; it is the withdrawal of a people from a modern state under the moral principle of the right of self - government, and such that the separation requires the territorial dismemberment of that state. the israelites and melots were not separating from a modern state, and their withdrawal would not have resulted in the territorial dismemberment of such a state. the modern state has been theorized in such a way as to entail a strong presumption against secession. it has been said that the sovereignty of a modern state cannot be divided, and that sovereignty is co - extensive with territory. there has been no difficulty in allowing that a modern state can expand its territory and sovereignty, but it cannot allow itself to be dismembered by a supposed right of a people to self - government. anyone who takes secession seriously as a possibility is necessarily throwing into question the legitimacy of the modern state. at the time of william the conqueror, europe was composed of thousands of independent political units ; today there are only a few dozen. this massive centralization and consolidation was accomplished mainly by conquest. the result was that dukedoms, margraviates, small republics, principalities, free cities, and baronies, ( not to mention peoples speaking different languages, having different cultures and religions, and pursuing different visions of the human good ) were crushed together into the modern state. this state was inherently unstable. a solution was theorized by hobbes, who postulated a sovereign office whose task was to establish a rule of law which allowed individuals to pursue their own power and glory in that domain in which the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5125053780589781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.832597"} {"text": "modern state. this state was inherently unstable. a solution was theorized by hobbes, who postulated a sovereign office whose task was to establish a rule of law which allowed individuals to pursue their own power and glory in that domain in which the law is silent. in time, a modern state came to be seen as an association to protect the rights of individuals, and this added a stronger presumption against secession, because any right of a people to secede could only be the aggregate right of a set of individuals. but if one set could secede, any other set or subset \u2014 down to one individual \u2014 could secede. an acknowledged right of secession would mean the unravelling of the modern state. but to affirm a right of secession is not to say that secession is morally justified under any conditions, but only that there can be conditions under which it is justified, and even then there might be reasons for not exercising the right. but those philosophers who first theorized the modern state ( hobbes, locke, rousseau, and hegel ) do not so much as raise the question of whether such conditions are possible. their main task is to understand and legitimate the modern state ; the problem of secession simply never occurs to them. and political philosophers since have followed in their steps. john rawls, for instance, dismisses the possibility of secession without argument. secessionist discontent, though a pressing fact of contemporary political life, is the most under - theorized concept in political philosophy. political scientists and international jurisprudence have taken up the question, but philosophers have not. there is only one book length study by a philosopher on the question of whether secession is ever morally legitimate. one indication of this under - theorized character of secession is its being confused with revolution. three conceptions of revolution have dominated in modern political speech. the first derives from the glorious revolution of 1688. this is revolution as restoration, and its image is the revolution of a wheel. according to eighteenth - century english whiggism, the glorious revolution was a bloodless restoration of a liberty - loving protestant regime from the attempted usurpations of the catholic james ii. the second form is lockean revolution. here a sovereign people recall the powers they have delegated to a government that has violated its trust in protecting life, liberty, and property. the government is overthrown and a new government instituted. the third form is jacobin revolution. this is not lockean revolution for the sake of preserving property but an attempt to subvert and to totally transform an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5442140499198278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.833645"} {"text": "protecting life, liberty, and property. the government is overthrown and a new government instituted. the third form is jacobin revolution. this is not lockean revolution for the sake of preserving property but an attempt to subvert and to totally transform an entire social and political order in accord with an egalitarian philosophical theory. a lockean revolution leaves the social order intact, whereas jacobin revolution aims at a root - and - branch transformation. marxian revolution is jacobin, as are many other forms of contemporary political criticism. gloria steinem once said that to talk about reforms for women is one thing, to talk about the total transformation of society is feminism. so conceived, feminism is a species of jacobin revolution. secession is quite distinct from these dominant conceptions of revolution. all presuppose the theory of sovereignty internal to the modern state and the prohibition against dismembering its territory. secession is not revolution in the sense of eighteenth - century whiggism because it is not the restoration of anything. it is the dismemberment of a modern state in the name of self - government. nor is it lockean revolution. a seceding people does not necessarily claim that a government has violated its trust. and even if the claim is made, there is no attempt to overthrow the government and replace it with a better one. indeed, a seceding people may even think that the government is not especially unjust. what they seek, however, is to be left alone to govern themselves as they see fit. finally, secession is not jacobin revolution because it does not seek to totally transform the social and political order. indeed, it seeks to preserve its social order through secession and self - government. we may, of course, continue to call secession \u201c revolution \u201d if we like, but the danger is that there will be a tendency to confuse it with the dominant meanings of revolution. a seceding people may indeed be said to be in a state of revolt in so far as they resist being coerced back into an established modern state, but this sort of revolt is quite different from revolution. and the moral considerations that would legitimate such resistance are categorically different from that which would legitimate revolution in the above senses, all of which seek, for different reasons, to overthrow an established regime. a seceding people is happy leaving the existing regime exactly as it is. it seeks only to limit its territorial jurisdiction. this, of course, is a serious matter, but it is not revolution in any of the traditional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5423211661718199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.834546"} {"text": "to overthrow an established regime. a seceding people is happy leaving the existing regime exactly as it is. it seeks only to limit its territorial jurisdiction. this, of course, is a serious matter, but it is not revolution in any of the traditional senses. its name is secession. nowhere is the under - theorized character of secession and the confusion that results from failure to distinguish it from revolution more evident than in the habit of describing the conflict with britain and the north american colonies as the \u201c american revolution. \u201d it is true that there were whiggish themes from the ideology of 1688 about restoring the rights of englishmen, and there were lockean themes about self - government. but the act of the british colonists in america was an act of secession. it was neither whiggish, nor lockean, nor jacobin revolution. the colonists did not seek to overthrow the british government. commons, lords, and crown were to remain exactly as before. indeed, many of the colonial leaders, such as adams and hamilton, admired the british constitution and government, and sought to imitate its best features. they wished simply to limit its jurisdiction over the territory they occupied. they wished to be let alone. much has been made of the influence the lockean idiom of self - government had on the founders. but it is important to realize that, though locke allows the overthrow of a corrupt regime, he does not allow secession in the form of dismembering the territory of a modern state. and for citizens of a regime who have given their express consent, he does not even allow the right to exit, much less the right to carry territory with them. there is every reason to believe that locke, like the \u201c friends of america \u201d ( burke, pitt, shelburne, barre ), would have supported reforms on behalf of the americans, but would have stopped short of secession. the case is quite otherwise with david hume, who supported complete independence for the colonies as early as 1768, before the idea had occurred to most americans. in this he stood virtually alone among major british thinkers. the edinburgh literati were overwhelming in their support for strong measures against the americans. hume, however, staunchly defended secession of the colonies from 1768 until his death on 25 august 1776, five days after the declaration of independence was published in edinburgh \u2019 s caledonian mercury. to the disappointment of his \u201c oldest and dearest friend, \u201d baron mure, who had asked him to write a letter on behalf of the county of renfrewshire advocating military", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5220481607178232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.835476"} {"text": "the declaration of independence was published in edinburgh \u2019 s caledonian mercury. to the disappointment of his \u201c oldest and dearest friend, \u201d baron mure, who had asked him to write a letter on behalf of the county of renfrewshire advocating military measures against the americans, hume wrote : \u201c i am an american in my principles, and wish we would let them alone to govern or misgovern themselves as they think proper. \u201d in this statement, hume put into words, for the first time, an ideology of \u201c americanism, \u201d the thought that there are political principles specifically american. what were those principles? they were free trade and the corporate liberty of a people to govern themselves. hume argued that if the ports of america were open to free trade, it would result in only a trifling temporary loss of revenue, and would, in the long run, benefit british commerce. let us, therefore, lay aside all anger ; shake hands, and part friends. or if we retain any anger, let it only be against ourselves for our past folly ; and against that wicked madman pitt ; who has reduced us to our present condition. [ listen to \" david hume on colonial secession, \" a lecture presented by donald w. livingston at the 1995 mises institute conference, \" secession, state, and economy. \" ] lee buchheit, secession : the legitimacy of self - determination ( new haven, conn. : yale university press, 1978 ). this book is an excellent discussion of the debate over whether a right of secession can be recognized in international law. the compact edition of the oxford english dictionary ( new york : oxford university press, 1971 ), the articles on \u201c secede \u201d and \u201c secession. \u201d allen buchanan discusses rawls on secession in secession : the morality of political divorce : from fort sumter to lithuania and quebec ( boulder, colo. : westview press, 1991 ), pp. 5 \u2013 6. john locke, two treatises of government, peter laslett, ed. ( london : cambridge university press, 1988 ), p. 349. david hume, the letters of david hume, john y. t. greig, ed. ( oxford : clarendon press, 1969 ), vol. 2, pp. 302 \u2013 3. ibid., pp. 300 \u2013 1. pitt had sought to establish a mercantile empire of managed trade which hume thought required constant war for its maintenance and an increase in the public debt. for an in - depth study of hume on secession and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4691977856927994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.836585"} {"text": "half a century ago, a monumental book was published that created a holistic and balanced view of the environment. the book, silent spring by rachel carson, was directly influenced by the work of a michigan state professor and his students, so the msu museum chose to honor their work with an exhibit. published in 1962, silent spring exposed the dangers of over - using chemicals in the environment. \u201c in all truth, there were two periods of environmental awareness : the period before silent spring and the period after silent spring, \u201d says msu museum director gary morgan. \u201c they are two completely different worlds. \u201d a pesticide called ddt was once used excessively around the world to control mosquito populations, morgan says. ddt also remedies dutch elm disease, he says, which was a big problem on msu \u2019 s campus and across america. \u201c the elms were dying en masse, \u201d he says. \u201c one of the most beautiful trees in america was disappearing. \u201d morgan says ddt was applied in huge quantities from the ground in sprays and from the air by plane to save the some 5, 000 elms on campus. \u201c there are people today who still remember stepping out on campus to be shrouded in clouds of ddt, \u201d he says. within a year of ddt applications, robins and other birds started dying. george john wallace, msu professor of ornithology, and his students found that there was no successful breeding of birds on campus, says morgan. wallace \u2019 s findings linked ddt application to the sudden deaths of campus birds, he says, and the truth was rejected by many. \u201c carson was a real scientist. wallace was a real scientist, \u201d morgan says. \u201c both of them were reluctant warriors, as it were, in this environmental war, but both of them stepped up to the plate. \u201d three years before america banned ddt, morgan says, the michigan agricultural experiment station took ddt off its recommended list of pesticides. \u201c the whole approach that we take to environmental management and agriculture is far more holistic than it was then, \u201d he says. \u201c it was literally man versus nature. \u201d today, pesticides are used in combination with more holistic management techniques, says morgan. though organic farming is not a direct result of carson \u2019 s work, he says, the attitudes that fuel the growth of organic farming stem from her publication. the environmental protection agency did not exist until 1972, morgan says, and it is often called the extended shadow of silent spring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4841158662200492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.840303"} {"text": "latina bloggers policy briefing : department of agriculture this is the second article in a series relaying information obtained during a white house briefing on issues relating to latinos in the u. s. lisa pino is the deputy administrator of the supplemental nutrition assistance program under the department of agriculture. during monday \u2019 s briefing, she shared some of the programs currently available to families and individuals. ms. pino began by listing some of the nutrition assistance programs that the federal government offers such as the supplemental nutrition assistance program ( snap ), school meal programs, and the women, infants and children ( wic ) program. though they are funded by the federal government, these services are administered at state levels and ms. pino said these programs are the most effective mechanisms available to fight hunger and obesity, two seemingly opposing problems that our society faces. but the reality is that they are both intimately linked as poor families often do not make wise food consumption choices, preferring to purchase inexpensive products that are high in fats and sugars. malnutrition leads to obesity. ms. pino stated that 1 in 4 latino children are nutritionally insecure. in fact, latino children make up the largest share of american children living in food insecurity. and 1 in 2 latinos suffer from diabetes. that means half of the latino babies born today will develop diabetes. we are experiencing an epidemic among latino children. ( for more information about this, please watch this super informative video i posted back in march. ) the act is designed to improve diets in schools and parents / children will begin to see changes starting this fall in terms of portion control, more fruits and vegetables, etc, in school lunches. special note : listed above is the summer food service program ( sfsp ), of special importance because it is during the summer months that children are the most vulnerable to food insecurity. this program provides free, nutritious meals and snacks to help children in low - income areas get the nutrition they need to learn, play, and grow, throughout the summer months when they are out of school. learn more here. ms. pino also talked for a while about snap and said it was the country \u2019 s largest anti - hunger program. but unfortunately, it only serves about 56 % of latinos who are eligible to receive assistance. so as a result, the usda has launched an initiative called la mesa completa. it is designed to engage latino families to improve their access and increase their participation in the programs that are available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43893436938171343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.844545"} {"text": "of latinos who are eligible to receive assistance. so as a result, the usda has launched an initiative called la mesa completa. it is designed to engage latino families to improve their access and increase their participation in the programs that are available. the program tackles the main issues that prevent latino families from using the services. for example, because low literacy rates may prevent latinos from learning about the services, la mesa completa relies heavily on word - of - mouth information. read more about the initiative here. the usda also chucked the food pyramid model and replaced it with the new my plate / mi plato symbol and educational tool designed to help families make healthy meal choices. the guidance system is much more attractive and easier for families to incorporate into their daily routine. the english website is very well developed. it is a great source of information, printable materials, and even a supertracker that helps families plan, analyze, and track your diet and physical activity. a lot of the information is also available in spanish. anyone can order mi plato information for home or school use and receive it free of charge. personally, i think a great way to disseminate the information would be for teachers to use the coloring sheets in their classrooms, or assign them as homework so that the information travels home where parents might see it. i hope you all take a moment to check out some of these resources and share them with those you know. up next... the let ' s move program! disclosure : this information was obtained during a special white house policy briefing for latina bloggers organized by latism. i was awarded a full scholarship to attend the retreat of which the briefing was one aspect, and appreciate the sponsors that made it possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4657968864981631, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.845803"} {"text": "pau d ' arco ( taheebo ) comes from the inner bark of the red lapacho tree in the andes of south america. it has been used for centuries. theodoro meyer of the national university of tucuman, argentina was the first modern scientist to study taheebo \u2019 s chemical composition. he found it contained xyloidin \u2013 an antibiotic with viricidal properties. also contains laspachol \u2013 an element noted for its antitumor activity. has been used in the following : the incas and native tribes of south america use pau d \u2019 arco bark externally as a poultice or decoction for treating skin diseases including eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, hemorrhoids and skin cancers. a tea made from the bark is used as a blood purifier, to treat ulcers and rheumatism and is said to cure leukemia. it is also diuretic and antipyretic. the recent popularity of pau d \u2019 arco in western herbology is attributed to its antifungal activity in treating systemic yeast infections like candida albicans. yeast infections often accompany or follow antibiotic therapy and can be especially resistant to conventional treatment. the antifungal action of pau d \u2019 arco is used to combat these infections by drinking the tea thrice daily. contains astringent compounds that shrink inflamed tissues and are anti - fungal. it also contains bitter compounds that have anti - tumor activity especially in certain blood and skin cancers. pau d \u2019 arco is an excellent herbal source of calcium. it has been used to treat fungal infections, inflammatory skin conditions, leukemia, dysentery, jaundice, ulcers, and rheumatism. pau d ' arco is high or very high on the following nutrients : uses : it ' s mostly used for internal applications : teas, tinctures, capsules, food recipes, etc. our two favorite uses are in teas and meals. like many other bulk herbs, we add it to many dishes ( salads, meat dishes, soups, stews, etc. ) in small amounts for added nutrition and fiber without affecting the flavor. pau d ' arco can be used to benefit men, women ( including before, during or after pregnancy, and nursing ) and children. it can be used as often as you would like. voice of experience : we use pau d ' arco often in teas as the taste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4292961668037048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.851331"} {"text": "used to benefit men, women ( including before, during or after pregnancy, and nursing ) and children. it can be used as often as you would like. voice of experience : we use pau d ' arco often in teas as the taste is absolutely fabulous. we also use it in tincture combinations pertaining to any fungal infections, cancers, skin conditions and digestive problems. storage : it should be kept in an airtight container and stored in a dark, dry, and cool place. refrigeration or freezing is not necessary. questions? : check out frequently asked questions. may 19, 2008 at 11 : 35 am i am having digestive problems and a friend suggested drinking this tea. she has had wonderful results. my problem : i am on coumadin for heart valve replacement surgery 4 years ago. i also have pulmonary hypertension and have been told by doctors not to take herbs. i have tried all the drugs given to me by my doctors with little results. will these tea interupt my blood thinner? i would like to try it, but a little concerned. thank you for your help! july 21, 2008 at 5 : 15 am i have recently been diagnosed with hypercalcemia due to probable parathyroid tumor. would the taheebo increase the calcium, thus making me more symptomatic? i have friends who have had remarkable cancer recoveries they attribute to this bark and i am wondering if this is a potential therapy to shrink my non - cancer tumors without adverse side - effects and eliminate the need for surgery. thank - you! june 30, 2009 at 10 : 00 am pau d ' arco can thin blood, so taking it while taking other blood thinning medications is not a good idea july 22, 2011 at 4 : 25 am i take warfarin comudin blood thinner since my heart valve replacement in 2001 - its metal. paul d arco could be a replacement for this blood thinner if regulated properly do you think? would be great to get off this rat poison!!! august 8, 2009 at 1 : 18 pm my mother had a kidney removed 5 months ago it was cancer on the kidney now she has cancer on her neck in her lymphnotes and started chemo can she still take this tea or will it interfere with the chemo. she is drinking it twice a day. she is 79 yrs old november 6, 2009 at 11 : 36 am i have a friend that drank the tea while having chemo and she said it helped with the nausea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4546050910045996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.852338"} {"text": "staying jewish on the arizona frontier the drachman family played a very important role in the foundation of jewish life on the arizona frontier. chapters in american jewish history are provided by the american jewish historical society, collecting, preserving, fostering scholarship and providing access to the continuity of jewish life in america for more than 350 years ( and counting ). in 1852, a boat landed in new york carrying among its many passengers the members of two polish - jewish families who were destined to change the history of arizona. one family \u2019 s name is well known : the goldwaters. the other family, the drachmans, is less well known, but in the early years of arizona jewish history, no less important. when he was only ten years old and living in a pietrokov near lodz, poland, philip drachman \u2019 s parents decided that he and his younger brother samuel would someday flee to america rather than, at age 13, be drafted into the czar \u2019 s army. according to a family memoir, the boys \u2019 parents removed floorboards from a room in their home and started digging a cellar in which philip and then samuel were hidden. \" at night, \" the account goes, \" they would carry the soil out of the house and spread it over the ground so it would not be noticed. this went on for months and months. \" when russian army officials came to find philip, they were told that he had run away. actually, he was in the cellar, where he lived for several months while his parents made arrangements to secret the two brothers to america. the memoir concludes, \" philip had health problems most of his adult life, and he felt they stemmed from the months he had spent in the damp hole underneath his home. it was said that he first came to arizona for the warm, dry climate. thus he may have been tucson \u2019 s first health seeker! \" at age 16, philip drachman and his brother samuel, age 13, arrived in new york after living for a time in england. samuel moved to charleston, south carolina. philip chose to pioneer the virtually undeveloped arizona territory. philip became a naturalized american citizen in 1860 and by 1864 a successful landowner, cattle rancher, and retail merchant. in 1867, he persuaded his brother samuel to abandon the civility of charleston for the desert starkness and economic opportunity of tucson. ( image below : saltiel \u2019 s store, an early jewish store on the frontier. courtesy of american jewish historical society ) arizona had few marriageable jewish women, so philip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36146785699322287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.861317"} {"text": "civility of charleston for the desert starkness and economic opportunity of tucson. ( image below : saltiel \u2019 s store, an early jewish store on the frontier. courtesy of american jewish historical society ) arizona had few marriageable jewish women, so philip made the arduous journey to new york to find a jewish bride. he won the heart of rosa katzenstein, who agreed to marry him and move to tucson. after a new york wedding, the couple traveled to california by taking a boat to panama, wagons across the isthmus and another boat to san francisco. from there, they traveled to los angeles and san bernardino, california, for a visit with philip \u2019 s sister before setting out for tucson. years later, rosa katzenstein drachman wrote a memoir of her journey : we started for tucson on october 21, 1868. we traveled in a four - horse ambulance, which was a relic of the civil war. we had provisions and camped out... the first night we camped out i could not sleep on account of the howling of the coyotes.... our bedding was spread on the ground and that is the way we slept.... we traveled at the rate of twenty - five miles per day and camped near stagecoach stations where i saw the roughest and worst class of men. as we traveled we passed many graves of poor people who had been murdered by the indians or the desperate characters.. we were detained by many mishaps to our team... there was nothing but cactus, sand and brush and occasionally an immense freight team... we reached tucson on november 15, 1868 after a long and tiresome journey. philip and rosa had ten children. unfortunately, in 1889, when the youngest was only a year old, philip died of pneumonia at the age of 56, leaving rosa to raise the children alone. philip drachman had been a respected and popular man, having been elected to the territorial legislature and having founded the b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith lodge of tucson. another successful arizona jewish pioneer, william zeckendorf, conducted his graveside funeral, the largest in tucson to that time. philip \u2019 s brother samuel drachman carried on the family tradition of mercantile success and jewish observance. to find a jewish wife, sam traveled to san bernardino, where his sister had identified a prospective bride. according to historians abe and mildred chanin, sam drachman \" did more in arizona \u2019 s territorial days than anyone to keep judaism alive in the desert southwest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38023919852209354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.864118"} {"text": "as america expanded westward fort laramie played a crucial role in the transformation of the west, first as fur - trading center, then as military garrison. for 50 years it was a landmark and stopping place for trappers, traders, missionaries, emigrants, pony express riders and miners travelling their way west. it was also an important staging point for the us army in its dealings with plains indians displaced by migration and settlement. fort laramie started life in 1834 as a fur trading post on the laramie river near its confluence with the platte river and by the 1840 \u2019 s was a major fur trade center. also by the 1840 \u2019 s it had become a well - known stopping point for emigrants following the oregon trail. when indians started to harass wagon trains the army bought fort laramie in 1849 and made it a military outpost along the oregon trail. as the troubles escalated in the 1850s and 60s, fort laramie became an important arm of the government, protecting emigrants on the oregon trail and hosting major treaty councils with the indians. fort laramie also acted as a major station for the pony express ( which only lasted 18 months ). the post continued until 1890 when it was abandoned with its buildings being sold at public auction and the area became a \u201c homestead area \u201d until 1936 when the federal government bought back and started a stabilization and restoration program. this was completed in 1964. we explored the fort buildings as well as the museum which gave the history of the fort and its important role in history. we also learnt that despite the old western films only 2 % of the emigrants who travelled to the west died as a result of indian attacks. many died from disease or injuries experienced on the rough trails west. travelling along the road from the fort we found the oregon trail ruts. these are cuts in solid rock which had been worn by wagon wheels travelling the oregon trail. it was amazing to see the depth of the ruts and also to realise how rough the terrain the early settlers travelled.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42861356580032756, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.866089"} {"text": "the latest news from academia, regulators research labs and other things of interest posted : march 5, 2009 titania nanotubes and sunlight turn carbon dioxide into methane ( nanowerk news ) dual catalysts may be the key to efficiently turning carbon dioxide and water vapor into methane and other hydrocarbons using titania nanotubes and solar power, according to penn state researchers. burning fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. rather than contribute to global climate change, producers could convert carbon dioxide to a wide variety of hydrocarbons, but this makes sense to do only when using solar energy. \" recycling of carbon dioxide via conversion into a high energy - content fuel, suitable for use in the existing hydrocarbon - based energy infrastructure, is an attractive option, however the process is energy intense and useful only if a renewable energy source can be used for the purpose, \" the researchers note in a recent issue of nano letters. craig a. grimes, professor of electrical engineering and his team used titanium dioxide nanotubes doped with nitrogen and coated with a thin layer of both copper and platinum to convert a mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor to methane. using outdoor, visible light, they reported a 20 - times higher yield of methane than previously published attempts conducted in laboratory conditions using intense ultraviolet exposures. the chemical conversion of water and carbon dioxide to methane is simple on paper - - one carbon dioxide molecule and two water molecules become one methane molecule and two oxygen molecules. however, for the reaction to occur, at least eight photons are required for each molecule. \" converting carbon dioxide and water to methane using photocatalysis is an appealing idea, but historically, attempts have had very low conversion rates, \" said grimes who is also a member of penn state ' s materials research institute. \" to get significant hydrocarbon reaction yields requires an efficient photocatalyst that uses the maximum energy available in sunlight. \" the team, which also included oomman k. varghese and maggie paulose, materials research institute research scientists and thomas j. latempa, graduate student in electrical engineering, used natural sunlight to test their nanotubes in a chamber containing a mix of water vapor and carbon dioxide. they exposed the co - catalyst sensitized nanotubes to sunlight for 2. 5 to 3. 5 hours when the sun produced between 102 and 75 milliwatts for each square centimeter exposed. the researchers found that nanotubes annealed at 600", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5699526245190845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.870163"} {"text": "- catalyst sensitized nanotubes to sunlight for 2. 5 to 3. 5 hours when the sun produced between 102 and 75 milliwatts for each square centimeter exposed. the researchers found that nanotubes annealed at 600 degrees celsius and coated with copper yielded the highest amounts of hydrocarbons and that the same nanotubes coated with platinum actually yielded more hydrogen, while the copper coated nanotubes produced more carbon monoxide. both hydrogen and carbon monoxide are normal intermediate steps in the process and as the building blocks of syngas, can be used to make liquid hydrocarbon fuels. when the team used a nanotube array with about half the surface coated in copper and the other half in platinum, they enhanced the hydrocarbon production and eliminated carbon monoxide. the yield for these dual catalyst nanotubes was 163 parts per million hydrocarbons an hour for each square centimeter. the yield from titania nanotubes without either copper or platinum catalysts is only about 10 parts per million. \" if we uniformly coated the surface of the nanotube arrays with copper oxide, i think we could greatly improve the yield, \" said grimes. grimes also found that lengthening the titanium dioxide tubes, which for other applications increases yield, does not improve results. \" we think that distribution of the sputtered catalyst nanoparticles is at the top surface of the nanotubes and not inside and that is why increased length does not improve the reaction, \" says grimes. although all these experiments were done with nitrogen - doped titanium dioxide nanotubes, the researchers conclude that the nitrogen did not enhance the conversion of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons. the catalysts, however, did shift the reaction from one that used only the energy in ultraviolet light to one that used other wavelengths of visible light and therefore more of the sun ' s energy. the researchers are now working on converting their batch reactor into a continuous flow - through design that they believe will significantly increase yields. the researchers have filed a provisional patent on this work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5148023434554688, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.871173"} {"text": "the transmission speed of an asynchronous communications channel. technically, it refers to the maximum number of changes that can occur per second in the electrical state of a communications circuit. often baud is used interchangeably with bits per second. all computer data is composed of tiny electrical pulses called bits ( short for binary digits ). each pulse represents a single digit of data. a group of eight bits is called a byte. bytes are measured in units of a thousand, thus kilobyte. a system with a computer, modem, and phone line that acts as a central point for information exchange. it can be used for electronic mail and for storing files that can be downloaded. stands for compact disc / read - only memory. a high density storage medium on which electronic data is etched and read by a laser beam. a form of computer - based communications that emulates a face - to - face conference where people meet to discuss issues of common concern. computer conferences below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 285 - - > appendix c glossary b baud rate the transmission speed of an asynchronous communications channel. technically, it refers to the maximum number of changes that can occur per second in the electrical state of a communications circuit. often baud is used interchangeably with bits per second. bit / byte all computer data is composed of tiny electrical pulses called bits ( short for binary digits ). each pulse represents a single digit of data. a group of eight bits is called a byte. bytes are measured in units of a thousand, thus kilobyte. bulletin board a system with a computer, modem, and phone line that acts as a central point for information exchange. it can be used for electronic mail and for storing files that can be downloaded. c cd - rom stands for compact disc / read - only memory. a high density storage medium on which electronic data is etched and read by a laser beam. computer conference a form of computer - based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.664151797681774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.886016"} {"text": "mail and for storing files that can be downloaded. c cd - rom stands for compact disc / read - only memory. a high density storage medium on which electronic data is etched and read by a laser beam. computer conference a form of computer - based communications that emulates a face - to - face conference where people meet to discuss issues of common concern. computer conferences ocr for page 285 - - > include a ' ' messaging \" module to simulate the private discussions that often take place at meetings but they also permit communication among multiple users and allow flexible treatment of conference comments. d database management systems ( dbms ) databases are organized collections of information. they are used to file, search, and retrieve data. desktop publishing ( dtp ) publishing by means of a personal computer. dtp is the product of technological advances in personal computing, print graphics, and computer - generated typography. it synthesizes the capabilities of typesetting, graphic design, book production, and platemaking in one integrated, cost - effective hardware and software configuration. e electronic mail computer - based messaging. the transmission of letters and messages from computer to computer over a network. f fidonet a robust network of individual computerized bulletin board services that uses regular dial - up phone lines and high - speed modems to move electronic messages. file server a high - performance personal computer that serves all the users of a local area network. it provides access to files and software. floppy disk a magnetic storage medium. the floppy disk is compact, light, and portable. you can input or output data or software applications between a floppy disk and the computer. ftp file transfer protocol. allows users to exchange files between their workstations and remote computers connected to the internet. it is most useful for retrieving files from public archives that are scattered around the internet. g gateway a device that connects two dissimilar lans or that connects a lan to a wan, a server, or a mainframe. it reformats the data so that it is acceptable for the new network before passing it on. ocr for page 285 - - > h hard disk a hardware component used for storing software, applications, and data. it has a higher capacity and faster speed than a floppy. hard disks are sealed units not usually meant to be removed from the computer. hardware the central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other equipment associated with a computer system. i interactive used to refer to applications that engage the computer user by prompting for certain responses and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6224548005122668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.887715"} {"text": "usually meant to be removed from the computer. hardware the central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other equipment associated with a computer system. i interactive used to refer to applications that engage the computer user by prompting for certain responses and then reacting to those responses in what seems like original ways. internet a system of interconnected computer networks. provides access to computers, electronic mail, bulletin boards, databases, and discussion groups, all using the tcp / ip protocol. l leased line a dedicated private telephone line between two locations. leased lines are often used to connect mid - sized local networks to an internet service provider. local - area network ( lan ) a method of connecting computers, peripherals, and communications equipment within a restricted locality, such as a building or campus. m megahertz ( mhz ) a unit of measurement, equal to one million electrical vibrations or cycles per second, commonly used to measure the clock speeds of computers. microprocessor hardware component responsible for the basic elements of computer processing : arithmetic, logic, and control. the microprocessor is an integrated circuit chip \u2014 a dense network of microscopic electrical pathways etched into highly refined sand, or silicon. modem a device that connects a computer to a telephone line and converts the digital data from the computer into analog ( sound ) frequencies. the modem sends the sounds through the phone line to a receiving computer ' s modem, which then turns the sounds back into a digital form that can be displayed on the receiving computer ' s screen. ( modem is a contraction of modulator / demodulator. ) ocr for page 285 - - > monitor the video display terminal ( vdt ) ; the part of the personal computer system that looks like a tv screen. it allows the user to see text and graphics as it is entered into the computer. ms - dos an operating system for microcomputers. short for microsoft disk operating system, dos has been perhaps the most common set of programs for controlling the microcomputer. n network individual computers linked in such a way that users can share software and hardware ( for example, printers ) and communicate with each other. o online the \" state \" of being connected, either via a modem or a dedicated line, to a distant database or to another computer. operating systems the master program that controls the computer hardware and applications. also called the system software. p packet a \" bundle \" of data. in some types of electronic communications, data is broken into small chunks that traverse the networks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6230324339066735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.890474"} {"text": "or to another computer. operating systems the master program that controls the computer hardware and applications. also called the system software. p packet a \" bundle \" of data. in some types of electronic communications, data is broken into small chunks that traverse the networks independently. packet - switching network a wide - area network that achieves high data transmission speeds by dividing information into sections, called packets. the packets are then transmitted by the most efficient route and reassembled at their destination. peripherals hardware components that are not essential to the basic operation of the computer but that may be necessary to perform certain applications. peripheral hardware includes printers, scanners, and modems. point the lowest level of the fidonet hierarchy. points are connected to hubs and hubs to hosts in order to move mail through the system. ocr for page 285 - - > poll a method by which a central computer calls or \" polls \" another computer to see if that computer has electronic messages to transmit. polls can be set up to automatically call another computer when the rates are lower or when traffic is minimal. r random access memory ( ram ) the computer ' s short - term memory or the electronic \" work space \" in which software, programs, and data reside while they are active. resolution a measurement, usually expressed in linear dots per inch ( dpi ), of the sharpness of an image generated by an output device such as a printer or monitor. router a device that connects networks that use the same protocols together and passes information among them. s scanner hardware device that allows the transfer of photographs, graphic images, or text to the computer. scanners convert the image to a form than can be manipulated and stored by the computer. software the applications, data, and operating systems associated with computer systems. spreadsheets an electronic means of organizing, storing, and presenting numeric information in formats that allow for easy calculations. the most common means of handling numeric information. t tcp / ip transmission control protocol / internet protocol. connotes a full - time, interactive internet connection. telnet the internet standard protocol for remote terminal connection service used for logging into and searching other computers connected to the internet. it allows your computer to interact with a remote timesharing system at another site as if your terminal were connected directly to the remote computer. ocr for page 285 - - > u uninterruptible power supply ( ups ) device that insures a steady and clean supply of electricity to the computer. a sudden loss of or change in power", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6416538823004441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.897394"} {"text": "connected directly to the remote computer. ocr for page 285 - - > u uninterruptible power supply ( ups ) device that insures a steady and clean supply of electricity to the computer. a sudden loss of or change in power can destroy data and cause damage to a computer. upss give the user time to exit from all active applications and save all current data in the event of a power outage. unix an operating system for a wide variety of computers, from mainframes to personal computers. it supports multi - tasking and is suited to multi - user environments. v virus a program designed to enter a computer without the user ' s knowledge and perform tasks that can be destructive to the data and software stored in the computer. w window a rectangular, on - screen frame through which you can view a document, worksheet, or other application. windows a windowing environment and application program interface for ms - dos that brings to ibm compatible computers some of the graphical user interface features of the macintosh computers. word processor the single most universal application for personal computers. word processing programs convert computers into writing and editing machines. word processing easily allows revisions, formatting, and corrections. wysiwyg pronounced wizzy - wig, an acronym for what you see is what you get. a term used in desktop publishing that means that what you see on the computer screen is exactly what you get on paper when you print.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6298949644653047, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.898612"} {"text": "\" as the stomach turns \" on the kc - 135 can you imagine going to your school or office and floating in air along with your desks, chairs and pencils? well that ' s what the astronauts experience when they take a flight on the kc - 135 aircraft, affectionately known as the \" vomit astronauts get a unique perspective of their environment during a zero gravity flight. medical studies and motion sickness experiments are also researched on these flights. the nasa reduced gravity program began in 1959 and the kc - 135 was the perfect aircraft. the boeing four - engine turbojet stratotanker was originally designed for in - flight aircraft refueling and later as a 707 for commercial flights. further modified to meet nasa ' s needs, the kc - 135 is used to understand the role of gravity on humans and hardware in space. during a typical mission of 2 to 3 hours the aircraft will fly 30 to 40 parabolic arcs. during each parabolic arc there are 20 to 25 seconds of \" g \" gravity when the astronauts will experience how it feels to be in outer space. for most of us who don ' t know what a parabolic arc is, in the simplest terms it ' s a curve of equal distance to its fixed points. the diagram at left shows a flight plan for the kc - 135 during typical zero - g maneuvers. unfortunately during weightlessness even the most seasoned astronaut may experience the stomach - turning effects. the astronauts seem to take it in stride though, not talking about who got sick and who didn ' t. they know it ' s all part of a day ' s work. the kc - 135 has supported about 80, 000 parabolas flown in support of the space station and space shuttle programs. as a matter of fact, all the weightless scenes from the movie apollo 13 were filmed in the kc - 135. ron howard, director of apollo 13, made arrangements with nasa to use the plane for over six months. nasa ' s johnson space center operates the kc - 135 reduced gravity research aircraft and nasa ' s glenn research center hosts the kc - 135 eight weeks a year for additional research. for further information please visit : nasa ' s johnson space center and john f. kennedy space center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.520744210146924, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.904087"} {"text": "a non - profit site educating canadians and americans about the differences between human - beings, natural - persons and artificial - persons created by god. | how the government created your new identity how you can reclaim your unalienable rights. created by man. | for the text of this web - site is with the absence of the legal - advice. | | | national id card : urgent and extremely important, especially for britain : this page has been posted as an introductory page for the national id card. a more comprehensive page is begin prepared and should be ready soon. until such time, this should make you think about the dangers of having a national id card : question : what is wrong with a national id card? answer : nothing, as long as you don ' t mind being a slave for the rest of your life. question : how does a national id card make me a slave? answer : the card ' identifies ' you as the property of the government. question : what is the definition of identify and / or identity? answer : the definition of identify and / or identity means ' the same as '. question : how can a national id card make me the property of the government? answer : the id card is only for legal entities, and therefore the card ' identifies ' you to be ' the same as ' the legal entity ( artificial person ) which exists on the card. question : who has legal title to the id card? answer : the government has legal title to the id card ( they created it ), and therefore has legal title to the legal entity ( artificial person ) created thereon. the holder of the id card may have equitable title ( to use ) the card. question : what happens when i agree to have a national id card? answer : by agreeing to be identified by the card, you have just agreed ( by contract ) to be ' the same as ' the legal entity which was created by the government. in other words, you have agreed, by contract, to be owned by the government ( because they own the entity and now you have agreed to be the same as the entity, so they own you ). question : can i terminate the contract if i already have a national id card? answer : no. according to contract law, unless written otherwise into the contract, the contract will only be terminated when both parties to the contract agree to termination. although you may wish to terminate the contract, the government will never agree to do so. you are their slave for life, and your property ( children,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5323393702825994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.912249"} {"text": "the contract, the contract will only be terminated when both parties to the contract agree to termination. although you may wish to terminate the contract, the government will never agree to do so. you are their slave for life, and your property ( children, estate, etc. ) becomes their property in perpetuity ( forever ). question : who can identify me? answer : you, your god ( if he shows up ), and possibly your parents ( provided babies were not swapped ). practically speaking, only you can identify you for sure, nobody else. you have to self - identify, viz : \" i am the same as i am, i am i and nobody else. \" question : how can a government tell me who i am? answer : the government cannot tell you who you are, but if you agree to be the same as their entity, now they can tell you who you are and make you their slave. solution : know who you are, and don ' t let anybody else tell you who you are. whatever you do, do not agree to have a national id card if you wish to remain free. a slave once said \" oh master, please tell me who i am. \" for those in britain who may be forced to have a national id card in order to obtain a passport to leave their own country, they should learn, and quote, from the following artilce 12 of the international covenant on civil and political rights, which states : \" 1. everyone lawfully within the territory of a state shall, within that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence. please be aware that the article 12, as quoted above, does not say every person ; it clearly says everyone, clearly not including artificial - persons. this article also appears to indicate that it is not necessary to have a passport in order to travel anywhere in the world. \" whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5329210793474353, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.913260"} {"text": "the 194 - acre sweetbay bogs preserve was the mississippi chapter ' s first land purchase in december 1989, and is named for the area ' s numerous sweetbay trees. bogs are rarely found this far south, and the site has long been considered one of the most critical natural communities in the state. at least six species of rare plants are found here : showy orchids and carnivorous plants are present, including sundews, butterworts, bladderworts and pitcher plants. a number of rare gopher tortoises reside here year - round, while a diversity of neotropical migratory birds make temporary stops. all the flora and fauna are adapted to periodic fires, which keep bogs free of shrubs and allow new plant growth on which gopher tortoises and other species feed. to mimic a natural burning cycle, the conservancy uses periodic prescribed fires during the growing season as part of the area ' s management plan. partners who have aided in the understanding of the area include local neighbors and fire department, mississippi power company, mississippi heritage program and u. s. fish and wildlife service. due to the sensitivity of the sweetbay bogs habitat, field trips are available by appointment only. for more information on the sweetbay bogs preserve, please contact becky stowe, terrestrial program manager. the nature conservancy south mississippi conservation program 10910 highway 57, suite c vancleave, ms 3939565", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.397361652694278, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.915326"} {"text": "archaeology of the tillett site non - fish faunal remains from the tillett site ( * department of biology, birmingham southern college ) the identification and analysis of non - fish vertebrate remains from the tillett site ( 31dr35 ) was undertaken at birmingham - southern college, birmingham, alabama. the faunal remains for the two components of the site, colington and mount pleasant, were analyzed separately. the sample from the colington component consisted of 5, 880 fragments of which 5, 180 ( 88. 1 % ) were identifiable at least to class. the sample from the mount pleasant component consisted of 808 fragments all of which were identifiable at least to class. materials and methods the initial step in the faunal analysis was the taxonomic identification of the remains. specimens from the zoo - archaeological collection at birmingham - southern college were available for comparative purposes. specimens were identified whenever possible to species ; however, many bones were very fragmented and identification was limited often to class. following identification to taxonomic level, the frag - ments were identified as to skeletal element, e, g., right distal humerus. any indicators of age and sex were noted. three methods were used to quantify species remains : determination of the total number of identifiable fragments of each species ; calculation of minimum number of individuals ; and calculation of bone weights. calculation of number of individuals of each species was based upon the minimum - number - of - individuals ( mni ) method first described by white ( 1953 ). this method involves counting the most common skeletal element of each species. this number corresponds to at least the minimum number of individuals represented in the sample. variations in age, sex, and size of the individuals were considered in the determination. live weights of the non - fish species were determined using bone weights of the archaeological remains. linear regression formulae used in this calculation were taken from fradkin ( 1979 ). in the formulae, x = body weights in kilograms and y = skeletal weight in kilograms. | log y = 1. 03 ( log x ) - 0. 69897 log y = 1. 071 ( log x ) - 1. 1871 log y = 1. 09 ( log x ) - 1. 2147 the live weights calculated from these formulae were converted to maximum possible edible meat yield using the percentages : turtles 50 % ; birds 70 % ; and mammals 60 %. using the edible meat yield weights, the calories available from the species were determined. estimated calories / 100 gms used in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4829338870904149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.923823"} {"text": "to maximum possible edible meat yield using the percentages : turtles 50 % ; birds 70 % ; and mammals 60 %. using the edible meat yield weights, the calories available from the species were determined. estimated calories / 100 gms used in the calculations were taken from watt and merrill ( 1963 ). they are : | 126 calories / 100 gm 184. 25 calories / 100 gm 225 calories / 100 gm 111 calories / 100 gm finally, a list of the various species identified and the environment in which they are naturally found was made. three methods were used to determine the importance of the non - fish fauna exploited in the two major ecological habitats. the first procedure consisted of a species checklist indicating those animals identified. the second method involved calculation of the maximum possible meat yields of these animals, and the third method compared the caloric yields of these species. knowledge of the natural history of the various species and their seasons of maximum abundance was used to make inferences concerning seasonality of the components. in table d1 are recorded the non - fish species identified in the two components. a total of 15 genera or species of three classes of vertebrates were identified including five species of mammals, four species of birds, and six species of reptiles. eight species : rabbit ( sylvilagus sp. ), raccoon ( procyon lotor, white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ), wild turkey ( meleagris gallopavo ), snapping turtle ( chelydra serpentina ), mud turtle ( kinosternon sp. ), diamond - back terrapin ( malaclemys terrapin, and sliders and scooters ( chrysemys sp. ) were common to the two components. from the colington component of the tillett site were examined 5, 880 bone fragments of 14 species. of these 5, 180 ( 88. 1 % ) were identifiable at least to class. mammalian remains accounted for 2, 160 ( 50. 4 % ) of the identifiable bones, five ( 33. 3 % ) of the species, and 15 ( 53. 6 % ) of the mni. table d2 lists the species, number of identifiable fragments, and mni represented in this component. the white - tailed deer was the most intensively exploited mammal. a minimum of six individuals ( number estimate based on right ( page 110 ) calcanei present ) represented by 1375 fragments were examined. all major parts of the animal were represented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4822476388711622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.924796"} {"text": ". the white - tailed deer was the most intensively exploited mammal. a minimum of six individuals ( number estimate based on right ( page 110 ) calcanei present ) represented by 1375 fragments were examined. all major parts of the animal were represented in the faunal sample. at least one animal was male as evidenced by a skull fragment with the antler base intact. the antler had been shed. age estimates were possible on three animals. a left mandible with pm2 - pm3 present was aged on basis of tooth wear at 3 1 / 2 years. degree of tooth wear as evidence of age was based on sevringhaus ( 1953 ). two right calcanei were lacking epiphyses indicating animals less than 35 months of age. age determination on the basis of epiphyseal ossification of selected long bones was based on studies by lewall and cowan ( 1963 ). five raccoons represented by 47 fragments were represented in the faunal sample. post - cranial remains accounted for 66. 0 % of the identified fragments. mni was based on number of right ulnae. all post - cranial remains exhibited full ephiphyseal closure indicative of adult specimens. one dog was represented by an isolated tooth, two metatarsals, and two phalanges. one bear was represented by an atlas. two rabbits represented by 10 fragments were among the faunal remains. six post - cranial elements exhibited complete ossification indicative of animals greater than nine months of age. age of closure of ( page 111 ) ossification centers of rabbits was based on studies by hale ( 1949 ). two species of rabbits, the. eastern cottontail ( sylvilagus floridanus ) and the marsh rabbit ( sylvilagus palustris ), are common to the area and determination of species was not attempted. avian remains consisted primarily of broken and unidentifiable long bone shafts. identifiable fragments included a left tibiofibula of mergus merganser, a right proximal humerus of linosa sp. and 10 post - cranial fragments of meleagris gallopavo. reptiles were well represented in the faunal assemblage, accounting for six of the identified species, 10 of the mni and 2357 of the identified bone fragments. plastron and carapace fragments comprised over 70 % of the identifiable turtle remains and for this reason the mni may be a significant underestimate of the total", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46133716391306856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.927402"} {"text": "identified species, 10 of the mni and 2357 of the identified bone fragments. plastron and carapace fragments comprised over 70 % of the identifiable turtle remains and for this reason the mni may be a significant underestimate of the total number of animals actually represented in the sample. remains included carapace, plastron, and limb elements of three fresh - water species ; kinosternon sp., chelydra serpentine ; and chrysemys sp. ; one brackish water species, malaclemys terrapin : and one salt water species, caretta caretta. ( page 112 ) turtles undergo a period of inactivity from december to february and are most abundant from march - may. their occurrence in the faunal assemblage suggests spring occupation of the site, though summer and fall occupation is possible. the presence of five vertebrae of the water snake, natrix sp., probably represents accidental deposition and not deliberate exploitation of this species by the inhabitants of the site. the 15 species of non - fish vertebrates represented in the faunal assemblage of the colington phase of the tillett site would have provided 18. 32 kg. of useable meat and 24, 204. 42 calories ( table d3 ;. mammils provided 14. 54 kg ( 79. 4 % ) of the useable meat and 19, 047. 63 ( 78. 7 % ) of the available calories. reptiles provided 2. 93 kg ( 16. 0 % ) of the useable meat and 3, 244. 52 ( 13. 4 % ) of the available calories. while six ( 40 % ) of the 15 identified species are inhabitants of the terrestrial habitat, these animals provided 15. 39 kg ( 84 % ) of the useable meat and 20, 954. 64 ( 86. 6 % ) of the available calories. cursory examination of these data would suggest intensive exploitation of the terrestrial habitat and minimal utilization of the aquatic environment however, it must be remembered that fish remains were not included in this analysis. the identifiable species do not provide significant information on seasonality of site occupation. all mammals identified can be found year - round on the north carolina coastal plain, as can the wild turkey. the american merganser ( mergus merganser ) and godwit ( limosa sp. ) are found in greatest abundance from october to march though numbers of both species may be found throughout the year. the presence of significant numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4661123365791109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.928473"} {"text": "turkey. the american merganser ( mergus merganser ) and godwit ( limosa sp. ) are found in greatest abundance from october to march though numbers of both species may be found throughout the year. the presence of significant numbers of turtles in the faunal sample suggests spring or summer occupation since these animals undergo a period of reduced activity from december to february and would be more difficult to locate or capture. ( page 113 ) hence while no firm estimate of seasonality may be deduced from the data, there does exist slight evidence favoring a spring or summer occupation. mount pleasant component 808 bone fragments of nine species of non - fish vertebrates were examined. mammalian remains accounted for 299 ( 37. 0 % ) of the bones, three of the identified species, and three of the mni ( table d4 ). although fragments of the white - tailed deer were the most numerous mammalian fragments, only one individual could be definitely identified. raccoon was represented by six bone fragments. all were post - cranial remains and all exhibited complete epiphyseal closure. rabbit was represented by one post - cranial fragment and it was completely ossified. avian remains were represented by six post - cranial fragments of the wild turkey and one post - cranial element of anas sp. turtle fragments, primarily plaston and carapace elements comprised 56. 6 % of the skeletal fragments, a minimum of four species, and four mni. the estimate of mni is probably significantly low, since it was based on skeletal element which comprised less than 20 % of the reptilian remains. ( page 114 ) the nine species of non - fish vertebrates would have provided 2. 42 kg of useable meat and 2929. 41 calories ( table d5 ). mammals provided 1. 73 kg ( 71. 5 % ) of the available non - fish meat and 1916. 34 ( 65. 4 % ) of the available calories. reptiles provided 4. 76 kg ( 19. 6 % ) of the available meat and 528. 31 ( 18. 0 % ) calories. four of the identified species occupy a terrestrial habitat and these animals provided 1. 94 kg ( 80. 2 % ) of the meat and 2401. 1 ( 82. 0 % ) of the available calories. since fish were not included in these calculations, these data do not accurately reflect the relative importance of the terrestrial and aquatic habitats to the inhabitants of the site. the identified species provide little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46791870910023503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.929386"} {"text": "resources for living well this website has ideas, instructions, and videos of fun activities and games for students in grades 4 - 8. san diego county office of education these programs aim to assist parents in helping children manage their weight and live healthy lifestyles with specific activities and milestones. en espanol this website gives kids ages 9 to 13 the information they need to make healthy lifestyle choices. the site focuses on topics that are important to them \u2014 such as stress and physical fitness \u2014 using kid - friendly lingo, games, quizzes, and other interactive features. the teacher ' s corner provides interactive, educational, and fun activities that are linked to national education standards for science and health. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) this program is designed to help parents and caregivers of adolescents ages 9 to 13 improve family eating and activity habits. the program toolkit focuses on parents as role models and provides them with hands - on tools to make small, specific behavior changes to prevent obesity and help maintain a healthy weight. en espanol office on women ' s health ( owh ) these teaching resources, including educational classroom games and school activities for preventing obesity, will help educators develop a preschool curriculum that builds a bridge between the school, home, and community and protects young children from developing risky behaviors. u. s. department of health and human services ( hhs ) choosemyplate. gov from the usda illustrates the five food groups that are the building blocks for a healthy diet and provides tools for diet / calorie tracking and information on weight management, physical activity, and healthy eating. some materials available in spanish. u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) this resource provides tools for behavior change and information on how to create new healthy habits as well as a network to connect and share with other concerned families. this campaign provides practical resources to help motivate children and their caregivers to eat healthy and be active. u. s. department of agriculture ' s ( usda ) food & nutrition service ( fns ) this website for kids tells you cool stuff about how your body works, how eating right helps you play better and feel good, and how staying active is lots of fun! en espanol this in - person weight management program educates overweight children and their parents about nutrition and physical activity through interactive sessions. children ' s hospital los angeles - help me select one : i am a - person with prediabetes remove - child remove - type of resource select one : - language select", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42102246060134085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.932072"} {"text": "netwellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. netwellness is commercial - free and does not accept advertising. wednesday, june 19, 2013 hello, i am intrested to know how a person ` s age is affected in sports?, as i am doing a natinal diploma in sports science it would be intresting to know. thanks aging changes do affect older adult sports capabilities. one in 10 men and 1 in 3 women loose bone density due to aging that may cause them to be more prone to fractures, sprains, and pain. two out of 3 older adults do experience back trouble that causes pain and discomfort during activity, not just in sports. it just gets worse with aging as the risks for injury increases. however, older runners are usually physically better off than the average person but need careful warmup and balance exercises as balance can be affected by aging. no reason for older people to avoid physical activity. most injuries can be prevented or treated. older people need to be active but not excessive in sports. they can enjoy a variety of sports such as swimming, bicycling, golf, running, basketball, baseball, racquet ball, tennis and even climbing if it ' s not too high of an altitude. some may be capable of playing these sports but football and other contact sports may be more risky as people age. many older people may experience rotator cuff, cervical neck, back, knee and hip problems from regular sports activity. just need to adjust to the changes and tune into the differences so that injury can be reduced or avoided. this information is general and does not apply to all older people. really depends on the physical condition of the individual. have any older adult consult his or her primary provider ( physician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant ) prior to undertaking sports or other physical activities. you can find additional information on online or in professional literature such as medline, emedicine, etc. evelyn l fitzwater, dsn, rn associate professor emerita associate director of the college of nursing university of cincinnati", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4638366485199805, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.934208"} {"text": "\u201c to speak of the shi \u2019 a of the arab world is to raise a sensitive issue that most muslims would rather not discuss, \u201d is the opening gambit of the authors of \u201c the arab shi \u2019 a : the forgotten muslims \u201d. graham fuller, resident senior political consultant at the rand corporation, and rend rahim francke, executive director of the iraq foundation and later the iraqi governing council \u2019 s us representative, go on to say, \u201c sunnis by and large prefer to avoid the subject, and even many shi \u2019 a are uncomfortable with it. \u201d if western commentators are to be believed however, the story of the shi \u2019 a and sunni is not simply one of an awkward relationship. they represent \u2018 islam \u2019 s great schism \u2019, one that renders the idea of a homogenous muslim collective \u2013 the ummah \u2013 a myth : \u201c the shi \u2019 a \u2026 present a sensitive problem that assails to the core of muslim unity and undermines the traditional histiography of the muslim state \u2026 \u201d or so fuller and francke believe. the concept of a universal islamic political system, one capable of ruling over both shi \u2019 a and sunni, is considered a similar figment of islamist utopia. the library journal \u2019 s review of olivier roy \u2019 s mid - nineties book, \u2018 the failure of political islam \u2019 declares, \u201c \u2026 the attempt to create a universal islamist state is doomed to failure because of the conflicts between sunni and shi \u2019 a forms and other ethnic differences in the islamic world \u2026 \u201d 1 the belief that the existence of the shi \u2019 a and sunni represents an unresolved schism and a source of continuous conflict and tension in the islamic world is widely touted in discussion of numerous conflicts. the issue featured prominently in the recent iraqi elections for a transitional government, as observers commented on \u2018 shi \u2019 a \u2019 coalitions and coined abstention from voting as \u2018 sunni disgruntlement \u2019. the demographics of bahrain and iraq previously are presented as minority \u2018 sunni \u2019 rule over a \u2018 shi \u2019 a \u2019 majority. the considerable shi \u2019 a minority in saudi arabia feature in studies investigating the treatment of religious minorities at the hands of the kingdom \u2019 s sunni wahabi scholars. but it is the explosive images of violent feuds in pakistan, as sunnis and shi \u2019 a cyclically target each other \u2019 s religious centres and leaders, which are ultimately cited as evidence of a very serious sectarian problem in the muslim world that stems from the existence of the shi \u2019 a and sunni body. secularism often emerges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4642023031634087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.938476"} {"text": "shi \u2019 a cyclically target each other \u2019 s religious centres and leaders, which are ultimately cited as evidence of a very serious sectarian problem in the muslim world that stems from the existence of the shi \u2019 a and sunni body. secularism often emerges in talk of possible conflict remediation2, proposed as a more coherent approach to deal with religious sectarianism, islamic or otherwise. the european continent, ravaged by religious wars for centuries, eventually became the relatively peaceful landscape it is now after it separated religion from state, its advocates argue. this article will ask whether an islamic political system is indeed the divisive force its critics label it as and will explore whether secularism has any relevance to the sunni - shi \u2019 a issue, or appeal beyond its european origins. doctrine versus history the doctrinal differences between the shi \u2019 a and sunni stem from a disagreement regarding leadership of the islamic community after the death of the prophet muhammad. sunnis hold that the prophet muhammad did not appoint a successor to rule the islamic polity he had established during his lifetime, and left the question of leadership to popular will ; that is to say, it was ( and still is ) for the citizens of the islamic state to choose their ruler. the shi \u2019 a on the other hand believe that the prophet muhammad did appoint a successor : ali ibn abi talib, his cousin and son - in - law, a member of the noble ahl - ul - bait ( family of the prophet ). they further believe that all subsequent rulers should be from ali \u2019 s bloodline, being both free from committing error ( ma \u2019 soom ) and divinely appointed to their roles. the ithna ashariyya ( lit. twelvers ) 3, the mainstream shi \u2019 a grouping, believe that these rulers number twelve, the twelfth of which, mohammed ibn hasan al - askari, disappeared in 260 ah and will reappear at some unspecified time in the future ; the period of his absence is described as the ghaybah ( occultation ). literally meaning \u2018 party \u2019, the term \u2018 shi \u2019 a \u2019 is cited in the ahadith ( prophet \u2019 s traditions ) describing the allies of ali, 4 and historically became associated with those who held that the bloodline of ali were the rightful successors of the prophet muhammad in leading the islamic community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023266358812413, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.939436"} {"text": "hurricane philippe and tropical storm rita formed in the north atlantic on sunday, making them the eighth hurricane and seventeenth tropical storm of the season. the us national hurricane center ( nhc ) expects rita to become a full - fledged hurricane this week, amid fears that it could affect areas hard - hit by deadly hurricane katrina. now in the southern bahamas, rita is expected to continue moving west, with its most likely course taking it between cuba and southern florida into the gulf of mexico. hurricane warnings were issued late on sunday afternoon for parts of cuba and the florida keys. current projections by the nhc indicate the storm will intensify over the gulf and eventually hit southern texas saturday morning, but the paths of hurricanes are notoriously hard to predict days in advance. an obvious concern is if its path should bend north, toward hurricane - shattered new orleans and surrounding areas of louisiana, mississippi and alabama. philippe formed further to the east of rita and is following a north - northwest course in the atlantic. it is not expected to approach land before nearing bermuda on saturday. at the start of august, the nhc predicted an exceptionally busy north atlantic hurricane season, with 18 to 21 tropical storms, 9 to 11 of which would become hurricanes. so far that forecast has been borne out, and it could yet prove an underestimate. the record tropical storm season saw 21 cyclones, and occurred in 1933. if that number is exceeded, the nhc will use up its list of names and turn to greek - letter designations. the record hurricane season was 12 in 1969. katrina ' s devastation of new orleans and the gulf coast has already made this the most expensive hurricane season ever for the us, in terms of life lost and damaged infrastructure. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43899650474577673, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.944613"} {"text": "autism, a neurological condition that affects children \u2019 s social and communicative abilities, is becoming increasingly common. in the united states today, one of out every 150 babies is affected by autism or another similar brain development disorder. dr. russell blaylock has attributed this rise in brain development disorders to the inclusion of harmful preservatives in today \u2019 s most common vaccines. since most children receive 12 or more injections before their first birthday, according to dr. blaylock, the preservatives in vaccines must be playing a role in affecting the brain development of babies. for example, one of the additives commonly used in vaccines today contains mercury. mercury has been known for years to be harmful to health and, more specifically, has been linked to autism and alzheimer \u2019 s. furthermore, some of the vaccines containing these dangerous additives are only minimally effective in the first place. therefore, increased reliance on vaccination puts children at risk to experience brain development effects from these various additives without even realizing the health benefits of the vaccination, accoding to dr. blaylock. the need for many of these vaccines can be eliminated with certain nutritional adjustments, so experts like dr. blaylock urge parents to research the vaccines recommended to their infants to make sure that the vaccine is, in fact, necessary. \u00a9 2013 newsmax. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5207383771139308, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.946112"} {"text": "a cathedral is an impressive christian church that traditionally contained the seat of a bishop. the great cathedrals of the world represent one of humanity ' s many efforts to connect with god. during the middle ages, cathedrals were especially important in the lives of medieval christians for serving a variety of functions : they were places for communal worship, ritual, celebration, education, and governance. in particular, cathedrals represented the seat of local authority and ecclesiastical power and frequently functioned as a social center, like a city hall. it is a religious building for worship, specifically of a denomination with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the roman catholic, anglican, orthodox and some lutheran churches, which serves as a bishop ' s seat, and thus as the central church of a diocese. cathedrals were monuments to god ' s glory and greatness. their towering structures represented a visual axis mundi for connecting with the divine. furthermore, they offered visual instruction to the generally illiterate masses who often learned about religion through observing the sacred art and architecture that adorned the cathedrals. the word cathedral is derived from the latin noun \" cathedra \" ( seat or chair ), and refers to the presence of the bishop ' s or archbishop ' s chair or throne. in the ancient world, the chair was the symbol of a teacher and thus of the bishop ' s role as teacher, and also of an official presiding as a magistrate and thus of the bishop ' s role in governing a diocese. the word cathedral, though now grammatically used as a noun, is originally the adjective in the phrase \" cathedral church, \" from the latin \" ecclesia cathedralis. \" the seat marks the place set aside in the prominent church of the diocese for the head of that diocese and is therefore a major symbol of authority. there are certain deviations on the use of the term \" cathedral \" ; for example, some pre - reformation cathedrals in scotland now within the church of scotland still retain the term cathedral, despite the church ' s presbyterian polity which does not have bishops. as cathedrals are often particularly impressive edifices, the term is often used incorrectly as a designation for any large important church. the term \" cathedral \" is not officially used in eastern orthodoxy, the church of a bishop being known as \" the great church. \" the oriental orthodox churches similarly do not have cathedrals as such, however some major churches like saint mark ' s coptic orthodox cathedral in cairo are called cathedrals. several cathedrals in europe, such as strasbourg, and in england at york", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.515622444334255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.965958"} {"text": "church. \" the oriental orthodox churches similarly do not have cathedrals as such, however some major churches like saint mark ' s coptic orthodox cathedral in cairo are called cathedrals. several cathedrals in europe, such as strasbourg, and in england at york, lincoln and southwell, are referred to as minster ( german : munster ) churches, from latin monasterium, because the establishments were served by canons living in community or may have been an abbey, prior to the reformation. the other kind of great church in western europe is the abbey early middle ages the history of the body of clergy attached to the cathedral church is obscure, and in each case local considerations affected its development, however the following main features were more or less common to all. originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a monastery, was nevertheless often called a monasterium, the word not having the restricted meaning which it afterwards acquired. in this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like york minster and lincoln cathedral, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. in these early communities, the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and were not infrequently married. in the eighth century, chrodegang, bishop of metz ( 743 - 766 c. e. ), compiled a code of rules for the clergy of the cathedral churches, which, though widely accepted in germany and other parts of the continent, gained little acceptance in england. according to chrodegang ' s rule, the cathedral clergy were to live under a common roof, occupy a common dormitory and submit to the authority of a special officer. the rule of chrodegang was, in fact, a modification of the benedictine rule. gisa, a native of lorraine, who was bishop of wells from 1061 to 1088 c. e., introduced it into england, and imposed its observance on the clergy of his cathedral church, but it was not followed for very long there, or elsewhere in england. late middle ages during the tenth and eleventh centuries, the cathedral clergy became more clearly organized, and were divided into two classes. one was that of a monastic establishment of some recognized order of monks, often the benedictines, while the other class was that of a college of clergy, bound by no vows except those of their ordination, but governed by a code of statutes or canons. hence the name of canon. in this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3847210345382486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.966981"} {"text": "recognized order of monks, often the benedictines, while the other class was that of a college of clergy, bound by no vows except those of their ordination, but governed by a code of statutes or canons. hence the name of canon. in this way arose the distinction between the monastic and other cathedral churches. in germany and england, many of the cathedral churches were monastic. in denmark, all seem to have been benedictine at first, except b\u00f8rglum, which was praemonstratensian until the reformation. the others were changed to churches of secular canons. in sweden, uppsala was originally benedictine, but was secularized about 1250, and it was ordered that each of the cathedral churches of sweden should have a chapter of at least 15 secular canons. in medieval france monastic chapters were very common, but nearly all the monastic cathedral churches were changed to churches of secular canons before the seventeenth century. one of the latest to be so changed was that of seez, in normandy, which was augustinian till 1547, when pope paul iii dispensed the members from their vows, and constituted them a chapter of secular canons. the chapter of senez was monastic till 1647, and others perhaps even later, but the majority were secularized about the time of the reformation. in the case of monastic cathedral churches, the internal government was that of the religious order to which the chapter belonged, and all the members kept perpetual residence. the alternative of this was the cathedral ruled by a secular chapter ; the dignities of provost, dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, etc., came into being for the regulation and good order of the church and its services, while the non - residence of the canons, rather than their perpetual residence, became the rule, and led to their duties being performed by a body of \" vicars, \" who officiated for them at the services of the church. history of cathedrals in britain the history of the cathedrals in britain differs somewhat from that on the continent. cathedrals have always been fewer than in italy, france and other parts of europe, while the buildings themselves tend to be very large. while france, at the time of the french revolution had 136 cathedrals, england had 27. because of a ruling that no cathedral could be built in a village, any town in which a cathedral was located was elevated to city status, regardless of its size. to this day several large english cathedrals are located in small \" cathedral cities, \" notably wells and ely cathedrals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43889660354633964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.967964"} {"text": "cathedral could be built in a village, any town in which a cathedral was located was elevated to city status, regardless of its size. to this day several large english cathedrals are located in small \" cathedral cities, \" notably wells and ely cathedrals, both of which rank among the greatest works of english medieval architecture. in the british isles towns were few, and, instead of exercising jurisdiction over definite areas, many of the bishops were bishops of tribes or peoples, as the bishops of the south saxons, the west saxons, the somers\u00e6tas, etc. the cathedra of such a bishop was often migratory. in 1075, a council was held in london, under the presidency of archbishop lanfranc, which, reciting the decrees of the council of sardica held in 347 and that of laodicea held in 360 on this matter, ordered the bishop of the south saxons to remove his see from selsey to chichester ; the wiltshire and dorset bishop to remove his cathedra from sherborne to old sarum, and the mercian bishop, whose cathedral was then at lichfield, to transfer it to chester. traces of the tribal and migratory system may still be noted in the designations of the irish see of meath ( where the result has been that there is now no cathedral church ) and ossory, the cathedral church of which is at kilkenny. some of the scottish sees were also migratory. late middle ages between 1075 and the fifteenth century, the cathedrals of england were almost evenly divided between those ruled by secular canons headed by a dean and those ruled by monastic orders headed by a prior, all of which were benedictine except carlisle. two cathedrals, bath and coventry, shared their sees with wells and lichfield, respectively. the entire structure of the monastic and cathedral system was overthrown and reconstituted during the reformation. cathedrals which were once roman catholic came under the governance of the church of england. all the english monastic cathedral chapters were dissolved by henry viii and, with the exceptions of bath and coventry, were re - founded by him as churches of secular chapters, with a dean as the head, and a certain number of canons ranging from twelve at canterbury and durham to four at carlisle, and with certain subordinate officers as minor canons, gospellers, epistolers, etc. the precentorship in these churches of the \" new foundation, \" as they are called, is not, as in the secular churches of the \" old foundation, \" a dignity, but is merely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37917047666672343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.968943"} {"text": "gospellers, epistolers, etc. the precentorship in these churches of the \" new foundation, \" as they are called, is not, as in the secular churches of the \" old foundation, \" a dignity, but is merely an office held by one of the minor canons. henry viii also created six new cathedrals from old monastic establishments, in each case governed by secular canons. of these, westminster did not retain its cathedral status. four more of england ' s large historic churches were later to become cathedrals, southwell, southwark, ripon and saint albans abbey. although a cathedral may be amongst the grandest of churches in a particular country or area, size and grandeur have never been requirements and in some places a cathedral church may be a modest structure. for example, early celtic and saxon cathedrals tended to be of diminutive size, as is the byzantine so - called little metropole cathedral of athens. the plan of a cathedral generally takes the form of a cross which has both symbolic meaning and is functional in terms of church worship, allowing space for clergy, choir, chapels, processions a pipe organ and other activities and objects associated with cathedral tradition. a cathedral, in common with other christian churches has an altar or table upon which the eucharist is laid, a lectern for reading the bible and a pulpit from which the sermon is traditionally preached. cathedrals also have a baptismal font for the traditional rite of washing that marks the acceptance of a new christian, ( most usually an infant ) into the church. particularly in italy, baptism may take place in a separate building for that purpose. within the church, an area, usually to the eastern end, is set aside for the ceremonial seats of the dignitaries of the church, as well as the choir. cathedrals of monastic foundation, and some of secular clergy have square cloisters which traditionally provided an open area where secular activities took place protected from wind and rain. some cathedrals also have a chapter house where the chapter could meet. in england, where these buildings have survived, they are often octagonal. a cathedral may front onto the main square of a town, as in florence, or it may be set in a walled close as at canterbury. there may be a number of associated monastic or clergy buildings, a bishop ' s palace and often a school to educate the choristers. the role of the cathedral is chiefly to serve god in the community, through its hierarchical and organizational position in the church structure. a cathedral,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46226502650649837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.969996"} {"text": "associated monastic or clergy buildings, a bishop ' s palace and often a school to educate the choristers. the role of the cathedral is chiefly to serve god in the community, through its hierarchical and organizational position in the church structure. a cathedral, its bishop and dignitaries have traditional functions which are mostly religious in nature, but may also be closely associated with the civil and communal life of the city and region. the formal cathedral services are linked to the cycle of the year and respond to the seasons of the northern hemisphere. the cathedral marks times of national and local civic celebration and sadness with special services. the funerals of those famous within the community are invariably held at cathedrals. some cathedrals, such as aachen and rheims are the traditional coronation places of monarchs. the bells of a cathedral are traditionally used signal the outbreak and the ending of war. many cathedral buildings are very famous for their architecture and have local and national significance, both artistically and historically. many are listed among the unesco world heritage sites. not only may the building itself be architecturally significant, but the church often houses treasures such as stained glass, stone and wood statues, historic tombs, richly carved furniture and object of both artistic and religious significance such as reliquaries. moreover, the cathedral often plays a major role in telling the story of the town, through its plaques, inscriptions, tombs, stained glass and paintings. cathedrals, because of their large size and the fact that they often have towers, spires or domes were the major landmarks in cities or the countryside until the twentieth century with the rise of skyscrapers. outside the british isles, the earliest head of a secular church seems to have been the provost ( praepositus, probst, etc. ), who was charged, not only with the internal regulation of the church, and oversight of the members of the chapter and control of the services, but was also the steward or seneschal of the lands and possessions of the church. the latter often mainly engaged his attention, to the neglect of his domestic and ecclesiastical duties, and complaints were soon raised that the provost was too much mixed in worldly affairs, and was too frequently absent from his spiritual duties. this led, in many cases, to the institution of a new officer called the \" dean, \" who had charge of that portion of the provost ' s duties which related to the internal discipline of the chapter and the services of the church. in some cases, the office of provost was abolished, but in others it was continued", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46194951112153765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.971288"} {"text": "the \" dean, \" who had charge of that portion of the provost ' s duties which related to the internal discipline of the chapter and the services of the church. in some cases, the office of provost was abolished, but in others it was continued : the provost, who was occasionally archdeacon as well, remaining head of the chapter. this arrangement was most commonly followed in germany. in england, the provost was almost unknown. bishop gisa introduced a provost as head of the chapter of wells, but the office was afterwards subordinated to the other dignities, and the provost became simply the steward of certain of the prebendal lands. the provost of the collegiate church of beverley was the most notable instance of such an officer in england, but at beverley he was an external officer with authority in the government of the church, no stall in the choir and no vote in chapter. in germany and in scandinavia, and in a few of the cathedral churches in the south of france, the provost was the ordinary head of the cathedral chapter, but the office was not common elsewhere. as regards france, of 136 cathedral churches existing at the revolution, 38 only, and those either on the borders of germany or in the extreme south, had a provost as the head of the chapter. in others the provost existed as a subordinate officer. there were two provosts at autun, and lyons and chartres had four each, all as subordinate officers. the secular chapter the normal constitution of the chapter of a secular cathedral church comprised four dignitaries ( there might be more ), in addition to the canons. these are the dean, the precentor, the chancellor and the treasurer. these four dignitaries, occupying the four corner stalls in the choir, are called in many of the statutes the quatuor majores personae of the church. the dean ( decanus ) seems to have derived his designation from the benedictine \" dean \" who had ten monks under his charge. the dean came into existence to supply the place of the provost in the internal management of the church and chapter. in england every secular cathedral church was headed by a dean who was originally elected by the chapter and confirmed in office by the bishop. the dean is president of the chapter, and with the in cathedral has charge of the performance of the services, taking specified portions of them by statute on the principal festivals. he sits in the chief stall in the choir, which is usually the first on the right hand on entering the choir at the west. next to the dean ( as a rule", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4485780775500091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.972356"} {"text": "the services, taking specified portions of them by statute on the principal festivals. he sits in the chief stall in the choir, which is usually the first on the right hand on entering the choir at the west. next to the dean ( as a rule ) is the precentor ( primicerius, cantor, etc. ), whose special duty is that of regulating the musical portion of the services. he presides in the dean ' s absence, and occupies the corresponding stall on the left side, although there are exceptions to this rule, where, as at st. paul ' s cathedral, the archdeacon of the cathedral city ranks second and occupies what is usually the precentor ' s stall. the third dignitary is the chancellor ( scholasticus, ecoldtre, capiscol, magistral, etc. ), who must not be confounded with the chancellor of the diocese. the chancellor of the cathedral church is charged with the oversight of its schools, ought to read divinity lectures, and superintend the lections in the choir and correct slovenly readers. he is often the secretary and librarian of the chapter. in the absence of the dean and precentor he is president of the chapter. the easternmost stall, on the dean ' s side of the choir, is usually assigned to him. the fourth dignitary is the treasurer ( custos, sacrisla, cheficier ). he is guardian of the fabric, and of all the furniture and ornaments of the church, and his duty was to provide bread and wine for the eucharist, and candles and incense, and he regulated such matters as the ringing of the bells. the treasurer ' s stall is opposite to that of the chancellor. in many cathedral churches are additional dignitaries, as the praelector, subdean, vice - chancellor, succentor - canonicorum, and others, who rolls came into existence to supply the places of the other absent dignitaries, for non - residence was the fatal blot of the secular churches, and in this they contrasted very badly with the monastic churches, where all the members were in continuous residence. besides the dignitaries there were the ordinary canons, each of whom, as a rule, held a separate prebend or endowment, besides receiving his share of the common funds of the church. for the most part, the canons also speedily became non - resident, and this led to the distinction of residentiary and non - residentiary canons, till in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4504342351301951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.973534"} {"text": "having, from time immemorial, taken charge of the vacant dioceses in their respective provinces. when, however, either of the sees of canterbury or york is vacant the chapters of those churches take charge, not only of the diocese, but of the province as well, and incidentally, therefore, of any of the dioceses of the province which may be vacant at the same time. in the canon law of the catholic church the relationship of the bishop to his cathedral is often compared to the relationship of a pastor to the parochial church. both are pastors over an area ( the diocese for the bishop and the parish for the pastor ) and both are rectors over a building ( the cathedral for the bishop and the parish church for the pastor ). in view of this, canon lawyers often extend the metaphor and speak of the cathedral church as the one church of the diocese, and all others are deemed chapels in their relation to it. cathedral churches may have different degrees of dignity : - a parish church that was formerly a cathedral is known as a proto - cathedral. - a parish church that is temporarily serving as the cathedral or co - cathedral of a diocese is known as a pro - cathedral. - a church that serves as an additional cathedral of a diocesan bishop is known as a co - cathedral. - the church of a diocesan bishop is known as a cathedral. - a church to which the other diocesan cathedral churches of a province are suffragan is a metropolitan cathedral. - a church under which are ranged metro - political churches and their provinces is a primatial cathedral. - a church to which primatial, metro - political, and cathedral churches alike owe allegiance is a patriarchal cathedral. the title of \" primate \" was occasionally conferred on metropolitan bishops of sees of great dignity or importance, such as canterbury, york and rouen, whose cathedral churches remained simply metro - political. lyon, where the cathedral church is still known as la primatiale, and lund in sweden, may be cited as instances of churches that were really primatial. lyon had the archbishops of sens and paris and their provincial dioceses subject to it until the french revolution, and lund had the archbishop of uppsala and his province subject to it. as with the title of primate, so also that of \" patriarch \" has been conferred on sees such as venice and lisbon, the cathedral churches of which are patriarchal in name alone. the basilica di san giovanni in laterano, the cathedral church of rome, alone in western europe possesses a patriarchal character among roman catholics, since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4766673734187796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.976672"} {"text": "conferred on sees such as venice and lisbon, the cathedral churches of which are patriarchal in name alone. the basilica di san giovanni in laterano, the cathedral church of rome, alone in western europe possesses a patriarchal character among roman catholics, since the pope is the patriarch of the latin rite church. however, in february of 2006, pope benedict xvi ceased the use of the title \" patriarch of the west. \" the removal of a bishop ' s cathedra from a church deprives that church of its cathedral dignity, although often the name clings in common speech, as for example at antwerp, which was deprived of its bishop at the french revolution. technically, such a church is a proto - cathedral. lutheran helsinki cathedral is finland ' s most famous church. saints and apostles at chartres cathedral cathedral of the holy name, bombay. photo nichalp alexander nevsky cathedral in sofia, bulgaria detail of the cathedral of milan, in italy - \u2191 new standard encyclopedia. ( chicago : standard educational corp., 1992 isbn 0873921976 set ), b - 262c. - \u2191 new standard encyclopedia, c - 172 / 3. - macaulay, david. cathedral : the story of its construction. trumpet club special ed edition, 1989. isbn 978 - 0440840916 - prache, anne. cathedrals of europe. cornell university press, 2000. isbn 978 - 0801437816 - schutz, bernhard. great cathedrals. harry n. abrams, 2002. isbn 978 - 0810932975 - wilson, christopher. the gothic cathedral : the architecture of the great church 1130 - 1530. thames & hudson ; 2nd revised edition, 2005. isbn 978 - 0500276815 all links retrieved april 24, 2013. - catholic cathedrals in the world, giga - catholic information. - cathedral, catholic encyclopedia, new advent. - cathedral index, sacred destinations. - a history of cathedral choir schools, of choristers \u2013 ancient and modern. new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4234113574126984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.977865"} {"text": "london and rotterdam, nov. 19 / csrwire / - unilever, through its leading hygiene brand domestos, today \u2013 world toilet day - announced new initiatives to raise awareness for the global sanitation crisis. \u2018 toilets for health \u2019, a white paper by the london school of hygiene and tropical medicine and domestos, gives new insights in the sanitation crisis. in ho chi minh city the first domestos toilet academy was opened and in london an interactive statue \u2018 the public toilet \u2019 was revealed. the united nations has declared access to sanitation a basic human right, yet almost a third of the world \u2019 s population suffer from a lack of access to improved sanitation. unilever, under its sustainable living plan, has committed to helping more than one billion people take action to improve their health and well - being. the white paper \u2018 toilets for health ' highlights how improved sanitation could greatly reduce diseases such as diarrhoea, which results in at least 1. 1 million deaths of children under five every year. also, the report provides an overview of the main diseases linked to poor sanitation which include cholera, typhoid, hepatitis a & e and many parasitic diseases. the paper revealed : improved sanitation & handwashing facilities have a particularly positive impact on the education opportunities for young girls ; up to 443 million school days are lost every year due to water, sanitation and hygiene ( wash ) related diseases ; diarrhoea causes under nutrition, it also reduces a child \u2019 s resistance to subsequent infections creating a vicious circle of malnutrition & infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42726370053936935, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.979575"} {"text": "19th arondissement - buttes chaumont before 1860, when paris was re - arranged into its present shape, the 19th arrondissement was part of the township of belleville \u2013 and very much the rough end of it. in the north, there were the docks and the municipal slaughterhouses, and with much of the land to the south ( after centuries of gypsum mining ) being too porous for permanent structures, the entire area had been abandoned to rat - infested knacker ' s yards, bull - baiting rings and the largest municipal rubbish dump. a daring act of social engineering was to change all that : the park of buttes chaumont, still the town ' s prettiest, was conceived as an island of gentility whose effects, it was hoped, would eventually radiate to heal the whole district. or, in the words of baron haussmann ( the de facto mayor of paris at the time ) : to provide \" moral uplift \" for the entire area. after 150 years, however, the park still has a long way to go, its gentrifying effects having penetrated the area about two blocks deep. the docks along the canal, meanwhile, have made way for showpiece municipal housing ( alongside an art - house cinema and restaurants ), while the slaughterhouses have been converted into the parc de la villette, france ' s largest \" hands - on \" museum for science and technology and well worth a visit, particularly if you travel with kids. \u00a9 nileguide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40102630225212477, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.982087"} {"text": "vulnerable young people according to mind, 1 in every 100 women aged between 15 and 30 in the uk suffers from anorexia. and recent reports show that some girls as young as five years old have weight concerns and think about going on a diet. now a new research project is aiming to improve knowledge and understanding of the risks presented by the increasing number of pro - anorexia ( pro - ana ) websites and online communities available on the internet. contributing to the condition? virtually anorexic \u2013 where \u2019 s the harm? is a project led by dr emma bond, senior lecturer at university college suffolk. the exploratory study will look to examine why people use the growing number of pro - ana sites, what they use them for and whether or not these online resources are contributing to either the anorexic condition or the phenomenon. it also aims to raise awareness of the potential risks to vulnerable young people of using pro - ana sites through wide - ranging dissemination and discussion with academics, policymakers and practitioners. all about identity it is known that young people use new media technologies for both risk management and risk - taking behaviours \u2013 to achieve identity as individuals and as members of cultural groups in both offline and online environments. the virtually anorexic project will consider perceptions of risk from a variety of perspectives and notions of self - identity in relation to pro - ana online environments. the research will examine how young people use the sites for tips and advice, support and other information and as an \u2018 embodied \u2019 social space. it will also detail the range, uses and content of these sites, including the availability of photographs, images and video. the findings will then be considered in relation to existing literature on anorexia, young people and online environments in order to consider an ethical research framework for a more in - depth participant - centred virtual scientific evaluation of pro - ana sites and online environments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4940438824855482, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.984352"} {"text": "alaska natives are twice as likely to get colon cancer and die from it as the white population in the united states. when mayo clinic doctor david ahlquist took a trip to bethel, alaska, in the mid - 1990s, that startling statistic caught his attention. \" here they had one of the world ' s highest rates of colon cancer and one of the world ' s poorest outcomes in terms of survival from cancer, because of late diagnosis, \" ahlquist says. the best way to prevent colon cancer is through screening, but ahlquist realized that approach has flaws in rural alaska. colonoscopy equipment isn ' t available in remote native villages. a widely used test that detects blood in stool isn ' t effective because many alaska natives have a stomach bacterium called h. pylori that also causes bleeding. the colon cancer screening rate for alaska natives in some rural areas of the state is as low as 23 percent. in urban areas, it ' s closer to 60 percent. so ahlquist began working on a test that can identify several altered genes that are present in colon cancer. \" it measures dna changes that are shed from the surface of cancer or pre - cancer into the stool, and we can detect those changes that act as a signature of the presence of cancer or polyps, \" he explains. ahlquist compares his research to the advent of the pap smear. when that test was invented in the 1950s, cervical cancer killed more women in the u. s. than any other cancer. \" now it ' s essentially been eradicated in women who are screened, \" ahlquist says. according to two studies published this year, the dna colon cancer test finds 85 percent of colon cancers and more than 50 percent of pre - cancerous polyps. ahlquist and the mayo clinic are working with a company called exact sciences to commercially develop the test, and both will benefit financially if it comes on the market. dr. randall burt at the huntsman cancer institute in utah has high hopes, too. \" in the end, it could be a huge game changer, \" he says. but burt thinks the test has to get better at detecting pre - cancerous polyps. \" is it enough to replace colonoscopies so we only do colonoscopies on people with a positive stool test? probably not yet. but it ' s getting there, \" he says. dr. william grady of the fred hutchinson cancer research center in seattle agrees that with more rigorous study, these tests could change cancer diagnosis and treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4305271745335323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.987065"} {"text": "one of the greatest stories of explorationand discovery is the europeanquest for a northwest passageanoceanic shortcut from the atlantic to thepacific across the top of north america. in the centuriesfollowing columbus ' s encounter with theamericas, the search for a route through the continent ( as opposed to the long, arduous voyage byway of the tip of south america ) engaged the attentionof spain, britain and other european powers. by the nineteenth century, the quest for the northwestpassage was a major initiative of the britishadmiralty, particularly since it appeared that thepassage would lie in british - claimed territory acrossthe more northerly part of the continent. thesearch for the passage, at that time largely a matterof conjecture and legend, its eventual discovery, and the saga of human endeavour in the far north, are formative aspects of the history and culture ofwhat is now canada. after the first voyage of martin frobisher to thearctic in 1576, subsequent expeditions probed theregion and its shores, charting and mapping the landand interacting with its indigenous peoples. theclimax of this great quest was the ill - fated expeditionof sir john franklin in 184548, when everyone of the 129 - man expedition died. the search forfranklin and for clues to his fate resulted in thecharting of the northwest passage by 1859, but itwas not until the 19036 voyage of roald amundsenin the sloop gj\u00f8a that the passage was conquered byship. the final acts in the drama of the northwestpassage were the two voyages of the royal canadianmounted police schooner st. roch, which in1940 - 42 became the second vessel to navigate thepassage, this time from west to east, and again in1944, when st. roch became the first vessel to navigatethe more northerly route through melvillesound and prince of wales strait. the frozen north, with its long history ofexploration and settlement, the rugged conditionsin an environment where survival was tenuous, andthe occasional loss of ships and lives in its lands andwaters, captured the popular imagination andinterest. for people of the victorian era, in particular, the arctic voyages of the nineteenth centurywere compelling. the era of arctic exploration, and the sacrifices it requiredisolation, privation, starvation, even deathcoincided with the rise ofthe gothic tale. the accounts of the explorersthemsel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49923181812933404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.997012"} {"text": "voyages of the nineteenth centurywere compelling. the era of arctic exploration, and the sacrifices it requiredisolation, privation, starvation, even deathcoincided with the rise ofthe gothic tale. the accounts of the explorersthemselves, culminating in the seventeen contemporarynarratives of the search for the ill - fatedfranklin expedition, fed the public ' s taste. indeed, the high drama and tragedy of the franklin expeditionhas probably done more to popularize thequest for the northwest passage than any otherevent. franklin ' s epitaph, fittingly enough, waspenned for his memorial at westminster abbey byhis nephew, alfred, lord tennyson : not here : the white north has thy bones ; and thou, heroic sailor - soul, art passing on thine happier voyage now toward no earthly pole. the arctic and its grim appeal have served andcontinue to serve as muse. mary shelley, writing in1818, when britain resumed its push for thenorthwest passage, had dr. frankenstein chase his \" modern prometheus \" into arctic seas, whilegothic novelist wilkie collins penned the frozendeep about a lost arctic explorer, drawing on thepublic ' s interest in the then still unravelling story ofthe franklin expedition. artists, too, were drawn by the arctic and thetales it held. edwin landseer, in man proposes, goddisposes, and frederick church, in iceberg, bothpaint broken masts on ice - strewn shores. caspardavid friedrich ' s die gescheiterte hoffnung ( the polarsea ) captures the seemingly impenetrable mass ofbroken, upthrust ice that had thwarted, and occasionallytrapped, arctic explorers. in more moderntimes, irish - canadian artist vincent sheridan usedthe stark images of skulls and of the exhumedfrozen bodies of some of franklin ' s men to create aseries of prints, a journey with franklin. in several ofhis prints, sheridan shows, rising out of the skulls, images of ice - bound ships and desperate men, likelong - lost memories embedded within the bleachedand flaking bone. canadian artist ken kirkby in hisgigantic isumataq depicts the arctic coast on a 46 - metre - long, 3 - metre - high ( 152 - foot - long, 10 - foot - high ) canvas. the scale of kirkby ' s work captures, unlike many other paintings, the sheer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5189304988207213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:52.998072"} {"text": "by a long - dead hand, silently examining broken dishes and scattered silverwareon a galley deck from a sunday breakfastforever interrupted by a fatal attack on the morningof december 7, 1941. this personal quest also led me north to thearctic. it came in stagesfirst from reading theaccounts of the great expeditions, then seeing thearctic relics themselvesthe legacy of the questfor the northwest passage. when i was a childgrowing up in the san francisco bay area, my parentstook me to see the tiny gj\u00f8a, the ship in whichroald amundsen conquered the passage, nestled inits sandy berth at the foot of golden gate park, looking out to sea. long after gj\u00f8a was pluckedfrom the dunes and sent home to her nativenorway, i too took passage from san francisco. arriving in canada, i settled in vancouver, britishcolumbia. now, daily, i see the venerable arcticschooner st. roch in her concrete berth on theshores of english bay. second ship to make thenorthwest passage, this dauntless vessel is now myresponsibility as the director of the vancouvermaritime museum, st. roch ' s final home. over the past several years, i have been fortunateto again merge words with artifacts andplaces as i travelled around the world to numerousmuseums, seeking the scattered relics of the questfor the northwest passage. i travelled north aswell, to the shores of the arctic ocean, where thestories of the quest played out. this book is theresult of those travels and research. it is notintended to be the final word on the quest. thereare shelves of books that examine the various voyages, the personalities and the events. this book, rather, is my attempt to assemble the flow of thestory, from antiquity until now, and let the wordsand the images draw the reader with me alongthose icy shores. the arctic holds many tangible reminders, evencenturies after the events discussed in the pages ofthis book. stan rogers sings that the explorerscame \" seeking gold and glory, leaving weathered, broken bones, and a long forgotten, lonely cairnof stones. \" the numerous expeditions, the cachingof supplies, the building of camps and cairns, andthe sinking of ships have combined to create a richarchaeological record. relics of the franklin expedition, as well as others, have been gathered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47945679219293186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.000053"} {"text": ". \" the numerous expeditions, the cachingof supplies, the building of camps and cairns, andthe sinking of ships have combined to create a richarchaeological record. relics of the franklin expedition, as well as others, have been gathered bysearchers and later by souvenir hunters throughoutthe last decades of the nineteenth century and formuch of the twentieth century. serious scientificwork, conducted under the supervision of theprince of wales northern heritage centre, incanada, has resulted in the documentation and stabilizationof a number of sites, and careful archaeologicalexcavation of a few. fragile and yetstrangely resilient, these places evoke the past, bethey a ring of rocks that once marked a tent, or theintact hulk of breadalbane, crushed and stink in 1853while searching for franklin and now slumberingbeneath the ice off beechey island. in writing this book, i have been privileged tohave some experiences that made the past come tolife. i have stood on grey gravel beaches, with thewind never ceasing, inside one of those tent rings ; floated in frigid waters at the submerged bow of thewreck of amundsen ' s maud, and sat in the libraryof the national maritime museum in greenwich, with the last record of the franklin expedition inmy hands. i have mused, alone for an hour, in thesmall cabin of gj\u00f8a. this book, with its marriage ofthe words, the places and the artifacts, is my attemptto share a physical sense of the centuries - long questfor a northwest passage. for i, like stan rogers, sought the northwest passage, and found there butthe way back home again. copyright \u00a9 1999 james p. delgado. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5050709398377218, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.000760"} {"text": "northern prairie wildlife research center the little - wing pearly mussel faces water quality degradation resulting from industrial and sewage effluents and the runoff of silt and other water pollutants from poorly designed construction, development, mining, agricultural, and forestry activities. further, the spread of the exotic zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) represents a potential threat to the survival of this species. zebra mussels outcompete native mussel fauna, and infestations in the water column can physically disrupt normal breeding and feeding behavior. although little measurable progress has been made in establishing new mussel populations or in stabilizing existing populations, substantial recovery efforts for all the state ' s federally listed mussels are under way. research is continuing on maintaining captive mussel populations, mussel cryopreservation, and potential impacts of the exotic zebra mussel on native mussels. recovery of the littlewing pearly mussel will require additional research to develop new propagation techniques, reintroduction into unoccupied historical habitat, and determination of the factors that are causing declines in the wild. also, technology is needed for cryopreservation of freshwater mussel genetic material. in fy 1992, the north carolina wildlife resources commission was provided $ 5, 000 to conduct surveys and monitor the little - wing pearly mussel, as well as the state ' s other federally listed mussels. forest service : this federal agency has funded a study of mussel distribution in the little tennessee river, which is inhabited by the little - wing pearly mussel. north carolina wildlife resources commission : this state agency is responsible for managing the state ' s mussel populations and helps protect listed species through an environmental review process and site surveys. the agency published proceedings of a symposium on north carolina ' s endangered mollusks, including the little - wing pearly mussel. north carolina department of environment, health and natural resources : through maintenance of a natural history data base, this state agency provides valuable information on the distribution of federally listed mussels. plan approved 9 / 22 / 89.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4453513125697428, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.002956"} {"text": "researchers from wake forest university school of medicine in winston - salem, north carolina, recruited 976 people aged 65 or older from two towns in the chianti area of italy. scientists measured physical performance including walking speed, ability to stand up from a seated position, ability to maintain balance in several increasingly difficult postures and hand grip strength. those who had low levels of vitamin d scored 5 % to 10 % lower in physical performance tests and hand grip strength than those with higher levels. research does not show that low vitamin d levels cause poor physical performance, but doctors noted that muscles need vitamin d to function properly. separately, medical experts from harvard medical school have recently concluded that the optimal level for vitamin d begins at 75 nanomoles per liter of blood ( nmol / l ). in the chianti study, nearly 75 % of women and 51 % of men had insufficient levels of vitamin d, meaning 50 nmol / l or less. approximately 29 % of women and 14 % of men were deficient in vitamin d, which doctors classified as 25 nmol / l or less. harvard researchers stated that the average adult would require 560 iu of vitamin d per day to raise the level by 10 nmol / l. the u. s. department of agriculture currently recommends 200 iu of vitamin d per day for those under 50, 400 iu per day for those 50 to 70, and 600 iu per day for those over 70. there is a growing consensus in the medical community that vitamin d is safe at higher levels, that many people are deficient or insufficient in vitamin d and that the government should raise its recommendations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4512692711821854, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.004534"} {"text": "nuts are a delicious, filling snack that we simply love. but did you know that nuts can also promote heart health? according to an article by the experts at mayoclinic. com, nuts are chock - full of unsaturated fatty acids, which have been shown to lower bad cholesterol levels. keeping those cholesterol levels low is key for preventing heart disease. all nuts supply fantastic nutrients, vitamins and fats, but some contain more heart - healthy fats and nutrients than others. walnuts, for example, have been shown by researchers to lower cholesterol, reduce inflammation and improve arterial function. they \u2019 re loaded with essential omega - 3 fatty acids that are key for heart health. try sprinkling walnuts on a salad, adding them to oatmeal or even eating them by the handful for a quick snack! almonds are another wonderful choice for those who are trying to improve their heart health. almonds are the leading source of monounsaturated fat among america \u2019 s most consumed nuts. in fact, of the 14 grams of total fat found in one ounce of almonds, about 64 percent of that fat is monounsaturated. that \u2019 s wonderful news for those who are working to lower their cholesterol! we love almonds because they \u2019 re easy to take on the go. just load up a small container with 1 oz. of almonds. macadamia nuts are deliciously sweet, crisp nuts that are simply amazing in baked goods and granola. they contain potent antioxidants called flavenoids and tocopherols that can help protect against cancer and heart disease. macadamia nuts are also loaded with monounsaturated fatty acids and contain omega - 3s. hazelnuts contain nearly 91 percent monounsaturated fat and less than 4 percent saturated fat, which makes them ideal for promoting heart health. they \u2019 re also incredible nutrient - dense, with protein, fiber, iron, phosphorus, vitamins b1, b2, c, and e, folate and many other essential nutrients. rich, delicious cashews are wonderful when included in a healthy diet. it \u2019 s estimated that 75 percent of the unsaturated fatty acid in cashews is oleic acid, which is the same mono - unsaturated fat found in olive oil. various studies have shown that oleic acid promotes cardiovascular health, even with diabetics. furthermore, studies show that the monounsat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42475688975668824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.013223"} {"text": "more than two thirds of the 16, 000 people who meet the criteria for inclusion in the people of colonial albany study population were actually born within the city of albany. our community - based research program has told us much about their origins and backgrounds. these boys and girls represent the core city population - born within the defined city limits. at the same time, please be aware that almost half of those albany children did not live long enough to reach adulthood, are mostly historically mute, and thus must take a back seat to the adults - generally speaking that is! for the sometimes silent majority of the native born \" albanians, \" our sweep of community - based resources has yielded substantial material with which to sketch out their life course profiles. however, for the original settlers ( in the community at its founding in 1664 ) and for those newcomers who came to albany afterwards, their pre - albany stories are far more challenging. in the days before the world wide web, searching for origins and backgrounds of newcomers was a far more arduous task when accessibility to a comparative handful of printed family - based resources, actual legwork for research, or what i still recall as tedious and frustrating correspondence, made origins research a veritable \" needle - in - a - haystack \" experience. newcomers came into the community on a regular basis ( true then as well as now ). a small percentage of those who entered the city limits stayed on for a year, a decade, or a lifetime. finding the answer to the marquee question on this page is part of every biographical initiative. we now start with an internet search under a range of spellings and identity terms. that initial search invariably leads in so many interesting directions. stay tuned for much more on this task. silently posted : 10 / 29 / 10 ; revised 3 / 5 / 11", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49311052340704525, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.015733"} {"text": "the ongoing riots that are occurring in ever greater numbers throughout more and more cities, are testimony to the fact that there are inherent problems within our society, as many for some time have advocated. speculation abounds regarding the causes, poverty, lack of education, and numerous other factors including parenting, however the one fact that is undeniable, is the fact that the individuals perpetrating these acts of violence have no interest in justice or concerns about the property or welfare of other individuals. one of the key elements regarding how to deal with those who riot, is the human rights card, but as speculated by many on forums and blogs, those who infringe other peoples human rights, should not be allowed to utilise that as a valid defence, or as a means of escaping punishment. it has also been noted by the media, that the age group of many of the rioters, is generally seen to be within the teens to 25 age group, with some as young as seven or eight. perhaps the solution, as speculated by many, is to make parents accountable for the actions of their children. in terms of persistent offenders, the parents of the relevant child could receive some form of punishment, in whatever form. in essence responsibility is the key, whether it is for the individual or their children, the actions of parents have an undeniable effect on their offspring. there is no doubt that if parents were made accountable for the actions of their children, that many would take a sterner view and more responsibility when it comes to the welfare and actions of their offspring. whatever the potential solution, there are many who believe that zero tolerance should be the overriding factor, when dealing with those who perpetrate violent criminal activity in whatever shape or form, and it appears by the ongoing political debate, it is becoming a popular position.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45714221834529245, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.019028"} {"text": "celeriac develops a pitted and whorled exterior that, when peeled away, reveals a soft, creamy white interior with a mild, herbaceous flavor. this mediterranean native is popular in europe. gardeners and cooks in the united states largely ignored it until recently, when it began appearing on menus as a classic french salad, coarsely grated and dressed with remoulade, or in potato leek soup. celeriac, also called celery root or knob celery, belongs to the same species as the common celery grown for its stalks \u2014 but is easier to grow. a cousin of carrots, parsley, and parsnips, celeriac ( apium graveolens ) is a long - season crop, taking a minimum of 115 days from seed to a harvestable knob up to 4 inches in diameter. it needs well - fertilized soil and consistent moisture throughout the growing season to prevent bolting, misshapen roots, or black heart, a calcium deficiency that riddles the interior with dark mottled lines. the attractive leafy tops form a low mound, remain green from spring until fall, and can be harvested sparingly to season soups and stews. celeriac \u2019 s mild flavor easily blends with and enhances other vegetables. it is a boon to those on a diet : boil and mash the low - starch knobs with an equal measure of potatoes for a dish with fewer calories than mashed potatoes. for a refreshing salad to serve alongside a hearty entree, grate or thinly slice celeriac, then toss with remoulade, a mustardy mayonnaise seasoned with fresh chopped tarragon. cultivars vary slightly in size, days to maturity, and reliability. \u2018 brilliant \u2019 and the european cultivar \u2018 diamant \u2019 are commonly available. how to grow : sow seeds indoors 8 to 10 weeks before transplanting outdoors in late spring. keep soil moist and temperatures at 65\u00b0f to 70\u00b0f while seeds are germinating ; they can take 2 to 3 weeks to emerge. move seedlings outdoors when weather is settled, setting plants 6 to 8 inches apart in loose, fertile soil. to avoid misshapen knobs, take extra care not to disturb the roots while transplanting. several times during the long growing season, side - dress with nutrient - rich compost or organic fertilizer. don \u2019 t allow the soil to dry out, yet avoid too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39480376516593196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.022201"} {"text": "progress, and applications of the human genome project sponsored by the u. s. department of energy human genome program human genome news archive edition human genome news, january - june 1997 ; 8 : ( 3 - 4 ) at the january 1997 conference on small genomes : sequencing, functional characterization, and comparative genomics, over 250 participants gathered on hilton head island to discuss recent progress and future directions in this emerging and exciting area of research. as stated by craig venter [ the institute for genomic research ( tigr ) ] in the opening session, small - genome research is growing exponentially, and a new era of biological insight is emerging because of it. this first meeting on small genomes was sponsored by tigr and organized by claire fraser ( tigr ), hamilton o. smith ( johns hopkins university medical school ), and e. richard moxon ( oxford university ). selected meeting highlights follow. plasmodium falciparum, the organism causing 300 million to 500 million new cases of malaria each year, contains over 5000 genes distributed among 14 chromosomes. as discussed by stephen l. hoffman ( naval medical research institute ), less than 5 % of this organism ' s dna is cloned at the present time. a consortium of sponsors including the wellcome trust, burroughs wellcome fund, u. s. department of defense, and the nih national institute for allergy and infectious diseases has joined to sequence this pathogen, many strains of which have become resistant to chloroquine, the only effective drug for treating malaria. the hope is that new targets for different drugs will be revealed by the complete sequence of the plasmodial genome. cloning and sequencing the plasmodium dna, however, is proving difficult because ofthe organism ' s high at content ( as much as 76 % in coding regions and 90 % to 100 % in intergenic regions ). further, p. falciparum ' s dna has proven unstable in escherichia coli, and the organism itself is difficult to maintain in culture. several interesting characteristics of helicobacter pylori, which resides in mucosa or apposed to epithelia and causes gastric and duodenal ulcers in humans, were reported by jean - francois tomb ( tigr ) and douglas e. berg ( washington university medical school ). h. pylori contains over 1500 open reading frames ( orfs ), with many repetitive sequences. a large porin - like family of cell adhesion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5398890404241891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.035729"} {"text": "francois tomb ( tigr ) and douglas e. berg ( washington university medical school ). h. pylori contains over 1500 open reading frames ( orfs ), with many repetitive sequences. a large porin - like family of cell adhesion molecules may be involved in mucosal or epithelial cell adhesion. most genes for flagellar structure and function are present. dinucleotide repeats may affect the orf for some surface proteins and provide a possible mechanism for eluding the host immune system. there is much variation among helicobacter strains. different variants predominate in members of the same host species, which may reflect spontaneous mutation, horizontal gene transfer, and selection by different hosts over a long interval of infection. a challenge for the future will be to identify the function of unknown or \" orphan \" genes in h. pylori and determine how different genes allow this organism to live in a relatively hostile acid environment, causing active disease in some cases but not others. bernard dujon ( institut pasteur ) presented some highlights of the recently completed yeast genome sequence. three signature features are apparent in the more than 6000 orfs of this organism : a large number of genes have unknown function, the genome contains many redundant sequences, and about 10 % to 15 % of the orfs are thought to be essential for life. work is proceeding to assign functions to orphan orfs by using deletion and other mutants to examine effects on expression in different vector systems. two hybrid systems are being used to search for relationships and interactions with other yeast gene products. satoshi tabata ( kazusa dna research institute, japan ) reported that 3, 573, 470bp of dna specify more than 3100 potential orfs in the cyanobacterium synechocystis. this single - celled organism is photoautotrophic and capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. synechocystis contains more than 126 genes related to photosynthesis, and about 90 % of algal plastid genes appear to be conserved in synechocystis. richard hermann ( university of heidelberg ) reported on the closely related bacteria mycoplasma genitalium ( 580, 070bp ) and mycoplasma pneumoniae ( 816, 394bp ). all the orfs in m. genitalium are present in m. pneumoniae, whose genome consists of six segments. segment order is not conserved between the two species, but gene order is conserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5444374038701212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.036733"} {"text": "( 816, 394bp ). all the orfs in m. genitalium are present in m. pneumoniae, whose genome consists of six segments. segment order is not conserved between the two species, but gene order is conserved within each segment. differences in genome size could have evolved by deletion of m. genitalium genes that are not essential for life outside the host and by gene amplification in m. pneumoniae. bacterial virulence factors are often encoded in extrachromosomal plasmids, phages, and transposons that can be transmitted horizontally between different species or strains. pathogenic vibrio cholera, for example, carries a phage kappa. the phage has a gene for glo, a virulence factor very similar to a small eukaryotic g protein. present on the chromosomal dna of toxigenic strains are cholera toxin \u2013 encoding genes similar to the genome of a filamentous bacteriophage. the cholera toxin and pilus are regulated coordinately by a transcriptional regulator called tox r. in fact, the pilus is the receptor for the phage ( john mekalonos, harvard medical school ). as reported by brian g. spratt ( university of sussex, u. k. ), both inter - and intraspecies recombination can occur in bacteria, particularly when the bacteria coexist in an environment such as the nasopharynx. in these cases, spratt noted, recombination occurs more frequently in housekeeping genes and in genes under strong selection. analysis of gene - product function several groups are attempting to analyze the function of gene products specified by orfs of completely sequenced organisms. richard moxon and his collaborators have identified and cloned 25 genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of the lipopolysaccharide ( lps ) of haemophilus influenzae. lps is a major virulence determinant for this human pathogen. analysis of these genes and their mutants with monoclonal antibodies, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry has, in fact, confirmed a role for most of these proteins in strain pathogenicity. h. influenzae has an estimated 1700 orfs. only about 500 polypeptides, however, can be detected by coomassie blue staining following separation of cell extracts by 2 - d poly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5165406160666951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.037650"} {"text": "these proteins in strain pathogenicity. h. influenzae has an estimated 1700 orfs. only about 500 polypeptides, however, can be detected by coomassie blue staining following separation of cell extracts by 2 - d polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. about 650 polypeptides can be detected by autoradiography after biosynthetic labeling of cells with 35s - methionine before electrophoresis. the effects of protein inhibitors and rna synthesis on these resolved polypeptides were discussed by stefan evers ( hoffmann - laroche ). responses to different inhibitors were similar for some resolved proteins. for example, up - regulation occurred for some transcription and translation bacterial components, including ribosomal proteins and rna polymerase. most puzzling is the observation that, in many cases, a change in gene transcriptional level did not correspond to a change in translation rate. ian humphery - smith ( national innovation center, australia ) discussed limitations of the 2 - d polyacrylamide gel approach to protein resolution and analysis. improved methods are needed for extracting protein from cells, fractionating and enriching protein classes, and conducting 2 - d polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, especially when providing a larger separation area to obtain better resolution. better methods to detect resolved polypeptides by using mass spectrometry and nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry are under development. both monica riley ( marine biological laboratory, woods hole ) and peter karp ( artificial intelligence center, sri international ) spoke about progress and problems in assigning functional roles to orfs identified by complete genome sequence analysis. sequence - similarity analyses of amino acid residues aligning 100 to 200 e. coli residues showed that all the proteins can be grouped in families ranging in size from 2 to more than 60 members. interestingly, not all proteins performing a similar function have sequence similarity, emphasizing the challenge of assigning a specific function to a protein from its deduced amino acid sequence. current methods are being improved to place a protein sequence deduced from an orf into a metabolic pathway by using databases that describe the genes and intermediary metabolism of e. coli and h. influenzae. use of these databases should lead to a better and more reliable system for identifying biological function during annotation. as discussed by hamilton smith, nongenic information between orfs may be as interesting and important as the genes themselves, but these sequences often would be overlooked during ann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5171348249957832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.038742"} {"text": "should lead to a better and more reliable system for identifying biological function during annotation. as discussed by hamilton smith, nongenic information between orfs may be as interesting and important as the genes themselves, but these sequences often would be overlooked during annotation. for example, a 34 - amino acid orf is oriented oppositely to two flanking h. influenzae genes and has a strong promoter and ribosome - binding site. additional experimentation is needed to determine this gene ' s function and to identify similar genes. although a large number of microorganisms will be sequenced in the near future, they will represent a minute sample of biological diversity on earth. only a very small fraction of living organisms can be cultivated, cloned, and grown in a defined laboratory environment, 0. 001 % to 0. 1 %, as estimated by norman r. pace ( university of california, berkeley ). however, such newer techniques as pcr, gene cloning, sequencing of amplified products, and ribosomal rna typing will allow a survey of different organisms in their natural environment, thus eliminating the need for laboratory cultivation. similar techniques are being used to examine biological diversity among the archaea ( edward f. delong, university of california, santa barbara ). initial results indicate that the microbial world has just begun to be appreciated and that much new information and many surprises in the biochemical, genetic, metabolic, physiological, and evolutionary realms will be forthcoming from studies of this most abundant and diverse group of organisms. the second annual small genomes meeting will be held at hilton head, south carolina, from january 31 to february 5, 1998. [ darrell doyle, tigr ] back to home page back to table of contents the electronic form of the newsletter may be cited in the following style : human genome program, u. s. department of energy, human genome news ( v8n3 ). last modified : wednesday, october 29, 2003 home * contacts * disclaimer document use and credits publications and webpages on this site were created by the u. s. department of energy genome program ' s biological and environmental research information system ( beris ). permission to use these documents is not needed, but please credit the u. s. department of energy genome programs and provide the website http : / / genomics. energy. gov. all other materials were provided by third parties and not created by the u. s. department of energy. you must contact the person listed in the citation before using those documents. base url :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5484828554226178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.039699"} {"text": "if you look closely, you can find fossilized material on the banks of the norris lake shoreline in anderson county, tennessee when the tennessee valley authority ( tva ) lowers the water level. if you are really lucky, you will find traces of sea creatures or beautiful flora or fauna impressions encased between the freshly exposed layers of rock. these are ancient treasures from our country \u2019 s rich geological history. a paleogeography reconstruction of the earth took place some 56 to 34 million years ago during the eocene geologic period of time. eleanor frierson, who passed away in april 2013, was the grande dame of partnerships to improve public access to federal and international science information. for 10 years, she helped spearhead u. s. interagency efforts to make federal science information more accessible to americans, playing an absolutely crucial leadership role on the science. gov alliance. she took science. gov all the way from a nascent concept through to its maturation. ms. frierson also made similar contributions to the international science portal, worldwidescience. org. during the past year, dr. william n. watson, physicist, of doe / osti \u2019 s staff has posted quite a few very interesting white papers in osti \u2019 s monthly science showcase on osti \u2019 s home page. this quiet, unassuming man crafts prolific papers on popular science topics of interest to the department of energy ( doe ). he investigates and assimilates this information from osti \u2019 s extensive r & d collections and takes us on a layman \u2019 s journey through the technical details and scientific research that make it all possible. william \u2019 s papers have helped us to understand key technologies developed at doe laboratories for the mars science laboratory \u2019 s curiosity and how chemical analysis of rocks and soil is determined millions of miles away. we know what is happening with new heat pump technology and how doe researchers are working to improve designs and efficiency. with the release of scitech connect, osti is expanding its deployment of semantic search, an innovative technology to improve the quality and relevance of search results across the majority of its doe content. semantic search is a way to enhance search accuracy contextually. rather than relying on search algorithms that identify a specific query term, semantic search uses more complex contextual relationships among people, places and things. it is an especially effective search approach when a person truly is researching a topic ( rather than trying to navigate to a particular destination ). did you ever stop to think what makes it possible for you to have immediate, free access to department", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5598878160971031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.043720"} {"text": "inclement weather policy when severe weather threatens, it is important to have a plan to stay safe. your plan should begin with an understanding of what the national weather service watches and warning mean. you should also know what to do in the event of severe weather, and where the designated safe areas on campus are located. severe thunderstorm watch when a severe thunderstorm watch is issued, this means that weather conditions are favorable for the formation of thunderstorms which could become severe. there is typically no immediate threat. however, you should keep a radio, television, or weather radio nearby and be prepared to move to a safe location should weather conditions change. when a tornado watch is issued, this means that weather conditions are favorable for the formation of severe thunderstorms that could produce a tornado. there is typically no immediate threat. however, keep a radio, television or weather monitor turned on. be prepared to move to the safest location should weather conditions change. remember : sometimes tornadoes develop so rapidly that advance warning is not possible. remain alert for signs of an approaching tornado such as a dark, often greenish sky, large hail, or a loud roar similar to a freight train. if any of these conditions are observed, seek shelter immediately, whether a warning has been issued or not! severe thunderstorm warning if a severe thunderstorm warning has been issued, this means that a thunderstorm capable of producing hail, damaging winds, and dangerous lightening is occurring or is imminent. when a warning has been issued, you should : - immediately move to a safe place. fully enclosed buildings with wiring and plumbing provide the best protection. sheds, picnic shelters, tents or covered porches do not protect you from lightning. if a sturdy building is not nearby, get into a hard - topped metal vehicle and close all the windows. - avoid using a corded telephone, and keep away from electrical equipment, wiring and water pipes ( including showers, bathtubs, and sinks ). - stay away from windows and doorways. if you are caught outside during a severe thunderstorm, try to get inside a substantial building or hard - topped metal vehicle as fast as you can. there is no safe place outside during a thunderstorm! if you aren ' t able to find shelter : - avoid open areas and stay away from isolated tall trees, towers, or utility poles. do not be the tallest object in the area! lightening tends to strike the tallest objects. - stay away from objects that conduct metal, such as wires or fences. if a tornado warning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4555683046317926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.048762"} {"text": "away from isolated tall trees, towers, or utility poles. do not be the tallest object in the area! lightening tends to strike the tallest objects. - stay away from objects that conduct metal, such as wires or fences. if a tornado warning has been issued, this means that the national weather service radar has detected rotation within a storm, a funnel cloud has been observed, or a tornado is actually on the ground. when a tornado warning is issued you should : - seek shelter immediately! when seeking shelter, avoid large open rooms such as auditoriums and gymnasiums and other locations with large windows. - a basement is generally the safest place to go. if there is no basement, seek an interior room on a lower floor of reinforced building. - if possible, abandon mobile homes for more substantial shelter. mobile homes provide little to no shelter from tornadic winds. - lie low with hands covering the back of your head to reduce head and neck injury. - if you are outside, lie in a ditch or low area, covering your neck and head. if there is time, proceed to the nearest safe building. - do not seek shelter in a vehicle! vehicles do not provide protection from tornadic winds. if you are trapped in a vehicle during a tornado you have two options : your choice should be determined by your specific circumstances. - stay in your vehicle with your seat belt on. cover your head, and keep it down below the level of the windows. - if you can safely get noticeably lower than the level of the roadway, exit your car, and lie down in that area, covering your head. during periods of heavy rainfall, there is always a potential for flooding to occur. - avoid driving, walking, or swimming in flood waters. - stay away from high water, storm drains, ditches, ravines, or culverts. as little as six inches of moving water can sweep you off your feet. - never attempt to drive through flood waters! it only takes 18 inches of water to lift most vehicles. once a vehicle becomes buoyant ; the water will easily push it sideways. most will then tend to roll over, trapping those inside and washing them downstream. turn around, don ' t drown.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41811813438981327, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.049661"} {"text": "the minute my hands touched her skin, i knew it was going to be a long night. the thermometer confirmed my suspicions : 101 degrees, and my 8 - month - old, mira, was in pain and miserable. i gave her acetaminophen, used a nasal aspirator to clear her stuffy nose ( which she fought ), and rocked her back to sleep. but the minute her head hit the sheets, she screamed. i picked her up and repeated the routine throughout the night. by morning, the fever was climbing, despite the fever reducer. i called the doctor. suspecting she would need antibiotics for an infection, and because it was a saturday, he told us to go to the emergency room. her fever was now close to 105 degrees. after several tests and hours of waiting, we had a prescription and a diagnosis : sinus infection. as a frequent victim myself, i instantly understood why mira cried every time we put her down, and why she fought the aspirator - - the pressure in her head must have been unbearable. that night i learned my first lesson in childhood triage : the fever is just a symptom, not a disease. i thought that because her temperature was 101 degrees, she had only a cold, but mira ' s out - of - character cries and misery were more telling symptoms than the thermometer ' s number. you have to ask yourself, \" what else is going on? \" says david krol, md, chair of the department of pediatrics at the university of toledo college of medicine, in ohio. \" has his behavior changed? is there vomiting, diarrhea, or a rash? does he seem to be in pain? \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4656754691117197, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.053589"} {"text": "we have this file available for download narrator : it ' s been called one of the seven wonders of the modern world - - a manmade waterway, 50 miles long - - that forever altered the face of the earth. ovidio diaz espino, writer : the panama canal exceeded any country ' s capacity. if in 1904 you had asked me to put money, i would have said ' no, it cannot be built. ' nobody knew how this was gonna be done. carlos e. russell, writer : the geographic location of panama, the isthmus of panama, has always been coveted as a way of making the oceans meet. with the building of the panama canal, the realization of a dream became an expression of the power, the strength, the might of a growing nation. narrator : for nearly a hundred years, the panama canal has stood for the triumph of technology over nature. but when it was built, at the dawn of the 20th century, it was simply an audacious gamble - - a colossal engineering project, the likes of which the world had never seen. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : it ' s a story of inspiration. it ' s a story of humanity. what man can endure with pick and shovel to dig the canal. carol r. byerly, historian : it used science and engineering and government to improve the country and really improve the world. but it has a dark side as well. it is also a symbol of arrogance, authority, and power. matthew parker, author, panama fever : the canal really announced the united states as the leading country in the world. it demonstrated an extraordinary will and determination. they had succeeded in conquering nature as no one had ever done before. narrator : in early july 1905, an american steamship made its way toward the isthmus of panama - - the narrow ribbon of land between north and south america, and the two largest oceans in the world. among the passengers on board was jan van hardeveld, a 30 - year - old engineer from wyoming. he ' d read in the newspaper about a new government project - - an ambitious plan to link the atlantic and the pacific with a canal - - and he was determined to be part of it. a dutchman by birth, jan was a newly - minted citizen of the united states, and a fierce champion of his adopted country. \" in america, \" he liked to say, \" anything is possible. \" the building of the panama canal would be no exception.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45766906431836163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.101695"} {"text": ", jan was a newly - minted citizen of the united states, and a fierce champion of his adopted country. \" in america, \" he liked to say, \" anything is possible. \" the building of the panama canal would be no exception. jan van hardeveld ( josh hamilton ) : a heavy suitcase in my hand \u2026 the sweat rolling down my face, i stumbled along the wet slippery track which i had been told to follow until i found a place to turn off. in the deep darkness i seemed to have walked miles, and i never dreamed there could be such unearthly noises. to me, they sounded like the howling of demons. well, i decided that turning back looked almost as hard as going on, so here i am. narrator : jan van hardeveld was just one of hundreds of young americans now living on the isthmus of panama. they ' d been arriving for months - - from san diego, cincinnati, pittsburgh, charlotte \u2026 former railroad engineers and file clerks and recent college graduates - - all of them eager to be part of what one observer called america ' s \" mighty march of progress. \" jackson lears, historian : at this particular moment, there ' s a lot of positive thinking going on in the united states. there are these sort of iconic structures, the transcontinental railroad, the brooklyn bridge, all of them accomplishing feats that naysayers had predicted could not be done. so there is this fascination with human triumph over adversity. americans feel that we are at the cutting edge. matthew parker, author : the idea of building a panama canal seized the imagination of the american public. this was the great, unfulfilled engineering challenge of the world. narrator : for nearly 400 years, people had dreamed of building a canal that would slice through the slender isthmus of panama and make the world ' s great oceans meet. the french had been the first to try. the year was 1880, and ferdinand de lesseps, the legendary builder of the suez canal, was looking for a second act. frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : well, ferdinand de lesseps was a great national hero, who had done this great, magnificent thing of building the suez canal. matthew parker, author : he was called \" le grand francais. \" he was endlessly appearing in the magazines, with his beautiful wife and his lovely children. he was seen as incredibly virile. and he was endlessly touring the country where he ' d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46640672069321404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.102703"} {"text": "author : he was called \" le grand francais. \" he was endlessly appearing in the magazines, with his beautiful wife and his lovely children. he was seen as incredibly virile. and he was endlessly touring the country where he ' d pull in huge crowds to come and see this, the hero of suez. frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : the thing about the suez canal was that it was a flat, level passage through a dry desert. it couldn ' t have been more different from the panama canal. matthew parker, author : if anything, panama was the most difficult place in the whole world to build a canal. you ' ve got really thick jungles full of snakes and of course mosquitoes that will give you malaria or yellow fever. and then you have deep, almost bottomless swamps. you ' ve got the thick, heavy mountain range. and perhaps worst of all you ' ve got the chagres river, which is one of the most volatile rivers in the world. narrator : despite the warnings of experts who said it could not be done, de lesseps directed his engineers to carve a canal through the isthmus. they spent the next eight and a half years locked in a losing battle against the jungle. matthew parker, author : everything that could have gone wrong went wrong for the french at panama. there were fires, there was flooding, there was an earthquake. there was continuous epidemic of yellow fever. there was a huge amount of corruption. narrator : when the crash of de lesseps ' venture finally came, in 1888, it was thunderous. in less than a decade, more than a billion francs - - about $ 287 million - - had been all but squandered. meanwhile, accidents and disease had claimed a staggering 20, 000 lives - - most of them west indians who had been imported to do the heavy labor. de lesseps, the one - time hero of france, was bankrupted and only narrowly escaped prison. walter lafeber, historian : de lesseps was broken. in the last years of his life he sat looking out a window with a three - year - old newspaper by his side. he had essentially been driven insane by the whole experience in panama. narrator : for 10 years, the spectacular failure of the french cast a pall over the isthmus. in the eyes of most of the world, panama was a miserable sinkhole - - a place synonymous with corruption, disease and death. the americans took a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46076675087456725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.103776"} {"text": "10 years, the spectacular failure of the french cast a pall over the isthmus. in the eyes of most of the world, panama was a miserable sinkhole - - a place synonymous with corruption, disease and death. the americans took a different view. no nation on earth had more to gain from a canal than the united states : the close of the 19th century had been witness to its astonishing rise - - the sudden, dramatic expansion of its industry, its gathering economic might, its surprising aggression against spain in the war of 1898. now, on the threshold of the new century, the brash young country - - barely 100 years in existence - - was poised to become one of the world ' s great powers. to president theodore roosevelt, who took office in 1901, the canal was the obvious path to america ' s future. matthew parker, author : roosevelt wanted american power to be projected outside of the north american continent really for the first time. the key to this was, for him, the building of a panama canal, which could link the two oceans and provide a conduit for sea power. this was the crucial thing for him. walter lefeber, historian : he saw the canal essentially as the way to protect american interests, particularly american commerce. the united states was the number one industrial power in the world. and when you begin to look at the world in those terms, then what you begin to think about was, how do you get from new york to the markets of asia? this is the first time in american history where we start to think globally. jackson lears, historian : to roosevelt, the notion of an isthmian canal is a key piece of the puzzle of world empire and a kind of providentially ordained world domination that the united states is meant to enjoy. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : whoever could connect and have the two seas - - the atlantic and the pacific - - will be the global power. narrator : \" if we are to hold our own in the struggle for supremacy, \" roosevelt insisted, \" we must build the canal. \" but the rights to the land in panama proved difficult to negotiate. julie greene, historian : panama was a small province of colombia. and once the united states decided to build the canal in panama, they tried to reach an agreement with colombia. matthew parker, author : roosevelt insisted on a huge amount of control over where the canal was to be built. however, the colombian constitution expressly forbids any sovereignty to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4391423217280855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.104961"} {"text": "build the canal in panama, they tried to reach an agreement with colombia. matthew parker, author : roosevelt insisted on a huge amount of control over where the canal was to be built. however, the colombian constitution expressly forbids any sovereignty to be given away for any part of the country. and effectively this is what the americans were demanding. walter lefeber, historian : so, the colombians rejected the treaty. they not only rejected it - - the colombian legislature rejected it unanimously. ovidio diaz espino, writer : roosevelt thought, \" we have one objective, and we ' re not going to allow this small little insignificant country get in our way. \" matthew parker, author : and roosevelt felt that the united states should be leading the way in improving the world, even if bits of the world didn ' t necessarily want to be improved. so he had an option. either he could just simply invade panama and take it, which he considered doing - - he sent spies to go and check out the possibility of achieving that - - or there was another option and that was for panama to declare its independence under the protection of the united states. narrator : as roosevelt well knew, panamanian elites had been plotting revolution for years. now, with a nod from washington, they made their move. on the morning of november 3rd, 1903, the rebels seized the isthmus. aided by the well - timed appearance of an american gunboat in the harbor at colon, their revolution was over by sundown - - its sole casualties a foreign - born shopkeeper and a luckless donkey. three days later, the united states formally recognized the new republic of panama. ovidio diaz espino, writer : the best part was the way they did it. instead of fight against the colombia, they just send bags of money to pay off all the colombian troops to go back to colombia, so this was a bloodless revolution. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : colombia, they didn ' t imagine the audacity of teddy roosevelt. we will make panama into a new independent country. they will sign us off this track of land, and then we will have a canal and they will have a nation. and that was the birth of the nation of panama. edward tenner, historian : it was arrogant, but then again america was emerging into an international order where to be a self - respecting power you had to be arrogant. the british were arrogant, the germans were arrogant. god knows the french", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.36784599818501995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.105987"} {"text": "panama. edward tenner, historian : it was arrogant, but then again america was emerging into an international order where to be a self - respecting power you had to be arrogant. the british were arrogant, the germans were arrogant. god knows the french were arrogant. so this self - assertion by america was part of a certain kind of culture. narrator : the treaty later signed with the panamanians gave the united states effective sovereignty over the so - called \" canal zone \" - - a 500 - square - mile swath that stretched clear across the isthmus and cut the new nation in two. matthew parker, author : the panamanian leadership was of course extremely grateful to the americans for their support in the revolution. but the honeymoon period was incredibly short. as soon as the americans started actually laying out the boundaries of the zone, the panamanians realized that they ' d been sold out. narrator : what roosevelt called \" one of the future highways of civilization \" was now america ' s to control. all that was left to do was build it. matthew parker, author : when the news of the panama revolution came through, it was immediately apparent that it carried out with the connivance and with the support of the united states. and this left the public very confused and very divided. there was a feeling that the underhand and internationally illegal way in which the americans had contrived the revolution had somehow sullied america ' s reputation. there were headlines saying, \" might makes right. \" you know, we are just now like the europeans who grab land whenever they want. and there was a feeling that something that had made the united states different, that had made it better than the other great powers, had been lost. narrator : on may 4th, 1904, the american effort in panama officially got underway. to oversee the project on the ground, roosevelt had selected a seasoned, seemingly unflappable 51 - year - old engineer from chicago named john findley wallace. but real authority rested with the isthmian canal commission, a presidentially - appointed panel charged with approving virtually every decision made in the canal zone. with the national treasury footing the bill for the project, the commission was determined that not a single penny be misspent. matthew parker, author : every time you wanted to do something, every time you wanted to hire a cart, you ' d have to fill out a form in triplicate and send it to washington. and this of course brought utter paralysis to anything that wallace was trying to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44497415030235543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.107121"} {"text": "every time you wanted to do something, every time you wanted to hire a cart, you ' d have to fill out a form in triplicate and send it to washington. and this of course brought utter paralysis to anything that wallace was trying to do. narrator : as yet, the americans had no real plan other than to pick up where the french left off and dig a massive ditch through the isthmus, some 50 miles in length and about 30 feet below sea level. slated to run from colon, the harbor on the caribbean, all the way south to panama city on the pacific, the canal would have to cut through dense jungle, across the flood - prone chagres river valley, and then through the steep mountain pass known as culebra. wallace had only 3, 500 men at his disposal : some 1, 500 of them new recruits from the u. s., the rest west indians left over from the french effort. with such a token force and tons of machinery badly in need of repair, he was uncertain how to proceed. he wanted time - - at least a year, he said - - to experiment with equipment. matthew parker, author : and all of the time there was this huge clamor from back at home to make the dirt fly. roosevelt wanted action. so of course wallace had to start digging the minute he got there. narrator : in november 1904, under pressure from washington, wallace ordered excavation to begin at culebra. to meet the challenge of the mountains, he ' d imported two bucyrus steam shovels - - 95 - ton behemoths that could dig up roughly eight tons of rock and earth with a single scoop. but there were not enough trains to haul the spoil away, and what trains there were kept running off the tracks. matthew parker, author : it was an impossible situation for him to deal with as chief engineer. the key to the successful excavation of the canal was about moving the spoil that was dug away from the site, otherwise everything would stop. if the shovel didn \u2019 t have anything to load the earth onto, the shovel would stop. \" make the dirt fly \" was a disastrous approach to the huge engineering challenge that wallace was facing. narrator : the problems only multiplied. just weeks into the digging at culebra, three men on the isthmus contracted yellow fever. in december, there were six more. carol r. byerly, historian : yellow fever could cause internal bleeding. bleeding from the gums. and internal hemorrh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.457953926713049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.108177"} {"text": "at culebra, three men on the isthmus contracted yellow fever. in december, there were six more. carol r. byerly, historian : yellow fever could cause internal bleeding. bleeding from the gums. and internal hemorrhaging that would cause the black vomit or vomito negro which was terrifying. william daniel donadio, canal worker descendent : the yellow fever. the fever attacking and killing everybody. the fever got everybody scared. nobody wants to come to the isthmus to work. carol r. byerly, historian : the fear. don ' t go down to that project because you may not come back. julie greene, historian : the horror that maybe death is stalking us the same way it stalked the french. carol r. byerly, historian : within three months, 500 of the americans flee. narrator : in january, as the epidemic spread, wallace tried to project confidence and made a show of riding around the canal zone with his wife. then it became known that the couple had quietly imported two metal coffins. \" i am thoroughly sick of this country and everything to do with the canal, \" one american wrote his mother. \" tell the boys at home to stay there, even if they get no more than a dollar a day. \" by june 1905, nearly three - quarters of the american labor force had fled the isthmus. overwhelmed and suffering from nervous strain, wallace soon resigned his post. carol r. byerly, historian : the project looks doomed. the project comes to a standstill and theodore roosevelt goes nuts. walter lafeber, historian : it looked as though what was going to happen to the united states had been exactly what happened to france. and this is traumatic for americans, how dangerously close to failure the whole u. s. enterprise is. narrator : the americans had been in panama for more than a year, and $ 78 million already had been spent. but so far, only about 15 million cubic yards of spoil had been excavated, which left hundreds of millions still to be removed. at the rate things were going, one worker guessed, the canal would not be finished for 50 years. jan van hardeveld ( josh hamilton ) : i ' m convinced that there isn ' t a place in the world that can beat this isthmus for rain. it rains so much that honest to goodness my hat is getting moldy on my head \u2026 i haven ' t had on a dry pair of shoes in weeks. narrator : jan van hardeveld arrived in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4451590974273393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.109917"} {"text": "can beat this isthmus for rain. it rains so much that honest to goodness my hat is getting moldy on my head \u2026 i haven ' t had on a dry pair of shoes in weeks. narrator : jan van hardeveld arrived in panama just as chief engineer wallace was leaving, and for the first few weeks, it was hard not to wonder if he ' d made a mistake. he ' d put more than 2, 000 miles between himself and his family - - left his wife rose alone with the children - - and all for a project that was floundering. jan van hardeveld ( josh hamilton ) : [ dear rose, ] the food is awful, and cooked in such a way that no civilized white man can stand it for more than a week or two.... i grew careless last week and before i realized it, i was one sick hombre - - stomach out of order, and my blood full of malaria bugs \u2026 i ' m taking no more chances than i can help of being sent home wrapped in a wooden overcoat. narrator : morale in the canal zone was at an all - time low when, at the end of july, 1905, wallace ' s replacement as chief engineer finally turned up. his name was john stevens - - and his reputation preceded him. some years before, as a surveyor for the great northern railroad, he ' d trekked hundreds of miles through the rockies to plot out the line ' s passage over the continental divide. word had it that he ' d since built more miles of railroad than any other man alive. now, he ' d been asked to rescue the largest government project in american history. matthew parker, author : john stevens was an absolutely brilliant railroad engineer. very much a frontiersman. he ' d fought wolves and indians. he had survived in incredibly harsh environments. and he arrived in panama and he took a look around and he saw everywhere disillusionment and fear. narrator : \" i believe, \" stevens later wrote, \" [ that ] i faced about as discouraging a proposition as was ever presented to a construction engineer. \" matthew parker, author : stevens noticed straightaway that part of the problem was what he called \" the idiotic howl \" to make dirt fly. he had enough experience to realize that on a project of this enormous, unprecedented scale he would have to spend a very great amount of time just getting the whole thing ready. so therefore, even though he knew that roosevelt and the press back in the united states would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4214870917820329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.111063"} {"text": "experience to realize that on a project of this enormous, unprecedented scale he would have to spend a very great amount of time just getting the whole thing ready. so therefore, even though he knew that roosevelt and the press back in the united states would be horrified, he ordered the digging to stop. narrator : for stevens, the first order of business was to retool the panama railroad, which had been built in the 1850s and was by now so decrepit that he once described it as \" two streaks of rust and a right of way. \" frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : stevens realized that this was going to be a huge exercise in logistics. the job of building the canal would be very much a job of just moving, removing, hauling out thousands of carloads of dirt. he understood that the railroad was going to be the heart of the effort. narrator : in the system stevens ultimately devised, the railroad would function as a giant conveyor belt, and its position would shift continuously to accommodate the work as it progressed. to speed the relocation along, he seized on an ingenious innovation - - a swinging boom mounted on a flatcar that could lift and move yards of existing track without first having to take it apart. then, he traded the rail cars for open - sided flats fitted with a plow, which could empty a 20 - car train in about 10 minutes. by stevens ' estimate, the two rigs would do the labor of 900 men working by hand. matthew parker, author : the cleverest little trick that he did was to plan the work so that the digging would start at either end of the nine - mile culebra cut and move towards the middle, which was the highest point. this meant that when the empty spoil trains came into the cut they would be climbing up to the shovels and when they were full, they would have the benefit of the gradient to take away their enormous loads. engineering at its simplest and most brilliant. narrator : at first, the project ' s most formidable challenge seemed to be the mountain pass at culebra. to dig the canal there, the americans would have to bore down as much as 300 feet through rock, gravel, clay and earth along a corridor some nine miles in length. as stevens put it to a colleague, \" [ at culebra, ] we are facing a proposition greater than was ever undertaken in the history of the world. \" but after a few months on the isthmus, at the height of the rainy season,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4813832365590599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.112143"} {"text": "it to a colleague, \" [ at culebra, ] we are facing a proposition greater than was ever undertaken in the history of the world. \" but after a few months on the isthmus, at the height of the rainy season, stevens began to realize that the chagres was an obstacle every bit as daunting. throughout the summer and fall of 1905, he watched as the swollen river surged over its banks again and again, flooding the works all up and down the line. gradually, it began to dawn on him : if he and his men built a sea level canal - - as the french had attempted to do, and washington was now expecting - - the chagres would menace its operation for more than half of each year. matthew parker, author : stevens realized building a sea level canal would almost certainly condemn the american canal to failure just like the french. stevens was totally horrified by this. he went to washington. he hated politicians, he hated going on a boat, he got horribly seasick. but he went to washington, and he talked face to face with roosevelt and convinced him, convinced the president that a sea level canal would be total madness. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : how can you get a boat to move from one side to the other side and to cross the mountain? stevens and the rest of american engineers would need to find a new way to do it. narrator : the answer was a lock canal - - a highly engineered, mechanized waterway that would solve the multiple problems of panama all at once. first, to control the chagres, a massive dam would be built at gatun - - creating an artificial lake, some 85 feet above sea level, roughly in the middle of the canal ' s planned route. matthew parker, author : in order to get to this lake, the ship would be raised by a series of locks. frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : these locks are each gonna be these huge concrete structures more than three football fields long. they ' re gonna hold tens of millions of gallons of water. they ' re gonna raise ships up over the american continent, in effect. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : what it was, was to set up a series of steps, hydraulically elevate the ship where the boats will go up a step, come across. matthew parker, author : it would sail across the artificial lake, go through culebra cut which of course now didn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4426764809945007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.113094"} {"text": "a series of steps, hydraulically elevate the ship where the boats will go up a step, come across. matthew parker, author : it would sail across the artificial lake, go through culebra cut which of course now didn ' t need to be cut out nearly so drastically, and then would descend again, in steps, down into the pacific and away. narrator : to build the lock canal in panama, the americans would not only have to dam the turbulent chagres and create the largest artificial lake in the world, they also would have to design locks nearly three times longer than the longest ever constructed. the plan was wildly ambitious. but roosevelt had backed it, and stevens was confident it could be done. \" there is no element of mystery involved in it, \" stevens reported to washington, \" the problem is one of magnitude, not miracles. \" to jan van hardeveld, the canal zone now seemed infused with a sense of purpose. assigned to supervise a work gang in the culebra cut, he spent his days building track for the spoil trains, while all around him roads were being paved and streetlights installed, wharves and warehouses built, dormitories and dining halls banged together. the time had come, he decided, to send for his family. jan van hardeveld ( josh hamilton ) : [ dear rose, ] the slowness of work would be discouraging, if i were not certain that our government can and will accomplish whatever it sets out to do. that is why, since you have made no objection, i have made my decision to stay, and i am happy to be able to tell you that the quartermaster has at last assigned me to married quarters. the house is an old one at las cascadas, the village where i am now working. it was the first house built here by the french, and is marked \" house number one. \" narrator : it was late winter, 1906, when rose packed up her belongings, said her goodbyes to wyoming, and set off with her children for panama. she hadn ' t laid eyes on her husband in more than half a year. she spent most of the voyage laid low by seasickness. but as their destination neared, she felt a sudden rush of enthusiasm : \" this will be our chance, \" she told her children, \" to be among those who make history! \" rose van hardeveld ( carolyn mccormick ) : your papa is helping to build the big canal, the waterway that has been in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45769942365585553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.114030"} {"text": "\" this will be our chance, \" she told her children, \" to be among those who make history! \" rose van hardeveld ( carolyn mccormick ) : your papa is helping to build the big canal, the waterway that has been in the minds of men for centuries. it will unite the two oceans, the atlantic and the pacific, and alter the course of the ships that sail upon them. this canal, when it is finished, will change the face of the earth. narrator : of all the challenges confronting john stevens, none was so urgent as the need for workers. by his estimate, the canal project would generate some 20, 000 jobs in 1906 alone. of those, 5, 000 were positions for skilled workers - - blacksmiths, carpenters, drill operators, plumbers - - and they were reserved for white u. s. citizens. but the vast majority of the jobs in the canal zone were unskilled. thousands of men were needed to cut brush, dig ditches, load and unload equipment and supplies. the french had relied on west indians for manual labor. stevens had other plans. matthew parker, author : stevens, when he ' d done all his railway building in the united states, had mainly used chinese labor. he considered that to be the best. when he got to panama, he saw that the workforce was mainly west indian, and he didn ' t like or trust the west indians at all. julie greene, historian : john stevens wasn ' t happy about relying on west indians because he, you know, sharing in the racial beliefs of the day, he saw them as too lazy, not intelligent. narrator : stevens kept up a continuous campaign to recruit elsewhere. he experimented with workers from spain and greece and italy. but in the end, he had to take men wherever he could find them, and nowhere did he find more than in the nearby islands of the west indies. egbert c. leslie, canal worker : i landed here on the 21st of january, 1907. on the appearance of the place i felt like i ' ll go right back home because everything looked so strange and there no different to being brought up at home so i felt like i ' d go back home, but it wasn \u2019 t so easy to do that. narrator : recruitment proved especially successful on the tiny island of barbados, where jobs were scarce, pay was low and young men were an easy target for american advertising. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : they created what was called the panama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4589428763631056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.114994"} {"text": ": recruitment proved especially successful on the tiny island of barbados, where jobs were scarce, pay was low and young men were an easy target for american advertising. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : they created what was called the panama man, which was to get someone that went to panama and bring him back and he will be the advertiser. and what he came back - - when he came back to barbados from panama, he came back with white trousers, white jacket, gold teeth, panama hat, a big smile and monies in their pocket. and all the other guys in the plantation take a look and say, ' boy i better go down to panama and get mine too. ' john w. bowen, canal worker : i had some friends and they always getting ready to go and they wanted me to go, and i joined them and i left from st. lucy. went to bridgetown to the transportation office and i signed up there for a trip to the canal. i had no recognition of what was going to happen. i couldn ' t conceive. i hadn ' t yet seen the canal. i hadn ' t yet seen no part of the operation until after i reached employment then i begun to realize what a stupendous affair this would be. carlos e. russell, writer : panama was perceived as the way of getting riches, but what they did not know was the price that they had to pay to do that. narrator : the journey from barbados took an average of eight to 10 days. then came the shock of the canal zone. julie greene, historian : west indians found as they got to the canal zone that things were very different from what they had known in barbados. the united states created a very regimented world. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : they had shacks and they had bunk beds on all four walls. all four walls had bunk beds, three layers of bunk beds. very harsh facilities. that was part and parcel of that type of society that was created. narrator : as the barbadians soon learned, everything in the canal zone came down to how you were paid. skilled workers - - invariably white - - received their wages in gold ; unskilled workers - - who were largely black - - in silver. so - called gold roll employees enjoyed privileges such as paid sick leave and laundry service and holidays off. for silver roll employees, there was nothing of the kind. matthew parker, author : from this emerged a system of segregation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4706093310083681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.115934"} {"text": "black - - in silver. so - called gold roll employees enjoyed privileges such as paid sick leave and laundry service and holidays off. for silver roll employees, there was nothing of the kind. matthew parker, author : from this emerged a system of segregation on the works whereby everything was marked either silver or gold whether it was the toilets, whether it was the post office, whether it was a shop or a drinking fountain. william daniel donadio, canal worker descendent : i remember my stepfather talking about it. it was a kind of a polished - up segregation. it didn ' t say black and white, but you understood that if you weren ' t a gold roller and you were a silver roller that you were on the black side. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : it worked exactly like it worked in the united states. in the states, they called the system for black \" colored. \" in panama they call it silver. with the segregation that was a whole dehumanizing strategy and that gave the moral justification for viewing them as beasts of labor. narrator : in the west indies, stevens had found exactly what he needed - - a seemingly inexhaustible supply of men willing to endure harsh treatment and heavy physical labor in exchange for as little as 10 cents an hour. carlos e. russell, writer : they knew that they had to send money home. that was the reality. ten cents an hour was much more than they would make in the caribbean. narrator : by the close of 1906, stevens had a labor force of some 24, 000 men at his disposal. and though he ' d never wanted them, more than 70 percent were west indians. rose van hardeveld had made her family whole again by coming to panama. but she was one of very few american women in the canal zone, and she ' d never been so lonely in her life. jan put in more hours on the job than he ever had in wyoming, leaving rose to cope with the miseries of jungle living all on her own. in the local stores, she remembered, \" not one edible thing looked familiar, \" and she wound up feeding her children a steady diet of fruit, beans and soggy crackers. the house smelled of bat droppings, and it was overrun with lizards and insects. \" slowly but surely my natural fortitude was giving way, \" rose later wrote, \" and i was becoming a nervous, fearful woman. \" then her youngest, whom the family called \" sister, \" came down with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4572453155892494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.116898"} {"text": "overrun with lizards and insects. \" slowly but surely my natural fortitude was giving way, \" rose later wrote, \" and i was becoming a nervous, fearful woman. \" then her youngest, whom the family called \" sister, \" came down with a fever. rose van hardeveld ( carolyn mccormick ) : her round face was pale, and the cold sweat stood out in beads all over her body. it was malaria and dysentery, and a dreary time we had of it. she became a limp, feverish little bundle, crying night and day. all the time i was becoming lower and lower in spirits and less able to cope \u2026. narrator : by the time sister finally recovered, rose had been driven to the verge of collapse. \" i believe it was the consciousness of what would happen to the children, \" she wrote, \" that kept me from going to pieces. \" the story was the same all over the canal zone - - malaria, dysentery, pneumonia. but nothing was worse than yellow fever. each year, epidemics swept across the isthmus killing men by the hundreds, inciting panic, utterly paralyzing the work. matthew parker, author : when the americans arrived in panama, it was obviously clear that there had to be a medical officer. and one of the leading yellow fever specialists was an army doctor called colonel william gorgas. gorgas had made his name as a frontier doctor in the united states. and on one of his postings he caught yellow fever. and he recovered and thereafter he was immune. and he decided to make it his life ' s work to battle this terrible disease. narrator : for centuries, yellow fever had been thought to be caused by filth, and efforts to combat the disease had revolved entirely around sanitation. but during a posting in havana, gorgas had developed a new protocol. working from an obscure theory in a cuban medical journal that blamed yellow fever transmission on infected mosquitoes, he had carried out an extensive eradication campaign in havana. over the course of one year, yellow fever cases there had fallen by more than 95 percent. kill the mosquitoes, gorgas argued, and yellow fever would disappear. matthew parker, author : gorgas arrived in panama absolutely 100 % convinced that the mosquito theory of yellow fever transmission was correct. carol r. byerly, historian : gorgas put a proposal together to implement a plan similar to that which he had done in havana. his project was a lot bigger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4312232395998692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.117971"} {"text": "absolutely 100 % convinced that the mosquito theory of yellow fever transmission was correct. carol r. byerly, historian : gorgas put a proposal together to implement a plan similar to that which he had done in havana. his project was a lot bigger, though, because in havana he just had to clean up one city, but in panama he had to clean up two urban areas separated by 500 square miles of swamp and jungle. gorgas put together a $ 1 million proposal and submitted it to the panama canal commission. and they approved $ 50, 000 dollars. fifty thousand dollars. they just didn \u2019 t get what he was trying to do. matthew parker, author : the gentlemen of the commission simply didn ' t believe the mosquito theory. they called it the veriest balderdash. there was a feeling that we needed a sensible doctor, not this sort of crazy gorgas with his wild mosquito theories. and actually one of the leaders of the canal commission tried to get him fired and replaced with a friend of his who was actually an osteopath with no experience of tropical medicine at all. narrator : on the eve of gorgas ' dismissal, president roosevelt received a visitor at his home at oyster bay : his personal physician, dr. alexander lambert. \" you are facing one of the greatest decisions of your career, \" lambert told him. \" if you fall back on the old methods you will fail, just as the french failed. if you back gorgas, you will get your canal. \" carol r. byerly, historian : lambert appeals to roosevelt ' s ego and he says, \" this canal is your project and it ' s your choice. \" and roosevelt buys it. he says, \" get behind gorgas and give him the authority and the resources he needs. \" and so mosquito eradication can begin in earnest. narrator : with the blessing and backing of chief engineer stevens, gorgas launched the most expensive public health campaign in history. carol r. byerly, historian : william gorgas is an army officer. so the cleanup effort was conducted with military discipline and precision. he spends $ 90, 000 dollars on screening. he goes about screening off patients so that mosquitoes cannot bite them and transmit their case of yellow fever. and he goes about fumigating the houses throughout the canal zone to kill adult mosquitoes. and then the more extensive effort is to find mosquito larvae in all of the water sources in town and kill the larvae. matthew parker, author :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48035992713887005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.118909"} {"text": "fever. and he goes about fumigating the houses throughout the canal zone to kill adult mosquitoes. and then the more extensive effort is to find mosquito larvae in all of the water sources in town and kill the larvae. matthew parker, author : gorgas had discovered that if you pour oil on top of the water, you smother the mosquito larvae. he called them wrigglers. so he had to go through every single house, every shack in panama city and colon, all along the line of the canal and find every single water tank, every little puddle and get them covered with oil. carol r. byerly, historian : gorgas ' s team is swarming all over the panama canal zone. they had to screen gutters. they had to put lids on water cisterns. gorgas even got a law passed to make it a $ 5 fine to have a wiggler in your home. he is at war against the mosquitoes. and he ' s going to kill them to the last. narrator : by august 1906, the monthly tally of new yellow fever cases had fallen by nearly half, to 27. a month later, the count was down to just seven. then, on november 11th, gorgas called his staff into an autopsy room and told them to take a good look at the corpse on the table. it was, he rightly predicted, the last yellow fever victim they would ever see. frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : the idea that gorgas was able to conquer this problem is still kind of unbelievable to me. he ended up tracking down individual mosquitoes, which is unbelievable in this, this jungle where it essentially never stops raining. and it worked and it saved thousands of lives, really was a huge part of what made the digging of the canal possible. narrator : by the fall of 1906, stevens ' carefully - designed excavation system was running at peak efficiency. it had taken him the better part of an exhausting year to prepare. he ' d overseen the construction of thousands of buildings, hired thousands of men, spent thousands upon thousands on new equipment and supplies. finally, the real work of building the canal was underway. over the months and years to come, millions of cubic yards of rock and earth would have to be loosened and dug and loaded and hauled away - - enough spoil, it was said, to build a great wall like china ' s, clear across the united states. from washington, theodore roosevelt was watching. despite the progress in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4220894795322808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.119844"} {"text": "earth would have to be loosened and dug and loaded and hauled away - - enough spoil, it was said, to build a great wall like china ' s, clear across the united states. from washington, theodore roosevelt was watching. despite the progress in panama, his pet project lately had come under fire with critics howling about alleged graft and corruption, and american boys supposedly ruined by prostitution and drink. what the president needed now was a new story for the nation ' s front pages. walter lafeber, historian : he ' s got a very big pr problem. but if anyone knew how to deal with a pr problem it was theodore roosevelt. and roosevelt decides that he ' ll go down to panama and see what ' s going on firsthand. it ' s the first time an american president, while in office, leaves the united states. narrator : \" i want to see how they are going to dig that ditch, how they are going to build that lock ; how they are going to get through that cut, \" roosevelt told the press. \" it ' s a business trip. i want to be able to tell people as much as i can about the canal. \" jackson lears, historian : t. r. ' s trip to panama tells you a lot about his mastery of new media. he knows that if he goes to panama it will be a media event. julie greene, historian : newspaper reporters are doing stories on exactly what his stateroom looks like on the ship, where he ' s going to stop along the way. you know, even before he gets to panama it has captured the attention of the country. narrator : the presidential vessel dropped anchor at limon bay on november 14th, 1906, an entire day ahead of schedule. matthew parker, author : everything had been scrubbed and white washed, and made ready for his visit. there were choirs lined up, there were balls and parties but even before the welcoming party started up their, their songs, he was already on the isthmus. he had snuck away from his boat and was poking around in the hospitals, and in the barrack rooms. roosevelt was determined that nothing would be hidden from him. he deliberately went when panama was at its wettest. and it rained and rained and rained as it only can in panama. julie greene, historian : the rains are coming down. and he ' s, you know, saying, \" that ' s bully great to have so much rain, \" because he wants to see panama at its worst. matthew parker, author", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43568026110792496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.120754"} {"text": "panama. julie greene, historian : the rains are coming down. and he ' s, you know, saying, \" that ' s bully great to have so much rain, \" because he wants to see panama at its worst. matthew parker, author : everywhere he went he would make impromptu speeches, urging the workforce to be men, and to fight for this fantastic achievement that would cover the united states with glory. william daniel donadio, canal worker descendent : he made the men that were building there feel like they were special people. give them pride of what they were doing for the united states. matthew parker, author : he had this amazing energy. the people who were designated to show him around were totally exhausted after the first few hours. narrator : for roosevelt, the biggest draw in the canal zone was the culebra cut, where each month stevens and his crew set a new excavation record. he got his look early on the second day. with a flock of newspaper photographers hard on his heels, he marched up to one of the mammoth bucyrus steam shovels, asked the operator to slide over, and hoisted himself into the driver ' s seat. julie greene, historian : one of the most famous photographs ever taken of the united states president. it ' s a great photo that really announced the key themes of the united states in the canal zone : peerless leadership, american industry, efficiency, technology. science was going to master the canal project. it was going to do what france never could have done. narrator : in all, the president spent 12 days on the isthmus - - 12 days that rose van hardeveld and many other americans would remember as the turning point for the canal. rose van hardeveld ( carolyn mccormick ) : we saw him once, on the end of a train. jan got small flags for the children, and told us about when the train would pass, so we were standing on the [ front ] steps. mr. roosevelt flashed us one of his well - known toothy smiles and waved his hat at the children as though he wanted to come up the hill and say ' hello! ' i caught some of jan ' s confidence in the man. maybe this ditch will get dug after all, i thought. narrator : late on the night of january 30th, 1907 - - 18 months into his tenure and at the close of yet another 14 - hour day - - john stevens sat down at his desk in his office near culebra, and composed a letter to theodore roosevelt. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4307076613786292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.121656"} {"text": "night of january 30th, 1907 - - 18 months into his tenure and at the close of yet another 14 - hour day - - john stevens sat down at his desk in his office near culebra, and composed a letter to theodore roosevelt. \" mr. president, \" he wrote, \" you have been kind enough on several occasions to instruct me to address you directly and personally and i will in this case. the \" honor \" which is continually being held as an incentive for being connected with this work, appeals to me but slightly. to me, the canal is only a big ditch \u2026. \" matthew parker, author : it was an extraordinary thing to send to a president. he said he didn ' t like panama. he never wanted the job in the first place. he ' d had enough and he wanted to go and do something far more lucrative elsewhere. roosevelt looked at this letter and was absolutely furious. he ' d been in panama talking to the workforces, that they were all martial soldiers, they must stick to their tasks. and now the leader that he had backed was resigning. i think stevens was utterly exhausted. and the incredible scale of the problems that he inherited from wallace - - really it ' s amazing that he lasted as long as he did. frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : wallace had worn out and quit. stevens had worn out and quit. roosevelt basically said, \" i want a military man who can ' t quit until i tell him he can quit. who has absolutely no choice. that ' s how it ' s gotta be from now on. \" and that ' s what he got in goethals. narrator : george washington goethals was 48, an expert in hydraulics, and one of the finest engineers in the army corps. he was also - - as roosevelt now made plain - - the chief engineer who would see the canal through to completion. as goethals told a friend : \" it ' s a case of just plain straight duty. \" he arrived on the isthmus in late march 1907. a month later, the steam shovel men - - the backbone of the entire excavation effort - - went out on strike, demanding a wage increase of more than 40 percent. matthew parker, author : they were already the best paid people on the isthmus. and goethals basically pulled the plug on it. he decided he was going to gradually recruit strikebreakers. narrator : hiring new crews would take time. meanwhile, the digging ground to a halt.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4382229484087936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.122603"} {"text": "the best paid people on the isthmus. and goethals basically pulled the plug on it. he decided he was going to gradually recruit strikebreakers. narrator : hiring new crews would take time. meanwhile, the digging ground to a halt. two weeks passed, then four. still, goethals refused to negotiate. instead, he sent the strikers packing. none of them would be permitted to return to panama. matthew parker, author : he could deport anyone from the isthmus who it was in any way causing any kind of trouble whatsoever. anyone who complained, asked for more money, would simply be got rid of. narrator : by the time the bucyrus shovels finally went back to work in july manned by new operators, goethals had made his point. as he later put it, \" the outcome showed conclusively that defection by any one class of men could not tie up the whole work. \" matthew parker, author : george goethals became known as the czar of panama. he not only ran the engineering effort, he also ran the canal zone government, the post office, the commissaries. everything reported directly to him. he had total power on the isthmus. and his express mission was that everything was subservient to getting the canal made. narrator : by the time goethals took over, the americans had been in panama for three years, and the bulk of the work still lay ahead. on both the atlantic and pacific sides of the isthmus, the lock basins had yet to be dug and the locks themselves constructed. at gatun, the site where the chagres would be dammed to form the lake, a foundation of solid rock had to be laid before building could even begin. meanwhile, to keep the river from continually flooding the works at culebra, a massive dike had to be put up at gamboa. and then, there was cut itself. excavation had so far managed to widen it by over 100 feet, but the immense task of digging down had barely begun. with goethals in charge, the culebra cut would become a round - the - clock operation, with as many as 6, 000 men at work at any given time. matthew parker, author : if we arrived there now i think the first thing would strike us would be the noise. there would be maybe 300 drills going. there would be 60 or 70 shovels each with three or four trains. there were constant explosions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42062355492451226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.123679"} {"text": "matthew parker, author : if we arrived there now i think the first thing would strike us would be the noise. there would be maybe 300 drills going. there would be 60 or 70 shovels each with three or four trains. there were constant explosions. and all of this noise would reverberate off the walls. as well as the noise, it was immensely hot, up to as much as a 120 degrees. very soon it became known as hell ' s gorge. and more than anything, it was incredibly dangerous. frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : the culebra cut was the most challenging part to dig because you had to get down through so much earth that became so much mud when it rained as it did almost nonstop for nine months out of the year. there were just constant landslides. william daniel donadio, canal worker descendent : they ' d hear this tooting of the whistle. blaring out, and they ' d know that something went wrong, a slide. so they had to use pick and shovels to dig them out. they knew that a next slide could come down on them too and bury them too. the mountain didn ' t want to be crushed the way they did it, and the mountain fought back. narrator : the slides came without warning, again and again, wiping out months of work in an instant, twisting track and machinery beyond recognition, literally burying men alive. nearly all of the victims were west indians. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : there were no safety guidelines. there was no labor guidelines. every day men died. it was a regular situation. so now they have to bring in more men and more men and more men. narrator : assigned to the most punishing and hazardous work in the cut, the west indians were ones on the ground - - hauling lumber and ties, shoveling the earth, laying the dynamite that was used to blast through the mountains. eustace tabois, canal worker : they had to drill these holes, you know, through the rock. and after they get down to a certain depth they fill it with dynamite. then when they are ready, they give you warning so that you go and take shelter. granville clarke, canal worker : three, four, five places start to blast. big rocks going up in the air. what happens sometimes is somebody make a mistake and touch the wire and that guy is gone up too. john w. bowen, canal worker : it happened a sunday morning when the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39724816789506256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.124702"} {"text": ", five places start to blast. big rocks going up in the air. what happens sometimes is somebody make a mistake and touch the wire and that guy is gone up too. john w. bowen, canal worker : it happened a sunday morning when the pay car was there paying men. pay car and all was in the explosion. a couple a hundred men, a couple a hundred men. like you see bits of men here, and the head yonder, all those picking it up for days. boy that wasn ' t an easy day, i tell you, sunday morning. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : my grandfather told me the guys that go up front with the dynamite, that they would leave with their buddies their belongings, cause they never know if they are coming back up. it was a daily situation that today, this morning, you have breakfast, and somebody at that table having breakfast may not be there for that evening so it is that type of situation. eustace tabois, canal worker : now that i am old and sometimes i sit down there, and these things recollection, you know. and what i went through on the panama canal, and i ' m still alive. i raise my hands to god. i say, \" thank god, thank you. \" because i could have been, i could have been dead several times. narrator : as the weeks went by, the death toll rose. eventually, goethals had the railroad tracks extended all the way out to mount hope cemetery, so that the bodies could be buried more easily. meanwhile, with each passing month, the cut at culebra grew deeper. rose van hardeveld ( carolyn mccormick ) : \u2026 with the darkness came noises so weird and uncanny as to make the flesh creep with the strangeness of it all. the very worst was the wailing for the dead that came from the labor camp below us. when one of their number died the friends and kindred of the deceased would drink rum and wail and sing old english gospel hymns. no matter how fast asleep i might be, when the first sound of that eerie screeching slapped the air, i was wide awake and out of bed. it was like the dance of the witches \u2026. narrator : looking back later, rose van hardeveld would marvel that she and jan had ever gotten used to living in panama. more than once, she recalled, their commitment to the project had wavered. and after jan ' s closest friend was killed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43080670754904316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.126666"} {"text": "looking back later, rose van hardeveld would marvel that she and jan had ever gotten used to living in panama. more than once, she recalled, their commitment to the project had wavered. and after jan ' s closest friend was killed, they actually had considered going home. \" why should we stay any longer? \" rose remembered thinking. \" the canal could get built, eventually, without us. \" matthew parker, author : the americans had a very serious problem in that the white workforce were largely arriving and pretty much leaving straightaway. they didn ' t like working in panama. and right up until 1907, there was something like a 100 % turnover in white staff. this was a potentially deal - breaking problem. and the answer to it was to provide every single home comfort that they could. narrator : for rose and jan, the inducement to stay came in the summer of 1908, in the form of a newly - built cottage on a pretty, tree - lined street. \" the house was clean and comfortable, \" rose remembered, \" just about the type of home a man in the states would try to provide for his family. \" as time passed, there were other improvements as well : ice boxes and electricity and ymca clubhouses - - built by the government and outfitted with card rooms, pool tables and libraries. there were dances on saturday nights and baseball games on sunday, more than three dozen churches, and scores of clubs and fraternal organizations - - the brotherhood of railroad trainmen and the odd fellows, sojourner ' s lodge and the knights of pythias. as rose remembered it, all the perks had their desired effect. american men stayed in panama longer, their wives and children came to join them, and friendships in the canal zone deepened. \" we drew together in a sort of a compact clique, \" rose recalled. \" and nothing else seemed quite so important as this immense project moving gradually and steadily to completion. this was our life. \" julie greene, historian : the canal project increasingly became looked upon by americans as kind of a utopian representation of the united states. you know, there are these glowing journalistic accounts of it - - the workers are happy, everyone is well fed, contented. the reality was that it was a very autocratic state. no freedom of speech, no rights to a union, more power being asserted at every step. the united states government was creating an efficient factory workforce for this incredible earth - shifting project on the isthmus of panama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4491438666486483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.128060"} {"text": "was a very autocratic state. no freedom of speech, no rights to a union, more power being asserted at every step. the united states government was creating an efficient factory workforce for this incredible earth - shifting project on the isthmus of panama. matthew parker, author : there was no democracy at all. but at the same time, things got done. mountains were moved. it worked. narrator : by 1911, the americans were finally making real progress on the canal - - and headlines all over the world. suddenly now, tourists from everywhere were flocking to panama to see the engineering marvel of the age. what the americans were doing with the canal, said one awed visitor, was \" the greatest liberty ever taken with nature. \" no aspect of the construction compelled such fascination as the gargantuan locks - - the so - called \" mighty portals to the panama gateway. \" frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : these locks are these huge concrete structures with these incredibly elaborate culverts. they are this enormous engineering challenge, the biggest engineering project there has been in the history of the earth until then. narrator : in all, some 5 million bags and barrels of concrete went into the building of the locks, dams and spillways. mixed on - site and deposited into enormous six - ton buckets, the concrete was then hoisted by crane, delivered by cableway, and poured from above. the amount poured at gatun alone - - some 2 million cubic yards - - could have built a wall 12 feet high and long enough to encircle the island of manhattan more than four times. matthew parker, author : this was far bigger locks than had ever been constructed before. and really it was about just doing everything much bigger. there were a couple of very clever ideas, one of which was to have the lock gates hollow and water tight, so therefore buoyant, which meant that far less of the weight had to be carried by the locks ' hinges. frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : although they were 80 - some feet high they were so precisely balanced that they could be operated by a single 40 - horse power motor. matthew parker, author : the whole operation was powered by electricity. and this was in very early days before many factories were electrified. and this electricity was generated nearby by water from the spillway, by hydroelectric, and this powered all of the systems that made the locks work. the locks were the mechanical marvel of the canal. narrator : \" these locks are more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49611255469175386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.129021"} {"text": "were electrified. and this electricity was generated nearby by water from the spillway, by hydroelectric, and this powered all of the systems that made the locks work. the locks were the mechanical marvel of the canal. narrator : \" these locks are more than just tons of concrete, \" said one observer. \" they are the answer of courage and faith to doubt and unbelief. in them are the blood and sinew of a great and hopeful nation, the fulfillment of ancient ideals and the promise of larger growth to come. \" in the spring of 1913, nine years almost to the day after the americans started work on the panama canal, they began, at last, to finish it. in may, steam shovels number 222 and 230 dumped their last loads and met in the center of culebra cut. in june, the last spillway at gatun dam was sealed, allowing the waters of gatun lake to rise to their full height. in august, the dikes at either end of the line were blown, and the oceans rushed inland to the gates of the locks. in september, the first trial lockage was made from the atlantic harbor at colon all the way up to the lake. by summer ' s end, there was only one remaining dry span in the channel - - the nine - mile stretch of culebra cut, and that was to be flooded on monday, october 10th. early that afternoon, a crowd began to gather at gamboa, on the edge of gatun lake - - workers and their families, visiting dignitaries from the united states, tourists from as far away as europe and east asia. at 2pm, in a stunt devised by a newspaperman, president woodrow wilson was scheduled to push a button at his desk in the white house, releasing by telegraph a current that would blow up the gamboa dike and send the waters of gatun lake rushing into the cut. rose van hardeveld ( carolyn mccormick ) : we could easily see the dike with men still working around it. not many yards to one side was the gash of the cut, not very deep here. the small waves lapped eagerly at the edge, as though the lake was also waiting to let go some of its overload of water. tension mounted \u2026 narrator : as jan van hardeveld put it to rose, the event would either be \" a historic success - - or a historic failure. no one knows. \" at gamboa, the clock struck two. rose van", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4565121063004703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.130002"} {"text": ". tension mounted \u2026 narrator : as jan van hardeveld put it to rose, the event would either be \" a historic success - - or a historic failure. no one knows. \" at gamboa, the clock struck two. rose van hardeveld ( carolyn mccormick ) : there was a reverent silence. no one spoke at all. there was a low rumble, a dull muffled b - o - o - m! a triple column shot high in the center, turned, and gracefully fell to both sides like a fountain. from the multitude came a spontaneous long, loud roar of such joy and relief that i felt sure i would remember the sound all my life. as the water poured out of the lake into the cut, hats came off. we saw jan and the engineer in charge of the cut shake hands. they were both crying. we were crying, too. narrator : the canal ' s official opening was scheduled for august 15th, 1914. twelve days before, a ship called the cristobal made a final practice run - - and became the first seagoing vessel ever to successfully cross from the atlantic ocean to the pacific through the panama canal. frederick e. allen, editor, american heritage : it ' s pretty amazing going through the locks. you nose forward into this space and then 26 million gallons of water pour by gravity through underground culverts into that lock and raise you up 30 feet or so. it ' s an amazing, beautiful, dramatic experience. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : when you ' re on the ship and you feel it rising up, you move and you feel it rising up, and you ' re witnessing what ' s happening. the ship climbing a mountain. i mean, that is mind - boggling. narrator : it had taken 10 years of ceaseless, grinding toil, an outlay of more than $ 350 million - - the largest single federal expenditure in history to that time - - and the loss of more than 5, 000 lives. but the successful completion of the panama canal had defined the united states to the world, and announced the arrival of a new power for the new century. jackson lears, historian : it was a symbol to americans. this is what american power, technological know - how, determination, managerial organization, all of those things that americans prided themselves on and still do to a certain extent, this is what it can do for the whole world. ovidio diaz espino, writer : after 500 years of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4622358235834212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.130910"} {"text": "how, determination, managerial organization, all of those things that americans prided themselves on and still do to a certain extent, this is what it can do for the whole world. ovidio diaz espino, writer : after 500 years of people dreaming, now it was done. the atlantic and pacific oceans were forever united. the united states was now firmly established as the most powerful nation on earth. matthew parker, author : it all occurred at such a pivotal moment in our history. the failure of the french effort was very much the sort of the dying gasp of the victorian age that had been dominated by europe. with the opening of the american canal, the power in the world had shifted irrevocably and the american century effectively could begin. narrator : though the panama canal was arguably his greatest legacy, theodore roosevelt never saw it once it was finished. an expedition to south america kept him from attending the canal ' s official opening, and he never again visited the isthmus. of the tens of thousands of west indians who had come to panama to build the canal, most simply returned home again, quite often with not much more money in their pockets than they ' d had when they left. marco a. mason, panamanian council of new york : the building of it was a harsh nightmare for the diggers, but it ' s one of the wonders of the world. and it ' s with pride that my grandfather and his contemporaries look across at that. knowing that it was one of the biggest enterprise that the world had ever seen, and that they have participated in that. they did it. narrator : for jan and rose van hardeveld, the years in panama had been an epic adventure. of all the americans who had been employed on the isthmus, jan was one of the very few who had been there since the beginning, and, as rose remembered, the award he ' d earned for long service, the roosevelt medal, was always in his pocket. sometimes, in the evening, she would find him staring off into the distance, turning the tiny scrap of metal over and over in his hand. jan van hardeveld ( josh hamilton ) : i couldn ' t help thinking of those who worked beside me who lost their lives. i thought of the many times when i nearly gave in to doubts that the canal could ever be completed, that it was ever meant to be. but most of all, i was remembering how my answer to my own doubts, every time, was my faith in my country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4531744821260425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.131844"} {"text": "what does dual core mean for you? with the advent of dual core, you may be wondering what happens to the single core pentium 4, xeon and pentium m processors. in the next year or so, intel will continue to sell all of them along with the new dual core chips, although intel does anticipate rapid growth for the dual core chips. it expects to be shipping dual core in more than 70 percent for its desktop and mobile pentium family and more than 85 percent for servers by the end of 2006. dual core isn ' t just a power - saving performance enhancement for processors. there are some definite usage scenarios where it will be the processor you want and in many cases, the processor you don ' t need to spend extra money on. much like a dual processor, each in its own socket on the same motherboard, dual core has two individual processors on the same processor die. performance increases come from multithreaded applications and multitasking usage. multithreaded applications run multiple processes at the same time. multitasking is when multiple applications are running at the same time. they can be single or multi - threaded apps. one example would be an anti - virus application running in the background while you use your word processor. more powerful multi - threading and tasking would, conceivably, allow end uses to run video encoding in the background and play an intense 3 - d game in the foreground. the catch is that application must be writtenor rewrittento take advantage of this performance boost. many common applications, such as microsoft office, can not take advantage of dual - core performance. other applications such as video encoders, photo editors like photoshop, and workstation applications are ready to use all that dual core has to offer. as dual core processors become more prevalent, you can expect multithreaded applications that are tuned to the new processors. those apps that are not multithreaded, but can get some performance gain from a dual core chip, will likely have multithreading capabilities added to their code. in the server space, where performance is at a premium, there are far more applications ready to take advantage of dual - core power. expect servers, and cpu intensive workstations, to quickly upgrade to the xeon dual core part when it becomes available. even with this added power, however, dual - core processors will not always be the best performing processors ( when looked at as individual cpus ). since our first sample is running at 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5011909991754866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.137118"} {"text": "to the xeon dual core part when it becomes available. even with this added power, however, dual - core processors will not always be the best performing processors ( when looked at as individual cpus ). since our first sample is running at 3. 2 ghz and intel is up to 3. 8 in their single core pentium 4, there will be many instances when the single core will outperform the dual core. but, if you need more performance with your multithreaded applications, or you want to run multiple applications simultaneously, then you ' ll want to check out extremetech. com ' s ( our deep technology site ) early, preview test results for the new dual - core cpu and come back later this week for our own benchmark results on the whitebox system intel sent us. here ' s a look at the processor intel sent in. pentium extreme edition 840 : 3. 2 ghz dual core processor 2mb l2 cache ( 1mb each core ) 800 mhz fsb intel em64t ( 64 bit technology ) execute disable bit for some antivirus protection built on 90 nm process technology die size : approx. 206 mm transistor count : approx. 230m here ' s summary of what the team at extremetech. com learned from their tests : extremetech ' s sysmark tests of the preview dual - core cpu showed the 3. 4ghz pentium ee 840 bested by the p4 ee 3. 73ghz part in the office productivity portion of the test. the internet content creation ( icc ) portion shows a different story. sysmark ' s icc routine tests multitasking by running video encoding, winzip, and virusscan in the background while other tasks run in the foreground. the test also includes a few multithreaded apps. the dual core part was able to flex its muscle here outscoring the higher clocked p4 ee. the gaming test showed, definitively, that, games are not multithreaded. the 840 performed slower than the faster - clocked p4 ee 3. 73ghz. when a program is coded for multithreading, as evinced by the lightwave 7. 5 render test, you can see that a dual core solution can pack a punch and beat faster clocked cpus. note that both processors support hyper - threading technology so that was not a differentiating factor here. the performance results show that for certain application mixes, and certain usage scenarios, dual core cpus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45579973394083445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.138518"} {"text": "creation / application sponsored by chinese garlic oil - glc trace. | peak number | | retention time ( min ) | | identity | | peak area ( % ) | | 2 | | 1. 442 | | allyl methyl sulphide | | 1. 3 | | 4 | | 3. 748 | | allyl methyl disulphide | | 5. 1 | | 7 | | 9. 258 | | structural isomers of diallyl disulphide analogue | | 3. 0 | | 9 | | 10. 707 | | allyl methyl trisulphide | | 10. 5 | | 12 | | 18. 747 | | allyl methyl tetrasulphide | | 0. 9 | 1 provided with the assistance of endeavour specialty chemicals. garlic is a fundamental ingredient in international cuisine. with its characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens when cooked, garlic adds a distinctive aroma to a variety of dishes. it is also thought to have a number of medicinal properties. this article examines garlic \u2019 s interesting history, its cultivation and usage in the essential oil industry. a species of the onion family, alliaceae, garlic \u2019 s ( allium sativum l. ) close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek and chive. a bulb of garlic, the most commonly used part of the plant, is divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves enclosed in a thin, white, mauve or purple skin. garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, but its origins continue to cause debate among horticulturists. while allium sativum is thought to have descended from the species allium longicuspis, which grows in south - west asia, one theory suggests that wild garlic was first domesticated in the kirgiz desert of southern siberia. furthermore, there is evidence that garlic was placed in ancient egyptian tombs as early as 5, 000 years ago \u2014 king tutenkhamen \u2019 s tomb was found to contain garlic. it also formed part of the diet of the israelites in egypt and of the laborers employed by khufu to construct the pyramids. the builders were often paid in fresh garlic, in part to maintain their strength and stamina. egyptian men were even reputed to chew on a clove after a night with a mistress so their wives would not smell a rival \u2019 s perfume. meanwhile, numerous references are made to garlic in chinese literature dating back to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48534352718388996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.145726"} {"text": "maintain their strength and stamina. egyptian men were even reputed to chew on a clove after a night with a mistress so their wives would not smell a rival \u2019 s perfume. meanwhile, numerous references are made to garlic in chinese literature dating back to 2000 bc. chinese sacrificial lambs were spiced with garlic to make them more appealing to the gods. it is also praised in ancient sanskrit writings. clearly, by 1500 bc, garlic was prevalent, having spread to virtually every civilization in europe, asia and north africa. garlic is perceived as a warm weather plant. indeed, it is easy to grow and can be cultivated all year round in mild climates. in cold climates, however, cloves can still be planted in the ground about six weeks before the soil freezes and harvested in late spring. interestingly, many varieties will not succeed unless they experience a cold winter. this characteristic proved useful for siberians during the last century as they could grow garlic and use it to pay their taxes. today, garlic is grown globally, but china is by far the largest producer, with approximately 10. 5 billion kilograms annually, accounting for over 77 % of world output. over 450 strains of garlic have been identified, including many different subspecies, most notably hardneck garlic and softneck garlic. it is crucial to select the right kind of garlic for each country \u2019 s latitude as garlic can be day - length sensitive. hardneck garlic is generally grown in cooler climates whereas the softneck variety is usually grown closer to the equator. garlic \u2019 s recognizable, powerful flavor is caused by phytochemicals which are produced when the plant \u2019 s cells are damaged. when a cell is broken by chopping, chewing or crushing, enzymes stored in cell vacuoles trigger the breakdown of several sulphur - containing compounds contained in the cell fluids. the resultant compounds create garlic \u2019 s sharp or hot taste and strong smell. some of these compounds are unstable and continue to evolve over time. among the members of the onion family, garlic has, by far, the highest concentrations of initial reaction products. this makes it much more potent than onions, shallots or leeks. garlic is widely used as a seasoning or condiment in many dishes around the world, including eastern asia, south asia, southern europe and parts of central and south america. the flavor, however, varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. it is also consumed directly in some cuisines. for example, in eastern europe, the shoots are picked and eaten as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4745377588099457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.146702"} {"text": "southern europe and parts of central and south america. the flavor, however, varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. it is also consumed directly in some cuisines. for example, in eastern europe, the shoots are picked and eaten as an appetizer, and elsewhere the young bulbs are pickled for three to six weeks in a mixture of sugar, salt and spices. to produce garlic essential oil, the crude garlic bulbs are cut into pieces and undergo a distillation process. after this process, the oil, with its higher density, partially separates automatically from the water. a centrifuge is applied to remove any further water present within the oil. the oil is then cleaned and filtered to achieve the required quality. table 1 and the glc trace ( figure 1 ) highlight the varying levels of the main components of chinese garlic oil. it can be seen that the oil contains particularly high levels of diallyl disulphide and diallyl trisulphide. these components give the oil its characteristic pungent garlic aroma. with its distinct aroma, garlic is considered one of the most essential ingredients in international cooking. its popularity has even led to dedicated garlic festivals in the united kingdom and the united states. clearly, these little bulbs, with their much debated and unusual history, offer a myriad of flavor opportunity and add an extra taste dimension to a wide range of food and beverage applications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47768518422751277, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.147251"} {"text": "- connected learners : teachers and learners of all ages are connecting more than ever. in 2013, we will see teachers expanding their personal learning networks ( pln ) using social media. they will be telling more stories and sharing their journeys as they personalize learning. learners will be using mobile devices for learning in and out of school. we will be seeing learners involved in more global collaborative projects in 2013. - mobile devices : when any learner uses a mobile device, it is personal. that is, unless the learning has been \" adapted \" to the learner by algorithms detecting performance and click rates. mobile devices provide the learner opportunities to access learning resources, but the learner need to understand how they learn best so they know which resources are the most appropriate for them. technology can support the learner but not lead the learner down paths that may not meet their learning goals. the learner needs to take responsibility for their learning so they drive it. not the technology driving their learning. more schools will be moving to byod ( bring your own device ) and changing aups to include the use of mobile devices. even the white house created a byod toolkit. we ' ll be writing more about how this impacts teaching and learning. - communities of practice : teachers are reaching out to connect with each other to talk about best practices. they discuss issues in their faculty rooms, halls, and at conferences. now they are joining online communities to share and learn from others around the world. we started a community of practice on personalized learning in linkedin that is growing daily with educators around the world. we are setting up communities of practice in my ecoach for schools and organizations who want to discuss, learn, and share ideas about personalizing learning in a private and secure area online. they also wanted a place to co - author lessons aligned to common core state standards and publish for their learners. we setup a community of practice for the state of iowa and look forward to some lively discussions there. we will see more communities of practices set up in 2013. - evidence of learning : assessment will look different in 2013. it will happen as learners are learning. they will be collecting evidence and reflecting on the evidence all along instead of waiting until a test. more schools will be moving to common core standards - based grading and using eportfolios. in some cases, learning will be competency - based where learners will demonstrate mastery using authentic assessment strategies instead of standardized tests. we plan to write more on competency - based approaches and share ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48984569419338103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.152877"} {"text": "- based grading and using eportfolios. in some cases, learning will be competency - based where learners will demonstrate mastery using authentic assessment strategies instead of standardized tests. we plan to write more on competency - based approaches and share eportfolios of teachers and learners. we predict assessment will be one of the biggest changes in education in 2013. look for more feedback loops, libraries of lessons, and eportfolios. - taking risks : teachers will have more flexibility in their schedules to try new strategies. administrators are changing how they do teacher evaluations and not basing evaluations only on test scores. we did this too long and it didn ' t work. we believe districts will take a stand on how important teachers are and the impact they make on children ' s lives. some teachers are flipping the classroom and spending more time in the classroom on real - world project work. we believe that more teachers will start flipping the learning so learners take charge of their learning. learners will be involved in designing their learning with teachers as partners in their learning. we will see more teachers being showcased, because they took risks and had the support they needed so each learner could reach their learning goals. we believe that 2013 will have some very exciting examples and models to share. - storytelling : it ' s really all about the stories. gillian locke, a senior in wisconsin, shared her story about having freedom to choose how she learns. here ' s a quote from her blog : \" every student is different, and each one needs different things. every school in the us has the potential to deliver personalized learning to each of its students - it will just take some creativity, some time, and some dedicated students, administrators, and teachers. \" - learner voice and choice : the expert learner has a voice and choice in their learning. they self - regulate and drive their learning. we know this takes time and developed the three stages of personalized learning. stage one is teacher - centered with learner voice and choice. moving from a traditional or legacy approach of teaching to encouraging learner ' s to have a voice in how they learn and a choice in how they express what they know is a huge culture shift for schools. because more teachers and learners will be more connected than ever, we will hear their voice. in 2013, look for more youtube channels of teachers with example lessons that include how learners have a voice and choice in their learning. - unpacking standards : common core state standards open doors to more creativity and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4861532475827378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.153893"} {"text": "ever, we will hear their voice. in 2013, look for more youtube channels of teachers with example lessons that include how learners have a voice and choice in their learning. - unpacking standards : common core state standards open doors to more creativity and flexibility in learning. more real - world connections make the standards more authentic for learners. we are also seeing this in standards from other countries : the uk, australia, canada and others. the world is getting smaller and flatter. learners want to own their learning very early and can do that by unpacking the standards with their teachers. it is time to bring back inquiry and encourage questions that have no right answers. we believe that in 2013 we will see lessons driven by questions that learners thought of that will blow your minds. children are amazing and it ' s time to give them responsibility for what they need to learn to meet their learning goals. - transforming learning environments : when teachers move to stage one personalized learning environments, they realize they are not the expert any more in the room. the environment of desks facing forward just doesn ' t work a work. kevin mclaughlin started personalizing learning one year ago and realized that to personalize learning, you need to allow the learners to move around, to interact with their peers, to sit anywhere with anyone, to use the floor space as well as a table and not to use groupings of any sort unless there is a specific reason for it. chris edwards saw how it worked for kevin and transformed his classroom of year 2 learners. he calls it \" messy learning. \" his story about getting lost in greenland is priceless. lisa welch and wanda richardson are kindergarten teachers in wisconsin as part of cesa # 1 who co - teach in a k - 2 team. they opened doors and created inviting and engaging environments. look for more stories in 2013 from cesa # 1 and other places around the world where they are transforming learning. - building a common language : over the past few years, we have been hearing about personalized learning with different definitions. is it about technology or not? we have a consensus from some of the leaders around the world who take a similar position that personalized learning is the umbrella or big picture that connects the dots. the dots are initiatives, programs, and methodologies a school or district are currently implementing. from the participants in our 5 w ' s of personalized learning ecourse, we now know that the most important piece is building a common language around personalized learning before you start transforming learning. we have seen districts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4846574637164648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.154945"} {"text": "hyperglycemia in dogs a dog with abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood is said to have hyperglycemia. a simple carbohydrate sugar that circulates in the blood, glucose is a major source of energy for the body, of which normal levels range between 75 - 120mg. insulin, a hormone that is produced and released by the pancreas into the bloodstream when glucose levels rise, plays a key role in maintaining normal sugar levels. low levels or absolute deficiency of insulin results in abnormally high blood sugar levels. some of the causes for hyperglycemia may be pancreatitis, and the resulting inability to produce insulin ; normally occurring hormones, especially in female dogs ; diet ; and infections of the body ( such as teeth, or urinary tract ). middle aged and older dogs are more at risk for developing hyperglycemia, and it is more common in female dogs than in males. any breed can be affected, but some smaller breeds appear to be more disposed, including beagles, cairn terriers, dachshunds, miniature poodles and schnauzers. symptoms and types clinical symptoms may vary depending on the underlying disease / condition. your dog may not be showing any serious symptoms, especially those if the increased sugar is thought to be temporary, hormonal, or stress induced hyperglycemia. some of the more common symptoms include : - increased thirst ( polydipsia ) - increased urination ( polyuria ) - weight loss - excessive hunger - bloodshot eyes ( due to inflamed blood vessels ) - liver enlargement - nerve damage in legs - severe depression ( in cases of very high blood sugar levels ) - non - healing wounds ; infection is increased as the excess sugar feeds fungal and bacterial invaders - tissue damage ( due to oxidizing [ burning ] effect of the excess sugar in the tissue ) other than high stress situations, harmful drug interactions ( such as with heartworm medication ), and intake of nutritional solutions containing high glucose, the following are potential causes to hyperglycemia : low glucose consumption within the body leading to high blood sugar levels - diabetes mellitus - acute pancreatitis - high progesterone levels - insufficient excretion of wastes by the kidneys high glucose production - pancreatic neoplasia - soon after taking meal - infections in the body can drive blood sugar levels high - dental infection - kidney infection - urinary tract infection a complete blood profile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45071247691748006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.159647"} {"text": "- health library - petmd u a perirenal pseudocyst is a condition in which fluid accumulates in a capsule surrounding the kidney, causing the kidney to enlarge. however, it is not technically a cyst because it lacks a true membrane covering. perirenal pseudocysts primarily affects mature male cats ( more than 8 years ) ; if found in young cats, it commonly affects only one kidney. although most cats with a perirenal pseudocyst have a nonpainful, enlarged abdomen, some may not display any symptoms ( asymptomatic ). in severe cases, symptoms of renal failure may manifest. although the exact cause of a perirenal pseudocyst is not completely understood, kidney tumors, surgeries involving the kidney, and certain types of injuries are thought to be factors for developing the capsule. you will need to give a thorough history of your cat \u2019 s health, including the onset and nature of the symptoms, to your veterinarian. he or she will then perform a complete physical examination, as well a biochemistry profile, urinalysis, and complete blood count ( cbc ) - - the results of which are normal unless severe renal insufficiency is present. imaging studies, including x - rays and ultrasounds, may identify which kidney is affected. additionally, a fluid sample from around the affected kidney may be taken for further evaluation. perirenal pseudocysts are usually not life - threatening and some cats need no treatment whatsoever. otherwise, the fluid is surgically drained from the capsule, especially when the cat ' s abdomen is distended. there are also forms of treatment when severe renal diseases are involved. regular follow - up examinations ( every two to six months ) are required to evaulate the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of the treatment. watch your cat for untoward symptoms, such as increased thirst ( polydipsia ), blood in urine ( hematuria ), and weight loss, and inform your veterinarian of them immediately, as they may be signs of renal failure. an in - depth examination of the properties of urine ; used to determine the presence or absence of illness the failure of the kidneys to perform their proper functions blood in the urine term used to refer to a condition of having a disease or affliction but not displaying symptoms of it. a medical condition involving excessive thirst", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44641235905296056, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.163330"} {"text": "no matter where dogs live, or how much time they spend indoors vs. outdoors, all dogs are at risk for potentially deadly heartworm disease. if you own a dog, know these important facts : \u2022 heartworm - infected dogs can spread infection via mosquitoes. \u2022 dogs have been diagnosed with heartworm disease in all 50 us states. 1 \u2022 at least 250, 000 dogs test positive for heartworm disease a year. 2 \u2022 treatment for heartworm disease is costly for owners and stressful for dogs. \u2022 untreated infections can lead to severe heart / lung / kidney disease \u2013 and even death. you can help protect your dog from the dangers of heartworm disease by using a monthly preventive, such as heartgard\u00ae plus ( ivermectin / pyrantel ) \u2014 the # 1 choice of veterinarians. 3 when given monthly, heartgard plus also treats and controls roundworms and hookworms. plus, it \u2019 s the only real beef chewable with the taste dogs prefer 37 to 1! 4 heartgard is well tolerated. all dogs should be tested for heartworm infection before starting a preventive program. following the use of heartgard plus, digestive and neurological side effects have rarely been reported. for more information, contact your veterinarian or visit www. heartgard. com. 2 estimated numbers based upon clinics reporting previous year data in both 2002 and 2005 for the ahs survey. 3 marketing dynamics ; monthly share report, vet dispensed treatments ; 02 / 01 / 08 ; data on file. 4 of dogs showing a preference in three studies conducted by independent investigators, dogs preferred heartgard plus over interceptor\u00ae ( milbemycin oxime ) flavor tabs\u00ae by a margin of 37 : 1 ; data on file at merial. \u00aeinterceptor is a registered trademark of the novartis corporation. \u00aeflavor tabs is a registered trademark of novartis ag. \u00a92008 merial limited. duluth, georgia. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3997677625785902, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.165289"} {"text": "water treatment services take place at a very large and small scale. on a larger scale, water treatment services involve filtering out unnecessary chemicals and toxins from a local area water supply. all major u. s. cities employ water treatment service plants to make water drinkable for residents. many major water sources are rivers and streams that can get filled with pollution. this isn ' t the only health concern when it comes to water supplies, though. literally tons of toxins can contaminate water, including dead animals, dirt, sewage, and a host of other unwanted materials. water that travels a long distance from its source to its final destination risks increased contamination with every mile, so it ' s easy to see why water must be treated before it can be used for public consumption. well water may have to be treated if the well becomes tainted in some way. companies that bottle water for retail sale or delivery often use water treatment services to improve the quality of their products. there are different kinds of water treatment services. your local treatment companies probably perform a variety of services for their clients. water that is too acidic must undergo a neutralization process to remove the sour taste and whatever chemical that ' s causing it. iron filtration removes sediment to improve taste and texture. purification is usually performed for taste reasons, but also to remove potentially harmful chemicals such as sulfates. local water treatment services often correct water pressure problems along with the other services they provide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45935154747209805, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.170745"} {"text": "a dog can accurately detect the early presence of lung cancer by sniffing patients \u2019 breath, doctors in germany say. while researchers have known for some time that dogs can sniff out the telltale signs of other forms of cancer, this is the first study that proves dogs can reliably smell this particular kind. this is a breakthrough for lung cancer researchers who have been trying to figure out if there are specific volatile organic compounds associated with the presence of the disease. the dog study suggests that there are. researchers at schillerhoehe hospital in germany worked with specially trained dogs who were asked to smell the breath of 220 volunteers. the group included healthy patients, as well as people with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the dogs correctly identified 71 positive lung cancer samples out of a possible 100, the researchers write in the european respiratory journal. they also correctly identified 372 non - cancerous samples out of a possible 400. what \u2019 s interesting about this is that the dogs were able to detect cancer even in the presence of other factors, like tobacco smoke and copd. current lab tests for lung cancer can ' t do this. this suggests that there is indeed a voc associated directly with lung cancer, which can be detected \u2014 at least by a dog \u2014 even in the presence of other compounds. vocs are emitted from the surface of cells as they undergo tumor - induced gene and protein changes. identifying the vocs that certain cells make can go a long way toward early diagnosis, when a scan might not be able to detect anything. other researchers have been working on lab chips that can make the same diagnosis, without using dogs. israeli researchers reported last year that their gold nanoparticle e - nose could differentiate among lung, breast, prostate and colon cancer \u2014 by differentiating among the vocs. but as we \u2019 ve seen before, sometimes dogs are simply the best sniffing technology out there. the defense department figured this out after spending billions of dollars on research. this new study suggests that doctors may be learning the same thing. the incredible innovations, like drone swarms and perpetual flight, bringing aviation into the world of tomorrow. plus : today ' s greatest sci - fi writers predict the future, the science behind the summer ' s biggest blockbusters, a doctor who - themed diy ' bot, the organs you can do without, and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47511046031711357, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.178679"} {"text": "expert gardeners know that gardening is more than simply planting seeds in dirt and providing water and sunshine. a crucial part of getting food to grow abundantly is to nourish your soil so that it is healthy and fertile. one of the best ways to get better soil is to add compost to it. compost is a rich, dark material that you can make for free using kitchen and yard scraps and regularly maintaining it. of course, many of you know what composting is but have yet to try it because it sounds like a big undertaking or you think you probably don \u2019 t have the time for the upkeep. maybe you just don \u2019 t aspire to be an expert gardener but simply a pretty good one. composting doesn \u2019 t have to be time - consuming or lifestyle - altering, and the benefits you will reap from it in your gardening will make you wonder what \u2019 s taken you so long to get started. if you have time for a garden, you probably have time for a compost pile. here is why every gardener needs to compost : 1. adding compost to dirt creates nutrient - rich soil, which in turn grows more produce. 2. compost added to soil increases water retention. this means you don \u2019 t have to water as frequently or as much, which makes gardening more efficient. 3. adding compost increases beneficial microorganisms in your soil, resulting in healthier plants because more good bugs means fewer bad ones. 4. compost in soil improves soil structure. soil is softer and more workable, making it easier for plants to root deeply. 5. composting keeps unnecessary waste out of landfills. for further convincing, here \u2019 s my personal testimonial. when in full bloom, our garden looks like one you might find in wonderland or willy wonka \u2019 s back yard. everything is oversized, richly colored, and pulsing with life. it astonishes me every single year how quickly and effortlessly things seem to grow there. here \u2019 s why : my husband makes it an art form to cultivate soil that is as healthy and fertile as the garden of eden by maintaining our compost pile and adding it to our dirt regularly. how to get started you don \u2019 t have to make it a big project to start a compost pile. simply follow these steps and reap the rewards. 1. designate a place for your compost pile. most experts say to start with a 4 by 4 by 4 space so that it is big", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3842560284129066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.184774"} {"text": "it a big project to start a compost pile. simply follow these steps and reap the rewards. 1. designate a place for your compost pile. most experts say to start with a 4 by 4 by 4 space so that it is big enough to generate some heat and keep vital processes working. your compost pile doesn \u2019 t have to be enclosed, but it can be, especially if you plan to compost through the winter. 2. begin saving kitchen scraps, yard waste, newspapers, etc. we keep an old cookie tin outside our door so that whenever we have vegetable scraps to get rid of, we can just toss them in there. when it gets full, we add it to the compost pile. when you add your scraps to the pile, you can mix them in or layer them. experiment a little and see what works best for you. the basic mix of an ideal compost pile is about a 30 : 1 ratio of carbon to nitrogen. this is achieved by adding both what we call \u201c brown \u201d materials and \u201c green \u201d materials to the pile. brown materials are materials that contain a lot of carbon. these include dried leaves, dead plants, straw, hay, egg shells, shredded paper, cardboard, small twigs, pine needles, peat moss, and sawdust. green materials contain more nitrogen and include grass and other green plants, hair, manure, and fruit and vegetable scraps. many beginning composters worry about having exact amounts of carbon and nitrogen, but it \u2019 s not necessary to get hung up on the proportions. just be sure you are adding both green and brown materials, and you should have what you need. one word of caution : make sure any wood added to the pile has not been treated chemically, grass has not been sprayed, and food scraps do not have oil on them. all of these things will be detrimental to a healthy compost pile. 3. maintain your pile. your goal with your compost pile is to enable the aerobic decomposition processes to work without stopping, allowing the microorganisms to break down your materials and turn them into compost. you do this by keeping the pile moist, aerated, and full of a good mixture of carbon and nitrogen. keep your pile moist but not soggy. loosely cover it with a tarp or other covering if you live in a very rainy area or if you live in a very hot, dry area. you may need to water it regularly to keep it moist. you want its moisture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4012308687746493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.185758"} {"text": "not soggy. loosely cover it with a tarp or other covering if you live in a very rainy area or if you live in a very hot, dry area. you may need to water it regularly to keep it moist. you want its moisture level to resemble a wrung - out sponge. give your pile plenty of air circulation. you can do this by laying down a few layers of bulky materials like wood chips to create air pockets, poking holes in the pile, and turning it regularly, which will all ensure that oxygen reaches the center of the pile. when a compost pile is getting enough oxygen, it is able to decompose efficiently. a few signs that decomposition is happening as it should are that your pile has an earthy, not a stinky, smell and that it is warm to the touch. if your pile feels cold or starts to have a foul smell, the aerobic processes are not happening as they should. you may just need to turn it more frequently, dry it out, or add some more green materials. usually the more frequently you turn your pile, the quicker it will be ready for use. some experts will tell you to turn it as much as every few days, and some will say as rarely as once a month. again, do your own experimenting and see what gives you the most success. 4. add the completed compost to your garden when it is ready. work compost into the top six inches of your garden soil to give it the nourishment it needs. how will you know when your compost is ready to be added to the garden? when it looks pretty uniformly dark and crumbly and you can \u2019 t see the original ingredients you put into it, it \u2019 s a pretty safe bet your compost is ready. you can also seal some in a plastic bag for a day or two and then check to see if it is stinky after that time. if not, it \u2019 s ready. if you are attempting to maintain a compost pile and are having trouble with any aspect of it, you may want to check out this excellent article for troubleshooting help. composting may initially seem like more work than you want to devote to your gardening, but once you get started, you will see that it doesn \u2019 t take much time, and any work you do will be worth it. with your freshly - made compost added in, your garden will go from a patch of dirt to a wildly productive gardening plot.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.37461036669006675, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.186954"} {"text": "relentlessly, the wide health gap between different groups of people living in britain continues to get even wider. this book presents new evidence ( which was not available to the government ' s independent inquiry into inequalities in health ) on the size of the gap, and the extent to which the gap is widening. in particular, new geographical data are presented and displayed in striking graphical form. it challenges whether the government is concerned enough about reducing inequalities and highlights the living conditions of the million people living in the least healthy areas in britain. it presents explanations for the widening health gap, and addresses the implications of this major social problem. in the light of this evidence the authors put forward social policies which will reduce the health gap in the future. the widening gap synthesises all the information available to date and should be read alongside the report of the evidence presented to the independent inquiry into inequalities in health ( inequalities in health, the policy press, 1999 ) and by all those concerned with reducing health inequalities. studies in poverty, inequality and social exclusion seriesseries editor : david gordon, director, townsend centre for international poverty research. poverty, inequality and social exclusion remain the most fundamental problems that humanity faces in the 21st century. this exciting series, published in association with the townsend centre for international poverty research at the university of bristol, aims to make cutting - edge poverty related research more widely available. for other titles in this series, please follow the series link from the main catalogue page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5114772907065979, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.190661"} {"text": "in a linux operating system based computer, directories, blocks, sockets, files, and other items are referred by their corresponding file descriptors. file descriptor is one of the significant data structures of linux operating system. it is very essential for the file descriptor to be consistent for proper working of your system. in case it is damaged, you can not access your precious data from the disk and face severe data loss situations. in such cases, you need to opt for linux data recovery solutions. if you encounter any error from your system related to file descriptor corruption, it can be due to corruption to the linux file system. file system corruption is a major reason of data loss and cause serious problems for you. for a practical instance of this problem with your linux system, you may encounter the following error message when you attempt to access data from your linux hard drive - \u201c bad file descriptor \u201d the above error may also occur while booting your system or mounting a hard drive volume. it renders your precious data inaccessible. at this point, you need to find out the root of this problem and fix it using < a href = \" http : / / recover - deleted - linux - data. data - recovery - linux. com / \" > linux data recovery < / a > solutions. grounds of the problem - you may encounter this behavior of linux operating system due to any of the following reasons - linux uses / dev / null file that removes all data, which is written to the file after reporting that write process is completed successfully. you might encounter the file description problems if the file is deleted. if this error occurs while accessing any file from the hard drive, it can be due to corrupt disk blocks or file system corruption. try using the below methods to sort out this issue - to fix overwritten or deleted / dev / null file problems, you are required to replace the file with suitable inode. run fsck command on the affected linux hard drive to resolve file system inconsistency and hard drive integrity issues. before you run this command, file system must be un - mounted and system must be running in single - user mode. restore data from the most recent backup. it is an efficient ext3 recovery solution to get your precious data back. if none of the above methods work, use third - party linux recovery software to perform data recovery linux. the applications are capable of retrieving your significant data in all data loss situations. was this article helpful? don ' t forget", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49434034438049895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.200500"} {"text": "students will soon find fewer hot dogs and more apples and broccoli on their school lunch menus thanks to new federal nutrition guidelines announced wednesday. the new meal requirements will raise standards for the first time in more than 15 years and will help improve the health and nutrition of nearly 32 million kids that participate in school meal programs every school day. \u201c when we send our kids to school, we expect that they won \u2019 t be eating the kind of fatty, salty, sugary foods that we try to keep them from eating at home, \u201d said first lady michelle obama in a news release announcing the improvements. \u201c we want the food they get at school to be the same kind of food we would serve at our own kitchen tables. \u201d the first lady unveiled the changes with u. s. department of agriculture secretary tom vilsack while visiting with students at an alexandria, va., elementary school. according to the secretary \u2019 s post on the usda blog, the new guidelines will ensure students are offered both fruits and vegetables every day of the week ; substantially increase offerings of whole grain - rich foods ; limit milk offerings to only fat - free or low - fat varieties ; limit calories ; and reduce the amounts of saturated fat, trans fats and sodium. the healthier meal requirements are a key component of the healthy, hunger - free kids act of 2010, which was championed by the first lady as part of her let \u2019 s move campaign and other health advocates, including apha. the changes will be phased in over the next three years starting in the fall. you can view a sample menu before and after the changes here. would you eat from this menu?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36968983203403116, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.204029"} {"text": "country of origin : there are four closely related breeds of belgian shepherd collectively referred to as \u2018 chien de berger belge \u2019, which were classified as independent breeds in 1891. all are herding and guard dogs, and are primarily distinguished by their appearances : the malinois has short hair, the laekenois ( not currently recognized by the american kennel club ) has wiry hair, the groenendael ( also known simply as the \u2018 belgian shepherd \u2019 ) has long, black hair, and the tervuren has long hair of any other color. the malinois derives its name from the belgian city of mechelen, where it was developed. it is the most popular variety in belgium, and has become the world \u2019 s most popular police dog, including use by the israeli defense forces. it is increasing in popularity as a pet in america, but is most commonly used for sports and service. size : the belgian malinois has a shoulder height of 58 - 64 cm ( 23 - 25 in ) and weighs 18 - 34 kg ( 40 - 75 lbs ). it has a flat skull, almond shaped eyes, a moderate stop ( point at which the muzzle meets the forehead ) and triangular, erect ears. belgian shepherds have a flat back, curved tail, and small, round \u2018 cat feet \u2019. they are muscular and lithe with square - proportioned bodies. coat : the belgian malinois has a short brown, grey or fawn coat with possible black - tipped hairs. it has a black mask and ears and a lighter underside. the belgian malinois should not be brindle ( alternating stripes of color ). belgian malinois shed heavily once or twice a year. character : the belgian malinois is energetic, lively and eager to work. it is bred for intelligence and awareness of its surroundings. belgian malinois require frequent face time and playtime with their master. they tend to bond very strongly with one person. belgian malinois can develop phobias of certain objects or locations as puppies, but usually grow out of it by adulthood. temperament : the belgian malinois should be socialized as a puppy if it is to live with other dogs or pets. it is shy around strangers, but gets along well with children. it has high socialization and activity requirements, making it less than ideal for those unwilling or unable to invest significant time. care : belgian malinois require brushing and combing twice weekly, more often when shedding. excessive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43739021057285565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.207979"} {"text": "along well with children. it has high socialization and activity requirements, making it less than ideal for those unwilling or unable to invest significant time. care : belgian malinois require brushing and combing twice weekly, more often when shedding. excessive brushing or combing can damage the undercoat. belgian malinois have a long life span of 11 - 13 years. they have similar health problems as other breeds, but are particularly susceptible to epileptic seizures. training : the belgian malinois should be trained gently, but with determination. belgian malinois are highly adverse to harsh treatment ; hitting or yelling at them will only have negative effects. best results are achieved through awards - based training methods. belgian malinois require mental stimulation, so training should not be overly repetitive. obedience and sport - specific training ( such as tracking or dog agility ) will reap great benefits and allow the belgian malinois to realize its full potential. activity : the belgian malinois needs a sufficient amount of outdoor exercise every day, including a long jog or walk and active playtime in the yard. belgian malinois thrive on mental stimulation, and will enjoy a complex game or sports training session even more than a simple round of catch. belgian malinois puppies for sale puppies for sale - shipped worldwide! finding the right belgian malinois puppy can be dog gone hard work. puppyfind\u00ae provides a convenient and efficient means of selecting and purchasing the perfect belgian malinois puppy ( or belgian malinois puppies ) from the comfort of your home, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. take advantage of our puppysearch or leisurely browse our directory of hundreds of dog breeds, belgian malinois dog breeders, belgian malinois dogs for adoption, and belgian malinois puppy for sale listings with photos and detailed descriptions. some belgian malinois puppies for sale may be shipped worldwide and include crate and veterinarian checkup. many belgian malinois dog breeders with puppies for sale also offer a health guarantee. with thousands of belgian malinois puppies for sale and hundreds of belgian malinois dog breeders, you ' re sure to find the perfect belgian malinois puppy. start your search for the perfect belgian malinois puppy popular dog breeds american pit bull terrier, cavalier king charles spaniel, chesapeake bay retriever, english springer spaniel, german shepherd dog, german shorthaired pointer, jack russell terrier, pembroke welsh corgi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4243242975871494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.210907"} {"text": "what is ubiquinol? ubiquinol is a compound naturally formed in the body that plays a key role in the conversion of the food you eat into energy. * * it is responsible for the energy production that occurs in the mitochondria, the engine of the cell. that means it is particularly important in parts of the body that use a lot of energy, like your heart, vital organs and muscles. * * why should i take ubiquinol? the body \u2019 s production of ubiquinol can decline due to a number of factors, including aging. blood levels of ubiquinol decline, and with the years can fall dramatically to levels where proper production of energy is compromised. what is the difference between ubiquinol and coenzyme q - 10? ubiquinol and coenzyme q - 10 are two versions of the same molecule and both function in the production of energy ; however, taking the ubiquinol version is beneficial for a number of reasons. first, it is the already active, preferred form in the blood, meaning that the body has to work less hard to utilize it and can transport it faster than coenzyme q - 10. second, it is better absorbed than coenzyme q - 10. third, unlike coenzyme q - 10, ubiquinol acts as an antioxidant in areas of the body where most other antioxidants do not, including in the mitochondria, which produces lots of free radicals. ubiquinol is the \u201c next generation \u201d coenzyme q - 10. i \u2019 ve heard that people taking statin medications to lower cholesterol should also take ubiquinol. is this true? statin medications are so effective because they shut off the body \u2019 s production of cholesterol. unfortunately, they also shut off the production of coenzyme q - 10 / ubiquinol. therefore those on statin medications long term often become deficient. this is why many doctors are recommending that ubiquinol be taken in conjunction with statins. how much ubiquinol should i take? a higher level ( 200 - 300 mg ) may be used for the first 3 weeks to bring the body up to speed and then the daily amount can be reduced to 100 - 200 mg per day. always consult a healthcare practitioner when adding ubiquinol to your regimen, particularly if you are also taking medications. the structure function claims made on this website have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5361477067105697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.213818"} {"text": "nearly a quarter of ethnic chinese have a tiny genetic variant that boosts sixfold their risk of falling gravely ill when infected with flu, a study published on tuesday said. researchers in china and britain looked at chinese hospital data from the 2009 - 2010 pandemic of h1n1 influenza. patients who had the minute variant were six times likelier to be treated for severe infection compared with patients who had a different genetic type, they found. the variation focuses on just a single change in the code of a key gene in the immune system. the ifitm3 gene \u2014 for \u201c interferon - induced transmembrane protein - 3 \u2033 \u2014 determines how cells fight the influenza virus. the single code change is called rs12252, and it comes in three variants, also called genotypes : cc, ct and tt. around 24 percent of han chinese have the cc genotype, but their numbers were disproportionately high among those who were badly affected by flu, the investigators learned. among those who were treated for serious symptoms and whose genetic code had been sequenced, 59 percent had the cc genotype. \u201c the cc genotype was estimated to confer a sixfold greater risk for severe infection than the ct and tt genotypes, \u201d said the paper, appearing in the journal nature communications. risk of dying from flu is also \u201c probably \u201d higher for the cc genotype although the probe did not specifically address this question, said andrew mcmichael, who partnered tao dong at the university of oxford in the british side of the investigation. between 25 and 50 percent of cases of severe infection required assisted breathing, he noted in an email exchange with afp. the vulnerability of the cc genotype also probably applies to all strains of the flu virus, and not just h1n1, said mcmichael. only 0. 03 percent of northern europeans have the cc variant, and they too are disproportionately more at risk than other genotypes. this sub - group accounted for 5. 3 percent of hospital admissions for all strains of flu, previous research has found. the study calls for urgent work to see whether genetic screening could be useful for chinese, or other asians, who could be most at risk. \u201c it might help at the time of admission to hospital to help predict the course of infection and therefore treatment, but this needs to be assessed very carefully by our chinese colleagues in future studies, \u201d said mcmichael.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4701347970965786, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.216574"} {"text": "gingivitis survives by manipulating immune system new research published in the journal of leukocyte biology suggests that porphyromonas gingivalis causes excess il - 10 production, which inhibits the immune cells interferon gamma leading to infection a new research report published in the journal of leukocyte biology shows how the bacteria known for causing gum disease \u2013 porphyromonas gingivalis \u2013 manipulates the body \u2019 s immune system to disable normal processes that would otherwise destroy it. specifically, the report shows that this pathogen prompts the production of the anti - inflammatory molecule interleukin - 10 ( il - 10 ). this, in turn, inhibits the function of t - cells, which would otherwise help to protect the host from this particular microbial infection. \u201c since greater than 50 percent of the u. s. population over 50 years - of - age develop adult periodontal disease, we hope that the results of our study will ultimately help in the development of novel treatments that could prevent or ameliorate the chronic infection caused by the pathogen p. gingivalis, \u2019 \u201d said jannet katz, d. d. s., ph. d., a researcher involved in the work from the department of pediatric dentistry at the university of alabama in birmingham. to make this discovery, scientists used cells from mice that were exposed to p. gingivalis. one portion of the cells was treated with an inhibiting antibody against il - 10 and the other portion of cells was not treated. all of the cells were then tested for interferon gamma production. an increase of interferon gamma production was seen in the treated cells, but no increase was found in the untreated cells. these findings suggest that the damage done by p. gingivalis happens when the immune cells of the host are first exposed to this pathogen, and further implies that for treatment to be successful, it must be started as early as possible. this study highlights the mechanism by which p. gingivalis can establish a chronic infection in the form of periodontal disease and provides insight into how the disease develops. results also demonstrate the importance of very early intervention either by eradication of the bacterium with specifically designed therapeutics or by prevention via the development of an effective vaccine. \u201c gum diseases and the infections that cause them can be incredibly stubborn and difficult to treat, \u201d said john wherry, ph. d., deputy editor of the journal of leukocyte", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4740799826151904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.220711"} {"text": "fruits are classified according to the arrangement from which they derive. there are four types \u2014 simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory fruits. simple fruits develop from a single ovary of a single flower and may be fleshy or dry. principal fleshy fruit types are the berry, in which the entire pericarp is soft and pulpy ( e. g., the grape, tomato, banana, pepo, hesperidium, and blueberry ) and the drupe, in which the outer layers may be pulpy, fibrous, or leathery and the endocarp hardens into a pit or stone enclosing one or more seeds ( e. g., the peach, cherry, olive, coconut, and walnut ). the name fruit is often applied loosely to all edible plant products and specifically to the fleshy fruits, some of which ( e. g., eggplant, tomatoes, and squash ) are commonly called vegetables. dry fruits are divided into those whose hard or papery shells split open to release the mature seed ( dehiscent fruits ) and those that do not split ( indehiscent fruits ). among the dehiscent fruits are the legume ( e. g., the pod of the pea and bean ), which splits at both edges, and the follicle, which splits on only one side ( e. g., milkweed and larkspur ) ; others include the dry fruits of the poppy, snapdragon, lily, and mustard. indehiscent fruits include the single - seeded achene of the buttercup and the composite flowers ; the caryopsis ( grain ) ; the nut ( e. g., acorn and hazelnut ) ; and the fruits of the carrot and parsnip ( not to be confused with their edible fleshy roots ). an aggregate fruit ( e. g., blackberry and raspberry ) consists of a mass of small drupes ( drupelets ), each of which developed from a separate ovary of a single flower. a multiple fruit ( e. g., pineapple and mulberry ) develops from the ovaries of many flowers growing in a cluster. accessory fruits contain tissue derived from plant parts other than the ovary ; the strawberry is actually a number of tiny achenes ( miscalled seeds ) outside a central pulpy pith that is the enlarged receptacle or base of the flower. the core of the pineapple is also recept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48085859954132026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.246354"} {"text": "the ovary ; the strawberry is actually a number of tiny achenes ( miscalled seeds ) outside a central pulpy pith that is the enlarged receptacle or base of the flower. the core of the pineapple is also receptacle ( stem ) tissue. the best - known accessory fruit is the pome ( e. g., apple and pear ), in which the fleshy edible portion is swollen stem tissue and the true fruit is the central core. the skin of the banana is also stem tissue, as is the rind of the pepo ( berrylike fruit ) of the squash, cucumber, and melon. the structure of a fruit often facilitates the dispersal of its seeds. the \" wings \" of the maple, elm, and ailanthus fruits and the \" parachutes \" of the dandelion and the thistle are blown by the wind ; burdock, cocklebur, and carrot fruits have barbs or hooks that cling to fur and clothing ; and the buoyant coconut may float thousands of miles from its parent tree. some fruits ( e. g., witch hazel and violet ) explode at maturity, scattering their seeds. a common method of dispersion is through the feces of animals that eat fleshy fruits containing seeds covered by indigestible coats. fruit in which the outer layer is a thin skin, the middle layer is thick and usually fleshy ( though sometimes tough, as in the almond, or fibrous, as in the coconut ), and the inner layer ( the pit ) is hard and stony. within the pit is usually one seed. in aggregate fruits such as the raspberry and blackberry ( which are not true berries ), many small drupes are clumped together. other representative drupes are the cherry, peach, mango, olive, and walnut. learn more about drupe with a free trial on britannica. com. edible fruit of the vine actinidia chinensis ( family actinidiaceae ), native to mainland china and the island of taiwan and grown commercially in new zealand and california. it became popular in the nouvelle cuisine of the 1970s. it has a slightly acid taste and is high in vitamin c. kiwi can be eaten raw or cooked, and the juice is sometimes used as a meat tenderizer. learn more about kiwi fruit with a free trial on britannica. com. organic compound, one of the simple sugars ( monosaccharides", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.480696387015461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.247325"} {"text": "be eaten raw or cooked, and the juice is sometimes used as a meat tenderizer. learn more about kiwi fruit with a free trial on britannica. com. organic compound, one of the simple sugars ( monosaccharides ), chemical formula c6h12o6. it occurs in fruits, honey, syrups ( especially corn syrup ), and certain vegetables, usually along with its isomer glucose. fructose and glucose are the components of the disaccharide sucrose ( table sugar ) ; hydrolysis of sucrose yields invert sugar, a 50 : 50 mixture of fructose and glucose. the sweetest of the common sugars, fructose is used in foods and medicines. learn more about fructose with a free trial on britannica. com. fruit fly ( trypetidae ) learn more about fruit fly with a free trial on britannica. com. any of numerous tropical old world bats in the family pteropodidae as well as several species of herbivorous new world bats. old world fruit bats are widely distributed from africa to south asia and australasia. most species rely on vision rather than on echolocation to avoid obstacles. some species are solitary, some gregarious ; most roost in the open in trees, though some inhabit caves, rocks, or buildings. some are red or yellow, and some are striped or spotted. they eat fruit or flowers ( including pollen and nectar ). the smallest species in the family, the long - tongued fruit bats, reach a head and body length of about 2. 5 in. ( 6 \u2013 7 cm ) and a wingspan of about 10 in. ( 25 cm ). the same family contains the largest of all bats, the flying foxes, which attain lengths up to 16 in. ( 40 cm ) and a wingspan of 5 ft ( 1. 5 m ). new world fruit bats are generally smaller and make use of echolocation. they are found in the tropics, with many species belonging to the genera artibeus and sturnira. learn more about fruit bat with a free trial on britannica. com. in its strict botanical sense, the fleshy or dry ripened ovary ( enlarged portion of the pistil ) of a flowering plant, enclosing the seed or seeds. apricots, bananas, and grapes, as well as bean pods, corn grains, tomatoes, cucumbers, and ( in their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4516554699692169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.248234"} {"text": "( enlarged portion of the pistil ) of a flowering plant, enclosing the seed or seeds. apricots, bananas, and grapes, as well as bean pods, corn grains, tomatoes, cucumbers, and ( in their shells ) acorns and almonds, are all technically fruits. popularly, the term is restricted to the ripened ovaries that are sweet and either succulent or pulpy. the principal botanical purpose of the fruit is to protect and spread the seed. there are two broad categories of fruit : fleshy and dry. fleshy fruits include berries, such as tomatoes, oranges, and cherries, which consist entirely of succulent tissue ; aggregate fruits, including blackberries and strawberries, which form from a single flower with many pistils, each of which develops into fruitlets ; and multiple fruits, such as pineapples and mulberries, which develop from the mature ovaries of an entire inflorescence. dry fruits include the legumes, cereal grains, capsules, and nuts. fruits are important sources of dietary fiber and vitamins ( especially vitamin c ). they can be eaten fresh ; processed into juices, jams, and jellies ; or preserved by dehydration, canning, fermentation, and pickling. learn more about fruit with a free trial on britannica. com. fruit fly ( ceratitis capitata ) proven to be particularly destructive to citrus crops, at great economic cost. the med fly lays up to 500 eggs in citrus fruits ( except lemons and sour limes ), and the larvae tunnel into the fruit, making it unfit for human consumption. because of this pest, quarantine laws regulating fruit importation have been enacted worldwide. learn more about mediterranean fruit fly with a free trial on britannica. com. the term fruit has different meanings dependent on context, and the term is not synonymous in food preparation and biology. in botany, which is the scientific study of plants, fruits are the ripened ovaries of flowering plants. in many plant species, the fruit includes the ripened ovary and surrounding tissues. fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds, and the presence of seeds indicates that a structure is most likely a fruit, though not all seeds come from fruits. no single terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. the term ' false fruit ' ( pseudocarp, accessory fruit ) is sometimes applied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248449386618087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.249142"} {"text": "indicates that a structure is most likely a fruit, though not all seeds come from fruits. no single terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. the term ' false fruit ' ( pseudocarp, accessory fruit ) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig ( a multiple - accessory fruit ; see below ) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry - like, fleshy cones. the term \" fruit \" has also been inaccurately applied to the seed - containing female cones of many conifers. a fruit is a ripened ovary. inside the ovary is one or more ovules ( eggs ). the ovules are fertilized in a process that starts with pollination, which is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma of flowers. after pollination, a tube grows from the pollen through the stigma into the ovary to the ovule and sperm are transferred from the pollen to the ovule, when the sperm enters the nucleus of the ovule and the endosperm mother cell, the fertilization process is completed. as the developing seeds mature, the ovary begins to ripen. the ovules develop into seeds and the ovary wall, the pericarp, may become fleshy ( as in berries or drupes ), or form a hard outer covering ( as in nuts ). in some cases, the sepals, petals and / or stamens and style of the flower fall off. fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. in some multiseeded fruits, the extent to which the flesh develops is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules. the wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. the pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp ( outer layer - also called epicarp ), mesocarp ( middle layer ), and endocarp ( inner layer ). in some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower ( such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens ), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. the plant hormone ethylene causes ripening. when such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257755509656952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.249997"} {"text": "they are not. in the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or indian mulberry ( morinda citrifolia ) can be observed on a single branch. first an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. after fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they become connate ( merge ) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet. there are also many dry multiple fruits, e. g. | true berry | | pepo | | hesperidium | | false berry ( epigynous ) | | aggregate fruit | | multiple fruit | | other accessory fruit | | blackcurrant, redcurrant, gooseberry, tomato, eggplant, guava, lucuma, chili pepper, pomegranate, avocado, kiwifruit, grape, | | pumpkin, gourd, cucumber, melon | | orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit | | banana, cranberry, blueberry | | blackberry, raspberry, boysenberry, hedge apple | | pineapple, fig, mulberry | | apple, apricot, peach, cherry, green bean, sunflower seed, strawberry | seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits. some cultivars of citrus fruits ( especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges ), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. in some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus ; bananas and pineapples do not. seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization. some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs, feathers or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant. the sweet flesh of many fruits is \" deliberately \" appealing to animals, so that the seeds held within are eaten and \" unwitting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.471463239987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.251978"} {"text": ", feathers or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant. the sweet flesh of many fruits is \" deliberately \" appealing to animals, so that the seeds held within are eaten and \" unwittingly \" carried away and deposited at a distance from the parent. likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of nuts are appealing to rodents ( such as squirrels ) who hoard them in the soil in order to avoid starving during the winter, thus giving those seeds that remain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant away from their parent. other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades, e. g. maple, tuliptree and elm. this is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent via wind. other wind - dispersed fruit have tiny parachutes, e. g. dandelion and salsify. many hundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits like apple, peach, pear, kiwifruit, watermelon and mango are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves. fruits are also in manufactured foods like cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. many fruits are used to make beverages, such as fruit juices ( orange juice, apple juice, grape juice, etc ) or alcoholic beverages, such as wine or brandy. apples are often used to make vinegar. many vegetables are botanical fruits, including tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, okra, squash, pumpkin, green bean, cucumber and zucchini. olive fruit is pressed for olive oil. spices like vanilla, paprika, allspice and black pepper are derived from berries. fruits of opium poppy are the source of the drugs opium and morphine. osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches. bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles. many fruits provide natural dyes, e. g. walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry. dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes. pumpkins are carved into jack - o ' - lanterns for halloween. the spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of velcro. coir is a fibre from the fruit of coconut that is used for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107198597522407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.253012"} {"text": "are carved into jack - o ' - lanterns for halloween. the spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of velcro. coir is a fibre from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants. the shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses. | country | | production ( int $ 1000 ) | | footnote | | production ( mt ) | | footnote | | no symbol = official figure, f = fao estimate, * = unofficial figure, c = calculated figure ; | production in int $ 1000 have been calculated based on 1999 - 2001 international prices source : food and agricultural organization of united nations : economic and social department : the statistical division | country | | production ( int $ 1000 ) | | footnote | | production ( mt ) | | footnote | | no symbol = official figure, f = fao estimate, * = unofficial figure, c = calculated figure ; | production in int $ 1000 have been calculated based on 1999 - 2001 international prices source : and agricultural organization of united nations : economic and social department : the statistical division fruit snacks harvest bountiful sales : nutritional claims, flavor, form and popular licensing tie - ins have propelled fruit snack sales. ( special report : fruit snack report ). sep 01, 2002 ; fruit snacks are in demand among kids and adults, suppliers say, based on product claims of convenience, nutrition and...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45560088208445043, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.253734"} {"text": "uqalurait : an oral history of nunavut. compiled and edited by john bennett and susan rowley. mcgill - queen ' s university press, 2004. reviewed by lawrence millman the inuit once had a use for literally everything in their immediate environment. i ' ve heard elders talk about using a decoction of dog urine to cure a persistent cough, the skins of mice as a cure for boils, and the deposits at the bottom of a kudliq lamp as a cure for vomiting. likewise, i ' ve seen inuit scrape the intestine of a walrus until it ' s more or less translucent, and then use it as a window - pane in an iglu. for better or worse, white man ' s material culture is now the material culture of choice for the inuit. thus if an inuk develops a bad cough nowadays, he ' ll reach for the robitussin rather than the dog urine. what survives is oral lore, albeit oral lore transmitted to books rather than to the indifferent sensibilities of younger inuit. uqalurait : an oral history of nunavut uses quotes from some three hundred elders to document inuit traditional knowledge. touching on everything from pregnancy taboos to starvation cuisine, from star lore to food sharing lore, and from skin preparation to sledge building, it is by far the most comprehensive compilation of inuit oral lore ever put together. indeed, there ' s scarcely an aspect of inuit life that it doesn ' t seem to cover. still, this isn ' t the definitive book that many of us had hoped for. the annotations provided by the editors are at best sketchy and at worst non - existent. consider simon taipana ' s description of an event in the coppermine region : a group of marauding dene descend on an inuit camp and kill all but one person. could this be the \" bloody falls massacre \" that samuel hearne made famous? the editors do not offer an answer. nor do they say anything about the tunit, who may or may not have been the dorset people, although there ' s a whole chapter of tunit stories in the book. even worse, there ' s an entire region - - sanikiluaq ( the belcher islands ) - - that ' s neither mentioned or shown on any of the book ' s maps. for a volume that purports to be all - inclusive, this is unforgivable, especially since that region ' s inhabitants, the qikitarm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503632949241412, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.260766"} {"text": "plan an event museum & science center plan a visit scout info / registration classes & workshops departments & staff cumming nature center museum & planetarium cumming nature center rmsc programs at your school become a member about the museum location and map museum & science center howard wilson coles for nearly a century ( 1903 \u2013 1996 ), howard wilson coles studied and recorded our culture, and was an outspoken conscience of the community. a man who acted not for personal gain, but for causes he believed were right and just, coles both chronicled and shaped us. yet unlike his hero, frederick douglass, his name is not well known to many today. coles sprang from the tradition of rochester inventors personified by industrialists like george eastman, edward bausch and joseph wilson ( a personal friend ), and social reformers susan b. anthony and frederick douglass. born in a time characterized by pervasive prejudice and discrimination toward african americans, coles envisioned a future with equal opportunities for all, and then dedicated his life to making that vision a reality. coles accomplished a great deal in his 93 years. his record of achievements includes : groundbreaking print and broadcast journalist howard coles founded and then for more than 60 years published the frederick douglass voice newspaper ( 1934 - 1996 ), giving voice to the concerns and interests of rochester ' s african americans. it became the longest continuously published african - american newspaper in rochester history. in 1938, wsay hired coles as rochester ' s first african - american radio announcer. he opened doors for other african americans into the field of broadcast journalism. historian and author decades ahead of his time, coles realized how important and empowering it was for african americans to have accurate knowledge of their cultural heritage. in 1941, he wrote and published the cradle of freedom, a scholarly history of african americans in western new york. he later wrote an unpublished second volume, the negro family in rochester. an expert on the life and writings of frederick douglass, coles re - established rochester ' s annual douglass day celebrations and added a negro exposition of progress. in 1939, coles produced the first survey of african - american housing conditions in the state. after the depression of the 1930s, coles surveyed local african americans to learn how they had fared. he produced the city directory of negro business and progress, 1939 - 40, and showed that despite setbacks, progress continued to be made. after investigating and reporting problems, coles became an agent for change. he became a real estate agent and helped buyers get loans from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4456521897851719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.267609"} {"text": "directory of negro business and progress, 1939 - 40, and showed that despite setbacks, progress continued to be made. after investigating and reporting problems, coles became an agent for change. he became a real estate agent and helped buyers get loans from local banks where they had been discriminated against. he was particularly successful in improving the substandard housing conditions imposed on many african americans in the city and in area migrant farm camps. he ran for public office to \" plant the seeds of the idea that these sorts of things weren ' t unattainable even to blacks. \" he called upon african americans to patronize black - owned businesses and african - american professionals. coles said he never passed up an opportunity to \" spread the word, \" and he was a frequent and eloquent public speaker. following the rochester riots of 1964, coles helped organize the fight ( freedom, integration, god, honor, today ) organization and draft its constitution. he also helped establish action for a better community, an antipoverty agency, to serve rochester and monroe county. howard coles served as the first local president of both the national negro congress and the national association for the advancement of colored people. coles ' career as a trailblazer did not yield monetary rewards nor make his name a household word. yet those who knew his work expressed their appreciation with heartfelt testimonials and, toward the end of his life, official recognition. he was on a first - name basis with presidents roosevelt, johnson and nixon. he received numerous awards and honors, including nomination for the naacp spingarn medal which recognizes the highest achievement by an african american. coles had a long relationship with the rmsc as a consulting historian. he was awarded status as an rmsc fellow in local history in 1988. the 1996 rmsc publication, images : \" afro - rochester \" 1910 - 1935 is dedicated to him. coles coined the phrase \" afro - rochester \" in the 1930s. in 1996, the new york state division of human rights awarded coles the loftus c. carson human rights award for dedication to the advancement of human rights. rochester ' s mayor william johnson, 10 ministers and his granddaughter, shelaine lockhart peters, eloquently eulogized howard coles during the funeral ceremony at mt. olivet baptist church, december 16, 1996. rev. leardrew johnson quoted a powerful scripture to encapsulate the feelings of all who knew mr. coles and his work when he proclaimed :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4235370421614549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.268551"} {"text": "so this gets complicated. here is a good link explaining some of the differences between rating systems. par watts is a good way of measuring how much radiative energy is being produced in the relevant wavelengths per plant. you can figure it by taking the raw bulb spectrum and weighting it by the par plot i linked above. the problem with this is that the response from a plant from a high vs. low energy photon ( for example, blue vs. red ) is often the same. the reason this is so is because a fixed energy input is required for a particular chemical process to occur, and all excess energy is wasted, converted into heat, luminescence, or other modes of energy. an analogy would be me vs. fdd or browndirtwarrior stepping up to that thing at the carnival where you hit the target with the hammer, and it runs up the pole toward the bell. say the bell is low enough that i can hit it. then it doesn ' t matter if fdd or bdw can hit the target harder - we all make the bell ding - and the fact that they hit it harder might make the bell ring louder or the thing come harder back down the pole. all that matters in the end is that the bell dinged. i am red light, and the other two are, say, blue light. the reason that this skews par watts is that watts is a unit based on energy. so, if we look at the par based on quantum efficiency ( % absorbed / used photons vs. photons striking the plant ), the white line here, and find that i ' m 680nm ( red ), the others are 440nm ( blue ), but that we have the same quantum efficiency, what does that mean? it means that we induce the same average number of chemical reactions per photon, or dings per swing in our analogy. when you calculate par watts, however, it tells a different story. since light ' s energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, the blue light has more energy. to be precise, it is in our case 680 / 440 = 1. 54 x as much energy as the red light. this means that when computing par watts, the blue photon counts 1. 5x as much as the red one, despite the fact that they induce the same reaction. by looking at the par plot, however, you can see that most red light is roughly 2x as efficient, so this is partially compensated for. these differences,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6000515153180508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.273183"} {"text": "as much as the red one, despite the fact that they induce the same reaction. by looking at the par plot, however, you can see that most red light is roughly 2x as efficient, so this is partially compensated for. these differences, however, have led others to compute the meaningful radiation in terms of pff - photosynthetic photon flux - the number of photons that are meaningful. this eliminates the aforementioned efficiency complications. anyway, it ' s complicated, but par watts are not an altogether bad way to measure the amount of meaningful light. i ' ll convert those spectra to par watts if i get around to it... or blazed enough. the one really useful thing pur can account for, however, is that some plants max out in certain energies. so even if green has 10 % efficiency, a plant can only use so much of it per unit area and then it doesn ' t give a crap. otherwise, you could just load up on a billion green lights and still grow great pot. until pur spectra are available for cannabis, it ' s not practically useful. in addition, this method of rating lights was introduced back in 78 in one research paper. if i had a dollar for every scientist in my field who wanted to reformulate their own definition for the problem they ' re addressing - complete with their own fancy acronym that they ' d like to see catch on - i \" d have a secretary typing this for me. for the most part, i ' m finding that it ' s used by the government for development of leds ( as reported by the commercial vendor below ), but being championed by the company that makes purple bulbs. besides that, there really isn ' t much information on it at all. no wiki = no cookie. i think that with the basics and common sense - don ' t try to overcome spectral limitations with raw power - par ' s about as good as pur. this question cannot be answered meaningfully without more information - how big, what kind of growth you want... why you would only grow one plant? i would assume when someone says ' the least ' they are concerned about spending a few bucks on light. i cannot really identify with that being my primary concern, as opposed to, say, rate and quality of plant growth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5633752796741727, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.274046"} {"text": "the california nitrogen assessment team visits dairies turlock, ca dairies share knowledge, experience. california dairies have a lot of cows. therefore, they also have a lot of cow urine and feces to deal with. how this nitrogen - rich waste is managed can have a lot of impacts on how nitrogen moves around and through the dairy. there are general principles to manure management, but on - dairy specifics may vary. members of the california nitrogen assessment team visited two large dairies in turlock, calif., to learn more about how those dairies, and dairymen generally, are managing their manure. most dairies use their waste as a source of fertilizer for the corn they grow to feed their cows, and sometimes as fertilizer for other crops like almonds. it ' s a closed - loop cycle in theory, but there are leakages of nitrogen at points in the cycle, and these leakages are the source of many of the environmental and health impacts of nitrogen. by talking with dairy producers about how they handle the flows of manure on their farm the california nitrogen assessment team will be able to provide a fuller picture of the best practices and technologies for nutrient management on dairies. we also spoke with dairy producers about the dairy general order, which requires them to implement specific tracking mechanisms about how much nitrogen they are applying to field, and, by 2012, will require them to use a apply a specific amount of nitrogen to the fields of crops they are raising around their dairies. the california nitrogen assessment team plans to visit more producers of various california crops this fall. go to our stakeholders page to see a map of where we have visited so far. we posted a bunch of photos from our dairy trip on facebook. check them out!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43149954347341135, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.278588"} {"text": "feb. 9, 2010 the benefits of marijuana in tempering or reversing the effects of alzheimer ' s disease have been challenged in a new study by researchers at the university of british columbia and vancouver coastal health research institute. the findings, published in the current issue of the journal current alzheimer research, could lower expectations about the benefits of medical marijuana in combating various cognitive diseases and help redirect future research to more promising therapeutics. previous studies using animal models showed that hu210, a synthetic form of the compounds found in marijuana, reduced the toxicity of plaques and promoted the growth of new neurons. those studies used rats carrying amyloid protein, the toxin that forms plaques in the brains of alzheimer ' s victims. the new study, led by dr. weihong song, canada research chair in alzheimer ' s disease and a professor of psychiatry in the ubc faculty of medicine, was the first to test those findings using mice carrying human genetic mutations that cause alzheimer ' s disease - - widely considered to be a more accurate model for the disease in humans. \" as scientists, we begin every study hoping to be able to confirm beneficial effects of potential therapies, and we hoped to confirm this for the use of medical marijuana in treating alzheimer ' s disease, \" says song, a member of the brain research centre at ubc and vch research institute and director of townsend family laboratories at ubc. \" but we didn ' t see any benefit at all. instead, our study pointed to some detrimental effects. \" over a period of several weeks, some of the alzheimer ' s - afflicted mice were given varying doses of hu210 - - also known as cannabinoids - - which is 100 to 800 times more potent than the marijuana compounds. their memory was then tested. the mice treated with hu210 did no better than untreated mice, with those given low doses of hu210 performing the worst. the researchers also found that hu210 - treated mice had just as much plaque formation and the same density of neurons as the control group. the group given higher doses actually had fewer brain cells. \" our study shows that hu210 has no biological or behavioural effect on the established alzheimer ' s disease model, \" says song, the jack brown and family professor and chair in alzheimer ' s disease. \" more studies should be done before we place much hope in marijuana ' s benefits for alzheimer ' s patients. \" alzheimer ' s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.487067337142556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.304060"} {"text": "dec. 19, 2012 an international team of astronomers led by the university of hertfordshire has discovered that tau ceti, one of the closest and most sun - like stars, may host five planets - - with one in the star ' s habitable zone. at a distance of twelve light years and visible with the naked eye in the evening sky, tau ceti is the closest single star that has the same spectral classification as our sun. its five planets are estimated to have masses between two and six times the mass of earth - - making it the lowest - mass planetary system yet detected. one of the planets lies in the habitable zone of the star and has a mass around five times that of earth, making it the smallest planet found to be orbiting in the habitable zone of any sun - like star. the international team of astronomers, from the uk, chile, the usa, and australia, combined more than six - thousand observations from three different instruments and intensively modelled the data. using new techniques, the team has found a method to detect signals half the size previously thought possible. this greatly improves the sensitivity of searches for small planets and suggests that tau ceti is not a lone star but has a planetary system. mikko tuomi, from the university of hertfordshire and the first author of the paper, said : \" we pioneered new data modelling techniques by adding artificial signals to the data and testing our recovery of the signals with a variety of different approaches. this significantly improved our noise modelling techniques and increased our ability to find low mass planets. \" \" we chose tau ceti for this noise modelling study because we had thought it contained no signals. and as it is so bright and similar to our sun it is an ideal benchmark system to test out our methods for the detection of small planets, \" commented hugh jones from the university of hertfordshire. james jenkins, universidad de chile and visiting fellow at the university of hertfordshire, explained : \" tau ceti is one of our nearest cosmic neighbours and so bright that we may be able to study the atmospheres of these planets in the not too distant future. planetary systems found around nearby stars close to our sun indicate that these systems are common in our milky way galaxy. \" over 800 planets have been discovered orbiting other worlds, but planets in orbit around the nearest sun - like stars are particularly valuable. steve vogt from university of california santa cruz said : \" this discovery is in keeping with our emerging view that virtually every star has planets, and that the galaxy must have many such potentially habitable earth - sized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46769446800234804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.335594"} {"text": "sun - like stars are particularly valuable. steve vogt from university of california santa cruz said : \" this discovery is in keeping with our emerging view that virtually every star has planets, and that the galaxy must have many such potentially habitable earth - sized planets. they are everywhere, even right next door! we are now beginning to understand that nature seems to overwhelmingly prefer systems that have a multiple planets with orbits of less than one hundred days. this is quite unlike our own solar system where there is nothing with an orbit inside that of mercury. so our solar system is, in some sense, a bit of a freak and not the most typical kind of system that nature cooks up. \" \" as we stare the night sky, it is worth contemplating that there may well be more planets out there than there are stars \u2026 some fraction of which may well be habitable, \" remarked chris tinney from the university of new south wales. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - m. tuomi, h. r. a. jones, j. s. jenkins, c. g. tinney, r. p. butler, s. s. vogt, j. r. barnes, r. a. wittenmyer, s. o ' toole, j. horner, j. bailey, b. d. carter, d. j. wright, g. s. salter, d. pinfield. signals embedded in the radial velocity noise. periodic variations in the tau ceti velocities. astronomy & astrophysics, 2012 ; doi : 10. 1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201220509 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018432995506104, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.338073"} {"text": "feb. 19, 2013 species facing widespread and rapid environmental changes can sometimes evolve quickly enough to dodge the extinction bullet. populations of disease - causing bacteria evolve, for example, as doctors flood their \" environment, \" the human body, with antibiotics. insects, animals and plants can make evolutionary adaptations in response to pesticides, heavy metals and overfishing. previous studies have shown that the more gradual the change, the better the chances for \" evolutionary rescue \" - - the process of mutations occurring fast enough to allow a population to avoid extinction in changing environments. one obvious reason is that more individuals remain alive when change is gradual or moderate, meaning there are more opportunities for a winning mutation to emerge. now university of washington biologists using populations of microorganisms have shed light for the first time on a second reason. they found that the mutation that wins the race in the harshest environment is often dependent on a \" relay team \" of other mutations that came before, mutations that emerge only as conditions worsen at gradual and moderate rates. without the winners from those first \" legs \" of the survival race, it ' s unlikely there will even be a runner in the anchor position when conditions become extreme. \" that ' s a problem given the number of factors on the planet being changed with unprecedented rapidity under the banner of climate change and other human - caused changes, \" said benjamin kerr, uw assistant professor of biology. kerr is corresponding author of a paper in the advance online edition of nature the week of feb. 9. unless a species can relocate or its members already have a bit of flexibility to alter their behavior or physiology, the only option is to evolve or die in the face of challenging environmental conditions, said lead author haley lindsey of seattle, a former lab member. other co - authors are jenna gallie, now with eth zurich, the swiss federal institute of technology, and susan taylor of seattle. the species studied was escherichia coli, or e. coli, a bacterium commonly found in the lower intestine and harmless except for certain strains that cause food - poisoning sickness and death in humans. the uw researchers evolved hundreds of populations of e. coli under environments made ever more stressful by the addition of an antibiotic that cripples and kills the bacterium. the antibiotic was ramped up at gradual, moderate and rapid rates. mutations at known genes confer protection to the drug. researchers examined these genes in surviving populations from gradual - and moderate - rate environments, and found multiple mutations. using genetic engineering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004850147195803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.389256"} {"text": "the antibiotic was ramped up at gradual, moderate and rapid rates. mutations at known genes confer protection to the drug. researchers examined these genes in surviving populations from gradual - and moderate - rate environments, and found multiple mutations. using genetic engineering, the scientists pulled out each mutation to see what protectiveness it provided on its own. they found some were only advantageous at the lower concentration of the drug and unable to save the population at the highest concentrations. but those mutations \" predispose the lineage to gain other mutations that allow it to escape extinction at high stress, \" the authors wrote. \" that two - step path leading to the double mutant is not available if a population is immersed abruptly into the high - concentration environment, \" kerr said. for populations in that situation, there were only single mutations that gave protection against the antibiotic. \" the rate of environmental deterioration can qualitatively affect evolutionary trajectories, \" the authors wrote. \" in our system, we find that rapid environmental change closes off paths that are accessible under gradual change. \" the work was funded by the national science foundation, including money through the consortium known as the beacon center for the study of evolution in action, and uw royalty research funds. the findings have implications for those concerned about antibiotic - resistant organisms as well as those considering the effects of climate and global change, kerr said. for instance, antibiotics found at very low concentrations in industrial and agricultural waste run - off might be evolutionarily priming bacterial populations to become drug resistant even at high doses. as for populations threatened by human - caused climate change, \" our study does suggest that there is genuine reason to worry about unusually high rates of environmental change, \" the authors wrote. \" as the rate of environmental deterioration increases, there can be pronounced increases in the rate of extinction. \" other social bookmarking and sharing tools : - haley a. lindsey, jenna gallie, susan taylor, benjamin kerr. evolutionary rescue from extinction is contingent on a lower rate of environmental change. nature, 2013 ; doi : 10. 1038 / nature11879 note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48902626029200263, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.396902"} {"text": "to decipher the code of autism, researchers are also looking outside of the asd patient community to other developmental and social disorders. one of the few rare mutations that cropped up in some autistic children in the studies were extra copies of 7q11. 23 ( shorthand for denoting the positions, or loci, of the genes on the chromosome \u2014 in this case on the long arm, or \" q, \" of chromosome 7 ). as several of the research teams pointed out, deletion of this region has been implicated in williams - beuren syndrome ( wbs ), a disease that tends to make people especially gregarious, empathetic and social. \" there ' s clearly something in that small region \u2014 of 25 or so genes \u2014 that ' s having a significant impact of social interactions, \" state says. \" within that relatively very small region in the genome there are going to be keys to studying neurology and social development. \" mutations at other regions of the genome did crop up more than once in the study group. and a copy error at 7q11. 23 or other loci did not necessarily translate into similar levels of iq or developmental disability in different patients. hence, factors other than errors at these loci must also be playing a role in the manifestation of asd. rather than wait for additional genome scans to turn up more potential mutations, however, many research teams are already creating models of how these mutations might impact neurological development. although such model building might seem premature given the ever - changing genetic terrain of the disease, \" having a way to begin to interrelate them might actually help to study them, \" says huda zoghbi, of the department of molecular and human genetics of baylor college of medicine, who co - authored an analysis of the three neuron studies published online today. so rather than get mired in finding each possible gene, she says, it makes sense to \" go back and forth between the genetics and the functional studies. \" finding the function \u2014 and dysfunction vitkup and his team conducted just such a functional, model - based approach. their paper, published online in the same issue of neuron, looked closely at the location and likely effects of the mutations among families that have only one asd child. by figuring out which genes communicate with each other, he says, you can \" see if mutations try to disrupt genes that are next to each other, \" and thus what common pathway different mutations might be messing up. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5321831234105916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.415429"} {"text": "only one asd child. by figuring out which genes communicate with each other, he says, you can \" see if mutations try to disrupt genes that are next to each other, \" and thus what common pathway different mutations might be messing up. he likens it to a hunt for a criminal that might be committing robberies in different states but with the same modus operandi, perhaps choosing similar targets each time. with a little computer - assisted detective work he and his team found one cluster of pathways that many of the errant genes seemed to be interrupting. and it turned out to be a crucial cluster, involved in synaptic development and the movement of neurons in the young, developing brain. as neurons branch out to form connections, if some pathways are disrupted, the connections can become abnormal. in a sample of about a dozen cases, vitkup says, most of the patients had disruptions that would encourage an overabundance of particular neuronal connections. such a pattern provides evidence for the excess of connections in autistic children producing the opposite behavior pattern from wbs, whose patients have fewer than normal connections. but, he says, the jump from genetic mutations to social skills is difficult. nevertheless, that mutations implicated in asd would be linked to this sort of neuronal network \" is logical by the phenotype, \" vitkup says. and for future studies and diagnoses, he says, it \" can help because we can now look to see if there is a new mutation somewhere in the genome and we can see how close \u2014 or how related \u2014 the new mutation is to our cluster. \" he and his team currently have several dozen genes mapped into their network, but he expects the list to grow to as many as 500 in the next few years as more individuals with asd are included in these studies and as sequencing technology improves. and there might well turn out to be other key clusters of pathways that are discovered, which will have an entirely different list of implicated genetic mutations, vitkup says. zoghbi and her team, whose work published online june 8 in science translational medicine, have gone through much of the same data to find patterns in the types of proteins that these rare mutations might be affecting. a new genetic mutation can change the way proteins are made \u2014 they might be made incorrectly, too often or not at all. \" this can have a domino effect on many other proteins that could affect how a neuron talks to another neuron, \" z", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5267991111452529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.419598"} {"text": "light work : eight lasers constructed from inexpensive silicon reside in this chip made by intel. the coherent light beams could lead to ultrafast computer circuitry that transmits data optically. image : paul sakuma ap photo scientists have long sought to build lasers from silicon. such an advance would enable engineers to incorporate both electronic and optical devices onto cheap silicon chips rather than being compelled to employ costly - to - make lasers based on \" exotic \" semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide. silicon lasers could lead to affordable light - based systems that harness photons instead of electrons to shuttle huge amounts of data swiftly - - at multigigabit - per - second rates. two research groups, one at the university of california at los angeles and the other at intel corporation, have recently reported success in making silicon emit continuous laser light. this much anticipated feat came despite silicon ' s dogged resistance to serving as a lasing medium. in a good lasing material, electrons that are pumped up with energy release that energy in the form of coherent photons of light. in silicon, however, excited electrons are more likely to vibrate, thus generating heat instead. \" there have been many attempts, but no one had been able to get silicon to lase before now, \" notes bahram jalali, the physicist who led the u. c. l. a. team. jalali and his group solved the problem last fall by making clever use of some of the very vibrations that undermined silicon ' s suitability for lasers in the first place. in particular, they focused on the raman effect, a process in which the wavelength of light lengthens after it scatters off atomic vibrations. the u. c. l. a. researchers matched the scattered light with the pump energy from another laser in a way that created constructive feedback, resulting in a net amplification of light. intel reported its own success in creating a silicon raman laser several months afterward. the chipmaker ' s scientists fed light from a separate laser into a waveguide ( or light pipe ) - - basically an s - shaped ridge the engineers sculpted onto a 15 - millimeter - square silicon chip - - and raman laser light emerged. naturally, the task was not that easy. the power of a silicon raman laser typically hits a limit as photons sporadically collide with silicon atoms and release free electrons. \" unfortunately, the free electron cloud absorbs and scatters light, so you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6044756025304983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.430547"} {"text": "task was not that easy. the power of a silicon raman laser typically hits a limit as photons sporadically collide with silicon atoms and release free electrons. \" unfortunately, the free electron cloud absorbs and scatters light, so you get diminishing returns as you pump the device harder, \" explains mario paniccia, director of intel ' s photonics technology laboratory. the team therefore positioned two electrodes on either side of the waveguide, forming a kind of diode. \" placing a voltage across the diode sucks the free electrons away like a vacuum cleaner, \" he says, and thus keeps the light flowing through the chip. \" this and related research should lead to many useful applications, \" says philippe m. fauchet, an electrical and computer engineer at the university of rochester. a laser beam generated continuously through silicon could overcome cost and size limitations in lasers that could be used in surgical procedures, for example. the technology could also detect tiny amounts of chemicals in the environment, jam the sensors of heat - seeking missiles or enable high - bandwidth ( high - capacity ) optical communications. looking a bit farther afield, paniccia believes that the new laser technology could serve as a building block for high - bandwidth photonic devices constructed almost entirely of inexpensive silicon in existing semiconductor foundry and micromachining facilities. \" we ' ve already developed the other necessary components of such a system, \" including fast modulators ( optical encoders ), light guides and photodetectors, he notes. of course, many in the industry hope that this technology will eventually lead to fully optical computers - - superspeedy digital systems in which photons rather than electrons serve as 0s and 1s. paniccia is certainly optimistic about the recent progress : \" this work constitutes not only a scientific breakthrough but also a psychological one, because nobody thought it could be done. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6148880396299838, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.490835"} {"text": "anti - lock braking sensors the role of the abs is to control the wheel speed in order to prevent the wheels from locking and to assure a maximum braking force. this is of major importance when the runway is slippery or very short. wheel moment of inertia, rotational wheel speed, friction coefficient, wheel radius normal force per wheel friction force, aircraft speed figure 1b : are analogous to the above vehicle wheel shown. forces acting on a braked wheel are shown in fig1b. the abs commands the brake pressure as a function of the difference between the measured and the reference wheel speed. the latter is calculated from the measured aircraft speed and the desired wheel slips, using equation. at the moment, when the pilot pushes the brake pedal the brake pressure and the wheel slip increase provoking a ground force between tyre and runway. assuming the case of full braking, the abs will control the wheel speed to its reference value. to achieve a maximum braking force the reference slip should be chosen close to the optimum slip. however, when the pressure level in the brakes becomes too high, the wheel slip slides beyond the optimum of the adhesion curve and the system tyre / runway becomes instable. the slope of u ( s ) being negative, the wheel immediately starts to lock. in this case, the abs rapidly releases the brake pressure to force the wheel speed back to the stable side of the adhesion curve. in fact, this situation occurs, when either the desired slip s, has been chosen on the instable side of the friction characteristic, or when a sudden change in ground force is encountered ( e. g. a transition from a dry to a wet runway surface ). the principle problem in abs design is that the optimum slip and the exact shape of the adhesion characteristic depend on the runway surface and further parameters, which cannot be measured, such as the condition of the tyres or the dynamics of the normal forces. bearing in mind that the optimum slip value may vary between 3 % and 20 %, it is clear that the choice of the reference slip value is crucial for a safe and efficient abs. if it is too small the braking force might become insufficient, if it is too high, wheel lockup occurs. recently there has been a growing interest in intelligent control techniques for the design of aircraft and road vehicle antilock brake systems ( abs ). in particular, rule - based, fuzzy logic controllers have been applied to this problem and successfully tested in simulation. in fact, the use of non - linear, fuzzy control techniques appears to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.494582893365805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.635369"} {"text": "of aircraft and road vehicle antilock brake systems ( abs ). in particular, rule - based, fuzzy logic controllers have been applied to this problem and successfully tested in simulation. in fact, the use of non - linear, fuzzy control techniques appears to be particularly appropriate for the abs control problem because of the high non - linearity of the system and the lack of a precise physical model of the friction force between tyre and runway. in addition to that, the controller must operate at an unstable equilibrium point to achieve an optimal braking performance. the most important problem in abs control design - fuzzy or conventional - is that the optimum adhesion coefficient varies significantly with the surface condition ( i. e. dry, wet, icy, etc. ) of the runway. because the latter is unknown, it is extremely difficult to define a controller that guaranties an optimal braking performance for all types of runway conditions. you may also like this : i - vtec, micro air vehicles, pistonless pump, multi air engine, six stroke engine, solar cars, thermo acoustic refrigeration, biodeisel, digital twin spark ignition, nano enabled coating makes aircraft invisible, automatic transmission in cars, nitro shock absorbers, hypercar, 3d machine vision systems, geothermal energy, cryogenic heat treatment, next generation 2 - stroke engine, microturbines, next generation engines, tidal energy, air craft hydraulic system, cruise missile technology, camless engine, automatic vehicle locator, autonomous car, solar energy through solar space stations, anti - lock braking sensors, air muscles, skybus technology, scramjet engine, pollution less engine, paper battery, nano ic engine, liquid nitrogen, gasoline direct injection, emulsified ethanol, direct injection diesel engine, vehicle dynamics, valvetronics, tidal power, hovercraft, infrared curing and convection curing, aeroplane propulsion system, running gearing, fuel energizer, gps and applications, selective laser sintering, agile manufacturing, cryocar, cylinder deactivation, mechanical seminar reports, ppt and pdf.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.535302995640107, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.640637"} {"text": "view full version : what ' s the difference between model and store? 1 sep 2012, 7 : 06 pm i ' m new to extjs. i wonder what the difference between model and store is. when to use model, and when to use store? i thought the model is the schema, and the store is the data itself. but it seems not a right concept... using sql terminology : a model is like a schema. an instance of a model ( record ) is like a row. a store is like a table. 2 sep 2012, 11 : 26 pm you have to see the store as a collection of data resulting from a specific query, while the model will be the definition of your data fields types 3 sep 2012, 12 : 39 am a model contains : associations - allowing you to associate other data stores with this model proxy - to get your data to - from localstorage or server can be used without a store for instance to load and save a form with a single record. a store contains : sorters - to sort your data filters - to sort your data group - ers - to group your data used for grids, xtemplate generated views, charts and other visualisations. * * note you can also put fields : and data : and proxy into a store and have it configured inline so no need for a model, but this is usually not used... why not go to the fast track course and get up to speed in a week! ; - ) powered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4. 1. 5 copyright \u00a9 2013 vbulletin solutions, inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5329729110639523, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.646120"} {"text": "an atrial myxoma is a noncancerous tumor in the upper left or right side of the heart. it grows on the wall that separates the two sides of the heart. this wall is called the atrial septum. causes, incidence, and risk factors a myxoma is a primary heart ( cardiac ) tumor. this means that the tumor started within the heart. most heart tumors start somewhere else. primary cardiac tumors are rare. myxomas are the most common type of these rare tumors. about 75 % of myxomas occur in the left atrium of the heart, usually beginning in the wall that divides the two upper chambers of the heart. the rest are in the right atrium. right atrial myxomas are sometimes associated with tricuspid stenosis and atrial fibrillation. myxomas are more common in women. about 1 in 10 myxomas are passed down through families ( inherited ). such tumors are called familial myxomas. they tend to occur in more than one part of the heart at a time, and often cause symptoms at a younger age. symptoms may occur at any time, but most often they go along with a change in body position. the doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam and listen to your heart using a tool called a stethoscope. abnormal heart sounds or a murmur may be heard. these sounds may change when you change body position. surgery is needed to remove the tumor. some patients will also need their mitral valve replaced. this can be done during the same surgery. myxomas may come back if surgery did not remove all of the tumor cells. although a myxoma is not cancer, complications are common. untreated, a myxoma can lead to an embolism ( tumor cells breaking off and traveling with the bloodstream ), which can block blood flow or cause the tumor to grow in another part of the body. pieces of the tumor can move to the brain, eye, or limbs. if the tumor grows inside the heart, it can block blood flow. this may require emergency surgery to prevent sudden death. mcmanus b. primary tumors of the heart. in : bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, libby p, eds. braunwald ' s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap74. mckenna w. diseases of the myocardium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4823931079738586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.652113"} {"text": "age spots, also referred to as liver spots, become more common with age, but they \u2019 re more related to sun exposure than they are a direct consequence of aging. older people who have protected their skin from the sun by wearing sunscreen and protective clothing are less likely to experience age spots, although most people after a certain age will have at least a few of these pigmented lesions on their hands or face. they typically look like small spots on the skin and are brown in color because they \u2019 re made up of melanin, the pigment that gives skin and hair its color. sun exposure is the number one cause of these spots. when skin is repeatedly exposed to ultraviolet rays from the sun, more melanin is produced. age spots are nothing more than clumps of pigment. as might be expected, they \u2019 re more common on areas of the skin that are exposed to direct sunlight such as the face, back of the hands and forearms. fortunately, they \u2019 re not harmful, and they aren \u2019 t pre - cancerous. on the other hand, sun exposure increases the risk of both age spots and skin cancers, so it \u2019 s a good idea to have regular skin exams if you have them. sun protection isn \u2019 t a cure for the problem, but it should be a high priority since sun exposure is what caused sun spots in the first place. wear a sunscreen with an spf of at least 30 that blocks both uva and uvb rays year - round even indoors. uva rays can penetrate glass and cause skin damage. many products combine ultra - effective sun protection with antioxidants for additional defense against ultraviolet light. mineral sunscreens are safe to use even on sensitive skin. they are a good alternative to sunscreens that contain chemicals. there are home treatments that will fade the dark pigmentation over time. some ingredients that are effective include hydroquinone and kojic acid. these compounds work by blocking enzymes involved in synthesizing melanin. they work well alone, but their effectiveness is enhanced by the addition of glycolic acid, a weak acid that most often comes from sugar cane. glycolic acid gently sloughs off the outer layer of skin cells so hydroquinone and kojic acid can penetrate more easily and fade the pigmented areas. some products contain a combination of kojic acid, hydroquinone and glycolic acid to attack age spots in three ways. they have the added benefit of making skin look and feel smoother while dim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47298443908183085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.662331"} {"text": "easily and fade the pigmented areas. some products contain a combination of kojic acid, hydroquinone and glycolic acid to attack age spots in three ways. they have the added benefit of making skin look and feel smoother while diminishing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. the products can generally be used up to twice a day. retinoids in prescription strength products like retin - a help to fade age spots over time, but it can take up to 6 months to see significant lightening. in addition, some people experience skin irritation and redness when using these products. a weaker form of retinoid called retinol available in over the counter products cause less skin irritation. dermatologists and estheticians can do a series of peels using glycolic acid to lighten age spots, although this may require up to 6 visits. some dermatologists and plastic surgeons use intense pulsed light therapy or laser treatment to reduce pigmented spots due to sun exposure. unfortunately, these treatments are costly. age spots become more common with age, but they \u2019 re a product of too much sun exposure. that \u2019 s why sun protection should be a priority for anyone with age or liver spots. products that contain hydroquinone or kojic acid in combination with glycolic acid help to fade spots that have already formed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4650001465183662, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.664561"} {"text": "early morning sky watchers have a chance to observe a total lunar eclipse tuesday morning depending on the amount of cloud cover over the area. the eclipse is set to begin at 1 : 33 a. m., according to nasa ' s website, with totality taking place at 2 : 41 a. m. the moon will be covered by earth ' s shadow for a period of 72 minutes and the entire event is expected to last around three and a half hours. while the eclipse will be visible throughout north america, as well as other parts of the world, area residents may have some difficulty viewing the event. according to the forecast from the national weather service in state college, mostly cloudy skies are expected overnight tonight and there is a slight chance of snow showers, both of which could obscure the view for observers. a lunar eclipse can occur only during a full moon, and a total lunar eclipse, such as the one set to take place tuesday morning, only occurs when the entire moon passes through earth ' s umbral shadow, which prevents direct sunlight from reaching it. while the moon is within earth ' s shadow it will appear a red - orange color. nasa ' s website explains that \" although the physical mass of earth blocks all direct sunlight from the umbra, the planet ' s atmosphere filters, attenuates and bends some of the sun ' s rays into the shadow. the molecules in earth ' s atmosphere scatter short wavelength light ( e. g., yellow, green, blue ) more than long wavelength light ( e. g., orange, red ). this process, which is responsible for making sunsets red, also gives total eclipses their characteristic red - orange color. however, the exact color can vary considerably in both hue and brightness. \" for more on this story, see the dec. 20th edition of the daily press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4682304888387655, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.668633"} {"text": "saturn moon ' s icy secrets shine bright in new nasa images new details about enceladus, one of the icy moons orbiting saturn, are revealed in new images of the bright and shimmering cosmic body. the snapshots highlight some of the grooves in enceladus ' south polar region, including unexpected textures in the moon ' s ice. the photos, taken by nasa ' s cassini spacecraft on nov. 6, are the highest - resolution images of this region obtained so far, according to nasa officials. the new images of enceladus come from data collected by a special radar instrument on cassini, called the synthetic aperture radar. the area photographed by cassini does not include enceladus ' famous \" tiger stripes, \" which are huge fissures on the moon ' s ice - covered surface that eject plumes of ice particles and water vapor. these icy geysers cover regions just a few hundred miles away from the stripes, nasa scientists said. researchers are scrutinizing an area on enceladus that appears to have a very rough surface texture that glimmers peculiarly bright in cassini ' s radar images. this patch is located at around 63 degrees south latitude and 51 degrees west longitude. [ video : clearest enceladus views yet nabbed by cassini radar ] \" it ' s puzzling why this is some of the brightest stuff cassini has seen, \" steve wall, deputy leader of cassini ' s radar team at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, calif., said in a statement. \" one possibility is that the area is studded with rounded ice rocks. but we can ' t yet explain how that would happen. \" scientists are also investigating an area where cassini spotted grooved, water - ice bedrock. the spacecraft ' s images reveal unusual undulations and intricate patterns that have not previously been seen. this area is located at around 65 degrees south latitude and 293 degrees west longitude on the icy moon. cassini ' s observations also reveal a central groove in this area that is about 2, 100 feet ( 650 meters ) deep and 1. 2 miles ( 2 kilometers ) wide, with sides that slope at an angle of about 33 degrees. enceladus is the sixth - largest moon around saturn, and new images of the satellite show some similarities to titan, the largest moon orbiting the ringed planet. the western foothills in the so - called xanadu region of titan are also very bright, as are regions surrounding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45203760854529773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.672631"} {"text": "a party rushes down to the cave, unlocks the door, and finds injun joe starved to death inside. he evidently has eaten the few bats he could catch, used every candle stump he could find, and made a cup out of rock and placed it under a dripping stalactite to catch a spoonful of water a day. \u201c injun joe \u2019 s cup, \u201d twain informs us, has since become one of the chief tourist attractions in the cave. the morning after injun joe \u2019 s funeral, tom tells huck his theory that the gold never was in room no. 2 at the temperance tavern. instead, he believes that it remains hidden in the cave. that afternoon, the boys take a raft down to the place where tom and becky exited the cave and crawl inside. tom comments on how much he wants to start a gang of robbers and use this part of the cave as a hideout. the boys discuss how grand it would be to be robbers and eventually reach the place where tom encountered injun joe. tom points out a cross that is burned on the wall of the cave and tells huck that this, not the tavern, must be where the gold is hidden. huck becomes frightened that injun joe \u2019 s ghost could be lurking around, but tom points out that the cross would keep him away. comforted by tom \u2019 s words, huck helps him search the area. the boys find nothing and decide to dig under the rock. there they find a collection of guns, moccasins, a belt, and the treasure. the boys decide to leave the guns behind, reasoning that they will be useful for their band of robbers in the future. they drag the gold out of the cavern and put it on their raft back to st. petersburg. on their way to hide the treasure, however, they encounter the welshman, who insists that they accompany him to a party at the widow douglas \u2019 s house. he sees the box they are lugging but assumes they have been collecting old iron. nearly every person of importance in the village has gathered at the widow douglas \u2019 s house. while the boys change into nice clothes, huck tells tom that he wants to escape out the window because he cannot stand such a large crowd. tom tells him not to worry. sid comes in and informs them that the party is being given in honor of the welshman, mr. jones, and his sons, and that mr. jones plans to surprise everyone by announcing that huck was the real hero. sid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4551720868733198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.681961"} {"text": "to worry. sid comes in and informs them that the party is being given in honor of the welshman, mr. jones, and his sons, and that mr. jones plans to surprise everyone by announcing that huck was the real hero. sid then says, in a self - satisfied way, that the surprise will fall flat because he has already spoiled it. tom yells at sid for being such a nasty sneak and chases him out of the room. at the supper table, mr. jones tells his secret and everyone pretends to be surprised. widow douglas then announces that she plans to give huck a home and educate him. tom bursts out, \u201c huck don \u2019 t need it. huck \u2019 s rich. \u201d everyone chuckles at the joke, and tom runs outside and brings in the gold. everyone is shocked. when the money is counted, it adds up to over twelve thousand dollars. huck finn \u2019 s wealth and the fact that he was now under the widow douglas \u2019 s protection introduced him into society \u2014 no, dragged him into it, hurled him into it \u2014 and his sufferings were almost more than he could bear. the news of the gold shocks the village and inspires dozens of treasure hunters. the money is invested and provides both boys an allowance of almost a dollar a day \u2014 equal to the minister \u2019 s salary. becky tells her father about how noble tom has been, and the judge decides that tom should go to the national military academy and then become a lawyer. huck, meanwhile, suffers terribly under the burden of being civilized. he bears wearing clean clothes, sleeping in sheets, and eating with a knife and fork for three weeks ; he then runs away. the town searches for him, but to no avail. tom finds him, eventually, sleeping in an abandoned slaughterhouse, and huck tells his friend that he simply is not cut out for a respectable life. the widow douglas makes him dress nicely and forbids him to spit, swear, or smoke. tom replies that huck can do as he pleases, but if he wants to join tom \u2019 s gang of robbers, he has to be respectable. otherwise, he says, huck \u2019 s sour reputation will drag down the whole gang. huck agrees to try the widow \u2019 s house again for a month \u2014 provided that tom allows him to belong to the gang. twain writes that the story must end here because it is strictly a story about a boy. were the story to continue, he states, it would quickly become the story of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3961753020063419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.683051"} {"text": "again for a month \u2014 provided that tom allows him to belong to the gang. twain writes that the story must end here because it is strictly a story about a boy. were the story to continue, he states, it would quickly become the story of a man. he adds that most of the characters in the story are still alive and that he might one day explore how they turned out. in a way, the town rewards tom for his disobedience. it hails him as a hero in relation to three actions that are marked by mischief \u2014 his return from jackson \u2019 s island, his testimony against injun joe, and his return from the caverns. a model boy would never get lost in a cave or be able to lie \u201c upon a sofa with an eager auditory about him and [ tell ] the history of the wonderful adventure. \u201d tom \u2019 s adventuresome spirit leads him into risks that others would not attempt, and his payoff is heroism. twain \u2019 s message, however, is not that disobedience is a virtue. others who disobey, such as injun joe, fall prey to twain \u2019 s criticism without any heroic tempering. although injun joe, tom, and huck are all inherently mischievous, injun joe harms others to satisfy his inclinations. tom and huck, though true to their mischievous natures, never allow themselves to harm others \u2014 they feel bad even about stealing bacon. a third category of characters in the novel includes those who obey outwardly but harbor malevolence on the inside \u2014 sid, for example. these hypocrites are the subtle antiheroes of the novel. after his triumphant return from the cave, tom regains his sense of perspective and leads huck back to the cave to find the treasure. their plan for a \u201c robber band, \u201d which tom will in fact establish in the adventures of huckleberry finn, marks a return to the world of boyhood fantasy, as it resembles the pirate band they create on jackson \u2019 s island and the outlaws they pretend to be in sherwood forest. tom and huck also return to their boyhood mind - set in the cave when they argue about superstition. but the way tom deflects huck \u2019 s arguments, enabling the conversation topic to move beyond superstition so that the boys can get the gold, displays his increasing maturity. when the widow douglas adopts huck, not only his treasure but also his life become subject to adult control. as huck and tom change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5102460341656182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.684805"} {"text": "topic to move beyond superstition so that the boys can get the gold, displays his increasing maturity. when the widow douglas adopts huck, not only his treasure but also his life become subject to adult control. as huck and tom change upstairs in the widow douglas \u2019 s house before her dinner party, huck is so worried about the life that awaits him that he attempts to persuade tom to escape. tom dismisses huck \u2019 s fears, promising to \u201c take care of [ huck ], \u201d but huck \u2019 s worries prove well founded. not long after he and tom go downstairs together, the secret of their riches is revealed, and they are quickly ushered into the daunting adult world. tom is far more ready than huck to enter the adult community. when we first meet huck, twain writes, \u201c tom envied him his gaudy outcast condition \u201d ; now tom urges huck to embrace respectability. the tom we meet in the first chapter, with jam on his face and mischief on his mind, has given way to a boy who defends the adult order by preventing huck from escaping out the window. tom is not yet a man and still has plans for a robber gang, but judge thatcher is already talking about sending him to the military academy and law school. when tom finds huck after he has attempted to run away from the widow douglas \u2019 s house, he couches his appeal to return in the language of childhood, telling huck that he needs to be respectable to be in the robber band. but we sense that tom is using this rhetoric to appeal to huck because, with his newfound money and status, tom has a stake in adult society that he wants to defend. twain \u2019 s closing words wrap up matters for tom and huck and usher them into adult society without actually showing them as adults. their gold, which has been pursued without the adults \u2019 knowledge as a kind of game, is no longer a game. the gold has become a business so serious that judge thatcher, the most significant and authoritative figure in the adult hierarchy, assumes control of it. gone are huck \u2019 s plans to spend it all on candy, although on a dollar a day, he will happily be able to enjoy his share of sweets. there is a note of sadness in twain \u2019 s concluding statement that tom \u2019 s story will soon become \u201c the history of a man. \u201d the woods and fields around st. petersburg, where tom plays robin hood, pirates, and indians,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44488395229737954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.686826"} {"text": "sweets. there is a note of sadness in twain \u2019 s concluding statement that tom \u2019 s story will soon become \u201c the history of a man. \u201d the woods and fields around st. petersburg, where tom plays robin hood, pirates, and indians, have given way to the world of money invested at interest. the freedom of childhood, represented by huck, has been absorbed by the adult order. the novel, which mixes a nostalgia for the carefree days of youth with illuminating criticism of adult society, cannot but regret the conclusion of childhood, even while recognizing \u2014 as tom tries to enable huck to recognize \u2014 the importance of moving toward maturity and sophistication. the key to reading this book is to concentrate on the anwsers and actually analyze what they are saying. 25 out of 40 people found this helpful if u have a big exam on this novel coming up....... instead of reading all the chapter analysis ' s, read the overall anylsis, quotes and come up with the most important charcters and write out who they really are. just a helpful idea.......! 9 out of 10 people found this helpful after chapter 17, all the chapters are one chapter behind. so chapter 19 is under chapter 18 and so on. i am not positive if this goes on through the rest of the chapters but i know that after chapter 17, this does happen. hope this helps! 13 out of 16 people found this helpful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4620120390083455, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.688086"} {"text": "by philip tung yep very nearly the earliest art of which we have evidence is concerned with animals. it appears to represent species we know our early ancestors hunted and one hypothesis is that the images were part of magical rituals designed to placate the spirits of prey. we may never know whether this is true but the drawings, crude as they are, are vital and carefully rendered, often deep in caves where the only light must have been fire, carefully established and tended. we know the animals were hunted and eaten. we know they were lovingly represented at great difficulty. there is a human ambivalence towards animals which runs like a thread from that remote time until the present day. in more recent times, animals have been worshipped as gods, tried and punished like human criminals in human courts and bred into useful or bizarre forms. their status relative to humans has swung wildly through the centuries. in the past century or two, there have been attempts to establish more firmly their rights, or indeed whether animals can have rights, and our responsibilities towards them. these attempts have met with some success in that most western countries have animal welfare legislation but they can hardly be said to have established any consensus about our ethical responsibility to animals. it might seem that this state of affairs could continue indefinitely however radical advances in some sciences and technologies now present possibilities which could force a rapid reappraisal. as is often the case, these possibilities are foreshadowed, however imperfectly, in science fiction and it is worth examining the fiction for clues as to how events will develop. an immense amount has already been written about human ethical treatment of animals. there is little point adding to this other than to point out some of the sources of conflict. opinion on the subject ranges from the ultimately naive \" one mouse life is equal to one human life \" to the equally cardboard cut - out \" mankind was granted dominion over the beasts of the field \" view. the main problem appears to be that animals are living responsive creatures and thus are capable of triggering off a whole range of reactions in us, from love to the need to dominate. we are poorly placed to be objective about them. of course, the same applies to our reactions to other humans but there are widely agreed standards of treatment and people are capable of stating their case in disputes. animals fit in different niches in our mental worlds. we see them as anything from friends to meat, from responsive and communicative souls to \" brute beasts \". by defining an animal appropriately, it is possible to justify almost any sort of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5354462886867996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.712390"} {"text": ". animals fit in different niches in our mental worlds. we see them as anything from friends to meat, from responsive and communicative souls to \" brute beasts \". by defining an animal appropriately, it is possible to justify almost any sort of treatment of it and equally to justify almost any sort of action on its behalf. a related problem is that our bases for assigning value to sentient creatures vary. at times, intelligence, the capacity to feel pain, religious value, scarcity and evolutionary closeness to man have been proposed as measures for determining how we treat an animal species. most of these fail dismally if only because they are so utterly unquantifiable and arbitrary. it seems that our treatment of animals says more about ourselves than about them. science fiction rarely addresses this issue. most of the sf stories incorporating unaltered animals either tend towards genre fantasy or the reader ' s digest amazing animals! type. where human - animal relations are addressed, the animals are usually at or over the threshhold to sapience as in h. beam piper ' s \" fuzzy \" series. there is a strong tradition of stories about alien animals, usually possessing unusual attributes or powers, but these are more concerned with exploring strangeness or surprise than with how we would treat such creatures. uplift is the process, defined by david brin in his book \" sundiver \", of elevating animal species to full sapience. if we could do this, and did, our ethical position seems clear. a creature of equal capacity to ourselves, able to think, feel and suffer as we do, surely deserves equal legal and civil rights. however, the more closely the question of uplift is examined, the fuzzier it becomes. consider how uplift might be achieved. in brin ' s books, the methods used, while not necessarily gentle, were not drastic. selective mutation, breeding programs, education and prostheses were all used to mould the natural form into thinking beings. undesirable traits were culled and admirable characteristics encouraged. generally, these programs took place over vast lengths of time. as we are now, humans have neither the patience or constancy for this sort of project. it seems likely that any individual attempt to uplift a species would be done as quickly as we knew how. it is possible to imagine a variety of methods being used - massive genetic engineering, neurosurgery, brain - machine connections or more likely a combination of these. the effort", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.56462384938822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.714520"} {"text": "uplift a species would be done as quickly as we knew how. it is possible to imagine a variety of methods being used - massive genetic engineering, neurosurgery, brain - machine connections or more likely a combination of these. the effort might succeed, however there are likely to be many failures and partial successes before we could produce a creature we could call an equal. some of them are likely to be very damaged, unfortunate things but undeniably, if uplift is possible, some of them will be sapient. so, the first question to ask is whether we should embark on a course that will create so much misery no matter how noble the aim? and should we kill our failures, no matter how merciful that might be? let ' s imagine the uplift project has succeeded and pan troglodytes sapiens enters the world. let ' s also imagine that our miserable history of prejudice and xenophobia doesn ' t repeat itself and uplifted chimps are accorded full human rights and are welcomed into society. what sort of creature will we meet? how much of the original animal will remain and how much will be behaviours, values, concerns and drives grafted on by the engineers? in short, will we meet another equal but alien mind or a reflection of our own desires? if the latter, will there be any point to the exercise? in cordwainer smith ' s stories of the exploitation and oppression of animal people, his cat - people and dog - people are an underclass with aspirations and resentments analogous to those of human underclasses. the stories are still popular and entertaining to read but there is very little which is alien about his protagonists. it is his \" a game of rat and dragon \" where the humans and animals are clearly distinct but linked telepathically that remains one of his most powerful tales. it might be argued that deciding to engage in uplift is like deciding to have a child, that parents mould the clay of a newborn mind according to their desires yet are nearly always surprised when a full - blown independent being emerges. parents, however, don ' t have access to or cause to use the tools that will be used to uplift animals else the result might be very different. one of the most difficult questions faced when considering uplift is likely to be whether we understand our own motives. finally, there is the question of the human state, with its attendent woes. there can ' t be many people who haven ' t occasionally envied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043729080389161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.716632"} {"text": "questions faced when considering uplift is likely to be whether we understand our own motives. finally, there is the question of the human state, with its attendent woes. there can ' t be many people who haven ' t occasionally envied dogs or cats living what appear to be troublefree lives. inevitably, the question will arise of whether we have the right to force the pain of self - awareness onto another species, to engineer another fall from innocence. there are two good answers to that question. the first is that animal lives are probably potentially as stressful and fraught as our own. certainly, low animals in the hierarchy in baboon packs show all the symptoms of stress that a harried office worker might. the second is simpler. would you change places with the animal you envy? the posthuman world while our ethical treatment of animals, uplifted or otherwise, may vary widely, we can at least understand the basis for it and what impels it. when dealing with entities which are intellectually superior, we may not have that comfort. there is a common belief, akin to the ' 50s idea that future cars would be larger and more powerful than the models of the day, that future humans will be like us but smarter, more peaceful and wiser. in fact, just about the only safe prediction we can make is that our successors will be unlike us, probably in ways we can ' t comprehend. technological development and scientific knowledge have advanced at such a rate over the last few decades that science fiction has not only failed to predict important advances but has failed to extrapolate from known developments. vernor vinge, one of the more technologically savvy of \" hard \" sf authors, has ruefully noted this. in an early story he took account of moore ' s law ( the rule of thumb that computer processing power doubles roughly every eighteen months ) but utterly failed to describe the effects of cheaply available computers equivalent to ' 60s supercomputers. since then, vinge has been careful to avoid repeating the mistake but finds that when current trends are extrapolated, a point is reached where the figures either have to be regarded as ridiculous or, if accepted, imply fundamental changes in the nature of human society. for instance, the amount of energy an average citizen in the us can utilise is rising at almost exponential rates. at some point early in the next century, our citizen may be able to command energy resources equivalent to a large corporation and a few years beyond that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5289733858457195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.718988"} {"text": "the amount of energy an average citizen in the us can utilise is rising at almost exponential rates. at some point early in the next century, our citizen may be able to command energy resources equivalent to a large corporation and a few years beyond that, to a small developed country. similarly, depending upon which measure you accept of the processing capacity of a human brain, computers possessing an equivalent capacity should available some time in the next fifty years. this level of resource cannot fit any more comfortably into our sort of society than large disposable incomes and copious free time could fit into a feudal system. rapid, accelerating technological change implies more than just social changes however. consider the human - equivalent computers which may arise in the next century. human - equivalent hardware doesn ' t imply the software expertise and neurological knowledge necessary to create a human - like intelligence. there is no guarantee that we will be able to build a human mind into a machine, indeed if roger penrose and his intellectual predecessors are correct, it may not even be possible in principle. nonetheless, there are already numerous examples where computer systems can exceed human capabilities. chess programs can already defeat the vast majority of human players. semiconductor design systems can layout microprocessor circuitry too complex for human designers to handle. medical and geological expert systems already achieve lower error rates than human experts diagnosing disease and locating ore bodies. imagine a large distributed system of the early 2100s consisting of a sophisticated planning module with access to specialised design programs, large databases of psychological and political theory, powerful economic modelling software, automated factories, conversational expert systems and a clearly defined set of goals. the system might be no more conscious than a rock, no more self - aware than a plant but to those dealing with it, would this really matter? it might never write a stirring sonnet ( although it could probably write a cohesive one ) but when planning a political campaign, organising the development of the next generation of biochip or prosecuting a war, it could well be superior to any human living. is this system self - aware? no. is it intelligent? maybe, maybe not - it depends upon your prejudices. is it more capable than a human? definitely - frighteningly so. the foregoing is just one model for the development of future superhuman entities. there are many others ranging from the naive, say a. e. van vogt ' s smarter, more peaceful slan, to the unknowable, say vinge ' s powers, the result of runaway", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5490981091711671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.720634"} {"text": "development of future superhuman entities. there are many others ranging from the naive, say a. e. van vogt ' s smarter, more peaceful slan, to the unknowable, say vinge ' s powers, the result of runaway exponential boosting of intelligence. the powers are incomprehensible, their concerns and conflicts both huge and subtle beyond human boundaries. they rarely deal with lesser beings and when they do the results are so awesome and terrifying that the study of these events is known as applied theology. the powers are a curious model of what we may one day become, something which should be central to human concerns. the model is almost blank, featureless. all that can be discerned is the effect and that is inexplicable. the ethical treatment of humans by advanced entities will depend upon the nature of those entities but for the reasons mentioned above, this will probably not be obvious to us. the non - aware system described will have no ethical concerns but may base its behaviour upon projections of the results of different courses of action and their match with its goals. an entity composed of multiple human ( and likely computer ) elements, an intellectual collective, such as star trek ' s borg or the comprise in michael swanwick ' s \" vacuum flowers \", might well regard individuals as potentially valuable, depending upon what they brought to the whole, but replaceable. the nearest examples we currently have of this sort of being, large hi - tech corporations, already live by the rule that \" no - one is indispensible \". more exotic possibilities such as man - machine hybrids or human personalities translated into computer hardware offer a different range of possibilities. in principle, they come from the same ethical heritage as \" natural \" humans and can be expected to understand the principles we regard as natural to humans. however, much of our ethical behaviour is determined by non - rational impulses. we seem to be hardwired to respond to a large head - body ratio and thus accord more sympathy to babies than to adults. similarly, with some notable exceptions, we grant more sympathy and value to humans than to animals. much of this behaviour seems to be mediated by hormonal and biological influences and may not survive the transition to non - human bodies or bodies where the biological component is under conscious control. entirely different bases may be necessary for ethics when the instinctual drives are gone or controlled. they may be more rational and thus perhaps more universal but to our way of thinking they may seem harsh and unforgiving. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.585569863845804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.722796"} {"text": "component is under conscious control. entirely different bases may be necessary for ethics when the instinctual drives are gone or controlled. they may be more rational and thus perhaps more universal but to our way of thinking they may seem harsh and unforgiving. the whole area of the ethical treatment of humans by superhuman beings is explored widely in science fiction but unfortunately much is fairly naive or human - chauvinist. there are honourable exceptions. arthur c. clarke ' s \" childhood ' s end \" portrays the collision between humanity and their suddenly incomprehensible children with a stark eye. it is not flattering but it rings true. greg bear ' s noocytes in \" blood music \" treat humanity well but carry them along in their headlong rush towards transcendence. yet finally, it is vernor vinge ' s vision which rings truest. in \" a fire upon the deep \", a war between powers spills into the lesser domain of human - sized intellects. one power, the blight, has twisted the history of the entire galaxy in its machinations, \" evil on a transcendent scale \" as one protagonist puts it. another, old one, works through human intermediaries to defeat it, yet lets them retain some choice and dignity. this is the range of ethics we find in humans and is the very least we should expect of those that are greater than us. the future would seem to be a dismal place for the human race. the very best we could expect is ethical treatment, as we define it, from our successors. there is only one path which clearly offers us any option other than to be subject to the whims of others and that is to become the others. there is a slim window of opportunity somewhere in the next fifty years when we will either create entities more capable than ourselves or become them. if we close off the paths to superhumanity, others will take them or create beings to fill those opening niches. if we halt human genetic engineering, if we ban research into brain - machine interfacing, if we outlaw smart drugs and place restraints on intellectual collectives, then something without those restraints will expand into those niches. and they are not the small closed niches, the crevices in rocks or dark undisturbed caves. the only equivalent in evolutionary terms is the colonisation of dry land thousands of millions of year ago. the landscapes beyond humanity are empty now. whatever colonises them will face immense challenges but will also have the space to expand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5526673121470822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.724629"} {"text": "free shipping on orders over $ 59! use code : w3355 see details shop by category p. e. central lesson plan : throwing for distance purpose of activity : to teach children the fundamentals of the overhand throw. activity cues : gr. k : \" arm back and up \" ; \" step with the opposite foot \" ; \" throw hard \" suggested grade level : k - 2 materials needed : different sized balls of varying densities ; one for each child ; suggestions include yarn balls ; nerf balls ; wiffle balls ; \" gator - skin \" foam balls ; and other soft balls ; one hula hoop and cone or other marker for each student ; lesson plan : description of idea after introducing a couple of the cues for the overhand throw and letting students \" practice \" them a few times in place without a ball, let students know they will play a game against themselves to see how well they can throw. have one student demonstrate putting a hoop against the wall in front of where they are standing, and then move approximately 8 - 10 feetaway from the wall ( this is where they put their cone ). the child throws the ball to the wall, and if he / she hits the wall with the ball, they then take a step backward. if the child once again can hit the wall with the ball, he / she moves the cone back to where they just were, and then takes another step back. the student then continues to move a step back until their throw misses the wall. at this point, they then stay at the last place their cone was set, and continue to throw from there until they can once again hit the wall. ( remind students it ' s not important if they get the ball in the hoop or not, but the hoop can help them to know where to throw. ) at the \" go \" signal, have students get a ball of their choice, a hoop, and a cone and set their \" game \" up to begin. as students throw against the wall, move around the area and give students feedback on how they are doing, reminding them about a cue ( s ) they may not be using. for a formal assessment, check off on an observation sheet whether each student \" consistently \", \" sometimes \", or \" hardly ever \" uses each of the cues given. author : heather miner. posted on pec : 6 / 6 / 2001. this lesson plan was provided courtesy of p. e. central ( www. pecentral. org ). products for this lesson :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49847514747569377, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.735532"} {"text": "today, could we find a quiet moment to close our eyes and listen to hope? alice sciscioli pratt, an instructor at the hochstein school of music, shares her thoughts beethoven \u2019 s ninth symphony \u2026 hope never eludes me when i reach the fourth movement of the famous ninth symphony by ludwig van beethoven. it was his last symphony before he died. deaf at the time of its composition and first performance and having lived through such a tumultuous time in history, what was in his heart that, at the very end of his life \u2019 s work, propelled the vision of hope despite such bleakness? the most famous section of this movement includes the setting of the poem \u201c ode to joy \u201d, by the german poet friedrich von schiller. there have been countless other lyrics put to beethoven \u2019 s melody and it found its way into many a hymnal, suggesting that there is something inherent in those notes about the love of our god with or without the original poem. but the most thrilling version is the one from its source. besides the melody, the orchestral writing is beyond what i can describe in words. one must listen. one must be open to feel. how could this suffering man end his work with such an uplifting and hopeful finale? was his love of god so big that it overcame his own hardships to leave us with such an amazing work of art? was god driving his hand as he wrote, hearing the orchestration only in his mind? having sung this once under the baton of the great eugene ormandy, conducting the philadelphia orchestra at the saratoga performing arts center in saratoga, ny i recall the spontaneous hugs of the chorus when the lights went out after we took our final applause as performers. i remember wanting to jump for joy, a phrase perhaps i had not truly understood before. i believe god used this incredible genius to leave a message to us, for as long as the earth is to be. as mentioned above, the lyrics have often been changed. looking at the english translation of the original german poem, the language sung by the singers in the symphony, two sections seem to speak in words what beethoven suggests in music : joy, thou source of light immortal, daughter of elysium! touched with fire, to the portal, of thy radiant shrine, we come. your sweet magic, frees all others, held in custom \u2019 s rigid rings, all men on earth become brothers, in the haven of your wings. endure courageously, you millions! endure for the better world! over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47899524907328944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.740443"} {"text": "myoglobin - serum serum myoglobin is a test that measures the amount of myoglobin in the blood. myoglobin is a protein in heart and skeletal muscles. when you exercise, your muscles use up any available oxygen. myoglobin has oxygen attached to it, which provides extra oxygen for the muscles to keep at a high level of activity for a longer period of time. when muscle is damaged, myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. the kidneys help remove myoglobin from the body into the urine. in large amounts, myoglobin can damage the kidneys. see also : urine myoglobin how the test is performed a blood sample is needed. for information on how this is done, see : venipuncture how to prepare for the test there is no special preparation. how the test will feel when the needle is inserted to draw blood, you may feel moderate pain, or only a prick or stinging sensation. afterward, there may be some throbbing. why the test is performed myoglobin levels may be obtained to confirm suspected muscle damage, including heart and skeletal muscle damage. the normal ( \" negative \" ) range is 0 - 85 nanograms per milliliter ( ng / ml ). note : normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. the examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens. what abnormal results mean greater - than - normal levels ( a \" positive \" result ) may indicate : there is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include : - excessive bleeding - fainting or feeling light - headed - hematoma ( blood accumulating under the skin ) - infection ( a slight risk any time the skin is broken ) amato aa, brooke mh. disorders of skeletal muscle. in : bradley wg, daroff rb, fenichel gm, jankovic j, eds. neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : butterworth - heinemann elsevier ; 2008 : chap 83. barohn rj. muscle diseases. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5736676908163421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.750301"} {"text": ". neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : butterworth - heinemann elsevier ; 2008 : chap 83. barohn rj. muscle diseases. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 447. o ' connor fg, deuster pa. rhabdomyolysis. in : goldman l, ausiello d, eds. cecil medicine. 23rd ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 114. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48213648438140155, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.751104"} {"text": "it ' s very easy to think dinosaurs lived only in swamps and in sub - tropical climates as shown in so many illustrations found in popular dinosaur books, posters, and films. but in recent years, since the mid - 1980s ', scientists have been making astonishing discoveries of fossil remains of dinosaurs living in areas such as alaska, australia, and antarctica where the environment there is anything but sub - tropical and swamp - like. some dinosaurs did lived in swamps and sub - tropical areas, but others lived in mountainous, forested, desert, savannah, and arctic areas. just like animals of today, dinosaurs lived all over the world on every continent and in every environment they adapt themselves in. oard, on the other hand, just couldn ' t comprehend the concept of dinosaurs living in the arctic so he uses his delusional imagination and pretend these dinosaurs along with other organisms found in the arctic were transported into those areas by the flood, never mind the complete absence of their fossils found anywhere else in the world. in his article from cmi entitled, polar dinosaur ( sic ) conundrum, after he gives out a review of dinosaur fossils being found in arctic places, he asks, \" how could dinosaurs live at polar latitudes? \" answer : they adapt to it. dinosaurs living in polar regions is able to adapt to those regions and survive so well. back then it was a lot warmer than it is now. but that doesn ' t mean dinosaurs living in the region never experienced cold weather. dinosaurs like leallynasaura have huge large eyes that enables them to see well at night. where it lives, the sun never shines during the cold, dark winter season and the only lights leallynasaura saw is the aurora that lights the night sky. after going through references on how scientists are explaining how dinosaurs are able to survive the cold regions based on fossil evidence, oard in the popular extinction hypotheses questioned section claims that all this is going up against the old theory that claims dinosaurs died out due to the climate becoming too cold for the dinosaurs to live in whether it ' s from a slow cooling or from volcanic and meteorite debris blocking the sun. actually the meteorite, upon impact, created a massive firestorm that incinerate much of the earth, wiping out 70 % of all organisms, including all non - avian dinosaurs. then oard gives a lowdown on how scientists are discovering that the polar areas, where so many fossils of plants, dinosaurs, reptiles, mammals, and amphibians have been found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4111488158956797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.763265"} {"text": "% of all organisms, including all non - avian dinosaurs. then oard gives a lowdown on how scientists are discovering that the polar areas, where so many fossils of plants, dinosaurs, reptiles, mammals, and amphibians have been found, was much warmer than what it is now. the first example comes from the region of southern australia where \" cold - blooded tetrapods, such as crocodiles, turtles, and some amphibians, have been found in southeast australia with the dinosaurs. \" actually crocodiles in the region are about a meter long and lived way far north where it was much warmer. crocodiles cannot live in cold climatic areas so labyrinthodonts, large amphibians such as koolasuchus that lived a lifestyle similar to crocodiles, took their places and patrol the chilly waters for potential prey. when the cold season comes, the labyrinthodonts would go seek shelter and hibernate throughout the dark winter months. the next example is the discovery of champsosaurs, primitive crocodiles that lived during the cretaceous period and a major discovery of an early cenozoic mummified forest where 45 million year ago in the eocene epoch, global warming was real. it was a highly warm time where even the poles were a lot like hawaii where everything ' s tropical and warm all year long with no sign of snow anywhere. yet, the early mammals including primates were able to adapt to this year - round warm climate. both fossil sites each coming two separate periods of time are found on axel heiberg island where the climate today is much colder than what it was back then. the third example is the discovery of the arctic ocean being warmer in the cretaceous period than what it is now and the discovery of tropical breadfruit dated 90 million years ago found in what is now greenland. it is believed that part of the reason why it was warmer back in the cretaceous period than it is now is said to be the result of volcanoes spewing out heat - trapping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, causing the tempts to rise and provide homes for cold - blooded animals that would otherwise live only in warm places such as areas near the equator. now the last part of the article is when oard display his utmost folly and states out of ignorance that there ' s no way can these plants and animals live in cold climates and concludes the article with this idiocy, \" all these warmth - loving organisms, including the polar dinosaurs, were more likely transported to polar latitudes during the flood \" without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4739898232688302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.766470"} {"text": "there ' s no way can these plants and animals live in cold climates and concludes the article with this idiocy, \" all these warmth - loving organisms, including the polar dinosaurs, were more likely transported to polar latitudes during the flood \" without any shred of evidence, oard just concludes that the plants and animals were just transported by the flood waters to the arctic areas they are found in, never mind the stumps complete with roots that stayed put for the past 45 million years, never mind the animals ' ability to adapt to the surroundings where there ' s prolonged days of warmth and light that causes plants to grow abundantly and cold, prolonged nights where the plants just lay dormant and the animals either migrate to warmer areas, hibernate in shelters, or just stayed put and active to toughen it out by developing large eyes to see in the dark and insulation in the form of either hair or feathers that kept their body temperature at a stable range, never mind their fossils being found exclusively in the arctic areas and none elsewhere, never mind the continental drift and the ocean currents being different back then than it is now, and never mind the real reason why the forest is well preserved for 45 million years without being rapidly and violently buried by the fictional flood of 4, 500 years ago. if oard thinks they where all transported to their respective places by the flood, then where did they come from? and why are they not found in anywhere else in the world? if oard can ' t honestly answer such 2 questions, then it ' s official : oard is making it all up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4751439612120931, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.768441"} {"text": "high temperatures increase west nile virus in mosquitoes utah ' s first human case of west nile virus has been detected in a utah county resident. mosquito pools, chickens and wild birds are testing positive throughout the state. emery county has the state ' s first confirmed positive west nile virus horse. when west nile virus is found in horses, it can mean an increased risk for humans too, because the virus is infecting more than just mosquitoes and birds. the virus is normally transmitted through intravenous contact. the most common method of transmission is through mosquitoes. preventing mosquito bites is the way to avoid getting west nile virus. all residents who are outside between sundown and sunup can protect themselves by : using mosquito repellents that contain deet when outdoors from dusk to dawn wearing long - sleeved shirts and long pants while outdoors getting rid of standing water around your house to reduce the number of mosquitoes ( old tires, buckets, wading pools, etc. ) \" wnv can affect everyone, not just the young or old. we all need to take measures to protect ourselves until the end of mosquito season, which is typically after the first hard frost in the fall, \" stated brady bradford, regional epidemiologist. \" the high temperatures we ' ve been experiencing give us near - perfect mosquito - breeding weather, \" james nielsen, emery county ' s weed and mosquito abatement manager states. one of the best ways to help contol mosquito populations is limiting standing water, where mosquitoes breed. high temperature along with standing water shortens the developmental stage of the mosquito. nielsen suggests individuals need to monitor standing water and contact their county ' s mosquito abatement program if they see mosquito larvae. these department have the equipment and resources to help combat mosquito populations. \" focusing on prevention can be much more effective than trying to fix the problem and interrupting the development at the larvae stage is part of the prevention, \" said nielsen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4699445460399244, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.773365"} {"text": "| some interesting facts about wood | | have you ever noticed how much wood is around you? take a minute and look around you. indoors we find oak, pine, redwood, cedar and mahogany. outside we find the same woods used for seating and extra living space. wood is a big part of our lives. you clean and protect your wood furniture inside. why wouldn ' t you take the same kind of care of the wood you use outdoors? | the cost of wood is increasing at an alarming rate. today, the replacement cost for a wood deck or fence can be out of reach for many homeowners. we are actually running out of trees, and wood is being replaced every day that could have been saved with good maintenance. | the weathering process of wood | | the forces of weathering can be devastating to wood. moisture from rain, snow, and dew, are quickly absorbed by unprotected wood causing it to swell while washing out the natural wood resins and coloring. the heat from the sun dries and shrinks the wood. these daily cycles of wet and dry swelling and shrinking causes the wood to warp, splinter, cup, crack and become discolored while also allowing the sunlight ( uv ) rays to break down the cell structure and degrade the woods integrity. these factors combine to physically and chemically attack the woods lignin, ( the chemical structure ( glue ) that holds the wood fibers together. moisture that is allowed to sit in the wood will soon serve as a natural food source for mold, mildew, algae, and fungus causing black, green or gray discoloration. | | even worse for wood | | since decks are horizontal surfaces, they hold water, snow and dew for longer periods of time and this accelerates the damaging effects. decks get up to 40 percent more uv radiation from sunlight than comparable vertical surfaces. the prolonged dampness attracts dirt from atmospheric pollution and airborne fungal spores. | the temperature difference between the sun exposed top of the board and the shaded bottom can be as much as 50 degrees f. in addition to this, decks are subject to more foot traffic than other structures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49351031010566115, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.779007"} {"text": "transient familial hyperbilirubinemia transient familial hyperbilirubinemia is a metabolic disorder that is passed down through families. babies with this disorder are born with severe jaundice. transient familial hyperbilirubinemia is an inherited disorder. it occurs when the body does not properly break down ( metabolize ) a certain form of bilirubin. bilirubin levels rapidly build up in the body. the high levels are poisonous to the brain and can cause death. the newborn may have : - yellow skin ( jaundice ) - yellow eyes ( icterus ) if untreated, seizures and neurologic problems ( kernicterus ) may develop. exams and tests blood tests for bilirubin levels can identify the severity of the jaundice. babies who are treated can have a good outcome. if the condition is not treated, severe complications develop. this disorder tends to improve with time. death or severe brain and nervous system ( neurological ) problems can occur if the condition is not treated. when to contact a medical professional although this problem is usually found immediately after delivery, call your doctor if you notice your baby ' s skin turning yellow. there are other causes for jaundice in the newborn that are easily treated. genetic counseling can help families understand the condition, its risks of recurring, and how to care for the patient. phototherapy can help prevent the potentially serious complications of this disorder. reviewed by : chad haldeman - englert, md, wake forest school of medicine, department of pediatrics, section on medical genetics, winston - salem, nc. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4822015202596985, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.782354"} {"text": "people got very excited in 2004 when nasa \u2019 s rover opportunity discovered evidence that mars had once been wet. where there is water, there may be life. after more than 40 years of human exploration, culminating in the ongoing mars exploration rover mission, scientists are planning still more missions to study the planet. the phoenix, an interagency scientific probe led by the lunar and planetary laboratory at the university of arizona, is scheduled to land in late may on mars \u2019 s frigid northern arctic, where it will search for soils and ice that might be suitable for microbial life ( see \u201c mission to mars, \u201d november / december 2007 ). the next decade might see a mars sample return mission, which would use robotic systems to collect samples of martian rocks, soils, and atmosphere and return them to earth. we could then analyze the samples to see if they contain any traces of life, whether extinct or still active. such a discovery would be of tremendous scientific significance. what could be more fascinating than discovering life that had evolved entirely independently of life here on earth? many people would also find it heartening to learn that we are not entirely alone in this vast, cold cosmos. but i hope that our mars probes discover nothing. it would be good news if we find mars to be sterile. dead rocks and lifeless sands would lift my spirit. conversely, if we discovered traces of some simple, extinct life - form \u2013 some bacteria, some algae \u2013 it would be bad news. if we found fossils of something more advanced, perhaps something that looked like the remnants of a trilobite or even the skeleton of a small mammal, it would be very bad news. the more complex the life - form we found, the more depressing the news would be. i would find it interesting, certainly \u2013 but a bad omen for the future of the human race. how do i arrive at this conclusion? i begin by reflecting on a well - known fact. ufo spotters, raelian cultists, and self - certified alien abductees notwithstanding, humans have, to date, seen no sign of any extraterrestrial civilization. we have not received any visitors from space, nor have our radio telescopes detected any signals transmitted by any extraterrestrial civilization. the search for extra - terrestrial intelligence ( seti ) has been going for nearly half a century, employing increasingly powerful telescopes and data - mining techniques ; so far, it has consistently corroborated the null hypothesis. as best we have been able to determine, the night sky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4969569233488065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.785794"} {"text": "intelligence ( seti ) has been going for nearly half a century, employing increasingly powerful telescopes and data - mining techniques ; so far, it has consistently corroborated the null hypothesis. as best we have been able to determine, the night sky is empty and silent. the question \u201c where are they? \u201d is thus at least as pertinent today as it was when the physicist enrico fermi first posed it during a lunch discussion with some of his colleagues at the los alamos national laboratory back in 1950. here is another fact : the observable universe contains on the order of 100 billion galaxies, and there are on the order of 100 billion stars in our galaxy alone. in the last couple of decades, we have learned that many of these stars have planets circling them ; several hundred such \u201c exoplanets \u201d have been discovered to date. most of these are gigantic, since it is very difficult to detect smaller exoplanets using current methods. ( in most cases, the planets cannot be directly observed. their existence is inferred from their gravitational influence on their parent suns, which wobble slightly when pulled toward large orbiting planets, or from slight fluctuations in luminosity when the planets partially eclipse their suns. ) we have every reason to believe that the observable universe contains vast numbers of solar systems, including many with planets that are earth - like, at least in the sense of having masses and temperatures similar to those of our own orb. we also know that many of these solar systems are older than ours.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5410247880427463, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.786383"} {"text": "click on any phrase to play the video at that point. close five hundred seventy - one million two hundred thirty thousand pounds of paper towels are used by americans every year. if we could - - correction, wrong figure - - 13 billion used every year. if we could reduce the usage of paper towels, one paper towel per person per day, 571, 230, 000 pounds of paper not used. we can do that. now there are all kinds of paper towel dispensers. there ' s the tri - fold. people typically take two or three. there ' s the one that cuts it, that you have to tear off. people go one, two, three, four, tear. this much, right? there ' s the one that cuts itself. people go, one, two, three, four. or there ' s the same thing, but recycled paper, you have to get five of those because they ' re not as absorbant, of course. js : okay. wet hands. shake - - one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12. why 12? twelve apostles, twelve tribes, twelve zodiac signs, twelve months. the one i like the best : it ' s the biggest number with one syllable. js : now, there ' s now a real fancy invention, it ' s the one where you wave your hand and it kicks it out. it ' s way too big a towel. let me tell you a secret. if you ' re really quick, if you ' re really quick - - and i can prove this - - this is half a towel from the dispenser in this building. how? as soon as it starts, you just tear it off. it ' s smart enough to stop. and you get half a towel. js : now, let ' s all say it together. shake. fold. you will for the rest of your life remember those words every time you pick up a paper towel. and remember, one towel per person for one year - - 571, 230, 000 pounds of paper. no small thing. and next year, toilet paper. you can share this video by copying this html to your clipboard and pasting into your blog or web page. need to get the latest flash player. got an idea, question, or debate inspired by this talk? start a ted conversation. you use paper towels to dry your hands every day, but chances are,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.502033778511405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.790579"} {"text": "be the first to post a comment! to write a comment please log in or register. nicolas poussin was a french painter who was the founder and greatest practitioner of 17th - century french classical painting. his work symbolizes the virtues of logic, order, and clarity, and it has influenced the course of french art up to the present day. poussin was of peasant extraction, born near les andelys, normandy, in june 1594. he studied painting in paris and perhaps also rouen. in 1624 he went to rome, where, except for an 18 - month sojourn in paris from 1640 to 1642, he lived for the rest of his life. his early work in rome reflects the crowded compositions and animated surfaces of mid - 16th century mannerism. about 1630 his style began to change as he drew away from the emerging exuberant baroque style and devoted himself entirely to his passion for the antique, concentrating on biblical and mythological subjects. at first his paintings, such as the plague at ashdod ( 1630 - 1631, musee du louvre, paris ), had the rich, glowing color of the venetian artist titian, but after 1633 poussin moved steadily toward more sober, cool tonalities. his compositions became more serene and his figures more sculptural, echoing the mature paintings of raphael, while he attempted to depict emotion through easily readable gestures, poses, and facial expressions, as in adoration of the golden calf ( 1634?, national gallery, london ). poussin journeyed to paris in 1640 with some reluctance, although the trip earned him the enduring patronage of wealthy bourgeois collectors and also cemented his relations with the french academie royale, which later elevated his style to the status of formal doctrine. his paintings of the next decade, from 1643 to 1653, such as holy family on the steps ( 1648, national gallery, washington, d. c. ), following his return to rome, are the purest embodiment of french classicism. they are characterized by calm, structured composition, cool colors, hard, clear lighting, and a feeling of solemnity. during his last years, from 1653 to 1665, poussin ' s style developed and changed. he minimized the actions and facial expressions of his subjects but maintained the emotional intensity of his paintings. allegory, symbolism, and mysticism played an even greater role than before ; his scenes were still, yet vital and intensely personal. paintings like the arcadian shepherd ( 1656?, musee du louvre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4783801409781776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.795560"} {"text": "\u2018 electronic skin \u2019 patch will do many thingsaugust 12th, 2011 - 7 : 05 pm ict by ians london, aug 12 ( ians ) american scientists have created little patches of \u2018 electronic skin \u2019 that might heal wounds and monitor a patient \u2019 s heart rate in the near future. \u201c what we are trying to do here is to really reshape and redefine electronics \u2026 to look a lot more like the human body, in this case the surface layers of the skin, \u201d said john a. rogers of the university of illinois, us. \u201c the goal is really to blur the distinction between electronics and biological tissue, \u201d he said, researchers implanted sensors in a film thinner than a human hair, which was placed on a polyester backing like those used for the temporary tattoos popular with children, reports the journal science. the result was a sensor that was flexible enough to move with the skin and would stick without glue, according to the daily telegraph. researchers said the devices could stick up to 24 hours. while normal shedding of skin cells would cause the monitors to come off, rogers expected the new devices to remain in place for two weeks. besides monitoring patients, the devices could monitor brain waves, muscle movement, sensing the larynx for speech, emitting heat to help heal wounds and perhaps even being made touch sensitive and placed on artificial limbs, rogers said. - indo - asian news service - all - in - one cardiac catheter to make heart surgeries simpler, better - mar 07, 2011 - new therapy can ease irritable bowels - jul 19, 2011 - robots to get touchy - feely with sensitive artificial skin - sep 14, 2010 - blast of sound can speed up wound healing - nov 23, 2010 - now, a system that documents healing process of injured joints in detail - mar 19, 2011 - ' tooth tattoo ' developed that could save your life - jun 08, 2012 - smart ' spider web ' sensors to make aircrafts fly like birds - sep 24, 2010 - device to free diabetics from pinpricks? - sep 09, 2012 - circuits will be shrunk to sand grain ' s size - jul 21, 2011 - ' rubber band electronics ' will cut hospital visits - jul 03, 2012 - ipad to impart greater accuracy to diagnosis - jul 21, 2011 - human skin mixed with spider silk can halt bullets - sep 14, 2011 - vibrations to help in energy harvesting - may 07, 2012 - lizard enzyme could let humans regrow organs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4755797961695234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.798116"} {"text": "hepatitis c and co - infection : an overview as more people with hiv are living longer, co - infection with hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) has emerged as a significant concern. serious illness and death from hepatitis c - related liver disease are increasing in hiv - positive people. in the united states, about one - third of people with hiv are co - infected with hcv ; the rates vary by area because up to 90 % of people who got hiv through injection drug use are also infected with hcv. before the hepatitis c virus was identified in 1988, doctors knew that some people had a type of viral hepatitis that they called non - a, non - b ( nanb ). initially, nanb hepatitis wasn ' t considered a serious health concern, but after many years, some people with nanb hepatitis began to develop serious liver problems. a small rna virus - - hepatitis c - - turned out to be the culprit in most cases. only about three out of ten people have symptoms immediately after infection. these symptoms can include : about one out of seven people has a strong immune response that clears the infection two to six weeks after infection. unfortunately, clearing the virus doesn ' t make you immune to hcv re - infection. if the infection clears, the antibodies to hcv remain in your blood, but the actual virus doesn ' t. it may be harder for hiv - positive people to clear hcv infection because the immune system isn ' t as strong. in 1999, hcv was categorized as an opportunistic infection because of the potentially serious health consequences of living with two chronic viral infections. due to the overlap in modes of transmission between the two viruses, it is recommended that people with hiv undergo hcv antibody testing. most people who have been infected with hcv will develop antibodies within three months. if your antibody test is positive, a viral load test can diagnose current hcv infection. qualitative viral load testing can confirm whether virus is present in a blood sample. the test will find virus if there ' s more than 50 to 60 copies in the sample, but it can ' t tell you the amount of virus in your blood. a quantitative viral load test does measure the amount of virus in a blood sample ( the test can find any amount above 600 copies per ml ). qualitative testing is usually used to confirm or rule out chronic hcv infection because it ' s cheaper and more sensitive. hcv viral load will show up two weeks to six months after infection. if your quali", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4428205295376128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.811988"} {"text": "600 copies per ml ). qualitative testing is usually used to confirm or rule out chronic hcv infection because it ' s cheaper and more sensitive. hcv viral load will show up two weeks to six months after infection. if your qualitative viral load test doesn ' t find any virus, re - testing six months later is recommended to confirm or rule out current hcv infection. if the second viral load test still doesn ' t detect any hcv, either the antibody test result was a false positive or the initial infection may have cleared. if the hcv antibody test is negative, many medical providers recommend hcv viral load testing - - either qualitative or quantitative - - as a follow up for people whose immune systems are weak and / or have symptoms of liver disease ( persistently high liver enzymes, fatigue or liver pain ). a damaged immune system may just be too worn out to make antibodies. hcv usually progresses very slowly, so a person might not develop any serious liver damage until 10 to 50 years after infection - - if they ' re going to develop serious damage at all. most of our information about hcv disease progression comes from studies of people without hiv. based on those studies, about 25 out of 100 of people with hcv will never have any symptoms or liver problems. forty to 50 will experience some symptoms and liver damage ( mild liver scarring called fibrosis ) that will affect their quality of life, the most common symptoms being fatigue and depression. about 20 out of 100 will develop serious liver scarring ( cirrhosis ), and only 1 % to 4 % of people with cirrhosis will eventually develop liver cancer. at most, that ' s one person out of 100. hcv disease may progress more rapidly in people with hiv. studies conducted prior to the use of haart ( highly active antiretroviral therapy ) showed that hiv could speed up hcv disease progression. but haart ' s boost to the immune system may help to slow down hcv - related liver damage. co - infected people usually have higher hcv viral loads than people with hcv alone, but much controversy remains about hcv disease progression in co - infection. long - term follow - up is needed to help provide more answers about hiv ' s role in hcv disease progression. several other factors also play a role : alcohol consumption, general liver health before hcv and hiv infection, which infection you got first, age, overall immune health, access to care and the quality of care received,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4698961010959072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.813932"} {"text": "role in hcv disease progression. several other factors also play a role : alcohol consumption, general liver health before hcv and hiv infection, which infection you got first, age, overall immune health, access to care and the quality of care received, drug use, and use of haart. a recent swiss study showed that co - infected people had a higher risk of progression to aids and death despite the use of haart, implying that hcv may be a co - factor in hiv disease progression. several studies have shown that co - infected people do not gain as many cd4 cells after beginning hiv treatment compared to those with hiv alone. a spanish study, for example, found that after two years of haart, co - infected people gained an average of 53 cd4 cells, while those with hiv alone gained an average of 111 cd4 cells. a study at johns hopkins followed a group of co - infected people from january of 1996 until june 2000 and saw similar results. in addition, the hopkins study found that co - infected people with cd4 cell counts between 50 and 200 progressed to death more quickly than those with hiv alone. however, other studies of co - infected people have not seen a difference in survival rates. since so many factors can contribute to both hiv and hcv disease progression, further research is needed to confirm whether hcv does make hiv disease worse. statistics about the chance of developing liver damage from hcv can ' t give you specific information about your individual hcv disease progression. there are several tests available that provide information about the condition of your liver. while these tests aren ' t a crystal ball, the results can help you recognize changes over time and make treatment decisions. many people are used to looking at an hiv viral load test as a predictor of disease progression. hcv viral load testing won ' t provide this information. the amount of virus in your blood can ' t predict how much liver damage hcv has caused or the likelihood of liver damage in the future. an average hcv viral load ranges between two and five million copies - - much higher than in hiv. this can be scary if you ' re used to seeing much lower viral load results and associating them with changes in your health. hcv viral load testing is primarily used before and during treatment to determine how likely you are to respond or are responding to hcv medications. liver function testing our liver cells die periodically and are replaced with new ones. when liver cells are damaged or dying, liver enzymes ( called ast and alt ) see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43877767803561907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.814962"} {"text": "treatment to determine how likely you are to respond or are responding to hcv medications. liver function testing our liver cells die periodically and are replaced with new ones. when liver cells are damaged or dying, liver enzymes ( called ast and alt ) seep into the bloodstream. liver enzyme levels can be higher than normal for many reasons. this is often a sign that the liver is working hard to break down hiv medications, alcohol, street drugs or other medications. enzyme levels often go up and down with hcv, and if your liver is damaged, it may be too worn out to make them. although liver enzyme testing can ' t predict hcv disease progression, it ' s a useful tool ; it can help you measure your response to hcv treatment and / or changes in your diet and use of alternative or complementary therapies. ( see \" keeping your liver healthy \" for a discussion of other important measurements of liver function. ) genotypic testing looks at the genetic makeup of an individual ' s virus. it identifies which type of hcv you have. there are at least six different hcv genotypes. genotype 1 is the most common in the united states - - about 75 % of people with hcv in the u. s. have genotype 1. genotype doesn ' t predict disease progression, but it is the single most important predictor of your response to hcv treatment. genotypes 2 and 3 respond much better to treatment than genotype 1. some people with genotypes 2 and 3 may need only six months of hcv treatment, although some medical providers recommend that people with co - infection complete a year of hcv treatment regardless of genotype. other predictors of treatment response besides your hcv genotype, your immune health may influence your response to hcv treatment. the higher your cd4 cell count, the better your response to hcv treatment is likely to be. hcv treatment is not as effective in people with less than 200 cd4 cells. the condition of your liver can also impact response to hcv treatment. people without cirrhosis tend to have better responses to treatment, although hcv treatment can prevent cirrhosis from worsening. an hcv viral load under 2 million copies and lower body weight or body mass index are also associated with better response to treatment. in addition, people under 40, especially women, have a better response to treatment. ultrasound and biopsy ultrasound testing uses sound waves to get a picture of the liver. the test is not invasive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43975074228738914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.815900"} {"text": "mass index are also associated with better response to treatment. in addition, people under 40, especially women, have a better response to treatment. ultrasound and biopsy ultrasound testing uses sound waves to get a picture of the liver. the test is not invasive, but the information it provides about the condition of your liver is limited. liver biopsy, an outpatient procedure, is the most accurate way to identify the extent and cause ( s ) of liver damage. a needle is inserted quickly through the abdomen, under the ribs on your right side, and a very small liver tissue sample is removed. an ultrasound can be used to guide the biopsy to areas where liver damage is present and to lower the already small risk of puncturing other organs. liver biopsy can be painful. if you ' re concerned, ask your doctor about pain management options. in rare cases ( less than 1 % ), a biopsy can cause internal bleeding or death. results from a liver biopsy are graded between 0 ( no fibrosis or inflammation ) and 4 ( serious scarring that impairs liver function ). currently, the standard of care for hcv is a combination of two drugs : interferon and ribavirin. interferon, a protein made in small amounts by the body, literally interferes with a virus ' s ability to infect cells. hcv therapy uses much larger amounts of synthetic interferon than the body naturally produces. standard interferon is given as an injection three times a week. early last year, a new formulation of the drug called pegylated interferon was approved by the food and drug administration. pegylation is a process that attaches a small molecule to interferon to maintain steady levels in the body for a longer period of time. pegylated interferon is injected once a week. ribavirin capsules are taken twice a day. like several anti - hiv drugs, ribavirin is a nucleoside analogue, although it has no effect against hiv. adding ribavirin to interferon produces much better results than interferon alone. dosing of either or both drugs may need to be adjusted during treatment to help manage side effects. it may be best to try to treat side effects before lowering the dose of either interferon or ribavirin - - if the dose is too low, the treatment won ' t be as effective. ( see sidebar. ) side effects are different for each person who uses a drug. both versions of inter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46020785102929707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.816936"} {"text": "dose of either interferon or ribavirin - - if the dose is too low, the treatment won ' t be as effective. ( see sidebar. ) side effects are different for each person who uses a drug. both versions of interferon can cause side effects that range from uncomfortable to life threatening. these include flu - like symptoms such as weight loss and fatigue as well as mild hair loss, thyroid problems and low white blood cells and platelets. interferon can also produce a rapid heartbeat and, in rare cases, heart attacks. interferon can also cause sleeplessness, mood swings, irritability, and depression - - sometimes resulting in suicidal thoughts or even attempts. side effects of ribavirin include shortness of breath, stuffy nose, sinusitis, coughing, itchiness, diarrhea and anemia. there may also be a risk of mitochondrial toxicity ( damage to the power plants of cells ) if ribavirin is used with other nucleoside analogues. in rare cases, this could lead to a very serious condition called lactic acidosis. ( see \" antiretrovirals & liver toxicity : how big a concern? \" ) both interferon and ribavirin can cause serious birth defects. men and women must wait six months after completing treatment before trying to conceive a child. currently, there ' s one brand of pegylated interferon available, schering - plough ' s peg - intron. hopefully, within a year, the food and drug administration will approve hoffmann - laroche ' s brand of pegylated interferon, pegasys. some states ' medicaid and aids drug assistance programs ( adaps ) cover standard interferon and / or pegylated interferon. schering - plough offers a peg - intron patient assistance program for people who are uninsured and with low incomes. hopefully, when roche ' s pegasys is approved, it will also be available through a patient assistance program. there are different ways to measure how a person has responded to hcv treatment. some differences in treatment response have been seen in co - infected people compared to people who are infected with hcv alone, while other studies have shown similar responses. treatment usually lasts for one year, although continuing interferon therapy for 18 months is being studied as a possible way to halt or slow down liver damage and improve the condition of a person ' s liver. usually, treatment will be discontinued", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46511273638531603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.817930"} {"text": "similar responses. treatment usually lasts for one year, although continuing interferon therapy for 18 months is being studied as a possible way to halt or slow down liver damage and improve the condition of a person ' s liver. usually, treatment will be discontinued after six months if you continue to have a detectable hcv viral load because you ' re extremely unlikely to clear the virus even if you continue treatment for a year. recent studies show that viral load might be used earlier in the course of treatment to predict response. more definitive information about the best time to use hcv viral load testing as a predictor of response to treatment will be helpful to people who are making tough decisions about continuing treatment. sometimes hcv treatment is evaluated by measuring the amount of hcv in your blood after you ' ve finished treatment. this is called an end of treatment response ( etr ). unfortunately, an etr doesn ' t mean that you ' ll remain free of hcv. a sustained virologic response ( svr ) - - no detectable virus six months after finishing treatment - - is a much more reliable indicator of long - term viral clearance. the likelihood of achieving a svr after a year of hcv treatment with standard interferon plus ribavirin for mono - infected people with genotype 1 is about 28 %. when pegylated interferon is used with ribavirin, svr rates for mono - infected people with genotype 1 range from 30 % to 50 %. in mono - infected people with genotypes 2 and 3, after six months to one year of treatment with standard interferon and ribavirin, the svr rate is about 60 %, and the svr rate rises to about 75 % with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. even if a person does not achieve an svr, hcv treatment can improve the condition of the liver tissue by giving the liver a break. improvements in liver tissue ( histological response ) can be measured by liver biopsy before and after treatment. people who reduce and maintain low liver enzymes after treatment may have gained benefit from treating hcv. although current hcv treatment options are severely limited, several new treatments are in development - - drugs to reduce or slow fibrosis, drugs to boost the effect of ribavirin, a therapeutic vaccine, immunomodulaters, hcv protease inhibitors and several new interferons, both standard and pegylated. some of these are in very early stages of development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4394732390244856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.818889"} {"text": "to boost the effect of ribavirin, a therapeutic vaccine, immunomodulaters, hcv protease inhibitors and several new interferons, both standard and pegylated. some of these are in very early stages of development ; others are further along in the process. hopefully, within the next three to five years, people will have more treatment options. many doctors would treat hcv first in someone with a cd4 count above 500. the rationale behind this is the higher likelihood of a good response to hcv treatment and the possibility of \" wiping out \" hcv, leaving your liver in better condition to deal with hiv medications, some of which can be hard on the liver. other doctors believe that if hiv infection is controlled with haart, hcv will also remain controlled. guidelines for when to start hiv treatment in co - infected people don ' t exist yet. people with less than 200 cd4 cells are at greater risk of developing hcv - related cirrhosis, so keeping your immune system as healthy as possible is an important part of hcv care. of course many people don ' t find out that they have hiv until their cd4 cell counts are already low. unless your liver has been seriously damaged by hcv, most doctors would try to boost the cd4 count above 200 before beginning hcv treatment. interferon can cause a temporary drop in cd4 cells, which could put people with low counts at risk for developing certain opportunistic infections. a lower cd4 cell count may also add more preventive medications to your drug regimen, increasing the risk of drug interactions and possible stress on the liver. part of making the treatment decision that ' s right for you involves collecting information. although some hiv doctors may be knowledgeable about hcv, consulting a liver specialist - - a gastroenterologist or hepatologist - - can be very helpful. different doctors have different philosophies about which tests are most important and about when to treat hcv ( and hiv ). having a list of questions for any doctor you consult can help you select one you ' ll be able to work with well. for example, you might want to try alternative or complementary therapies and check your liver enzymes frequently, while your doctor might be more comfortable offering you a liver biopsy and interferon / ribavirin treatment. if you ' re working with more than one doctor, get copies of your lab results and medical records. make them available to both doctors and do everything", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40176661852444573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.819842"} {"text": "might be more comfortable offering you a liver biopsy and interferon / ribavirin treatment. if you ' re working with more than one doctor, get copies of your lab results and medical records. make them available to both doctors and do everything in your power to make them talk to each other! without long - term follow up information on people with co - infection or treatment guidelines for co - infection, making treatment decisions can be confusing. a conference to revise the out - dated national institutes of health 1997 hcv treatment guidelines and add guidelines for co - infection took place in june. ( read the guidelines at http : / / consensus. nih. gov / cons / 116 / 116cdc _ intro. htm ) these guidelines will help you and your medical provider begin a discussion about the right treatment strategy for you, including how often you want to monitor your liver enzymes and hcv viral load, whether or not to have a liver biopsy, and all the potential risks and benefits of hcv treatment. tracy swan, an hiv treatment activist, works at acria as a treatment educator. this article was provided by aids community research initiative of america. it is a part of the publication acria update. visit acria ' s website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4007050374723978, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.820348"} {"text": "mark steinhoff and colleagues ( sept 27, p 918 ) 1 propose a modification of who ' s guidelines for the presumptive treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. they suggest a modified guideline whereby pharyngeal exudate or large cervical nodes would indicate antibiotic treatment. in their series, this criteria brings sensitivity from 12 % to 84 % and specificity from 94 % to 40 %, and increases the proportion of children with sore throat and pharyngeal erythema who receive antibiotics from 7 \u00b7 53 % to 65 \u00b7 63 %. we believe that the implications of this proposal should be looked at from a broader public - health perspective. the incidence of symptomatic pharyngitis in the age - group investigated ( 2 \u2014 13 years ) can be estimated to range from 18 000 per 100 000 children under 14 years per year2 to at least twice as much. usually about 33 % of these cases are culture positive for \u03b2 - haemolytic group a streptococci, 1 but in about half of these cases the bacteria would not have an aetiological role. thus, the incidence of streptococcal pharyngitis can vary from 3000 to 6000 per 100 000 children per year. the incidence of rheumatic heart disease \u2014 the main target of primary prevention \u2014 is estimated to range from 9 to 24 per 100 000 children under 14 years in developing countries. 2 in the most favourable scenario, assuming the highest incidence of rheumatic heart disease and 100 % effectiveness of the antibiotic treatment, 12 000 children will have to be treated to deal with 2000 cases of streptococcal pharyngitis, and to ultimately prevent 24 episodes of rheumatic heart disease \u2014 ie, 500 treated patients for one prevented case of rheumatic heart disease. in the less favourable scenario, 24 000 cases must be treated to prevent nine cases of rheumatic heart disease \u2014 ie, 2640 for one. it is true that there are additional benefits from an aggressive treatment strategy, represented by the prevention of suppurative complications and shortening of illness in the cases due to group a \u03b2 - haemolytic streptococci. however, the individual ( allergic reactions including ana - phylaxis ) and ecological ( selection of resistant strains, selection of other pathogens due to less competition by eradicated streptococci ) effects of such a widespread use of antibiotics must also be taken into account. experience gained so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4916471367682272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.823498"} {"text": "so you ' ve got bad breath and bacteria ' s to blame? you could use an alcohol - based mouthwash and risk drying out your mouth and leaving your halitosis intact, or you can rinse with an alcohol - free specialty rinse, follow it with dose of probiotics and be odor - free. if you ' ve ever wondered how probiotics work and what separates them from antibiotics, you ' re not alone. plenty of people are a little hazy on the mechanisms of these treatments and their connection to bad breath. simply put, antibiotics are bacteria - killing drugs. probiotics are actual bacteria. your mouth is absolutely bursting with microbes, billions and billions of them. most of these little critters are relatively harmless, but several dozen strains of oral bacteria can do damage to your mouth. these species erode your enamel, infect your gums, attack the roots of your teeth and, of course, pump out the stink that your nose associates with bad breath. so why don ' t we take antibiotics to kill these microorganisms once and for all? the problem is two - fold. first, anything designed to kill oral bacteria - whether it ' s the alcohol in a cheap mouthwash or the antibiotics prescribed by a doctor - typically kills most microbes, not all. and once you stop using such a product, bacteria gradually repopulate your tissues. this means that antibiotics would not necessarily do the trick. second, and more importantly, while probiotics are safe and effective for halitosis, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics for any reason is extraordinarily dangerous! the reason is pretty simple. bacteria evolve really, really fast. the more a strain is exposed to a particular antibiotic, the more likely it is to develop a resistance to that drug. the consequences of such a turn of events can be serious. consider the recent discovery, reported in the journal clinical infectious diseases, of a strain of tuberculosis in india that is reportedly totally drug - resistant. a study appearing in the journal oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology confirmed that using antibiotics to fight bad breath is a bad idea. it noted that prolonged use of two antibiotics ( aureomytin and vancomycin ) for this purpose could lead to hearing loss, kidney damage and thrush. yikes. by contrast, probiotics are safe, gentle and effective. these specialty products simply introduce \" good \" bacteria into your mouth. these microbes then crowd out those that cause halitosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43305145678189794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.827059"} {"text": "waterloo region record yellowknife \u2014 federal officials are scrambling to clean up a crumbling, abandoned northern gold mine that is in imminent danger of releasing massive amounts of arsenic, asbestos and other toxins. \u201c it \u2019 s pretty scary stuff, \u201d said mark palmer, senior adviser on aboriginal affairs and northern development \u2019 s giant mine project, which describes a proposed cleanup of collapsing, poison - filled buildings and caverns on the shore of great slave lake as an emergency response. \u201c we are worried they are going to fall down, and if that happens there will be a release. \u201d the giant mine just outside yellowknife was an economic mainstay for 50 years. but its gold was locked within crystals of arsenopyrite, and after the mine finally closed in 2004, about 237, 000 tonnes of highly toxic, water - soluble arsenic trioxide remained on the site. most of the arsenic was blown back underground, where huge dustpiles of it sit in 15 subterranean chambers, some big enough to swallow an 11 - storey building. about 3, 600 cubic metres of arsenic and arsenic - contaminated material remain in surface structures \u2014 uncontained and, in many cases, exposed to the elements. a $ 488 - million plan to clean up the site and freeze the underground arsenic in place \u2014 canada \u2019 s biggest environmental cleanup \u2014 is before northern environmental regulators. but engineering reports say the buildings and some of the underground caverns have deteriorated so badly that the cleanup must begin as soon as possible to contain various poisons, which also include mercury, cyanide and pcbs. \u201c many of the underground elements are showing signs of failure, including the formation of a sinkhole at the surface, \u201d says the department \u2019 s application for the emergency cleanup. \u201c there is the potential for significant impacts to the environment and injury to humans through falling cladding, partial building collapse and arsenic and asbestos exposure to humans and wildlife. \u201d arsenic poisoning starts with headaches, confusion, severe diarrhea and drowsiness. when the poisoning becomes acute, symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, blood in the urine, cramping muscles, hair loss, stomach pain and more convulsions. continued poisoning leads to a coma followed by death. photographs from the site show piles of arsenic dust lying exposed inside the old flues that used to carry it underground. those flues are pulling away from the building they were attached to and slowly collapsing as concrete and wood pillars that held them up rot away. snow blows freely through derelict walls and roofs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3790182997464327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.831104"} {"text": "lying exposed inside the old flues that used to carry it underground. those flues are pulling away from the building they were attached to and slowly collapsing as concrete and wood pillars that held them up rot away. snow blows freely through derelict walls and roofs onto arsenic - contaminated equipment. asbestos insulation waves in the wind as it flakes off old pipes and buildings. underground, arsenic - stuffed caverns are in danger of falling in from the surface or collapsing into mined - out areas below. the mine \u2019 s main smokestack is crumbling. palmer said the work needs to start this summer before the poison starts escaping. \u201c we \u2019 re saying it could happen. it \u2019 s got to be an unacceptable risk. \u201c our main goal is the health and safety of northerners and the people on the site. \u201d he said he hopes regulatory approvals will be in place by june. the cleanup would be dicey. the worst - contaminated surface building, where arsenic and gold were separated, would have to be sealed off as it was taken apart. workers would have to wear full hazmat suits and breathe supplied air. as much of the arsenic as possible would have to be cleaned up and sent underground. solid waste from buildings would be removed and stored until full remediation began. palmer estimates an emergency cleanup would take two summers, by which time a full cleanup plan would likely be through the regulatory process. he was unable to supply a cost estimate, as the project is just going out for bids. whatever the cost, it would be borne by taxpayers. giant was built before northern miners were required to post environmental cleanup bonds \u2014 in fact, the mess left at giant is one of the reasons such legislation was drafted. the cost of addressing giant \u2019 s imminent toxic threat is just the latest addition to the mine \u2019 s bitter legacy. although it once provided a livelihood to generations of yellowknifers, giant was also the scene of a violent 1992 labour dispute that saw nine miners murdered in a deliberately set underground explosion. after that, the failure of owner royal oak mines left a pension fund badly depleted by management \u2019 s purchase of company stock. many longtime employees got a fraction of what they were owed. the widows of the murdered miners were also forced to go through years of civil litigation in an attempt to win a $ 10 - million wrongful death settlement, which eventually failed before the supreme court. striking miner roger warren, convicted of the killings, remains in prison on a life sentence. the canadian press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40856327192777275, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.832078"} {"text": "on september 6, 2009, the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer ( aster ) instrument on nasa \u2019 s terra satellite captured this simulated natural color image of the station fire, burning in the san gabriel mountains north of los angeles. the fire started on august 26 in la canada / flintridge near nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena ( seen at the bottom of the image ), and soon grew to become the largest fire in los angeles county \u2019 s history. ten days after its start, the fire had consumed more than 160, 000 acres ( 251 square miles ) of forest, leaving behind a charred, blackened landscape, as it spread eastward. smoke from the actively burning area can be seen on the right side of the image ; the large dark gray area dominating the image is the evidence of forest and chaparral destruction. with its 14 spectral bands from the visible to the thermal infrared wavelength region and its high spatial resolution of 15 to 90 meters ( about 50 to 300 feet ), aster images earth to map and monitor the changing surface of our planet. aster is one of five earth - observing instruments launched december 18, 1999, on nasa \u2019 s terra satellite. the instrument was built by japan \u2019 s ministry of economy, trade and industry. a joint u. s. / japan science team is responsible for validation and calibration of the instrument and the data products. the broad spectral coverage and high spectral resolution of aster provides scientists in numerous disciplines with critical information for surface mapping and monitoring of dynamic conditions and temporal change. example applications are : monitoring glacial advances and retreats ; monitoring potentially active volcanoes ; identifying crop stress ; determining cloud morphology and physical properties ; wetlands evaluation ; thermal pollution monitoring ; coral reef degradation ; surface temperature mapping of soils and geology ; and measuring surface heat balance. the u. s. science team is located at nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif. the terra mission is part of nasa \u2019 s science mission directorate, washington, d. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48475320765718327, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.834152"} {"text": "old oaks face the axe, a major loss to the city \u2019 s ecosystem a small stand of rare black oak, across from high park, may soon be clear - cut. the houses have been torn down ; all that remains on the lot are the trees, black oak and red oak and also some others, but it is the oak that are important. they are nine in number and tall and their limbs are stark and muscular and they have been standing for 200 years. they may not stand much longer. the lot, on bloor west at \u2014 irony alert \u2014 oakmount, awaits development by the daniels corp. hearings at the ontario municipal board have just ended ; if the site plan is approved, the trees will be cleared. the deeper irony is that, should this happen, real estate agents will make their sales while bragging about the view of the trees in the park across the street. this is an emergency. the trees are part of the rare black oak savannah, and they are kin to the trees in high park ; their loss would be ecologically, genetically and culturally devastating to the savannah in the park, and also to you and me ; these trees are our patrimony. eric davies is a doctoral student in forestry at the university of toronto. sandra smith, his supervisor, is a professor of forest health at u of t. we were on bloor the other day, looking up at the old oak, when a flutter in the sky caught eric \u2019 s eye. eric said, \u201c look there, juncoes, more of them coming over, this is what you want to see. \u201d why were juncoes what i wanted to see? he said, \u201c they \u2019 re migratory birds. they \u2019 re coming from high park. \u201d he explained that the black oak savannah in the park is a rare and precious ecosystem ; it has been declared an \u201c area of natural and scientific interest. \u201d that designation \u2014 ansi \u2014 means it is important to the city, the province, the country, and the continent ; of interest to the whole damn world. eric said, \u201c the periphery around any ecosystem is called a buffer ; here, the birds use it to hopscotch in and out of the park. when the trees are gone, they won \u2019 t be able to do that. \u201d a larger point : because of the way pollination works, the trees under threat ensure the genetic health of the trees across the street. you would think that, if we protect the park, we would protect that which the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3684425476863729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.838029"} {"text": "able to do that. \u201d a larger point : because of the way pollination works, the trees under threat ensure the genetic health of the trees across the street. you would think that, if we protect the park, we would protect that which the park relies on. i asked about planting new trees. eric said, \u201c these trees are the genetic stock of toronto ; you can \u2019 t just call up a nursery and get them. \u201d if you do order black oak seedlings from a nursery, they are likely from oregon ; last time i looked, oregon was there, not here. sandra said, \u201c the challenge is, how do we keep these unique ecosystems in the city? \u201d i pushed her : who cares? apparently, lots of cities do. she said, \u201c chicago, manhattan, seattle \u2014 really forward cities \u2014 they \u2019 re protecting their urban forests. \u201d eric said, \u201c they \u2019 re making their buffers larger, extending the natural ecosystem. \u201d but he also noted the presence on the lot of some norway maple, some austrian pine and siberian elm. that \u2019 s also good, is it not? as if he had been waiting a long time for anyone to ask, eric said, \u201c there is a recent study looking at insects and birds in native and non - native trees ; the native trees have 50 per cent more biodiversity \u2014 insects, birds, fungi, mammals. \u201d now let me tell you some more about those oak : aboriginal people would have boiled the acorns and ground them for flour ; the leaves and bark, high in tannin, would have been used to cure hides ; the wood is strong and suitable for tool handles. ok, we don \u2019 t tan a lot of hides around here any more. but sandra has talked to many of her colleagues in forestry and she said, \u201c no one can believe this is happening. \u201d the issue remains with the ontario municipal board ; there has been some strong testimony about the trees. a decision will be made soon. i fear the worst. joe fiorito appears monday, wednesday and friday. email : email @ example. com - updated wedding gift spat spirals out of control after bride demands to see receipt - toronto man sentenced to 9 years in cuba on corruption charges - video twa flight 800 crash was caused by missile, say ex investigators - rob ford case could get supreme court green light tomorrow - my first brazilian wax : my mother was right - saudi women jailed for trying to help a canadian woman - video updated bob rae stepping down as liberal mp - new d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4153272284399016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.838971"} {"text": "katherinebecker middle school, nv, united states mandibecker middle school, nv, united states jameybecker middle school, nv, united states 12 & under dana schutzebecker middle school, nv, united states health & safety first, we brain stormed together about ways to lead a healthy life. then, we each picked a topic we are believe and feel most strongly about. for an example : one of us loves to exercise so she decided to research about healthy ways to get fit. that is how we got our research done. then we started to write paragraphs about our topic on a new page on thinkquest. after that, we started focusing on conventions to make sure there are no errors with puncutation, grammar, capitalization, ect. we went over each others work to revise, edit, and make sure all facts are true and percise. once that was complete, we made drafts for each of the paragraphs we chose to write about. finally, once all the editing was finished, we typed our paragraphs on a new page. diversity enhanced our website strongly. we all believe in the same things but look at it in a different way. that gives us three points of view. that is really helpful. some of us look at life in different ways, so we know how to really touch other peoples lives in various manners. we all believe in the same basic religion, but different details. for an example ; one of us is lutheran, one of us is non - denominational, and the other is baptist. all of which are christion. every person in our team has different every day diets, ways to exercise, and genes. each of those things affect our health. in our narrative piece, we will include things to do, things not to do, and facts all about ways to lead a healthy life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49450336172311393, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.840789"} {"text": "pacific northwest national laboratory in richland was picked friday as part of a new batteries and energy research hub that will bring together the nation ' s top expertise on the subject. \" this is a partnership between world - leading scientists and world - leading companies, committed to ensuring that the advanced battery technologies the world needs will be invented and built right here in america, \" said energy secretary steven chu in a statement. the department of energy is investing $ 120 million in the new joint center for energy storage research, which will be based at argonne national laboratory in illinois. the state of illinois will provide $ 35 million to construct a home for the project. pnnl will receive $ 15 million during five years to spend on materials science research and to develop scientific tools that others also can use. it ' s one of five national laboratories, five universities and four private firms in the joint center. \" energy storage is a transformational technology that can help bring new clean resources onto the grid, \" said sen. patty murray, d - wash., in a statement. \" competition for this award was stiff, and i ' m thrilled the pacific northwest national laboratory is part of the winning team. \" improving energy storage is an essential building block of a smarter, cleaner and more diverse electricity system, said sen. maria cantwell, d - wash., in a statement. if the nation wants to reduce its dependence on foreign resources like oil, it will have to use its own resources, including coal, natural gas and renewables, said jud virden, associate laboratory director for the energy and environmental directorate. but that energy will need to be converted to electricity, including for electric vehicles, and there ' s not a good way to store it in that form now. car batteries need to be developed that can be produced at a reasonable cost and that last a decade or more. the challenge for renewables, such as wind, is to store intermittently produced electricity until it ' s needed. in the northwest, the wind typically blows at night, but most electricity is used during the day. a battery could be used to store that electricity, but it would need to be long - lasting and would be expensive at a size able to store thousands of times the kilowatts of a car battery. pnnl ' s expertise will be used to understand the chemistry of materials at the molecular level in conventional batteries to learn more about the performance of the materials and why the materials change, virden said. \" we will try to understand what happens that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46115962413113687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.845298"} {"text": "pnnl ' s expertise will be used to understand the chemistry of materials at the molecular level in conventional batteries to learn more about the performance of the materials and why the materials change, virden said. \" we will try to understand what happens that limits performance over time, \" he said. researchers will look at how to make materials, at how to characterize and model materials, and the interface between materials, he said. one - of - a - kind scientific imaging instruments on the pnnl campus will be used and further developed for the work, including instruments at the environmental molecular sciences laboratory. the challenge is to develop batteries that can be produced in high volume and are long lasting for vehicles and grid energy storage, virden said. \" if we can do that we could use less foreign oil and use our own natural gas, coal and renewables, \" he said. the goal of the new joint center will be to bring together renowned researchers at the chosen labs and universities across the nation to break through obstacles in basic research, according to doe. they will work with industrial partners to convert that new knowledge to market - ready energy storage technologies. \" based on the tremendous advances that have been made in the past few years, there are very good reasons to believe that advanced battery technologies can and will play an increasingly valuable role, \" chu said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49896725762289384, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.845894"} {"text": "a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, molluscicides and various other substances used to control pests. under united states federal law, any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant is also considered a pesticide. pests are living organisms that occur where they are not wanted or that cause damage to crops or humans or other animals. examples include : - mice and other animals, - unwanted plants ( weeds ), - microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, and - prions. ( see this pdf ) many household products are pesticides. all of these common products are considered pesticides : - cockroach sprays and baits ; - insect repellents for personal use ; - rat and other rodent poisons ; - flea and tick sprays, powders, and pet collars ; - kitchen, laundry, and bath disinfectants and sanitizers ; - products that kill mold and mildew ; - some lawn and garden products, such as weed killers ; and - some swimming pool chemicals. types of pesticides - algicides - control algae in lakes, canals, swimming pools, water tanks, and other sites. - antifouling agents - kill or repel organisms that attach to underwater surfaces, such as boat bottoms. - antimicrobials - kill microorganisms ( such as bacteria and viruses ). - attractants - attract pests ( for example, to lure an insect or rodent to a trap ). ( however, food is not considered a pesticide when used as an attractant. ) - biocides - kill microorganisms. - disinfectants and sanitizers - kill or inactivate disease - producing microorganisms on inanimate objects. - fungicides - kill fungi ( including blights, mildews, molds, and rusts ). - fumigants - produce gas or vapor intended to destroy pests in buildings or soil. - herbicides - kill weeds and other plants that grow where they are not wanted. - insecticides - kill insects and other arthropods. - miticides ( also called acaricides ) - kill mites that feed on plants and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5784431771315574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.853328"} {"text": "- herbicides - kill weeds and other plants that grow where they are not wanted. - insecticides - kill insects and other arthropods. - miticides ( also called acaricides ) - kill mites that feed on plants and animals. - microbial pesticides - microorganisms that kill, inhibit, or out compete pests, including insects or other microorganisms. - molluscicides - kill snails and slugs. - nematicides - kill nematodes ( microscopic, worm - like organisms that feed on plant roots ). - ovicides - kill eggs of insects and mites. - pheromones - biochemicals used to disrupt the mating behavior of insects. - repellents - repel pests, including insects ( such as mosquitoes ) and birds. - rodenticides - control mice and other rodents. the term pesticide also includes these substances : - defoliants - cause leaves or other foliage to drop from a plant, usually to facilitate harvest. - desiccants - promote drying of living tissues, such as unwanted plant tops. - insect growth regulators - disrupt the molting, maturity from pupal stage to adult, or other life processes of insects. - plant growth regulators - substances ( excluding fertilizers or other plant nutrients ) that alter the expected growth, flowering, or reproduction rate of plants. some examples of chemically - related pesticides are organophosphate pesticides - these pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. most organophosphates are insecticides. they were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on insects, which are similar to their effects on humans, were discovered in 1932. some are very poisonous ( they were used in world war ii as nerve agents ). however, they usually are not persistent in the environment. carbamate pesticides affect the nervous system by disupting an enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. the enzyme effects are usually reversible. there are several subgroups within the carbamates. - organochlorine insecticides were commonly used in the past, but many have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects and their persistence ( e. g. ddt and chlordane ). ( see chlorinated pesticides ) - pyrethroid pesticides were developed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4861214470690755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.854188"} {"text": "past, but many have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects and their persistence ( e. g. ddt and chlordane ). ( see chlorinated pesticides ) - pyrethroid pesticides were developed as a synthetic version of the naturally occurring pesticide pyrethrin, which is found in chrysanthemums. they have been modified to increase their stability in the environment. some synthetic pyrethroids are toxic to the nervous system. biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. for example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticides. at the end of 2001, there were approximately 195 registered biopesticide active ingredients and 780 products. biopesticides fall into three major classes : microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism ( e. g., a bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan ) as the active ingredient. microbial pesticides can control many different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient is relatively specific for its target pest [ s ]. for example, there are fungi that control certain weeds, and other fungi that kill specific insects. the most widely used microbial pesticides are subspecies and strains of bacillus thuringiensis, or bt. each strain of this bacterium produces a different mix of proteins, and specifically kills one or a few related species of insect larvae. while some bt ' s control moth larvae found on plants, other bt ' s are specific for larvae of flies and mosquitoes. the target insect species are determined by whether the particular bt produces a protein that can bind to a larval gut receptor, thereby causing the insect larvae to starve plant - incorporated - protectants ( pips ) are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant. for example, scientists can take the gene for the bt pesticidal protein, and introduce the gene into the plant ' s own genetic material. then the plant, instead of the bt bacterium, manufactures the substance that destroys the pest. the protein and its genetic material, but not the plant itself, are regulated by epa. - biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non - toxic mechanisms. conventional pesticides, by contrast, are generally synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. biochemical pesticides include substances, such as insect sex ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4952696672741666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.855115"} {"text": "in increasing numbers. regulation of pesticides in the united states, pesticides are regulated by the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) under the federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act ( fifra ). in addition, under fifra, a substance used as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant is defined as a pesticide and regulated accordingly. all pesticides must be registered and carry a label approved by epa. the u. s. definition of pesticides is quite broad, but it does have some exclusions : - drugs used to control diseases of humans or animals ( such as livestock and pets ) are not considered pesticides ; such drugs are regulated by the food and drug administration. - fertilizers, nutrients, and other substances used to promote plant survival and health are not considered plant growth regulators and thus are not pesticides. - biological control agents, except for certain microorganisms, are exempted from regulation by epa. ( biological control agents include beneficial predators such as birds or ladybugs that eat insect pests. ) - products which contain certain low - risk ingredients, such as garlic and mint oil, have been exempted from federal registration requirements, although state regulatory requirements may still apply. for a list of ingredients which may be exempt, and a discussion of allowable label claims for such products, see epa ' s pesticide registration notice 2000 - 6, \" minimum risk pesticides exempted under fifra section 25 ( b ) \" ( 33 kb, pdf ). unlike pesticides, epa does not require devices to be registered with the agency. devices are subject to certain labeling, packaging, record keeping, and import / export requirements, however. in addition, the establishment where a device is produced must be registered with epa who will assign an establishment number. - about the epa pesticides program - frequent questions about pesticides - pesticides : topical and chemical fact sheets - agricultural pesticide contamination - pesticides and wildlife - health effects of chlorophenols - regulation of toxic chemicals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47193043457601597, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.857143"} {"text": "whitefish creek. whitefish creek rises near alanreed in southern gray county ( at 39\u00b012 ' n, 100\u00b047 ' w ) and flows southeast for twenty - two miles to its mouth on the salt fork of the red river, in eastern donley county ( at 34\u00b060 ' n, 100\u00b036 ' w ). in 1879 whitefish creek and its tributaries were occupied by the quarter circle heart ranch, but in 1880 alfred rowe added them to his ro ranch. the area is flat to rolling with local escarpments. the soils are deep, fine, sandy loams that support hardwood forests, brush, and grasses at the head. the creek later reaches a flat area with local shallow depressions, where clay and sandy loam soils support water - tolerant hardwoods, conifers, and grasses. pauline d. and r. l. robertson, cowman ' s country : fifty frontier ranches in the texas panhandle, 1876 \u2013 1887 ( amarillo : paramount, 1981 ). pauline d. and r. l. robertson, panhandle pilgrimage : illustrated tales tracing history in the texas panhandle ( canyon, texas : staked plains, 1976 ; 2d ed., amarillo : paramount, 1978 ). the following, adapted from the chicago manual of style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. \" whitefish creek, \" handbook of texas online ( http : / / www. tshaonline. org / handbook / online / articles / rbw80 ), accessed june 16, 2013. published by the texas state historical association.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3530846985472696, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.858640"} {"text": "biographer describes background of wallace \u2019 s segregation speech published : friday, january 18, 2013 at 3 : 30 a. m. last modified : thursday, january 17, 2013 at 11 : 31 p. m. montgomery | the year 1963 marked a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement, with events in alabama at the forefront. the year began with new gov. george c. wallace \u2019 s jan. 14 \u201c segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever \u201d speech. the year included wallace \u2019 s infamous \u201c stand in the schoolhouse door \u201d in june at the segregated university of alabama, where the governor symbolically opposed a federal order to enroll two blacks students. in september, four black girls were killed when dynamite was detonated at the sixteenth street baptist church in birmingham. on thursday at the alabama department of archives and history \u2019 s architreats program, wallace biographer and historian dan carter explained the background of wallace \u2019 s speech, which contained major contributions by the late racist, libertarian and anti - communist writer asa carter. dan carter wrote, \u201c the politics of rage : george wallace, the origins of the new conservatism and the transformation of american politics, \u201d among other books. dan carter said asa carter penned major portions of wallace \u2019 s speech, which transformed the governor from being one of the most racially liberal politicians. \u201c his speech had to do with the defense of segregation, \u201d dan carter said. the brief portion of wallace \u2019 s 17 - page speech that made the television network news was : \u201c in the name of the greatest people that ever trod this earth, i draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny. i say segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever. \u201d the speech included departures from asa carter \u2019 s rants to include wallace saying he wanted to help blacks. but that wasn \u2019 t what his speech was remembered for, dan carter said. dan carter said wallace was one of the \u201c great caravan of dixie demagogues. \u201d \u201c it is the one thing that george wallace is most remembered for, \u201d dan carter said. \u201c it \u2019 s difficult to put ourselves back in what it was like in the late 1950s and early 1960s, \u201d dan carter said. \u201c even though he was a racial moderate in his life, it was always within the system of segregation. \u201d wallace was elected in 1962 after losing the 1958 governor \u2019 s race to john patterson. \u201c politicians see their job to represent the people and, in the case of george wallace in 1962, the white", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4067497775338802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.864437"} {"text": ", it was always within the system of segregation. \u201d wallace was elected in 1962 after losing the 1958 governor \u2019 s race to john patterson. \u201c politicians see their job to represent the people and, in the case of george wallace in 1962, the white people, he was representing them, \u201d dan carter said. \u201c when black people began demanding rights, there was no question he had this visceral response, this anger and frustration. \u201d asa carter \u201c disappeared \u201d and in the 1970s re - emerged as forrest carter to write novels, including \u201c the rebel outlaw, josey wales, \u201d the basis for a clint eastwood movie. \u201c asa carter was an absolute doctrinaire libertarian who hated government, \u201d dan carter said. he died in the late 1970s. wallace, who died in 1998, served as governor four times. his last two terms included significant support by blacks, whom he had asked for forgiveness for his segregationist past. wallace was shot in 1972 while campaigning for president. the shooting left him paralyzed, and he used a wheelchair. \u201c it certainly changed him, \u201d dan carter said. \u201c the family points out it made him a different person. \u201d dan carter said wallace had already begun changing to suit the political winds that no longer saw racism as popular or morally correct. \u201c he, like any good political figure, picked up on the wind, and when the wind changed, he did, \u201d dan carter said. \u201c i think he was sincere about it. \u201d he said that even during his segregationist period, if wallace spoke at a country club, he made it a point to go into the kitchen and speak and greet the black cooks and help. \u201c racism wasn \u2019 t that deep in him, \u201d said dan carter. \u201c he wanted everyone to love him. i think he always tried to temper that talk, and that \u2019 s why he wanted to put in those sections ( in his speech ) about helping black folks. \u201c there are many things that wallace did for the state, but i think it was flawed in part by the corruption involved, a fair amount of that, \u201d dan carter said. \u201c i think that whole turning of almost every issue into a political issue damaged wallace \u2019 s efforts, probably hurt the state. \u201d reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. all rights reserved. this copyrighted material may not be re - published without permission. links are encouraged.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43480158049221557, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.865408"} {"text": "in jainism, there is a great deal of importance given to leshya. leshya refers to the state of mind. our activities reflect our state of mind. the following illustration shows how our activities vary with the state of our mind. once there were six friends who were going on a trip, but along the way got lost in a forest. soon they became hungry and thirsty. they searched for food for sometime and finally found a fruit tree. as they ran to the tree, the first man said, \" letis cut the tree down and get the fruits. \" the second one said, \" donit cut the whole tree down, cut off a big branch instead. \" the third friend said, \" why do we need a big branch? a small branch has enough fruit. \" the fourth one said, \" we do not need to cut any branches, just climb up and take the bunches of fruit. \" the fifth man said, \" why pick that many fruits and waste them, instead just pick the fruits that you want to eat. \" the sixth friend said quietly, \" there are plenty of good fruits on the ground, so letis just eat them first. \" you can see that the states of minds of these six friends cause a range of thoughts which begin with the destruction of a tree and end with picking up what is on the ground. the six friendsi minds represent six types of leshyas. the first friendis state of mind represents krishna ( black ) leshya. the second friendis state of mind represents neel ( blue ) leshya. the third friendis state of mind represents kapot ( brown ) leshya. the fourth friendis state of mind represents tejo ( red ) leshya. the fifth friendis state of mind represents padma ( yellow ) leshya. the sixth friendis state of mind represents shukla ( white ) leshya. the first leshya is the worst and the sixth leshya is the best. the first three leshyas lead the soul to ruin and the last three lead the soul to spiritual prosperity. therefore, people should strive for the white leshya and not the red leshya. it is not so that a personis state of mind remains the same at all times and therefore, it can be changed for the better or for the worst. the popular story of king prasanraj, who lived during lord mahavirais time, illustrates the effects of one day king shrenik was on his way to pay homage to lord mahavira and on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.530185862134918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.874947"} {"text": "the better or for the worst. the popular story of king prasanraj, who lived during lord mahavirais time, illustrates the effects of one day king shrenik was on his way to pay homage to lord mahavira and on the way he saw a sage who was meditating and illuminating very brightly. he bowed down to the sage and continued on his way to pay homage to lord mahavira. after reaching lord mahavira, king shrenik asked the lord, \" oh lord, i saw a very illuminated sage who was engaged in meditation on the way here. supposing he died at that moment, what state would he have acquired? \" the lord replied, \" he would have been hurled down to the seventh the king was much astonished to hear this reply from the lord. he \" why would such a sage go to hell? perhaps the lord might have misunderstood me. \" he asked the lord again, \" oh lord, if the sage leaves this body just now, then what state will he attain? \" the lord replied, \" he will be an angel in sarvarthasidha, a heavenly the king was much surprised at this reply, too. he thought, \" the lord first said he would attain the seventh hell and now he says that the sage would be an angel. \" the king was perplexed. at that very moment drums began sounding in the sky and voices of ` victory ' were proclaimed. the king asked the lord, \" what is the cause of these the lord said, \" oh, king, the sage about whom you were inquiring has omniscience and so the angels are beating the drums and proclaiming the king was extremely surprised by these answers and therefore, he requested the lord to explain them. thereupon the lord said, \" oh king, right before you approached the sage, two soldiers leading your procession diverted the mind of the sage by their conversation. his mind began thinking about his kingdom where his ministers turned out to be untrustworthy and would eventually kill his son. he was inflamed with rage and he lost his mental equanimity. therefore, he started mentally fighting against his ministers. he very violently discharged his weapons one after the other against his ministers. soon his weapons were exhausted and his foes were not destroyed. so, he thought of throwing his steel helmet against them in order to destroy them. you bowed down to him at that time when he was reflecting on such thoughts. i, therefore, replied that he would attain the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5191988028125403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.876583"} {"text": "his foes were not destroyed. so, he thought of throwing his steel helmet against them in order to destroy them. you bowed down to him at that time when he was reflecting on such thoughts. i, therefore, replied that he would attain the 7th hell. thereafter, when the sage placed his hand on his head for the steel helmet, he realized that he was not king prasanraj but that he was a sage. his anger calmed down immediately. he remembered that he has been initiated into the vow of equanimity and of non - violence to any living being mentally, verbally, and physically. he deeply regretted and repented for the breach of his vow and indulgence in acute anger. he further thought that he ought to have maintained love for all creatures of the world, ought to have no malice for the ministers, and no attachment for his son. he severely condemned his mental act. he despised it and withdrew himself from such a feat of anger and malice. oh king, when he thought this way, you asked me the next question and i replied that he would be born in the savartha siddha ( heaven ) as an angel. even thereafter, he continued the purification of his mental reflections and gradually he reached the stage of ` kshapaka ', where he annihilated all of his ghati karmas, and attained omniscience. \" king shrenikis doubts were resolved and he learned how mental reflections can fluctuate. he also learned that not only can physical acts or verbal abuses have such devastating effects, but so can mental acts. we too must learn from this episode. let us understand the characteristic of personalities and the outcomes resulting different 1 ) krishna ( black ) leshya : people in this state of mind do not show no compassion or mercy. everyone is afraid of them as their anger turns into violence. they always burn with jealousy and have ill - will for everyone. they are filled with animosity and malice and do not believe in religion. this state of mind is the worst and most dangerous. if anyone dies in this state of mind, they will go to hell. 2 ) neel ( blue ) leshya : people in this state of mind are proud, haughty, and lazy. they are unreliable and other people avoid their company. they are cheaters, cowards, and hypocrites. such people also avoid the religious lectures. if anyone dies in this state of mind, they will be reborn as 3 ) ka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5043599425066735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.878073"} {"text": ". they are unreliable and other people avoid their company. they are cheaters, cowards, and hypocrites. such people also avoid the religious lectures. if anyone dies in this state of mind, they will be reborn as 3 ) kapot ( brown ) leshya : people in this state of mind always remain sad and gloomy. they find faults in others and are vindictive. they boast about themselves, become excited over small matters, and lack mental balance. if anyone dies in this state of mind, they will be reborn as a bird or an animal. 4 ) tejo ( red ) leshya : people in this state of mind are very careful about their actions and discriminate between good and evil. they know the difference between what is right and what is wrong. they are kind, benevolent, and religious and lead a harmonious life. if anyone dies in this state of mind, they will be reborn as a human being. 5 ) padma ( yellow ) leshya : people in this state of mind are kind and benevolent and forgive everyone, even their enemies. they observe some austerities and are vigilant in keeping their vows till their last breath. they remain unaffected by joys and sorrows. if anyone dies in this leshya, they will be reborn in heaven as a celestial being. 6 ) shukla ( white ) leshya : people in this state of mind strictly observe the principles of non - violence, truth, non - stealing, celibacy, and non - attachment. they are trustworthy, treat every soul as if it was their own soul, and do not have ill feelings even for their enemies. they remain calm even if someone abuses them. if anyone dies in this state of mind, they will be reborn as a human being or an angel. people who perfect this state of mind have no attachment or hatred and treat everyone alike. they do not become happy or sad. their state of mind is the purest. if anyone dies in this perfected state of mind, they will be liberated from the cycle of birth and death. back to chapters list. back to the home page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4824095641345823, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.878961"} {"text": "heart disease - activity getting regular exercise when you have heart disease is important. it can help you in these ways : always talk with your doctor before starting an exercise program to make sure the exercise you would like to do is safe for you. this is especially important if : your doctor will tell you what exercise is best for you. talk with your doctor before you start a new exercise program or before you do an activity that is much harder than what you have been doing. aerobic activity uses your heart and lungs for a long period of time, helps your heart use oxygen better, and improves blood flow. you want to make your heart work a little harder every time, but not too hard : during hot weather, exercise in the morning or evening. be careful not to wear too many layers of clothes. you can also go to an indoor shopping mall to walk or to a fitness center. when it is cold, cover your nose and mouth when exercising outside. go to an indoor shopping mall or fitness center if it is too cold or snowy to exercise outside. ask your doctor if it is okay for you to exercise when it is below freezing. resistance weight training, using nautilus and similar machines, may improve your strength and help your muscles work together better. this can make it easier to do daily activities, like lifting groceries. these exercises are good for you, but keep in mind they do not help your heart like aerobic exercise does. check out your weight - training routine with your doctor first. go easy, and do not strain too hard. it is better to do more lighter sets of exercise when you have heart disease than to work out too hard. good weight - training exercises may include the chest press, shoulder press, triceps extension, biceps curl, pull - down ( upper back ), lower back extension, abdominal crunch / curl - up, quadriceps extension or leg press, leg curls ( hamstrings ), and calf raise. you may need advice from a physical therapist or trainer on how to do the exercises the correct way. make sure you breathe steadily, switch between upper and lower body work, and rest often. if your exercise puts too much strain on your heart, you may have pain and other symptoms, such as : it is important that you pay attention to these warning signs, stop what you are doing, and rest. if you have symptoms, write down what you were doing and the time of day. share this information with your doctor. if these symptoms are very bad or do not go away", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48528200211635003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.882348"} {"text": "attention to these warning signs, stop what you are doing, and rest. if you have symptoms, write down what you were doing and the time of day. share this information with your doctor. if these symptoms are very bad or do not go away when you stop your activity, let your doctor know about these right away. your doctor can give you advice about exercise during your regular medical appointments. know your resting pulse rate and a safe exercising pulse rate. try taking your pulse during exercise to see if your heart is beating at a safe exercise rate. if it is too high, slow down. then, take it again after exercise to see if it comes back to normal within about 10 minutes. you can take your pulse in the wrist area below the base of your thumb. use your index and third fingers of the opposite hand to locate your pulse and count the number of beats a minute. drink plenty of water, and take frequent breaks during exercise or other strenuous activities. call your doctor if you feel : changes in your angina may mean your heart disease is getting worse. call your doctor if your angina : also call your doctor if you cannot exercise as much as you are used to being able to. \u00a9 2011 university of maryland medical center ( ummc ). all rights reserved. ummc is a member of the university of maryland medical system, 22 s. greene street, baltimore, md 21201. tdd : 1 - 800 - 735 - 2258 or 1. 866. 408. 6885", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4525873977280392, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.882909"} {"text": "as thousands of delegates arrive in durban for the start of the cop17 climate summit today ( 28 november ), unicef is urging them to prioritise the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable, especially women and children, who often suffer the brunt of climate change. the cop17 talks will see governments come together to work towards a new legally - binding climate deal, and take forward discussions on protecting children from climate change. children already face climate risks such as cyclones, storm surges and extreme temperatures, which affect their survival and wellbeing. so it ' s critical that their voices are heard during the negotiations and their needs factored into the response to climate change. there ' s also hope that progress will be made toward extending the kyoto protocol, to maintain a climate regime that includes emissions reduction targets. this will be vital in securing a low - carbon future for children. governments are expected to agree to the establishment of the new green climate fund. this will channel the $ 100 billion a year of new and additional climate finance to help people in vulnerable countries adapt to climate change. this is something that unicef uk have campaigned on in 2011 with our get children climate ready campaign. \" the durban climate talks present an opportunity for world leaders to come together to work towards an agreement that will safeguard children ' s futures from climate impacts, said jazmin burgess, unicef uk ' s climate change policy officer. \" the uk has long been a progressive player in the climate change negotiations and we hope that they will continue this in durban. \" find out more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41401824309972035, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.884497"} {"text": "thousands of children and adolescents die because of violence every year in latin america and the caribbean panama city, 16 november 2006 \u2013 in latin america and the caribbean, violence transcends cultural borders, class differences, education, ethnic origin or age, and threatens or even kills thousands of children and adolescents. a large part of this violence, which includes physical, sexual and psychological violence, discrimination and abandonment, remains hidden and is occasionally socially sanctioned. the high level of violence in latin america and the caribbean is related to a combination of extreme economic and social inequalities, the predominant culture of \u201c machismo \u201d which characterizes the region, as well as to the failure to implement existing legal protection mechanisms. the tolerance of violence against children in many cases favours the impunity of the aggressors and the lack of real political commitment to put an end to these grave human rights violations. further, the absence of reliable information - gathering systems hampers any ability to analyse the situation, evaluation of the impact of adopted policies, and calls into question the political commitment of governments to put an end to this unacceptable situation. these are some of the conclusions of the study on violence against children, launched today at a regional level for latin america and the caribbean in panama city by professor paulo sergio pinheiro, the independent expert appointed by the un secretary general to lead the study. the study documents the nature and the impact of violence against children and adolescents on a global scale within the family, school, detention and protection institutions, workplaces, and the community, and presents general and specific recommendations primarily directed at governments, urging them to take immediate action. the social and health consequences associated with violence represent an annual cost of approximately us $ 145 billion, or 12 percent of gross domestic product, to the countries of latin america and the caribbean. the global study, presented to the un general assembly on 11 october 2006, was conducted at the request of the secretary general following a recommendation of the committee on the rights of the child. some two years ago, a global data - gathering process was initiated in consultation with regional and national analysis, as well as field visits. the office of the high commissioner for human rights of the united nations ( ohchr ), the world health organization ( who ), unicef, and an advisory ngo panel have supported the study \u2019 s development from the outset. in latin america and the caribbean, two regional consultations were organized, involving more than 300 representatives of governments, civil society organizations, united nations agencies, academic institutions, experts on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4278440529180453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.890953"} {"text": "an advisory ngo panel have supported the study \u2019 s development from the outset. in latin america and the caribbean, two regional consultations were organized, involving more than 300 representatives of governments, civil society organizations, united nations agencies, academic institutions, experts on violence, as well as children and adolescents. two regional desk reviews and consultations involving more than 2, 000 children and adolescents from 22 countries were conducted. \u201c we were the voices of those whose voices are never heard. it was a big responsibility for us to be able to take this message of many children that want to be heard, but are not heard because of injustice and marginalization. we could convey that voice to people who, relatively speaking, have the power to change things and break the silence of this alarming situation that we are living around the world, \u201d say cinthia karina reyes and ondina lourdes mazier chavez, two adolescents from nicaragua, representing children and adolescents from latin america who participated in the study. the coordination of this entire process was led by the regional secretary for the study, created ad - hoc and composed of un organizations and international ngos ( world vision, save the children, plan international, and defence for children international ). regional groups, such as the inter - american commission on human rights and the caribbean community and common market ( caricom ) organization, have been strategic allies as well helping mobilize the region. \u201c in this region, around 80, 000 children and adolescents die every year as a result of violence within the family. the high levels of violence violate the rights of children and halt the democratic and economic development of the countries. the violence that is lived and learned in the home and the violence that exists in society are intertwined ; the transmission of intergenerational violence, which is a grave obstacle to achieve the millennium development goals to create more just and stable societies, has to be stopped, \u201d affirms nils kastberg, unicef \u2019 s regional director for latin america and the caribbean. \u201c the violence that children live is an expression of moral, social and cultural deterioration. the humanization of our societies and the pursuit of protection measures for children are urgent. we as civil society organizations can count on the impressive capabilities of children who constitute a historic force on this continent in this century. this study compiles their voices of pain and proposals, which we must listen to and incorporate in alternative solutions, \u201d adds corinna villacorta, vice - president of world vision. the general recommendations of the study are primarily targeted at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43946261347492943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.892719"} {"text": ". this study compiles their voices of pain and proposals, which we must listen to and incorporate in alternative solutions, \u201d adds corinna villacorta, vice - president of world vision. the general recommendations of the study are primarily targeted at governments which have to become proactive with the support of united nations agencies, civil society organizations, regional organizations, professional associations, communities, parents, and children themselves. the recommendations include the development of a national strategy of prevention of and combat against violence, which should be integrated into national development plans, no later than 2007, and the appointment of a ministerial - level authority to be responsible for the coordination of such strategy ; the legal prohibition of all forms of violence against children, including corporal punishment, and the creation or improvement of national systems to compile disaggregated data by 2009. as throughout the process of information gathering, the study stresses the need to listen to the opinion of children and adolescents in the design of prevention strategies and protection services as well as the recuperation of victims. during the consultations in latin america and the caribbean participants emphasized the importance of improving legal protection services, maintaining strategic partnerships with the media to generate changes in attitudes and behaviour, and including programmes to reduce and prevent violence in social and economic development strategies. \u201c all countries can and must put an end to violence against children. this doesn \u2019 t mean being limited to punishing the aggressors, but it is necessary to transform the mindset of societies and the underlying social and economic conditions of violence, \u201d concludes professor paulo sergio pinheiro. those participating in the regional launch, conducted under the auspices of the presidency of the republic of panama, include : the chancellor of the republic of panama, samuel lewis navarro ; unicef \u2019 s regional director for latin america and the caribbean, nils kastberg, on behalf of the united nations ; daniela salazar, human rights expert from the inter - american commission on human rights ; deputy programme director of the caribbean community and common market, ( caricom ) organization, halima kassim ; vice - president of world vision on behalf of the secretariat of ngos which support the study \u2014 world vision, save the children, plan international, defence for children international \u2014 and cinthia karina reyes and ondina lourdes mazier chavez, nicaraguan adolescents who have participated in the process of the study, representing the region to position themselves against all forms of violence. for 60 years unicef has been the world \u2019 s leader for children, working on the ground in 156 countries and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4181719595941355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.894465"} {"text": "##zier chavez, nicaraguan adolescents who have participated in the process of the study, representing the region to position themselves against all forms of violence. for 60 years unicef has been the world \u2019 s leader for children, working on the ground in 156 countries and territories to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence. the world \u2019 s largest provider of vaccines for developing countries, unicef supports child health and nutrition, good water and sanitation, quality basic education for all boys and girls, and the protection of children from violence, exploitation, and aids. unicef is funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of individuals, businesses, foundations and governments. for more information : panama \u2019 s ministry of foreign affairs : alina guerrero, + 507 511 4189 edith gough, + 507 511 4189 isabel benlloch, firstname. lastname @ example. org, + 507 301 7483, cel : + 507 645 61 289 miguel cuellar, email @ example. com, + 507 301 7456 michael klaus, firstname. lastname @ example. org, + 507 301 7484 camilo palacios, email @ example. com, + 507 317 1700, mobile + 507 667 70 958 ofelia da silva, ofelia _ dasilva @ wvi. org, + 506 2575151 ext. 108 save the children ramon meneses, firstname. lastname @ example. org, + 505 2667101", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45595494440219925, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.895182"} {"text": "deerfield, ill., jan. 7 ( upi ) - - an early ancestor of today ' s birds had teeth - - and not just any teeth, but ones evolved for a special diet, u. s. paleontologists say. writing in the journal of vertebrate paleontology, researchers say a study of a species of early bird, sulcavis geeorum, suggests it had a durophagous diet, meaning the bird ' s teeth were capable of eating prey with hard exoskeletons like insects or crabs. the new specimen, a fossil from the the early cretaceous period of 121 million to 125 million years ago, greatly increases the known diversity of tooth shape in early birds and hints at previously unrecognized ecological diversity, they said. the fossil from an early group of birds known as enantiornithines was found in china and has robust teeth with grooves on the inside surface that likely made them stronger to deal with harder food items, researchers said. no previous bird species have been found with such grooves, ridges, striations, serrated edges or any other form of dental ornamentation, researchers said. \" while other birds were losing their teeth, enantiornithines were evolving new morphologies and dental specializations, \" lead study author jingmai o ' connor said. \" we still don ' t understand why enantiornithines were so successful in the cretaceous but then died out - - maybe differences in diet played a part. \" | additional science news stories |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667148616142635, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.896793"} {"text": "hot enough for you? the world ' s poor face an even bleaker future than polar bears, thanks to global warming. global warming has proved one of the rare issues capable of uniting christians of all persuasions into a more or less coherent chorus for change. a lot of folks have been moved to a call for action on global warming and the related phenomenon of climate change by a biblical understanding of their responsibilities as stewards of creation. according to this perspective, we are mere trustees of a creation and a future that is not our own. now, as ice caps melt and polar bears paddle furiously for an icy safe haven perpetually receding just out of their reach, a lot more folks have awakened to their responsibilities vis - a - vis climate change. but if creation stewardship isn ' t enough to motivate your christian conscience, the catholic agency for overseas development ( cafod ) in great britain has come up with a whole new angle on climate change that should bring more righteous attention to the problem. intervening now to restrain the worst climate effects of global warming is the right thing to do not just because of how it affects the environment but because of its impact on the world ' s most vulnerable people. according to \" up in smoke, \" a report prepared by cafod and the other members of the working group on climate change and development, global warming promises to reverse decades of social and economic progress in asia, where 60 percent of the world ' s people live. it could make commitments to halve global hunger and poverty by 2015, the millennium development goals, essentially unattainable. the report predicts that specific regions of asia are likely to experience both climate extremes of devastating drought and typhoon - driven flooding owing to the cruel vagaries of global warming. individual climate catastrophes will be accompanied by an overall breakdown of weather patterns, ending a meteorological predictability upon which the rhythms of asian agriculture have been built over millennia. in the future more temperamental monsoons may be just as likely to demolish as nurture a southeast asian growing season. that means regional resources that could have been dedicated to economic growth or to improve living, health, and education standards will have to be redirected to climate and crisis response as disaster and crop failure take precedence over social investment. the timing could not be worse for many asian nations finally on the verge of emerging from the broad economic and social deprivation of the past. some of the effects of global warming can now only be mitigated, but to prevent the absolute worst from happening, citizens of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43456374168741413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.900347"} {"text": "be worse for many asian nations finally on the verge of emerging from the broad economic and social deprivation of the past. some of the effects of global warming can now only be mitigated, but to prevent the absolute worst from happening, citizens of the affluent world have to do more than greenwash their homes and domestic industries. individual actions to reduce \" carbon footprints \" will always be welcome and worthwhile, but it ' s time for citizens to start issuing \" come to jesus \" calls to their national governments and demand a comprehensive, globally integrated blueprint for change. national emissions cuts, according to cafod ' s report, must move substantially beyond even the most ambitious targets of the kyoto protocol. even as they invest in advanced alternative energy and infrastructure for reducing greenhouse emissions, industrialized powers also must develop a mechanism for sharing the wealth, so the world ' s poorest, and often rapidly industrializing, nations can do the same. as the world ' s largest producer of greenhouse gases ( perhaps now surpassed by china ), a good opening salvo in the war on warming for the united states might be at least embracing kyoto ' s spirit of international cooperation and compromise. unfortunately during recent u. n. - sponsored talks in bali, the u. s. continued to play an obstructionist role. the poor of the world can ' t wait for the wealthy to worry about global warming any longer. the floodwaters and drought that will obliterate what progress has been achieved will not wait on more debate and political grandstanding. the time for talk is rapidly ending ; the time for real change is now. the last thing this particular global dilemma needs is more hot air.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4608466488630353, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.901129"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb capture of demetrius ii. 1in the one hundred and seventy - second year, * king demetrius assembled his army and marched into media to obtain help so that he could fight trypho. 2when arsaces, * king of persia and media, heard that demetrius had entered his territory, he sent one of his generals to take him alive. 3the general went forth and attacked the army of demetrius ; he captured him and brought him to arsaces, who put him under guard. 4the land was at rest all the days of simon, who sought the good of his nation. his rule delighted his people and his glory all his days. a 5as his crowning glory he took joppa for a port and made it a gateway to the isles of the sea. b 6he enlarged the borders of his nation and gained control of the country. 7he took many prisoners of war and made himself master of gazara, beth - zur, and the citadel. he cleansed the citadel of its impurities ; there was no one to withstand him. 8the people cultivated their land in peace ; the land yielded its produce, the trees of the field their fruit. c 9old men sat in the squares, all talking about the good times, while the young men put on the glorious raiment of war. d 10he supplied the cities with food and equipped them with means of defense, till his glorious name reached the ends of the earth. 11he brought peace to the land, and israel was filled with great joy. e 12every one sat under his vine and fig tree, with no one to disturb them. f 13no attacker was left in the land ; the kings in those days were crushed. 14he strengthened all the lowly among his people and was zealous for the law ; he destroyed the lawless and the wicked. 15the sanctuary he made splendid and multiplied its furnishings. alliance with rome and sparta. 16when people in rome and even in sparta heard that jonathan had died, they were deeply grieved. * 17but when they heard that his brother simon had become high priest in his place and was master of the territory and its cities, 18they sent him inscribed tablets of bronze to renew with him the friendship and alliance that they had established with his brothers judas and jonathan. g 19these were read before the assembly in jerusalem. 20this is a copy of the letter that the spartans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4401282839762697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.908414"} {"text": ", 18they sent him inscribed tablets of bronze to renew with him the friendship and alliance that they had established with his brothers judas and jonathan. g 19these were read before the assembly in jerusalem. 20this is a copy of the letter that the spartans sent : \u201c the rulers and the city of the spartans send greetings to simon the high priest, the elders, the priests, and the rest of the jewish people, our brothers. 21the ambassadors sent to our people have informed us of your glory and renown, and we rejoiced at their coming. 22in accordance with what they said we have recorded the following in the public decrees : numenius, son of antiochus, and antipater, son of jason, ambassadors of the jews, have come to us to renew their friendship with us. h 23the people have resolved to receive these men with honor, and to deposit a copy of their words in the public archives, so that the people of sparta may have a record of them. a copy of this decree has been made for simon the high priest. \u201d official honors for simon. 25when the people heard of these things, they said, \u201c how shall we thank simon and his sons? 26he and his brothers and his father \u2019 s house have stood firm and repulsed israel \u2019 s enemies, and so have established its freedom. \u201d so they made an inscription on bronze tablets, which they affixed to pillars on mount zion. 27the following is a copy of the inscription : \u201c on the eighteenth day of elul, * in the one hundred and seventy - second year, that is, the third year under simon the great high priest in asaramel, 28in a great assembly of priests, people, rulers of the nation, and elders of the region, the following proclamation was made to us : 29 \u201c \u2018 since there have often been wars in our country, simon, son of the priest mattathias, descendant of joarib, and his brothers have put themselves in danger and resisted the enemies of their nation, so that their sanctuary and law might be maintained, and they have thus brought great glory to their nation. 30jonathan rallied the nation, became their high priest, and was gathered to his people. 31when their enemies sought to invade and ravage their country and to violate their sanctuary, 32simon rose up and fought for his nation, spending large sums of his own money to equip his nation \u2019 s forces and give them their pay. 33he fortified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4515702710016661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.910851"} {"text": "to invade and ravage their country and to violate their sanctuary, 32simon rose up and fought for his nation, spending large sums of his own money to equip his nation \u2019 s forces and give them their pay. 33he fortified the cities of judea, especially the border city of beth - zur, formerly the site of the enemy \u2019 s weaponry, and he stationed there a garrison of jewish soldiers. 34he also fortified joppa by the sea and gazara on the border of azotus, a place previously occupied by the enemy ; these cities he settled with jews and furnished them with all that was necessary for their restoration. 35when the people saw simon \u2019 s fidelity and the glory he planned to bring to his nation, they made him their leader and high priest because of all he had accomplished and the justice and fidelity he had shown his nation. in every way he sought to exalt his people. 36 \u201c \u2018 in his time and under his guidance they succeeded in driving the gentiles out of their country and those in the city of david in jerusalem, who had built for themselves a citadel from which they used to sally forth to defile the environs of the sanctuary and inflict grave injury on its purity. 37in this citadel he stationed jewish soldiers, and he strengthened its fortifications for the security of the land and the city, while he also built up the wall of jerusalem to a greater height. 38consequently, king demetrius confirmed him in the high priesthood, 39made him one of his friends, and conferred great honor on him. i 40this was because he had heard that the romans had addressed the jews as friends, allies, and brothers, that they had received simon \u2019 s envoys with honor, 41and that the jewish people and their priests had decided the following : simon shall be their leader and high priest forever until a trustworthy prophet arises. j 42he shall act as governor over them, and shall have charge of the sanctuary, to make regulations concerning its functions and concerning the country, its weapons and strongholds. 43he shall be obeyed by all. all contracts in the country shall be written in his name, and he shall be clothed in purple and gold. k 44it shall not be lawful for any of the people or priests to nullify any of these decisions, or to contradict the orders given by him, or to convene an assembly in the country without his consent, to be clothed in purple or wear a gold buckle. 45whoe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4370223832452743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.911995"} {"text": "the people or priests to nullify any of these decisions, or to contradict the orders given by him, or to convene an assembly in the country without his consent, to be clothed in purple or wear a gold buckle. 45whoever acts otherwise or violates any of these prescriptions shall be liable to punishment. 46 \u201c \u2018 thus all the people approved of granting simon the right to act in accord with these decisions, 47and simon accepted and agreed to be high priest, governor, and ethnarch * of the jewish people and priests, and to have authority over all. \u2019 \u201d 48it was decreed that this inscription should be engraved on bronze tablets, to be set up in a conspicuous place in the precincts of the sanctuary, 49and that copies of it should be deposited in the treasury, where they would be available to simon and his sons. * [ 14 : 1 ] the one hundred and seventy - second year : 141 / 140 b. c. the expedition began most probably in the spring of 140. * [ 14 : 2 ] arsaces : arsaces vi, also called mithridates i, the parthian king ( 171 \u2013 138 b. c. ). parthians had overrun persia and now held babylonia, both of which had hitherto belonged to the seleucid empire. the greeks and macedonians in these countries had appealed to demetrius for help. * [ 14 : 27 ] eighteenth day of elul : september 13, 140 b. c. asaramel : perhaps a hebrew name meaning \u201c court of the people of god. \u201d * [ 14 : 47 ] ethnarch : a subordinate ruler over an ethnic group whose office needed confirmation by a higher authority within the empire. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4784256938312803, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.912856"} {"text": "late breaking news researchers re - defining the concept of a cure for diabetes bethesda, md \u2014 much of the discussion surrounding diabetes concerns day - to - day treatment and how a patient can manage symptoms and keep the disease from progressing. rarely does anyone discuss the possibility of a cure. speaking on the campus of the national institutes of health here last month, dr christopher saudek did just that. a researcher at johns hopkins university and director of the comprehensive diabetes center, dr saudek outlined the different approaches that researchers are taking in the search for a cure. he also pointed out that the definition of a cure is not a fixed point. \u201c there are various ways to conceptualize a cure, \u201d dr saudek noted. \u201c one is a simple procedure, device, or drug that eliminates diabetes permanently. one is a periodically repeated procedure, device, or drug that eliminates diabetes. or a procedure, device, or drug that has risk and morbidity but also eliminates diabetes. \u201d these devices and drugs could make diabetes forgettable, allowing patients to go about their daily lives with no conscious acknowledgement of their disease, he added. and there are devices that could make diabetic self - care much easier than it is now. parsing the word \u201c cure \u201d is not a trivial question, dr saudek declared. \u201c [ this question ] drives our resources and expectations. do we plan research looking for the sudden dramatic cure, or an incremental one? \u201d doctor saudek divided the current research initiatives into two areas : biological approaches and mechanical approaches. the most invasive and radical example of the former has been whole - organ pancreas transplantation, a more common procedure than might be expected, with 400 - 500 occurring in the us every year. while the procedure can be a short - term solution to glucose control, the long - term prognosis is poor. \u201c the 10 - year graft survival is under 50 % and doesn \u2019 t seem to be improving, \u201d dr saudek explained. \u201c it \u2019 s a long and difficult surgical procedure with significant morbidity. \u201d since a full organ transplant isn \u2019 t a solution, researchers have been examining the viability of islet transplantation. islets are clusters of cells that exist within the pancreas. these clusters include beta cells that make insulin. insulin is the hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy, and must be taken daily by those with type 1 diabetes and by those with a more progressed type 2 diabetes. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5555032893348616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.920191"} {"text": "the pancreas. these clusters include beta cells that make insulin. insulin is the hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy, and must be taken daily by those with type 1 diabetes and by those with a more progressed type 2 diabetes. in islet transplantation, the cells are taken from the pancreas of a deceased organ donor, purified, processed, and transferred to the diabetic patient. once implanted, the beta cells in these islets begin to make and release insulin. researchers hope that this process will help people with type 1 diabetes treat the condition without daily injections. the breakthrough for islet transplantation came in 2000, when seven patients with type 1 diabetes survived islet cell transplantation and showed immediate improvement in blood glucose and insulin production. \u201c it \u2019 s a simple infusion procedure, but each of these patients required more than one and in some cases three infusions of islets, \u201d dr saudek explained. \u201c that is a major barrier when you think of waiting lists for one organ, and in this case you need two or more whole organ donors for [ infusion ]. \u201d a follow - up in 2006 showed that the patients had a loss of insulin independence within a year, needing a follow - up transfusion. \u201c that certainly took the blush off the rose of the idea that islet transplants were going to be a ready cure, \u201d dr saudek said. another potential use for islets is the implantation of sequestered islets. islets are placed in microcapsules that could then be infused into the patient. glucose goes through the wall of the capsules and insulin should be released, but antibodies would be blocked from entering. a clinical study on mice in 2009 showed that glycemia greatly improved following implantation of sequestered islets. \u201c if you can encapsulate islets, then you can think of transplanting xenotransplants, \u201d dr saudek explained. \u201c if you \u2019 re not going to be destroying the foreign body, you can think of using pig islets or beef islets that can be put inside these capsules. and if you have this infinite supply of islets, you \u2019 d be much more ahead of the game than having to harvest them out of humans. \u201d there is also research into the regeneration of beta cells. one rat regeneration model showed post - partial pancreatectomy beta cell regeneration, as if the rat were regrowing its pancreas following", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4325866802378305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.921111"} {"text": "having to harvest them out of humans. \u201d there is also research into the regeneration of beta cells. one rat regeneration model showed post - partial pancreatectomy beta cell regeneration, as if the rat were regrowing its pancreas following surgery. researchers hypothesized that pancreatic ductal cells were the progenitors of new beta cells, and follow - up research demonstrated this to be true. there is also research underway on adult stem cells and the possibility of taking pancreatic cells and turning them into beta cells. \u201c anything you can do to augment your beta cell supply [ is a research target ] \u201d dr saudek said. \u201c if you can regenerate islets endogenously, you can theoretically cure all diabetes. \u201d mechanical and surgical approaches for type 2 diabetes, the most effective surgical approach has been bariatric surgery \u2014 using methods to constrict or shrink the stomach to allow for only minor intake of food. weight loss over one 2 - year study period was around 20 % of body weight. in that study, there was remission of type 2 diabetes in 73 % of the participants. \u201c i think we have to admit, it was effective, \u201d dr saudek said. \u201c i still think we have to talk it over with the patient. and i wouldn \u2019 t recommend it for anyone with bmi under 35. and i wouldn \u2019 t recommend you start talking about it for people over 40. and they have to understand what it does \u2026 it changes your whole approach to food. you can \u2019 t eat in large amounts. if losing the weight is more important than having normal eating patterns to food, then it \u2019 s a viable approach. \u201d mechanical approaches to glucose control are all variations on the insulin pump. the external insulin pump, which is partially dependent on how it is programmed, is not always accurate. a variation on the external pump is a simple, cheap - er pump worn on the arm or the abdomen that communicates with an external palm device. this pump is disposable and thrown away every 3 days or so. there are also implantable insulin pumps, more common in europe than in the united states. in this case, there is a refill procedure where insulin is injected through the skin and into the pump. one relatively new system uses a continual glucose - monitoring device with a sensor applied to the skin that sends read - outs to a handheld device. \u201c it \u2019 s a niche market now for people who are very involved in their diabetes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4632468954731589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.922064"} {"text": "and into the pump. one relatively new system uses a continual glucose - monitoring device with a sensor applied to the skin that sends read - outs to a handheld device. \u201c it \u2019 s a niche market now for people who are very involved in their diabetes. the technology is by no means perfect, but it \u2019 s an interesting approach to care now, \u201d dr saudek said. the long - range goal for this system is a fully - implanted closed loop insulin delivery system, with an intravenous glucose sensor mated to the pump with a mathematical algorithm linking the two. the sensor tells the pump when insulin injection is needed. \u201c everybody asks when you talk about glucose pumps and glucose sensing, why can \u2019 t you make it automatic? it sounds easy. it \u2019 s not, \u201d doctor saudek declared. \u201c even the linking algorithms, which we thought were going to be the easiest part of that, are not so easy. for example, the blood glucose normally goes up very rapidly when you start a meal. [ so ] if you only do it based on blood glucose, how does that blood glucose sensor know that the insulin shooting up is the two lifesavers you just ate or the thanksgiving dinner you just ate? and that seems to be a very critical distinction. \u201d the answer might be to design a way for the patient to tell the internal pump that he or she is eating a large or small meal and for the sensor to take that into consideration. \u201c so, closing the loop is the holy grail of mechanistical approaches, \u201d dr saudek said. doctor saudek added that there is no way to predict when any of these still - in - the - works approaches will be available to patients and said, \u201c in the meantime, we need to take advantage of what is available, which is a great deal, to avoid complications, and be ready as each step comes across. \u201d as for the initial question of how researchers should define the idea of a \u201c cure \u201d for diabetes, dr saudek opined, \u201c i think it \u2019 s naive to believe that any of these approaches is going to have a headline one day saying \u2018 diabetes cured. \u2019 i think it will be incremental. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47827149954755893, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.923035"} {"text": "capture the flag this is one of the most popular outdoor games for scouts. from the 1947 scoutmaster ' s handbook, pp 447 - 8 : space - large type - strenuous teams - half troop formation - informal equipment - two signal flags each team has its own territory in which its scouts are free to move as they please, but on which opponents enter at their peril. the territories are separated by a boundary line such as a brook or a trail, etc. any scout crossing this line may be captured by the enemy. the teams assemble close together at a starting point near the center of the line, each team in its own territory. on a signal the teams proceed to set their flags at any point within 200 steps of the starting point the flags must be visible, although it is permissible to place them as inconspicuously after three minutes another signal is given for start of game. the object now is to enter the enemy ' s territory, capture the flag, and carry it across the line into home territory without being caught. scouts may be posted to guard the flag, but not get nearer than 50 feet to it, unless an enemy scout goes within the 50 - foot circle. they may then follow him. any scout found in the enemy ' s territory may be captured by grasping him long enough for the captor to say \" caught! \" three times. when a scout is captured he must go with captor to the \" guard house \" - a tree or rock from the boundary line. a prisoner may be released by a friend touching him, provided the prisoner at that time is touching the guard house with a hand or a foot, whereupon both return to their own territory. if the rescuer is caught by the guards before he touches the prisoner, he, too, must go to the guard house. a rescuer can rescue only one prisoner at a time. if the flag is successfully captured, it must be carried across the line into home territory. if the raider is caught before he reaches home, the flag is set up again at the point where it was rescued and the game as before. if niether side captures the enemy ' s flag within the time agreed up on ( say, 1 / 2 hour ) the game is won by the team with the most prisoners. - allow each team to hide their flag out of sight. before starting the game allow a scout from each team to be shown where the flag is. he must describe accurately, to his team, where the flag is. this requires that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5069881047029416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.927615"} {"text": "prisoners. - allow each team to hide their flag out of sight. before starting the game allow a scout from each team to be shown where the flag is. he must describe accurately, to his team, where the flag is. this requires that the scout be get out of jail free - all team members caught in the jail can be set free when a single teammate touches the jail. but, they do not have free passage back to their territory. - if the game begins to stall, allow the judges to yell \" jail break. \" at this moment all players in both jails are free to escape. orienteering skills 1 - leaders hide flags and give 2 starting points for each team along a base line. teams are split in two and sent to the starting points. at the starting point each group is given a compass bearing to their own flag. each group follows its bearing - if they do it correctly the flag will be near where the bearings cross. once each team locates its flag they will also find a map with bearings to the \" enemy flag \" which was left there. the game then procedes as usual. ( contributed by mike mullen, troop 6, boston orienteering skills 2 - give both teams maps with starting points marked and bearings, and let them work it out on the map rather than having to actually walk the bearings. ( contributed by mike mullen, troop 6, boston minuteman council ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5195737935784592, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.928179"} {"text": "beyond better cosmetics and tennis rackets college of sciences on track to develop programs involving nanotechnology a utsa physics professor is overseeing a number of research projects involving nanotechnology that are in line with the university \u2019 s 21st century vision of becoming a tier one institution. \u201c my challenge in particular is to develop new techniques and materials that can be used for many applications, \u201d says miguel yacaman, ph. d., physics professor and chair of the department of physics and astronomy. \u201c we are trying, among other things, to apply physics technology to the development of materials to use for health. \u201d according to the u. s. department of labor occupational safety and health administration web site, nanotechnology involves the manipulation and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. the development of unique nanoscale structures has the potential to revolutionize industries, including electronics, medicine and consumer products. examples of materials developed with nanotechnology include carbon buckeyballs, or fullerenes ; carbon nanotubes, and metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots, which are nanoscale semiconductor materials. examples of products that are currently produced using nanotechnologies include sunscreens and cosmetics ; longer - lasting tennis balls and lightweight, stronger tennis rackets ; stain - free clothing and mattresses, and protective and glare - reducing coatings for eyeglasses and cars, among other materials. important collaborations with other institutions yacaman, meanwhile, is working with about 10 graduate students on projects in collaboration with various institutions, ranging from the national institutes of health to centro de materiales avanzados to the welch foundation and the national science foundation. in the first collaboration, the college of sciences is working with centro de materiales avanzados on a project titled \u201c international center for nanotechnology and advanced materials. \u201d icnam is an institution dedicated to promoting partnerships, networking and interactions between scientists of the university of texas system and preeminent education and research institutions of latin america. the goal is to produce world - class research and develop technologies based on materials science that will launch new high - tech industries. the institute also provides an opportunity for scientists to use research equipment at utsa and latin american institutions. \u201c this is an international collaboration with mexico, \u201d yacaman says, adding that the project is funded by a $ 100, 000 grant from the university of texas at austin and conacit. \u201c we get $ 60, 000 for mexican students to come here and for u. s. students to go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5455963548433871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.932899"} {"text": "more about ellipses steven dutch, natural and applied sciences, university of wisconsin - green bay first - time visitors : please visit site map and disclaimer. use \" back \" to return here. find the center of an ellipse sometimes you have an ellipse but don ' t know the center. finding the center is easy. - draw two arbitrary parallel lines cutting chords across the ellipse ( in - bisect the chords and draw a line through the midpoints of the chords - bisect the resulting line. the biscting point is the center. proof is to imagine doing this construction on a circle, the shearing the circle out of shape into an ellipse. find the axes of an ellipse since you can easily find the center of an ellipse, finding the axes is just - given an ellipse with unknown axes and center, find the center as above. - construct a circle with center at the center of the ellipse and intersecting the ellipse at four points. - bisect the arcs of the circle ( not shown ), or - construct the rectangle joining the points where the ellipse and - construct the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the rectangle, or connect opposing pairs of arc bisectors. find the foci of an ellipse | | given the major and minor axes of an ellipse, you can always find the foci. you need the foci for some construction methods. just draw radii of length a from the ends of the minor axis. given the foci, however, you can ' t uniquely determine the axes. you need additional information such as the length of one axis. however, the major axis is always along the line through the foci and the minor axis always perpendicularly bisects the line between the foci. access crustal movements notes index return to professor dutch ' s home page created 28 december 1998, last update 30 january 2012 not an official uw green bay site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4307093415824886, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.936751"} {"text": "whipworm infections in dogs what are whipworms? whipworms are intestinal parasites that are about 1 / 4 inch ( 6 mm ) long. they live in the cecum and colon ( large intestine ) of dogs where they cause severe irritation to the lining of those organs. whipworm infection results in watery, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, and general debilitation. they are one of the most pathogenic worms found in dogs. how do dogs get whipworms? whipworms pass microscopic eggs in the stool. the eggs are very resistant to drying and heat, so they can remain viable ( alive ) in the environment for up to 5 years. once laid, they embryonate ( mature to an infective stage ) in the environment and are able to re - infect the dog in 10 - 60 days. the embryonated eggs are swallowed and hatch and mature to adults in the lower intestinal tract, completing their life cycle ( see illustration ). how are whipworms diagnosed? \" parasites pass small numbers of eggs on an irregular basis, so some samples may be falsely negative. \" whipworms are diagnosed by finding eggs with a microscopic examination of the stool. however, multiple stool samples are often required because these parasites pass small numbers of eggs on an irregular basis, so some samples may be falsely negative. in addition, it takes approximately 11 - 12 weeks after hatching for a female adult to begin to lay eggs. any dog with chronic large bowel diarrhea should be suspected to have whipworms, even if the stool sample was negative. thus, it is an accepted practice to treat chronic diarrhea by administering a whipworm dewormer. response to treatment is an indication that whipworms were present but could not be detected on fecal examination. how are whipworms treated? there are several drugs that are very effective against whipworms. at least two treatments are needed, spaced at a three to four week interval. the most frustrating aspect of whipworm infections is the high rate of re - infection because the eggs are extremely hardy in the environment. therefore, if a dog is diagnosed with a whipworm infection, it is advisable to treat again every three to four months. the other option, which is much simpler, is to use a heartworm preventative that contains a whipworm medication. whipworms are not nearly as common today because of widespread use of these modern heartworm prevention products. can i get whipworms from my dog? no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3907414930270502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.943431"} {"text": "there exists a widespread view that having banks use more equity capital ( and relatively less debt ) to finance the assets they hold creates substantial costs, costs that may be so great as to make more capital infeasible. i believe that these costs are very substantially exaggerated. but the benefits of having banks that are far more robust \u2013 in the sense of having a balance sheet structure that makes them much less likely to come near to insolvency once actual and suspected losses on their assets come along \u2013 are likely to be large. scepticism about costs i want to focus on the cost side of this and briefly explain why i am sceptical that those costs are likely to be so large. i begin with a simple point : in many countries, banks used to finance a very much higher part of their activities with equity than is considered acceptable today. this was certainly the case in the uk. figure 1 shows a measure of assets relative to equity and reserves for uk banks over the past 100 years or so. between 1880 and 1960 bank leverage was, on average, about half the level of recent decades. spreads between reference rates of interest and the rates charged on bank loans were not obviously higher then when banks made very much greater use of equity funding. bank of england data show that spreads over reference rates on the stock of bank lending to households and companies since 2000 have averaged a bit above 2 %. evidence indicates that the spread over bank rate of much bank lending during the first half of the 20th century was consistently below 2 % \u2013 though bank leverage was generally very much lower then, as figure 1 shows. until proven otherwise, this is evidence that much higher levels of bank capital do not cripple development or seriously hinder the financing of investment. evidence from the us the absence of any clear link between the cost of bank loans and the leverage of banks is also evident in the us. figure 2 shows a measure of the spread charged by us banks on business loans over the yield on treasury bills. the chart shows that the significant increase in leverage of the us banking sector over the 20th century was not accompanied by a decrease in lending spreads, indeed the two series are mildly positively correlated so that as banks used less equity to finance lending, the spread between the rate charged on bank loans to companies and a reference rate actually increased. of course such a crude analysis does not take in to account changes in banks \u2019 asset quality, or in the average maturity of loans, or changes in the degree of competition. nevertheless, this evidence provides little support for claims that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45068517197970986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.952453"} {"text": "reference rate actually increased. of course such a crude analysis does not take in to account changes in banks \u2019 asset quality, or in the average maturity of loans, or changes in the degree of competition. nevertheless, this evidence provides little support for claims that higher capital requirements imply a significantly higher cost of borrowing for firms. figure 1. uk banks \u2019 leverage source : united kingdom : sheppard, d ( 1971 ), the growth and role of uk financial institutions 1880 - 1962, methuen, london ; billings, m and capie, f ( 2007 ), ' capital in british banking ', 1920 - 1970, business history, vol 49 ( 2 ), pages 139 - 162 ; bba, ons published accounts and bank calculations. notes : ( a ) uk data on leverage use total assets over equity and reserves on a time - varying sample of banks, representing the majority of the uk banking system, in terms of assets. prior to 1970 published accounts understated the true level of banks ' capital because they did not include hidden reserves. the solid line adjusts for this. 2009 observation is from h1. ( b ) change in uk accounting standards. ( c ) international financial reporting standards ( ifrs ) were adopted for the end - 2005 accounts. the end - 2004 accounts were also restated on an ifrs basis. the switch from uk gaap to ifrs reduced the capital ratio of the uk banks in the sample by approximately one percentage point in 2004. figure 2. leverage and spreads of average business loan rates charged by us commercial banks over three - month treasury bills source : homer and sylla ( 1991 ) a history of interest rates, rutgers university press. according to the theory none of this evidence relies on any clever academic theorising \u2013 it just points to what banks used to be like. there is, of course, a bit of theory \u2013 not especially complicated and pretty much in line with common sense \u2013 which also suggests that the costs to banks of using more equity financing are not likely to be great. the idea here is that while the required return on equity is likely to be greater than the required return on debt \u2013 because it is more risky \u2013 the extra cost of financing from using more equity is small because extra equity reduces risk and lowers the required return on both debt and equity. i doubt that this offset is so great as to make the cost of debt and equity to a bank the same - the modigliani - miller theorem is not likely to hold exactly. but nonetheless the cost of using more equity on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4827481586450072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.953442"} {"text": "and equity. i doubt that this offset is so great as to make the cost of debt and equity to a bank the same - the modigliani - miller theorem is not likely to hold exactly. but nonetheless the cost of using more equity on the overall cost of funding a banks \u2019 assets is, even on pessimistic assumptions, not likely to be great. let me be more specific and run through a very simple calculation ( see miles, yang, and marcheggiano 2012 ). suppose a bank can raise debt at an interest rate of 5 %. suppose the bank has leverage of 30 ( that is, assets are 30 times greater than equity funding ). suppose also that at this degree of leverage the required rate of return on equity is around 15 %. these figures are roughly representative of where many banks have been in recent years. the weighted average cost of funds would then be 5. 33 %. suppose that if leverage halves to 15, there is some reduction in the required return on equity, but only around half of the reduction implied by the modigliani - miller theorem. that would suggest that the required return on equity would fall to 12. 6 %, and the average cost of funds would rise to 5. 5 %. if the modigliani - miller theorem did not hold at all, the required return on equity would have stayed at 15 % and the weighted average cost of capital would have risen to 5. 66 %. so a doubling in capital, halving leverage, might cause the cost of bank funding to rise by between 17bp and 33bp. these numbers are nontrivial but hardly enough to do substantial damage to banks and their customers. the \u2018 capital requirements are costly \u2019 argument so why do so many people seem to think that having banks use more equity is so costly? one reason is that some people seem to think that capital is money that is forced to lie idle, that it is \u2018 tied up \u2019. this obviously makes no sense at all. equity funding helps finance the acquisition of assets. it is a source of funding for bank lending in exactly the same way that debt is. you might think this is so self - evident that no one could ever believe the notion that requiring banks to use more equity is withdrawing funds from the economy. but i think you would be wrong, at least judging from the number of times you hear the view that higher capital requirements are sucking money out of the economy and starving firms and households of credit. a rather more subtle argument is that, while in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5246096150132199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.954385"} {"text": ". but i think you would be wrong, at least judging from the number of times you hear the view that higher capital requirements are sucking money out of the economy and starving firms and households of credit. a rather more subtle argument is that, while in some circumstances equity is not an exceptionally costly form of finance for banks, today it is because bank equity is trading at a huge discount. one version of this argument is that because the ratio of the market value of equity to its book value is well beneath unity, a bank which raises equity is imposing huge costs on those that provide it. i find this argument hard to understand. one interpretation of the argument is that because the market value of existing equity sits well below book value, a bank that raises one pound of new equity and invests in new assets will immediately find that the market value of those assets will fall to well under one pound. but why should one believe that the management of a bank is doomed to repeat whatever historical mistakes have created a situation where assets acquired in the past are now valued at less that the cost of acquisition? is not a bank manager convinced of this so pessimistic of their own ability that they are in need of therapy, or a change of career? another interpretation of the price to book argument is that it shows that required returns on new equity are very high. but a far more natural interpretation is that investors believe that existing assets on a bank \u2019 s balance sheet are worth less than their acquisition cost rather than that the required return on new investment is very high. this interpretation is consistent with the analysis on the latest bank of england financial stability report ( bank of england 2012 ) : \u201c in june 2012, the market value of the four largest uk banks \u2019 equity was around \u00a390 billion less than the book value. this magnitude is similar to the difference between banks \u2019 own estimates of the fair value of their loans and their book value at the end of 2011. before the crisis there was little difference between these values. but since 2007, the fair value of uk banks \u2019 loans has fallen significantly below the book value. the fair value of loans should reflect the present value of expected cash flows. for example, expected credit losses, over and above current provisions or losses priced into loans, reduce the fair value of loans below their book value. \u201d one convincing argument the argument as to why raising more equity capital is problematic for banks that i think makes most sense is that the benefit of extra capital may substantially accrue to those with debt claims, making it unattractive to new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4607784647495303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.955847"} {"text": "value. \u201d one convincing argument the argument as to why raising more equity capital is problematic for banks that i think makes most sense is that the benefit of extra capital may substantially accrue to those with debt claims, making it unattractive to new shareholders. this is a debt overhang problem : - first, while it may help explain difficulties for banks in raising more equity it also means that failure to raise more equity is a huge obstacle to a bank being able to function properly. not raising more equity would leave a bank with a cushion against losses too low to make it able to raise debt easily \u2013 that is precisely the debt overhang phenomenon in another guise. - second, one way to handle the debt overhang problem is to have some debt convert to equity. that is why regulators are surely right to think that having banks issue more convertible debt is one means to make them more robust. what are the people that run banks really saying if they argue that it is very costly \u2013 even unfeasible \u2013 to use more equity funding? one interpretation is that this argument is an admission that they cannot run a private enterprise in a way which makes people willing to provide finance whose returns share in the downside and the upside. in other words, they are not able to convince people who will face the full consequences of their commercial decisions to provide funding. it is as if banks cannot play by the same rules as other enterprises in a capitalist economy \u2013 after all, capitalists are supposed to use capital. you might expect that if this is the assessment of many people who currently run banks, then they would not wish to proclaim it so loudly. disclaimer : the views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the institutions with which he is affiliated. miles, d, j yang, and g marcheggiano ( 2012 ), \u201c optimal bank capital \u201d, the economic journal, june. bank of england ( 2012 ), \u201c financial stability report \u201d, 32, november.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49300887306556074, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.956637"} {"text": "published by european expert network on culture ( eenc ) : april 2012 this literature review examined the impact of the arts on students \u2019 engagement with school as well as school attractiveness. if the current trend is for schools to adopt more market - driven approaches to provision of education, this review sheds some light on the factors which influence school attractiveness \u2013 viewed through the eyes of the various stakeholders involved : students, families, teachers, school boards & administrators, as well as community, economy and labour markets. whilst the focus has been on literature within the eu, relevant documents from elsewhere in the world have been included where their results have bearing on the european school context. the paper concludes that there is strong evidence which suggests : 1 ) the arts improve the social climate of the school and reduce negative social interactions and anti - social behaviour. this directly improves pupils \u2019 perceptions of school and increases the likelihood of the school being seen as being and attractive place by the pupils and teachers. 2 ) the inclusion of the arts in the school day provides opportunities from communication and emotional development not generally part of other school subjects. an improved emotional connection between pupils and teachers is shown to improve school attractiveness to pupils. 3 ) including the arts and culture in a sustained, high quality manner promotes a core \u2018 liberal \u2019 and broad curriculum ; and this leads to improved academic attainment which can increase school attractiveness to parents and policy makers. some evidence was found which suggested that an arts - rich school may have : improved quality of teaching and leadership ( including cultural sensitivities ) ; and more effective practice for working with pupils with special educational needs there is weaker evidence to suggest that arts - rich schools may have a positive impact on future employability. - the arts within education can provide effective learning opportunities to the general student population, yielding increased academic performance, reduced absenteeism, and better skill - building. even more compelling is the striking success of arts - based educational programmes among disadvantaged populations, especially at - risk youth. for this segment of society most likely to suffer from limited lifetime productivity, the arts contribute to lower recidivism rates ; increased self - esteem ; the acquisition of job skills ; and the development of much needed creative thinking, problem solving and communications skills. - certain abilities are particularly effectively learnt in the arts, such as exploring, imagining, observing and reflecting. art - rich pedagogy can also promote the development of other competences like intercultural understanding, entrepreneurship or, put simply, \u201c learning to learn \u201d. it may increase cultural understanding, enjoyment and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4912253141667585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.963133"} {"text": "as exploring, imagining, observing and reflecting. art - rich pedagogy can also promote the development of other competences like intercultural understanding, entrepreneurship or, put simply, \u201c learning to learn \u201d. it may increase cultural understanding, enjoyment and achievement and identity amongst other attributes. - through creating in the arts, pupils gain self - confidence. - a uk study conducted which examined young people \u2019 s motivation concluded that pupils were most likely to be ( and feel ) engaged where they had a sense of achievement, growth and enjoyment. arguably, these characteristics are more likely in the arts activities as these are not likely to have \u2018 right and wrong \u2019 answers nor pre - determined age related outcomes. according to the study, adolescents placed a high value on activities that allowed them to meet new people and make friends. similarly, they wanted to gain skills and feel they were helping improve society or solve a problem. - children must experience high quality arts education for the positive impacts of arts education on school attractiveness to become apparent. the results from the global study of arts education suggest that in around \u00bc of all instance of arts education, the quality is so low as to negatively affect a child \u2019 s artistic and creative development. given this, it is imperative that the arts education reaches certain levels of quality ; and this quality is available for all children \u2013 regardless of their artistic skills and abilities, initial motivation, behaviour, economic status or other entering attributes. providing classes for talented or interested students only cannot be considered as providing a comprehensive education for all. further research : the study recommended that more research studies be conducted into : - the impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of attracting and retaining effective school leaders and quality teachers - the impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of pupil retention and reduction in school \u2018 drop outs \u2019 ( reducing early school leaving ) - the impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of improving employability and or community perceptions of pupils from particular school settings - the comparative impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of different school \u2018 client \u2019 groups such as those from different social classes, levels of aspiration, boys and girls, rural and / or city children, those with special education needs and so on. - more specific research about exactly the type and quality of arts experiences ( including across the different art forms ) lead to particular levels of positive impact on school attractiveness. to download this paper, visit : http : / / www. eenc. info / wp - content / uploads / 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47978471025519775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.964234"} {"text": "whooping cough ( pertussis ) is a highly contagious bacterial infection ( bordetella pertussis or b. parapertussis bacteria ) of the upper respiratory system, specifically the area where the nasal passages meet the back of the throat ( nasopharynx ). the infection causes irritated airways and severe coughing spells that often lead to a characteristically loud whooping or crowing sound as air is symptoms can occur in three distinct stages that altogether may last 6 to 10 weeks or longer. the first stage is symptoms that resemble a cold, including sneezing, runny nose, and mild coughing. the second stage is a dry, hacking cough that changes to bursts of uncontrollable, often violent coughing. the third stage is a cough that sounds worse. severe coughing spells may cause vomiting, exhaustion, and a blue tint to the skin and nail beds. although whooping cough can occur at any age, it is of greatest concern in children younger than 4 months and adults age 60 or older, because their risk of complications is higher than that of other people. the disease may be prevented or controlled if a child gets periodic immunizations with the pertussis vaccine around 2 months to 6 years of age. but the protection provided by the vaccine wears off over time. a booster shot is recommended for teens and adults. taking antibiotics early in the illness may help shorten the illness or prevent it from progressing to the stage in which severe coughing spells occur. babies who have whooping cough may need hospitalization, especially when they are younger than 4 months of age. complications include infection ( such as pneumonia ) or problems related to the straining during coughing spells, such as a hernia. in rare cases, whooping cough can cause death. august 31, 2012 john pope, md - pediatrics & w. david colby iv, msc, md, frcpc - infectious disease how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. we are happy to take your appointment request over the phone, or, you may fill out an online request form. disclaimer : the information on this website is for general informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45124599615083516, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.966819"} {"text": "| \" companies that market bottled water as being safer than tap water are defrauding the american public. \" - the u. s. fda bottled water has become a multi - billion - dollar business. it ' s now the fastest growing segment of the entire beverage industry and the most profitable of all millions and millions of dollars are spent each week on advertising campaigns to give consumers the perception that bottled water comes from pristine mountain springs or pure underground aquifers. the truth is that bottled water is often little more than tap water in a bottle. there are no government standards that require bottled water to be any better, purer or safer than tap water! most bottled water is bottled and sold within the same state to avoid federal regulations. there are no assurances or government requirements that bottled water be of any higher quality than tap water. in march of 1999, the natural resources defense council ( nrdc ) released a report called \" bottled water, pure drink or pure hype? \" this report points out that that 60 % to 70 % of all bottled water is completely exempt from the fda ' s bottled water standards, because it is bottled and sold within the same state. unless the water is transported across state lines, there are no federal regulations that govern its quality! here are some quotes from the nrdc report : city tap water can have no confirmed e - coli or fecal coliform bacteria. fda bottled water rules include no such prohibition ( a certain amount of any type of coliform bacteria is allowed in city tap water, from surface water, must be filtered and disinfected. in contrast, there are no federal filtration or disinfection requirements for bottled most cities using surface water have had to test for cryptosporidium or giardia, two common water pathogens, that can cause diarrhea and other intestinal problems, yet bottled water companies do not have to do this. city tap water must meet standards for certain important toxic or cancer - causing chemicals, such as phthalate ( a chemical that can leach from plastic, including plastic bottles ) ; some in the industry persuaded the fda to exempt bottled water from the regulations regarding these chemicals. the natural resources defense council report concluded that, \" therefore, while much tap water is indeed risky, having compared available data, we conclude that there is no assurance that bottled water is any safer than tap water. \" the reality of bottled water is that you pay from $ 1 to $ 4 a gallon for the perception of higher quality, when in fact the quality of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4316537395683131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.969641"} {"text": "introduction to academic writing if you are reading this, you are likely to be a student in a college on an undergraduate or post - graduate course. you may be a native speaker of english or english may be an additional language for you. when preparing your essays, you may have found difficulties with self - expression, essay structure, paragraphing, referencing, writing a bibliography and even punctuating correctly and this may have veiled some of your good ideas. you may not have achieved the grades that you hoped for. when your essays were marked you may have found comments reflecting the marker ' s uncertainty about precisely what you were trying to say. - you need to think more carefully about word order. - check your punctuation in this paragraph. - this sentence is not clear. - this is not academic language. - is this relevant? - is this a new paragraph or a continuation of the last one? sometimes you may have been unsure why your lecturer has made a particular comment in the margin of your essay. if you are in a college or university and you wish to improve your academic writing, skills and achieve higher marks in your assignments, you may need to work carefully on some or all of the following areas : - your basic writing skills - planning your writing - paragraph writing - structuring your writing - run - together sentences - sentence fragments - sentences, clauses and phrases - making links in your writing - writing in a formal style - summarising and paraphrasing - quoting, referencing and plagiarism - parallelism and consistency - preparing a bibliography. if you wish to achieve high scores in your course, you will need to be able to : - plan your essay - write a good introduction with a clear statement of intent - structure your essay clearly - write paragraphs with clear topic sentences - write grammatically coherent sentences - use an appropriate academic style reflecting the conventions of academic writing - use appropriate academic vocabulary - punctuate your essay correctly - write a good conclusion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4170817425671723, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.971707"} {"text": "today it is hard for us to appreciate the importance that pottery played in the lives of people prior to the mid 20th century. as late as 1932, a woman from western north carolina recalled, \u201c i had four or five children before i ever saw a glass can. \u201d pottery filled the need for containers of many types. stoneware crocks were used for food preparation and storage, plates and bowls were used on the table, and vases graced homes that could afford them. beginning in the early 19th century, several potteries served western north carolina and surrounding areas. for well over 100 years, they continued to produce much - needed utilitarian ware. long after other containers became available, pottery continued as a locally made alternative to factory produced glass and metals. at the start of the 20th century, and fueled by the success of an international arts and crafts movement, a few local potteries began to develop a more individualistic style that came to be known collectively as \u201c art pottery. \u201d western carolina university online hunter library at western carolina university hosts a number of digital collections that function as an open access, digital archive and interactive web resource. extensive research on the region ' s pottery can be found on several hunter library websites, including the craft revival, cherokee traditions, and stories of mountain folk. the archive contains thousands of images, historic documents, vintage photographs, and sound recordings that can be accessed from any computer through the world wide web. traditional artist directory the blue ridge national heritage area has produced an online guide to the traditional arts in western north carolina. the directory contains descriptive information about artists and regional traditions, listing more than 500 artists and groups who are master practitioners of folk traditions, including pottery. browse photographs of traditional artists and their work, listen to samples of music and storytelling, and find contact information for services that artists can provide, including performances, workshops, and demonstrations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4708947442711753, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.973691"} {"text": "is your cat grooming half her hair off or your dog licking his paws raw? it may well be your pet is experiencing allergies, one of the most common health problems for pets. just like people, animals have allergic reactions because their immune system - - the system that protects the body from foreign and potentially infectious substances - - overreacts to some material. almost anything - - pollen, dust, an ingredient in pet food, a household chemical, an insect bite - - can set off an alarm in the immune system, causing it to pump out large amounts of white blood cells, hormones, and other material called histamines into the bloodstream. the result for animals can be a range of different effects, including itchy, swollen skin - - known as pruritis - - difficulty breathing, or a disruption of the digestive tract such as vomiting or diarrhea. these symptoms are the animal equivalent of a person ' s sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. pets with these kinds of allergic symptoms can be pretty miserable creatures, and unfortunately they can ' t be cured. allergies are life - long, chronic problems. the good news is that there ' s a lot you can do to help your animal \" children \" feel better. the best way to start is to find out what your pet is allergic to, so you can keep the allergen out of his environment. animal allergies generally fall under one of four main categories. these are the least common type of allergy in animals. they happen when an animal ' s skin comes in contact with the material he ' s allergic to - - if he rubs his face against a wool blanket, for example, and he ' s allergic to wool. the chemicals in flea collars can cause this problem as well. the skin at the point of contact will be irritated - - it may itch, become thickened or discolored, have a strong odor, and / or lose hair due to constant biting or scratching. contact allergies are generally not a hard problem to solve - - they ' re usually confined to a specific area of an animal ' s body, and the allergen shouldn ' t take too much work to discover. you can try removing different materials that your pet touches until you find the one that irritates his skin. diet can be a complicated factor in pet allergies. most animals are not born with allergies to food ; their immune systems develop an allergic response over time to some part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4499289017003797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.981639"} {"text": "pet touches until you find the one that irritates his skin. diet can be a complicated factor in pet allergies. most animals are not born with allergies to food ; their immune systems develop an allergic response over time to some part of their diet, often one of the animal proteins. a food allergy can present in a lot of different ways, including the itching, digestive disorders, and respiratory distress already mentioned. they can be a real challenge to solve, however. you can try to figure out what ' s causing your pet ' s allergic reaction by feeding him different diets, but the allergic effects of food can stay in the system for eight weeks. you may have to keep your furry friend on a special hypoallergenic ( non - allergy - causing ) diet for eight to twelve weeks to see how he reacts, and you may have to do it several times with several different diets before you find one that doesn ' t cause an allergic reaction. and while you ' re feeding these test diets, you ' ll have to make very sure that your pet doesn ' t eat any treats, vitamins, leftovers or scraps, or even plants around the house. he has to eat the test diet exclusively for the entire eight to twelve weeks to determine whether he has an allergic reaction to it. inhalant allergies are the kind we humans are most used to. just like us, our pets get hay fever, meaning they can be allergic to the pollen and mold that fills the outside air during the spring and fall. they can also be allergic to the dust mites, mildew, and mold that can be inside every home. these kinds of allergens usually produce severe itching in pets, which is usually concentrated in the ears, feet, groin, and armpits, though it can be spread across the entire body. dogs in particular may develop hairless, irritated \" hot spots \" from constantly chewing on and scratching the affected skin. most animals that are allergic to airborne particles are usually allergic to more than one. often, they will only experience itching during the pollen - heavy seasons of the year, just like humans with hay fever. if you find that your pet ' s allergies seem to be seasonal, you may be able to limit his outdoor time during allergy season. your pet may be reacting to an indoor allergen, however, or an allergen that doesn ' t vary by season. in that case, there ' s not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4391673818419046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.982525"} {"text": ", you may be able to limit his outdoor time during allergy season. your pet may be reacting to an indoor allergen, however, or an allergen that doesn ' t vary by season. in that case, there ' s not much you can do to keep him away from whatever he ' s allergic to, though an air filter might provide some relief. this is an extremely common problem for pets, possibly the most common allergy of all. animals aren ' t actually allergic to the fleas themselves, but to proteins that fleas secrete in their saliva when they bite. your pet doesn ' t have to be a walking flea circus to suffer from an allergy, either. affected animals can itch severely from a single bite for over five days! so, if you suspect your pet is allergic to fleas, you ' re going to have to work very hard to keep the little pests away. frequent baths are a good idea, as are the prescription flea applications and pills. consult your veterinarian when you chose a flea repellent for your pet, though ; the wrong kind or too strong of a concentration could cause irritated skin, seizures, and even death in extreme cases. you will also want to treat your pet ' s environment, including any bedding or carpeting he comes in contact with. what makes allergies hard to deal with is that in many cases, you either won ' t be able to determine exactly what is causing the reaction or won ' t be able to remove it from your pet ' s environment. this is where your veterinarian comes into the picture. you and your veterinarian will probably have to work together to determine the best treatment, or combination of treatments, for your pet ' s allergy. you may have to go through a series of trying a possible solution, waiting to see how your pet reacts to it, and moving on to another solution. your veterinarian may suggest one or more of the following things : - testing - - your veterinarian has a few different tools to help determine the source of your pet ' s allergy. intradermal or \" scratch \" tests involve making small abrasions in an animal ' s skin and inserting small amounts of materials that the veterinarian suspects the pet might be allergic to. if the animal is allergic to one of the materials, say dust mites or ragweed pollen, the immune system will react to it and that particular scratch will become inflamed. there are also a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4056769336535674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.983414"} {"text": "suspects the pet might be allergic to. if the animal is allergic to one of the materials, say dust mites or ragweed pollen, the immune system will react to it and that particular scratch will become inflamed. there are also a number of blood tests your veterinarian can use to analyze the amount of certain chemicals that the immune system releases into the bloodstream when exposed to different allergens. these tests can be used to tell whether your pet is having an allergic reaction or whether the problem is caused by something else, and sometimes they can determine the source of the allergy. - steroids - - these drugs work to suppress the immune system and make the allergic reaction less severe. steroid treatment can help your pet even if you can ' t determine what he ' s allergic to or how he ' s being exposed. they can have several side effects, however, and they affect nearly every organ in the body. steroid use can cause weight gain, increased thirst and urination, and increased aggression and other behavioral changes. they are generally used if the allergy occurs for a short amount of time, because long - term use makes animals more prone to infection, as well as susceptible to diabetes and seizures. - immunotherapy - - this is one of the safest and most effective ways to treat allergies, but it also takes the longest amount of time to work. in immunotherapy, animals are given regularly - - often weekly - - vaccinations that contain small amounts of the substance they ' re allergic to. the same therapy is used for people who go in for allergy shots. it gradually desensitizes the immune system to the allergen, meaning that as time goes by, the immune system is reprogrammed and doesn ' t react to the allergen as strongly. unfortunately, it takes some time for the immune system to readjust. it can sometimes be six to twelve months before animals show any improvement from the treatment. - antihistamines - - these drugs, much like the allergy medication people take, work to block the chemicals released by the immune system, called histamines. they are effective at reducing itching and inflammation, and they are relatively safe to use. their major drawback is that they cause sedation, and can make pets extremely drowsy and sluggish. occasionally, they can change an animal ' s energy level enough to affect his quality of life. - symptomatic treatment - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4498155785646638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.984405"} {"text": "major drawback is that they cause sedation, and can make pets extremely drowsy and sluggish. occasionally, they can change an animal ' s energy level enough to affect his quality of life. - symptomatic treatment - - even if none of the above treatments are effective, you can still give your pet a lot of relief by simply treating his symptoms as they come up. there are a number of soothing shampoos on the market that contain ingredients like oatmeal or epsom salts. your veterinarian may also be able to suggest ointments, ear treatments, or sprays that can make your pet more comfortable. be cautious about using home remedies or herbal treatments on your pet, however. consult with your veterinarian before trying any new treatment, because you could damage your pet ' s skin or aggravate the allergic reaction. most of all, remember that while you can give these symptomatic treatments often, they will only provide temporary relief. if your pet still seems uncomfortable despite the baths or other treatments, you can talk to your veterinarian about long - term treatment. whatever treatment decision you and your veterinarian come to, rest assured that the patience and determination it can take to treat allergies is well worth it. though it may take some time and effort, you can help your itchy, grouchy pet feel comfortable again. content provided by the american animal hospital association ( aaha ). visit the aaha pet owner web site at www. healthypet. com for more pet care advice and to find an aaha - accredited veterinary hospital near you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41470884717860823, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.985011"} {"text": "newer contact lenses don ' t cut infections daily disposables, newer materials have not reduced infection ; overnight wear increases risk most, studies show oct. 3, 2008 - - neither the newer contact lenses that allow more oxygen into the eye nor daily disposable lenses have reduced the risk of a dangerous eye infection as hoped, according to two new studies. whatever the type of lens, sleeping with them in is the biggest risk factor for a painful infection of the cornea called microbial keratitis, the researchers also find. \" if you wear any of these lenses overnight, you have five times the risk of infection, \" says john dart, dm, a consultant ophthalmologist at moorfields eye hospital in london. he is the lead author of one study and co - author of the other. \" these are the first well - designed studies to look at daily disposables and the newer silicone hydrogel lenses, \" dart tells webmd. the silicone hydrogel lenses were introduced in 1999 in the hope that by improving oxygen transmission to the cornea, which has no blood supply of its own, it would decrease infection risk, he says. daily disposables, introduced in 1999, were also thought to be protective against infection because they ' re not exposed to lens cases, which can be contaminated. but neither of the studies, published in the october issue of ophthalmology, found that to be true, dart says. however, dart says, it ' s important to put the risk in perspective. \" the risk of getting microbial keratitis is actually overall not large, \" he says. it affects about 1 in 2, 000 contact lens wearers. but it can cause vision loss, sometimes permanently. contact lenses & infection risk : the u. k. study in the study led by dart, the researchers evaluated 367 contact lens wearers with microbial keratitis, 1, 069 hospital patients who wore contact lenses but had no contact lens - related disorders, and 639 contact lens wearers in the the hospital patients answered a questionnaire and the control patients in the general population were interviewed by telephone from late 2003 to daily disposable wearers had 1. 5 times higher risk of microbial keratitis than those who wore soft lenses that were replaced every one to four weeks, and those who wore rigid gas - permeable lenses had the least risk of ' ' gas - permeable lenses are safer than any other type of lenses, '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4383947382854547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.987768"} {"text": "abih provides path for industrial hygienists to rise to the highest level the american board of industrial hygiene ( abih ) administers the prestigious certified industrial hygienist ( cih ) program. industrial hygiene is the science of protecting and enhancing the health and safety of people. health and safety hazards cover a wide range of chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic stressors. those dedicated to anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling these hazards are known as industrial hygienists. they are professionals dedicated to the well - being of people \u2013 at work, at home and in the community. anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards have always been the prime goal for the industrial hygiene professional. traditionally, the industrial hygienist became proficient by some combination of education, training, and experience. ideally, this knowledge is used to anticipate when a hazardous condition may occur and then presumably, take corrective action. but not everything can be anticipated, so the industrial hygienist must be able to recognize conditions that could lead to adverse health effects to workers or a community population. once anticipated or recognized, the hazard could then be evaluated and eventually controlled to eliminate or reduce the impact of the hazard. since the term industrial hygienist has not been restricted by law, anyone, regardless of knowledge and competency, can call themselves an \u201c industrial hygienist \u201d. \u201c to aid employers and the public, a voluntary professional certification program was established in 1960, \u201d reported tracy parsons, cih, administrative program manager at abih. \u201c the american board of industrial hygiene was developed as an independent corporation with the sole purpose of providing a certification program that ensured a minimum level of knowledge and skills in industrial hygiene. the abih program has since become the world \u2019 s largest, premier certification for industrial hygienists. today, cihs are recognized as leaders in the industrial hygiene community and are highly sought after by industry, institutions and government agencies. \u201d abih has released a video about the benefits of the cih program that can be viewed at : to learn more about the american board of industrial hygiene or the cih program, please email abih @ abih. org, visit http : / / www. abih. org, or call ( 517 ) 321 - 2638. about the american board of industrial hygiene since 1960, abih, a not - for - profit corporation, has been the world \u2019 s largest, premier organization for certifying professionals in the practice of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47148434194026345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.990507"} {"text": "washington state university libraries view original item this is a view looking west across the dam, showing the span of the great cantilever cranes. the last of the cbi cantilever cranes were dismantled on sept. 12, 1940. note the transverse beams inside the trestle towers on which monorail cranes operated while placing concrete beneath the trestle. heavy construction equipment comes high. upon receiving their notice to proceed, mwak co. immediately let contracts for $ 5 million of equipment and material, and by jan. 1, 1937 this item totaled... these cantilever cranes ( hammerhead ) were specially designed by colby steel and engineering co. and bethlehem steel to 300 and 330 ft. double cantilevers. with a total of 8 motors totaling 408 horsepower they could both carry empty buckets at 600 feet per minute and lower loaded ones at 300. \" ( clifford r. koester. a history of the columbia basin project ii, 150 ) part of western waters digital library : http : / / harvester. lib. utah. edu / wwdl / ; photographer unknown clifford r. koester gantry cranes - - washington ( state ) - - grand coulee dam ; cantilever cranes - - washington ( state ) - - grand coulee dam ; cranes, derricks, etc. - - washington ( state ) - - grand coulee dam cranes ; construction equipment united states - - washington ( state ) - - grant county - - grand coulee dam site, grand coulee dam ( wash. ) manuscripts, archives, and special collections, washington state university libraries : http : / / www. wsulibs. wsu. edu / holland / masc / masc. htm a history of the columbia basin project ( vol. 2, page 152 - b ) - cage 709 : clifford r. koester papers, 1927 - 1972 : http : / / www. wsulibs. wsu. edu / holland / masc / finders / cg709. htm to order a reproduction please see : http : / / www. wsulibs. wsu. edu / holland / masc / policies. htm, or contact washington state university libraries, manuscripts, archives, and special collections : ( 509 ) 335 - 6691. for permission to publish please contact washington state university libraries, manuscripts, archives, and special collections : ( 509 ) 335 - 6691. original photographic prints", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4370262334288567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.993583"} {"text": "the very first mp3 player to appear was winplay3 in 1995. however the history of the mp3 player is best understood by analyzing the history of the technology itself. origin of mp3 technology mp3 stands for mpeg 1 audio layer 3. it was developed in 1991 by the motion pictures experts group to be part of the mpeg format. there were actually several groups involved in its creation. however it is the german company fraunhofer - gesellshaft that releases the license for the music technology. those credited with creating the mp3 technology are bernd kurten, karl - heinz brandenburg, bernhard grill, thomas sporer, and ernst eberlein. the technology was born out of the need to make high quality music but with high compression. the history of the mp3 player and mp3s evolved out of necessity. before mp3 came along, music files were stored in mostly wav formats. this sound quality was high but the files were huge. a wav consisting of a few seconds of sound would be several megabytes in size. the project actually developed in germany in 1987 with the initial aim to find new ways to compress musical data. it was in 1989 when the fraunhofer group got the patent for the technology. three years later, mp3 was assimilated into the mpeg technology. a year the standard was implemented. a brief history of the mp3 player the fraunhofer company also tried making mp3 players but they were not successful. it was in 1997 when the amp mp3 playback engine player came out. this was invented by tomislav uzelac who was working at the advanced multimedia products company. the player was not sold commercially. however a few months later, students dmitry boldyrev and justin frankel transported the amp technology into windows. the result was a small, free mp3 player called winamp. its ease of use made it very popular. soon windows media player began supporting mp3 as well. as mp3 became very popular, companies started making portable players. these devices would change the history of the mp3 player. one of the first was mpman, released in 1998 by saehan information systems in south korea. this was followed by the rio pmp300. in 1999 compaq created the pjb 100, which could store over 1, 200 songs. around october 2001, apple introduced its ipod. it had 5 gb of disk space. it was smaller than the other players and had an easy to use interface. the gadget would prove enormously popular among computer users. it has become something", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4450858862642484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:53.997126"} {"text": "( bpt ) - - everyone has a rare quality or a characteristic that sets him or her apart from others - a special talent, a unique interest or, for some, a rare disease. a disease is considered ' rare ' if it affects fewer than 200, 000 people in the united states. there are 7, 000 known rare diseases affecting 30 million people, or one in 10, americans. for comparison, one common disease, diabetes, affects more than 25 million americans, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. people living with rare diseases are extraordinary in many ways, often demonstrating exemplary traits when faced with extraordinary challenges. lacey williams, a young adult who is currently attending college in spokane, wash., has overcome difficulties that other people her age will likely not face in their lifetime because of her rare disease, hereditary angioedema ( hae ). williams ' rare disease journey began at age 4 when she was diagnosed with hae. hae is a genetic disease that affects about 6, 000 people in the united states. people with the disease can get repeated swelling attacks anywhere in the body, including their arms, legs, hands, feet, stomach, genitals, face or throat. hae attacks can be unpredictable, painful, debilitating and disfiguring. this often makes everyday activities like walking, driving or even fastening a button difficult, or even impossible. many patients with hae also live in fear of a swelling attack in the tongue or throat, which could be fatal if the airway closes. growing up, lacey, like many people living with a rare disease, found her condition embarrassing and alienating. she wanted to fit in and be \" normal, \" so she hid her hae from her friends and classmates. williams feared that people would treat and look at her differently if she told them the truth about her disease. but during her senior year of high school, williams ' perspective on having a rare disease changed. she hesitantly revealed her condition to some close friends and family, finding them to be not only understanding, but remarkably supportive. embracing their support, she realized she no longer needed to deny her rare disease. instead, she saw the importance of using her story to help other people with rare diseases accept and embrace them as unique. williams was determined to not let hae set her back. she maintained a positive outlook and stayed involved in school and sports, including basketball and lacrosse. \" my swelling attacks affect me physically, but i don ' t let them stand in my way, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.495089584320311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.002143"} {"text": "was determined to not let hae set her back. she maintained a positive outlook and stayed involved in school and sports, including basketball and lacrosse. \" my swelling attacks affect me physically, but i don ' t let them stand in my way, \" says williams. \" i live my life and keep up with my priorities daily, even if i ' m dealing with a swelling attack. \" williams feels lucky that there are now treatment options available for hae ; 95 percent of rare diseases do not have treatments available. since opening up about her disease, williams has given speeches at local schools about hae, as well as discussed her condition in her college essay. her story was even featured in a newspaper and on a tv news segment in her hometown. she hopes that this recognition will continue to raise awareness about rare diseases like hae, encourage tolerance for people with differences that make them rare, and improve the road to diagnosis and treatment for those dealing with a rare condition. \" hereditary angioedema has taught me to put up with hardships and continue on with my responsibilities. the most important thing that i ' ve learned from this disease is not to let uncontrollable adversities overtake my ambitions, \" says williams. for those living with hae, please visit www. haea. org. for those interested in rare diseases, the people living with them, as well as ways to embrace being \" rare, \" please visit www. globalgenes. org. * to learn more about hae, including how hae impacts people living with the disease, visit www. haeandme. com, an online resource for people with hae, their friends and family members that offer tips and advice for people of all ages. ( * these links will take you to third party sites containing information that is reviewed or managed by the respective parties responsible for the content. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4255784678738228, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.002899"} {"text": "remember the old wives ' tale about not eating pineapples when you are expecting? or about avoiding sex when you are pregnant? well, all the old superstitions came flooding back during a recent forum on miscarriage - spontaneous abortion held at the pantai medical centre in kuala lumpur recently. for the 40 - odd participants who attended the session, it was an eye - opener in many respects. warnings against having sex during the first three months of pregnancy apparently have a ring of truth to them as a substance called prostaglandin is present in the semen and can induce uterine activity. if she cannot avoid sex, it is best for the woman to avoid reaching orgasm as this results in intense uterine activity. eating too much pineapple ( especially the green, young ones ) may also induce uterine activity and jeopardise the stability of the pregnancy. dr h. c. ong, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist elaborated at length during the forum on all the do ' s and don ' ts of pregnancies and how miscarriages happen. miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, occurs in about 60 per cent of all conceptions. often, many miscarriages take place even before a woman misses her period or before she knows she is pregnant. that may be surprising, but true. we always tend to associate miscarriage with a pregnancy of over three months ( 12 weeks ) but, in fact, it happens even before some mothers are aware of it. for example, over half of miscarriages in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy are caused by problems with the chromosomes of the foetus. if something is not right with the number or structure of the chromosomes or with the genes it carries, it can lead to a miscarriage. there are many causes of miscarriage, the more common being high fever, rubella, chlamydia ( infection of the body system ), diabetes mellitus, severe asthma, congenital heart disease ( due to the high carbon dioxide level, blood supply to the baby is lowered ) and kidney conditions, especially when associated with severe hypertension. in all of these, treatment can improve the chances of the pregnancy. in some cases, however, special care needs to be taken to prevent a miscarriage. other reasons are an incompetent cervix, abnormal endometrium and abnormalities of the uterus such as the uterus being divided in two. for instance, fibroids can be a cause of miscarriages, not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4502860301323359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.006961"} {"text": "other reasons are an incompetent cervix, abnormal endometrium and abnormalities of the uterus such as the uterus being divided in two. for instance, fibroids can be a cause of miscarriages, not because of the abnormal shape of the uterus but the abnormal contractions that the uterus undergoes. an incompetent cervix is simply a condition in which the cervix can widen and open too early, perhaps in the middle of pregnancy, leading to a miscarriage. there are usually no signs of labour. what happens is that the water bag will burst without warning, leading to abdominal pain, and the baby is pushed out very quickly. to correct this condition, the gynaecologist normally puts in a suture at the cervix area when the pregnancy is 12 weeks old. the danger with this type of condition is that there is almost no way of knowing whether the mother has an incompetent cervix in the first pregnancy. of course, lifestyles such as smoking, consumption of alcohol and hard drugs all have a part to play in miscarriages. doctors will normally also advise their patient who are already eight months into their pregnancy not to travel by air, although short journeys are permissible to some. trans - atlantic flights are out of the question, the reason being that the high atmospheric pressure will aggravate the condition especially if the mother is prone to miscarriages. if a woman suffers a few miscarriages in a row, for example, three or more consecutively, then she is termed as having habitual miscarriages. about 50 per cent of such cases go without treatment, that is, the sufferers do not seek expert opinion or help. others who seek help will have to undergo investigation before the cause is found. usually, a complete history of the woman ' s medical condition and past pregnancies needs to be taken into account. this is followed by blood tests ( for possible hormonal problems ), genital tract cultures for presence of infection, blood tests, chromosomal testing for both partners, and chromosome analysis. there may also be surgical procedures like hysteroscopy ( where the doctor inserts a hysteroscope into the uterine cavity to look for fibroids or malformations ), ultrasound or laparascopy ( to examine the pelvis for other physical abnormalities that can lead to miscarriage ). finally, if a woman has experienced recurrent miscarriage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4114668307564977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.007834"} {"text": "image of the solar corona in white light ( outer circle, blue and white ) and x - rays ( inner circle, red, yellow, and black ) on april 22, 1994, courtesy of the high altitude observatory and the yohkoh science team. the dashed circle is the solar radius. click on image for full size image courtesy of the high altitude observatory, national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ), boulder, colorado, usa. ncar is sponsored by the national science foundation. the solar x - ray image is from the yohkoh mission of isas, japan. the solar atmosphere the visible solar atmosphere consists of three regions : the the chromosphere, and the solar corona. most of the visible ( white ) light comes from the photosphere, this is the part of the sun we actually see. the chromosphere and corona also emit white light, and can be seen when the light from the photosphere is blocked out, as occurs in a solar eclipse. the sun emits electromagnetic radiation at many other wavelengths as well. different types of radiation ( such as radio, ultraviolet, x - rays, and gamma rays ) originate from different parts of the sun. scientists use to detect this radiation and study different parts of the solar atmosphere. the solar atmosphere is so hot that the gas is primarily in a plasma state : electrons are no longer bound to atomic nuclei, and the gas is made up of charged particles ( mostly protons and electrons ). in this charged state, the solar atmosphere is greatly influenced by the strong solar magnetic fields that thread through it. these magnetic fields, and the outer solar atmosphere ( the corona ) extend out into interplanetary space as part of the solar wind. shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change \u2014 and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : most of the energy we receive from the sun is the visible ( white ) light emitted from the photosphere. the photosphere is one of the coolest regions of the sun ( 6000 k ), so only a small fraction ( 0. 1 % )... more rising above the sun ' s chromosphere, the temperature jumps sharply from a few tens of thousands of kelvins to as much as a few million kelvins in the sun ' s outer atmosphere, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5397956119036157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.012711"} {"text": "0. 1 % )... more rising above the sun ' s chromosphere, the temperature jumps sharply from a few tens of thousands of kelvins to as much as a few million kelvins in the sun ' s outer atmosphere, the solar corona. understanding... more an eclipse of the sun occurs when the earth passes through the moon ' s shadow. a total eclipse of the sun takes place only during a new moon, when the moon is directly between the sun and the earth. when... more there is a giant magnetic \" bubble \" in space around the sun. that \" bubble \" is called the heliosphere. in a sense, we earthlings live within the outer atmosphere of our sun. the solar... more space weather is a very complex scientific field. scientists who study space weather use computer models a lot. space weather is a bit like weather on earth in this way because weather forecasters on our... more large impressive loop - like structures on the edge of the solar disk sometimes stand out brightly against the dark background of space. though these structures, called \" prominences \", appear to be very bright... more the sun has a very large and very complex magnetic field. the magnetic field at an average place on the sun is around 1 gauss, about twice as strong as the average field on the surface of earth ( around... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5460750483086698, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.013275"} {"text": "a teen boy is reflected in the mirror as he lifts weights ( image credit spencer platt / getty ) michelle healy, usa today when it comes to body image, large, lean and muscular is in, and it ' s \" extremely common \" for teenagers to turn to diet, exercise, protein powders or steroids in hopes of bulking up and enhancing muscle development, a study finds. although these techniques are most often seen among boys, in some cases they are nearly as widespread among girls, says the study published monday in pediatrics. asked about methods they have used to increase their muscle size or tone, 2, 793 middle school and high school students ( average age 14 ) in minneapolis / st. paul said they : \u2022 changed eating : 68 % boys ; 62 % of girls \u2022 exercised more : 91 % boys ; 81 % of girls \u2022 used protein powders or shakes : 35 % boys ; 21 % girls \u2022 used steroids : 6 % boys ; 5 % girls \u2022 used other muscle - enhancing substances such as creatine, amino acids, hydroxyl methylbutyrate ( hmb ), dhea, or growth hormones : 11 % boys ; 6 % girls researchers did not collect data indicating whether eating changes were healthy or unhealthy nor how much or what type of exercise was adopted. almost 12 % of boys and 6 % of girls, however, reported using three or more of the general muscle - enhancing behaviors, \" indicating a relatively high level of use, \" says the report. the findings suggest that \" increasing muscle strength or mass or tone is an important piece of body image for both boys and girls, \" says lead study author marla eisenberg, professor of pediatrics at the university of minnesota school of medicine. \" kids really are seeing that as a goal. \" and it ' s not just a behavior isolated to athletes or certain teams, says eisenberg. students who said they did not play sports also reported these muscle - enhancing efforts. teenage interest in re - shaping or building their physiques is nothing new. what is new, is a social and cultural emphasis \" not just about having a healthy physique, \" but about achieving the \" perfect \" muscular body, she says, which ultimately is \" just one more cultural ideal that young people find hard to achieve. \" as a result, the many good reasons for teens to be physically active - skill development, having fun and general health and fitness - run the risk of being overshadowed by the goal of looking like someone in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47310859938981886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.016364"} {"text": "ideal that young people find hard to achieve. \" as a result, the many good reasons for teens to be physically active - skill development, having fun and general health and fitness - run the risk of being overshadowed by the goal of looking like someone in a magazine ad or in the sports pages, she says. and given greater awareness of performance - enhancing and muscle - building substances, teens know there are many other ways to bulk up, \" ways that are not recommended and not safe, but may be quite effective, \" says eisenberg. this study is a reminder that parents and physicians need to be aware that these behaviors are going on and that they need to be discussed with their adolescents, says joel brenner, medical director of the sports medicine program at children ' s hospital of the king ' s daughters in norfolk, va., and chair of the american academy of pediatrics council on sports medicine and fitness. the use of steroids and other performance - enhancing substances is clearly dangerous and needs to be avoided, but inappropriate changes to diet or exercise can also be hazardous, he says. even when teens are involved in supervised strength and conditioning programs, parents need to stay aware of their child ' s goals and make sure their activities remain \" part of an overall fitness program, \" brenner says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44123250349576393, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.016864"} {"text": "woodson was the eldest son of thomas jefferson and sally hemings. hemings was also the half - sister of thomas jefferson ' s wife, martha wayles. the liaison began after martha wayles jefferson \u2019 s death, the racial taboo would have meant social ostracism should jefferson ever have owned paternity. the situation was an open secret which was either ignored or regarded as a common occurrence so long as the prevalent social structure was not subject to enforced secrecy, the guilty pleasures, the implicit denial of paternity of mulatto children were common in the evidence of the jefferson - hemings liaison became public knowledge in the september 1, 1802, edition of the richmond recorder. later, jefferson \u2019 s farm book, account books, and correspondence would confirm the story. despite the threat of political annihilation, he educated his mulatto children privately, if casually ; two became musicians, two were allowed to \u201c run away \u201d during his lifetime, aiding them with money, and he freed the two youngest sons in his will. those who ' went white ' were protected by the same mantle of silence so essential to his welfare as well as theirs. \" jefferson - hemings liaison lasted thirty - eight years and resulted in seven children, two of whom died as infants. it began in paris in 1787, where sally at fifteen had been sent as maid to her niece, mary \u201c polly \u201d was the slave daughter of jefferson \u2019 s father - in - law, john wayles. her mother, betty hemings, and an african slave woman who became wayles \u2019 concubine after the death of his third bore him six children and after wayles death, they became a part of martha wayles jefferson \u2019 s inheritance hemings, sally \u2019 s brother, accompanied jefferson to paris in 1785, and when sally arrived with polly in 1787, he was studying to be a chef. both james and sally were tutored in french and were paid wages. about 1789, jefferson \u2019 s account books show that he was spending almost as much money on clothes for sally as for his eldest daughter, martha. according to a memoir written by sally \u2019 s third son, madison, she became pregnant by jefferson in 1789 while still in paris. sally wished to remain in paris where she was free, but jefferson persuaded her to return with him, promising that all her children would be freed at age son, tom, born in december 1789 after the return to monticello, was described in the virginia press of 1802 as being ten or twelve years old and having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4205567558681197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.021074"} {"text": "persuaded her to return with him, promising that all her children would be freed at age son, tom, born in december 1789 after the return to monticello, was described in the virginia press of 1802 as being ten or twelve years old and having \u201c features bearing a striking though sable resemblance to the other six children include : harriet and edy, born in 1795 and 1796 when jefferson was in temporary political retirement after his resignation, as washington \u2019 s secretary of state. edy died in 1796 and harriet in 1797. a second son, beverly, was born in 1798 and another daughter, also named harriet, in 1801. the two younger sons, madison and eston, were born in 1805 and 1808 after the story broke in the press and the resulting political furor of 1802. woodson source book compiled by minnie shumate woodson maintains that one tradition claims the eldest son, tom, quarreled with jefferson as a youth and left monticello ; another holds that jefferson gave him money and he moved to ohio where he purchased land on which coal was discovered. oral traditions are accurate when checked with the census records. thomas is listed as \u201c free colored \u201d and head of a family on the 1820 census listing for greenbrier county, west virginia. there were no white men named woodson in the greenbrier county census listing, but there were in albemarie county - - - tarleton and john woodson. both names appear in jefferson \u2019 s account books : december 19, 1804 shows a purchase of $ 416 worth of corn from tarleton woodson. married jemima woodson, a mulatto woman six years older than himself, and removed from greenbrier county to ross county, ohio, where he is found at about 1821 listed as a member of the quinn chapel african methodist episcopal had a church, day and sabbath school of their own. the people cut their harvests, rolled their own logs, and raised their own houses, just as well as though they had been assisted by white friends. they found just as ready and as high a market for their grain and cattle as their white neighbors. \u201c of jackson county, ohio volume 1 we thank you for your patience. if you have any comments or questions about the family tree, there are many experts. please start by mailing the research committee.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39524172292683896, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.022000"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adj. not crewed : an unmanned spacecraft. - adj. obsolete not trained. used of a hawk. century dictionary and cyclopedia - not tamed ; not yet familiar with man : a term in falconry. gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. deprived of manly qualities ; deficient in vigor, strength, courage, etc. ; weak ; effeminate. - adj. ( falconry ), obsolete not tamed ; not made familiar with, or subject to, man ; - - also used figuratively. - adj. not furnished with men. - adj. lacking a crew - from un - + manned. ( wiktionary ) \u201c our spaceship of state still seems remarkably addicted to phasers and photon torpedoes, an addiction we refuse to own up to, even as we send one variety of our own spaceships, which we call unmanned aerial drones, over the tribal lands of pakistan and afghanistan armed with hellfire missiles. \u201d \u201c the u. s. does have two types of what they call unmanned aerial vehicles or uavs in its inventory. \u201d \u201c there has been a sharp increase in unmanned missile strikes in the tribal region, with 21 attacks in september alone. \u201d \u201c there has been a sharp increase in unmanned missile strikes, with 21 in september alone. \u201d \u201c the whole debate between manned vs. unmanned is this magical thinking that if it is unmanned the cost will not skyrocket out of control. \u201d \u201c here too - in unmanned, underfunded science missions - movie and tv sf with none of the classic sf \" sense of wonder \" undercuts the pursuit of real science at its most wonderful. \u201d \u201c what we need are advances in unmanned drones and missiles to counter these hypothetical advances. \u201d \u201c mit researchers are using tricked - out model helicopters, each about the size of a seagull, to demonstrate swarming behavior in unmanned micro - air vehicles ( drones ). \u201d \u201c still, a disproportionate amount of science takes place in unmanned missions for the amount of funding they receive, and sacrificing this science seems misguided at this point. \u201d \u201c it does seem as though as strange and futuristic sounding as it is long - term unmanned aerial units are going to be the future of air defence. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 unmanned \u2019. it isn ' t all about fucking cocksuckers. there aren ' t too many shows on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5346972480012806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.025030"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a simple machine consisting of an axle to which a wheel is fastened so that torque applied to the wheel winds a rope or chain onto the axle, yielding a mechanical advantage equal to the ratio of the diameter of the wheel to that of the axle. - n. a simple machine consisting of a wheel ( or similar lever ) that turns an axle around which a cord is wound ; its mechanical advantage is the ratio of the diameters of the wheel and axle gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( mech. ) one of the elementary machines or mechanical powers, consisting of a wheel fixed to an axle, and used for raising great weights, by applying the power to the circumference of the wheel, and attaching the weight, by a rope or chain, to that of the axle. called also axis in peritrochio, and perpetual lever, - - the principle of equilibrium involved being the same as in the lever, while its action is continuous. see mechanical powers, under mechanical. - n. hoist so arranged that a rope unwinding from a wheel is wound onto a cylindrical drum or shaft coaxial with the wheel sorry, no example sentences found. these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 wheel and axle \u2019. looking for tweets for wheel and axle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5772787985831258, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.027791"} {"text": "stock photography. licensed and royalty free photographs history of towneley hall art gallery and museum hall and pond suit of armour to give you an idea of the history and complicated architecture of the house i will attempt to briefly outline the halls origins. it is recorded that towneley first became the home of the ancient catholic family during the lifetime of richard of towneley who died in 1295. however the present building construction probably started around 1400, although it has to be said little remains of this, apart from the sandstone wall ( six feet thick at one part ) on the courtyard side of the south east wing. close observation of the walls also reveals a half hidden window at ground level that tells us that the level was raised at some time, probably in the 1700s. an internal wall running between the kitchen and family dining room is also six feet thick and was, during mediaeval times, an external wall. at one time there were four wings to the house, but the fourth side was demolished between the years 1706 - 1711. towneley hall also boasts secret rooms, known as priest holes, that were used as hiding places during the persecution of catholics in elizabethan times. one such hide still exists and can be viewed through a hole in the floor of a room near the long gallery. there has been a chapel at towneley since the early 13th century and the present gothic chapel was probably built around 1515 by sir john towneley ( 1473 - 1541 ) on the fourth wing, but was moved to its present site, using the original materials, when the wing was demolished. the ceiling of the nave is carved with the initials of members of the towneley family. the early 16th century alterpiece is a magnificent example of flemish craftsmanship and was installed during the late 1700s. until the building of the catholic church in burnley in 1846, the chapel would have been used by staff and worshippers from the surrounding area. towneley private chapel the first major changes to the mediaeval building were undertaken during the 1600s by richard towneley ( 1566 - 1628 ). the kitchen was altered, however the two large archways that were the original fireplaces used for cooking, still exist. the little dining room was added. the oak staircase was built. and the eighty - four feet long gallery and its bedrooms, also dating from the 17th century, were constructed. the rectangular panelling of the long gallery has provision for family portraits and thats where they hung until 1901 when the hall was sold to burnley corporation. 16th century bedroom inscriptions on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37297145013311006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.035825"} {"text": "gallery and its bedrooms, also dating from the 17th century, were constructed. the rectangular panelling of the long gallery has provision for family portraits and thats where they hung until 1901 when the hall was sold to burnley corporation. 16th century bedroom inscriptions on the panelling can still be seen recording the family members during the 17th and 18th centuries. in 1846, ninety two paintings hung in the long gallery. the bedrooms, adjacent to the gallery, were used by guests and closed off when not in use as the towneley family slept in the other wing. the 1700s saw even greater alterations, when a great entrance hall with elaborate plaster work decoration replaced the mediaeval great hall. in fact the entrance hall is perhaps the finest example of the baroque style in the country. the cantilever staircase, chapel vestibule, brew house and main entrance arch, to name but a few, were also added at this time. these alterations were carried out by charles ( d. 1712 ), richard ( 1689 - 1735 ), william ( 1714 - 1742 ) and charles towneley ( 1737 - 1805 ). the pond was probably constructed in 1800, as it does not appear on turners drawing of towneley hall in 1798 but is included in the plans of charles towneley around that period. in the 19th century, peregrine towneley ( d. 1846 ) inherited the hall and it was he who employed the services of the renowned architect jeffry wyatt who enhanced the mediaeval appearance of towneley hall by elevating the south - east wing and adding battlements and turrets. wyatt, was also the creator of the red drawing room and the blue dining room ( situated in the oldest part of the hall ), and the external passage running beneath the porch which allowed the servants to carry food quickly from the kitchen to the dining room without having to pass through the entrance hall. family dining room staff dining room the long gallery, in need of serious renovation, was also repaired in the 1800s. eventually the house was inherited by peregrines son, charles ( 1803 - 1876 ), who made the last alterations, including a north tower. his successor, alice mary towneley, was unable to maintain the hall and eventually it was sold to burnley corporation in 1901, who opened it up to the general public in 1902 and gradually restored it to its present state, making mainly minor alterations as necessary. the brew house and laundry outhouses had fallen into disrepair and these were carefully restored, with the help of the towneley hall society, and converted into a museum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4149754660008347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.036924"} {"text": "in 1902 and gradually restored it to its present state, making mainly minor alterations as necessary. the brew house and laundry outhouses had fallen into disrepair and these were carefully restored, with the help of the towneley hall society, and converted into a museum of local crafts and industries. what was left of the stables was made into a cafeteria for visitors. the architects and craftsmen that have been associated with towneley hall are ; joseph bonomi 1739 - 1808 ( architect ), john carr of york 1723 - 1807 ( architect ), richard hayward 1728 - 1800 ( sculptor ), francesco vassalli and martino quadri ( stuccoists ) and sir jeffry wyatt 1766 - 1840 ( architect ). the towneley family has many renowned members amongst its ranks, including several high sheriffs of lancashire, a member of parliament, several knights, a governor of carlisle, several military colonels and one unfortunate francis towneley, who was beheaded. as i mentioned this is only a brief account of the halls history and does not do it true justice, but i hope it has whetted your appetite for more. there are woodland walks and nature trails to follow, squirrels to feed ( and capture on camera ). the park includes two golf course, play areas, ornamental gardens, pitch and putt, tennis courts, sports pitches, a bowling green, picnic areas and facilities for football and cricket. and if this wasnt enough there is also a souvenir / gift shop, cafeteria and an organic community garden. infact the only thing towneley hall doesnt appear to have is a ghost. unless you know different....? ( see below! ) it is a house rich in history and art as the photographs testify. so why not pay them a visit? they will be glad to see you and im sure you wont be disappointed. current opening hours, addmission, and contact details the hall is open sat to thurs 12 - 5 pm. closed on fridays ( but open on good friday ) admission to towneley hall is \u00a33. 50 for adults but free for children, students and burnley residents. address : towneley hall art gallery & museums, towneley park, burnley, lancs. bb11 3rq tel : 01282 424213 fax : 01282 436138 towneley hall is fully licensed for civil weddings and other venues, such as corporate events and meetings. acknowledgements : go to susan bourne, curator of towneley hall, for allowing me access to photograph. copyright notice : this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39260771252004356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.037876"} {"text": "##2 436138 towneley hall is fully licensed for civil weddings and other venues, such as corporate events and meetings. acknowledgements : go to susan bourne, curator of towneley hall, for allowing me access to photograph. copyright notice : this illustrated article, ( including photographs ) is copyrighted \u00a9 2001 by janet wood. all rights reserved. and must not to be reproduced without permission from the author. if you copy the text and / or images from this page and use them on your own web site, publish, or include this article in any collection without the authoris permission, you are in violation of international copyright law. please note : this copyright notice does not affect any website owner who would like to add an external link to this webpage from their own website. also, if you feel that your website content would compliment this article please email us and we will be only too happy to consider placing a reciprocal link back to you. all our library stock photography is represented by alamy. com who provide image buyers with a single source for all their photographic needs, supported by innovative technology and strong customer service. stock photography by mike and janet wood at alamy ancient egypt photos by mike and janet wood at alamy royalty free images by mike and janet wood at alamy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.436631244677232, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.038434"} {"text": "this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. source : distinct llc probiotic action with insight from dr. robert wallace ' s recent article in the post tribune, explains why although there is no direct correlation to food and acne, conditions like obesity caused by poor diet may increase or help cause an acne condition. miami, fl ( prweb ) february 19, 2013 for many, obesity is more than just a weight issue, it is a severe, life threatening condition. heart failure, diabetes, and other major life threatening ailments have been linked to being past \" overweight \", but should acne be added to the list? probiotic action, best known for its probiotic acne treatment, dishes the dirt on why the food you eat may not cause acne, but obesity from food may cause acne flare - ups. a recent article from the post tribune features dr. robert wallace explaining to a patient that acne and food still have no correlation, but leaves the link between obesity and acne up for discussion. last year medindia along with several other sources released a statement on a norwegian study that explored the link between obesity in teenage girls, and acne. while the results claimed that obese patients were more likely to have acne, the team at probiotic action explains that while eating unhealthy food may not the direct cause, a lifestyle and physical state associated with obesity could be a major contributor. fernando perez, a representative for probiotic action, points out that while many factors contribute to acne, stress on the body, as well as increased hormone levels are contributing factors to acne in men and women of all ages. increased levels of hormones during puberty, coupled with the unsteady amounts of insulin many obese individuals suffer with, could be triggers for the body to produce excess oils, which, feed acne causing bacteria. while many non - obese individuals suffer form acne, those who are obese could see increased symptoms in comparison to their average weight peers. \u201c understanding that the skin \u2019 s oil production, along with external dirt, oil, and the growth of bacteria are the main causes to acne can help us pin point what in a patients life may be contributing to the main causes. \u201d says perez. excessive sweating, and being in contact with greasy foods associated with obesity can often create an environment for acne causing bacteria to grow. acne affects people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4577528284492596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.041386"} {"text": "irish wolfhound health problems and raising an irish wolfhound puppy to be healthy by michele welton. copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2013 the most common health problems in irish wolfhounds : six to eight years is a very short lifespan for a companion dog, but that ' s all you get with most irish wolfhounds. the two primary causes of death are cancer ( especially osteosarcoma and lymphoma ) and heart disease ( especially cardiomyopathy ). another major killer of irish wolfhounds is the emergency gastrointestinal syndrome bloat. as you might expect in a giant dog, orthopedic diseases are common, including hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, osteochondritis, wobbler ' s syndrome, and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. the orthopedic foundation of america evaluated the hip x - rays of 1330 irish wolfhounds and found 5. 5 % dysplastic. that ' s pretty good for such a huge dog. however, 12 % of 272 elbow x - rays were dysplastic \u2013 that ' s much too high. liver shunt is a real concern in irish wolfhounds \u2013 and it ' s a serious form of liver shunt that may not be able to be corrected surgically. skin problems include allergies ( which cause itchy skin and often lead to pyoderma ) and elbow hygroma. eye diseases in irish wolfhounds include progressive retinal atrophy ( pra ) and entropion. you may see cataracts as early at 1 - 2 years old, or as late as 5 - 7 years old. other health issues in irish wolfhounds include hypothyroidism, epilepsy, megaesophagus, and blood - clotting disease ( von willebrand ' s ). can you prevent health problems from happening to your irish wolfhound? yes, often you can. - some health problems are genetic, which means inherited from parents. genetic health issues are common in irish wolfhounds today because of unwise breeding practices. my book, dog quest : find the dog of your dreams, shows you how to find an irish wolfhound puppy who is genetically healthy. - other health problems are environmental \u2013 caused by the way you raise your dog. my best - selling dog health book, 11 things you must do right to keep your dog healthy and happy shows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4095573950584991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.046565"} {"text": "find an irish wolfhound puppy who is genetically healthy. - other health problems are environmental \u2013 caused by the way you raise your dog. my best - selling dog health book, 11 things you must do right to keep your dog healthy and happy shows you how to prevent environmental health problems by raising your irish wolfhound puppy ( or adult dog ) in all the right ways. here are my dog health tips for raising a healthy irish wolfhound puppy or adult dog : how long will your dog live? \u2013 take this quiz! based on your dog ' s breed and how you ' re raising him, this personalized quiz will help you understand how long your dog might live \u2013 and most importantly, how you can increase his life expectancy. dog health care \u2013 the sensible way read my advice on daily health care so your irish wolfhound lives a long, healthy life and seldom needs to see the vet. the best dog food for feeding your irish wolfhound the best diet for feeding your irish wolfhound is real food. real chicken, turkey, beef, bison, venison, fish.... this is not \" people food \" and i ' ll tell you why. the second - best dog food for your irish wolfhound if you can ' t feed homemade dog food, here are your next - best choices. vaccinations and booster shots : needed or not? how many vaccinations does your irish wolfhound puppy really need? does your adult wolfhound need yearly booster shots? the vaccination guidelines have changed. find out what many vets aren ' t telling you. the type of veterinarian i recommend is your veterinarian really the best choice for your dog? learn about the differences between vets who practice conventional, holistic, and alternative veterinary medicine. spaying your female dog : pros and cons advantages and disadvantages of spaying your female irish wolfhound. neutering your male dog : pros and cons advantages and disadvantages of neutering your male dog. copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2013 by michele welton. all rights reserved. no part of this website may be copied, displayed on another website, or distributed in any way without the express permission of the author.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41877812931835856, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.047393"} {"text": "nanolubricants research project the u. s. department of energy ( doe ) is currently conducting research into nanolubricants. this enabling technology has the potential for improving the efficiency of chillers that cool large buildings, in a cost - neutral manner. this project seeks to develop a fundamental understanding of how nanolubricants, a lubricant with dispersed nano - size particles, can enhance refrigerant and lubricant pool boiling. a previous national institute for standards and technology study has shown that copper oxide nanoparticles can provide up to 275 % improvement in the boiling heat flux as compared to boiling without nanoparticles. boiling heat transfer measurements will be conducted with nanoparticles of various sizes, shapes, and materials. research is being undertaken between the department of energy and the national institute for standards and technology. the goal of this project is to assess the potential for improving chiller evaporator boiling heat transfer by using nanolubricants. benefits and impacts acoustically enhanced nanolubricants are expected to bring between 1 % and 2 % improvement in chiller efficiencies considering the demonstrated success of this technique with nanofluids. if the efficiency of all existing chillers were to be improved by 1 %, 0. 03 quads of energy savings could be realized yearly for a marginal investment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6409876978663459, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.048715"} {"text": "how technology is changing our expectations and our lives we are in the midst of a technology revolution that is happening on multiple dimensions. we are reaching a level of global connectivity that is almost universal ; the internet is no longer just the privilege of the few, or the rich. today, there are almost six billion mobile phones in the world ; almost every adult human being has a mobile phone, and a lot of them are connected to the internet. young people today are growing up in a world that is much more global, transparent, interactive, real time \u2014 qualities that shape their expectations, and affect almost everything in the world around us. new technologies like mobile phones are transforming financial services, as our cover story, world wired wallet shows. ubiquitous collaborative technologies are transforming the way we work and boosting innovation and creativity by facilitating cross - cultural and cross - functional interactions. our alumni and faculty share their experiences and perspectives on this in how difference makes a difference. we also see changes in education. more and more e - learning courses are being used to complement traditional, classroom - based courses ; companies are also using e - learning more. we will likely see a radical transformation in education models in the near future as moocs or massive open online courses become more widespread. johnson \u2019 s cornell - queen \u2019 s executive mba program offers one example of how we use technology to enhance education for students. in this learning model, 30 percent of classes are held on - campus in classical, face - to - face formats, and the rest are held via multi - point, real - time, interactive videoconferencing sessions. technology enables professors in sage hall to deliver lectures and interact with students in more than 27 locations across the u. s., canada, mexico, and colombia. there are many advantages to this model. the classes are international, multi - cultural, and multi - functional, and the students value the different perspectives they hear from one another. it also enables us to give our students flexibility ; they can keep their current jobs and yet get a degree from cornell. it \u2019 s a win / win model for us, and for our students. such an innovative program is part of what makes johnson unique. we have a partnership with ecornell, a universitywide initiative to deliver the excellence of cornell faculty via e - learning programs. several johnson faculty members have created online learning modules with ecornell which are marketed worldwide. we are also in discussions with leading technology companies to explore how we can partner in creating new education models. johnson seeks to be at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5121432283214314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.051338"} {"text": "over the years, i have talked a lot about vomiting. in most cases of gastroenteritis, vomiting is either accompanied or followed by diarrhea. i know, lovely topic to discuss but the reality is we must. most of these episodes are typically caused by a viral infection and there are many viruses that may cause the same symptoms. although people often think of v and d as the stomach flu it has nothing to do with influenza at all. diarrhea describes a stool that is loose and watery as well as frequent. everyone can have a loose stool once in a while and that is not necessarily diarrhea. but when the stools become more frequent ( you will know ) as well as watery, you have diarrhea. it is interesting that day care centers may sometimes send a baby home because they have had more than 3 stools in a day, but some infants may have a loose stool more often than that and still not have what i would consider to be diarrhea. ( believe me ; i get to look at a lot of dirty diapers! ) the most important part of treating a viral diarrhea is keeping your child hydrated. if they are having frequent watery stools you can typically feed them through the diarrhea. if you are putting more in the mouth than comes out the bottom then you can typically maintain their hydration. this can be done with a child of any age. for babies and younger children you can use pedialyte to maintain their hydration, but for older children who will no longer drink pedialyte, give them gatorade or a similar drink. just keep the fluids going. it is also important to feed your child through diarrhea. by this i mean you can continue to offer foods, as long as there is no vomiting. years ago i was taught rest the gut and only feed children a bland diet. that is no longer the treatment for diarrhea, as it was found that the intestines need protein and nutrients to heal. a well balanced diet with lean meats, vegetables as well as carbohydrates is a better choice. if the diarrhea is persistent i might limit dairy but otherwise let your child eat. with that being said, they may not be as hungry since they are sick, but offer them meals and let them eat as they are feeling better. always watch hydration by looking for moist mouth ( put your finger in a baby ' s mouth and it should always come out wet ), drooling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4419655565954922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.055283"} {"text": "since they are sick, but offer them meals and let them eat as they are feeling better. always watch hydration by looking for moist mouth ( put your finger in a baby ' s mouth and it should always come out wet ), drooling, tears and wet diapers. it may be hard to tell if your child is having wet diapers as the diarrhea may soak into the diaper with the urine. if your child is crawling, playing, running around and has drool and tears then i would not worry about the diaper being wet. the only way to really tell if there is urine in a diaper is to weigh the diaper before putting it on and then later in the day. there are very few times this is necessary and those children are usually in the hospital as well. the last thing to remember about diarrhea is handwashing!! the pesky tummy flu is easily spread by dirty hands, so make sure that everyone who comes into contact with the diaper and bathroom is washing their hands well. it is not infrequent to see an entire family, adults included, come down with diarrhea. so keep out the hand sanitizer and soap! that ' s your daily dose for today. we ' ll chat again tomorrow.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3983631218352031, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.055780"} {"text": "posted by ebrahim - khalil hassen on june 3, 2011 over 15 million potentially eligible voters did not cast their vote in the recent local government elections. this analysis compares the mid - year population estimates with the voters role. a development worker in cape town pointed out that there was a significant gap between the potential number of voters, and those on the voter \u2019 s role. it piqued my interest, and i asked a couple more community activists about this. they all confirmed the view that in their areas, the level of voter registration was low. could this view from the ground be correct? the proposition is that they may exist \u2013 in the words of one of the community workers \u2013 \u201c an excluded majority \u201d not even on the voters roll. to explore this question, we have compared the voters roll with population estimates. in sum, this exploration seeks to find out what proportion of the population are on the voter \u2019 s roll. in undertaking this analysis, only official data has been utilised. these are : - indepedent electoral commission ( iec ) reports on voter turnout by province were generated using the iec \u2019 s report generator ; - statistics south africa \u2019 s mid - year population estimates ( 2010 ). the cut - off point in the data is at 20, which means that potential voters between 18 and 20 are not counted in these results. including 18 - 20 year olds in the analysis would potentially increase the size of the so - called \u201c silent majority \u201d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44406668290081885, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.057254"} {"text": "the other children break into hysterical giggles. she had turned her head for only a moment, but somehow missed the final sentence \u2014 and, the apparent cause of her friend \u2019 s merriment. she smiles nervously and laughs along to fit in, longing to know the last line of the joke. later that evening, claire \u2019 s parents suggest a family a bike ride. claire loves to ride her bike and eagerly races to the garage for her helmet. as she steers her two - wheeler through the wind, she sees her mother trying to ask her something, but she cannot understand. frustrated, she pedals to a stop and asks deliberately : \u201c what? \u201d claire suffers from single - sided, neurosensory hearing loss. while she performs well in school ( with seating adjustments ), she often misses out on crucial social interactions. she and her family sought help from swedish medical center \u2019 s dr. daniel zeitler \u2013 a neurotologist and skull - based surgeon. dr. zeitler proposed performing a particular procedure \u2014 one that only a few medical professionals currently perform in the united states. the cochlear implant a cochlear implant is a small, complex electronic device that consists of an external portion that sits behind the ear and a second portion that is surgically placed under the skin. its components include - microphone, which picks up sound from the environment ; - a speech processor, which selects and arranges sounds picked up by the microphone ; - a transmitter and receiver / stimulator, which receive signals from the speech processor and convert them into electric impulses ; - and an electrode array, which is a group of electrodes that collects the impulses from the stimulator and sends them to different regions of the auditory nerve. the cochlear implant has been around since the 1980s ; however, since its inception it has undergone significant technological changes. originally, the cochlear implant was developed for those suffering bilateral, profound sensory - neural hearing loss. that is, candidates for the procedure included only those with profound hearing loss in both ears. neurotology professional measures \u201c profound \u201d as reaching a threshold of 90 decibels ( the equivalent of a jet engine ) or worse. however, since the 1980s, the cochlear implant technology proves far more functional and the candidate criteria has loosened to include those with moderate ( 40 - 60 decibels, with 60 decibels being the level of normal conversation ), bilateral hearing loss. however, the fda still does not approve the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5110833571329916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.066648"} {"text": "technology proves far more functional and the candidate criteria has loosened to include those with moderate ( 40 - 60 decibels, with 60 decibels being the level of normal conversation ), bilateral hearing loss. however, the fda still does not approve the cochlear implant for single - sided deafness. the fda remains hesitant to approve this procedure without significant studies and clinical trials on how the brain interprets electric versus acoustic sound. \u201c there \u2019 s a huge push to initiate clinical trials for its use in these circumstances in the united states, but only a few anecdotal reports and small objective studies currently exist. \u201d \u2013 dr. zeitler most of the data pertaining to cochlear implants and single - sided deafness comes from europe, where medical professional are not subject to the same regulations stipulated by the fda. physicians in europe discovered that patients who utilized both the implant and hearing aids, enjoyed the results. additionally, patients deaf in one ear who also suffered from tinnitus ( ringing in the ears ), found that the cochlear implant not only resolved their hearing loss, but helped the tinnitus condition. despite the fda \u2019 s hesitation to approve the procedure, many united states physicians recognize it \u2019 s benefits, including dr. zeitler. dr. zeitler attended medical school at new york university in manhattan. he also completed his ent residency at nyu, and performed his neurotology fellowship at the university of miami. dr. zeitler has been in practice at swedish medical center for a little over a year, exerting a passion for pediatric cochlear implantation. last month, he performed groundbreaking surgery on nine - year - old claire, confident that doing so will dramatically improve her quality of life. when asked if she had any concerns about the surgery, claire replied, \u201c will i stick to the refrigerator? \u201d though her cochlear implant device will not be turned on for another week or so, tests performed during surgery indicate that the implant is working properly and claire can look forward to an improved quality of life thanks to dr. zeitler \u2019 s procedure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4726593196607643, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.067652"} {"text": "australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2009 \u2013 10 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 04 / 06 / 2010 | page tools : print page rss search this product | feature article 2 : mental health anxiety disorders generally involve feelings of tension, distress or nervousness. in 2007, anxiety disorders were the most common class of mental disorders, affecting 14 % of all people aged 16 - 85 years in the 12 months prior to the survey. women were more likely to have experienced anxiety disorders than men, 18 % to 11 % ( graph 11. 18 ). anxiety disorders were most common in women aged 16 - 54 years, ( 21 % ), compared with women aged 65 - 85 years ( 6. 3 % ). affective or mood disorders involve mood disturbance or change in affect. depression and dysthymia may involve signs such as a depressed mood, loss of self - confidence and esteem and reduced energy or activity over a period of at least two weeks. bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania either alone or together with depressive episodes. manic episodes may be characterised by less need for sleep, increased activity or restlessness and reckless behaviour. affective disorders affected 6. 2 % of people aged 16 - 85 years, 7. 1 % of women and 5. 3 % of men. the rate was higher for those aged 16 - 44 years ( 7. 6 % ) than for those aged 55 - 85 years ( 3. 3 % ) ( graph 11. 18 ). substance use disorders substance use disorders, involving harmful use of, or dependency on, alcohol or other drugs were slightly less prevalent than other types of mental disorders, affecting 5. 1 % of people aged 16 - 85 years. substance use disorders were more common in men than in women and most prevalent in men aged 16 - 24 years ( 13 % ) ( graph 11. 18 ). a range of criteria, such as suicide attempts, substance dependence and interference in various areas of a person ' s life, are combined to obtain a measure of the overall level of impairment experienced by people with mental disorders. the impairment is categorised into three levels : severe, moderate and mild. higher levels of severity may be associated with a range of factors, in particular, affective disorders and comorbidity. of all people with a mental disorder in 2007, just over one - fifth ( 21 % ) had a severe disorder, one - third ( 33 % ) had a moderate disorder and just under half ( 46 % )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4790722107192942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.074902"} {"text": "disorders and comorbidity. of all people with a mental disorder in 2007, just over one - fifth ( 21 % ) had a severe disorder, one - third ( 33 % ) had a moderate disorder and just under half ( 46 % ) had a mild disorder. people with a mental illness may have more than one disorder at any one time. this is known as comorbidity. the disorders may or may not be from the same group of mental health disorders. having multiple mental disorders is associated with greater impairment, higher risk of suicidal behaviour and greater use of health services. in 2007, 1. 4 million or 38 % of people with a disorder had two or more 12 - month mental disorders. a mix of affective and anxiety disorders was the most common combination. employment provides income as well as an opportunity for social engagement and improved self - esteem. in 2007, unemployment was higher for those with a mental illness ( 4. 0 % ) than those without ( 2. 7 % ). the employment to population ratio was lower for people with a mental illness ( 69 % ) than those without ( 76 % ). the gap was greater for women than men ( 8 percentage points compared with 3 percentage points ). mental health service use recent decades have seen less use of residential mental institutions and increased use of community mental health services. people with a mental illness may use a variety of services to help improve their ability to work or care for themselves. in 2007, nearly two - thirds ( 65 % ) of people with a mental disorder had not used services for their mental health problems in the 12 months before the survey. most of those people who did not access any services reported that they had no need for any type of assistance. people aged 16 - 34 years were less likely to have used services for their mental health problems ( 29 % ) than people aged 35 - 54 ( 41 % ) or 55 - 85 years ( 37 % ) ( table 11. 19 ). the most common group of disorders for young people was substance use disorders ( often related to alcohol ). these were more likely to be mild disorders and may have therefore contributed to the lower rate of service use. women ( 41 % ) were more likely than men ( 28 % ) to have used services for mental health problems. this is consistent with higher usage of health services by women in general. of people with an affective disorder, 50 % reported using services for mental health problems, compared with less than a quarter of people with an anxiety disorder or 11 % of those with a substance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45517531607352046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.077536"} {"text": "consistent with higher usage of health services by women in general. of people with an affective disorder, 50 % reported using services for mental health problems, compared with less than a quarter of people with an anxiety disorder or 11 % of those with a substance use disorder. this may be related to the differing severity levels of these types of disorders, since over half of those people with an affective disorder were rated as severe. the most common service used was visiting a gp ( 25 % ), followed by seeing a psychologist ( 13 % ) ( table 11. 19 ). gp consultation was the most common service used by both sexes, across all ages, types of mental disorders and across geographical areas. men and women with mental disorders were equally likely to use the services of a psychologist for mental health problems however people from major cities were almost twice as likely to have used a psychologist ( 15 % ) compared with those from other areas ( 8 % ). this may be related to less access to such services outside major cities. in 2007, there were about 872, 000 people who had a mental health disorder and felt they had an unmet need for assistance. the most common type of perceived unmet need was for counselling ( 16 % ), followed by information ( 14 % ) and social intervention ( 12 % ). mental health services in australia in the four years to 2007 - 08, expenditure on state and territory mental heath services as a whole increased by an average of 5. 6 % per year, to $ 3. 0 billion. the introduction of medicare benefits schedule ( mbs ) allied health items for people with chronic conditions and complex care needs in july 2004, followed by the introduction of the mbs items provided by psychologists, occupational therapists and social workers from november 2006, resulted in the overall number of services subsidised by medicare for both psychiatrists and allied health professionals to almost double to nearly 4 million in 2007 - 08, from just over 2 million services per annum in the three years prior to 2006 - 07. the number of visits to gps for mental health reasons increased by an average of 4. 4 % per year in the four years to 2007 - 08, to an estimated 11. 9 million encounters that year. geographic differences were also evident in the mbs subsidised mental health services provided by psychiatrists and allied health professionals ( psychologists, social workers and occupational therapists ) in 2007 - 08. the age standardised rate per 1, 000 mental health services per person was 12. 3 in major cities, 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46657545391815014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.078687"} {"text": "mental health services provided by psychiatrists and allied health professionals ( psychologists, social workers and occupational therapists ) in 2007 - 08. the age standardised rate per 1, 000 mental health services per person was 12. 3 in major cities, 2. 9 services per 1, 000 people in remote areas and 1. 6 services per 1, 000 people in very remote areas. australian bureau of statistics, 2007 national survey of mental health and wellbeing : summary of results, ( 4326. 0 ). australian bureau of statistics, 2004 - 05 national health survey : summary of results, ( 4364. 0 ). australian institute of health and welfare ( 2008 ), australia ' s health 2008, aihw aus 99, < http : / / www. aihw. gov. au / publications > australian institute of health and welfare ( 2008 ), mental health services in australia 2006 - 07 australian institute of health and welfare ( 2004 ), rural, regional and remote health - a guide to remoteness classifications, phe 53 council of australian governments ( 2006 ), national action plan on mental health 2006 - 2011. kessler, rc, chui, wt, demler, o and walters, ee, 2005, prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12 month dsm - iv disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication in the archives of general psychiatry, vol. 62, no. 6, viewed 6 may 2009 at < http : / / archpsych. ama - assn. org > senate community affairs committee ( 2008 ), towards recovery : mental health services in australia. world health organization, ' international classification of diseases ', viewed 17 december 2008, < http : / / www. who. int / classifications / icd / en / > this page last updated 21 january 2013 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42686824434634535, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.079461"} {"text": "the role of sub - surface fissures on the establishment of an invasive woody shrub ( prosopis glandulosa ) in grasslands. jurena, p. n. * and s. archer texas a & m university, college station, tx 77843 - 2126 1 we tested the hypothesis that establishment of woody plants in grasslands underlain by indurated limestone would be facilitated by ` fissures ' which give tree / shrub tap roots preferential access to deep stores of water and nutrients. survival and growth of prosopis glandulosa seedlings was monitored along ten 5 m transects perpendicular to known fissures. soil depth along the transects ranged from 0 to 20 cm and decreased with increasing distance from the fissure. contrary to expectations, no seedlings emerged from seeds planted directly over the fissure. survival of prosopis seedlings emerging 5 m from the fissure was 2x greater than that of seedlings emerging 1 m from the fissure. survival trajectories for all seedlings were similar and reached zero within seven months of the initial planting. seedlings farthest from the fissure were taller ( 3. 60. 8 cm vs. 3. 00. 2 cm ) and had a greater number of leaves ( 4. 02. 0 vs. 0 leave / seedling ) than those nearest the fissure. greater production of grasses on vs. away ( 42. 07. 0 g / m2 vs. < 5. 0 g / m2 ) from fissures appeared to negate advantages that fissures might otherwise provide for shrub seedling establishment. supporting experiments have shown that the development of disturbance ` gaps ' in the graminoid root layer might be required for shrub seedlings to exploit favorable microsites. keywords : fissure, shrub seedling, _ prosopis glandulosa _ this abstract is being presented at : 10 : 30 am in session : restoration ecology and invasions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47626906582028977, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.081187"} {"text": "for those of us who work with communities that have collective trauma, there seems to be research indicating that our preconceived ideas of how to deal with trauma might not always pass muster. in a way, it is good reminder that one size doesn \u2019 t fit all. article date : 26 nov 2012 \u2013 0 : 00 pst in the fields of human rights and memory studies, giving testimony about one \u2019 s personal experience of genocide is believed to be both a moral duty and a psychological imperative for the wellbeing of the individual and the persecuted group to which she belongs. accordingly, the coping strategies proposed to victims of genocide tend to be rather uniform : tell your story and do not let the violence you suffered be forgotten. the author of this study offers two persuasive case studies that suggest that this universalizing approach to genocide is misguided. in her interviews with jewish - israeli children of holocaust survivors and cambodian - canadians whose parents were persecuted at the hands of the khmer rouge, carol kidron found that virtually all subjects rejected the pathologizing construct of transmitted ptsd. the author \u2019 s research reveals key differences in the genocidal legacies of cambodian - canadian and jewish - israeli trauma descendants. while the jewish - israeli subjects felt that they bore some emotional scars that were passed on by their parents, they opposed the idea that they have been afflicted by these inherited traces of the holocaust. in fact, in the jewish - israeli cultural context, these markers of emotional difference may serve instead as an empowering way to carry on their parents \u2019 memory. in great contrast, cambodian - canadians not only resist the stigma of trauma, but also insist that the genocide has not left them psycho - socially impaired in any way. instead of remembering tragedy, the cambodian - canadian subjects appealed to karma and subscribed to buddhist forward - looking attitudes. despite their differences, both accounts defy the tropes of victimization and trauma that pervade scholarship on genocide and humanitarian practice. the author argues that religious worldviews and cultural values frame responses to trauma. cultural paradigms may valorize or marginalize the importance of remembrance, and the author calls for scholars and humanitarian workers to take into account the diversity of cultural frameworks for remembrance when dealing with descendants of genocide victims.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49694223735919635, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.083370"} {"text": "xss prevention in four simple steps preventing cross site scripting ( xss ) attacks is a daunting task for developers. in short, xss attacks are an injection attack in which data that is structurally significant in the current context changes the intended semantics and / or functionality. while there are great resources online that walk you through prevention techniques ( one of the best security resources is the open web application security project, or owasp, website ), it \u2019 s easy to get confused when you try to implement all of the necessary safeguards. below, i \u2019 ve outlined four simple steps that significantly lower the risk of xss attacks against your website. by being a bit more restrictive, we can simplify our approach to preventing xss in the most common use cases. these steps must all be implemented together, but there \u2019 s only four of them, so c \u2019 mon, you can do it step 1 : escape output provided by users if you want to include data within a page that \u2019 s been provided by users, escape the output. and, in this simplified list, we \u2019 re going to stick with one simple escape operation : html encode any <, >, &, \u2018, \u201c. for example, php provides the htmlspecialchars ( ) function to accomplish this common task. step 2 : always use xhtml read through owasp \u2019 s xss prevention strategies, and it becomes apparent that protecting against injection requires much more effort if you use unquoted attributes in your html. in contrast, in quoted attributes, escaping data becomes the same process needed to escape data for content within tags, the escape operation we already outlined above. that \u2019 s because the only troublemaker in terms of sneaking in structurally significant content within the context of a quoted attribute is the closing quote. obviously, your markup doesn \u2019 t have to be xhtml in order to contain quoted attributes. however, shooting for and validating against xhtml makes it easy to test if all of the attributes are quoted. step 4 : url - encode url query string parameters if user data is output within a url parameter of a link query string, make sure to url - encode the data. again, using php as example, you can simply use the urlencode ( ) function. now, let \u2019 s be clear on this and work through a couple examples, as i \u2019 ve seen much confusion concerning this particular point. the following example outputs user data that must be url - encoded because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5036951396075968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.086220"} {"text": "old abe ( 1861? \u2013 march 28, 1881 ), bald eagle, was the mascot of the 8th wisconsin volunteer infantry regiment in the american civil war and is the screaming eagle mascot depicted on the insignia of the u. s. army ' s 101st airborne division.... that storied creature is for abe sauer just some absurdity that awl readers should laugh at. laugh at the stupid people in wisconsin who think there ' s some meaning embodied in the carcass of a bird. company c named the eagle after president abraham lincoln, and designed a special perch on which they carried the bird into battle. old abe participated in the second battle of corinth ( in which the 8th wisconsin lost half of its men ) and the siege of vicksburg, among other battles. in battle, old abe quickly became legendary, screaming and spreading his wings at the enemy. confederate troops called him the \" yankee buzzard \" and made several attempts to capture him but never succeeded. several times he lost feathers to bullets and saw his handlers get shot out from under him. when passing by, generals ulysses s. grant, william t. sherman, and william rosecrans were known to doff their hats to the eagle. in 1864, old abe returned to wisconsin with several veterans who did not reenlist. nevertheless, he remained famous and was invited to, among other events, the 1880 grand army of the republic national convention, and the 1876 centennial exposition in philadelphia, pennsylvania. when not at public events, his caretaker kept him in the wisconsin state capitol. crushing ignorance from abe sauer. in the comments : \" but old abe ' s carcass indeed is gone. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3983313692786978, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.087996"} {"text": "in an auditory interpretation study, frazier and clifton ( 1998 ; f & c ) tested sluices with two indefinite possible antecedents : with the embedded object ( someone ) accented, object responses ( who was hiding ) reached 69 %, while accenting the matrix subject ( tourist ) produced 46 % object responses. accent position significantly affected interpretation, presumably by helping focus the accented element, but object responses remained even with subject accent. this object bias was traced to focus more indirectly, through perceivers ' general tendency ( in english ) to assign focus clause - finally. however, these results could also result from a preference specifically for object antecedents, or for antecedents not separated from the sluice by additional clause boundaries. additionally, this work explored focus only in indefinite sluices, though other types exist ( romero 1997, merchant 2001 ). an auditory questionnaire addressed alternative explanations using sluices with two vp - internal indefinites : two further experiments extended this work to the processing of contrast sluices ( with ' else ' indicating contrast with a definite antecedent, instead of an indefinite ) as in ( 3 ) : in a written questionnaire, sentences like ( 3 ) received 86 % object responses, showing that the preference for a clause - final antecedent holds for contrast sluices. in an auditory questionnaire, object responses fell to 42 % with the subject ( alice ) accented, vs. 88 % with the object ( bill ) accented ( p ' s. 001 ). with the verb or both arguments accented, object responses were at 76 % ( each differed from the subject / object accent conditions, p ' s. 05 ). these results show that exclusive accent on only one argument is needed to raise focus assignments to that argument, not just the presence of an accent. finally, despite strong accent effects, an overall bias towards the lower antecedent remains, showing that the position of default focus is important in all sluices tested. the implications of these results for ellipsis processing and the relation between accent and focus will be discussed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5158374088994115, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.090208"} {"text": "today is the 20th anniversary of world aids day, an \u201c annual wake - up call to keep the promise to stop aids. \u201d at the beginning of the aids crisis, the disease was called the \u201c gay plague. \u201d in the 1980s, the victims were predominantly white gay men who died within months of their hiv - positive diagnosis. as aids enters its third decade, an hiv - positive diagnosis is no longer an automatic death sentence. the antiretroviral therapy has kept some hiv - infected people alive for nearly 30 years. wilson said the face of hiv / aids has changed : the aids crisis by the numbers : - african americans make up 13 percent of the nation \u2019 s population but accounted for nearly half ( 49 percent ) of the people living with aids. - aids is the leading cause of death among black women aged 25 - 34. - black women represent 67 percent of new aids cases among women. - aids is the second leading cause of death among black men between the ages of 35 and 44. - between 20, 000 and 30, 000 blacks become newly infected with hiv every year. if black america were a country, it would rank 16th in the number of people living with hiv, and be eligible to participate in president bush \u2019 s signature global initiative, the president \u2019 s emergency plan for aids relief. the rate of hiv infections among african americans is higher than botswana, ethiopia, guyana, haiti, namibia, rwanda and vietnam. rev. dr. calvin o. butts iii, chairman of the national black leadership commission on aids, reported on the national conclave on hiv / aids policy for black clergy, which he co - chaired with bishop t. d. jakes. rev. butts outlined the black church \u2019 s response to the aids epidemic. he noted that in the 111th congress, rep. charles b. rangel will introduce the national hiv / aids elimination act, which would formally declare hiv / aids in the african american community a public health emergency. for more info, go here. to find an hiv testing location near you, text your zip code to knowit ( 566948 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45042808118124694, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.094918"} {"text": "fish use clever mating trick [ livescience 2007 - 11 - 15 ] some fish are able to get sex by faking out the females. now scientists have found a gene that helps them do so. the fish, known as cichlids, are maternal mouthbrooders??? the female scoops up eggs in her mouth after she lays them. while collecting her eggs, the female may mistake the yellow, oval - shaped markings on a male \u2019 s fin as one of her own eggs and approaches the male. once she gets close enough to his anal fin, he then squirts sperm into her egg - filled mouth. this form of mating \u2018 trickery \u2019 works so well that more than 80 percent of cichlid species evolved the fake egg markings. researchers at the university of germany identified the gene associated with the egg - like markings by observing how the gene was expressed in distantly related species, where such spots developed on the pectoral fins rather than the anal fins. the researchers published their findings in the online open access journal bmc biology. \" the two kinds of independently evolved egg - dummies serve as a model system to test whether the same genetic pathways are involved in the morphogenesis of both types of dummies, \" the authors write.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47601477621581834, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.096107"} {"text": "discover the cosmos! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2005 march 11 explanation : the classic appearance of the popular ring nebula ( aka m57 ) is understood to be due to perspective - our view from planet earth looks down the center of a roughly barrel - shaped cloud of gas. but graceful looping structures are seen to extend even beyond the ring nebula ' s familiar central regions in this false - color infrared image from the spitzer space telescope. of course in this well - studied example of a planetary nebula, the glowing material does not come from planets. instead, the gaseous shroud represents outer layers expelled from a dying, sun - like star. by chance, spiral galaxy ic 1296 is also visible in the upper right of this spitzer view toward the constellation lyra. the central ring of the ring nebula is about one light - year across and 2, 000 light - years away. however, galaxy ic 1296 much bigger and hence farther away... about 200 million light - years distant. authors & editors : nasa web site statements, warnings, and disclaimers nasa official : jay norris. specific rights apply. a service of : lhea at nasa / gsfc & michigan tech. u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5082364456785201, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.100918"} {"text": "this information is for reference purposes only. it was current when produced and may now be outdated. archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at : https : / / info. ahrq. gov. let us know the nature of the problem, the web address of what you want, and your contact information. please go to www. ahrq. gov for current information. the elderly ( age 65 and over ) numbered 35. 6 million in 2002, an increase of 3. 3 million, or 10. 2 %, since 1992. about 1 in every 8 americans is in this age group. by the year 2030, the elderly population will more than double to 71. 5 million. older women outnumber older men ( 20. 8 million vs. 14. 8 million ). members of minority groups are projected to represent 26. 4 % of the elderly in 2030, up from 16. 4 % in 2000. about 3. 6 million elderly lived below the poverty level in 2002, corresponding to a poverty rate of 10. 4 %. another 2. 2 million or 6. 4 % of the elderly were classified as near poor ( income between the poverty level and 125 % of this level ) 67. on average, 65 - year - olds can expect, to live an additional 18. 1 years. in 2003, 38. 6 % of noninstitutionalized older persons assessed their health as excellent or very good compared with 66. 6 % of persons ages 18 - 64, and older blacks and hispanics were less likely to rate their health as excellent or good than older whites. most older people have at least one chronic condition. in 1997, more than half of the elderly reported a disability and over a third reported a severe disability67. the medicare program provides core health insurance to nearly all elderly americans and reduces many financial barriers to acute and post - acute care services faced by the elderly. the medicare prescription drug improvement and modernization act of 2003 added important new prescription drug and preventive benefits to medicare and provides extra financial help to people with low incomes. consequently, differences in access to and quality of health care tend to be smaller among medicare beneficiaries than among younger populations. however, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences are still observed among the elderly. surveys of the general population often do not include enough elderly to examine racial, ethnic, or ses differences in health care. consequently, this report relies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4591418284985651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.103360"} {"text": "the world ' s two billion christians have just completed holy week, celebrating the final days, death and resurrection of jesus. this year, the global celebration of earth day coincided with good friday, giving many of us an additional perspective on this sacred and ancient commemoration. good friday, marking jesus ' crucifixion, is a challenging day in many ways. the original good friday was a day of grief and confusion for jesus ' friends and followers. today, christian rituals reflect that grief, even though jesus ' sacrifice is central to the broader easter story of salvation and hope. earth day is also a mixture of hope and sadness. the environment continues to remind us of the consequences of the selfish and short - sighted actions we often take against god ' s creation. air and water pollution, deforestation and many other reminders threaten our own well being and the well being of other animals ' habitats and survival. but earth day is also a community celebration of our planetary home and our commitment to caring better for it. in recent years, christians from across the theological and political spectrum have begun to give more serious consideration to our collective impact on the gift of god ' s creation. a creation care movement has given a voice to many younger christians who believe that responsible stewardship is about far more than simply exercising dominion over the earth and maximizing the exploitation of its resources. in the united methodist church, through our god ' s renewed creation project, many congregations and individual members are addressing a set of interrelated threats to creation : endemic poverty and disease, widespread environmental degradation, and the proliferation of weapons and violence. this broadly ecumenical concern for creation is a cause for hope. unfortunately, there are other voices distorting the intentions and efforts of environmentally - minded christians. some religious leaders and political commentators have attacked the environmental movement, equating environmentalism with paganism and earth - worship. others go even further, suggesting that the \" green dragon \" of environmentalism is actively anti - christian, anathema to the gospel of christ. these criticisms will further delay collaborative efforts to care for creation and create greater risks for our fragile environment. we also see these distortions of faith and reality reflected in the views and actions of too many elected officials, many of whom are in a dangerous state of denial about the scientific consensus on the threats posed by climate change. some explain their opposition to changing our consumption habits as concern for the poor, who they say would be disproportionately hurt if new regulations resulted in higher energy prices. but the scientific consensus is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4810943015214207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.107998"} {"text": "consensus on the threats posed by climate change. some explain their opposition to changing our consumption habits as concern for the poor, who they say would be disproportionately hurt if new regulations resulted in higher energy prices. but the scientific consensus is overwhelming that it is precisely the world ' s most poor and vulnerable individuals and nations who will be most adversely affected by climate change and its impact on everything from agriculture to rising sea levels and regional resource - related conflicts. the crucifixion and resurrection remind christians of the full range of human possibility. we see fear and self - centeredness and betrayal, but also courage and self - sacrifice and redemption. we learn that god ' s grace allows us to overcome our despair and doubt. indeed, our faith really begins after easter, when the good news begins to spread and believers are challenged to take it to the far ends of the earth. let us demonstrate our love for god, for creation, and for our fellow human beings by facing up to our huge and immensely complicated challenges and acting as if we believe that we are both recipients of god ' s grace and stewards of god ' s creation. john r. schol is bishop of the united methodist church baltimore - washington conference. more information about god ' s renewed creation can be found at http : / / www. hopeandaction. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.465960290096499, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.108931"} {"text": "in an announcement about the opening of the spider pavilion at the natural history museum of los angeles county, i recently referred to spiders as insects. it brought this response from a reader in whittier : \" spiders are not insects! insects have six legs. \" the reader is correct. spiders have eight legs. although insects and spiders are both arthropods, spiders belong to a distinct class, arachnida. unfortunately, the term became known almost exclusively as a root for a word concerning the pathological fear of spiders : arachnophobia. if you know a sufferer, pass the valium, because this is the season for arachnophiles. for a few weeks, no angeleno need go to a museum to see one of the great wonders of nature. our gardens will be jumping with arachnids. even seldom - spotted spiders will be tossing draglines across walkways and dangling at face - height in search of their last big fat fly of the season. the orb weavers of the los angeles basin will be spinning their last and most glorious webs of the year. spiders are so conspicuous in autumn that far and away the most calls that entomologists get concern them, says james hogue, collections manager for the biology department at cal state northridge and one of the region ' s most respected entomologists. the sheer volume at the natural history museum was one of the things that gave brian brown, curator of the entomology section there, the idea of conducting an area - wide spider survey. homeowners could collect spiders, send them in to the museum and, for the first time, scientists would get a picture of the most frequently spotted spiders in the l. a. area. for the four years of the study, it has fallen largely to the museum ' s arachnid specialist, janet kempf, to open the post. there have been spiders in vials, spiders in alcohol, smashed spiders, live spiders crawling gratefully out of envelopes, young spiders that she took home and fed until she could identify them. so far she has cataloged 3, 919 spiders and counting. of these, 32 families and more than 175 species have emerged, she says. people collecting more than 50 spiders in their homes and gardens average 30 different species. a schoolchild in torrance even discovered a brown widow, an african relative of our black widow. rather than send kempf any of the spiders from my garden in central los angeles ( done right, this requires capturing and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47423579064234694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.113925"} {"text": "gardens average 30 different species. a schoolchild in torrance even discovered a brown widow, an african relative of our black widow. rather than send kempf any of the spiders from my garden in central los angeles ( done right, this requires capturing and killing them by popping the subjects in a jar, freezing them and dropping them in alcohol ), i invited her and hogue over to see what they could find as dawn light came glinting across dew - studded webs. strung across the front window was the classic circular, spoked web of a common orb weaver. the spider had retreated to the day position up at the corner, with one foot on a silk line to feel for the sudden movement of an insect landing. neither kempf nor hogue needed to see the spider close up to wager that it was a member of the \\ o7neoscona \\ f7genus. \" you can often tell the spider by its web, \" says hogue. this one lacked the whitish zigzagging or \" stabilamenta, \" an insect lure that reflects ultraviolet light that would have identified it as another common genus, the \\ o7argiope \\ f7, or golden orb weaver. although all spiders can spin, says kempf, not all make orbs. through the house, inside the kitchen, up in the ceiling next to the porch door, there were yellow sac spiders, \\ o7cheiracanthium \\ f7 \\ o7mildei \\ f7 to arachnologists - - smart little arachnids with more random - looking webs, waiting for dusk, when flies, moths and gnats might stray inside. it can give a respectable bite if you grab or poke it, but most of us know better. evidently yellow sacs came from europe, probably in the furniture or plant shipments. sharing the ceiling with the yellow sacs were what most of us call daddy long legs, but which aren ' t, says hogue. they ' re cobweb or cellar spiders, or \\ o7pholcus phalangioides \\ f7, which also emigrated from europe. real daddy long legs, he explains, are native, and though arachnids, they are actually not spiders. they are their own order, the opiliones. unlike spiders, which make silk to trap prey, have fangs to bite them and venom to paralyze them, real daddies have no fangs, no venom, no silk,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4826396564384856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.114881"} {"text": "by dr. mercola for all of us who love, respect and share our lives with animals, it is devastating to see this appalling abuse of dairy farm animals. this video was produced by the non - profit organization animals ' angels, an internationally active non - profit organization based in germany, whose mission is to end the abuse of livestock animals and improve the conditions at auctions. unfortunately, this video is not one of a kind. many other disturbing videos can be found online, documenting animal cruelty by the food industry and others valuing profit above all else. why suggest watching such horrible images? the videos about cruelty are, unfortunately, a necessary evil as they inform concerned citizens about what is endured by animals entrusted to our care. without seeing it, many would simply be unable to believe it exists. and seeing it has a far more visceral impact and is harder to ignore than reading about it. awareness is always the first step toward positive change, and great change is needed to improve the lives of these farm animals. the main points the film makes are quoted and expanded upon below. the disturbing truth about confined animal feeding operations ( cafos ) most milk no longer comes from cows happily grazing in lush, green fields in the open air, as their advertisements commonly suggest. most conventional milk comes from cows raised in intensive production systems, also known as confined animal feeding operations ( cafos ). according to vegan outreach, farms with fewer than 200 cows are in sharp decline, while the number of very large cafos ( 2, 000 - plus cows ) more than doubled between the years 2000 and 2006. the largest operations have more than 15, 000 cows. about half of the milk sold in the u. s. comes from just four percent of the farms, which are owned by a handful of large corporations. \" today, most dairy cows are confined to a barren, dry lot, which often holds several thousand animals. \" most of these large cafos have very high animal densities and confine their cows inside barns or in feedlots. some cows are housed indoors year - round. when lactating, most of the cows are kept tied up in stalls. cows confined in stalls show signs of stress from social isolation and the inability to lie down, as well as increased susceptibility to a number of diseases. only usda - certified organic farms are required to provide some access to pasture for grazing. in 2008, fewer than three percent of u. s. dairy cows were managed on organic farms. dairy cows are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44620260682559526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.124282"} {"text": "if they even live that long. many dairy cows die by age three or four, exhausted by constant lactation and frequent disease. in some countries where cows are revered, such as india and nepal, cows are commonly kept as pets. cows are very social animals, being sturdy yet gentle, and make wonderful pets for families with children. ii miniature cows are even beginning to be bred as pets in the united states. \" after birthing, the calves are often immediately taken away from their mothers. while the female calves remain on the farm to replace other \" spent \" daily cows, the male calves, often called the \" unwanted by - product \" of the dairy industry, are usually shipped to auction and sold to veal operations. \" the female calves are commonly mutilated by tail docking, dehorning, and the removal of \" extra teats. \" most female calves are fed colostrum until they are weaned at eight weeks, and then fed a milk replacer or \" waste milk \" that is unfit to be sold for human consumption. each year, hundreds of thousands of female calves die between 48 hours and eight weeks of age, mostly due to diarrhea ( calf scours ) and other digestive problems. the torture of veal calves \" many of the bull calves, with their umbilical cords still attached and unable to stand by themselves, are often too weak to survive and die at the auction. \" many consumers don ' t realize that veal is a direct by - product of the dairy industry. newborn bull calves are taken away from their mothers and shipped off to veal producers for a short life of torture. some bull calves are killed within a few days of their birth, but many are harvested for veal. these veal calves are typically kept immobilized in tiny crates so that their flesh stays tender, until they are slaughtered at 16 to 20 weeks of age. their confinement is so extreme that they cannot even turn around or lie down comfortably. this abuse begins as young as one day old. in order to make their flesh white, the veal calves are fed a low iron, nutritionally deficient liquid diet that makes them ill ; they frequently develop anemia, diarrhea, and pneumonia. iii according to john robbins, author of the food revolution and several other booksiv : \" the veal calf would actually have more space if, instead of chaining him in such a stall, you stuffed him into the trunk of a subcompact car and kept him there for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42710608528085225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.127768"} {"text": "of the food revolution and several other booksiv : \" the veal calf would actually have more space if, instead of chaining him in such a stall, you stuffed him into the trunk of a subcompact car and kept him there for his entire life. \" sickly animals are treated like piles of waste the term \" downer \" refers to an animal that is too injured, weak, or sick to stand and walk. the leading causes are complications from calving and injuries from slipping and falling, most often occurring within one day of giving birth. the exact number of downer cattle on american farms or feedlots is estimated to be 500, 000 animals per year. most are dairy cows. you can see on the video how these poor animals are mistreated, being pushed around by tractors and forklifts as if they were piles of waste. \" when they reach auction, many dairy cows will be weakened and emaciated. because of their poor state of health, these animals have a high risk of becoming non - ambulatory. \" another major factor causing these animals to become ill is their transport to auction. animals are transported thousands of miles over land and sea, and subjected to enormous stress. frequently these transports do not meet legal requirements. the conditions of animal transport are such a huge problem that animals ' angels has a division specifically committed to eliminating long - distance transports. v unnatural diets lead to painful udder and hoof infections the natural diet for a cow is grass, but a grass diet doesn ' t result in an extraordinarily high milk yield. therefore, conventional dairy farms put their cows on high grain diets ( mostly corn ), and diets that are also high in cheap protein, such as genetically engineered soy and animal by - products. these foods are hard for cows to digest and cause health problems. these unnatural diets, combined with filthy and overcrowded living conditions, create an environment in which metabolic disorders and infections are commonplace. millions of cows are suffering mercilessly and needlessly at the hands of big agribusinesses that fancy themselves as \" dairy farmers. \" \" by the time they arrive at the auction to be sold to a meat buyer, 33 percent of dairy cows will have developed mastitis, a very painful udder infection. many cows will be limping and in pain due to laminitis, an inflammation of the hoof. \" raw milk may be the solution for you and the cows if you want to continue consuming milk and milk products", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47853933469361715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.128910"} {"text": "very painful udder infection. many cows will be limping and in pain due to laminitis, an inflammation of the hoof. \" raw milk may be the solution for you and the cows if you want to continue consuming milk and milk products, i suggest you get them in the raw from organic dairy farmers who are set up specifically to produce high - quality, clean, nutritious raw dairy products. you can find milk, cheese, and other dairy products in raw form, although it may take a little searching. high - quality raw milk has an abundance of nutritional elements, including : - valuable enzymes ( which are destroyed by pasteurization ) - natural butterfat helps your body to absorb and utilize vitamins and minerals ( also destroyed by pasteurization ) - healthy unoxidized cholesterol - conjugated linoleic acid ( cla ), which fights cancer and may help reduce body fat - omega - 3 fats and omega - 6 fats in a better ratio than conventional milk all raw milk is not safe \u2014 you must know what to look for there ' s a vast difference in quality between the milk of organically raised, grass - fed \" happy cows, \" and that from conventionally raised, confined, grain - fed cows. raw, unpasteurized milk from cafos would be dangerous to consume. conventional dairy farms are not typically set up to produce milk that is safe and pure enough to be consumed raw. and really, the very idea of producing mass quantities of milk from huge numbers of cows confined to one area is contrary to the very nature of \" healthy \" milk. when buying raw milk, it ' s important to make sure you ' re buying milk that ' s been produced with the intention of being consumed raw \u2014 and not just unpasteurized milk from conventional dairy operations. it would cost large industrial dairies an enormous amount of money to clean up their operations enough to turn out milk that would be safe to drink raw, since it ' s often loaded with blood, pus, hormones, dangerous pathogens and other sludge that you wouldn ' t want to ingest under any circumstances. realize that when you consume conventional pasteurized supermarket milk, you are likely drinking this sludge \u2014 it ' s just \" cooked sludge. \" voting with your wallet or pocketbook is the best way to send a message to the factory farm industry that there is a market for ethically raised livestock. by purchasing milk from dairy farmers who are doing things right, you are showing kindness to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40174612692045847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.130027"} {"text": ". \" voting with your wallet or pocketbook is the best way to send a message to the factory farm industry that there is a market for ethically raised livestock. by purchasing milk from dairy farmers who are doing things right, you are showing kindness to cows everywhere, decreasing their chances of suffering tragic and miserable lives, one gallon at a time. if you object to factory farming practices and the mistreatment of animals, and you are still buying conventional dairy products, then your actions are not aligned with your beliefs. if you had a difficult time watching this video but you continue to buy these products, then it may be time to recommit or reevaluate your values. do you want easy access to raw milk? government, public health, and dairy industry officials want to restrict the sale and distribution of raw milk, citing safety concerns. but small dairy farmers, organic consumers ' advocates and raw milk drinkers all agree that safety isn ' t the real issue \u2014 it ' s control of the dairy market. by joining the fight to make access to healthy raw milk a right for all americans, you ' re not only standing up the animals, you ' re protecting your freedom of choice with respect to your food supply. presidential candidate ron paul has joined the battle to protect your rights to raw milk by introducing house bill hr 1830vi, which essentially authorizes the production and transport of raw milk products for direct human consumption. on may 13, 2011, this bill was sent to the house subcommittee on health. i cannot urge you strongly enough to support hr 1830, and inform everyone you know. total video length : 0 : 20 : 39 download interview transcript additionally, the farm - to - consumer defense fund has created a petition for hr 1830. if you care about this issue, please take a moment to sign this petition right now! additional raw milk resources the following is a list of resources that can help you become better informed :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4384276726414358, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.130896"} {"text": "washington : scientists have rediscovered what they claim is the eighth wonder of the world - - pink and white terraces in new zealand, which were buried in mud for a 100 years, losing some charm. until the late 19th century, the pink and white terraces along lake rotomahana on the north island, attracted tourists from around the world, interested in seeing beautiful natural formations created by a large geothermal system. but the eruption of mt tarawera on june 10, 1886, buried the terraces in sediment and caused the lake basin to enlarge, engulfing the land where the terraces stood. for more than a century, people have speculated whether any part of the pink and white terraces survived the eruption. now, an international team has located portions of the long - lost pink and white terraces, using autonomous underwater vehicles ( auvs ) to map the bottom of lake rotomahana. team leader cornel de ronde of gns science in new zealand said the scientists were elated by the rediscovery. \" the first sidescan sonar image gave a hint of a terraced structure so we scanned the area twice more and we are now 95 per cent certain we are seeing the bottom two tiers of the pink terraces, \" de ronde said. side - scan sonar and bathymetric data collected by two remus 100 auvs clearly show crescent - shaped terraced structures in about 60 meters of water where the pink terraces were located prior to 1886 ; they are covered by a brownish lake sediment, say the scientists. after detecting areas of interest with the auv ' s sonar systems, the team used the underwater camera system to capture images of the lake floor where they were able to photograph some of the stepped terrace edges.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.486295223540016, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.133582"} {"text": "some economists, executives and financiers \u2014 as well as energy secretary steven chu \u2014 argue that the government must play a role because certain technologies have non - financial benefits, such as producing fewer greenhouse gas emissions or easing u. s. reliance on foreign oil. the semiconductor industry is often held up as a model of how government money can help build a new type of economy. but others argue that the history of government attempts to reach for the holy grail of new energy technology \u2014 a history that features both political parties \u2014 is not inspiring. \u201c we \u2019 re making very large bets, and the decisions seem to be more grounded in politics and geography than in engineering and science, \u201d said michael graetz, a professor at columbia law school and the author of \u201c the end of energy. \u201d consider the saga of the clinch river breeder reactor. in 1971, president richard nixon set a goal of building an experimental nuclear power plant. the clinch river reactor was supposed to be a sort of perpetual motion machine, producing power as well as plutonium that could be used in other plants. private utilities agreed to kick in $ 175 million, less than half of the $ 400 million that the atomic energy commission estimated it would cost to build. as expenses ballooned, the government covered all the overruns. the project was criticized by activists and scientists worried about the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation. cheap uranium undercut it. after president ronald reagan was elected, clinch river survived the first round of his spending cuts, in part out of deference to senate majority leader howard baker ( r - tenn. ), a strong supporter of the reactor, which was in his home state. but finally, in 1983, with the congressional budget office saying the cost might exceed $ 4 billion, congress terminated the program. blueprints had been drawn up, modeling done, components ordered and some ground cleared, but the reactor was never built. the price tag for the federal government : $ 1. 7 billion ( $ 3. 9 billion in today \u2019 s dollars ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5413444408534087, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.135736"} {"text": "importance of safety in a work environment emergency equipments contain flashlights and containers and several other equipments that are served as the basic and most primary equipment when the need arises in case of provision of basic safety. you must have heard the concept of first aid. this is one step further to this concept and gives several features to help a victim before he or she can be taken to the hospital for permanent treatment. basically it is a temporary treatment apparatus that is often used in factories and other heavy mechanical projects. this is the responsibility of the employer to have in store at least some quantity of emergency equipments. the employer has also have some other responsibilities as well that includes providing employees with the health and safety manual, giving them training and education for the use of equipment, encouraging safety environment, providing facilities within the work environment and monitoring the compliance by employees on a regular and continued basis. the rules and regulations surrounding the health and safety aspects of the organization especially a factory or a place where manufacturing is taking place should be in black and white. this must be communicated to the employees so as to tell them the required level of safety precautions expected from their day to day operations. this must be implemented fully and actions must be taken in case of any non compliance. the manual also needs to be updated on frequent and regular basis. if it is felt that the manual is complete and need not be revised or updated then a period must be determined after which it is considered mandatory to at least review it. this period is normally for a year because companies have several of their documents prepared on an annual basis like financial statements and also the appraisal activity is also performed on an annual basis. survival kit accomplishes a variety of purposes. it is available in different sizes ranging from large to medium and also for small size. the basis aim of using a survival kit is to help a person who is not in normal condition like at extreme weather or under sea etc. in some areas where the temperature is so low that the chances in high for the attack of snow bite this kit offers several unique features that helps the person to survive. it includes several things like a small knife and a torch light and has unique colors that can identify the existence of the person from a great distance. sometimes people have to reach a place in case of emergency or in case the person has craze for attaining some thrill objectives, in both of these cases the use of a kit is something inevitable. it also has certain feature that helps a person to have a good respiratory and to breathe easily. disaster kits are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4575500511476239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.138680"} {"text": "updated 06 / 08 / 2012 10 : 32 am your health : clinic of last resort to view our videos, you need to install adobe flash 9 or above. install now. then come back here and refresh the page. some patients wait years for a definitive diagnosis. using a unique combination of scientific and medical expertise and resources at the national institutes of health ( nih ), the undiagnosed diseases program pursues two goals : \u2022 to provide answers to patients with mysterious conditions that have long eluded diagnosis \u2022 to advance medical knowledge about rare and common diseases nih undiagnosed diseases program the udp was started in 2008 as a federal research project to learn more about what causes illness and how to treat it. about 40 percent of those who apply to the program are children. a longstanding medical condition that eludes diagnosis by a referring physician can be considered undiagnosed and may be of interest to this clinical research program. of the total number of cases that are referred to this program, a very limited number will be invited to proceed in the study following careful application review by the program ' s medical team. those add up to between 50 and 100 cases a year. in general, it takes 8 to 12 weeks for the udp to evaluate an application, and the waiting list for admission is 2 to 6 months. a rare disease is generally considered to have a prevalence of fewer than 200, 000 affected individuals in the united states. irak - 4 deficiency is an inherited disorder of the immune system. most people with irak - 4 deficiency have invasive bacterial infections, which can involve the blood, the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord ( meningitis ), or the joints ( arthritis ). in addition, affected individuals can have localized infections of the upper respiratory tract, skin, or eyes. many people with irak - 4 deficiency do not develop a high fever in response to these bacterial infections, even if the infection is severe. irak - 4 deficiency is a very rare condition, although the exact prevalence is unknown, at least 49 individuals with this condition have been described in the scientific literature. a nonprofit known as in need of diagnosis also helps undiagnosed patients find doctors and resources while providing support. they receive letters from around the world. they also work to increase the timeliness and accuracy of diagnosis. inod does not diagnose, but it is sometimes possible to find unexplored options that could lead to help.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5057719725711799, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.141350"} {"text": "words are powerful and can create many a response better or worse, but it \u2019 s good to have an opinion. words in our english language are exciting and paint a picture with the added beauty of america \u2019 s melting pot of cultures and languages. yet, english is the language of america and immigrants learn it and other countries teach it. the english language needs to be the official and only language written and spoken in america. manners also are a nice use of words and set boundaries. \u201c please, \u201c and \u201c thank you \u201d set standards as opposed to swearing, or interrupting another \u2018 s words. the idea that someone has a different opinion is okay. it \u2019 s good to have an opinion, no matter which side, and the debate needs to be directed at the issue, not the individual. yes, perhaps a lackluster leader might not be an \" idiot, \" \" failure \" or \" liar \", just an individual incapable of understanding \u201c capitalism \u201d as opposed to \u201c socialism. \u201d having an opinion, rather than being \u201c undecided \u201d is significant. when people are \u201c undecided \u201d they give away their being and more than just words. i heard a woman ask a friend this past presidential election, \u201c who are you voting for? \u201d by the question, it seemed clear that the response from her friend became her vote. in one city, voters actually take a list of all of the candidates who are democrat and vote the straight democrat ticket. the words \u201c democrat \u201d and \u201c republican \u201d carry huge ramifications. right now, america is experiencing what the words of this democrat president are doing to the american dream. when a spouse comes home and says he \u2019 s lost his job, those words have immense impact. things happen with those words and other things don \u2019 t. the american dream is being shattered by government and way too many political words. the executive branch \u201c recommends, should provide leadership and should have a bunch of clear words and plans, and our legislative branch should make laws best for america. their words and \u201c yes, \u201d or \u201c no \u201d vote impacts generations. words can shatter lives just as much as a baseball bat hitting a ball to outfield. a child who hears his parents call him \u201c stupid \u201d, or a couple spewing \u201c i hate you \u201d might as well be clumped with that bat as, except for the bruises, it hurts just the same. other words, in the end, do hurt like the crack of a bat. the words \u201c cancer \u201d or \u201c alzheimer \u201c creates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4575541564064118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.146303"} {"text": "\u201d might as well be clumped with that bat as, except for the bruises, it hurts just the same. other words, in the end, do hurt like the crack of a bat. the words \u201c cancer \u201d or \u201c alzheimer \u201c creates great despair, while words like cure \u201c and \u201c recovery \u201d create hope. the warm wishes of \u201c happy birthday \u201d or \u201c merry christmas \u201d leave a good feeling, but these words also have impact. a city sign reading \u201c god bless \u201d can get a whole town buzzing. or mean words spray painted on a school wall might reveal more about that community than that cheap can of paint. perhaps more police are needed to fight \u201c the druggies, \u201c or better parenting needs to happen, or fewer \u201c baby daddies. \u201d words tattooed on movie stars ' arms \u201c joe loves jane \u201d sure can cause problems and a lot of laser erasing when joe or jane don \u2019 t. bumper stickers glued on vehicles make a statement, and let others know how politically active, environmentally friendly, school positive or vacation happy that driver may be. words are fun and worth clearly stating, in english if in america, and with an opinion that is yours because it \u2019 s good to have an opinion. for more of my opinions, please visit : www. theprickleypear. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49033960307370933, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.146844"} {"text": "mullein is the common name of a number of species in the verbascum genus. verbascum thapsus ( also verbascum densifolium ) grows throughout germany in open fields and roadsides. it is a biennial which prefers sandy soils and its stately second - year growth is a welcome sight for the interested observer. mullein is a native eurasian plant with a long history of medicinal use. it was brought to north america by early settlers and it did not take long before it became part of the ethnobotanical repertoire of many native american tribes. smoking the leaves was thought to have a calming effect in addition to clearing the respiratory tract. interestingly, native americans realized that mullein could be an effective fishing aid. once released in a stream, the seeds temporarily paralyze the fish, thus facilitating their catch. indeed mullein contains rotenone, a fish poison which naturally occurs in certain plants and is found in both mullein seeds and seed capsules. mullein has a number of suggestive common names in german, from koenigskerze ( king \u2019 s candle ) to wetterkerze ( weather candle ). the latter reveals an understandably common preoccupation of northern europeans, namely the weather. according to german folklore, careful observation of the flowering display of mullein can predict future weather patterns. mullein plants with a greater number of flowers on the lower part of the stalk forecast snow before christmas, whereas a greater number of flowers on the upper part of the stalk means the first snow will not arrive until after the new year. fortunately, our ( admittedly amateur ) first reading of the mullein flower arrangements in berlin predicts a late winter. so, we \u2019 ve decided to interpret this as a long and hopefully warm fall this year! if you \u2019 d like to make your own weather predictions, feel free to look at our map to see where you can find some mullein nearby ( although it grows freely all over berlin ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4950291129537625, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.148873"} {"text": "paragraph divisions of modern translations vision of the restored temple and land vision of the future temple | the lord ' s portion of the land | | the holy district | | the distribution of land | | the lord ' s portion of the country | | the division of the country - the portion for yahweh | | properties of the city and the prince | | portion for the prince | | land for the prince | | the portion for the prince | | laws governing the prince | | rules for the prince | | weights and measures | | 45 : 12 | | offerings for worship | | keeping the feasts | | festival regulations | | the festivals | | the feast of the passover | | 45 : 21 - 25 | | 45 : 21 - 25 | | 45 : 21 - 25 | | 45 : 21 - 24 | | the feast of shelters | reading cycle three ( see \" guide to good bible reading \" ) following the original author ' s intent at paragraph level this is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the bible. each of us must walk in the light we have. you, the bible, and the holy spirit are priority in interpretation. you must not relinquish this to a commentator. read the chapter in one sitting. identify the subjects ( reading cycle # 3 ). compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author ' s intent, which is the heart of interpretation. every paragraph has one and only one subject. 1. first paragraph 2. second paragraph 3. third paragraph word and phrase study nasb ( updated ) text : 45 : 1 - 5 1 \" and when you divide by lot the land for inheritance, you shall offer an allotment to the lord, a holy portion of the land ; the length shall be the length of 25, 000 cubits, and the width shall be 20, 000. it shall be holy within all its boundary round about. 2out of this there shall be for the holy place a square round about five hundred by five hundred cubits, and fifty cubits for its open space round about. 3from this area you shall measure a length of 25, 000 cubits and a width of 10, 000 cubits ; and in it shall be the sanctuary, the most holy place. 4it shall be the holy portion of the land ; it shall be for the priests, the ministers of the sanctuary, who come near to minister", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.505669605231057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.157516"} {"text": "width of 10, 000 cubits ; and in it shall be the sanctuary, the most holy place. 4it shall be the holy portion of the land ; it shall be for the priests, the ministers of the sanctuary, who come near to minister to the lord, and it shall be a place for their houses and a holy place for the sanctuary. 5an area 25, 000 cubits in length and 10, 000 in width shall be for the levites, the ministers of the house, and for their possession cities to dwell in. \" 45 : 1 \" when you divide by lot the land \" the verb ( bdb 656, kb 709, hiphil infinitive construct ) basically means \" to fall, \" but in the hiphil refers to casting lots to know the lord ' s will on a matter. the concept ( i. e., mechanism ) originated with the urim and thummim of the high priest ( cf. exod. 28 : 30 ; num. 27 : 21 ). this method was to be used to divide the promised land ( i. e., canaan ) among the twelve tribes ( excluding levi ) as described in num. 26 : 53 - 56 ; 33 : 54 ; 34 : 2, 13 ; 36 : 2 - 3 and originally done in joshua 13 - 22 ( esp. 14 : 1 - 2 ). ezekiel is drawing a mental image from the past to illustrate a new beginning! \" an allotment to the lord \" the phrase is literally \" set apart an offering. \" this refers to the temple area. this offering / allotment is described in vv. 1 - 5. 1. length, 25, 000 cubits or rods / reeds ( cf. 42 : 15 - 20 ) 2. width, 10, 000 cubits ( lxx, 20, 000 ) or rods / reeds, which means it includes the priestly and levitical areas 3. containing a square 500 cubits by 500 cubits or rods / reeds for the holy place 4. square surrounded by an open space of 50 cubits or rods / reeds 5. contains yhwh ' s sanctuary and priests ' housing 6. area for the levites ( 25, 000 cubits by 10, 000 cubits or rods / reeds ) a cubit would be about 21 inches, a rod / reed about 10 feet. reb \" places in which they live \" the mt has \" chambers \" ( \u05dc\u05e9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5293058781933891, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.158372"} {"text": "000 cubits by 10, 000 cubits or rods / reeds ) a cubit would be about 21 inches, a rod / reed about 10 feet. reb \" places in which they live \" the mt has \" chambers \" ( \u05dc\u05e9\u05db\u05ea ), which is so common in this section of ezekiel ( cf. 40 : 17 [ twice ], 38, 44, 45, 46 ; 41 : 10 ; 42 : 1, 4, 7 [ twice ], 8, 11 ), but the septuagint has \" cities \" ( \u05dc\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea ). the b ( beth ) and k ( kaph ) consonants are formed in a similar way and are often confused in handwritten texts. nasb ( updated ) text : 45 : 6 6 \" you shall give the city possession of an area 5, 000 cubits wide and 25, 000 cubits long, alongside the allotment of the holy portion ; it shall be for the whole house of israel. \" 45 : 6 \" the city \" this area ( 5, 000 by 25, 000 cubits ) is further described in 48 : 15 - 18, 30 - 35. it is a holy area for all the house of israel, similar to the courts of herod ' s temple. nasb ( updated ) text : 45 : 7 - 8 7 \" the prince shall have land on either side of the holy allotment and the property of the city, adjacent to the holy allotment and the property of the city, on the west side toward the west and on the east side toward the east, and in length comparable to one of the portions, from the west border to the east border. 8this shall be his land for a possession in israel ; so my princes shall no longer oppress my people, but they shall give the rest of the land to the house of israel according to their tribes. \" 45 : 7 - 8 \" the prince shall have land \" the allotment for the royal leader is described in vv. 7 - 8, which is adjacent to the holy common area for the people. the purpose of the land is twofold. 1. symbolizes closeness to yhwh 2. symbolizes he is a servant of the people ( i. e., outside the common area ) it is also a way of providing status and authority without oppressing the people ( cf. v. 9 ; 22 : 27 ; 46 : 18 ). this \" prince \" is an administrator fulfilling isa. 9 : 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4815800610886739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.160166"} {"text": ", outside the common area ) it is also a way of providing status and authority without oppressing the people ( cf. v. 9 ; 22 : 27 ; 46 : 18 ). this \" prince \" is an administrator fulfilling isa. 9 : 6 - 7 and micah 5 : 2 - 5. however, the \" princes \" ( cf. vv. 8, 9 ) are governmental leaders who must be admonished to live and act appropriately. ezekiel takes seriously the corruption of the leadership which occurred regularly in the past. this very point shows that this does not directly refer to an \" ideal messianic \" period, but future israeli history. the results of the fall potentially continue and must be guarded against. nasb ( updated ) text : 45 : 9 9thus says the lord god, \" enough, you princes of israel ; put away violence and destruction, and practice justice and righteousness. stop your expropriations from my people, \" declares the lord god. 45 : 9 - 10 these verses list what the governmental leaders should and should not do. 1. put away violence ( bdb 329 ) and oppression ( bdb 994 ) \u2013 bdb 693, kb 747, hiphil imperative plural 2. practice justice ( bdb 1048 ) and righteousness ( bdb 842 ) \u2013 bdb 793, kb 889, qal imperative ( terms often paired, cf. 18 : 5, 19, 21, 27 ; 33 : 14, 16, 19 ) 3. stop your expropriations ( bdb 177, literally, \" lift your evictions \" ) \u2013 bdb 926, kb 1202, hiphil imperative 4. have just balances, ephah and baths \u2013 bdb 224, kb 243, qal jussive nasb ( updated ) text : 45 : 10 - 12 10 \" you shall have just balances, a just ephah and a just bath. 11the ephah and the bath shall be the same quantity, so that the bath will contain a tenth of a homer and the ephah a tenth of a homer ; their standard shall be according to the homer. 12the shekel shall be twenty gerahs ; twenty shekels, twenty - five shekels, and fifteen shekels shall be your maneh. \" 45 : 11 - 12, 14 see special topic : ancient near eastern weights and measures ( metrology ) at 4 : 11. nasb ( updated ) text : 45", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49795868069482047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.161180"} {"text": "shekels, and fifteen shekels shall be your maneh. \" 45 : 11 - 12, 14 see special topic : ancient near eastern weights and measures ( metrology ) at 4 : 11. nasb ( updated ) text : 45 : 13 - 17 13 \" this is the offering that you shall offer : a sixth of an ephah from a homer of wheat ; a sixth of an ephah from a homer of barley ; 14and the prescribed portion of oil ( namely, the bath of oil ), a tenth of a bath from each kor ( which is ten baths or a homer, for ten baths are a homer ) ; 15and one sheep from each flock of two hundred from the watering places of israel \u2014 for a grain offering, for a burnt offering and for peace offerings, to make atonement for them, \" declares the lord god. 16all the people of the land shall give to this offering for the prince in israel. 17it shall be the prince ' s part to provide the burnt offerings, the grain offerings and the drink offerings, at the feasts, on the new moons and on the sabbaths, at all the appointed feasts of the house of israel ; he shall provide the sin offering, the grain offering, the burnt offering and the peace offerings, to make atonement for the house of israel. \" 45 : 13 - 16 these verses describe what an israelite worshiper should provide ( either in kind or as a tax ). 1. a sixth of an ephah ( dry measure ) from a homer of wheat 2. a sixth of an ephah from a homer of barley ( cf. num. 5 : 15 ) 3. a bath ( liquid measure ) of oil 4. one sheep which will make up 1. a grain offering 2. a burnt offering 3. a peace offering 45 : 17 the prince ( i. e., government ) shall provide the offerings. 1. the burnt offering 2. the grain offering 3. the drink offering for the feasts of 1. new moons 3. appointed feasts to make atonement ( cf. v. 15 ) 1. the sin offering 2. the grain offering 3. the burnt offering 4. the peace offering ( often used to inaugurate a temple, cf. lev. 9 : 4, 18, 22 ; i kgs. 8 : 63 - 64 ; ii chr. 30 : 22 ; 31 : 2 ; ezek. 43 : 27 ) nasb (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.471921752718254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.162171"} {"text": "kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the push movement in tai chi - correspondence to : ms chan, department of sports science and physical education, kwok sports building, the chinese university of hong kong, shatin, nt, hong kong ; - accepted 16 september 2002 background : tai chi is a form of exercise derived from the martial art folk traditions of china. the force used in tai chi includes different principles of mechanical advantage. no studies on the kinematic features of tai chi exercise have been published. objective : to analyse the kinematics and electromyographic characteristics of tai chi. methods : an experienced tai chi master was asked to perform a sequence of basic movements : ward off, roll back, press, and push. the movements were videotaped and digitised using a motion analysis system. electromyographic activities of the lumbar erector spinae, rectus femoris, medial hamstrings, and medial head of gastrocnemius were recorded by surface electrodes. the push movement data were analysed. results : the medial hamstrings and medial head of gastrocnemius muscle groups maintained low activity, with higher electromyographic values in the lumbar erector spinae and substantially higher ones in the rectus femoris during the push movement. both concentric and eccentric contractions occurred in muscles of the lower limbs, with eccentric contraction occurring mainly in the anti - gravity muscles such as the rectus femoris and the medial head of gastrocnemius. the forward and backward shifts in centre of gravity ( cg ) were mainly accomplished by increasing and decreasing respectively the joint angles of the bilateral lower limbs rather than by adopting a forward or backward postural lean. the path of the cg in the anteroposterior and mediolateral component was unique, and the sway or deviation from the path was small. the master maintained an upright posture and maintained a low cg ( hips, knees, and ankles bent ) while travelling slowly and steadily from one position to another. conclusion : the eccentric muscle contraction of the lower limbs in the push movement of tai chi may help to strengthen the muscles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5493902837422312, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.165477"} {"text": "what the heck is health physics? the name sounds like it is all about pendulums and inclined planes, but it is really about radiation protection. the most entertaining story about the origin of the job description \u201c health physicist \u201d is that it came about during the \u201c manhattan project \u201d when scientists needed to protect themselves from the radioactive materials they used. according to the story, the term, \u201c health physicist \u201d was chosen to be an intentionally confusing description to disguise the work on the atomic bomb. over the last 60 years, health physics has developed into an important and complex scientific discipline and profession. there are entire university degree programs devoted to it as well as professional - level certification. in keeping with the confusing name, health physicists have many confusing terms and units such as rem, rad, roentgen, effective dose equivalent, and committed dose, just to name a few. if that weren \u2019 t confusing enough, health physicists also use the international system of units ( kind of like the metric system ). today many health physicists work in nuclear power plants, hospitals and industries, all places where radiation is used. some also work at epa, since epa is the primary federal agency charged with protecting the public from the harmful effects of radiation. many of them became involved in health physics because they were interested in the science of radiation. i once had a manager tell me that health physicists were unique at epa because they were the only ones who \u201c thought their pollutant was cool. \u201d i think the hardest job health physicists have is explaining radiation to the public and to other scientists at the epa. we know a lot about radiation, but for low level radiation exposure, there is a lot that we need to assume and estimate, and many areas where the science is not clear. i usually start out my discussions about radiation by reminding people that this is a radioactive world. did you know that the reason the earth \u2019 s core is still molten after 4. 5 billion years is that the long - lived radioactive decay in the core keeps it hot? without that molten core, earth would not have a magnetic field, and without a magnetic field the solar wind would have blown away our atmosphere long ago ( like mars ). and of course without an atmosphere, earth would be a lifeless rock. so in a way, radioactivity is the reason there is life on earth. health physicists think that is cool \u2013 just ask one. about the author : richard poeton is a health physicist. he started his career with epa while studying for his ms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5580651951349925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.169482"} {"text": "need algebra i help? no fear, yourteacher. com is here! by leila in author highlight / 02. 04. 10 whether you are trying to figure out if you have enough gallons of gas in your car to make it to the next gas station while driving on the interstate or trying to figure out how many chocolate bars you can purchase at 65 cents a piece with the $ 3. 25 in change you found in your jacket pocket, you need algebra to arrive at the correct answer. both of these examples can be expressed as algebraic equations. for example, the chocolate situation can be visualized by the equation 0. 65x = 3. 25. in case you were dying to know, the answer is 5. learning algebra can be tricky. just when you finally feel like you have mastered the art of numbers, they decide to throw all these letters into the mix just to confuse you. don \u2019 t worry, we have just the tools to help you understand what these x \u2019 s and y \u2019 s are all about. if you are student struggling with your algebra i homework, or your reviewing for a math placement exam / standardized test for college, or even if you are a parent who can \u2019 t quite remember how to find common factors to help your child with his / her homework, then you have come to the right place. we have all the tools you need to learn algebra i for the first time or review your algebra i skills. one of our newest authors, yourteacher. com, has a comprehensive collection of easy - to - follow algebra i tutorials available for purchase. the founders of yourteacher. com have been teaching algebra through online tutorials since 1998 so we know we are putting you in good hands. their instructional content has helped tens of thousands of students worldwide. on mindbites, there are a wide range of algebra i topics to choose from include multiplying integers, graphing lines and equations, finding common factors, simplifying radicals, multiplying polynomials, and much more. all the lessons include algebra i problems so you can practice along. yourteacher. com has 40 algebra i lessons available which can be purchased individually or as a series. the 7 series currently available are : - algebra i : radicals - algebra i : systems of equations - algebra i : exponents & polynomials - algebra i : equations - algebra i : factoring - algebra i : linear equations - algebra i : simplifying the mindbites family would wish you luck, but we don \u2019 t think you need any!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5047265572167055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.172208"} {"text": "a new article on the college website features an interview with brittany klemm ( \u2019 14 ) and dr. burmeister on their recent research activities in the northern appalachian mountains and the desolation wilderness area of the sierra nevada, student research in the department of earth & environmental sciences, and students presenting research at professional meetings. tulelake, ca \u2013 students from the geology of california ( geos 61 ) course explored some of the most striking geologic features of northern california and southern oregon on a late - september four - day field trip led by dr. kurtis burmeister. the group started by learning about the formation and significance of table mountain near oroville, then headed up the feather river valley to investigate the exposed metamorphic rocks and granodiorite plutons. during the second half of the day, the group examined how high - viscosity felsic lavas create stratovolcanoes that violently erupt into pyroclastic debris flows at lassen volcanic national park, where the group camped for the night. on the second day, the caravan proceeded to lava beds national monument to explore how the low - viscosity mafic lavas erupted from the medicine lake volcanic field to create not only broad shield volcanoes, but also lava tubes ( into several of which the class intrepidly descended ) and cinder cone volcanoes ( one of which about half the class awoke before daybreak to ascend and watch the sunrise ). the group camped at lava beds on the second and third nights of the trip, and, in between, paid a visit to crater lake national park for a vivid look at just how catastrophic a high - viscosity felsic eruption can be. jaw dropping in its beauty, crater lake is the remains of mount mazama, a stratovocano that completely obliterated itself in a cataclysmic eruption about 7, 700 years ago. on the final day of the trip, the group was afforded spectacular views of mount shasta en route back to stockton. for the past five years, dr. burmeister has been accompanied on the trip by dr. ty raterman ( department of philosophy ). this year, drs. burmeister and raterman worked together to incorporate multidisciplinary exercises in which the students used their time in the field as a springboard for reflecting on the concept of nature and in turn on the relationship between naturalness and morality. the trip was further enhanced by the presence of juan con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4596932811851968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.175249"} {"text": "a baseball speeds from the hands of a pitcher, a slave to newton \u2019 s laws. but in the brain of the batter who is watching it, something odd happens. time seems to dawdle. the ball moves in slow motion, and becomes clearer. players of baseball, tennis and other ball sports have described this dilation of time. but why does it happen? does the brain merely remember time passing more slowly after the fact? or do experienced players develop matrix - style abilities, where time genuinely seems to move more slowly? according to five experiments from nobuhiro hagura at university college london, it \u2019 s the latter. when we prepare to make a movement \u2013 say, the swing of a bat \u2013 our ability to process visual information speeds up. the result : the world seems to move slower. at first glance, this might seem to contradict a now - classic experiment by david eagleman. he threw volunteers off a tall fairground ride and asked them to stare at a special watch, to see if their perception of time would slow. it didn \u2019 t. they merely remembered the experience as being long and drawn out afterwards. ( see my earlier post for the details. ) but there \u2019 s a critical difference between the two studies. eagleman studied time perception while people were actually undergoing a crisis \u2014 in this case, falling to their possible doom. but hagura showed that time appears more leisurely before an event, rather than during it \u2014 when we \u2019 re preparing to move, rather than moving. hagura first asked volunteers to press a key for as long as a white disc appeared on a screen. the disc would then be replaced by a hollow target. in some trials, the volunteers had to release their key and touch the target. in others, they were told to keep pressing the key. in every case, they had to say how long the white disc stayed up for, compared to all the previous trials in the experiment. hagura found that the volunteers deemed the durations to be longer if they were preparing to move, than if they were planning to keep still. perhaps the volunteers who were about to reach out were just more excited or attentive? not so. when hagura changed the task from pressing ( or not pressing ) the target, to naming ( or ignoring ) a letter, the time - slowing effect vanished. preparing to move makes the difference, rather than just preparing for any old task. in a third variation, the white disc was replaced by two possible targets instead of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5574056189073622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.181432"} {"text": "target, to naming ( or ignoring ) a letter, the time - slowing effect vanished. preparing to move makes the difference, rather than just preparing for any old task. in a third variation, the white disc was replaced by two possible targets instead of just one. in some trials, the disc had a line that told the volunteers which of the two targets was correct, allowing them to prepare the right movement. in other trials, there was no line, and the volunteers had to make their move when the two targets appeared. as you might have guessed by now, they thought the white disc stayed up longer if they were preparing to move their arm in a specific direction, but not if they were simply waiting. these three sets of results support the idea that time moves more slowly when we prepare an action. but they could also be explained in the same way that eagleman \u2019 s results were : time only seemed to pass more slowly because the volunteers remembered it doing so. but two final experiments suggest that, instead, preparing to move actually slows \u201c the flow of visual experience \u201d. first, hagura replaced the solid white target with one that flickered at different frequencies. the volunteers had to say whether it was flickering faster or slower than usual, compared to previous trials. if they were preparing to hit the screen, they said that the high - frequency flickers were slower than they actually were. second, hagura showed his volunteers a stream of rapidly flashing letters, while they held a key. each letter appeared for just 35 milliseconds, and the whole series went by in less than a second. somewhere in the stream, there was a c or a g, but never both. once the sequence had stopped, as before, the volunteers either kept holding their key, or touched the screen. their task was to say whether they had seen a c or a g. if the volunteers were preparing to reach out, they got the right answer about 66 percent of the time. if they kept still, their success rate was just 59 percent. by readying their arms to touch the screen, they were better able to spot their target amid the zooming letters. this difference was particularly marked if the c or g appeared towards the end of the flashing sequence \u2013 the longer the volunteers spent preparing to move, the slower time seemed to pass. how does the slowing effect actually work? we don \u2019 t know. hagura notes that there are certainly connections between the parts of the brain that encode the passage of time, and those that prepare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5395273477263564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.182532"} {"text": "move, the slower time seemed to pass. how does the slowing effect actually work? we don \u2019 t know. hagura notes that there are certainly connections between the parts of the brain that encode the passage of time, and those that prepare sequences of movement. the details, however, are still unknown. why does the effect happen? hagura argues that speeding up our powers of perception allows us to change, tweak and halt our course of action on the fly. he writes : \u201c as expert ballgame players assert, being maximally prepared may allow \u2018 more time \u2019 to perfect the hit. \u201d that would be a clear benefit, but andrew welchman, who studies perception at the university of birmingham, wonders if there are any drawbacks. \u201c you never get anything in the brain for free, so if you get better at one moment in time, you should get worse at another, \u201d he says. \u201c take someone who moves a lot versus someone how moves little. they should both be calibrated to the same external time, so the one who moves a lot needs to have more \u2018 downtime \u2019 to keep in step. \u201d a bout of neo - like bullet - time should be followed by a burst of perceptual sluggishness. for example, welchman says that when we move our eyes around, our visual sensitivity plummets immediately before, during and after the movement. this is called saccadic suppression. the standard interpretation is that we \u2019 re \u201c filtering out the junk \u201d \u2013 the \u201c smeary visual signals \u201d that we get when our eyes move too quickly. \u201c but framed in light of this paper, it might be a way of resetting the clock so that the person stays calibrated to the visual world around them, \u201d says welchman. reference : hagura, kanai, orgs & haggard. 2012. ready steady slow : action preparation slows the subjective passage of time. biology letters http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1098 / rspb. 2012. 1339", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5137018622238507, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.183286"} {"text": "download research tools a mind is a terrible thing to waste, and so, apparently, is an idle computer. on november 18, scientists from oregon state university ( osu ) will begin harnessing the idle time of thousands of personal computers to study climate modeling and the resulting weather effects on the pacific northwest and california. this project illustrates the power of \" citizen scientists, \" in this case, the thousands of individuals whose personal computers will be leveraged during idle times. by lashing together the computing power of these privately owned pcs, the osu team will create a digital network with the computational chops of a supercomputer. the osu participation in this worldwide initiative, under the leadership of philip mote, director of the oregon climate change research institute, will study the reliability of various climate simulation models in the western united states. microsoft research provided primary funding for this initiative, with additional support coming from the bureau of land management, the california energy commission, and the u. s. geological survey. the work at osu will join that already underway in south africa and the united kingdom. since the project ' s inception in 2003, hundreds of thousands of citizen scientists have donated their spare computer processing power to run global climate change models. during idle times, the personal computers collect data on regional climate information, including temperature, winds, and humidity, which is then compiled and fed into climate model simulations. experiments in the osu - led initiative include predicting regional weather events - including droughts, floods, and temperature extremes - during the 2020s and 2030s, and forecasting the possible climate impact if global temperatures rise two, three, or four degrees by the end of the century. surface temperature in the global model - you can watch this progressing as your model runs. mote notes that the rationale behind these climate modeling studies is elegantly simple. \" in less than two months, we can run 40, 000 different year - long climate simulation models with our network of volunteers. a dedicated supercomputer, during that time, could simulate a couple hundred years worth of data. \" \" it ' s exciting that both climate modeling and computer technology have advanced to the point that people at home can contribute to the effort to study climate change, \" he added. individuals in the western united states who wish to donate their computer ' s spare processing power are encouraged to visit www. climateprediction. net / weatherathome, where they can register to have the climate model application downloaded. much like a screensaver, it will run only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5414915687108157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.190864"} {"text": "who wish to donate their computer ' s spare processing power are encouraged to visit www. climateprediction. net / weatherathome, where they can register to have the climate model application downloaded. much like a screensaver, it will run only when your computer is idle. \u2014 dan fay, director of the external research division of microsoft research on november 11 and 12, 2010, an international group of distinguished researchers met in sao paulo, brazil, to expand ongoing environmental research on the brazilian tropical rainforest ecosystem. the workshop built upon the sensor nets in tropical forests, a pilot project that deployed a sensor net in a 1 km2 area of forest in serra do mar, ubatuba, southeast of brazil. the workshop was sponsored by microsoft research - fapesp institute for it research, a joint venture of the external research division of microsoft research and fapesp ( the sao paulo research foundation ). the gathering brought together scientists from the united states, chile, canada, and brazil, representing such diverse disciplines as phenology, climate science, soil ecology, successional forestry, micrometeorology, and earth system modeling. among them was dr. carlos nobre, one of the world ' s foremost researchers on climate change, whose talk, \" the fate of the amazon forest in the 21st century, \" discussed the impact of global warming, climate change, and fires to the balance of the amazon forest. the distinguished attendees identified and tied together a multidisciplinary set of research problems with technology development and collaboration requirements, creating an experiment plan that broadly charts several years of environmental experiments and technology development. in the course of developing the plan, the researchers spent considerable time reflecting on how technology can support them in the ongoing research, pondering the implications of using new methods and technology support to conduct their science. there was broad consensus that environmental science is faced with enormous data - driven challenges - from data acquisition to data management, cleaning, provenance, annotation, visualization, sharing, publication, discovery, and archival. these challenges are accompanied by acceleration in problem complexity and the need for new, integrated multidisciplinary approaches to research. in response to these important and daunting trends, it is essential to develop new technologies and particularly new computational solutions. in the collaborative rainforest project, we find just such interdisciplinary and data complexity problems, and we see this as a tremendous opportunity to solve specific problems by flexible, extensible, and adoptable means. by so doing, we will build solutions with applicability beyond", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5238614697371682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.191971"} {"text": "rainforest project, we find just such interdisciplinary and data complexity problems, and we see this as a tremendous opportunity to solve specific problems by flexible, extensible, and adoptable means. by so doing, we will build solutions with applicability beyond their immediate corresponding problems. \u2014 juliana salles, senior research program manager in the external research division of microsoft research amazing people working to make the world a better place \u2014 that pretty much encapsulates the presentations at the recent poptech conference in camden, maine. a network of cutting - edge thinkers from many disciplines, poptech fosters deep, world - changing collaborations. and in a world where science often receives short shrift in the popular media, the annual poptech conference puts a spotlight on the social impact of science. one of the highlights of the conference was the inauguration of the poptech science and public leadership fellows program, which aims to develop \" a corps of highly visible and socially engaged scientific leaders who embody science as an essential way of thinking, discovering, understanding and deciding. \" this initiative is supported by microsoft research, intel, the national science foundation and others. the 18 fellows chosen in this first year of the program were all present at the conference, with many presenting the results of their ground - breaking research. for example, fellow sinan aral demonstrated his work on how behavioral contagions spread through social networks and discussed his belief that we are on the brink of a new understanding of human behavior. sarah fortune, another science fellow, talked about her efforts to develop new approaches to curing tb \u2014 the leading cause of death by a treatable disease, while fellow justin gallivan presented his work in synthetic biology, which aims to reprogram bacteria to track and neutralize environmental pollutants. some of the most impressive talks revealed how much can be achieved with very little, by thinking outside the box. dutch inventor pieter hoff showed off his creation, the groasis waterboxx, a simple apparatus that will enable billions of survivable trees to be planted in arid regions around the world \u2014 even deserts and salt flats \u2014 helping to reverse the crisis of co2 buildup occurring today. nathan eagle, from mit, discussed his efforts to build a cell - phone based virtual workforce in africa, where everything is now starting to be enabled via mobile phones ; he is working on rolling this out in 220 operations across 80 countries, reaching a population of potentially 2. 1 billion workers. nathan eagle discusses the use of cell phones to empower a third - world workforce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5181301712918852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.194184"} {"text": "now starting to be enabled via mobile phones ; he is working on rolling this out in 220 operations across 80 countries, reaching a population of potentially 2. 1 billion workers. nathan eagle discusses the use of cell phones to empower a third - world workforce of 2. 1 billion people. lauren abramson, of the community conferencing center, showed the means for communities to resolve conflict on their own, without governmental intervention. it ' s effective and costs less than a tenth of going through the criminal justice system. meanwhile, citizen scientist gale mccullough presented amazing information about whale migration that she uncovered by watching closely. she has been tracking pictures of humpback whales and discovered that a particular whale photographed in brazil was also seen off the coast of madagascar, more than 6, 000 miles away. this was breakthrough information : it was not previously known that these whales migrated this way. perhaps the most inspiring presentation came from azeem hill, co - captain of an amazing team of teenagers from west philadelphia high school. the west philly team went head - to - head with major universities and research institutes in the progressive insurance automotive x prize competition, a contest to develop production - capable 100 mpg automobiles. the revolutionary car designed by these budding engineers from a disadvantaged community made it to the finals, edging out the team from mit! the uplifting mood of the conference was reinforced by treating the attendees to a sneak preview of kinect for xbox 360, the new sensor that allows people to control the machine merely by moving their body. this demo was very popular, and attendees began to realize that this is just an inkling of how we will all be interacting with computer technology in the ( near? ) future. \u2014 tom mcmail, senior research program manager, external research, a division of microsoft research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5062220236786374, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.194939"} {"text": "clinical validity refers to the predictive value of a test for a given clinical outcome ( e. g., the likelihood that cancer will develop in someone with a positive test ). it is primarily determined by the sensitivity and specificity with which a test identifies people with a defined clinical condition within a given population. sensitivity of a test refers to the proportion of people who test positive for a clinical condition among those who actually have the clinical condition ; specificity refers to the proportion of people who test negative for a clinical condition among those who do not have the clinical condition. in the case of genetic susceptibility to cancer, clinical validity can be considered at two levels : - does a positive test identify a person as having an increased risk of cancer? - if so, how high is the cancer risk associated with a positive test? thus, the clinical validity of a genetic test is the likelihood that cancer will develop in someone with a positive test result. this likelihood is affected not only by the presence of the gene mutation itself but also by any other modifying factors that might affect the penetrance of the mutation ( e. g., the mutation carrier ' s environmental exposures or personal behaviors ) or by the presence or absence of mutations in other genes. for this reason, the clinical validity of a genetic test for a specific mutation may vary in different populations. if the cancer risk associated with a given mutation is unknown or variable, a test for the mutation will have uncertain clinical validity. a summary of definitions of concepts relevant to understanding clinical validity and other aspects of cancer genetics testing has been published. the test should be evaluated in the population in which the test will be used. clues to whether a particular familial cancer syndrome has a genetic basis can be derived informally, by inspecting the pattern of affected and unaffected people in a series of families ; or formally, using an analytic technique known as segregation analysis. segregation analysis provides quantitative data in support of, or against, the likelihood that a particular genetic mode of inheritance might explain the patterns observed in the study families. evidence that a particular gene might explain a specific cancer predisposition syndrome often derives initially from linkage studies that use collections of families meeting stringent clinical criteria for a specific cancer susceptibility syndrome. the demonstration of strong linkage of cancer susceptibility to a gene or genetic region in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance provides evidence in support of both the mode of inheritance and the particular gene that might underlie the risk. once linkage is established, a strong case", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5293751700379893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.198398"} {"text": "susceptibility to a gene or genetic region in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance provides evidence in support of both the mode of inheritance and the particular gene that might underlie the risk. once linkage is established, a strong case for association between the genetic trait and disease can be made, even though the families used in the study may not be representative of the general population. the genetic trait measured in linkage studies is not always the causal factor itself but may be a genetic trait closely linked to it. additional molecular studies are required to identify the specific gene associated with inherited risk, after linkage studies have determined its general chromosomal location. linkage studies, however, provide only limited evidence concerning either the range of cancer types associated with a mutation or the magnitude of risk and lifetime probability of cancer conferred by a mutation in less selected populations. in addressing these questions, the best information for clinical decisions comes from naturally occurring populations in which people with all degrees of risk are represented, similar to those in which clinical or public health decisions must be made. thus, observations about cancer risk in families having multiple members with early breast cancer are applicable only to other families meeting those same clinical criteria. ideally, the families tested should also have similar exposures to factors that can modify the expression of the gene ( s ) being studied. the mutation - associated risk in other populations, such as families with less dramatic cancer aggregation, or in the general population can best be assessed by direct study of those populations. references - grann vr, jacobson js : population screening for cancer - related germline gene mutations. lancet oncol 3 ( 6 ) : 341 - 8, 2002. [ pubmed abstract ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5550326050972713, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.199236"} {"text": "chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. the drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body in order to kill cancer cells. the side effects come from the fact that it destroys normal cells as well as cancer cells. chemotherapy may be given either alone or along with radiation therapy. when given alone, it is given in a higher dose designed to kill off cancer cells. when given along with radiation therapy, it is delivered at a lower dose and is designed to make the cancer more sensitive to the radiation. chemotherapy is usually given by vein, but some forms can be given by mouth. your treatment team will tell you how many cycles or courses of chemotherapy are best for you. usually there are between 4 - 6 cycles of chemotherapy given when the chemotherapy is delivered on its own, and up to 10 cycles of chemotherapy when the drugs are given along with radiation therapy. the side effects and amount of time required in the doctor \u2019 s office depend on the type of chemotherapy you receive, as well as how many cycles you get and how often. types of chemotherapy drugs there are a number of chemotherapy drugs that are available. some examples include : - cisplatin ( platinol - aq, platinol ) - etoposide ( toposar, vepesid ) - bevacizumab ( avastin ) - carboplatin ( paraplatin, paraplat ) - paclitaxel ( taxol ) - docetaxel ( taxotere ) - vinorelbine ( navelbine ) most treatment regimens will combine two or more of these drugs. the types, dosages, and duration of treatment will depend on the stage and type of your tumor and how well it responds to treatment. while undergoing chemotherapy, most patients suffer from : - fatigue and weakness - loss of appetite - nausea and vomiting - hair loss - fuzziness in thinking, memory problems other side effects include : - risk of infection - skin irritation, cracked nails - allergic reactions - mouth sores - tendency to bleed and bruise easily - fluid retention - bladder problems - numbness in limbs - fever or chills - low blood cell counts ( eg, anemia ) to manage other side effects, you may need to make diet and lifestyle changes and take medicine. for example, your doctor may recommend that you eat several small meals throughout the day and avoid alcohol. light exercise ( eg, walking for 30 minutes ) may help to fight fatigue. some of these side effects go away soon after chemotherapy has ended, while others linger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4669816471133261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.203157"} {"text": "your doctor may recommend that you eat several small meals throughout the day and avoid alcohol. light exercise ( eg, walking for 30 minutes ) may help to fight fatigue. some of these side effects go away soon after chemotherapy has ended, while others linger after treatment. when to call your doctor contact your doctor if you develop : - signs of infection, including fever ( 100. 3\u00b0f [ 37. 9\u00b0c ] ) and chills - sores in your mouth or throat - black and blue marks on your skin - nausea, vomiting, loose or runny bowel movements - pain that you cannot control with the medicine you have been given - cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain - joint pain, fatigue, stiffness, rash, or other new symptoms - tingling in your fingers, toes or ringing in your ears - weight gain or loss of 10 pounds ( 4. 5 kilograms ) or more newer treatment options epidermal growth factor receptors ( egfr ) play a role in the development of cells, including cancer cells. some people who have lung cancer also have a mutation that affects egfr. because of this, medicines, like cetuximab, have been created to target the action of this receptor. doctors can test a tissue sample or do blood tests to find out if someone has this mutation. if the result is positive, then treatment with this type of targeted therapy may help the person live longer. there is also a drug called crizotinib that targets a gene mutation on the anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( alk ) gene. this mutation has been linked to adenocarcinoma, a common kind of lung cancer that affects both smokers and non - smokers. crizotinib may be able to stop cancer from growing and shrink tumors. other targeted therapies that are being researched include : these drugs are designed to target certain molecules in the cancer cells. by interfering with these molecules, the ability of the cancer to grow and spread is blocked. immunotherapy involves using medicines or substances made by the body to increase or restore the body ' s natural defenses against cancer. monoclonal antibodies are an example of immunotherapy. these antibodies are designed to attack certain proteins in the cancer cells, which helps the immune system fight cancer. researchers continue to study new treatments that may be able to stop cancer and prolong life. - reviewer : igor puzanov, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45172817899547324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.204083"} {"text": "as a response to the us bishops \u2019 fortnight for freedom, i \u2019 ve invited a few friends to supply appropriate essays on women who have exemplified the faith in the face of persecution, even at the hands of religious authorities. today, my friend john donaghy offers a contribution from the latin american church, where he has served in the mission apostolate for the past five years. religious life for women in the middle ages and the early modern period was not always what we might think of as the cloistered life. that \u2019 s why there were reformers like st. teresa of avila for the carmelites. often families would send their daughters to a convent with a nice dowry. there they would have a chance to learn but also, in some cases, to entertain their friends, male and female, in the convent parlors. yet the convent was almost the only place where women would have a chance to use their talents. one very interesting woman who joined the convent in seventeenth century mexico is sor juana ines de la cruz, because \u201c given the total antipathy i felt for marriage, i deemed convent life the least unsuitable and most honorable i could elect. \u201d born out of wedlock, and raised by her maternal grandmother, she was a precocious child. at three she followed her sister to school and persuaded the instructor to teach her to read. she soon started to devour her grandfather \u2019 s library. at sixteen she became a lady - in - waiting for the wife of the spanish viceroy. she at first joined the reformed carmelites but left, probably because it was too strict. she subsequently joined a convent of the order of st. jerome. ( jerome was assisted in his work, including his translation of the bible, by several learned aristocratic women. ) in the monastery, by no means austere, she, like some other nuns, had a servant. over the years she amassed a library of more than 4, 000 volumes. she wrote letters as well as plays and love poems. she met with her friends for discussions. she had her duties in the convent but that did not stop her from her literary and musical works. these \u201c secular \u201d works disturbed the archbishop of mexico, who according to octavio paz was \u201c fiercely misogynistic and strongly opposed to secular drama. \u201d but it was her ventures into theological reflection that caused problems. she shared with the bishop of puebla, a long - time \u201c friend, \u201d her critique of a famous sermon. he asked her to put it in writing and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41184395833704723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.209609"} {"text": "opposed to secular drama. \u201d but it was her ventures into theological reflection that caused problems. she shared with the bishop of puebla, a long - time \u201c friend, \u201d her critique of a famous sermon. he asked her to put it in writing and then, without her permission, published this missive worthy of athena. but he included, under the pseudonym of sor filotea de la cruz, a preface admonishing sor juana for her being too concerned with worldly affairs. some friend! in her 1691 reply to sor filotea, sor juana defended the right of women to education and the need to have older women as teachers. using scripture, philosophy, and the fathers of the church, she defended the right of women to be educated. her pen was acerbic : \u201c you foolish men, accusing women for lacking reason when you yourselves are the reason for the lack. \u201d the reaction came swiftly. as octavio paz wrote : a \u201c very saintly and ingenuous abbess, who believed that study was a thing of the inquisition, \u201d ordered her not to study. her confessor denied her spiritual help for two years. in 1693 after so much pressure she stopped writing, though not before composing songs in honor of saint catherine of alexandria, the patroness of philosophers. in 1694 she signed several documents and seems to have turned her back on her intellectual endeavors. but did she? she wrote no more and died a year later, taking care of the sick, during a pestilence that ravaged mexico city. some suggest that she had a conversion experience which included distributing all the books in her library as well as her musical and scientific instruments. but it seems as if she gave in, under pressure from church authorities. i venture that sor juana is not the model for many sisters today, especially in terms of her life style. she was hardly the example of poverty. yet her use of her intellect, her brilliant critique, and her defense of the education of women are worthy of respect. i see her as a victim of a culture and of church authorities who were threatened by women who are intelligent and are not afraid to speak boldly. she follows in the tradition of the women followers of st. jerome like st. paula. she is, in some ways, the precursor of some modern catholic women theologians. all too long the wisdom of women has been neglected in the world and in the church. the people of god need to hear all the voices, especially those who have been marginal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4281367514085312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.210643"} {"text": "because is only 0. 7 percent of naturally occurring uranium, its supply is fairly limited and could well only last for about 50 years of full - scale use. the other 99 percent of the uranium can also be utilized if it is first converted into plutonium by neutron bombardment : the production of plutonium can be carried out in a breeder reactora nuclear reactor designed to produce nuclear fuel as it produces energy. which not only produces energya system ' s capacity to do work. like other reactors but is designed to allow some of the fast neutrons to bombard the, producing plutonium at the same time. more fuel is then produced than is consumed. breeder reactors present additional safety hazards to those already outlined. they operate at higher temperatures and use very reactive liquida state of matter in which the atomic - scale particles remain close together but are able to change their positions so that the matter takes the shape of its container metals such as sodium in their cooling systems, and so the possibility of a serious accident is higher. in addition the large quantities of plutonium which would be produced in a breeder economy would have to be carefully safeguarded. plutonium is an \u03b1 emitter and is very dangerous if taken internally. its half - lifein chemical kinetics, the time it takes for one half of the limiting reactant to be consumed. in nuclear chemistry, the time for half of a sample to undergo radioactive decay. is 24 000 years, and so it will remain in the environment for a long time if dispersed. moreover, can be separated chemically ( not by the much more expensive gaseous diffusionthe spreading of one substance into another ( usually involves gases or liquids ). used to concentrate ) from fission products and used to make bombs. such a material will obviously be attractive to terrorist groups, as well as to countries which are not currently capable of producing their own atomic weapons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5375076088314671, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.214516"} {"text": "detection of human cytomegalovirus in the saliva ( fcrechmv ) direct dna amplification, viral isolation and specific antibody measurement in saliva - from children in day care centers ( samples collection will take place during a single week ) - from children coming at the emergency department of our hospital during a three months period. sample collection will be done by the pediatrician the nurse, or one of the authorized investigators of the study. | study design : | | observational model : cohort time perspective : prospective | official title : | | detection of human cytomegalovirus in the saliva of 3 month to 6 year - old children in day care centers : a pilot study. | - one week trial of saliva sampling for cytomegalovirus detection in day - care centers. [ designated as safety issue : no ] - percentage of chidrens with cmv excretion among those coming at the emergency department of limoges teacher hospital ( chu ). validation of the process from samples collection to interpretation of results [ designated as safety issue : no ] | study start date : | | july 2007 | salivary collection kit. collection of salivary at the internal face of the mooth. 3 swab for dna research, 1 for antibodies research and 1 for virus isolation by cell growth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47597789506530386, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.216022"} {"text": "an appendectomy is the surgical procedure to remove the vermiform appendix. an appendectomy procedure is normally performed as an emergency procedure, when the patient is suffering from acute appendicitis nursing goal for an appendectomy - prevent complications. - promote comfort. - provide information about surgical procedure / prognosis, treatment needs, and potential complications nursing diagnosis an appendectomy - acute pain r / t surigcal incision - risk for infection r / t perforation / rupture of appendix, surgical incision, peritonitis - activity intolerance r / t pain, surgical procedure - anxiety r / t change in health status, hospital environment - imbalanced nutrition : less than body requirements r / t anorexia, nausea, vomiting, decreased peristalsis nursing intervention an appendectomy - inspect incision and dressings. - wound / drains care per shift - check skin regidy - monitor vital signs. - give antibiotics as per order primarily for prophylaxis of wound infection ( pre - op and postoperatively ) - check pain level - administer analgesics as indicated - keep at rest in semi - fowler \u2019 s position nursing care an appendectomy, nursing diagnosis an appendectomy, nursing intervention an appendectomy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47330997662193863, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.217520"} {"text": "washington, july 19 : the united states is facing \" worst drought \" in 25 years which could fuel food price inflation in the country, a top obama administration official said here. as many as 61 per cent of the land mass of the united states is currently being characterised as being impacted by this drought, the agriculture secretary, tom vilsack, told reporters yesterday at a white house news conference, noting that this drought is having an impact in crops. \" 78 per cent of the corn crop is now in an area designated as drought impacted ; 77 per cent of the soybeans that are being grown in this country also impacted. \" it also obviously involves other commodities as well - - 38 per cent of our corn crop as of today is rated poor to very poor ; 30 per cent of our soybeans poor to very poor, \" he said, adding that there are indication of reduced yields this year. \" this will result in significant increases in prices. for corn, we ' ve seen a 38 per cent increase since june 1st, and the price of a bushel of corn is now at usd 7. 88. a bushel of beans have risen 24 percent, \" he said. to help farmers, the federal government has decided to open up areas under the conservation reserve program for emergency haying and grazing, he added. \" because livestock producers will begin the process of potentially reducing their herds in light of higher feed costs, we would anticipate in the short term actually food prices for beef, poultry, pork may go down a bit, but over time they will rise. \" we will probably see those higher prices later this year, first part of next year. processed foods obviously impacted by crop yields, and we will likely see the increase of that also in 2013, \" vilsack said. as a result of the drought, the agriculture secretary said he expects a decline in us agriculture exports. \" on exports, we would anticipate and expect they would be reduced. but again, the area and the amount of reduction depends on what the yields are, and i won ' t know what those are until we, in fact, harvest the crop, \" he said. responding to a question, vilsack said that it ' s conceivable in the short term that as herds are liquidated, it could provide opportunities with lower costs for the us to be even more competitive than they already are in that export market. \" frankly we are looking at record exports, not withstanding the difficulties we ' re facing here. we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4285260095469443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.220068"} {"text": "smoking is and has been a staple of free cultures throughout history. it has been a long established element of what was once thought of as the art of being a well - rounded gentleman, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. in the 1800 ' s, it was not uncommon for a young gentleman to hire a smoking tutor of sorts to teach him the art of smoking, with the course considered a success when the student was able to blow smoke rings. most gentlemens ' clubs were a haven for smokers of all ranks, be it pipes, cigars, or cigarettes. many clubs featured their own humidours, as well as a nice variety of smoking jackets to choose from. as to ill health effects, one must keep in mind that the tobaccos of the 1800 ' s and earlier 1900 ' s were not sprayed with the poisonous toxins more modern tobaccos are. nor were cigarette tobaccos doused in dangerous chemicals as they are now, in order to give the leaf a longer shelf life ( not to mention the fillers which have also come into play ). the modern anti - smoking studies were more political than they were factual, with the methods and models being geared to achieve results which had already been decided upon. many factors were blatantly ignored. for example, the addition of chemicals i just mentioned were not considered in analysing the effects of tobacco. nor were unseen ( non - tobacco related ) airborn particulates and toxins. the occupational hazards of many test subjects ( such as those working in construction or plants where heavy pollutants and chemicals were present ) were not taken into consideration nor differentiated from those who were not exposed to such things. and the fact that, regardless of the cavalier approach to these studies, pipe smokers were found - - statistically - - to outlive non - smokers by two to three years was ignored, if not suppressed. many studies showed so - called \" secondhand smoke \" to be of a negligible threat, and far less a health risk than the pollution and particulates one breathes on a daily trek through a city, or even when mowing the lawn or firing up charcoal in a grill. i ' m not saying smoking is the healthiest choice in the world, nor am i saying it ' s without some risk to one ' s health, depending on the choice of pipes, cigars, or cigarettes and the frequency with which one partakes of their tobacco. but as one who works in the field of healthcare, i can say it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4716323486983391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.224491"} {"text": "s without some risk to one ' s health, depending on the choice of pipes, cigars, or cigarettes and the frequency with which one partakes of their tobacco. but as one who works in the field of healthcare, i can say it is not the \" evil \" ogre the anti - tobacco forces would have us believe. one must keep in mind smoking is an easy target and a perfect control for behaviour modification efforts. i ' ve actually known several lady pipe smokers. one of the most famous historically was rachel jackson, andrew jackson ' s wife. according to the story, she found one of his pipes lying around one day when he was off to war and decided to try it. i think a lot of it is simply a matter of preference and perception. smoking a pipe or really enjoying a quality cigar requires patience, time, and an ability to relax. cigarettes are far easier to pop in one ' s mouth and light up on the go, and they ' re a lot faster than the alternative. then there ' s the notion that pipes and cigars are more of a masculine element. even in today ' s \" progressive \" society, most folks don ' t think of pipe and cigar smoking as something women would prefer, yet the few women who are independently minded enough to give them a try find they ' re just as good at it as we men are. and bear in mind it wasn ' t that long ago that cigarettes were also thought of as decidedly masculine, and few women dared light one up in public. i think, had it not been for the radical anti - tobacco pogrom our government decided to undertake, we might now see a lot more women joining the ranks of the more traditional pipe / cigar smoker, which ironically is a far healthier choice than cigarettes. my supervisor is every bit the feminine lady, yet she regularly enjoys a good cigar and a glass of bourbon. in time we may see more women moving away from cigarettes and into the ranks of pipe and cigar afficionados, but with all the hype and misinformation ( as well as the manufactured stigma associated with smoking in general ) about tobacco, who knows what the future holds?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44791089690999697, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.226812"} {"text": "mutazilah theology was distinguished chiefly by asserting the authority of human reason over tradition and general superstition. for example, the mutazilah theologians asserted that the quran was a book that was created, written by men, rather than uncreated, the living word of god passed verbatim through the mouths of men. mutazilah theology accepted the central truths of islam ; the five pillars of faith, the quran as divine, and the sunnah as an apropriate frame of reference for daily life. however the mutazilah ' s interpolation of hellenic - latinate logic made more traditional scholars uncomfortable. there are five central principles in mutazilah theology. god is one and unified, god is a perfect judge who enacts perfect universal divine justice, god promises as well as punishes, a true believer shall not sin actively, in addition to advocating religious and social duties while opposing and condemning the opposite. the mihna ordeal was one of the earliest expressions of both heretical behavior and the formation of state funded religious inquisitions. the caliph al - ma ' mun attempted to consolidate the authority of the caliph by asserting one state religion, he chose the mutazilah theology, which was then current at the bayt al hikma in baghdad. muslims at the time were fully aware of this naked attempt for the state to assert authority over the theologian jurists. the minha ordeal refers to the period of al - ma - ' mun ' s reign when he actively persecuted those jurists who did not give lipservice to the state religion. the period of persecution was slight, beginning in 833 and concluding by 845, however the attitude of al - ma - mun was continued by al - mu ' tasim ( his name being derived from mutazilah ) and al wathiq.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5197797087915679, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.229984"} {"text": "the commission on security and cooperation in europe, also known as the helsinki commission, is an independent u. s. government agency created in 1976 to monitor and encourage compliance with the helsinki final act and other osce commitments. the commission consists of nine members from the united states senate, nine members from the u. s. house of representatives, and one member each from the departments of state, defense, and commerce. the positions of chair and co - chair are shared by the house and senate and rotate every two years, when a new congress convenes. a professional staff assists the commissioners in their work. the commission contributes to the formulation of u. s. policy on the osce and takes part in its execution, including through member and staff participation on u. s. delegations to osce meetings and in certain osce bodies. members of the commission have regular contact with parliamentarians, government officials, ngos, and private individuals from other osce participating states. the commission convenes public hearings and briefings with expert witnesses on osce - related issues ; issues public reports concerning implementation of osce commitments in participating states ; and organizes official delegations to participating states and osce meetings to address and assess democratic, economic, security and human rights developments firsthand. * by clicking on the staff members ' name an employee biography will appear * csce : : about the commission when the helsinki final act ( hfa ) was signed in helsinki, finland in 1975, it enshrined among its ten principles guiding relations between participating states ( the decalogue ), a commitment to \" respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience religion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion \" ( principle vii ). in addition, the hfa included a section on cooperation regarding humanitarian concerns, including transnational human contacts, information, culture and education. the hfa and subsequently adopted osce agreements are not treaties and are therefore viewed as political commitments, not legal obligations. the role of the helsinki commission : the commission on security and cooperation in europe ( the helsinki commission ) is a u. s. government agency, established in 1976 pursuant to public law 94 - 304. it is mandated to \" monitor the acts of the signatories which reflect compliance with or violation of the articles of the final act of the conference on security and cooperation in europe, with particular regard to the provisions relating to cooperation in humanitarian fields [ i. e., the human dimension ]. \" ( emphasis added", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.466107911238812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.253318"} {"text": "which reflect compliance with or violation of the articles of the final act of the conference on security and cooperation in europe, with particular regard to the provisions relating to cooperation in humanitarian fields [ i. e., the human dimension ]. \" ( emphasis added. ) since 1990, the helsinki commission has particularly focused on restrictions on the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly ; the treatment of persons belonging to ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, including roma ; human rights violations in conflict settings and the prevention of torture. in addition, the commission has monitored aspects of the transition to democracy, including challenges to the rule of law, free and fair elections, and the impact of corruption on the human and other dimensions of the osce. what is the \" human dimension \"? \" the human dimension \" was a term coined during the drafting of the 1989 vienna concluding document. this term was designed as a short - hand phrase to describe the human rights and humanitarian provisions of the agreements concluded within the framework of the helsinki process. in addition, since 1989, this term has embraced the more recently adopted \" democratization \" commitments of the osce, summarized below. consensus : all of the agreements of the helsinki process have been adopted on the basis of consensus ; i. e., each participating state has agreed to every provision in each osce document. universality : each participating state is equally bound by each document. all countries which joined the helsinki process after 1975 have pledged, as a condition for membership, to \" accept in their entirety all commitments and responsibilities contained in these documents and [... ] to act in accordance with their provisions. \" establishing common standards on human rights : through the negotiation of successive agreements, the osce participating states gradually expanded the body of shared commitments. it was often the case, however, that soviet - bloc countries might concede to a provision in principle, only to undermine it through the operation of national laws, rules, or regulations. the 1989 vienna concluding document stated, \" in this context, [ the participating states ] confirm that they will respect each other ' s right freely to choose and develop their political, social, economic and cultural systems as well as their right to determine their laws, regulations, practices and policies. in exercising these rights, they will ensure that their laws, regulations, practices and policies conform with their obligations under international law and are brought into harmony with the provisions of the declaration on principles and other csce commitments. \" ( emphasis added. ) by 1990, as the iron curtain began to fall, the osce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5727351193111578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.255055"} {"text": ", practices and policies conform with their obligations under international law and are brought into harmony with the provisions of the declaration on principles and other csce commitments. \" ( emphasis added. ) by 1990, as the iron curtain began to fall, the osce heads of state and government declared in the charter of paris for a new europe : \" we undertake to build, consolidate and strengthen democracy as the only system of government of our nations. \" ( emphasis added. ) two osce documents enshrined the practice of raising human rights concerns. first, the 1989 vienna concluding document committed each participating state ( 1 ) to respond to requests for information and to representations from any other participating state on specific cases or broad situations relating to commitments in the human dimension ; ( 2 ) to meet bilaterally with participating states requesting such a meeting to examine these cases or situations ; ( 3 ) to bring these cases and situations to the attention of the other participating states ; and ( 4 ) to provide, if it deems necessary, information on what has transpired under the first two points at osce meetings. further establishing the osce commitments as the basis for bilateral and multilateral dialogue, the 1991 moscow concluding document stated : \" the participating states emphasize that issues relating to human rights, fundamental freedoms, democracy and the rule of law are of international concern, as respect for these rights and freedoms constitutes one of the foundations of international order. they categorically and irrevocably declare that the commitments undertaken in the field of the human dimension of the csce are matters of direct and legitimate concern to all participating states and do not belong exclusively to the internal affairs of the state concerned. \" ( emphasis added. ) summary of osce commitments to build, consolidate and strengthen democracy democracy and the rule of law the osce participating states have identified the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms as one of the basic purposes of government and reaffirmed that recognition of these rights and freedoms constitutes the foundation of freedom, justice and peace. they have acknowledged that democracy is an inherent element of the rule of law. they have declared that the elements of justice which are essential to the full expression of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all human beings include ( in addition to protections of civil and political rights ) : a form of government that is representative in character, in which the executive is accountable to the elected legislature or the electorate ; the duty of the government and public authorities, which are not above the law, to comply with their constitution ; a clear separation between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5384647456176712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.256146"} {"text": "a form of government that is representative in character, in which the executive is accountable to the elected legislature or the electorate ; the duty of the government and public authorities, which are not above the law, to comply with their constitution ; a clear separation between the state and political parties ; in particular, political parties may not be merged with the state ( the \" no establishment clause \" for political parties ) ; military forces and police under the control of, and accountable to, the civil authorities ; independent judges and impartial operation of the public judicial service. free and fair elections the participating states have declared that the will of the people, expressed through periodic and genuine elections, is the basis of the authority and legitimacy of government. to that end, they will respect the right of individuals and groups to establish freely political parties and organizations and enable them to compete with each other on a basis of equal treatment before the law and the authorities ; recognizing that the presence of observers, both foreign and domestic, can enhance the electoral process, they agreed to invite governmental and non - governmental observers for national elections. csce : : about the commission from its inception in the early 1970s, the helsinki process \u2013 which includes the original conference on security and cooperation in europe ( csce ), follow - up activities after 1975 and, since 1995, the organization for security and cooperation in europe ( osce ) \u2013 has been a multilateral, politically binding security arrangement. having addressed successfully the challenges of the cold war, this arrangement has maintained its relevance in the present era of regional conflict, arms proliferation, terrorism and other emerging threats by combining a uniquely comprehensive definition of security with flexibility and innovation of response. defining security comprehensively the first of three chapters of the 1975 helsinki final act, commonly known as basket i, deals with \u201c questions relating to security in europe. \u201d this chapter first sets forth 10 principles guiding relations between participating states : sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty ; refraining from the threat or use of force ; inviolability of frontiers ; territorial integrity of states ; peaceful settlement of disputes ; non - intervention in internal affairs ; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief ; equal rights and self - determination of peoples ; cooperation among states ; and fulfillment in good faith of obligations under international law. some of the principles can be found in earlier international agreements, including the un charter, but the \u201c primary significance \u201d which the final act gave them all provided a uniquely comprehensive, political - military definition of security, particularly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6298032793528718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.257320"} {"text": "faith of obligations under international law. some of the principles can be found in earlier international agreements, including the un charter, but the \u201c primary significance \u201d which the final act gave them all provided a uniquely comprehensive, political - military definition of security, particularly by making respect for human rights and the building of democratic institutions in one participating state a legitimate concern of all others. by committing to apply them \u201c equally and unreservedly, \u201d the osce also recognized a linkage between progress in one of these areas and progress in the others, a concrete and significant conceptual contribution to european security. the justification for balancing progress was most explicitly stated in the 1990 charter of paris for a new europe, where the participating states expressed their conviction that \u201c in order to strengthen peace and security among [ them ], the advancement of democracy, and respect for and effective exercise of human rights are indispensable. \u201d early soviet proposals for a pan - european conference were designed to manipulate the military balance in europe, divide the united states from its allies and confirm soviet hegemony over east - central europe. the osce \u2019 s new and unifying definition of security, however, instead formed a basis for ending the cold war \u2019 s division of europe and for recognizing that severe and continual violations of human rights are often the source of a conflict. democratic development, therefore, was subsequently made a prerequisite for building a stable peace. participating states today seek to ensure its realization \u201c from vancouver to vladivostok \u201d and to give this definition wider application around the globe. building confidence and security through transparency the final act \u2019 s first chapter also contains specific military commitments which, as developed in subsequent documents, enhance european security in modest but very concrete ways. confidence - and security - building measures ( csbms ) \u2013 such as prior notification of troop maneuvers and observation of military exercises \u2013 that form the core of this work on military aspects of security overcame barriers of secrecy and diminished the threat of surprise attack or misunderstanding of military activity. for a few tense years in the early 1980s, osce negotiations were the only place where east and west sat at the same table to discuss security matters. the 1986 stockholm document not only achieved progress through measures for greater transparency but ushered in a new era of effective, mutually beneficial east - west arms control encompassing both nuclear and conventional forces. the osce capitalized on this success in the 1990s by expanding military openness and encouraging further reductions in force levels. a web of interlocking and mutually reinforcing arms control obligations and commitments links the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6033280084716623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.258609"} {"text": "control encompassing both nuclear and conventional forces. the osce capitalized on this success in the 1990s by expanding military openness and encouraging further reductions in force levels. a web of interlocking and mutually reinforcing arms control obligations and commitments links the politically binding vienna document of 1999 on csbms with the related 1990 treaty on conventional forces in europe ( cfe ) and the 1992 treaty on open skies, both legally binding and negotiated on an east - west basis, to form a framework for arms control. reinforcing the regime of new measures in the vienna document 1999 is an updated mechanism for consultation and cooperation regarding unusual military activities. an agreement on adaptation of the cfe treaty was also signed in 1999, taking into account realities associated with the break - up of the warsaw pact and the demise of the soviet union. nato countries, however, have linked ratification of the agreement to russia \u2019 s implementation of commitments made in parallel with the 1999 istanbul osce summit to the withdrawal treaty - limited equipment and military forces from moldova, and the withdrawal or destruction of excess equipment, the closure of two bases and negotiations on remaining russian bases and facilities in georgia. to date, these commitments remain unfulfilled, making it impossible for the agreement on adaptation to come into force and for additional osce states, including some nato allies, to become parties. maintaining a security dialogue the forum for security cooperation ( fsc ) was established in 1992 to provide constant attention to implementation of existing arms control agreements, including through regular information exchanges, and to strengthen them when possible. the forum also encourages a dialogue among the participating states on topics of common concern, such as non - proliferation measures, the importance of adhering to international humanitarian law and civil - military emergency preparedness. the adoption of the 1994 code of conduct on political - military aspects of security, which broke new ground by formulating norms on the role of armed forces in democratic societies, was among the fsc \u2019 s first notable achievements. the adoption in 2000 of the document on small arms and light weapons was a later but even more significant achievement, providing a basis for developing guidelines on dealing with threats such weapons can pose, as well as for providing assistance upon request in securing stockpiles, disposing of small arms and enhancing border controls to reduce illicit arms trafficking. security issues are also discussed during the annual security review conference, the first of which was held in 2003. these conferences provide impetus for bringing new ideas for activity relating to european security into the osce framework. meetings of osce foreign ministers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5383352208135757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.259663"} {"text": "trafficking. security issues are also discussed during the annual security review conference, the first of which was held in 2003. these conferences provide impetus for bringing new ideas for activity relating to european security into the osce framework. meetings of osce foreign ministers and summits of heads of state / government have addressed security issues of paramount concern such as the threat posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means to deliver them. addressing regional conflicts regional conflicts erupting in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s have been responsible for the most egregious violations of helsinki principles since their adoption. in response, considerable effort has been devoted by the participating states to developing early warning of potential conflict, offering \u201c good offices \u201d for bringing conflicting parties together, monitoring borders vulnerable to sources of instability and ensuring that sub - regional arms control and security - enhancing measures are adopted and implemented. a good example of the latter were the article ii, article iv and article v agreements originally mandated by the annex 1 - b of 1995 dayton general framework agreement for peace in bosnia and herzegovina. in addition, the osce has contributed to the training of civilian police in several post - conflict situations. the need to respond to regional conflicts also required the osce to become more than a negotiating forum. osce field operations, taking many forms, including efforts by osce institutions and designated representatives, began in the early 1990s. significant among them, especially given the ethnic character of regional tensions, was the establishment of the high commissioner for national minorities with a specific task to provide early - warning of potential conflict. field activities, however, take their most visible form as field missions of various sizes deployed at one time or another in places like albania, bosnia and herzegovina, croatia, chechnya, georgia, kosovo, macedonia, moldova, kosovo and serbia and montenegro. since 1992, the osce has had the capability to organize unarmed peacekeeping forces, although the need for more robust operations in conflict areas has precluded serious activity in this regard. the events of september 11, 2001, galvanized osce efforts to combat terrorism. an osce charter on preventing and combating terrorism, adopted in 2002, targeted four strategic areas for specific action : policing, border control, trafficking and money laundering. the action against terrorism unit established in the osce secretariat provides assistance to participating states, often in field activities along with the office for democratic institutions and human rights, in strengthening the legal framework for combating terrorism. osce efforts have sought to strengthen personal travel and document security as well as transport container", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4963280243489401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.261544"} {"text": "energy, new technologies, computer technology ). with respect to the environment, participating states have committed to study bilateral and multilateral environmental problems and ways to increase the effectiveness of national and international protection measures. areas of specific interest include trans - boundary air and water pollution, marine protection, and protection of the mediterranean environment. the 1999 istanbul charter for european security broke new ground in the economic commitments as it was the first time that the participating states collectively recognized that corruption poses a great threat to the osce \u2019 s shared values. the countries, at istanbul, committed themselves to combat corruption and the conditions that foster it. the 2003 maastricht ministerial council updated the bonn economic strategy document by adopting concrete measures designed to foster sustainable development, improve corporate governance, promote regional integration and overall to address the uneven economic development among osce states and to address the emergence of new threats to security and stability. the osce economic forum with the collapse of communism, states in central and eastern europe as well as those of the former soviet union embarked on a difficult process of economic transition. this transition has been threatened by high unemployment, corruption and weak rule of law, factors that hinder investment, impede economic growth and fuel illegal economic activities. environmental degradation, mismanagement and uneven distribution of natural resources have also caused tension in communities and between countries. in the early 1990s, the united states attempted to give political stimulus to the dialogue on the transition to free market economies and to suggest practical efforts to assist in their development. thus, in 1992 the osce economic forum was created as an annual conference designed to enhance dialogue on the transition to free - market economies ; suggest practical means of developing free - market systems and economic cooperation ; provide an annual focus for activities by targeting major issues of economic or environmental concern ; contribute to the elaboration of specific recommendation and follow - up activities ; and review the implementation of the participating states ' commitments described in key documents. the osce economic and environmental commitments, and activities of the osce in this area, reflect the desire of participating states for economic development that contributes to stability and treats citizens fairly. the office of the coordinator of osce economic and environmental activities under the osce secretariat, was created in 1997 to strengthen the ability of the permanent council and the osce institutions to address economic, social and environmental aspects of security. for example, labor migration within the osce region allows for an important source of income for residents of less - developed countries who are able to find work in more economically vibrant countries. with this opportunity also comes the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47967956217162944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.264091"} {"text": ", social and environmental aspects of security. for example, labor migration within the osce region allows for an important source of income for residents of less - developed countries who are able to find work in more economically vibrant countries. with this opportunity also comes the risk of trafficking or exploitation. the osce has developed a \u201c handbook on establishing effective labour migration policies in countries of origin and destination \u201d in conjunction with the international organization for migration ( iom ) and the international labour organization ( ilo ). this handbook serves as a discussion point and best practices guide for participating states seeking to develop effective regional labor migration management. part of the osce \u2019 s effort to combat human trafficking is also encompassed in this work. lack of economic opportunities, unemployment and loss of social cohesion are the main factors that contribute to women ' s and children ' s, but also men ' s vulnerability to trafficking. the economic coordinator \u2019 s office has developed an anti - trafficking programme on public - private co - operation in the prevention of trafficking in human beings ( atp ). the atp aims at addressing both the demand and supply side of trafficking in human beings by promoting self - regulation of the private sector ; awareness - raising in countries of destination, in particular in western countries ; and creating economic empowerment opportunities for potential victims of trafficking in countries of origin. the environment is also recognized as a key factor in not only economic development, but security as well. environmental degradation, resource scarcity, the uneven distribution of natural resources or resource abundance are emerging as potential triggers or accelerating factors of tensions within and among states. one of the ways the osce is addressing environmental issues is through the environment and security initiative ( envsec ) that provides a framework for cooperation on environmental issues across borders and promoting peace and stability through environmental cooperation and sustainable development. to read about other specific projects the osce field missions are working on in this area, click here. the helsinki commission \u2019 s role the commission on security and cooperation in europe ( the helsinki commission ) is a u. s. government agency, established in 1976 pursuant to public law 94 - 304, mandated to \u201c monitor the acts of the signatories which reflect compliance with or violation of the articles of the final act of the conference on security and cooperation in europe \u2026 \u201d while particular emphasis was given to \u201c provisions relating to cooperation in humanitarian fields, \u201d today known as the human dimension, the commission has also focused attention on the economic and environmental dimension of the osce, including related commitments and decisions. activities in recent years have included hearings stressing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4865166427295885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.265159"} {"text": "\u201c provisions relating to cooperation in humanitarian fields, \u201d today known as the human dimension, the commission has also focused attention on the economic and environmental dimension of the osce, including related commitments and decisions. activities in recent years have included hearings stressing the importance of democratic governance, transparency and the role of civil society as well as a hearing specifically focused on the lingering consequences of the chornobyl disaster. initiatives have also been undertaken on topics ranging from ethics standards and parliamentary immunity to combating corruption and international crime. csce : : about the commission title : act of june 3, 1976, public law no. 94 - 304, 90 stat. 661 ( codified as amended at 22 u. s. c. 3001 - 3009 ) sec. 3001. commission on security and cooperation in europe ; establishment there is established the commission on security and cooperation in europe ( hereafter in this chapter referred to as the ' ' commission ' ' ). sec. 3002. function and duties of commission the commission is authorized and directed to monitor the acts of the signatories which reflect compliance with or violation of the articles of the final act of the conference on security and cooperation in europe, with particular regard to the provisions relating to human rights and cooperation in humanitarian fields. the commission is further authorized and directed to monitor and encourage the development of programs and activities of the united states government and private organizations with a view toward taking advantage of the provisions of the final act to expand east - west economic cooperation and a greater interchange of people and ideas between east and west. sec. 3003. commission membership ( a ) selection and appointment of members the commission shall be composed of twenty - one members as follows : ( 1 ) nine members of the house of representatives appointed by the speaker of the house of representatives. five members shall be selected from the majority party and four members shall be selected, after consultation with the minority leader of the house, from the minority party. ( 2 ) nine members of the senate appointed by the president of the senate. five members shall be selected from the majority party of the senate, after consultation with the majority leader, and four members shall be selected, after consultation with the minority leader of the senate, from the minority party. ( 3 ) one member of the department of state appointed by the president of the united states. ( 4 ) one member of the department of defense appointed by the president of the united states. ( 5 ) one member of the department of commerce appointed by the president of the united states. ( b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48919735730063835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.266179"} {"text": "state appointed by the president of the united states. ( 4 ) one member of the department of defense appointed by the president of the united states. ( 5 ) one member of the department of commerce appointed by the president of the united states. ( b ) commission chairman and cochairman there shall be a chairman and a cochairman of the commission. ( c ) designation of chairman at the beginning of each odd - numbered congress, the president of the senate, on the recommendation of the majority leader, shall designate one of the senate members as chairman of the commission. at the beginning of each even - numbered congress, the speaker of the house of representatives shall designate one of the house members as chairman of the commission. ( d ) designation of cochairman at the beginning of each odd - numbered congress, the speaker of the house of representatives shall designate one of the house members as cochairman of the commission. at the beginning of each even - numbered congress, the president of the senate, on the recommendation of the majority leader, shall designate one of the senate members as cochairman of the commission. sec. 3004. testimony of witnesses, production of evidence ; issuance of subpena ; administration of oaths in carrying out this chapter, the commission may require, by subpena or otherwise, the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and the production of such books, records, correspondence, memorandums, papers, and documents as it deems necessary. subpenas may be issued over the signature of the chairman of the commission or any member designated by him, and may be served by any person designated by the chairman or such member. the chairman of the commission, or any member designated by him, may administer oaths to any witness. sec. 3005. presidential report to congress ; annual submission ; contents in order to assist the commission in carrying out its duties, the secretary of state shall submit to the commission an annual report discussing the overall united states policy objectives that are advanced through meetings of decision - making bodies of the organization on security and cooperation in europe ( osce ), the osce implementation review process, and other activities of the osce. the report shall also include a summary of specific u. s. policy objectives with respect to participating states where there is a particular concern relating to the implementation of osce commitments or where an osce presence exists. this summary shall address the role played by osce institutions, mechanisms, or field activities in achieving u. s. policy objectives. the report, covering the period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5061163282480424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.267157"} {"text": "particular concern relating to the implementation of osce commitments or where an osce presence exists. this summary shall address the role played by osce institutions, mechanisms, or field activities in achieving u. s. policy objectives. the report, covering the period from january 1 to december 31, shall be submitted within 90 days after the end of the reporting period. the report shall be posted on the website of the department of state. sec. 3006. commission report to congress ; periodic reports ; expenditure of appropriations the commission is authorized and directed to report to the house of representatives and the senate with respect to the matters covered by this chapter on a periodic basis and to provide information to members of the house and senate as requested. for each fiscal year for which an appropriation is made the commission shall submit to congress a report on its expenditures under such appropriation. sec. 3007. appropriations for commission ( a ) authorization ; disbursements ( 1 ) there are authorized to be appropriated to the commission for each fiscal year such sums as may be necessary to enable it to carry out its duties and functions. appropriations to the commission are authorized to remain available until expended. ( 2 ) appropriations to the commission shall be disbursed on vouchers approved - ( a ) jointly by the chairman and the cochairman, or ( b ) by a majority of the members of the personnel and administration committee established pursuant to section 3008 ( a ) of this title. ( b ) use of foreign currencies for purposes of section 1754 ( b ) of this title, the commission shall be deemed to be a standing committee of the congress and shall be entitled to use funds in accordance with such sections. ( c ) official reception and representational expenses not to exceed $ 6, 000 of the funds appropriated to the commission for each fiscal year may be used for official reception and representational expenses. ( d ) foreign travel for official purposes foreign travel for official purposes by commission members and staff may be authorized by either the chairman or the cochairman. sec. 3008. commission staff ( a ) personnel and administration committee the commission shall have a personnel and administration committee composed of the chairman, the cochairman, the senior commission member from the minority party in the house of representatives, and the senior commission member from the minority party in the senate. ( b ) committee functions all decisions pertaining to the hiring, firing, and fixing of pay of commission staff personnel shall be by a majority vote of the personnel and administration committee, except that - ( 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4857221869365642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.268162"} {"text": "commission member from the minority party in the senate. ( b ) committee functions all decisions pertaining to the hiring, firing, and fixing of pay of commission staff personnel shall be by a majority vote of the personnel and administration committee, except that - ( 1 ) the chairman shall be entitled to appoint and fix the pay of the staff director, and the cochairman shall be entitled to appoint and fix the pay of his senior staff person ; and ( 2 ) the chairman and cochairman each shall have the authority to appoint, with the approval of the personnel and administration committee, at least four professional staff members who shall be responsible to the chairman or the cochairman ( as the case may be ) who appointed them. the personnel and administration committee may appoint and fix the pay of such other staff personnel as it deems desirable. ( c ) staff appointments all staff appointments shall be made without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointments in the competitive service, and without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter iii of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and general schedule pay rates. ( d ) commission employees as congressional employees ( 1 ) for purposes of pay and other employment benefits, rights, and privileges and for all other purposes, any employee of the commission shall be considered to be a congressional employee as defined in section 2107 of title 5. ( 2 ) for purposes of section 3304 ( c ) ( 1 ) of title 5, staff personnel of the commission shall be considered as if they are in positions in which they are paid by the secretary of the senate or the chief administrative officer of the house of representatives. see references in text note below. ( 3 ) the provisions of paragraphs ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of this subsection shall be effective as of june 3, 1976. sec. 3009. printing and binding costs for purposes of costs relating to printing and binding, including the costs of personnel detailed from the government printing office, the commission shall be deemed to be a committee of the congress. 234 ford house office building | 3rd and d streets sw | washington, dc 20515 tel : 202 - 225 - 1901 | fax : 202 - 226 - 4199 | email : email @ example. com | privacy statement rep. alcee l. hastings accepts the 2009 defenders of freedom award in the russell senate office building, july 29, 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48009604844929166, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.269079"} {"text": "our knowledge concerning the surface of venus comes from a limited amount of information obtained by the series of russian venera landers, and primarily from extensive radar imaging of the planet. the radar imaging of the planet has been performed both from earth - based facilities and from space probes. the most extensive radar imaging was obtained from the magellan orbiter in a 4 - year period in the early 1990s. as a consequence, we now have a detailed radar picture of the surface of venus. the adjacent animation shows the topography of the surface as determined using the magellan synthetic aperture radar ( black areas are regions not examined by magellan ). an mpeg movie ( 303 kb ) of this animation is also available. much of the surface of venus appears to be rather young. the global data set from radar imaging reveals a number of craters consistent with an average venus surface age of 300 million to 500 million years. there are two \" continents \", which are large regions several kilometers above the average elevation. these are called istar terra and aphrodite terra. they can be seen in the preceding animation as the large green, yellow, and red regions indicating higher elevation near the equator ( aphrodite terra ) and near the top ( ishtar terra ). | hemispheres of venus ( ref ) | the center image ( a ) is centered at the north pole. the other four images are centered around the equator of venus at ( b ) 0 degrees longitude, ( c ) 90 degrees east longitude, ( d ) 180 degrees and ( d ) 270 degrees east longitude. the simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the soviet venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. ( here is a more extensive discussion of these hemispheric views. ) | a volcano ( ref ) | | apparent lava flows ( ref ) | in all of these radar images you should bear in mind that bright spots correspond to regions that reflect more radar waves than other regions. thus, if you could actually see these regions with your eyes the patterns of brightness and darkness would probably not be the same as in these images. however, the basic features would still be the same. there are rift valleys as large as the east african rift ( the largest on earth ). the image shown below illustrates a rift valley in the west eistla region, near gula mons and sif mons. | rift valley on venus | the perspective in cases like this is synthesized from radar data taken from different positions in orbit. african rift on earth is a consequence of te", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47860376173345137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.272844"} {"text": "the nfl ld resolution for january / february 2011 offers all kinds of interesting possibilities, since it considers potential distinctions between adults and juveniles in the u. s. criminal justice system. below is a list to get you started in your analysis. in the comments, suggest your own, or critique these offerings. remember two things : that the resolution concerns those charged with violent felonies, and that we ' re dealing with serious crimes, not minor offenses, which may affect arguments about the ability of juveniles to be rehabilitated. v : justice ( defined as \" to each their due, \" or a similar concept ) trending aff. if the aim of the criminal justice system is to punish the guilty, then we must determine the proper punishment for guilty parties. retribution ( or its philosophy, retributivism ) offers a moral justification for punishment, as well as a limit : proportionality, based on the principle that the punishment must fit the crime. the aff argument, in a nutshell, is that adult crimes ( violent felonies ) deserve adult punishments. for one view of retributivism, see here. v : societal welfare or justice trending neg. if the purpose of the justice system is to rehabilitate criminals, then perhaps the juvenile justice system offers better prospects for young offenders. this, of course, presumes that the juvenile justice system is founded on the principles of rehabilitation - - which, historically, it is. v : societal welfare utilitarianism is quite possibly the closest allied moral framework with democracy. after all, if the goal is the greatest good for the greatest number, what better way, societally, to achieve this than through democratic means? if the ultimate aim of a democratic society is its own well - being, then utilitarianism offers a way to determine whether treating juveniles as adults in the criminal justice system either adds to or detracts from overall happiness. more specifically, the utilitarian theory of criminal justice is based on the beneficial outcomes of punishment : preventing future crimes through deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. however, in the wider context of utilitarianism, punishment is counterproductive if its costs outweigh the benefits. any statistical argument about rehabilitative outcomes or deterrence is most likely utilitarian in nature. the weakness of utilitarianism, of course, is that it offers no internal constraints on punishment. c : rawls ' first principle of justice ( or, more generally, the rawlsian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5052551610101825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.281768"} {"text": "respect, no : juveniles aren ' t to be given life without parole or a death sentence. but what about otherwise? is it cruel and unusual punishment to throw a juvenile in adult prison? or, on the other side, do juveniles deserve a \" speedy and public trial, \" which isn ' t guaranteed in the juvenile justice system? c : virtue ethics trending neg. why not? by the doctrine of parens patriae, the state may intervene when juveniles run afoul of the law, and their parents are nowhere in sight, morally speaking. what if the role of juvenile justice is not to punish, or even rehabilitate, so much as to educate in virtuous conduct? c : moral responsibility / mens rea trending neg. to be punished for a crime, a criminal must be morally responsible for it. are juveniles charged with violent felonies as morally responsible as adults? v : the future trending neg. juvenile justice preserves optimism in two ways : one, it retains hope that juveniles can be reformed, preserving their potential future ( with the possibility that past crimes can be \" wiped out \" when the offender is old enough, with no permanent criminal record dogging the offender for the rest of his or her life. two, it prevents juveniles merely charged with violent felonies from having their reputation destroyed by a sensationalistic media. v : societal welfare c : communitarianism / education trending neg. \" it takes a village to raise a child. \" the community has an interest in ensuring that children grow up well and whole. the juvenile justice system seems predicated on this concept, which requires a decidedly more active approach by the state in educating and enculturating youth. seen in this way, the juvenile justice system is an extension of the education system ( or a parody of it, in a more cynical view, or indistinguishable from it, in the most cynical view ). c : jury trials trending aff. the jury is a foundation of criminal justice in a democratic republic. by denying juveniles jury trials, we not only fail to educate them about the values of the community ( since criminals are punished not only by officials of the state, but by the people themselves ), but prohibit the community from having its proper role in weighing the facts and determining guilt. community standards evolve over time, and there is no more efficient way to adjust to evolving standards than direct community input in the application of justice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4626722907871019, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.283904"} {"text": "a link from one of readers ( thanks ashley! ) pointed us to a story on msnbc about a very large lion \u2019 s mane jellyfish ( cyanea capillata ) that broke apart and stung up to 100 people on a new hampshire beach last wednesday. lion \u2019 s manes can get very big, their bell can be over 3 feet. their tentacles though are another story and quite intimidating! a small lion \u2019 s mane can have a tentacle trail 10 feet long. a much larger one may have over 150 tentacles trailing over 30 feet behind it! so how can jellyfish sting if they break apart or are dead and washed up on the beach? the tiny stinging cells, called nematocysts, can be thought of like a mouse trap. one you set the mouse trap it only needs a trigger to do its damage. it doesn \u2019 t need any outside help to be maintain. it just has purpose, to sit and wait for an unfortunate victim to trigger the hard - wired response that millions of years of evolution have refined into a potent venom delivery system. much the like the mouse trap, once set it does not let go easily. from msnbc / livescience writer jeanna bryner : though not a common occurrence, marine biologist sean colin says with such a large jellyfish, and so many trailing tentacles ( not to mention those that break off in the water ), the occurrence is feasible. \u201c it \u2019 s certainly not common, but it \u2019 s certainly in the realm of possibility, because they do have so many tentacles if they \u2019 re that large. if they \u2019 re broken up they could be all over the place, \u201d said colin who is at roger williams university in bristol, r. i. profile of a giant this species is typically found in the cooler regions of the pacific ocean, atlantic ocean, north sea and baltic sea. and they rarely show up on this beach. \u201c i haven \u2019 t seen anything like this in my life, said brian warburton, who has been with the new hampshire state parks department for six years. all the action transpired in about 20 minutes, when warburton and his colleagues administered first aid ( vinegar treatment ). \u201c there wasn \u2019 t time to sit and measure this thing. we just got rid of it, \u201d warburton told livescience. \u201c think about a glob of jell - o you \u2019 re trying to pick up with two hands, \u201d he said, explaining the need for a pitchfork to pick it up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4337448057642379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.287469"} {"text": "of it, \u201d warburton told livescience. \u201c think about a glob of jell - o you \u2019 re trying to pick up with two hands, \u201d he said, explaining the need for a pitchfork to pick it up. nematocysts are proteinaceous substances and are not living cells or organelles. they discharge extremely rapidly and work by building an immense amount of pressure inside the cell ( up to 15 mpa or 2176 lbs / in2 ) by storing oodles of calcium ions. when discharged ( see above ), the ions are rapidly ejected into the surrounding cytoplasm, setting off the chain of events resulting in a painful sting. research by nuchter and colleagues measured the escape velocity and kinetics of nematocyst discharge in the freshwater hydrozoan, hydra. the steps above took place during 700 nanoseconds, creating an acceleration of 5, 410, 000 g! not all nematocysts are filled with venom though, but it is not a chance you should be willing to take. since the stinging cells matter not whether its creator is alive ( at least over the shorter term, the protein does degrade rapidly ), it still does a lot of damage on its own its always a good idea to approach a beach jellyfish with caution and your flippy - floppies on. very important to make sure your kids know never to touch a jellyfish unless with a stick from a safe distance. as i tell my 3 children, jellyfish are pretty from a distance! nuchter, t., benoit, m., engel, u., ozbek, s., & holstein, t. ( 2006 ). nanosecond - scale kinetics of nematocyst discharge current biology, 16 ( 9 ) doi : 10. 1016 / j. cub. 2006. 03. 089", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4843871262710291, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.288290"} {"text": "dr zalloua says in lebanon the phoenician signature is distributed equally among different groups and that the overall genetic make - up of the lebanese is proving to be similar across various backgrounds. \" whether you take a christian village in the north of lebanon or a muslim village in the south, the dna make - up of its residents is likely to be identical, \" says dr zalloua. but, from another older bbc story referring to the actual study : the team analysed the y chromosomes of 926 lebanese males and found that patterns of male genetic variation in lebanon fell more along religious lines than along geographical lines. and from the study itself : in the present study, 926 lebanese men were typed with y - chromosomal snp and str markers, and unusually, male genetic variation within lebanon was found to be more strongly structured by religious affiliation than by geography. we therefore tested the hypothesis that migrations within historical times could have contributed to this situation. y - haplogroup j * ( xj2 ) was more frequent in the putative muslim source region ( the arabian peninsula ) than in lebanon, and it was also more frequent in lebanese muslims than in lebanese non - muslims. conversely, haplogroup r1b was more frequent in the putative christian source region ( western europe ) than in lebanon and was also more frequent in lebanese christians than in lebanese non - if a christian village and a muslim village are likely to have \" identical \" dna makeup, then why is genetic variation strongly structured by religious affiliation and not by geography? since contradictions don ' t exist in nature, the explanation is simple : in the published scientific article, which had to go through peer - review, someone could not claim that there are no differences between christian and muslim lebanese. but, to the polloi of lebanon, it is apparently alright to sell a vision of national unity and identity. i don ' t know what % of modern lebanese are descended from phoenicians, but i detest the idea of mixing science with politics. more on the topic of \" lebanese phoenicians \" :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5181929883105633, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.296106"} {"text": "in kalambaka, the most ancient technical project the most ancient technical project of greece, probably in the world, is found in the theopetra cave of kalambaka and is 23, 000 years old. it is a stone wall that had been constructed in the entrance of the cave, blocking its entrance by 2 / 3. this construction - stone pile to be precise - was studied and dated by the \" democritus \" center, which presented yesterday the results. the age coincides precisely with the coldest period of the last glacial age, suggesting that the paleolithic inhabitants of the cave had constructed this wall at its entrance to protect themselves from the harsh cold of the times. remnants of fire, tools made of pyritolithus (? ) and quartz, early jewellery from deerteeth, stone implements and ceramics have come to light in the prehistoric cave of theopetra during the excavations conducted by dr. nina kyparissi - apostolika for 25 years, ephor of palaeoanthropology and speleology of southern greece of the ministry of culture. human skeletons have been rarely discovered. on the contrary, there are many animal bones from all periods during which the cave was in use. of interest are finds from the mesolithic age related to ceramic production and cultivation. there is barley, wheat, and lentil in wild ( paleolithic age ) form, but also as cultivars, which suggests that these people had discovered cultivation as the result of millennia - long efforts and not as the result of population movements from the near east. march 28, 2010 world ' s oldest technical project in kalambaka my translation of parts of the article in the vima which appears to be the most informative source for the new discoveries :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4835386306114733, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.297915"} {"text": "published in proceedings of the 44th international symposium on microelectronics : long beach, ca, october 9, 2011. copyright \u00a9 2011 international microelectronics and packaging society. one of the challenges in an experimental study of solder joint reliability is to determine when cracks occur in a solder joint or when a solder joint fails. cracks in a real solder joint are difficult to identify using an x - ray system. cross - sectioning and scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) is a destructive method. a common non - destructive test method is to monitor resistance increase in a solder joint or a daisy - chain. however, no scientific research has been done in establishing the relationship between the crack area of an interconnection and the change in resistance of the interconnection. this paper proposes a method of defining failure criteria as the resistance increase in a solder joint exceeding a threshold. the threshold is determined by k times the range over the natural variation in resistance measured by a measurement system. the natural variation by random cause is judged using x - bar and r charts. the principles of defining failure criteria are to be able to detect failure of solder joints as early as possible with minimum false detection due of measurement system error / variation. an experimental study confirmed that a full crack of an interconnection occurs when the increase of resistance in the interconnection is 10 times the natural variation of resistance change. the results of this study could be used to narrow the definition of failure in consensus standards ipc 9701a, jesd22 - b111, and ipc / jedec - 9702. industrial engineering | manufacturing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5710323748385446, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.299484"} {"text": "date of this version rwanda is a landlocked country located in africa ' s central - east great lakes region. it has a population of 7. 5 million which occupies 26, 338 km '. its population density ( 285 / km ' ) is one of the highest in the world and has prompted fear of a rapid degradation of the ecosystem. there are no central sewer systems in rwanda. the use of pit latrines and septic tanks is common in urban and rural areas. people still defecate in the fields ( world bank, 1989 ). less than half of the urban population is served by a central water supply. the majority of people get their water untreated from rivers that have been polluted by chemicals and human excreta. in and around the capital city of kigali, there is a concentration of people, farms, and industries which discharge wastewater into the nyabarongo river and its tributaries. the nyabarongo river, a tributary of the nile, empties into the akagera river which flows into lake victoria. nyabarongo river water is used for drinking water, cooking, bathing, and agriculture in the kigali area. there has been very little monitoring of the water quality of the nyabarongo river and of industrial outfalls located on tributaries of the nyabarongo river. as a first step in understanding the water quality of the nyabarongo river, wastewater samples were collected in 1993 from industrial outfalls located on tributaries of the nyabarongo river. most of the facilities sampled had no wastewater treatment. the impact of these discharges on the water quality of the nyabarongo river was evaluated. gasana, janvier, \" industrial discharges of metals in kigali, rwanda, and the impact on drinking water quality \" ( 1997 ). environmental & occupational health. paper 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47510642326505725, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.301181"} {"text": "this paper investigates whether people are equally irrational in finance and everyday decisions by examining the responses of a 20 - question survey conducted at pace university. results from our data indicated that we could not conclude that people are more irrational in one area more than the other. people appear to be equally overconfident in both. testing for frame versus substance, the second set of data ; the t - test signifies that people are more irrational in their finance decisions than they are in their everyday decisions with more than 99 % certainty. the third and final category of responses were tested for problem solving : in other words are people more rational in solving problems, such as \" montay hall \" questions, in finance or everyday. from the t - test results we were not able to conclude that people are more irrational in their finance decisions than they are in their everyday decisions. the test did however confirm previous research that people, given a second opportunity, usually do not choose to change their first response even if by calculating the probability it is the more rational decision. it seems reasonable to obtain different results for different decisions making traits. on the basis of these results we conclude that although people are irrational in general they may be more irrational in finance or everyday depending on the irrational behavior being examined. kats, milena, \" are we equally irrational in financial and everyday decisions? \" ( 2006 ). honors college theses. paper 44.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5325015854033026, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.302547"} {"text": "date of this version paper presented at the annual meeting of the american educational research association : san diego, ca, 2009 this study focuses on elementary teachers ' conceptions of flooding before and after inquiry - based earth science content - based professional development. several misconceptions emerged from the science content two tier pre - post test, some of which persisted throughout the institute while others led to evidence of teachers ' conceptual change. on the post - test some teachers ' ideas emerged as hybrid conceptions as they applied newly acquired academic language to prior conceptions. there was a significant increase ( n = 17, mean gain = 4. 3 ( sd = 3. 27, t ( 17 ) = 5. 69, p <. 000 ) from the pre - to post - test. the concepts most resistant to change from pre - to post - test were analyzing an overall topographic region, reading a map image, and hydrograph interpretation. the highest frequency of hybrid conceptions occurred as teachers attempted to add new academic language, such as storm surge and discharge, to their prior understandings. teachers \u2019 greatest conceptual change occurred in understanding the probability and role of ground conditions in flooding events. teachers demonstrated significant growth in their understanding of flooding concepts through scaffolded inquiry lessons modeled through the professional development. teachers who had greater levels of prior knowledge showed the most change to a normative view of flooding. this speaks to the importance of building teachers ' background knowledge before initiating professional development with complex science concepts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5784903245942725, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.304070"} {"text": "the information from genetic testing can have a big impact on your life. genetic counselors are trained to help you understand your risk of getting a disease related to genetics or of having a child with an inherited ( genetic ) disease, such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, or hemophilia. a genetic counselor can help you make well - informed decisions. ask to have genetic counseling before making a decision about testing. genetic counseling may involve : - discussing what problems an inherited disease - teaching you and your partner about how a specific disease is inherited or passed from you to your child. - discussing whether and how to test for an inherited disease before you become pregnant or before your child is born. - discussing the likelihood that you and your partner will have a child with an inherited disease, based on test results. genetic counseling can help you and your family : - understand medical facts, including what causes diseases, how a diagnosis is made, and what you may be able to do to help yourself manage a disease. - understand how your family history contributes to the development of a disease. - understand what you can do to help prevent a disease. - learn about caring for a family member who has a genetic disease, including getting referrals to specialists or joining support groups. genetic counselors are trained to help you and your family make informed decisions that are right for you. they are sensitive to physical and emotional aspects of these decisions. your privacy and confidentiality are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4519936273339844, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.306780"} {"text": "treatment for general anxiety disorder ( gad ) falls into two categories : - psychotherapy \u2014 this may include cognitive behavioral therapy, and other forms of treatment like relaxation techniques and biofeedback. since psychotherapy is more effective than medication, it is usually the first treatment that is tried. most patients benefit from a combination of therapies. medications have shown to work better than placebo. researchers have found that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in treating gad. more research, though, needs to be done for the other forms of therapy. although medical care can help most people with gad, treatment success varies from person to person. some experience an improvement after only a few months of treatment, while with others it may take a year or more. treatment can be complicated by having another condition at the same time, such as substance abuse, depression, or other anxiety disorders. psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specially trained primary care providers are trained to treat gad. if your doctor doesn ' t have special training, ask for the name of a doctor or counselor who does. treatment involves the following : medicationsother treatmentsalternative and complementary therapies currently, surgical procedures are not a treatment option for gad. - reviewer : michael woods, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4523014663834006, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.308299"} {"text": "human resource clerk : job description, duties and requirements human resource clerks provide administrative support to a company ' s personnel department. by assisting in training, organization and records keeping, human resource clerks provide integral services to daily operations of a company. human resource clerk job description human resource clerks, also called human resource assistants, help compile and maintain employee records for a company or organization. assistants typically aid with the daily administrative operations of the human resource department and interact with employees, management and other business associates. knowledge of company and legal employment policies, office procedures and customer service standards typically is essential for those working in a human resource department. job duties of a human resource clerk the responsibilities of a human resource assistant can vary depending on the size of the organization. large corporations may have tiered human resource positions, with entry - level assistants processing paperwork or updating employee information, while more advanced workers manage job descriptions, perform accounting tasks or review benefits. in contrast, small to mid - sized companies might demand more of human resource assistants and clerks. responsibilities may include : - maintaining employee records - presenting benefits packages - interviewing new employees, checking references and organizing background checks - providing policy training education and skill requirements for human resource clerks many companies require that a human resource assistant have a high school diploma or equivalent, though some may seek college graduates with an associate or bachelor ' s degree in human resource management. employers might offer job training to those who are new to the field, though many prefer those with previous experience in business and human resources. familiarity with computers and office procedures is typically necessary, including an understanding of word processing and spreadsheet software. some organizations may request knowledge of bookkeeping, training or pre - employment screening. written and verbal communication is an essential skill since clerks are often key points of contact for employees and other companies. likewise, decision - making and conflict management abilities are often useful in a human resource position. formal training and certification adequate training and an understanding of employment laws and regulations are vital to a human resource assistant. several community colleges, universities and organizations offer professional training in the field. clerks and assistants with two or more years ' experience qualify to earn optional certification through the hr certification institute, providing an opportunity to demonstrate sufficient knowledge and skills in employee policies and office management. certification is valid for three years and can be maintained through continuing education classes, work experience and professional organization membership. related to human resource clerk : job description, duties and requirements - recently updated companies require human resource administrators to recruit, hire and train employees, as well as oversee benefits and..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41177195907674624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.315116"} {"text": "be maintained through continuing education classes, work experience and professional organization membership. related to human resource clerk : job description, duties and requirements - recently updated companies require human resource administrators to recruit, hire and train employees, as well as oversee benefits and... research online graduate certificate programs in human resource management. get information about common course... an education in human resource management prepares students to effectively recruit, compensate, motivate and manage... bachelor of science ( b. s. ) degree programs in human resource leadership introduce students to the skills they need to... - career information for a degree in human resource management - human resource management : how to start a career in human resources - hr management degree : top ranked human resource management degree program - richmond, va - top ranked communications degree program - san francisco, ca - top ranked degree programs for medical assisting - jacksonville, fl - top degree programs in computer science and information technology - atlanta, ga - top health care management degree programs - miami, fl - human resources : how does one become a human resource professional - top ranked human resource management degree program - san jose, ca - top school for a multimedia and graphic design - colorado springs, co - top school for a paralegal studies degree - jacksonville, fl - top ranked school for human resource management - henderson, nv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4105225716311359, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.315682"} {"text": "black history, our history, american history is a complicated matter riddled with facts that make us proud and others that make us cringe. it is a story of a nation built by men and women who sacrificed their lives to force america to live up to its promise. these men and women were also full of contradictions. frederick douglass was one of those contradictions. he is remembered as a writer, abolitionist and orator. he was a human rights activist before the label existed. yet, he also vehemently opposed the great migration of black from the south to the north to escape the crippling shackles of jim crow read douglass \u2019 bio. douglass was born in february 1800s in tuckahoe, md. in his autobiography, \u201c narrative of the life of frederick douglass, an american slave, \u201d he wrote that he did not know his exact birthdate. most of references to douglass focuses on douglass \u2019 post - slavery life as an influential abolitionist and a human rights activist. before he became the great statesman, and the first african american to be nominated for vice - president, douglass was an educator. he secretly taught himself to read and write and then he taught fellow slaves. he was traded to several different slave owners in maryland, including a brutal farmer known as a \u201c slave breaker. \u201d douglass finally escaped to new york. it is ironic that douglass who so believed in equality and who himself escaped north lamented the black exodus from the south in the late 1800s during the early years of jim crow. he urged blacks to tough it out. below are a few quotes from douglass quotes, compiled by the gilder lehrman center of the study of slavery, resistance & abolition, regarding the black exodus north. the negro, long deemed to be too indolent and stupid to discover and adopt any rational measure to secure and defend his rights as a man \u2026. he has, discovered and adopted a measure which may assist very materially in, the solution of some of the vital problems involved in his sudden elevation : from slavery to freedom, and from chattelhood to manhood, and citizenship... he has adopted a simple, lawful and peaceable measure. it is emigration \u2014 the quiet withdrawal of his valuable bones and muscles from a condition of things which he considers no longer tolerable. this exodus has revealed to southern men the humiliating fact that the prosperity and civilization of the south are at the mercy of the despised and hated negro.... we have the story of the emigrants themselves, and if any can reveal the true", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39446174100473386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.318692"} {"text": "asagi are fully scaled, nonmetallic fish with a long history, but because they closely resemble magoi ( the wild black carp ). some hobbyists see them as unrefined, dull, and not proper koi at all. certainly they are an acquired taste, far removed from the brilliantly tri colored modern showa or the flashy koi grouped in hikariutsuri. but their quiet elegance serves as a counterpart to their more exotic pond mates and they also have the potential to grow very large. asagi have a long, yet simple history. the asagi magoi, one of the three recognized types of magoi, is said to be the forerunner of all modern koi breeds. about 160 years ago, two mutants koi types arose from this proto - koi, namely the konjo and the narumi asagi. although instrumental in the development of matsuba koi, the dark konjo asagi were not seen as having any value, and were kept mostly for food stock. however, narumi asagi have gone on to become one half of a recognized judging variety - the other being their doitsu counterparts, or shusui. the bekko koi fish is usually a white fish with black markings. the bekko has also been known to be red, or yellow with black markings. the white bekko is known as the shiro bekko koi, the yellow is known as the aka bekko, and the red is known as the ki bekko. the japanese translation means \u201c tortoise shell. \u201d the bekko is commonly mistaken for the utsuri koi fish. the doitsu koi fish is a variation of the sanke koi. the doitsu is a scale less version of the fish. commonly the doitsu is red, black and white. the doitsu was created by cross breeding several types of german carp. the gin matsuba koi fish is a metallic looking fish. it is normally a silver or red hue. the gin matsuba is part of the hikary family. the japanese translation is \u201c pine cone. \u201d the ginrin kohaku koi fish is part of the kohaku family. the ginrin is normally white with red shiny scales. the japanese translation is silver ( white metallic ) and red. the goromo koi fish is very similar to the standard kohaku koi, except instead of having the standard red patches, the edges of the scales normally have a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4569781776065452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.322189"} {"text": "scales. the japanese translation is silver ( white metallic ) and red. the goromo koi fish is very similar to the standard kohaku koi, except instead of having the standard red patches, the edges of the scales normally have a black or blue hue to them. the breed of fish is a hybrid of the kohaku and the asagi koi fish. the breed came about in the 1950s. kikokuryu are the metallic version of kumonryu. where the kumonryu has muted, matte white and soft, deep black, the kikokuryu has a metallic platinum - white and a glossy, lacquer - black. kikokuryu originated from a crossing of kumonryu and platinum ogon brood stock. what to look for : similar to kumonryu, the pattern of any single kikokuryu will change completely many times throughout it \\ ' s lifespan. for this reason, body conformation and the quality of the colors themselves ( but not the pattern ) should be the first things considered when choosing a kikokuryu. be aware that if you buy a kikokuryu solely for the pattern that it displays at the time of purchase, it is likely to change to a completely different pattern within a few months, if not sooner. you save : $ 300. 00 you save : $ 300. 00", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44561800128781404, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.322795"} {"text": "inheritance describes a relationship between two ( or more ) types, or classes, of objects in which one is said to be a \" subtype \" or \" child \" of the other, as result the \" child \" object is said to inherit features of the parent, allowing for shared functionality, this lets programmers re - use or reduce code and simplifies the development and maintenance of software. inheritance is also commonly held to include subtyping, whereby one type of object is defined to be a more specialized version of another type ( see liskov substitution principle ), though non sub - typing inheritance is also possible. inheritance is typically expressed by describing classes of objects arranged in an inheritance hierarchy ( also referred to as inheritance chain ), a tree - like structure created by their inheritance relationships. for example, one might create a variable class \" mammal \" with features such as eating, reproducing, etc. ; then define a subtype \" cat \" that inherits those features without having to explicitly program them, while adding new features like \" chasing mice \". this allows commonalities among different kinds of objects to be expressed once and reused multiple times. in c + + we can then have classes that are related to other classes ( a class can be defined by means of an older, pre - existing, class ). this leads to a situation in which a new class has all the functionality of the older class, and additionally introduces its own specific functionality. instead of composition, where a given class contains another class, we mean here derivation, where a given class is another class. this oop property will be explained further when we talk about classes ( and structures ) inheritance in the classes inheritance section of the book. if one wants to use more than one totally orthogonal hierarchy simultaneously, such as allowing \" cat \" to inherit from \" cartoon character \" and \" pet \" as well as \" mammal \" we are using multiple inheritance. last modified on 13 november 2012, at 02 : 25", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6260093755599361, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.326928"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( february 2011 ) | airmail ( or air mail ) is a mail transport service branded and sold on the basis of being airborne. airmail items typically arrive more quickly than surface mail, and usually cost more to send. airmail may be the only option for sending mail to some destinations, such as overseas, if the mail cannot wait the time it would take to arrive by ship, sometimes weeks. the universal postal union adopted comprehensive rules for airmail at its 1929 postal union congress in london. since the official language of the universal postal union is french, airmail items world - wide are often marked par avion, literally : \" by airplane \". for about the first half century of its existence, transportation of mail via aircraft was usually categorized and sold as a separate service ( airmail ) from surface mail. today it is often the case that mail service is categorized and sold according to transit time alone, with mode of transport ( land, sea, air ) being decided on the back end in dynamic intermodal combinations. thus even \" regular \" mail may make part of its journey on an aircraft. such \" air - speeded \" mail is different from nominal airmail in its branding, price, and priority of service. early airmails specific instances of a letter being delivered by air long predate the introduction of airmail as a regularly scheduled service available to the general public. although homing pigeons had long been used to send messages ( an activity known as pigeon mail ), the first mail to be carried by an air vehicle was on january 7, 1785, on a hot air balloon flight from dover to france near calais. it was carried by flown by jean - pierre blanchard and john jeffries. the letter was written by an american loyalist william franklin to his son william temple franklin who was serving in a diplomatic role in paris with his grandfather benjamin franklin. during the first aerial flight in north america by balloon on january 9, 1793, from philadelphia to deptford, new jersey, jean - pierre blanchard carried a personal letter from george washington to be delivered to the owner of whatever property blanchard happened to land on, making the flight the first delivery of air mail in the united states. the first official air mail delivery in the united states took place on august 17, 1859, when john wise piloted a balloon starting in lafayette, indiana, with a destination of new york. weather issues forced him to land in crawfordsville, indiana, and the mail reached its final destination via train. in 1959", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5055591796619923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.337565"} {"text": "place on august 17, 1859, when john wise piloted a balloon starting in lafayette, indiana, with a destination of new york. weather issues forced him to land in crawfordsville, indiana, and the mail reached its final destination via train. in 1959, the u. s. postal service issued a 7 cent stamp commemorating the event. balloons also carried mail out of paris and metz during the franco - prussian war ( 1870 ), drifting over the heads of the germans besieging those cities. balloon mail was also carried on an 1877 flight in nashville, tennessee. introduction of the airplane the introduction of the airplane in 1903 generated immediate interest in using them for mail transport. the first \" quasi - official \" airmail flight was conducted by fred wiseman, who carried three letters between petaluma and santa rosa, california, on february 17, 1911. the world ' s second airmail flight came the next day, when french pilot henri pequet carried 6, 500 letters a distance of 13 km ( 8. 1 mi ) from allahabad, to naini, united provinces of agra and oudh, india, then part of the british empire. the letters bore an official frank \" first aerial post, u. p. exhibition, allahabad. 1911 \". in the aftermath of the first world war, the royal engineers ( postal section ) and the royal air force pioneered a scheduled airmail service between folkestone, kent and cologne, germany. the service operated between december 1918 and the summer of 1919, its purpose was to provide troops of the british army stationed in germany with a fast mail service ( see more at british forces post office ). throughout the 1920s the royal air force continued to develop air routes through the middle east. the first regularly scheduled airmail service in the united states was inaugurated on may 15, 1918, over a route between washington, d. c., and new york city, with an intermediate stop in philadelphia, pennsylvania. the united states in the 1920s and 1930s, the u. s. congress used legislation ( such as the kelly act and the mcnary - watres act ), and the u. s. postal service under walter folger brown used air mail contract regulations, as tools to foster private - sector aviation companies ( manufacturers, airlines, and conglomerates thereof ) in order to encourage the development of a civil aviation system that would provide passenger airline service and cargo transport by air as widespread facets of american life, on a profitable basis \u2014 an ambitious notion at the time for a nationwide infrastructure that mostly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4415962779157937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.338708"} {"text": "regular mail by air, perhaps because other transportation is unavailable. it is usually impossible to know this by examining an envelope, and such items are not considered \" airmail. \" generally, airmail would take a guaranteed and scheduled flight and arrive first, while air - speeded mail would wait for a non - guaranteed and merely available flight and would arrive later than normal airmail. a letter sent via airmail may be called an aerogramme, aerogram, air letter or simply airmail letter. however, aerogramme and aerogram may also refer to a specific kind of airmail letter which is its own envelope ; see aerogram. some forms of airletter, such as aerogram, may forbid enclosure of other material so as to keep the weight down. the choice to send a letter by air is indicated either by a handwritten note on the envelope, by the use of special labels called airmail etiquettes, or by the use of specially - marked envelopes. special airmail stamps may also be available, or required ; the rules vary in different countries. airmail stickers are coloured blue, with the words \" air mail \" in french, the home language. these are used to save having to write \" air mail \" by hand. the study of airmail is known as aerophilately. see also references and sources - schiff p. 377 - \" jean pierre blanchard : made first u. s. aerial voyage in 1793 \". historynet. com. archived from the original on 4 july 2008. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16. - \" jean pierre francois blanchard \". u. s. centennial of flight commission. archived from the original on 25 june 2008. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16. - \" ' stamps take flight ' exhibit from postmaster general ' s collection showcases world ' s rarest ' uncollectibles ' at national postal museum \". press release. usps. 2005 - 04 - 06. archived from the original on 18 june 2008. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04. - fad to fundamental : airmail in america http : / / postalmuseum. si. edu / airmail / historicplanes / early / historicplanes _ early _ wise. html - history of air cargo and airmail from the 18th century by camille allaz, page 26. - \" british notes of the week flight march 18, 1911 - baldwin, n. c. ( 1960 ), p. 5, fifty years of british air mails, francis j. field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47511069563761793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.342773"} {"text": "the 18th century by camille allaz, page 26. - \" british notes of the week flight march 18, 1911 - baldwin, n. c. ( 1960 ), p. 5, fifty years of british air mails, francis j. field ltd. - wells, e. ( 1987 ), p. 86, mailshot - a history of the forces postal service, defence postal & courier services. - fernandez 1983, pp. 39 \u2013 43, 92 \u2013 97. - the history of postage rates in the united states - usps news release # 06 - 043 ( june 20, 2006 ) u. s. postal service expands licensing program - usps international mail manual, issue 35 - usps - first class mail international - nevil shute, \" so disdained \", london, 1928, ch. 1 - fernandez, ronald ( 1983 ), excess profits : the rise of united technologies, boston, massachusetts, usa : addison - wesley, isbn 9780201104844. - richard mcp. cabeen, standard handbook of stamp collecting ( collectors club, 1979 ), pp. 207 \u2013 221 - schiff, stacy. benjamin franklin and the birth of america. bloomsbury, 2006. further reading - newall, alexander s. ( 1990 ) airmail stamps : fakes & forgeries. united kingdom : newall consultants. isbn 0 - 904804 - 96 - 8 - ukweekly. com article on early airmail service - british postal museum & archive information sheet - airmail - the flying mail ' s big debt to war : america again takes front rank in the air with machines of mighty power, popular science monthly, february 1919, page 78, scanned by google books : http : / / books. google. com / books? id = 7igdaaaambaj & pg = pa78", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4626035534955293, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.344247"} {"text": "ashland ( henry clay estate ) a view of the front of the house | location : | | 120 sycamore road lexington, kentucky | | architect : | | benjamin h. latrobe ; thomas lewinski | | added to nrhp : | | october 15, 1966 | ashland is the name of the plantation of the 19th - century kentucky statesman henry clay, located in lexington, kentucky, in the central bluegrass region of the state. it is a registered national historic landmark. history of the estate henry clay came to lexington, kentucky from virginia in 1797. he began buying land for his plantation in 1804. 1 the ashland farm \u2014 which during clay ' s lifetime was outside of the city limits \u2014 at its largest consisted of over 600 acres ( 240 ha ). it is unclear whether clay named the plantation or retained a prior name, but he was referring to his estate as \" ashland \" by 1809. 2 the name derives from the ash forest that stood at the site. clay and his family resided at ashland from c. 1806 until his death in 1852 ( his widow lucretia clay moved out in 1854 ). given his political career, clay spent most of the years between 1810 - 1829 in washington, dc. he was a major planter, owning up to 60 slaves to operate his plantation. among the slaves were aaron and charlotte dupuy, and their children charles and mary ann. clay took them with him to washington, dc. their lives have recently gained new recognition in an exhibit at the decatur house, where they served henry clay for nearly two decades. in 1829, 17 years before the more famous dred scott challenge, charlotte dupuy sued henry clay for her freedom and that of her two children in washington circuit court. she was ordered to stay in washington while the court case proceeded, and lived there for 18 months, working for martin van buren, the next secretary of state. clay took aaron, charles and mary ann dupuy with him when he returned to ashland. when the court ruled against dupuy and she would not return voluntarily to kentucky, clay ' s agent had her arrested. clay had dupuy transported to new orleans and placed with his daughter and son - in - law, where she was enslaved for another decade. finally in 1840 clay freed charlotte and mary ann dupuy, and in 1844 freed her son charles dupuy. clay had divided the ashland estate among three sons. after clay ' s death, son james brown clay owned and occupied ashland proper and a surrounding approximately 325 - acre (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36497781784729155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.351286"} {"text": "mary ann dupuy, and in 1844 freed her son charles dupuy. clay had divided the ashland estate among three sons. after clay ' s death, son james brown clay owned and occupied ashland proper and a surrounding approximately 325 - acre ( 132 ha ) tract. james clay rebuilt the house and his family resided there until his death in 1864. his widow susan jacob clay put the estate up for sale in 1866. kentucky university purchased ashland and used it as part of its campus. university founder and regent john bryan bowman occupied the mansion. the agricultural and mechanical college ( kentucky a & m ) was situated on clay ' s former farm. kentucky university split into what became transylvania university and the university of kentucky, and sold ashland in 1882. henry clay ' s granddaughter anne clay mcdowell and her husband henry clay mcdowell purchased the estate ( consisting of approximately 325 acres ( 132 ha ) and outbuildings ). they moved in with their children in 1883. their eldest daughter nannette mcdowell bullock continued to occupy ashland until her death in 1948. she founded the henry clay memorial foundation, which purchased and preserved ashland. the historic house museum opened to the public in 1950. the mansion henry clay began building his federal style house c. 1806 ( see federal architecture ). he added two wings between 1811 \u2013 1814, designed for him by benjamin latrobe. inferior building materials, particularly a porous type of brick, resulted in an unstable structure. the building was likely damaged in the new madrid earthquake and aftershocks of 1811 - 12, clay ' s many repairs could never completely stabilize the house. seeing no viable alternative, clay ' s son james b. clay, opted to rebuild the house with the goals of living there with his family and paying fitting tribute to his father. james had the house razed by the end of 1854, and rebuilding was completed by 1857. local architect thomas lewinski designed the new structure, which utilized features of the original house : the footprint and foundation, floorplan, and massing. but lewinski aided james in updating the house stylistically. with many italianate features, the resulting mansion is a mix of federal architecture and italianate details. inside, james employed greek revival features and decorated the home lavishly ( see : victorian decorative arts ) with imported furnishings purchased in new york city. during the kentucky university period, regent john bowman utilized part of the mansion to house and display the university natural history museum. when granddaughter anne clay mcdowell came to ashland in 1883, she and her husband remodeled and modernized the house, up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38880045261315854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.352271"} {"text": "new york city. during the kentucky university period, regent john bowman utilized part of the mansion to house and display the university natural history museum. when granddaughter anne clay mcdowell came to ashland in 1883, she and her husband remodeled and modernized the house, updating it with gas lighting ( later, electricity ), indoor plumbing, and telephone service. the farm the cash crop grown on the farm was hemp. merino sheep and six other species of european livestock were imported and bred on the farm. clay ' s record book of his breeding operation, including the herefords which he introduced, is now displayed at ashland. - \" national register information system \". national register of historic places. national park service. 2007 - 01 - 23. - \" charlotte dupuy \", ' the half had not been told me ' : the african american history of lafayette square ( 1795 - 1965 ), preservation nation, accessed 21 april 2009 1 clay ' s first purchase was a 125 - acre ( 51 ha ) tract. contract at ashland, the henry clay estate. 2 clay put a notice in a local paper asking for the return of a lost horse and listed his home as ashland. additional reading - archives of ashland, the henry clay estate, lexington, ky - brooks, eric. ashland : the henry clay estate. images of america series. charleston, sc : arcadia publishing, 2007 - remini, robert v. henry clay : statesman for the union. new york : w. w. norton, 1991. - clay family papers, manuscript division, library of congress - university of kentucky special collections. - transylvania university, special collections. - james f. hopkins, editor, the papers of henry clay. mary w. m. hargreaves, associate editor. lexington, ky : university of kentucky press, 1959 - 1992. isbn 0 - 8131 - 0056 - 9 ( v. 6 ) - fazio, michael w. and patrick a. snadon. the domestic architecture of benjamin henry latrobe. baltimore : johns hopkins university press, 2006. isbn 0 - 8018 - 8104 - 8 - hopkins, james f. a history of the hemp industry in kentucky, lexington, ky : university of kentucky press, 1998. isbn 0 - 8131 - 0930 - 2 - official website - national park service website of the house - \" henry clay, presidential contender \" from c - span ' s the contenders, broadcast from ashland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43499466090019134, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.353213"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( june 2009 ) | | activity sectors | | design and management of structures, transportation systems, and infrastructure | | competencies | | technical knowledge, management skills, mathematical analysis | a civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering ; the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected. originally, a civil engineer worked on public works projects and was contrasted with the military engineer, who worked on armaments and defenses. over time, various branches of engineering have become recognized as distinct from civil engineering, including chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering, while much of military engineering has been absorbed by civil engineering. in some places, a civil engineer may perform land surveying ; in others, surveying is limited to construction surveying, unless an additional qualification is obtained. on some u. s. military bases, the personnel responsible for building and grounds maintenance, such as grass mowing, are called civil engineers and are not required to meet any minimum educational requirements. civil engineers usually practice in a particular specialty, such as construction engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, land development, transportation engineering, hydraulic engineering, and environmental engineering. some civil engineers, particularly those working for government agencies, may practice across multiple specializations, particularly when involved in critical infrastructure development or maintenance. education and licensing in most countries, a civil engineer will have graduated from a post - secondary school with a degree in civil engineering, which requires a strong background in mathematics and the physical sciences ; this degree is typically a bachelor ' s degree, though many civil engineers study further to obtain masters, engineer, doctoral and post doctoral degrees. in many countries, civil engineers are subject to licensure. in jurisdictions with mandatory licensing, people who do not obtain a license may not call themselves \" civil engineers. \" in belgium, civil engineer ( abbreviated ir ) ( french : ingenieur civil, dutch : burgerlijk ingenieur ) is a legally protected title applicable to graduates of the five - year engineering course of one of the six universities and the royal military academy. their speciality can be all fields of engineering : civil, structural, electrical, mechanical, chemical, physics and even computer science. this use of the title may cause confusion to the english speaker as the belgian \" civil \" engineer can have a speciality other than civil engineering. in fact, belgians use the adjective \" civil \" as an opposition to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5217537304955782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.364273"} {"text": "physics and even computer science. this use of the title may cause confusion to the english speaker as the belgian \" civil \" engineer can have a speciality other than civil engineering. in fact, belgians use the adjective \" civil \" as an opposition to military engineers. the formation of the civil engineer has a strong mathematical and scientific base and is more theoretical in approach than the practical oriented industrial engineer ( ing. ) educated in a five - year program at a polytechnic. traditionally, students were required to pass an entrance exam on mathematics to start civil engineering studies. this exam was abolished in 2004 for the flemish community, but is still organised in the french community. in scandinavian countries, civil engineer ( civilingenjor ( swedish ), sivilingeni\u00f8r ( norwegian ), civilingeni\u00f8r ( danish ) ) is a first professional degree, approximately equivalent to master of science in engineering, and a protected title granted to students by selected institutes of technology. as in english the word has its origin in the distinction between civilian and military engineers, as in before the start of the 19th century only military engineers existed and the prefix \" civil \" was a way to separate those who had studied engineering in a regular university from their military counterparts. today the degree spans over all fields within engineering, like civil engineering, computer science, electronics engineering, etc. there is generally a slight difference between a master of science in engineering degree and the scandinavian civil engineer degree, the latter ' s programme having closer ties with the industry ' s demands. a civil engineer is the most well - known of the two ; still, the area of expertise remains obfuscated for most of the public. a noteworthy difference is the mandatory courses in mathematics and physics, regardless of the equivalent master degree, e. g. computer science. although a ' college engineer ' ( hogskoleingenjor, diplomingenjor / mellaningenjor ( swedish ), h\u00f8gskoleingeni\u00f8r ( norwegian ), diplomingeni\u00f8r ( danish ) ) is roughly equivalent to a bachelor of science in scandinavia, to become a ' civil engineer ' one often has had to do up to one extra year of overlapping studies compared to attaining a b. sc. / m. sc. combination. this is because the higher educational system is not fully adopted to the international standard graduation system, since it is treated as a professional degree. today ( 2009 ) this is starting to change due to the bologna process. a scandinavian \" civilingenjor \" will in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5341839031039259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.365353"} {"text": "because the higher educational system is not fully adopted to the international standard graduation system, since it is treated as a professional degree. today ( 2009 ) this is starting to change due to the bologna process. a scandinavian \" civilingenjor \" will in international contexts commonly call herself \" master of science in engineering \" and will occasionally wear an engineering class ring. at the norwegian institute of technology ( now the norwegian university of science and technology ), the tradition with a nth ring goes back to 1914, before the canadian iron ring. in norway the title \" sivilingeni\u00f8r \" will no longer be issued after 2007, and have been replaced with \" master i teknologi \". in the english translation of the diploma, the title will be \" master of science \", since \" master of technology \" is not an established title in the english - speaking world. the extra overlapping year of studies have also been abolished with this change to make norwegian degrees more equal to their international counterparts. in spain, a civil engineering degree can be obtained after four years of study in the various branches of mathematics, physics, mechanics, etc. the earned degree is called grado en ingenieria civil. further studies at a graduate school include master ' s and doctoral degrees. before the current situation, that is, before the implementation of bologna process in 2010, a degree in civil engineering in spain could be obtained after three to six years of study and was divided into two main degrees. in the first case, the earned degree was called ingeniero tecnico de obras publicas ( itop ), literally translated as \" public works engineer \" obtained after three years of study and equivalent to a bachelor of civil engineering. in the second case, the academic degree was called ingeniero de caminos, canales y puertos ( often shortened to ingeniero de caminos or iccp ), that literally means \" highways, canals and harbors engineer \", though civil engineers in spain practice in the same fields as civil engineers do elsewhere. this degree is equivalent to a master of civil engineering and is obtained after five or six years of study depending on the school granting the title. the first spanish civil engineering school was the escuela especial de ingenieros de caminos y canales ( now called escuela tecnica superior de ingenieros de caminos, canales y puertos ), established in 1802 in madrid, followed by the escuela especial de a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5170238822838145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.366350"} {"text": "de caminos y canales ( now called escuela tecnica superior de ingenieros de caminos, canales y puertos ), established in 1802 in madrid, followed by the escuela especial de ayudantes de obras publicas ( now called escuela universitaria de ingenieria tecnica de obras publicas de la universidad politecnica de madrid ), founded in 1854 in madrid. both schools now belong to the technical university of madrid. in spain, a civil engineer has the technical and legal ability to design projects of any branch, so any spanish civil engineer can oversee projects about structures, buildings ( except residential structures which are reserved for architects ), foundations, hydraulics, the environment, transportation, urbanism, etc. united kingdom a chartered civil engineer ( known as certified or professional engineer in other countries ) is a member of the institution of civil engineers, and has also passed chartership exams. however a non - chartered civil engineer may be a member of the institution of civil engineers or the institution of civil engineering surveyors. the description \" civil engineer \" is not restricted to members of any particular professional organisation although \" chartered civil engineer \" is. eastern europe in many eastern european countries civil engineering does not exist as a distinct degree or profession but it ' s various sub - professions are often studied in separate university faculties and performed as separate professions, whether they are taught in civilian universities or military engineering academies. even many polytechnic tertiary schools give out separate degrees for each field of study. typically study in geology, geodesy, structural engineering and urban engineering allows a person to obtain a degree in construction engineering. mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, hydraulics and even sometimes metalurgy are fields in a degree in \" machinery engineering \". computer sciences, control engineering and electrical engineering are fields in a degree in electrical engineering, while security, safety, environmental engineering, transportation, hydrology and meteorology are in a category of their own, typically each with their own degrees, either in separate university faculties or at polytechnic schools. north america united states in the united states, civil engineers are typically employed by municipalities, construction firms, consulting engineering firms, architect / engineer firms, state governments, and the federal government. each state requires engineers who offer their services to the public to be licensed by the state. licensure is obtained by meeting specified education, examination, and work experience requirements. specific requirements vary by state. typically licensed engineers must graduate from an abet - accredited university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49641270184315633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.367415"} {"text": "engineers who offer their services to the public to be licensed by the state. licensure is obtained by meeting specified education, examination, and work experience requirements. specific requirements vary by state. typically licensed engineers must graduate from an abet - accredited university or college engineering program, pass the fundamentals of engineering exam, obtain several years of engineering experience under the supervision of a licensed engineer, then pass the principles and practice of engineering exam. after completing these steps and the granting of licensure by a state board, engineers may use the title \" professional engineer \" or pe in advertising and documents. professional associations the asce ( american society of civil engineers ) represents more than 140, 000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. official members of the asce must hold a bachelor ' s degree from an accredited civil engineering program and be a licensed professional engineer or have five years responsible charge of engineering experience. most civil engineers join this organization to be updated of current news, projects, and methods ( such as sustainability ) related to civil engineering ; as well as contribute their expertise and knowledge to other civil engineers and students obtaining their civil engineering degree. the ice ( institution of civil engineers ) founded in 1818, represents, as of 2008, more than 80, 000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. its commercial arm, thomas telford ltd, provides training, recruitment, publishing and contract services. see also - canal engineer - list of civil engineers - professional engineer - construction engineering - geotechnical engineering - structural engineer - structural engineering - urban planning - transport engineering - hydraulic engineering - environmental engineering - critical infrastructure - national council of examiners for engineering and surveying - \" faculte des sciences appliquees - ingenieur civil \" ( in french ). university of liege. retrieved 2 january 2011. - national council of examiners for engineering and surveying ; licensure, retrieved november 24, 2010. - about asce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48581342844948017, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.368374"} {"text": "| \u2014 town \u2014 | | \u2022 mayor | | gerald m. foreman ii | | \u2022 total | | 1. 6 sq mi ( 4. 1 km2 ) | | \u2022 land | | 1. 6 sq mi ( 4. 1 km2 ) | | \u2022 water | | 0. 0 sq mi ( 0. 0 km2 ) | | elevation | | 36 ft ( 11 m ) | | time zone | | eastern ( est ) ( utc - 5 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | edt ( utc - 4 ) | | area code ( s ) | | 571, 703 | | gnis feature id | | 1499362 | dumfries is located at. ( 38. 567853, - 77. 324591 ) according to the united states census bureau, the town has a total area of 1. 6 square miles ( 4. 1 km\u00b2 ), all of it land. the town is situated approximately 25 miles / 40 km south of central washington d. c. dumfries history began as early as 1690 when richard gibson erected a gristmill on quantico creek. a customhouse and warehouse followed in 1731, and many others cropped up along the estuary by 1732. the town of dumfries was formally established on 60 acres ( 240, 000 m2 ) of land at the head of the harbor of quantico creek, provided by john graham. he named the town after his birthplace, dumfries, scotland. after much political maneuvering, the general assembly established dumfries as the first of seven townships in the county. dumfries received its charter on may 11, 1749, making it the oldest continuously chartered town in virginia. the ceremonial seal of the town of dumfries embodies elements of its heritage, from the period of 1651, when the first patents were issued to colonists, who following the potomac recognized the value of a snug harbor in quantico creek. thus the foundations for the establishment of a town, which in 1749 received its charter from the colonial government in williamsburg, virginia. the elements of the seal are contained within the pattern formed by the outer frame of a hawser rope or cable, and the inner frame of an anchor chain, of a type employed in ships of the colonial era. within these frames are found items which are consistent with a town of maritime background. they are overlaid on a chart of the chesapeake bay and the potomac river, with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42417430388900523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.373387"} {"text": "frame of an anchor chain, of a type employed in ships of the colonial era. within these frames are found items which are consistent with a town of maritime background. they are overlaid on a chart of the chesapeake bay and the potomac river, with dumfries indicated at the head of quantico creek. the navigational aids of the sextant and compass rose complete the maritime motif. the two water fowl relate to the wetlands of quantico creek. the dock with fishnet, pilings, ships block and line further the theme of a mercantile port of call. the thistle indicates the scottish founders of the town, with the name of dumfries, taken by john graham, the founder, in honor of his home in scotland. the supporters of the shield are, on the left, a piscataway brave, of the powhatan confederacy, the predominant tribe along the potomac, in this area. on the right, a colonial militiaman of 1775, when colonel henry lee was company commander. the shield in its upper quadrant, displays a sailing vessel of the period, and below the tobacco leaf, the first commodity, overlaid with shafts of wheat, the later commodity that supported the town. when dumfries became the second leading port in colonial america receiving tobacco from the upland, it rivaled new york, philadelphia and boston. dumfries peaked in size and importance in 1763. for about 15 years dumfries was a thriving port when several factors brought about its demise : the revolutionary war, erosion and siltation, and the shift in the main shipping commodity ( from tobacco to wheat and sugar ). the dumfries cemetery contains burials of some of the dumfries pioneers. alexander henderson built a house known as the henderson house which still stands on a hill in dumfries, as well as owning various land in prince william forest park. alexander was a merchant when the ports were booming in dumfries. alexander is famous for his son, united states marine corps commandant archibald henderson. as of the census of 2000, there were 4, 937 people, 1, 573 households, and 1, 198 families residing in the town. the population density was 3, 085. 6 people per square mile ( 1, 191. 4 / km\u00b2 ). there were 1, 699 housing units at an average density of 1, 061. 9 per square mile ( 410. 0 / km\u00b2 ). the racial makeup of the town was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4463490948143752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.374310"} {"text": "per square mile ( 1, 191. 4 / km\u00b2 ). there were 1, 699 housing units at an average density of 1, 061. 9 per square mile ( 410. 0 / km\u00b2 ). the racial makeup of the town was 48. 91 % white, 35. 26 % black, 0. 63 % native american, 1. 07 % asian, 3. 73 % from other races, and 8. 40 % from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 15. 06 % of the population. there were 1, 573 households out of which 46. 5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48. 8 % were married couples living together, 19. 7 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 23. 8 % were non - families. 16. 5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 3. 13 and the average family size was 3. 51. in the town the population was spread out with 35. 0 % under the age of 18, 9. 7 % from 18 to 24, 33. 6 % from 25 to 44, 17. 1 % from 45 to 64, and 4. 7 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 29 years. for every 100 females there were 98. 8 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93. 0 males. the median income for a household in the town was $ 43, 672, and the median income for a family was $ 46, 927. males had a median income of $ 35, 247 versus $ 24, 451 for females. the per capita income for the town was $ 17, 652. about 10. 4 % of families and 12. 5 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 0 % of those under age 18 and 7. 1 % of those age 65 or over. residents of dumfries are currently represented in the virginia house of delegates by l. scott lingamfelter. notable people - alexander henderson, merchant - kendall marshall, professional basketball player - ali krieger, professional soccer player - \" american factfinder \". united states census bureau. retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31. - \" us board on geographic names \". united states geological survey. 2007 - 10 - 25. retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31. - \" us gazetteer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4105816059430373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.376385"} {"text": "| | this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. ( october 2009 ) | process music is music that arises from a process. it may make that process audible to the listener, or the process may be concealed. primarily begun in the 1960s, diverse composers have employed divergent methods and styles of process. \" a ' musical process ' as christensen defines it is a highly complex dynamic phenomenon involving audible structures that evolve in the course of the musical performance... 2nd order audible developments, i. e., audible developments within audible developments \" ( seibt 2004, xiii ). these processes may involve specific systems of choosing and arranging notes through pitch and time, often involving a long term change with a limited amount of musical material, or transformations of musical events that are already relatively complex in themselves. steve reich defines process music not as, \" the process of composition but rather pieces of music that are, literally, processes. the distinctive thing about musical processes is that they determine all the note - to - note ( sound - to - sound ) details and the overall form simultaneously. ( think of a round or infinite canon. ) \" ( reich 2002, 34 ). although today often used synonymously with minimalism, the term predates the appearance of this style by at least twenty years. elliott carter, for example, used the word \" process \" to describe the complex compositional shapes he began using around 1944 ( edwards 1971, 90 \u2013 91 ; brandt 1974, 27 \u2013 28 ), with works like the piano sonata and first string quartet, and continues to use down to the present time. carter came to his conception of music as process from alfred north whitehead ' s \" principle of organism \", and particularly from his 1929 book, process and reality ( bernard 1995, 649 \u2013 50 ). michael nyman has stated that \" the origins of this minimal process music lie in serialism \" ( nyman 1974, 119 ). kyle gann ( 1987 ) also sees many similarities between serialism and minimalism, and herman sabbe ( 1977, 68 \u2013 73 ) has demonstrated how process music functions in the early serial works of the belgian composer karel goeyvaerts, especially in his electronic compositions nr. 4, met dode tonen [ with dead tones ] ( 1952 ) and nr. 5, met zuivere tonen [ with pure tones ] ( 1953 ). elsewhere, sabbe ( 1981, 18 \u2013 21 ) makes a similar demonstration for kreuzspiel ( 1951 ) by karlheinz stock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5892959678762089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.387327"} {"text": ") and nr. 5, met zuivere tonen [ with pure tones ] ( 1953 ). elsewhere, sabbe ( 1981, 18 \u2013 21 ) makes a similar demonstration for kreuzspiel ( 1951 ) by karlheinz stockhausen. beginning in the early 1960s, stockhausen composed several instrumental works which he called \" process compositions \", in which symbols including plus, minus, and equal signs are used to indicate successive transformations of sounds which are unspecified or unforeseeable by the composer. they specify \" how sounds are to be changed or imitated rather than what they are to be \" ( griffiths 2001 ). in these compositions, \" structure is a system of invariants ; these invariants are not substances but relations. \u2026 stockhausen ' s process planning is structural analysis in reversed time - direction. composition as abstraction, as generalization. analysis of reality before its entry into existence \" ( fritsch 1979, 114 \u2013 15 ). these works include plus - minus ( 1963 ), prozession ( 1967 ), kurzwellen, and spiral ( both 1968 ), and led to the verbally described processes of the intuitive music compositions in the cycles aus den sieben tagen ( 1968 ) and fur kommende zeiten ( 1968 \u2013 71 ) ( kohl 1978 and 1981 ; hopp 1998 ). the term process music ( in the minimalist sense ) was coined by composer steve reich in his 1968 manifesto entitled \" music as a gradual process \" in which he very carefully yet briefly described the entire concept including such definitions as phasing and the use of phrases in composing or creating this music, as well as his ideas as to its purpose and a brief history of his discovery of it. a number of steve reich ' s early works are examples of this form of process music, particularly a specific process called phasing. in his 1968 work pendulum music, a number of microphones are connected to a number of loudspeakers, and each is allowed to swing freely above the loudspeaker it is connected to until it is still \u2014 the feedback that results from this process, as each microphone passes above its loudspeaker, makes up the music. process music can also be created using relatively traditional instrumental techniques \u2014 reich ' s piano phase is an example. james tenney is another composer who is concerned with process, such as in his tribute to steve reich, chromatic canon, in which a tone row is eventually built up, one note at a time, from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6053929039424171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.388310"} {"text": "' s piano phase is an example. james tenney is another composer who is concerned with process, such as in his tribute to steve reich, chromatic canon, in which a tone row is eventually built up, one note at a time, from what started as a repeated open fifth, before returning by the same path. for reich it was important that the processes be audible : \" i am interested in perceptible processes. i want to be able to hear the process happening throughout the sounding music. \u2026 what i ' m interested in is a compositional process and a sounding music that are one and the same thing \" ( reich 2002, 34 ). this has not necessarily been the case for other composers, however. reich himself points to john cage as an example of a composer who used compositional processes that could not be heard when the piece was performed ( reich 2002, 34 ). the postminimalist david lang is another composer who does not want people to hear the process he uses to build a piece of music ( brown 2010, 181 ). within the field of popular music, process music made its strongest early appearance in the ambient works of brian eno, notably his first foray into the genre, discreet music. on several of the tracks of this album, musicians were instructed to play a small section of johann pachelbel ' s canon in d major in different ways. on one piece, for instance, musicians played the section at different speeds, the speed determined purely by the pitch of the instrument used. thus the bass instruments played the section at a slower rate than the treble instruments, and the new piece created was shaped by these melodic lines drifting in and out of phase with each other. michael nyman has identified five types of processes ( nyman 1974, 5 \u2013 8 ) : - chance determination processes, in which the material is not determined by the composer directly, but through a system he or she creates - people processes, in which performers are allowed to move through given or suggested material, each at his or her own speed - contextual processes, in which actions depend on unpredictable conditions and on variables arising from the musical continuity - repetition processes, in which movement is generated solely by extended repetition - electronic processes, in which some or all aspects of the music are determined by the use of electronics. these processes take many forms. the first type is not necessarily confined to what are normally recognised as \" chance \" compositions, however. for example, in karel goeyvaerts \u2019 s sonata for two pianos, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5747675807462529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.389314"} {"text": "by the use of electronics. these processes take many forms. the first type is not necessarily confined to what are normally recognised as \" chance \" compositions, however. for example, in karel goeyvaerts \u2019 s sonata for two pianos, \" registral process created a form that depended neither on conventional models nor \u2026 on the composer \u2019 s taste and judgment. given a few simple rules, the music did not need to be ' composed ' at all : the notes would be at play of themselves \u201d ( griffiths 2011, 38 ). galen h. brown acknowledges nyman ' s five categories and proposes adding a sixth : mathematical process, which includes the manipulation of materials by means of permutation, addition, subtraction, multiplication, changes of rate, and so on ( brown 2010, 186 ). erik christensen identifies six process categories ( christensen 2004, 97 ) : - rule - determined transformation processes - goal - directed transformation processes - indeterminate transformation processes - rule - determined generative processes - goal - directed, and generative processes - indeterminate generative processes he describes reich ' s piano phase ( 1966 ) as rule - determined transformation process, cage ' s variations ii ( 1961 ) as an indeterminate generative process, ligeti ' s in zart fliessender bewegung ( 1976 ) as a goal - directed transformation process containing a number of evolution processes ( christensen 2004, 116 ), and per n\u00f8rgard ' s second symphony ( 1970 ) as containing a rule - determined generative process of a fractal nature ( christensen 2004, 107 ). notable works - sonata for cello and piano ( 1948 ) ( brandt 1971, 28 ) - string quartet no. 1 ( 1950 \u2013 51 ) ( brandt 1971, 28 ; griffiths 2011, 62 \u2013 63 ) - string quartet no. 2 ( 1959 ) ( schiff 1998, 73 ) - double concerto for piano, harpsichord and 2 chamber orchestras ( 1959 \u2013 61 ) ( bernard 1995, 668 ) - piano concerto ( 1964 \u2013 65 ) ( brandt 1971, 28 ) - duo for violin and piano ( 1974 ) ( schiff 1998, 117 \u2013 19 ) - a mirror on which to dwell ( 1975 ) - night fantasies ( 1980 ) - symphonia : sum fluxae pretium spei ( 1993 \u2013 1996 ) - piece for four pianos ( 1957 ) ( nyman 1974, 5 ) - gyorgy ligeti ( 1923 \u2013 2006 ) - piano transplant no. 1. burning piano ( oteri 2004 ) -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5823210724110006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.390199"} {"text": "1995. \" carter and the modern meaning of time \". musical quarterly 79, no. 4 ( winter ) : 644 \u2013 82. - brandt, william e. 1974. \" the music of elliott carter : simultaneity and complexity \". music educators journal 60, no. 9 ( may ) : 24 \u2013 32. - brown, galen h. 2010. \" process as means and ends in minimalist and postminimalist music \". perspectives of new music 48, no. 2 ( summer ) : 180 \u2013 92. - christensen, erik. 2004. \" overt and hidden processes in 20th century music \", in process theories : crossdisciplinary studies in dynamic categories, edited by johanna seibt, 97 \u2013 117. dordrecht and london : kluwer academic publishers. isbn 1 - 4020 - 1751 - 0. - edwards, allen. 1971. flawed words and stubborn sounds : a conversation with elliott carter. new york : w. w. norton & company inc. - fritsch, johannes. 1979. \" proze\u00dfplanung \". in improvisation und neue musik, veroffentlichungen des instituts fur neue musik und musikerziehung darmstadt 20, edited by reinhold brinkmann, 108 \u2013 17. mainz : b. schott ' s sohne. - gann, kyle. 1987. \" let x = x : minimalism vs. serialism \". village voice ( 24 february ) : 76. - griffiths, paul. 2001. \" aleatory \". the new grove dictionary of music and musicians, second edition, edited by stanley sadie and john tyrrell. london : macmillan publishers. - griffiths, paul. 2011. modern music and after, third edition. oxford and new york : oxford university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 974050 - 5. - hopp, winrich. 1998. kurzwellen von karlheinz stockhausen : konzeption und musikalische poiesis. kolner schriften zur neuen musik 6. mainz ; new york : schott. - kohl, jerome. 1978. \" intuitive music and serial determinism : an analysis of stockhausen \u2019 s aus den sieben tagen. \" in theory only 3, no. 2 ( march ) : 7 \u2013 19. - kohl, jerome. 1981. \" serial and non - serial techniques in the music of karlheinz stockhausen from 1962 \u2013 1968.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6062901122987219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.392939"} {"text": "stockhausen - zeit... : neue erkenntnismoglichkeiten der seriellen entwicklung anhand des fruhen wirkens von stockhausen und goeyvaerts. dargestellt aufgrund der briefe stockhausens an goevaerts \u201d. in musik - konzepte 19 : karlheinz stockhausen :... wie die zeit verging..., edited by heinz - klaus metzger and rainer riehn, 5 \u2013 96. munich : edition text + kritik. - schiff, david. 1998. the music of elliott carter, 2nd edition. ithaca, ny : cornell university press. - seibt, johanna ( ed. ). 2004. process theories : crossdisciplinary studies in dynamic categories. dordrecht and london : kluwer academic publishers. isbn 978 - 1 - 4020 - 1751 - 3. - stockhausen, karlheinz. 1989. \" musik als proze\u00df ( gesprach mit rudolf frisius am 25. august 1982 in kurten ) \", in his texte zur musik 6, edited by christoph von blumroder, 399 \u2013 426. cologne : dumont buchverlag. isbn 3 - 7701 - 2249 - 6 - whitney music box by jim bumgardner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4765624772928785, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.394733"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( october 2009 ) | | | this article may require cleanup to meet wikipedia ' s quality standards. ( october 2009 ) | scientific realism is, at the most general level, the view that the world described by science ( perhaps ideal science ) is the real world, as it is, independent of what we might take it to be. within philosophy of science, it is often framed as an answer to the question \" how is the success of science to be explained? \" the debate over what the success of science involves centers primarily on the status of unobservable entities apparently talked about by scientific theories. generally, those who are scientific realists assert that one can make reliable claims about unobservables ( viz., that they have the same ontological status ) as observables, as opposed to instrumentalism. main features of scientific realism scientific realism involves two basic positions. first, it is a set of claims about the features of an ideal scientific theory ; an ideal theory is the sort of theory science aims to produce. second, it is the commitment that science will eventually produce theories very much like an ideal theory and that science has done pretty well thus far in some domains. it is important to note that one might be a scientific realist regarding some sciences while not being a realist regarding others. for example, one might hold realist attitudes toward physics, chemistry and biology, and not toward economics, psychology and sociology. according to scientific realism, an ideal scientific theory has the following features : - the claims the theory makes are either true or false, depending on whether the entities talked about by the theory exist and are correctly described by the theory. this is the semantic commitment of scientific realism. - the entities described by the scientific theory exist objectively and mind - independently. this is the metaphysical commitment of scientific realism. - there are reasons to believe some significant portion of what the theory says. this is the epistemological commitment. combining the first and the second claim entails that an ideal scientific theory says definite things about genuinely existing entities. the third claim says that we have reasons to believe that the things said about these entities are true. scientific realism usually holds that science makes progress, i. e. scientific theories usually get successively better, or, rather, answer more and more questions. for this reason, many people, scientific realist or otherwise, hold that realism should make sense of the progress of science in terms of theories being successively more like the ideal theory that scientific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6117197600122695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.404273"} {"text": "successively better, or, rather, answer more and more questions. for this reason, many people, scientific realist or otherwise, hold that realism should make sense of the progress of science in terms of theories being successively more like the ideal theory that scientific realists describe. characteristic claims the following claims are typical of those held by scientific realists. due to the wide disagreements over the nature of science ' s success and the role of realism in its success, a scientific realist would agree with some but not all of the following positions. - the best scientific theories are at least partially true. - the best theories do not employ central terms that are non referring expressions. - to say that a theory is approximately true is sufficient explanation of the degree of its predictive success. - the approximate truth of a theory is the only explanation of its predictive success. - even if a theory employs expressions that do not have a reference, a scientific theory may be approximately true. - scientific theories are in a historical process of progress towards a true account of the physical world. - scientific theories make genuine, existential claims. - theoretical claims of scientific theories should be read literally and are definitively either true or false. - the degree of the predictive success of a theory is evidence of the referential success of its central terms. - the goal of science is an account of the physical world that is literally true. science has been successful because this is the goal that it has been making progress towards. history of scientific realism scientific realism is related to much older philosophical positions including rationalism and realism. however, it is a thesis about science developed in the twentieth century. portraying scientific realism in terms of its ancient, medieval, and early modern cousins is at best misleading. scientific realism is developed largely as a reaction to logical positivism. logical positivism was the first philosophy of science in the twentieth century and the forerunner of scientific realism, holding that a sharp distinction can be drawn between observational terms and theoretical terms, the latter capable of semantic analysis in observational and logical terms. logical positivism encountered difficulties with : - the verification theory of meaning ( for which see hempel ( 1950 ) ). - troubles with the analytic - synthetic distinction ( for which see quine ( 1950 ) ). - the theory ladenness of observation ( for which see kuhn ( 1970 ) and quine ( 1960 ) ). - difficulties moving from the observationality of terms to observationality of sentences ( for which see putnam ( 1962 ) ). - the vagueness of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5820369490552553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.405291"} {"text": "ladenness of observation ( for which see kuhn ( 1970 ) and quine ( 1960 ) ). - difficulties moving from the observationality of terms to observationality of sentences ( for which see putnam ( 1962 ) ). - the vagueness of the observational - theoretical distinction ( for which see maxwell ( 1962 ) ). these difficulties for logical positivism suggest, but do not entail, scientific realism, and lead to the development of realism as a philosophy of science. realism became the dominant philosophy of science after positivism. bas van fraassen developed constructive empiricism as an alternative to realism. responses to van fraassen have sharpened realist positions and lead to some revisions of scientific realism. arguments for and against scientific realism one of the main arguments for scientific realism centers on the notion that scientific knowledge is progressive in nature, and that it is able to predict phenomena successfully. many realists ( e. g., ernan mcmullin, richard boyd ) think the operational success of a theory lends credence to the idea that its more unobservable aspects exist, because they were how the theory reasoned its predictions. for example, a scientific realist would argue that science must derive some ontological support for atoms from the outstanding phenomenological success of all the theories using them. arguments for scientific realism often appeal to abductive reasoning or \" inference to the best explanation \" ( lipton, 2004 ). scientific realists point to the success of scientific theories in predicting and explaining a variety of phenomena, and argue that from this we can infer that our scientific theories ( or at least the best ones ) provide true descriptions of the world, or approximately so. on the other hand, pessimistic induction, one of the main arguments against realism, argues that the history of science contains many theories once regarded as empirically successful but which are now believed to be false. additionally, the history of science contains many empirically successful theories whose unobservable terms are not believed to genuinely refer. for example, the effluvial theory of static electricity is an empirically successful theory whose central unobservable terms have been replaced by later theories. realists reply that replacement of particular realist theories with better ones is to be expected due to the progressive nature of scientific knowledge, and when such replacements occur only superfluous unobservables are dropped. for example, albert einstein ' s theory of special relativity showed that the concept of the luminiferous ether could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6286785171920595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.406254"} {"text": "expected due to the progressive nature of scientific knowledge, and when such replacements occur only superfluous unobservables are dropped. for example, albert einstein ' s theory of special relativity showed that the concept of the luminiferous ether could be dropped because it had contributed nothing to the success of the theories of mechanics and electromagnetism. on the other hand, when theory replacement occurs, a well - supported concept, such as the concept of atoms, is not dropped but is incorporated into the new theory in some form. also against scientific realism social constructivists might argue that scientific realism is unable to account for the rapid change that occurs in scientific knowledge during periods of revolution. constructivists may also argue that the success of theories is only a part of the construction. however, these arguments ignore the fact that many scientists are not realists. in fact, during what is perhaps the most notable example of revolution in science \u2014 the development of quantum mechanics in the 1920s \u2014 the dominant philosophy of science was logical positivism. the alternative realist bohm interpretation and many - worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics do not make such a revolutionary break with the concepts of classical physics. another argument against scientific realism, deriving from the underdetermination problem, is not so historically motivated as these others. it claims that observational data can in principle be explained by multiple theories that are mutually incompatible. realists might counter by saying that there have been few actual cases of underdetermination in the history of science. usually the requirement of explaining the data is so exacting that scientists are lucky to find even one theory that fulfills it. furthermore, if we take the underdetermination argument seriously, it implies that we can know about only what we have directly observed. for example, we could not theorize that dinosaurs once lived based on the fossil evidence because other theories ( e. g., that the fossils are clever hoaxes ) can account for the same data. realists claim that, in addition to empirical adequacy, there are other criteria for theory choice, such as parsimony. see also - constructivist epistemology - constructive empiricism - confirmation holism - critical realism - entity realism - naive realism - pessimistic induction - scientific materialism - stanford school - structural realism - model - dependent realism further reading - bunge, mario. ( 2006 ). chasing reality : strife over realism. toronto studies in philosophy : university of toronto press - hempel, carl.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6409212375007636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.407217"} {"text": "induction - scientific materialism - stanford school - structural realism - model - dependent realism further reading - bunge, mario. ( 2006 ). chasing reality : strife over realism. toronto studies in philosophy : university of toronto press - hempel, carl. ( 1950 ). \" empiricist criteria of cognitive significance \" in boyd, richard et al. eds. ( 1990 ). the philosophy of science cambridge : mit press.. - kukla, a. ( 2000 ). social constructivism and the philosophy of science. london : routledge. - kuhn, thomas. ( 1970 ). the structure of scientific revolutions, 2nd edition. chicago : university of chicago press. - laudan, larry. ( 1981 ). \" a confutation of convergent realism \" philosophy of science - leplin, jarrett. ( 1984 ). scientific realism. california : university of california press. - leplin, jarrett. ( 1997 ). a novel defense of scientific realism. oxford : oxford university press. - lipton, peter. ( 2004 ). inference to the best explanation, 2nd edition. london : routledge. - maxwell, grover ( 1962 ). \" the ontological status of theoretical entities \" in feigl and maxwell scientific explanation, space, and time vol. 3, minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, 3 - 15. - okasha, samir. ( 2002 ). philosophy of science : a very short introduction. oxford : oxford university press. see especially chapter 4, \" realism and anti - realism. \" - putnam, hilary. ( 1962 ). \" what theories are not \" in ernst nagel et al. ( 1962 ). logic, methodology, and philosophy of science stanford university press. - psillos, stathis. ( 1999 ). scientific realism : how science tracks truth. london : routledge. - quine, w. v. o. ( 1951 ). \" two dogmas of empiricism \" in his ( 1953 ). from a logical point of view cambridge : harvard university press. - quine, w. v. o. ( 1960 ). word and object cambridge : mit press. - sankey, h. ( 2001 ). \" scientific realism : an elaboration and a defense \" retrieved from http : / / philsci - archive. pitt. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6103759647443161, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.408027"} {"text": "epoch j2000 equinox j2000 | right ascension | | 21h 08m 46. 8s | | declination | | - 88\u00b0 57 \u2032 23 \u2033 | | apparent magnitude ( v ) | | 5. 42 | | spectral type | | f0 iii | | u\u2212b color index | | 0. 13 | | b\u2212v color index | | 0. 27 | | variable type | | delta scuti | | radial velocity ( rv ) | | + 11. 9 km / s | | proper motion ( \u03bc ) | | ra : 25. 96 mas / yr dec. : 5. 02 mas / yr | parallax ( \u03c0 ) | | 12. 07 \u00b1 0. 48 mas | | absolute magnitude ( mv ) | | 0. 83 | sigma octantis ( \u03c3 oct, \u03c3 octantis ) is a magnitude 5. 6 star in the constellation octans most notable for being the current south star. sigma octantis is approximately 270 light years from earth, and is classified as a giant, with a spectral type of f0 iii. it is a delta scuti variable, with magnitude varying by about 0. 03 magnitudes over 2. 3 hours. southern pole star sigma octantis is the southern pole star, whose counterpart is polaris, the current north star. to an observer in the southern hemisphere, sigma octantis appears almost motionless and all the other stars in the southern sky appear to rotate around it. it is part of a small \" half hexagon \" shape. it is over a degree away from the true south pole, and the south celestial pole is moving away from it due to precession of the equinoxes. locating sigma octantis at magnitude 5. 6, sigma octantis is barely visible to the naked eye, making it a rather poor pole star, especially by comparison with the much brighter and more easily visible polaris. because of this, the crux constellation is often preferred for determining the position of the south celestial pole. once sigma octantis ' approximate position has been determined, either by the major stars in octans or using the southern cross method, it can be positively verified using an asterism. sigma, chi, tau and upsilon octantis are all stars of around magnitude 5. 6, and form the distinctive shape of a trapezoid. see also - \" astronomy of the brazilian flag \". fotw flags of the world website. - \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43027734959024966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.411424"} {"text": "the presidents of the united states, 1789 - 1914 / james madison james madison also in this chapter \u2026 dorothy, wife james madison, fourth president of the united states, born in port conway, va., march 16, 1751 ; died at montpelier, orange county, va., june 28, 1836. his earliest paternal ancestor in virginia seems to have been john madison, who, in 1653, took out a patent for land between the north and york rivers on chesapeake bay. there was a capt. isaac madison in virginia in 1623 \u2013 ' 5, but his relationship to john madison is matter of doubt. john ' s son, named also john, was father of ambrose madison, who married, august 24, 1721, frances, daughter of james taylor, of orange county, va. frances had four brothers, one of whom, zachary, was grandfather of zachary taylor, twelfth president of the united states. the eldest child of ambrose and frances was james madison, born march 27, 1723, who married, september 15, 1749, nelly conway, of port conway. the eldest child of james and nelly was james, the subject of this biography, who was the first of twelve children. his ancestors, as he says himself in a note furnished to dr. lyman c. draper in 1834, \" were not among the most wealthy of the country, but in independent and comfortable circumstances. \" james ' s education was begun at an excellent school kept by a scotchman named donald robertson, and his studies, preparatory for college, were completed at home under the care of the rev. thomas martin, clergyman of the parish. he was graduated at princeton in 1772, and remained there another year, devoting himself to the study of hebrew. on returning home, he occupied himself with history, law, and theology, while teaching his brothers and sisters. of the details of his youthful studies little is known, but his industry must have been very great ; for, in spite of the early age at which he became absorbed in the duties of public life, the range and solidity of his acquirements were extraordinary. for minute and thorough knowledge of ancient and modern history and of constitutional law he was unequalled among the americans of the revolutionary period ; only hamilton, and perhaps ellsworth and marshall, approached him in this regard. for precocity of mental development he resembled hamilton and the younger pitt, and, like washington, he was distinguished in youth for soundness of judgment, keenness of perception, and rare capacity for work. along with these ad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3912067995215172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.441341"} {"text": "in this regard. for precocity of mental development he resembled hamilton and the younger pitt, and, like washington, he was distinguished in youth for soundness of judgment, keenness of perception, and rare capacity for work. along with these admirable qualities, his lofty integrity and his warm interest in public affairs were well known to the people of orange, so that when, in the autumn of 1774, it was thought necessary to appoint a committee of safety, madison was its youngest member. early in 1776 he was chosen a delegate to the state convention, which met at williamsburg in may. the first business of the convention was to instruct the virginia delegation in the continental congress with regard to an immediate declaration of independence. from the painting by gilbert stuart, owned by t. jefferson coolidge next came the work of making a constitution for the state, and madison was one of the special committee appointed to deal with this problem. here one of his first acts was highly characteristic. religious liberty was a matter that strongly enlisted his feelings. when it was proposed that, under the new constitution, \" all men should enjoy the fullest toleration in the exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience, \" madison pointed out that this provision did not go to the root of the matter. the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience, is something which every man may demand as a right, not something for which he must ask as a privilege. to grant to the state the power of tolerating is implicitly to grant to it the power of prohibiting, whereas madison would deny to it any jurisdiction whatever in the matter of religion. the clause in the bill of rights, as finally adopted at his suggestion, accordingly declares that \" all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience. \" the incident illustrates not only madison ' s liberality of spirit, but also his precision and forethought in so drawing up an instrument as to make it mean all that it was intended to mean. in his later career these qualities were especially brilliant and useful. madison was elected a member of the first legislature under the new state constitution, but he failed of re - election because he refused to solicit votes or to furnish whiskey for thirsty voters. the new legislature then elected him a member of the governor ' s council, and in 1780 he was sent as delegate to the continental congress. the high consideration in which he was held showed itself in the number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5094484402842199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.442685"} {"text": "or to furnish whiskey for thirsty voters. the new legislature then elected him a member of the governor ' s council, and in 1780 he was sent as delegate to the continental congress. the high consideration in which he was held showed itself in the number of important committees to which he was appointed. as chairman of a committee for drawing up instructions for john jay, then minister at the court of madrid, he insisted that, in making a treaty with spain, our right to the free navigation of the mississippi river should on no account be surrendered. mr. jay was instructed accordingly, but toward the end of 1780 the pressure of the war upon the southern states increased the desire for an alliance with spain to such a point that they seemed ready to purchase it at any price. virginia, therefore, proposed that the surrender of our rights upon the mississippi should be offered to spain as the condition of an offensive and defensive alliance. such a proposal was no doubt ill - advised. since spain was already, on her own account and to the best of her ability, waging war upon great britain in the west indies and florida, to say nothing of gibraltar, it is doubtful if she could have done much more for the united states, even if we had offered her the whole mississippi valley. the offer of a permanent and invaluable right in exchange for a temporary and questionable advantage seemed to mr. madison very unwise ; but as it was then generally held that in such matters representatives must be bound by the wishes of their constituents, he yielded, though under protest. but hardly had the fresh instructions been despatched to mr. jay when the overthrow of cornwallis again turned the scale, and spain was informed that, as concerned the mississippi question, congress was immovable. the foresight and sound judgment shown by mr. madison in this discussion added much to his reputation. his next prominent action related to the impost law proposed in 1783. this was, in some respects, the most important question of the day. the chief source of the weakness of the united states during the revolutionary war had been the impossibility of raising money by means of federal taxation. as long as money could be raised only through requisitions upon the state governments, and the different states could not be brought to agree upon any method of enforcing the requisitions, the state governments were sure to prove delinquent. finding it impossible to obtain money for carrying on the war, congress had resorted to the issue of large quantities of inconvertible paper, with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4675686648643517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.444436"} {"text": "of enforcing the requisitions, the state governments were sure to prove delinquent. finding it impossible to obtain money for carrying on the war, congress had resorted to the issue of large quantities of inconvertible paper, with the natural results. there had been a rapid inflation of values, followed by sudden bankruptcy and the prostration of national credit. in 1783 it had become difficult to obtain foreign loans, and at home the government could not raise nearly enough money to defray its current expenses. to remedy the evil a tariff of five per cent. upon sundry imports, with a specific duty upon others, was proposed in congress and offered to the several states for approval. to weaken as much as possible the objections to such a law, its operation was limited to twenty - five years. even in this mild form, however, it was impossible to persuade the several states to submit to federal taxation. virginia at first assented to the impost law, but afterward revoked her action. on this occasion mr. madison, feeling that the very existence of the nation was at stake, refused to be controlled by the action of his constituents. he persisted in urging the necessity of such an impost law, and eventually had the satisfaction of seeing virginia adopt his view of the matter. the discussion of the impost law in congress revealed the antagonism that existed between the slave - states and those states which had emancipated their slaves. in endeavoring to apportion equitably the quotas of revenue to be required of the several states, it was observed that, if taxation were to be distributed according to population, it made a great difference whether or not slaves were to be counted as population. if slaves were to be counted, the southern states would have to pay more than their equitable share into the treasury of the general government ; if slaves were not to be counted, it was argued at the north that they would be paying less than their equitable share. consequently at that time the northern states were inclined to maintain that the slaves were population, while the south preferred to regard them as chattels. the question was settled by a compromise that was proposed by mr. madison ; according to this arrangement the slaves were rated as population, but in such wise that five of them were counted as three persons. in 1784 mr. madison was again elected to the virginia legislature, an office then scarcely inferior in dignity, and superior in influence, to that of delegate to the continental congress. his efforts were stead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4836261496693727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.445607"} {"text": "that five of them were counted as three persons. in 1784 mr. madison was again elected to the virginia legislature, an office then scarcely inferior in dignity, and superior in influence, to that of delegate to the continental congress. his efforts were steadfastly devoted to the preparation and advocacy of measures that were calculated to increase the strength of the federal government. he supported the proposed amendment to the articles of confederation, giving to congress control over the foreign trade of the states ; and, pending the adoption of such a measure, he secured in that body the passage of a port bill restricting the entry of foreign ships to certain specified ports. the purpose of this was to facilitate the collection of revenue, but it was partially defeated in its operation by successive amendments increasing the number of ports. while the weakness of the general government and the need for strengthening it were daily growing more apparent, the question of religious liberty was the subject of earnest discussion in the virginia legislature. an attempt was made to lay a tax upon all the people of that state \" for the support of teachers of the christian religion. \" at first madison was almost the only one to see clearly the serious danger lurking in such a tax ; that it would be likely to erect a state church and curtail men ' s freedom of belief and worship. mr. madison ' s position here well illustrated the remark that intelligent persistence is capable of making one person a majority. his energetic opposition resulted at first in postponing the measure. then he wrote a \" memorial and remonstrance, \" setting forth its dangerous character with wonderful clearness and cogency. he sent this paper all over the state for signatures, and in the course of a twelvemonth had so educated the people that, in the election of 1785, the question of religious freedom was made a test question, and in the ensuing session the dangerous bill was defeated, and in place thereof it was enacted \" that no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief ; but that all men shall be free to profess and, by argument, maintain their opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in nowise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. \" in thus abolishing religious tests virginia came to the front among all the american states, as massachusetts had come to the front in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48796420968372917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.446753"} {"text": "and that the same shall in nowise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. \" in thus abolishing religious tests virginia came to the front among all the american states, as massachusetts had come to the front in the abolition of negro slavery. nearly all the states still imposed religious tests upon civil office - holders, from simply declaring a general belief in the infallibleness of the bible, to accepting the doctrine of the trinity. madison ' s \" religious freedom act \" was translated into french and italian, and was widely read and commented upon in europe. in our own history it set a most valuable precedent for other states to follow. the attitude of mr. madison with regard to paper money was also very important. the several states had then the power of issuing promissory notes and making them a legal tender, and many of them shamefully abused this power. the year 1786 witnessed perhaps the most virulent craze for paper money that has ever attacked the american people. in virginia the masterly reasoning and the resolute attitude of a few great political leaders saved the state from yielding to the delusion, and among these leaders mr. madison was foremost. but his most important work in the virginia legislature was that which led directly to the annapolis convention, and thus ultimately to the framing of the constitution of the united states. the source from which such vast results were to flow was the necessity of an agreement between maryland and virginia with regard to the navigation of the potomac river, and the collection of duties at ports on its banks. commissioners appointed by the two states to discuss this question met early in 1785 and recommended that a uniform tariff should be adopted and enforced upon both banks. but a further question, also closely connected with the navigation of the potomac, now came up for discussion. the tide of westward migration had for some time been pouring over the alleghanies, and, owing to complications with the spanish power in the mississippi valley, there was some danger that the united states might not be able to keep its hold upon the new settlements. it was necessary to strengthen the commercial ties between east and west, and to this end the potomac company was formed for the purpose of improving the navigation of the upper waters of the potomac and connecting them by good roads and canals with the upper waters of the ohio at pittsburg \u2014 an enterprise which, in due course of time, resulted in the chesapeake and ohio canal. the first president of the potomac company was george washington, who well understood that the undertaking was quite as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5089353805977542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.447801"} {"text": "canals with the upper waters of the ohio at pittsburg \u2014 an enterprise which, in due course of time, resulted in the chesapeake and ohio canal. the first president of the potomac company was george washington, who well understood that the undertaking was quite as important in its political as in its commercial bearings. at the same time it was proposed to connect the potomac and delaware rivers with a canal, and a company was organized for this purpose. this made it desirable that the four states \u2014 virginia, maryland, delaware, and pennsylvania \u2014 should agree upon the laws for regulating interstate traffic through this system of water - ways. but from this it was but a short step to the conclusion that, since the whole commercial system of the united states confessedly needed overhauling, it might perhaps be as well for all the thirteen states to hold a convention for considering the matter. when such a suggestion was communicated from the legislature of maryland to that of virginia, it afforded mr. madison the opportunity for which he had been eagerly waiting. some time before he had prepared a resolution for the appointment of commissioners to confer with commissioners from the other states concerning the trade of the country and the advisableness of entrusting its regulation to the federal government. this resolution mr. madison left to be offered to the assembly by some one less conspicuously identified with federalist opinions than himself ; and it was accordingly presented by mr. tyler, father of the future president of that name. the motion was unfavorably received and was laid upon the table, but when the message came from maryland, the matter was reconsidered and the resolution passed. annapolis was selected as the place for the convention, which assembled on september 11, 1786. only five states \u2014 virginia, delaware, pennsylvania, new jersey, and new york \u2014 were represented at the meeting. maryland, which had first suggested the convention, had seen the appointed time arrive without even taking the trouble to select commissioners. as the representation was so inadequate, the convention thought it best to defer action, and accordingly adjourned after adopting an address to the states, which was prepared by alexander hamilton. the address incorporated a suggestion from new jersey, which indefinitely enlarged the business to be treated by such convention ; it was to deal not only with the regulation of commerce, but with \" other important matters. \" acting upon this cautious hint, the address recommended the calling of a second convention, to be held at philadelphia on the second monday of may, 1787. mr. madison was one of the commissioners at annapolis, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4560753296582176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.448833"} {"text": "but with \" other important matters. \" acting upon this cautious hint, the address recommended the calling of a second convention, to be held at philadelphia on the second monday of may, 1787. mr. madison was one of the commissioners at annapolis, and was very soon appointed a delegate to the new convention, along with washington, randolph, mason, and others. the avowed purpose of the new convention was to \" devise such provisions as shall appear necessary to render the constitution of the federal government adequate to the exigencies of the union, and to report to congress such an act as, when agreed to by them and confirmed by the legislatures of every state, would effectually provide for the same. \" the report of the annapolis commissioners was brought before congress in october, in the hope that congress would earnestly recommend to the several states the course of action therein suggested. at first the objections to the plan prevailed in congress, but the events of the winter went far toward persuading men in all parts of the country that the only hope of escaping anarchy lay in a thorough revision of the imperfect scheme of government under which we were then living. the paper - money craze in so many of the states, the violent proceedings in the rhode island legislature, the riots in vermont and new hampshire, the shays rebellion in massachusetts, the dispute with spain about the navigation of the mississippi, and the consequent imminent danger of separation between north and south, had all come together ; and now the last ounce was laid upon the camel ' s back in the failure of the impost amendment. in february, 1787, just as mr. madison, who had been chosen a delegate to congress, arrived in new york, the legislature of that state refused its assent to the amendment, which was thus defeated. thus, only three months before the time designated for the meeting of the philadelphia convention, congress was decisively informed that it would not be allowed to take any effectual measures for raising a revenue. this accumulation of difficulties made congress more ready to listen to the arguments of mr. madison, and presently congress itself proposed a convention at philadelphia identical with the one recommended by the annapolis commissioners, and thus in its own way sanctioned their action. the assembling of the convention at philadelphia was an event to which mr. madison, by persistent energy and skill, had contributed more than any other man in the country, with the possible exception of alexander hamilton. for the noble political structure reared by the convention it was madison that furnished the basis. before the convention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48319109539026045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.449921"} {"text": "which mr. madison, by persistent energy and skill, had contributed more than any other man in the country, with the possible exception of alexander hamilton. for the noble political structure reared by the convention it was madison that furnished the basis. before the convention met he laid before his colleagues of the virginia delegation the outlines of the scheme that was presented to the convention as the \" virginia plan. \" of the delegates, edmund randolph was then governor of virginia, and it was he that presented the plan, and made the opening speech in defence of it, but its chief author was madison. this \" virginia plan \" struck directly at the root of the evils from which our federal government had suffered under the articles of confederation. the weakness of that government had consisted in the fact that it operated only upon states and not upon individuals. only states, not individuals, were represented in the continental congress, which accordingly resembled a european congress rather than an english parliament. the delegates to the continental congress were more like envoys from sovereign states than like members of a legislative body. they might deliberate and advise, but had no means of enforcing their will upon the several state governments ; and hence they could neither raise a revenue nor preserve order. in forming the new government, this fundamental difficulty was met first by the creation of a legislative body representing population instead of states, and secondly by the creation of a federal executive and a federal judiciary. thus arose that peculiar state of things so familiar to americans, but so strange to europeans that they find it hard to comprehend it : the state of things in which every individual lives under two complete and well - rounded systems of laws \u2014 the state law and the federal law \u2014 each with its legislature, its executive, and its judiciary, moving one within the other. it was one of the longest reaches of constructive statesmanship ever known in the world, and the credit of it is due to madison more than to any other one man. to him we chiefly, owe the luminous conception of the two co - existing and harmonious spheres of government, although the constitution, as actually framed, was the result of skilful compromises by which the virginia plan was modified and improved in many important points. in its original shape that plan went further toward national consolidation than the constitution as adopted. it contemplated a national legislature to be composed of two houses, but both the upper and the lower house were to represent population instead of states. here it encountered fierce opposition from the smaller states, under the lead of new jersey, until the matter was settled by the famous connecticut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4897928733713091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.451155"} {"text": "legislature to be composed of two houses, but both the upper and the lower house were to represent population instead of states. here it encountered fierce opposition from the smaller states, under the lead of new jersey, until the matter was settled by the famous connecticut compromise, according to which the upper house was to represent states, while the lower house represented population. madison ' s original scheme, moreover, would have allowed the national legislature to set aside at discretion such state laws as it might deem unconstitutional. it seems strange to find madison, who afterward drafted the virginia resolutions of 1798, now suggesting and defending a provision so destructive of state rights. it shows how strongly he was influenced at the time by the desire to put an end to the prevailing anarchy. the discussion of this matter in the convention, as we read it to - day, brings out in a very strong light the excellence of the arrangement finally adopted, by which the constitutionality of state laws is left to be determined through the decisions of the federal supreme court. in all the discussions in the federal convention mr. madison naturally took a leading part. besides the work of cardinal importance which he achieved as principal author of the virginia plan, especial mention must be made of the famous compromise that adjusted the distribution of representatives between the northern and the southern states. we have seen that in the congress of 1783, when it was a question of taxation, the south was inclined to regard slaves as chattels, while the north preferred to regard them as population. now, when it had come to be a question of the apportionment of representation, the case was reversed : it was the south that wished to count slaves as population, while the north insisted that they should be classed as chattels. here mr. madison proposed the same compromise that had succeeded in congress four years before ; and mr. rutledge, of south carolina, who had supported him on the former occasion, could hardly do otherwise than come again to his side. it was agreed that in counting population, whether for direct taxation or for representation in the lower house of congress, five slaves should be reckoned as three individuals. in the history of the formation of our federal union this compromise was of cardinal importance. without it the union would undoubtedly have gone to pieces at the outset, and it was for this reason that the northern abolitionists, gouverneur morris and rufus king, joined with washington and madison and with the pro - slavery pinckneys in subscribing to it. some of the evils", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5066236426494736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.452235"} {"text": ", and it was for this reason that the northern abolitionists, gouverneur morris and rufus king, joined with washington and madison and with the pro - slavery pinckneys in subscribing to it. some of the evils resulting from this compromise have led historians, writing from the abolitionist point of view, to condemn it utterly. nothing can be clearer, however, than that, in order to secure the adoption of the constitution, it was absolutely necessary to satisfy south carolina. this was proved by the course of events in 1788, when there was a strong party in virginia in favor of a separate confederacy of southern states. by south carolina ' s prompt ratification of the constitution this scheme was completely defeated, and a most formidable obstacle to the formation of a more perfect union was removed. of all the compromises in american history, this of the so - called \" three - fifths rule \" was probably the most important : until the beginning of the civil war there was hardly a political movement of any consequence not affected by it. mr. madison ' s services in connection with the founding of our federal government were thus, up to this point, of the most transcendent kind. we have seen that he played a leading part in the difficult work of getting a convention to assemble ; the merit of this he shares with other eminent men, and notably with washington and hamilton. then, he was chief author of the most fundamental features in the constitution, those which transformed our government from a loose confederacy of states into a federal nation ; and to him is due the principal credit for the compromise that made the adoption of the constitution possible for all the states. after the adjournment of the convention his services did not cease. among those whose influence in bringing about the ratification of the constitution was felt all over the country, he shares with hamilton the foremost place. the \" federalist, \" their joint production, is probably the greatest treatise on political science that has ever appeared in the world, at once the most practical and the most profound. the evenness with which the merits of this work are shared between madison and hamilton is well illustrated by the fact that it is not always easy to distinguish between the two, so that there has been considerable controversy as to the number of papers contributed by each. according to madison ' s own memorandum, he was the author of twenty - nine of the papers, while fifty - one were written by hamilton, and five by jay. the question is not of great importance. very probably mr. madison would have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5237891772926173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.453305"} {"text": ". according to madison ' s own memorandum, he was the author of twenty - nine of the papers, while fifty - one were written by hamilton, and five by jay. the question is not of great importance. very probably mr. madison would have had a larger share in the work had he not been obliged, in march, 1788, to return to virginia, in order to take part in the state convention for deciding upon the ratification of the constitution. the opposition in virginia was strong and well organized, and had for leaders such eminent patriots as patrick henry and richard henry lee. the debates in the convention lasted nearly a month, and for a considerable part of this time the outlook was not promising. the discussion was conducted mainly between madison and henry, the former being chiefly assisted by marshall, wythe, randolph, pendleton, and henry lee, the latter by mason, monroe, harrison, and tyler. to mr. madison, more than to any one else, it was due that the constitution was at length ratified, while the narrowness of the majority \u2014 89 to 79 \u2014 bore witness to the severity of the contest. it did not appear that the people of virginia were even yet convinced by the arguments that had prevailed in the convention. the assembly that met in the following october showed a heavy majority of anti - federalists, and under henry ' s leadership it called upon congress for a second national convention to reconsider the work done by the first. senators were now to be chosen for the first u. s. senate, and henry, in naming richard henry lee and william grayson, both anti - federalists, as the two men who ought to be chosen, took pains to mention james madison as the one man who on no account whatever ought to be elected senator. henry was successful in carrying this point. the next thing was to keep mr. madison out of congress, and henry ' s friends sought to accomplish this by means of the device afterward known as \" gerrymandering \" ; but the attempt failed, and madison was elected to the first national house of representatives. his great knowledge, and the part he had played in building up the framework of the government, made him from the outset the leading member of the house. his first motion was one for raising a revenue by tariff and tonnage duties. he offered the resolution for creating the executive departments of foreign affairs, of the treasury, and of war. he proposed twelve amendments to the constitution, in order to meet the objection, urged in many quarters, that that instrument did not contain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45787403117246833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.454426"} {"text": "and advocating an extension of the powers of the federal government. but there was no reason in the world why a federalist of 1787 \u2013 ' 90 must thereafter, in order to preserve his consistency, become a loose constructionist. it was entirely consistent for a statesman to advocate the adoption of the constitution, while convinced that the powers specifically granted therein to the general government were ample, and that great care should be taken not to add indefinitely to such powers through rash and loose methods of interpretation. not only is such an attitude perfectly reasonable in itself, but it is, in particular, the one that a principal author of the constitution would have been very likely to take ; and no doubt it was just this attitude that mr. madison took in the early sessions of congress. the occasions on which be assumed it were, moreover, eminently proper, and afford an admirable illustration of the difference in temper and mental habit between himself and hamilton. the latter had always more faith in the heroic treatment of political questions than madison. the restoration of american credit in 1790 was a task that demanded heroic measures, and it was fortunate that we had such a man as hamilton to undertake it. but undoubtedly the assumption of state debts by the federal government, however admirably it met the emergency of the moment, was such a measure as might easily create a dangerous precedent, and there was certainly nothing strange or inconsistent in madison ' s opposition to it. a similar explanation will cover his opposition to hamilton ' s national bank ; and indeed, with the considerations here given as a clew, there is little or nothing in mr. madison ' s career in congress that is not thoroughly intelligible. at the time, however, the federalists, disappointed at losing a man of so much power, misunderstood his acts and misrepresented his motives, and the old friendship between him and hamilton gave way to mutual distrust and dislike. mr. madison sympathized with the french revolutionists, though he did not go so far in this direction as jefferson. in the debates upon jay ' s treaty with great britain he led the opposition, and supported the resolution asking president washington to submit to the house of representatives copies of the papers relating to the negotiations. the resolution was passed, but washington refused on the ground that the making of treaties was intrusted by the constitution to the president and the senate, and that the lower house was not entitled to meddle with their work. at the close of washington ' s second administration mr. madison retired for a brief season from public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5076928961883407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.456685"} {"text": "of treaties was intrusted by the constitution to the president and the senate, and that the lower house was not entitled to meddle with their work. at the close of washington ' s second administration mr. madison retired for a brief season from public life. during this difficult period the country had been fortunate in having, as leader of the opposition in congress, a man so wise in counsel, so temperate in spirit, and so courteous in demeanor. whatever else might be said of madison ' s conduct in opposition, it could never be called factious ; it was calm, generous, and disinterested. about two years before the close of his career in congress he married mrs. dolly payne todd, a beautiful widow, much younger than himself ; and about this time he seems to have built the house at montpelier, which was to be his home during his later years. but retirement from public life, in any real sense of the phrase, was not yet possible for such a man. the wrath of the french government over jay ' s treaty led to depredations upon american shipping, to the sending of commissioners to paris, and to the blackmailing attempts of talleyrand, as shown up in the x. y. z. despatches. in the fierce outbursts of indignation that in america greeted these disclosures, in the sudden desire for war with france, which went so far as to vent itself in actual fighting on the sea, though war was never declared, the federalist party believed itself to be so strong that it proceeded at once to make one of the greatest blunders ever made by a political party, in passing the alien and sedition acts. this high - handed legislation caused a sudden revulsion of feeling in favor of the republicans, and called forth vigorous remonstrance. party feeling has, perhaps, never in this country been so bitter, except just before the civil war. montpelier, piedmont, va., the home of james madison, now owned by col. william dupont a series of resolutions, drawn up by mr. madison, was adopted in 1798 by the legislature of virginia, while a similar series, still more pronounced, drawn up by mr. jefferson, was adopted in the same year by the legislature of kentucky. the virginia resolutions asserted with truth that, in adopting the federal constitution, the states had surrendered only a limited portion of their powers ; and went on to declare that, whenever the federal government should exceed its constitutional authority, it was the business", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46100851869192855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.457680"} {"text": "of kentucky. the virginia resolutions asserted with truth that, in adopting the federal constitution, the states had surrendered only a limited portion of their powers ; and went on to declare that, whenever the federal government should exceed its constitutional authority, it was the business of the state governments to interfere and pronounce such action unconstitutional. accordingly, virginia declared the alien and sedition laws unconstitutional, and invited the other states to join in the declaration. not meeting with a favorable response, virginia renewed these resolutions the next year. there was nothing necessarily seditious, or tending toward secession, in the virginia resolutions ; but the attitude assumed in them was uncalled for on the part of any state, inasmuch as there existed, in the federal supreme court, a tribunal competent to decide upon the constitutionality of acts of congress. the kentucky resolutions went further. they declared that our federal constitution was a compact, to which the several states were the one party and the federal government was the other, and each party must decide for itself as to when the compact was infringed, and as to the proper remedy to be adopted. when the resolutions were repeated in 1799, a clause was added, which went still further and mentioned \" nullification \" as the suitable remedy, and one that any state might employ. in the virginia resolutions there was neither mention nor intention of nullification as a remedy. mr. madison lived to witness south carolina ' s attempt at nullification in 1832, and in a very able paper, written in the last year of his life, he conclusively refuted the idea that his resolutions of 1798 afforded any justification for such an attempt, and showed that what they really contemplated was a protest on the part of all the state governments in common. doubtless such a remedy was clumsy and impracticable, and the suggestion of it does not deserve to be ranked along with mr. madison ' s best work in constructive statesmanship ; but it certainly contained no logical basis for what its author unsparingly denounced as the \" twin heresies \" of nullification and secession. in 1799 mr. madison was again elected a member of the virginia assembly, and in 1801, at mr. jefferson ' s urgent desire, he became secretary of state. in accepting this appointment, he entered upon a new career, in many respects different from that which he had hitherto followed. his work as a constructive statesman, which was so great as to place him in the foremost rank among the men that have built up nations, was by this time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.471899544216718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.459418"} {"text": "a new career, in many respects different from that which he had hitherto followed. his work as a constructive statesman, which was so great as to place him in the foremost rank among the men that have built up nations, was by this time substantially completed. during the next few years the constitutional questions that had hitherto occupied him played a part subordinate to that played by questions of foreign policy, and in this new sphere mr. madison was not, by nature or training, fitted to exercise such a controlling influence as he had formerly brought to bear in the framing of our federal government. as secretary of state, he was an able lieutenant to mr. jefferson, but his genius was not that of an executive officer so much as that of a lawgiver. he brought his great historical and legal learning to bear in a paper entitled, \" an examination of the british doctrine which subjects to capture a neutral trade not open in the time of peace. \" but the troubled period that followed the rupture of the treaty of amiens was not one in which legal arguments, however masterly, counted for much in bringing angry and insolent combatants to terms. in the gigantic struggle between england and napoleon the commerce of the united states was ground to pieces as between the upper and the nether millstone, and in some respects there is no chapter in american history more painful for an american citizen to read. the outrageous affair of the \" leopard \" and the \" chesapeake \" was but the most flagrant of a series of wrongs and insults, against which jefferson ' s embargo was doubtless an absurd and feeble protest, but perhaps at the same time pardonable as the only weapon left us in that period of national weakness. affairs were drawing slowly toward some kind of crisis when, at the expiration of jefferson ' s second term, mr. madison was elected president of the united states by 122 electoral votes against 47 for cotesworth pinckney, and 6 for george clinton, who received 113 votes for the vice - presidency, and was elected to that office. the opposition of the new england states to the embargo had by this time brought about its repeal, and the substitution for it of the act declaring non - intercourse with england and france. by this time many of the most intelligent federalists, including john quincy adams, had gone over to the republicans. in 1810 congress repealed the non - intercourse act, which, as a measure of intimidation, had proved ineffectual. congress now sought to use the threat of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.461137942300535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.461016"} {"text": "most intelligent federalists, including john quincy adams, had gone over to the republicans. in 1810 congress repealed the non - intercourse act, which, as a measure of intimidation, had proved ineffectual. congress now sought to use the threat of non - intercourse as a kind of bribe, and informed england and france that if either nation would repeal its obnoxious edicts, the non - intercourse act would be revived against the other. napoleon took prompt advantage of this, and informed mr. madison ' s government that he had revoked his berlin and milan decrees as far as american ships were concerned ; but at the same time he gave secret orders by which the decrees were to be practically enforced as harshly as ever. the lie served its purpose, and congress revived the non - intercourse act as against great britain alone. in 1811 hostilities began on sea and land, in the affair of tippecanoe and of the \" president \" and \" little belt. \" the growing desire for war was shown in the choice of henry clay for speaker of the house of representatives, and mr. madison was nominated for a second term, on condition of adopting the war policy. on june 18, 1812, war was declared, and before the autumn election a series of remarkable naval victories had made it popular. mr. madison was re - elected by 128 electoral votes against 89 for dewitt clinton, of new york. the one absorbing event, which filled the greater part of his second term, was the war with great britain, which was marked by some brilliant victories and some grave disasters, including the capture of washington by british troops, and the flight of the government from the national capital. whatever opinion may be held as to the character of the war and its results, there is a general agreement that its management, on the part of the united states, was feeble. mr. madison was essentially a man of peace, and as the manager of a great war he was conspicuously out of his element. the history of that war plays a great part in the biographies of the military and naval heroes that figured in it ; it is a cardinal event in the career of andrew jackson or isaac hull. in the biography of madison it is an episode which may be passed over briefly. the greatest part of his career was finished before he held the highest offices ; his renown will rest chiefly or entirely upon what he did before the beginning of the 19th century. after the close of his second term in 1817, mr. madison retired to his estate at montpelier, where he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552648581500217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.463670"} {"text": "he held the highest offices ; his renown will rest chiefly or entirely upon what he did before the beginning of the 19th century. after the close of his second term in 1817, mr. madison retired to his estate at montpelier, where he spent nearly twenty happy years with books and friends. this sweet and tranquil old age he had well earned by services to his fellow - creatures such as it is given to but few men to render. among the founders of our nation, his place is beside that of washington, hamilton, jefferson, and marshall ; but his part was peculiar. he was pre - eminently the scholar, the profound, constructive thinker, and his limitations were such as belong to that character. he was modest, quiet, and reserved in manner, small in stature, neat and refined, courteous and amiable. in rough party strife there were many who could for the moment outshine him. he was not the sort of hero for whom people throw up their caps and shout themselves hoarse, like andrew jackson, for example ; but his work was of a kind that will be powerful for good in the world long after the work of the men of jackson ' s type shall have been forgotten. the full - page portrait of madison in this chapter is from a painting by gilbert stuart. a satisfactory biography of madison is still to be desired. his interesting account of the federal convention is published in elliot ' s \" debates on the state conventions \" ( 4 vols., 8vo, philadelphia, 1861 ). see also the \" madison papers \" ( 3 vols., washington, 1840 ), and the \" history of the united states by henry adams. vols. v to ix, madison ' s administration, 1809 \u2013 1817 \" ( new york, 1890, 1891 ). a complete edition of his writings, edited by gaillard hunt, in 9 octavo volumes, appeared in new york in 1900 \u2013 1910. for biographies there is the cumbrous work of william c. rives ( 3 vols., boston, 1859 \u2013 ' 68 ), and the sketch by sydney howard gay in the \" american statesmen \" series ( boston, 1884 ). his wife, dorothy payne, born in north carolina, may 20, 1772 ; died in washington, d. c., july 12, 1849, was a granddaughter of john payne, an english gentleman who migrated to virginia early in the 18th century. he married anna fleming, granddaughter of sir thomas fleming, one of the early settlers of jamestown. his son, the second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.457959273073068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.464784"} {"text": "ichneumia albicauda occurs throughout much of sub - saharan africa, with the exception of the congo basin, the ivory coast, and the arid regions of western south africa, namibia, botswana, and angola. white - tailed mongooses are also found throughout the southern arabian peninsula. they are fairly common throughout their range and are found in a wide variety of habitats. biogeographic regions : ethiopian ( native ) - lioncrusher ' s domain, 2004. \" white tailed mongoose : ichneumia albicauda \" ( on - line ). accessed february 02, 2005 at http : / / www. lioncrusher. com / animal. asp? animal = 132. white tailed mongooses are relatively large mongooses. their long yellowish tan hair, and long, black guard hairs make them appear grizzled. the tail is bushy and is white on the terminal half. hair is lacking on their palms to the wrists and on their upper lip. females have four mammae. other physical features : endothermic ; homoiothermic ; bilateral symmetry sexual dimorphism : sexes alike average mass : 3500 g. habitat and ecology ichneumia albicauda is a terrestrial mammal that is found in a wide variety of habitats from woodland to semi - deserts. white - tailed mongooses seem to prefer areas with thick cover, such as forest edges and riparian corridors, and are found mainly in savannah woodlands and grasslands ( nowak 1991, taylor 1972 ). white - tailed mongoose are not found in very moist habitats, such as rainforests and swamps, and are also absent from the extremely arid regions of southwestern africa. these mongooses den in porcupine or aardvark burrows, termite mounds, and holes under roots. habitat regions : temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial terrestrial biomes : savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest other habitat features : riparian ichneumia albicauda feeds mainly on insects, but it has a diverse diet ( nowak 1991 ). the insects eaten include locusts, beetles, and mole crickets. these mongooses may also consume rats, mice, shrews, lizards, snakes, small birds ( including chickens ), berries, and fruits ( taylor 1972 ). when they occur near human settlements, they have been known to steal chickens ( grzimek 1990 ). they are also known to eat the eggs of wild birds, breaking the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3841591261032734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.473986"} {"text": "( including chickens ), berries, and fruits ( taylor 1972 ). when they occur near human settlements, they have been known to steal chickens ( grzimek 1990 ). they are also known to eat the eggs of wild birds, breaking the shell by throwing the egg back between its hind legs against a hard object ( nowak 1991 ). animal foods : birds ; mammals ; reptiles ; eggs ; insects ; terrestrial non - insect arthropods plant foods : fruit primary diet : carnivore ( insectivore ) white - tailed mongooses are important as predators of insects and small vertebrates in the ecosystems in which they live. the predators of white - tailed mongooses are unknown. mongooses are aggressive and will actively defend themselves from predators larger than themselves. they are likely to escape predation mainly through their secretive behavior and cryptic appearance. likely predators include large snakes, birds of prey, and larger predators such as jackals and jaguars. white - tailed mongooses may make themselves unappealing as a meal through their noxious scent. anti - predator adaptations : cryptic life history and behavior communication and perception white - tailed mongooses are highly vocal and make unusual sounds associated with sexual behavior that have been likened to a dog - like yap ( nowak 1991 ). they may defend themselves with a noxious secretion from the anal scent glands. communication channels : acoustic ; chemical perception channels : visual ; acoustic captive white - tailed mongooses can live 12 years ( grzimek 1990 ). expected lifespan in the wild is unknown. status : captivity : 12 ( high ) years. status : captivity : 12. 0 years. status : captivity : 10. 0 years. lifespan, longevity, and ageing the author was unable to find information on mating systems in i. albicauda. many details about the reproductive cycle of the white - tailed mongoose are not fully known, but some information exists. females have four mammae ( taylor 1972 ). although litter size is uncertain, it is believed to be between 1 - 3, but some accounts have estimated the litter size to be 2 - 4, while others claim the size to be 1 - 2 ( nowak 1991 ). litters are frequently seen between february to may, and no young appear during the dry season of august - november. weaning occurs before nine months of age, at which time full independence is attained ( nowak 1991 ). the age of sexual maturity is not known, but it is generally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4047269203385797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.474986"} {"text": ", and no young appear during the dry season of august - november. weaning occurs before nine months of age, at which time full independence is attained ( nowak 1991 ). the age of sexual maturity is not known, but it is generally thought to occur before 2 years of age. the length of the gestation period also is not known, but it is generally believed to be around 60 days ( nowak 1991 ). breeding interval : the appearance of litters during only the wet season suggests that breeding occurs once yearly. breeding season : breeding is estimated to occur between december and march, with litters of young appearing during the wet season, from february to may. range number of offspring : 1 to 4. average gestation period : 60 days. average weaning age : 9 months. average time to independence : 9 months. range age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( female ) : 2 ( high ) years. range age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( male ) : 2 ( high ) years. key reproductive features : iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric / gonochoristic / dioecious ( sexes separate ) ; viviparous average number of offspring : 2. 3. as in all mammals, white - tailed mongooses are cared for and nursed by their mothers until they are weaned. little information is available on reproduction in i. albicauda, so the extent of male parental investment is unknown. young white - tailed mongooses are weaned and acheive independence at about 9 months of age. parental investment : altricial ; pre - fertilization ( provisioning, protecting : female ) ; pre - hatching / birth ( provisioning : female, protecting : female ) ; pre - weaning / fledging ( provisioning : female, protecting : female ) ; pre - independence ( provisioning : female, protecting : female ) iucn red list assessment red list category red list criteria - 1996lower risk / least concern ( baillie and groombridge 1996 ) white - tailed mongooses are common throughout their range. us federal list : no special status cites : no special status iucn red list of threatened species : least concern relevance to humans and ecosystems economic importance for humans : negative ichneumia albicauda may take poultry where they occur near human habitation ( nowak 1991 ). economic importance for humans : positive although white - tailed mongooses are shy relative to other mongooses, they are said to become", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4142695448242094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.476322"} {"text": "which means ' tail '. the white - tailed mongoose feeds mostly on insects, but will feed on a wide variety of other foods as well. locusts, beetles, and mole crickets make up the majority of their diet. rats, mice, shrews, lizards, snakes, small birds are also eaten, along with the occasional fruits and berries. the eggs of birds are also eaten ; they will break open the egg by throwing it between its hind legs against a rock or other hard object. they have been known to raid chicken houses in areas where domestic poultry is raised. ichneumia albicauda is primarily nocturnal and terrestrial. by day they will rest in an abandoned burrow, termite mound, or in cavities under tree roots. the average home range is 0. 97 km\u00b2 for males and 0. 64 km\u00b2 for females. ranges of males do not overlap, but ranges of opposite sexes overlap significantly. females either live alone with their own offspring or in a small group with other females and their offspring, although they do not associate with each other. though they may share a range, they forage separately. they are, for the most part, solitary creatures, with the male and female only coming together to mate. reports of groups are either a breeding pair or a mother and her offspring. these mongooses do not migrate except to establish their own territory away from their mother ' s range. these mongooses are very vocal, and make an unusual barking sound that is associated with sexual behavior. if frightened, they will secrete a noxious substance from their anal glands. they do not stand on their hind feet for any length of time like other mongooses. knowledge of the reproduction of the white tailed mongoose is incomplete. litters are seen most frequently from february to may, and no young appear at all during the dry season from august to november, which suggests that they only breed once a year. the young are fully weaned at nine months of age, and around this time, the young disperse. it is speculated that sexual maturity is reached before two years of age, and that the gestation period is around 60 days. - wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m., eds. ( 2005 ). \" ichneumia albicauda \". mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed. ). johns hopkins university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42552805552006806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.480044"} {"text": "2005 ). \" ichneumia albicauda \". mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed. ). johns hopkins university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494. http : / / www. bucknell. edu / msw3 / browse. asp? id = 14000638. - hoffmann, m. ( 2008 ). \" ichneumia albicauda \". iucn red list of threatened species. version 2010. 1. international union for conservation of nature. http : / / www. iucnredlist. org / apps / redlist / details / 41620. retrieved 14 june 2010. database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern - wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m., eds. ( 2005 ). \" ichneumia \". mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed. ). johns hopkins university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494. http : / / www. bucknell. edu / msw3 / browse. asp? id = 14000637. - dewey, t. and n. greene. 1999. ichneumia albicauda at animal diversity web. accessed june 14, 2010. - estes, richard d. ( 1999 ). the safari companion. chelsea green publishing company. p. 261. isbn 1890132446. to request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4217245034476025, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.480545"} {"text": "state and local climate and energy program energy efficiency ( ee ) - benefits of energy efficiency - local opportunities to improve energy efficiency benefits of energy efficiency improving energy efficiency is one of the most constructive and cost - effective ways to address the challenges of high energy prices, energy security and independence, air pollution, and global climate change. the many benefits of energy efficiency include : - environmental : increased efficiency can lower greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emissions and other pollutants, as well as decrease water use. - economic : improving energy efficiency costs significantly less than investing in new generation and transmission. energy efficiency can also boost the local economy and create downward pressure on natural gas prices and volatility. - utility system benefits : when integrated into energy resource plans, energy efficiency can provide long - term benefits by lowering baseload and peak demand and reducing the need for additional generation and transmission assets. - risk management : energy efficiency also diversifies utility resource portfolios and can be a hedge against uncertainty associated with fluctuating fuel prices and other risk factors. local opportunities to improve energy efficiency local governments can take a wide range of approaches to promoting energy efficiency, both in their own operations and in their communities. the links to the key sectors and utilities partners below provide background information, options for increasing energy efficiency in that sector, actions local governments can take, and technical assistance and informational resources. - local government operations and facilities \u2013 nearly one - third of the energy used to run typical government buildings can be conserved. local governments can achieve substantial energy cost savings across their facilities, demonstrate energy and environmental leadership, and raise public awareness of energy efficiency benefits associated with reducing ghg emissions. in addition to improving the efficiency of existing and new facilities, local governments can incorporate energy efficiency criteria into product procurement decisions. - water and wastewater facilities \u2013 municipal water treatment systems are typically the largest consumers of energy in municipal operations, accounting for up to 40 percent of their total energy use. improving the energy efficiency of equipment and process technologies at water and wastewater facilities can reduce current and projected energy costs, ghg emissions, and increase treatment efficiency. energy efficiency at many of the nation ' s water and wastewater treatment facilities can potentially be increased by 15 - 30 percent. - non \u2013 governmental buildings \u2013 government operations typically account for only 5 percent of the total ghg emissions of a jurisdiction. strategies to improve the energy efficiency of commercial, industrial, and other non - governmental buildings allow local governments to achieve much greater benefits than by focusing on their buildings alone. - residential \u2013 in 2007, ghg emissions associated with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.518012257634914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.483512"} {"text": "adding white space around your images can make it easier for the pdf maker to properly tag your documents for accessibility when it does the conversion from microsoft word to the pdf document format. one way to add white space is by placing your cursor immediately after each image and adding a few carriage returns. however, a better way to add the white space is to use the paragraph styles built into microsoft word. adding alternative text will make the images in your adobe acrobat documents more accessible to people who have visual disabilities. however, when you use a decorative image, the image does not any valuable information. to ensure that this kind of image is skipped by a screen reader, you should mark it up as a background object. adding alternate ( alt ) text to your images will make your microsoft word documents more accessible to people who have visual impairments. this will also make any pdf documents created from your microsoft word documents more accessible as well. the alt text is a description of the image that can be read to someone who has a visual impairment by screen reader software. the key to creating a more accessible pdf document is to begin with a good source document in your word processing program. the five tips presented in this tutorial will allow you to create more accessible pdfs by adding accessibility features to your microsoft word documents before they are exported to the pdf format. there is currently no way to add alternative text to images in a document created with microsoft office 2008 for the mac. however, you can take advantage of the fact that the mac has the ability to print to a pdf document as a built - in feature of the operating system. you can then use adobe acrobat to add the alternative text to the images in your pdf document. while it may not be the best way to create a web page, many people only use microsoft word as their primary web authoring software. if you only have access to microsoft word as your web authoring software, you should make sure you add alt text to the images in your word documents. adding alt text to the images will ensure that these images can be properly described to screen reader users when they access the web pages created with microsoft word on a web browser. dreamweaver \u2019 s preferences include a setting that will remind you to add alt text to each image as you add it to a web page. the web developer toolbar is a free add - on for the firefox web browser. it can be downloaded from http : / / addons. mozilla. org. a version of this toolbar is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4327488219608462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.487494"} {"text": "while the webster 1913 entry is probably very correct, it most certainly doesn ' t fit the more modern definition. in common usage, a carburetor ) is part of an internal combustion engine the carb sits between your fuel pump and your engine ( or your gas tank and engine if your setup uses a gravity feed, like many older motorcycles ). it ' s job is to atomize fuel and mix it with air. a pretty simple job, in concept - however it is anything but a simple device. modern cars, since the advent of fuel injection don ' t use carburetors, as the fuel injection system takes care of atomizing the fuel and mixing it correctly. however, they are still very common on motorcycles ( in fact, i have never heard of a bike using fuel injection ). the carb consists of several \" jets \". each jet is a hole where fuel and air can flow through. the air / fuel mixture is determined by the size of the jets, and the adjustment of the overall system. it is quite an involved process. it must be adjusted so that the engine can idle. too rich of a mixture ( too much fuel, for the amount of air ) and it can foul the spark plugs and really hurt fuel economy ( i had a bike that was getting 10 miles per gallon on the highway until the carb was fixed - now it gets 50 mpg - amazingly its city performance didn ' t change - has always been about 30 mpg ) adjusting the carb requires special tools like a portable tachometer ( the built in tachometer on cars and bikes is not good enough. my bike manual calls for one that can detect a difference of 25 rpms between 0 - 1, 000 rpms - and this is a cruiser not a high performance sport bike ). an improperly adjusted carb ( or one that needs adjustment ) can cause several different problems. any of the following could be caused by a carb problem : of course all of these can be caused by other things too. however if several of these symptoms apear - then there is a good chance that it is a carb problem. as a side note : a carb is really anything that mixes fuel with air to aid burning ( as the webster 1913 definition pretty well states ). it is interesting to note that while the hole in many bongs and pipes is called a \" carb \". it is a matter of debate over whether this is, indeed, a carburetor. on one hand it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5138401282537812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.490133"} {"text": "use of automatic cluster removers in milking dairy cows posted : may 7, 2005 in order to achieve these goals there are several important decisions that farmers make. these include milking frequency, cow preparation routine, type of equipment to purchase, and when the end of milking occurs for each cow. milking equipment manufacturers have developed automatic cluster removers ( acr, also known as automatic take - offs ) to determine end - of - milking. automatic cluster removers determine when the milk flow rate is low enough to detach the milking machine from the udder. use of this equipment allows greater consistency than is possible with manual machine removal and also allows for a reduction in labor. as dairy farms get larger there is more pressure to increase the pounds of milk / unit of labor or pounds of milk / hour of parlor operation. thus, there is interest in optimizing parlor efficiency. to really take advantage of automatic cluster removers, dairy farmers need to have the correct settings for milk flow rate. in general, the higher the flow rate setting, the quicker the unit will determine the end - of - milking. this is desirable from the standpoint of reduced labor costs and is thought to reduce the stress on teat ends. overmilking from excessive milking time may lead to mastitis. however, there is likely a point at which a higher acr setting leads to a reduction in milk yield. since most farm income comes from milk sales, the loss in milk is very undesirable. thus, the correct acr setting on a farm is likely a compromise between machine - on time and milk yield. the primary purpose of our study at penn state was to evaluate the effect of three acr settings ( 1. 06, 1. 32 and 1. 76 # / min ) on machine - on time and milk yield. a second objective was to determine if there was a difference in response between heifers and older cows. the study used 60 lactating holsteins ( 20 heifers and 40 lactating cows ). cows were milked twice per day. the three acr settings were studied over 12 weeks in a design that was balanced for days - in - milk and stage of bst cycle. data were collected from almost 10, 000 individual cow milkings in a double - 10 parlor with an afifarm system for automatic data collection. results showed that there was a significant reduction in machine - on time as the acr setting was increased. | machine - on time ( min )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4934131326150025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.496762"} {"text": "individual cow milkings in a double - 10 parlor with an afifarm system for automatic data collection. results showed that there was a significant reduction in machine - on time as the acr setting was increased. | machine - on time ( min ) | | 6. 3 | | 5. 9 | | 5. 6 | | milk yield / cow / milking ( # ) | | 43. 4 | | 43. 8 | | 42. 5 | cows milked 0. 4 minutes / milking quicker when the setting increased to 1. 32 # / min flow rate, and an additional 0. 3 min faster when the setting was increased to 1. 76 # / min. there was no significant difference in milk yield as the acr setting increased from 1. 06 to 1. 32 # / min, but there was a significant reduction in yield as the setting increased to 1. 76 # / min. the 1. 3 pounds of lost milk per milking that we observed at the 1. 76 acr setting may represent a substantial herd loss if multiplied by the number of milkings per day, times the number of cows milked. the average milking time for the 1. 32 setting was 5. 9 min, which is very acceptable for cows that averaged 87. 6 # milk / day. the number of cases of clinical mastitis was also not different among the three groups. there were 3, 2 and 3 cases for the 1. 06, 1. 32 and 1. 76 acr settings, respectively. longer studies must be performed before we can make definitive statements about the effect of acr setting on somatic cell counts, but this study showed no obvious differences. our study also showed that there was no difference in response between heifers and cows, so that one parlor can milk both groups equally well. some caution is needed in interpreting these results. herds with significantly different milk production, different milking frequency, and different pre - milking routines than ours may lead to somewhat different results. however, the principles will likely be similar. in conclusion, it appears that the best acr setting for most pa dairy farms may be to select the highest acr setting that does not reduce milk yield. an acr setting of 1. 32 # milk / minute was optimal in our study. this approach will allow farmers to harvest the optimal amount of milk while reducing machine - on time, labor costs, and potential teat - end stress. complete results and full discussion are in : ( magliaro and kensinger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46155030410632425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.498721"} {"text": "history of embedded commands embedded commands were first discovered by dr. milton erickson early in his career in psychotherapy. during this phase of his life he was working in a mental hospital and in a wing that specialized in patients who were schizophrenic. in the schizophrenic ward there were many patients who spoke what erickson described as \u201c word salad \u201d. instead of forming coherent sentences they would simply spout one unrelated word after another into a sort of word salad that made no sense to anyone listening. erickson began to wonder what the motivation behind such speech was and hypothesized that there was a coherent message embedded within these random speech patterns. in order to test his hypothesis erickson devise and experiment. he too began speaking word salad when talking to these patients that spoke like this. he spoke a mix of random words but slipped in some very intentional commands that he marked by changing his tone of voice on those words. when he communicated with these patients he would sit and talk with them both speaking nonsense word salad while erickson embedded commands such as \u201c speak correctly \u201d and \u201c talk right \u201d into his salad. the results were outstanding on one occasion while erickson was having a word salad with a patient who had been speaking this way for years the patient suddenly stopped and looked at erickson and said \u201c talk right doctor, i can \u2019 t understand you \u201d. this was the first time this patient had formed a coherent sentence since his admission into the hospital and thus embedded commands were born. development of embedded commands after erickson success with schizophrenic patients he decided to devise another experiment to see how these embedded commands would work on normal people hidden within everyday normal conversation. at this time he had a secretary who suffered from frequent migraine headaches. these headaches were made worse by having to take dictation and often times were so bad that she had to go home. ericson waited till a day when his secretary had a particularly bad migraine then asked her to come take some dictation that he needed done urgently. during the dictation erickson cleverly weaved in embedded commands such as \u201c free from pain \u201d, \u201c feeling great \u201d, etc. into the dictation. he marked these words from the rest by changing his tone of voice or pausing before and / or after stating the command. within minutes the secretary noticed that her headache had completely resolved. this happened on several more occasions and the headache always resolved within minutes. on one particular afternoon the secretary had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5026726286205261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.503772"} {"text": "by changing his tone of voice or pausing before and / or after stating the command. within minutes the secretary noticed that her headache had completely resolved. this happened on several more occasions and the headache always resolved within minutes. on one particular afternoon the secretary had a horrible headache and thought \u201c i always feel better when i take dictation \u201d so she sought out dr. erickson to see if he needed any done. he was not in the office that day so she went and found someone else and them if she could take some dictation for them. they agreed and within minutes her headache was worse than ever. she thought that perhaps it was something in the words erickson used. so she went and got an old document that erickson had dictated to her earlier and had someone read that to her. no success. the difference was the marking of the embedded commands. it was not just the words that were important it was the way the embedded commands were given or the way they were marked to stand out. analog marking within embedded commands marking the embedded commands you use is called analog marking and this can be achieve in a number of ways. you simply make a word or command stand out from the rest of your conversation. this is a subtle thing and is never noticed consciously. you can change the tone of your voice when you say the command words. you can make eye contact when you say them and look away on other words. you can raise your hand when you say them. you can pause before. you can pause after or you can pause before and after. there is no correct way, there are a million ways. in fact there are so many ways that milton erickson was famous for using multiple levels of embedded commands. he may lower his voice and give you embedded commands concerning self confidence while at the same time pausing before and after commands to stop smoking. at the same time he would make eye contact with you or touch your hand while giving embedded commands to go into a trance state. this is an amazing task. how he kept up with each one and used them all simultaneously all while telling a humorous story. using embedded commands embedded commands are constructed so that the outcome that you desire is contained within it. when embedding a command first think of the command that you wish to give to the person who you are talking to. for example if you wanted people to register for your marketing course then the command word would be register. when you give the command use analog marking in some way to mark that word for the unconscious mind. here is an example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5092336331410011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.505048"} {"text": "who you are talking to. for example if you wanted people to register for your marketing course then the command word would be register. when you give the command use analog marking in some way to mark that word for the unconscious mind. here is an example of how we can use embedded commands to embed the command register into a sentence : ( we will drop our tone on the embedded commands ) you can \u2013 register - right now for our three day coaching course and receive the benefits - now -. when embedding a command you want to choose less than five words at a time to embed. commands are almost always given as short, sharp statements like \u201c stop that \u201d or \u201c help me \u201d. so keep the embedded commands short and simple they should contain as few words as possible. when you first start using this technique it feels like it is obvious to you that you are using embedded commands and you think other people will notice. i promise you they won \u2019 t and i encourage you to go out and try to get caught. go out with some friends and practice this and go over board. drastically change your tone of voice on your commands and analog mark them with some flare and see if anyone notices. they won \u2019 t. so go out and practice your embedded commands with peace of mind knowing this is a covert technique that gets amazing results. incoming search terms : - embed commands - milton erickson embedded commands - embedded commands nlp examples - milton erickson embedded commands history - motivational embedded commands - nlp analogical marking - nlp example of an embedded demand - nlp examples marking words and embedded commands - schizophrenic embedded suggestions - techniques using embedded commands no related posts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5015679591126918, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.505759"} {"text": "( note : please read the update to this alert. ) the new york times, revealing the interrogation techniques the cia is using against al - qaeda suspects, seemed unable to find a source who would call torture by its proper name. the may 13 article, headlined \" harsh cia methods cited in top qaeda interrogation, \" described \" coercive interrogation methods \" endorsed by the cia and the justice department, including hooding, food and light deprivation, withholding medications, and \" a technique known as ' water boarding, ' in which a prisoner is strapped down, forcibly pushed under water and made to believe he might drown. \" the article took pains to explain why, according to u. s. officials, such techniques do not constitute torture : \" defenders of the operation said the methods stopped short of torture, did not violate american anti - torture statutes, and were necessary to fight a war against a nebulous enemy whose strength and intentions could only be gleaned by extracting information from often uncooperative detainees. \" the article seemed to accept that the techniques described are something other than torture : \" the tactics simulate torture, but officials say they are supposed to stop short of serious injury. \" the implication is that only interrogation methods that cause serious physical harm would be real and not simulated torture. the article quoted no one who said that the cia methods described were, in fact, torture. yet it would have been easy to find human rights experts who would describe them as such. the website of human rights watch ( www. hrw. org ) reports that \" the prohibition against torture under international law applies to many measures, \" including \" near drowning through submersion in water. \" amnesty international u. s. a. ( www. amnestyusa. org ) names \" submersion into water almost to the point of suffocation \" as a form of torture, and emphasizes that torture \" can be psychological, including threats, deceit, humiliation, insults, sleep deprivation, blindfolding, isolation, mock executions... and the withholding of medication or personal items. \" the article did quote the geneva conventions ' prohibition against \" violence to life and person, in particular... cruel treatment and torture \" and \" outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading treatment. \" but it did not quote the definition of \" torture \" under international law, contained in the 1984 convention against torture, which makes it clear that psychological as well as physical methods of coercion are prohibited. according to the convention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5196686216733053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.511484"} {"text": "often times a teacher is faced with parents who feel their children are academically excelling and would like to skip them to a higher grade. this might occur more in lower grades, as it is not uncommon to have a student or several students who have caught on to reading and math skills easily. even though these students may be performing above grade level, many factors have to be considered when skipping a grade. henry was a new student who arrived in my classroom with his father early monday morning. my principal and i had discussed his placement into my second grade classroom. he explained that henry \u2019 s father believed his son should be skipped to the third grade. my principal had convinced this proud and zealous parent that we should be given time to evaluate his son to make sure he was making the right decision for him. holding on to his father \u2019 s hand stood a pint size young man. his father proceeded to tell me everything my principal and i had discussed, while henry stood frozen to his side. i assured henry \u2019 s father i would be assessing henry and we would definitely be in touch. henry was exactly as proficient as his father had described ; he definitely was reading above the class \u2019 level and his math skills were also above grade level. henry was a model student. he obeyed class rules and was motivated to do anything i asked in class. i knew i would be able to meet his needs for language arts, but math was going to be a little more difficult. plus, i felt pressured by his father to have henry skipped to a higher grade, so i decided i would send him to a third grade class for his math period. i had another student escort him to his first day of his math class, allowing henry to feel more confident. the next day i told him it was his turn to go to math class on his own. i could see the reluctance in his eyes, he was unsure of the walk. that was one of my first indications that he was truly a 6 - year - old boy developmentally, despite his brilliance. i proceeded to watch henry and make mental notes as he interacted with his fellow students on the playground and as he collaborated with other students in the classroom. on the playground, i observed henry was always playing alone. he hadn \u2019 t found a friend with whom to play, even after several weeks. i questioned him saying, \u201c why are you always playing alone? \u201d he shyly responded, \u201c i don \u2019 t have any friends to play with. \u201d this is when i knew it was time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4714894947171807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.515861"} {"text": "with whom to play, even after several weeks. i questioned him saying, \u201c why are you always playing alone? \u201d he shyly responded, \u201c i don \u2019 t have any friends to play with. \u201d this is when i knew it was time for me to step in. i arranged for several students to take responsibility for playing with henry at recess and lunch. before long, his face was smiling and ready to go when it was time for outside play. physical education was also a difficult time for henry ; he often had trouble performing skills as simple as bouncing and catching a ball, skipping, jumping or playing a kicking game. henry stayed in my class for most of the year. after numerous conversations, i convinced his father of the social skills and the confidence henry must have to make friends. he saw a change in henry at home. he was much happier and started wanting to do outside activities. there was no more talk of skipping. henry and his family moved away before the end of the year. his father assured me he would be putting him right back in 2nd grade. several years later i had a surprise visit from henry \u2019 s father. i was standing duty on the playground and i recognized him as he walked up to me. he proceeded to tell me he was on a business trip and had to make a special stop to see me. i was astonished to see him and listened as he explained his gratitude. he presented me with a beautiful piece of jewelry made of jade, a token of his culture, as a thank you for helping him to make the right decision for henry. henry had developed into a happy, excellent student with many friends.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49730982288682934, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.516508"} {"text": "teaching quality has a significant impact on academic access, retention and performance. yet many teachers in sub - saharan africa, conditioned by male - dominated values in their communities, employ teaching methods that do not provide equal opportunity to participation for girls and boys. neither do these methods take into account the individual needs of learners, especially girls. fawe developed the gender - responsive pedagogy ( grp ) model to address the quality of teaching in african schools. the model trains teachers to be more gender aware and equips them with the skills to understand and address the specific learning needs of both sexes. it develops teaching practices that engender equal treatment and participation of girls and boys in the classroom and in the wider school community. features of fawe \u2019 s grp model the grp model trains teachers in the design and use of gender - responsive : - teaching and learning materials. - lesson plans. - language in the classroom. - classroom interaction. - classroom set - up. - strategies to eliminate sexual harassment. - management of sexual maturation. - school management systems. - monitoring and evaluation. gender - responsive pedagogy was initiated in 2005 and has been introduced in burkina faso, chad, ethiopia, the gambia, guinea, kenya, malawi, namibia, rwanda, senegal, tanzania, uganda and zambia. impact of fawe \u2019 s grp model - improvement in girls \u2019 retention and performance. - greater participation of girls \u2019 in the classroom. - improved gender relations within schools. over 6, 600 teachers have benefited from fawe \u2019 s grp training since 2005.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5170114624323634, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.519113"} {"text": "could it be true that thoreau was only seeking the adventure of mt. katahdin for poetic \u201c raw material \u201d? did he traverse the range solely for a thrilling story for the public? as a hopeless literary romantic, i would dare say not ; and will go further to defend the legitimacy of thoreau \u2019 s expedition! in claiming maine, disabato accuses thoreau of venturing into the wilderness in order to obtain an economic gain, the likes of which he claims to denounce in excerpts of the maine woods and the economy introduction of walden. she states, along with other authors, that thoreau perhaps was only involved in such an undertaking to \u201c extract \u201d what he needed from nature, in this case the raw material for his journals. now, it is simple to equate that thoreau, considering himself a writer or thinking \u2013 man by profession, has the right to define the means of his own income. for this span of his life, while residing at walden pond, the successes of his labors were not the fruit of work or of his chores, but the result of a fulfillment of something more true to heart \u2013 a man \u2019 s desire to relate himself to the natural world around him. these economies related to no one but himself, and he himself acted as proprietor and consumer. it is my romanticized idea to believe, within the entirety of my logic, that upon traveling to the maine woods thoreau wished to only traverse a landscape more wild than previously experienced. is it too much that a man desire the shelter of a nature more desolate, in a sense of human stability? could a landscape deprived of human influence be more beautiful than that of a scenic hamlet? in this case, who is allowed to define beauty? is seeking such a place and solidifying an experience extracting a metaphorical raw material? are we thinking way too far into this? before reading this i have never thought of myself as \u201c extracting \u201d anything from nature as i immerse myself in a forest, but just the appreciation and joy of just being. the more i think about it, i am extracting moments, later to be memories, or particular species i see, or behaviors i observe, i am extracting knowledge and questions. claiming maine has helped me digest the thoreau reading from last week. lorianne disabato exposes thoreau \u2019 s deepest questions, including the ownership of land for humans or animals, or \u201c why earthly creation often resists human control \u201d, and even in naming nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5073732919527304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.528961"} {"text": "the thoreau reading from last week. lorianne disabato exposes thoreau \u2019 s deepest questions, including the ownership of land for humans or animals, or \u201c why earthly creation often resists human control \u201d, and even in naming nature. another issue that i struggle with as a naturalist myself, is hunting. thoreau is opposed to hunting because he believes that people hunt more than just to sustain themselves, but just for the sport. although when he comes upon a dead moose, he is able to get observations he would never be able to if the moose were alive. must we kill species to really learn about them? as humans we must know everything, and if we don \u2019 t know the answer there is someone in the world working to find it out. why isn \u2019 t the appreciation of nature and the present knowledge that we have enough for us? one of the most impressive feats of victorian era outdoorsman - ship ( the word in itself is a reminder of it \u2019 s sexist attitude and it \u2019 s continuation to the present day ) is that fails to identify any true connection to nature other than the romanticization of landscapes and features as wholly individual parts and mutually exclusive of each other. reinforced through cultural traditions such as the boy - scouts, eagle - scouts, girl scouts and culminating in the military, most of our knowledge of living in the \u201c wild nature \u201d comes from the \u201c war on nature \u201d attitude and perspective. i find it at once ironic and very true that a connection with nature can be the very antidote for a militaristic mindset, due to that fact that people in the front lines of the military are the most well trained to survive and cope with these wild places due mostly to the rigorous training and disciplined mind set that comes along with ordered chaos that our armed forces tend to become. life in the trail camp before the 2nd half of the 20th century was largely the realm of the man. it was the proving ground for the more rugged types who shunned or needed a respite from their banal urban existence. flagship icons such as theodore roosevelt stood at once for preservation and wholesale destruction of the natural resources contained in the north american continent and beyond. the trophy hunting attitude that both ended wild nature and exposed what it once was to the general public came with a hefty price indeed that was to be levied on the next few generations or more. the question is will we learn from our past failed relationships with nature, and give her the freedom that she requires, or continue on our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48953898125122874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.530095"} {"text": "public came with a hefty price indeed that was to be levied on the next few generations or more. the question is will we learn from our past failed relationships with nature, and give her the freedom that she requires, or continue on our self destructive attempts at a failed relationship? - weather patterns - boreal and temperate forest mixing areas - life style of layered clothing - relationship between deer and moose - the northern forest region has high alcohol use and abuse compared to the rest of the united states - maslow hierarchy of needs - constant job market - regulation for growth on lakes, rivers and other water sources - a plan for today and tomorrow - rural, large tracks of disturbed but not destroyed land. - carbon production and selling of credits, for control - energy production and selling ( solar, wind, water ) and storage for energy - research and development in nofo, small organizations of like goals working together, ccc style programs - like laws to help region not states, guiding license in maine and new hampshire - research into density by population like in the adirondacks for other mountainous areas in the nofo. * baby steps to a larger goal : - federal and local ( nonprofit ) funding for research and development - college preparation to enter into forest related industries - initiate inventory and conservation techniques to establish corridors for all types of life through the nofo - community outreach programs, public input sessions and using college course load to advertising for nofo giving simple facts and leading discussions of local issues on a regional scale - local representation of all industries on boards and committees final project outline : nature and culture of the northern forest video to create a documentary film ; \u201c original \u201d actor and \u201c original \u201d scene are better guides than their fictional counterparts to interpret the modern world ; and that materials \u201c thus taken from the raw \u201d can be more real than the acted article. creating a story that would benefit and enhance the diversity of voices we are able to hear in our daily lives and in our classroom excursions and discussions : a history of northern forest culture from the horses mouth. part! \u2013 circa 1700 \u2013 1950 - lucy terry prince bars fight \u201d ( 1746 ) - elinore pruitt stewart - john gyles voice over narrative for character voices preserved in journals and other printed media overlapped with historic photographs, paintings, drawings, carvings and historical re - creations of music and audio. part!! \u2013 circa 1950 \u2013 2100 some photographs from 2nd half of century overlapped with video of living lifelong residents of the northern forest who have something to say about the region", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4795663567059375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.531287"} {"text": ", drawings, carvings and historical re - creations of music and audio. part!! \u2013 circa 1950 \u2013 2100 some photographs from 2nd half of century overlapped with video of living lifelong residents of the northern forest who have something to say about the region as a whole and where it is going. - thomas rowell - dolphis sweeny thoreau saw the world through the eyes of a man who was both out of place in his time and our own. or perhaps he is an ideal petrie dish for both, displaying, in journalistic terms, the sentiments of a amateur naturalist ( or in today \u2019 s terms, and environmental activist ). preserving in his writing, a contribution to our culture \u2019 s twisted sense of a connection to the natural world as a tourist. his observations are at once charming and disconcerting in that they both romanticize the lives of truly wild people and places yet at the same time we may envy his timing to see these places in a more \u201c wild \u201d state than they exist today. while he was content eating alpine berries and hiking for leisure, i can only wonder what the inner dialogue of his companions had been relative to thoreau, having more experience and work behind them while the educated man went for a stroll or scribbled in his notebook. though we all love a great story of long lost worlds, i can only refer back to a book i once read, \u201c how much should a person consume? \u201d by ramachandra guha, which revolved centrally around eastern and western perspectives on wilderness, preservation and humans relationship with nature, and how our cultures differ in that respect and who were the central figures who shaped the collective, or in the words of the publisher \u201c offers trenchant critiques of privileged and isolationist proponents of conservation, persuasively arguing for biospheres that care as much for humans as for other species \u201d. at the time i read this i had scarcely been to the northern forest, and over this course have seen a few of the different uses and jurisdictions in a vast and humanistically disconnected web of woods, and how the balance of human needs ( or wants, and wherever lies the distinction ) regulates and influences the health of the forest and it \u2019 s non - human inhabitants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5070274136453169, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.532365"} {"text": "... simply bring up the ide then click on : [ file ] - > [ preferences ]... interesting... i did that and i found that for my 64 - bit windows 7 installation it pointed to : c : \\ users \\ don \\ documents \\ arduinowhen i got there i found that the ' libraries ' folder was already present. inside the libraries folder i found readme. txt and the contents of that file said \" for information on installing libraries, see : http : / / arduino. cc / en / guide / libraries \". now that looks awfully familiar.... note that depending on your ( microsoft ) operating system version the documents folder may be called my documents. anyway - my recommendation still stands, this is just a different way of finding out that it is no longer recommended to put your ' extra ' libraries in the same location as those supplied with the ide. i completely agree with you that for normal situations, putting your libraries under your own sketchbook directory is much better and i highly recommend doing that as well. there are a few situations like when wanting to develop or test with specific ide versions where this method can ' t be used, but that is by far not the norm. with repsect to locating the users personal sketchbook directory, i think your exercise further demonstrates why the method i described for locating the sketchbook directory is better. it works for all the operating systems, including linux which is what i use. there is no need to have describe specific directories or operating systems as limor has done. ( she somewhat punted on the path for linux ) my rule of thumb is less is more, and so if you can come up with a simpler way to describe something that works in the general case rather than have to describe each individual specific case, then the simpler way is \" better \", and that is why, in my view, the best method for locating the sketchbook directory ( which is where the libraries subdirectory will live ) is to have the ide tell you where it is looking because that is what really matters and when the ide tell ' s you, it is always correct no matter which os or os version you are using. btw, the support of a separate user \" libraries \" under the user \" sketchbook \" directory has been in the ide for several years, and many release prior to 1. x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4193453915715528, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.534732"} {"text": "judge william wayne justice has died at age 89 after a long illness. texas can now exhale, and those who are crafting a new texas should take the life of judge justice as an example of the type of justice texas doesn \u2019 t want and won \u2019 t tolerate. appointed to the federal district bench by president lyndon johnson in 1968, he became known as a liberal judge whose decisions radically changed law and society in texas. justice did not believe that the us constitution and the bill of rights were static and unchangeable. he advocated the living constitution viewpoint that the constitution should evolve as the society evolved. consequently, he legislated from the federal bench. his legal decisions covered issues in prison reform, immigration, public education, public housing and voting law. in one of his more infamous rulings in 1977, doe v. plyler, he ordered that undocumented immigrant children had the same rights as us citizens and must receive public education. he also ordered bilingual public education. once his liberalism was chronicled and well - known, reformers and social do - gooders flocked to his courtroom to file class action cases. some of the class action cases, many of which were the largest lawsuits in america, dragged on for decades. and his court decisions changed texas forever and influenced legal precedent nationwide. frank kemerer, justice \u2019 s biographer and university professor, said that justice was perhaps the single most influential agent for change in 20th - century texas history. likely, kemerer is right. but justice \u2019 s brand of change did violence to the us constitution. he should have been impeached and removed from office. but in a tyrannical federal government that snickers at state \u2019 s rights and outright ignores the us constitution, justice was a hero. in the new nation of texas, federal judges must be chosen that are committed to strict interpretation of the new texas constitution. the judges should be required to sign an affidavit stating their commitment to strict interpretation, and judges should stand for re - election or re - appointment every few years. no lifetime appointments to the bench. in instances of judicial activism, judges should be subject to removal from the bench at any time. the new texas deserves no less than judges who will protect liberty.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41553883157760846, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.539480"} {"text": "dinosaurs are a headache for biblical literalists. since religion has no rational basis, you have to build your base of believers by indoctrinating children at a young age. and because children are fascinated by dinosaurs and can \u2019 t seem to get enough of them, you need to work them into the story somehow. the fact that dinosaurs existed at one time and are now extinct is an unquestioned fact and must be faced. the catch is that dinosaurs are not mentioned in the bible. it is no good for creationist adults to deny their existence the way they deny other inconvenient scientific facts because even the most trusting and naive child is going to balk at such a counterfactual statement. young earth creationists cannot accept the most common scientific explanation of dinosaur extinction as a result of an asteroid collision with the earth 65 million years ago that changed the climate, because that explanation is too deeply integrated into an old earth model in which dinosaurs lived long before humans. biblical literalists believe in a 6, 000 year old earth in which humans existed from the beginning and hence were contemporaneous with all animals so it would be hard to explain why the catastrophic event that wiped out the dinosaurs did not destroy humans as well. besides asteroids are not mentioned in the bible either. as a result, there has developed an entire creationist cottage industry devoted to ( a ) arguing that the bible does indeed talk about dinosaurs, and ( b ) providing explanations as to why they are no longer around. blog reader david sent along a little cartoon booklet titled there go the dinosaurs! that gives one such attempt. as he said it is at the same time both hilarious and sad. the booklet says that the reason dinosaurs are not mentioned in the bible is that they used to be called dragons, which are mentioned extensively in the bible, and that they were \u2018 renamed \u2019 as dinosaurs in 1841. it is true that the name dinosaur was only coined in 1842 by the naturalist richard owen after the discovery of the fossils. but this \u2018 renaming \u2019 gambit that makes dragons and dinosaurs the same is quite a neat trick because it solves two embarrassing problems at once. one is that dinosaurs existed but the bible does not mention them and the other is that dragons are widely accepted to be mythical creatures that never existed but the bible and other fables repeatedly refer to them. of course, since god knows the future, it does not explain why he did not tell the authors of the bible to use the term dinosaur. but we \u2019 ll let that go. so why did the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4460774112442581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.547889"} {"text": "and other fables repeatedly refer to them. of course, since god knows the future, it does not explain why he did not tell the authors of the bible to use the term dinosaur. but we \u2019 ll let that go. so why did the dinosaurs go extinct, if it was not due to a catastrophic event? the booklet said that humans hunted them for their meat. during the great flood, a pair of dinosaurs was saved in the ark by noah and after the flood subsided they reproduced like other animals. but because the flood wiped out all the vegetation, the air in the immediate post - flood era was oxygen poor. apparently dinosaurs need more oxygen - rich air and as a result they got tired easily and couldn \u2019 t run as fast ( like what happens to humans in high altitudes, i suppose ) and so were much more easily caught and killed. hence they went extinct. what is interesting about this scenario is the attempt to provide a scientific - sounding explanation for an accepted fact that picks and chooses from the scientific universe. what creationists do is mix as much standard science as possible with evidence - free assertions. creationists tend to use science only when it consists of either those things that are common knowledge and cannot be disputed or things that people experience in their everyday lives and seem commonsensical or it provides results that they agree with. any science that is not common knowledge and contradicts the bible is rejected. radiometric dating, for example, requires esoteric and technical knowledge and thus can be dismissed and its conclusions breezily cast aside. the way that creationists operate is to accept just those scientific facts that \u2018 every one knows \u2019 ( continents drift, during photosynthesis trees take in carbon dioxide and emit oxygen, the earth moves around the sun, the universe is vast ) and then weave elaborate stories around these anchors to create \u2018 explanations \u2019. the catch is that as time goes by, more and more things that once could be dismissed as esoteric start to enter the world of \u2018 everyone knows \u2019 knowledge, creating more headaches for creationists, requiring more ad hoc additions. for example, creationists realize that it is futile to deny that the continents once formed a single large land mass that drifted apart. but in order to explain how that could have happened in 6, 000 years, they say that they moved really fast until just recently. the idea that trees are producers of oxygen ( true ) and that low oxygen content in air can more easily lead to fatigue ( true ) is thrown in with a purely ad hoc assertion ( that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4681103620216797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.548998"} {"text": ", they say that they moved really fast until just recently. the idea that trees are producers of oxygen ( true ) and that low oxygen content in air can more easily lead to fatigue ( true ) is thrown in with a purely ad hoc assertion ( that dinosaurs need more oxygen - rich air than humans ) to arrive at the desired result. as rudyard kipling showed with his just so stories once you are allowed this freedom to be evidence - free, you can explain anything, a point reinforced by the cartoon strip jesus and mo. what is really going to destroy contemporary creationism is the age of the earth and evolution. the idea that the earth is really old, of the order of billions of years, is now so widely accepted that creationists will come to rue the day that they decided that a young earth and special creation of species had to be bedrock beliefs. even the mainstream media, ever solicitous of not offending people \u2019 s religious beliefs, no longer bother to provide \u2018 balance \u2019 when it talks of the age of the earth being 13. 7 4. 5 billion years old. the same is true that species have evolved. at some point, young people will peel away from creationism because just so stories that argue for a young earth and special creation of species will be just too far fetched for them to take.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48532117675069236, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.549499"} {"text": "finding the minimum information for passenger lists to find the name of the port of exit on a passenger list, you must at least know the individual ' s full name and the approximate date of arrival. however, the more information you know, the better. for example, if you know the individual ' s nationality or the port of arrival, you will be able to narrow down your search. if you do not have the minimum information to find a passenger list, you can either : get help finding some of the minimum information by selecting one of the following items, click the back button on your browser to return to the list of other places where you can find a port of exit, or read the paragraphs below for a few additional tips. finding passenger lists knowing the port of entry may help you find the passenger list that you need. contact the state archives or national archives branch in the vicinity of the port of entry and find out what type of ship arrival records they have for that port. once you know the names and dates of ships that came through the port of entry, you can begin looking up passenger lists under various ship names. you don ' t have to look up the lists for all of the ships that came through that port, but only for those that came from a likely port of exit and arrived on the date you think your ancestor entered the country. eventually, you may come across the passenger list that contains your ancestor ' s name. if you don ' t know the port of entry, then you can make some educated guesses. for example, many people moved hundreds of miles away from their port of entry, but others stayed in the general area. if you can make an educated guess, you at least have a possible place to start looking for passenger lists. if you don ' t know exactly where an individual lived when they arrived in the united states, you may be able to take a guess at it by finding out where they were at other points in their life. for example, where did they get married? where were their children born? where did they die? where were they at the time of each census? the answers to these questions may help you out. for assistance finding any of this information, return to the main step - by - step topic. finding a port of exit if you know that your ancestor departed from hamburg, you should check the departure records that are available through the family history library of the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints. the departure records for hamburg are indexed by year from 1850 - 1934, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3979106674638071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.552357"} {"text": "geneva, switzerland \u2013 the nobel peace prize was awarded friday 12 october to the european union in a surprise move that reminds the eu of what it has achieved, at a time when there is heated debate over its current problems. the prize was given, the norwegian nobel committee says on its web site, to acknowledge that \u201c the union and its forerunners have for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in europe. \u201c in the inter - war years, the norwegian nobel committee made several awards to persons who were seeking reconciliation between germany and france. since 1945, that reconciliation has become a reality. the dreadful suffering in world war ii demonstrated the need for a new europe. over a seventy - year period, germany and france had fought three wars. today war between germany and france is unthinkable. this shows how, through well - aimed efforts and by building up mutual confidence, historical enemies can become close partners. \u201d but the award is likely to be the latest in a series of controversial ones, reports the financial times on cnn, and \u201c the eu award is also likely to provoke sharp debate in norway where anti - eu feelings are running at an all - time high with a poll last year suggesting 72 per cent of norwegians would say no to joining the 27 - country club. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4254394069483269, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.553896"} {"text": "in yesterday \u2019 s actvac handicap results i have included the ast % figures, and will do so in future, because they are an interesting way of comparing the times of each runner which takes their age into account. what are ast percentages? ast stands for \u201c age standard times \u201d. they are calculated against the actual age of each competitor in an event. in 1989 the world association of veteran athletes ( wava ) developed the first age - graded tables in one - year age increments and they have since been updated. the tables are composed of world class standards as a function of both age and distance. that means that for every age starting at age 8 and going to age 100 there are standards for every long distance running event, for every common track & field event, and for race walking. using the data in the tables it is possible to determine an age graded time ( as seen in the results of the australian masters championships in hobart ) and the equivalent percentage ( as provided yesterday and with most actvac results. ) here \u2019 s an example of how the calculations are done for three masters men in a 10k race. in the above example, the 64 year old man had the best performance, even though he had the slowest finishing time. rough \u201c classifications \u201d are recognised to be as follows : 100 % = approximate world record level over 90 % = world class over 80 % = national class over 70 % = regional class so when you see the ast % listed, you know that the higher scores are the better results. the scores give everyone a new incentive to improve their performances in a measurable way. and provide you with new rivals to challenge as you try and get a higher ast % than someone who has been ahead of you. not to mention an extra reason to celebrate your birthday every year, not just every five years! are you short of energy? here ' s katy ' s solution! 21 minutes ago", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5050041286031387, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.555858"} {"text": "for immediate release office of the press secretary october 3, 2003 fire prevention week, 2003 by the president of the united states of america more than 1. 7 million fires strike american homes, parks, and businesses each year. this devastation costs lives, causes injuries, ruins property, and disrupts businesses. while fires are powerful and destructive, many fires are preventable. during fire prevention week, we join with our nation ' s first responders to help prevent fires and ensure the safety of our homes and communities. as the official sponsor of fire prevention week, the national fire protection association is joining forces with the department of homeland security ' s federal emergency management agency and the united states fire administration to emphasize the importance of being prepared to protect ourselves, our families, and our communities. this year ' s fire prevention week theme is \" when fire strikes : get out! stay out! \" across our country, most fire - related deaths occur where people feel safest - - in their own homes. national surveys reveal that most americans underestimate the risk of fire in their homes and lack an emergency response plan. fires can grow quickly, and individuals may have as few as 2 minutes to evacuate. working smoke detectors give people more time to escape fires. at least 94 percent of american homes are equipped with smoke alarms, yet most home fire deaths happen in homes where smoke alarms are not working. by installing and maintaining working smoke alarms on every level of the home, having a fire emergency response plan, and evacuating if the alarm sounds, families and individuals can be ready to respond to a fire. this week also reminds us of the dangers that brave first responders face as they risk their lives to fight fires and protect our communities, our people, and our natural resources. our fire services respond to more than 20 million emergency calls a year. americans are grateful for their courage, skill, and commitment to public safety, and we honor the sacrifice of those who have been injured or killed in their efforts to protect us. through fire safety and prevention, we can save lives, including those of our firefighters and other first responders. now, therefore, i, george w. bush, president of the united states of america, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the constitution and laws of the united states, do hereby proclaim october 5 through october 11, 2003, as fire prevention week. on sunday, october 5, 2003, in accordance with public law 107 - 51, flags will be flown at half staff on all federal office buildings in honor of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45685760255533153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.558750"} {"text": "by jeanne marie teutonico and staff of the gci to achieve our objectives, we rely on a strong, multidisciplinary staff that includes over sixty conservators, architects, archaeologists, scientists, educators, and other professionals. over the years, the gci has developed expertise in a number of core areas that include preventive conservation, monitoring and control of museum environments, conservation and management of archaeological sites, methodologies for materials analysis, earthen architecture, and the conservation of architectural surfaces, such as wall paintings and mosaics. the getty conservation institute ( gci ) works internationally to create and deliver knowledge that will benefit the professionals and organizations responsible for the conservation of the visual arts in all their dimensions \u2014 objects, collections, architecture, and sites. the ultimate goal of the gci is to advance conservation thinking and practice through research, education and training, model field projects, and the dissemination of information in a variety of forms. however, what perhaps distinguishes the gci from many other conservation organizations is our capacity to identify conservation needs outside conventional boundaries. because we are not a political or governmental institution, we have the opportunity to tackle questions of broad theoretical and practical significance to the conservation profession, even those that have resisted solution for many years. we select our projects based on their potential for impact or resonance beyond a particular artifact or initiative, and we always look for a strong research and / or educational component. of course, we continue to work in the thematic areas where we have expertise and experience, but we are also free to explore new areas in light of identified needs. in all its endeavors, the gci is greatly enriched by working in collaboration with a broad variety of partners, both at the getty and beyond in the international community. through cooperation with governments, universities, and other conservation organizations, we both extend our mission and leverage our resources to better serve the conservation profession at large. through our collaborative relationships, we also attempt to build capacity where it does not exist and to forge institutional alliances that complement our own expertise and experience. organizationally, the gci is divided into four departments that work together to advance particular aspects of its mission. the field projects group collaborates with a variety of international partners to develop and implement model projects that incorporate strong research, planning, and educational objectives. the science group carries out applied research across a broad spectrum of thematic areas to address unsolved conservation problems, understand the deterioration of historic buildings and sites, develop analytical methodologies, and advance the field ' s research agenda. the science", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48565924166398483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.577066"} {"text": "educational objectives. the science group carries out applied research across a broad spectrum of thematic areas to address unsolved conservation problems, understand the deterioration of historic buildings and sites, develop analytical methodologies, and advance the field ' s research agenda. the science group also works in close cooperation with colleagues at the both the getty museum and the getty research institute to better understand particular objects and to provide information valuable for their conservation, interpretation, and use. the education group works across departmental boundaries to develop courses and other midcareer educational opportunities, produce publications and didactic materials, convene educators, and advance conservation pedagogy. finally, the dissemination and research resources group oversees the dissemination of information in a variety of media, manages the gci ' s guest scholars and interns, and develops public initiatives at both the getty center and the getty villa. the short articles that follow describe a few of the gci ' s projects, past and present, illustrating how we have worked in a number of areas and with diverse partners to advance thinking and practice in the conservation field. our cultural heritage, from museum collections to archaeological sites, is increasingly threatened by competing economic interests, rapidly expanding cities, political instability, and mass tourism, to name just a few factors. it is our hope that the work of the gci will assist those entrusted with the care of our cultural patrimony to have the knowledge and skills needed to ensure its survival for future generations. jeanne marie teutonico, associate director, programs the getty conservation institute museum lighting research damage to objects caused by light is the only environmental hazard that museums cannot completely eliminate while maintaining their mandate to exhibit their collections. to fulfill this obligation one must accept some level of inevitable damage. it is therefore imperative to limit that damage to the absolute minimum. highly light - sensitive artifacts have always been troublesome to display. minimizing exposure for these works while providing display environments that render light - sensitive color palettes literally in the best possible light is far trickier than for more robust, light - stable objects, such as paintings and sculpture. to make light - sensitive artifacts last for as long as possible with as little change as possible, exhibitions are shortened, artifacts are put on a low - travel diet, and lighting is distinctly warm and dim \u2014 a condition that sacrifices the color relationships in these compositions. there are few, if any, other options. the gci ' s collaborative museum lighting project, begun in 2002, asks if other possibilities can be offered for the display of these works", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5469088340953576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.578212"} {"text": "dim \u2014 a condition that sacrifices the color relationships in these compositions. there are few, if any, other options. the gci ' s collaborative museum lighting project, begun in 2002, asks if other possibilities can be offered for the display of these works. the gci undertook this project because solutions, if they are to be found, would necessarily involve many collaborators, sophisticated engineering and scientific support, and the ability to persist in the face of a high risk of failure. old master drawings are the focus of the research. some lightsensitive artifacts have a naturally limited color range. some have less light - sensitivity, and some are so valued for their artistic and art - historical merit that they are frequently requested for exhibition. because old master drawings encompass these three conditions, they allow researchers greater latitude than most light - sensitive artifacts for research into new ways of thinking about lighting. the project is investigating the possibility of altering the visible spectrum of display lighting without sacrificing the viewer ' s experience. in exhibition lighting, removing wavelengths to which the human eye is insensitive has been acceptable practice for forty years. but removing light energy within the visible portion of the light spectrum is fraught with potential aesthetic problems. the gci and its project partners are undertaking the substantial research required to determine how to optimize color rendering while reducing overall energy to acceptable levels. this includes investigating the use of three - band filtered light sources ( e. g., red - green - blue, the approach used in computer monitors ), primarily with thin coatings applied to glass. the project \u2014 which has demonstrated that such complex coating systems, involving fifty or more layers, can actually be made \u2014 is currently testing the aesthetic results of the first three filter models on a group of conservators, curators, and other museum professionals. in addition to altering the spectrum of the illuminant, the project is also conducting large - scale surveys of colorants ( artistic and biological ) under oxygen - free atmospheres, to better understand the extent to which differences exist in reducing the risks of photo - oxidation and photo - reduction color change. the findings from this project ' s research can potentially aid a full range of institutions \u2014 from fine art museums to natural history collections \u2014 in meeting their mandate to display the objects in their care while preserving them for future study and enjoyment. the gels cleaning research project proper cleaning of museum artifacts is among the most basic and important treatment processes conducted by conservators. typical cleaning procedures involve the use of common organic solvents to selectively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5973249269068384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.579357"} {"text": "while preserving them for future study and enjoyment. the gels cleaning research project proper cleaning of museum artifacts is among the most basic and important treatment processes conducted by conservators. typical cleaning procedures involve the use of common organic solvents to selectively remove aged varnishes or overpaints. unfortunately, it can be difficult to remove these layers without damaging underlying original layers, due to limited control over the solvent cleaning process. toxic solvent vapors also pose health risks to conservators. for these reasons, the search for optimal cleaning methods has been a significant part of conservation research. in the early 1980s, richard wolbers at the university of delaware introduced gels cleaning systems to the conservation community. these systems offered conservators greater control by allowing the preparation of mixtures tailored to remove specific layers while minimizing exposure to harmful solvent vapors. however, widespread adoption of gels systems was tempered with concerns regarding potential long - term effects of residues that may remain on surfaces after cleaning. a core aspect of the gci ' s mission is enhancing the ability of conservation professionals to do their work. recognizing that research on gels systems could facilitate the use of this unique conservation tool, the gci undertook a major project in 1998 to address questions related to this cleaning approach, in partnership with the getty museum ; the winterthur museum, garden, and library ; the winterthur university of delaware program in art conservation ; and the department of chemistry at california state university, northridge. the five - year gels cleaning research project tackled a number of significant issues, including identifying and quantifying gel residues remaining on surfaces and assessing their potential for long - term damage to artworks. the project ' s findings, which were periodically disseminated to the conservation community, culminated in the book solvent gels for the cleaning of works of art : the residue question ( getty conservation institute, 2004 ). as a result of the project, the impact of gels cleaning systems on works of art is now much more clearly understood. the solvent gels book has become an important reference for selecting the best methods for cleaning artworks while minimizing risk. the project and the book have renewed interest in gels systems, and have also stimulated interest in their applicability to modern paintings. an important outcome of the project is the development of a methodology to assist conservators in preparing solvent gels for use on various surfaces. a decision tree was designed to simplify the procedure for developing an appropriate cleaning strategy ; private con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5529219188284048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.580507"} {"text": "paintings. an important outcome of the project is the development of a methodology to assist conservators in preparing solvent gels for use on various surfaces. a decision tree was designed to simplify the procedure for developing an appropriate cleaning strategy ; private conservator chris stavroudis further tested and revised the decision tree to create the modular cleaning program ( mcp ), an online database tool available to conservators. to date, over four hundred registered users from around the world have accessed the database. the gels cleaning research project satisfied basic goals of the institute \u2014 to advance conservation practice by adding to the body of knowledge available to conservation professionals and by facilitating the use of more effective conservation tools. the china principles over the last two decades, china watchers have been awed by that nation ' s speed of development. hand in hand with this development has been the rise of domestic tourism to historic sites, with dire and accelerating consequences for china ' s heritage. with much already lost to development, over - restoration, and compromised authenticity, what is the future of china ' s vast heritage of temples, palaces, gardens, archaeological sites, and grottoes? on the positive side, the opening of china in the late 1970s allowed renewed engagement with the international cultural and scientific community \u2014 china ratified the world heritage convention in 1986, joined iccrom ( international centre for the study of the preservation and restoration of cultural property ), and plays an increasing role in icomos ( international council on monuments and sites ), forming its own chapter. china ' s state administration of cultural heritage ( sach ) has also welcomed partnerships with institutions such as the gci, which began collaborative projects in china in 1989. this work ultimately led to the development of the principles for the conservation of heritage sites in china ( the china principles ), a comprehensive set of national guidelines for the conservation and management of immovable cultural heritage. partners in the development of the principles were sach, the gci, and the australian department of environment and heritage ( deh ). sach leadership recognized that an international perspective would benefit the development of the guidelines \u2014 hence the tripartite partnership. three years in drafting, the principles were approved by sach and issued by china icomos in 2000. in essence, the principles rest on the identification of a site ' s explicit values, primarily its historic, artistic, scientific, and social values. in addition, heritage management decisions and interventions should in no way degrade the site ' s values. these two concepts underpin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5426547239591372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.581566"} {"text": "principles rest on the identification of a site ' s explicit values, primarily its historic, artistic, scientific, and social values. in addition, heritage management decisions and interventions should in no way degrade the site ' s values. these two concepts underpin the principles and are consonant with other countries ' guidelines \u2014 for example, the burra charter of australia. the gci is collaborating with chinese site authorities at two world heritage sites \u2014 the mogao grottoes and the chengde imperial mountain resort \u2014 to demonstrate the principles in planning, conservation, and management. in addition to undertaking these demonstration projects, the partners recognized that training a new generation of heritage professionals in the ethos of the china principles and their application was essential. the gci with the deh and sach recently completed a workshop designed to initiate a systematic program of national - level training courses in the principles. the china principles stress the integration of conservation and site management, previously viewed within china as separate activities. their promulgation has begun the process of moving heritage conservation in china away from the purely scientific or technical approach that often leads to ill - considered decisions or to excessive restoration with a consequent loss of authenticity. given the size of china and given its vast and ancient cultural heritage, this project, in terms of potential impact, is perhaps the most ambitious undertaken by the gci. the china principles, a response to a crisis in heritage management, is now well rooted within the heritage system and acknowledged in china as a methodology of great flexibility and power. the royal bas - reliefs of abomey africa is a continent with a vast and diverse cultural heritage, as seen in its historic sites and living traditions. the royal palaces of abomey, a world heritage site, constitute a noteworthy example of both. the city of abomey, the capital of the historic kingdom of dahomey, located in benin, west africa, is rich in the cultural traditions of building in earth and embellishing palaces and temples with wall paintings and bas - reliefs. the polychrome earthen bas - reliefs of the ajalala ( palace ) of king glele, believed to date from the late nineteenth century, are among the last remaining original bas - reliefs at the royal palaces of abomey. they constitute an important archive of the history of the fon people, who, prior to french colonization, had no written language and recorded their history with images and oral tradition. following their removal from the facade of the ajalala in 1988, the bas - reliefs showed damage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5342725063846607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.582604"} {"text": "of the history of the fon people, who, prior to french colonization, had no written language and recorded their history with images and oral tradition. following their removal from the facade of the ajalala in 1988, the bas - reliefs showed damage and deterioration. facing the loss of these bas - reliefs, the benin ministry of culture and communication asked the gci \u2014 with its expertise in the conservation of earthen architecture and wall paintings \u2014 to assist them in saving this significant piece of benin ' s cultural heritage. in 1992 the gci and the ministry began a project to conserve fifty of the bas - reliefs. benin has been one of the leading countries in west africa to embrace conservation and to train museum professionals to care for the country ' s cultural heritage ; it was active in iccrom ' s preventive conservation in museums in africa initiative ( prema ) and is the only country in the region to establish a school for cultural heritage preservation. the gci project provided an important opportunity to further train beninois museum professionals in a specialized area of conservation, and to build capacity in conservation at a local and regional level. the abomey project included the study, documentation, conservation, and exhibition of the bas - reliefs, as well as training. at the end of the project in 1997, an international conference, \" past, present, and future of the royal palaces of abomey \" ( organized with the benin department of cultural patrimony and iccrom ), aimed to raise the awareness of local and national authorities to the site ' s significance and to the importance of conservation and site management. subsequently, the council of royal families of abomey, traditional caretakers of the royal palaces, became much more involved in the site. since 1997 the beninois trained by the project have gone on to positions in the department of cultural patrimony as decision makers for sites and museums in benin. the methodology developed to conserve the ensemble of bas - reliefs serves as a model for other conservation projects in the region. polychrome bas - reliefs on the ajalala of king behanzin, also on the site of the royal palaces of abomey, were conserved in situ by museum staff trained during the project, and a permanent exhibit of the conserved bas - reliefs from the ajalala of glele was installed in the museum. the abomey project enabled the gci to help benin build capacity, to advance the principles and practice of conservation in a place where conservation is an emerging interest, and to raise awareness of the significance of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49779386238343726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.583634"} {"text": "the aic, and the association of north american graduate programs in conservation \u2014 examined web - based teaching and learning for conservation. held in may 2006 in austin, texas, the retreat brought together nineteen educators from north america, europe, and australia to consider the potential of web technology for conservation education. since several of the institutions represented in the retreat had experience using the web for classroom and distance education, participants could reflect on these experiences and consider how they might shape their own work. participants also looked at ways to take advantage of the growing use of educational technology and the web for achieving conservation teaching and learning goals. specific ideas for collaborative activities were identified during formal and informal gatherings, including the possibility of cooperative research on blended learning ( i. e., combining classroom - based and online teaching ), an online resource for conservation education, and online conservation science tutorials. by providing educators with occasions to meet for focused thinking and discussion, the retreats contribute to achieving an important gci goal \u2014 strengthening the infrastructure for conservation education. museums emergency program education initiative natural and human - made emergencies are as inevitable in the cultural field as they are in every other aspect of life. recent disasters \u2014 hurricanes in the united states, tsunamis in southeast asia, and military conflicts in many regions \u2014 have demonstrated the vulnerabilities of cultural resources. unfortunately, most of the world ' s museums do not understand the range of risks that can affect them and are unprepared to guard against the devastating losses that can occur from even a relatively small emergency. acquiring knowledge and skill \u2014 particularly in such a complex and interdisciplinary area as emergency management \u2014 is a long - term process. while a short course can offer basic information, effective emergency management entails changes in institutional policy and practice. this requires moving beyond short courses to a more sustained effort at capacity building. the gci \u2014 long active in promoting emergency preparedness in the cultural field \u2014 has sought to develop education models that appropriately address the learning needs of professionals. most recently, through an innovative teaching approach, the gci has focused on museum personnel training in emergency preparedness. over the past year and a half, the institute has partnered with icom ( international council of museums ) and iccrom on an initiative that is part of icom ' s museums emergency program ( mep ), a multiyear project to assist museum and other heritage professionals to prepare for and respond to natural and human - made threats. the gci and its project partners developed a three - phase pilot course, teamwork for integrated emergency management, which combined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5163030231797616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.585902"} {"text": "), a multiyear project to assist museum and other heritage professionals to prepare for and respond to natural and human - made threats. the gci and its project partners developed a three - phase pilot course, teamwork for integrated emergency management, which combined a classroom - based workshop with a seven - month period of practical work. teams from eight national museums and two museum studies programs in asia attended the workshop phase of the course in bangkok in august 2005. the workshop was followed by the second phase, which ran from september 2005 through march 2006. over seven months of practical work, each team, via e - mail, regularly reported its progress to course mentors who commented on the achievements and, if necessary, provided advice or information. in addition, there was a course web site that contained teaching materials along with links to emergency management web sites and course contact information. during this period, course participants began implementing practical changes with colleagues at their institutions. the mentoring phase also helped to reinforce the bonds among the institutions and to provide the basis for a regional network. the third and final phase of the course was a meeting in seoul, in june 2006, to review the achievements of each museum team. the teams discussed the substantial progress they had made over the course of the year : undertaking risk assessments, re - examining or revising institutional emergency plans, reviewing security protocols, and conducting staff drills and training. the learning model used in teamwork for integrated emergency management \u2014 traditional classroom - based workshop and extended mentored practice \u2014 may be adapted to other gci training efforts. facilitated by new communication technologies, it extends the classroom into the workplace and aids the growth of a sense of community among practitioners, essential to the development of the field. the following gci staff contributed to this article : james druzik, senior project specialist herant khanjian, assistant scientist neville agnew, principal project specialist martha demas, senior project specialist leslie rainer, senior project specialist francesca pique, former gci project specialist kathleen dardes, senior project specialist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5210214397735773, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.586779"} {"text": "family stories, everybody loves to read or hear about them. as i do my family research, and those of you who are genealogists, whether by profession or hobbiest, we come across some unique stories. sometimes they are not written down in story format, but we learn things about our family or those we are researching. for example, we learn by documenting the census our ancestor \u2019 s migration patterns. i did a family friend \u2019 s history who only knew her family lived out west. well, documenting via the census showed one year they lived in the south. no one in this generation knew this. a story is now ready for her to write for future generations. where did they live in the south? what brought them there? why did they move back out west? were any births, deaths or marriages occur in the south? this is one example of how a story can be formed. you do not have to be a professional writer to do this. in your own words tell what you have learned. it is important to document where you found your informaton for future generations who may want to view your sources. while a basic description could provide sufficient data, take some time to learn the proper way to document your sources. once you start documenting your sources appropriately, it will be an easy thing to do and help your descendants view the records you have used \u2014 whether it is the census, a birth certificate or family bible. as you write these stories, put them in your journal or a safe place. write about your grandmother and how she may have fed the chickens, your cousin who ran away and joined the army, or your brother who loved to sit in a corner all day and read. there are many stories all around you whether current, or those you discover as you do your research. also, consider putting these stories out there for others to read. i have done this and had others write me about similar family occurances. i have met new cousins doing this. start up a blog and write your family stories on them. so, what are you waiting for. pick up that pen, grab that paper, or sit at your computer and write about your discoveries! more articles from tina sansone can be read at genealogy @ bellaonline entry filed under : bellaonline. tags :.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4483869295366953, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.589146"} {"text": "this pasture mixture slashes costs, expands grazing window with today ' s high input costs, beef producer jeff schmidt wants to get as much bang as possible from every production buck. that ' s why he seeds a blend of winter triticale and spring oats in mid - august and gets both fall and early spring grazing. schmidt, operator of jr ranch, othello, wa, says cattle that would normally get baled hay from october through november and then in march and early april now have access to grazing. \u201c the less hay i have to cut and bale, the more money there is in my pocket, \u201d says schmidt. \u201c it ' s just basic economics. \u201d he says the oats in the irrigated mix emerge quickly and are available for intensive grazing in october, while the triticale sprouts but remains in the understory until winter sets in. a severe winter kills most of the oats, while the triticale goes dormant but remains viable. when conditions are normal in schmidt ' s region, the triticale breaks dormancy at the end of february. \u201c in milder years, when there is less winterkill in the oats and a shorter or no dormancy period in the triticale, this opens the door to year - round grazing, \u201d he says. besides the financial advantage of extending his grazing season, schmidt notes that seeding simultaneously for fall and spring grazing is more efficient than seeding the two grains separately. based on research by schmidt ' s seed supplier, progene plant research, othello, it ' s estimated that 14 acres of the blend can accomplish the same goals as 10 acres of each grain seeded separately. planting spring oats in august for fall grazing is a fairly common practice throughout the northwest and midwest. ohio state university extension researchers report that, in a growing environment where perennial hay averages less than 3 tons / acre / year, spring oats on a summer recrop after winter wheat will equal if not beat that figure. the use of winter triticale for early spring grazing is also an established practice. beef producers in the northwest, who have access to late spring and summer grazing leases, are often in need of forage in late winter and early spring to carry their cows through spring calving. for these cow - calf operators, triticale, with its remarkable early season growth rate of up to 2 \u201d of leaf mass per day, is the annual forage of choice. while schmidt has used oats and triticale separately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4109447740233507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.595010"} {"text": "##g. for these cow - calf operators, triticale, with its remarkable early season growth rate of up to 2 \u201d of leaf mass per day, is the annual forage of choice. while schmidt has used oats and triticale separately, it has only been recently that he has tried them together. \u201c i am sold on the concept, \u201d he says. \u201c it offers me the kind of flexibility i need to run a profitable cattle operation in today ' s production environment. \u201d variety selection is a key to making the crop combination work, points out mike wood, progene research agronomist. \u201c deciding which oats and triticales work together isn ' t as simple as it might look, \u201d he says. \u201c you can take two varieties that perform very well individually, but in a mix they clash. \u201d for example, wood says schmidt needed a very aggressive oat variety that can be grazed as early as possible in fall, and a slower - to - establish triticale that shows only moderate fall growth but shines in late winter after it breaks dormancy. for more on growing oats and triticale together, call progene at 509 - 488 - 3977 or email email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43859789867052357, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.595485"} {"text": "sep 1 - 7 is national nutrition week \u201c to eat is a necessity, but to eat intelligently is an art. \u201d there is no one right way to cook a particular food. however, certain techniques can help you achieve a desired result such as minimizing nutrient loss or enhancing flavour without adding a lot of fat 1. keep fats to a minimum. baking is a great low fat cooking method. baking on a rack or draining the fat after baking helps make meat, poultry, and fish even lower in fat. steam cooking is another non - fat method. it also minimizes nutrient loss. for example, steamed vegetables generally retain more vitamin c than boiled vegetables. if you need to use oil, try cooking sprays or apply oil with a pastry brush. cook in liquids ( such as stock, lemon juice, fruit juice, vinegar or water ) instead of oil. when a recipe calls for cream as a thickener, use low fat substitutes like yogurt, soymilk, or corn - starch instead. use non - stick cookware. 2. retain the nutrients blanch vegetables rather than peel them, as many nutrients are found close to the skin. microwave or steam vegetables instead of boiling them. if you like to boil vegetables, retain the vitamin - rich water to use as a stock and do not over boil. include more stir - fry recipes in your diet. stir - fried vegetables are cooked quickly to retain their crunch ( and associated nutrients ). 3. when cooking with grains browning uncooked rice before adding water can destroy a lot of the thiamine ( vitamin b1 ) content. use whole grains to increase the fibre content. 4. try cutting out salt add a splash of olive oil or lemon juice close to the end of cooking time or to cooked vegetables \u2013 it can enhance flavours in the same way as salt. choose fresh or frozen vegetables, since canned and pickled vegetables tend to be packaged with salt. limit your consumption of salty processed meats such as salami, ham, beef, bacon, and smoked salmon. avoid salty processed foods such as flavoured instant pasta, canned or dehydrated soup mixes, chips and salted nuts. margarine, butter and most cheeses are very high in salt so limit your intake or choose lower salt varieties. use herbs, spices and vinegar or lemon juice to add extra zing to your recipe and reduce the need for salt. 5. when preparing fruits and vegetables avoid long exposure to heat. fresh or frozen vegetables can be cooked by several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4779268382715393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.598939"} {"text": "by alan mozes monday, aug. 13 ( healthday news ) - - researchers report they have developed in mice what they believe might one day become a breakthrough for humans : a retinal prosthesis that could restore near - normal sight to those who have lost their vision. that would be a welcome development for the roughly 25 million people worldwide who are blind because of retinal disease, most notably macular degeneration. the notion of using prosthetics to combat blindness is not new, with prior efforts involving retinal electrode implantation and / or gene therapy restoring a limited ability to pick out spots and rough edges of light. the current effort takes matters to a new level. the scientists fashioned a prosthetic system packed with computer chips that replicate the \" neural impulse codes \" the eye uses to transmit light signals to the brain. \" this is a unique approach that hasn ' t really been explored before, and we ' re really very excited about it, \" said study author sheila nirenberg, a professor and computational neuroscientist in the department of physiology and biophysics at weill medical college of cornell university in new york city. \" i ' ve actually been working on this for 10 years. and suddenly, after a lot of work, i knew immediately that i could make a prosthetic that would work, by making one that could take in images and process them into a code that the brain can understand. \" nirenberg and her co - author chethan pandarinath ( a former cornell graduate student now conducting postdoctoral research at stanford university school of medicine ) report their work in the aug. 14 issue of proceedings of the national academy of sciences. their efforts were funded by the u. s. national institutes of health and cornell university ' s institute for computational biomedicine. the study authors explained that retinal diseases destroy the light - catching photoreceptor cells on the retina ' s surface. without those, the eye cannot convert light into neural signals that can be sent to the brain. however, most of these patients retain the use of their retina ' s \" output cells \" - - called ganglion cells - - whose job it is to actually send these impulses to the brain. the goal, therefore, would be to jumpstart these ganglion cells by using a light - catching device that could produce critical neural signaling. but past efforts to implant electrodes directly into the eye have only achieved a small degree of ganglion stimulation, and alternate strategies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5591761117332659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.603498"} {"text": ", would be to jumpstart these ganglion cells by using a light - catching device that could produce critical neural signaling. but past efforts to implant electrodes directly into the eye have only achieved a small degree of ganglion stimulation, and alternate strategies using gene therapy to insert light - sensitive proteins directly into the retina have also fallen short, the researchers said. nirenberg theorized that stimulation alone wasn ' t enough if the neural signals weren ' t exact replicas of those the brain receives from a healthy retina. \" so, what we did is figure out this code, the right set of mathematical equations, \" nirenberg explained. and by incorporating the code right into their prosthetic device ' s chip, she and pandarinath generated the kind of electrical and light impulses that the brain understood. the team also used gene therapy to hypersensitize the ganglion output cells and get them to deliver the visual message up the chain of command. behavioral tests were then conducted among blind mice given a code - outfitted retinal prosthetic and among those given a prosthetic that lacked the code in question. the result : the code group fared dramatically better on visual tracking than the non - code group, with the former able to distinguish images nearly as well as mice with healthy retinas. \" now we hope to move on to human trials as soon as possible, \" said nirenberg. \" of course, we have to conduct standard safety studies before we get there. and i would say that we ' re looking at five to seven years before this is something that might be ready to go, in the best possible case. but we do hope to start clinical trials in the next one to two years. \" results achieved in animal studies don ' t necessarily translate to humans. dr. alfred sommer, a professor of ophthalmology at johns hopkins university in baltimore and dean emeritus of hopkins ' bloomberg school of public health, urged caution about the findings. \" this could be revolutionary, \" he said. \" but i doubt it. it ' s a very, very complicated business. and people have been working on it intensively and incrementally for the last 30 years. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5189658550167487, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.604591"} {"text": "poisoning due to brown spider venom can be life threatening. the brown recluse is the brown spider associated with these poisonous bites. these bites are common, particularly in warmer climates. brown recluse spiders generally have a violin - shaped dark patch just behind their heads. their generic appearance means that it \u2019 s easy to believe that a spider is a brown recluse, even when that is not the case. as a result, brown recluse spider sightings are \u201c widely over - reported, \u201d according to the university of kentucky college of agriculture ( uk ). this does not mean that you should ignore a bite from a spider that looks like a brown recluse. these bites can be extremely serious. if you believe you have a brown recluse bite, seek medical attention right away. brown recluse spiders live in piles of rocks, leaves, logs, wood, and similar substances. if you handle one of these piles without wearing gloves, you might encounter a brown recluse spider. this spider may bite you if it feels threatened. brown recluse spiders sometimes live inside people \u2019 s homes. they typically hide during the day and come out at night to hunt for insects to eat. if they climb into your shoes or bed, they might bite you when they get stuck there. for example, if you put your foot into a shoe containing a brown recluse spider, or if you roll over on top of one who has climbed into your bed, you may get bitten. despite their danger to humans, brown recluse spiders are not aggressive. they will not seek you out to bite you. instead, they bite only when they feel threatened or trapped. you generally will not feel a brown recluse spider \u2019 s bite. if you do not actually see the spider biting you, you might not even realize that you have been bitten. several hours later, however, you will begin to develop symptoms. the area around the bite will start hurting, sometimes very badly. the bite or surrounding area may also become discolored. a blister will eventually form at the site of the bite. when this bursts, you will find a deep ulcer underneath. additional symptoms that you may develop include : as scary as a brown recluse bite may sound, these bites are not always terrible. according to the university of kentucky college of agriculture, most brown recluse bites can heal within several weeks even without major medical treatment ( uk ). however, because there is potential for adverse effects, you should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4290970956683362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.608008"} {"text": ", these bites are not always terrible. according to the university of kentucky college of agriculture, most brown recluse bites can heal within several weeks even without major medical treatment ( uk ). however, because there is potential for adverse effects, you should always see your doctor if you have a brown recluse bite. in some cases, the ulcer caused by the bite can persist and grow for weeks. rarely, the bites can even lead to coma or death. this is more common in children, the elderly, and the severely ill than in healthy adults. there is no single course of treatment that all doctors use for a brown recluse bite. there is no effective antivenin ( antivenom ), as there is for black widows. if the wound that forms at the bite location becomes infected, you will receive antibiotics to combat that infection. depending on where the bite is located, your doctor might put the bitten limb into a sling or a brace. go to the emergency room or seek medical attention immediately if you have been bitten by a brown recluse spider. if possible, capture the spider and take it with you to help your doctor confirm the diagnosis. wash the bite as soon as you are bitten. on your way to the hospital, apply a cold pack for 10 minutes at a time. leave the pack off for 10 minutes between applications. this helps reduce inflammation and can slow the spread of the venom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.35068038821768555, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.608599"} {"text": "less is more with exercise, study says wednesday, aug. 29 ( healthday news ) - - thirty minutes of daily exercise achieves the same amount of weight loss as 60 minutes, according to a small new study. the research included 60 heavy but healthy danish men who exercised for either 30 or 60 minutes a day while wearing a heart - rate monitor and calorie counter. the training sessions were designed to generate a light sweat, but the participants were expected to boost the intensity and push themselves harder three times a week. the men who exercised 30 minutes a day lost an average of about 8 pounds over three months, compared with an average of 6 pounds for those who exercised 60 minutes a day. \" participants exercising 30 minutes per day burned more calories than they should relative to the training program we set for them, \" mads rosenkilde, a doctoral student in the biomedical sciences department at the university of copenhagen, said in a university news release. \" we can see that exercising for a whole hour instead of a half does not provide any additional loss in either body weight or fat. \" \" the men who exercised the most lost too little relative to the energy they burned by running, biking or rowing, \" rosenkilde added. \" thirty minutes of concentrated exercise gives equally good results on the scale. \" rosenkilde suggested that the surprising results may be due to the fact that doing just 30 minutes of exercise left participants with the desire and energy to do more physical activity after their required exercise sessions. in addition, it ' s likely that the men who did 60 minutes of exercise daily ate more and therefore lost slightly less weight than anticipated. the study was published online recently in the american journal of physiology. the u. s. national heart, lung, and blood institute offers a guide to physical activity. source : university of copenhagen, news release, aug. 23, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4917110317895123, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.611909"} {"text": "( by jascap ) research - clinical trials for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia research trials are carried out to try to find new and better treatments for leukaemia. trials that are carried out on patients are known as clinical trials. clinical trials may be carried out to : - test new treatments, such as new chemotherapy drugs, gene therapy or - look at new combinations of existing treatments, or change the way they are given, to make them more effective or to reduce side effects - compare the effectiveness of drugs used to control symptoms - find out how cancer treatments work - see which treatments are the most cost - effective. trials are the only reliable way to find out if a different or new treatment is better than what is already available. taking part in a trial you may be asked to take part in a treatment research trial. there can be many benefits in doing this. trials help to improve knowledge about leukaemia and develop new treatments. you will also be carefully monitored during and after the study. usually, several hospitals around the country take part in these trials. bear in mind that some treatments that look promising at first are often later found not to be as good as existing treatments, or have side effects that outweigh the benefits. if you decide not to take part in a trial, your decision will be respected and you do not have to give a reason. there will be no change in the way you are treated by the hospital staff and you ' ll be offered the standard treatment for your situation. blood and tumour samples many blood and bone marrow samples may be taken to help make the right diagnosis. you may be asked for your permission to use some of your samples for research. if you ' re taking part in a trial you may also be asked to give other samples which may be frozen and stored for future use when new research techniques become available. these samples will have your name removed from them so you can ' t be identified. the research may be carried out at the hospital where you are treated, or at another one. this type of research takes a long time, and results may not be available for many years. the samples will, however, be used to increase knowledge about the causes of leukaemia and its treatment. this research will, hopefully, improve the outlook for future patients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4748236026721656, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.614452"} {"text": "pronounced : sub - dur - al hee - ma - toe - ma a hematoma is a collection of blood. a subdural hematoma develops in the space between the brain and the skull. this pool of blood can put pressure on the brain and cause a range of symptoms. this can be serious and life - threatening injury. you will need to seek medical care. a subdural hematoma is most often caused by a head injury. the injury may be caused by traumas such as falls, car accidents, or physical abuse. factors that increase your risk of a subdural hematoma include : if you have any of these risk factors, tell your doctor. the blood may pool quickly or take some time to build up. this will affect how fast the symptoms develop. the subdural hematoma may be : after a head injury, a subdural hematoma may cause the following symptoms : seek medical care immediately if you have any of these symptoms after a head injury. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. you may also be referred to a specialist for additional testing. your doctor may need pictures of the brain and skull. this may be done with : tests to assess brain function may include : blood tests may also be done to look for signs of bleeding. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment will depend on the size and severity of the hematoma. it will also be based on your specific symptoms. treatment options include the following : a minor injury with little or no symptoms may not need treatment. your doctor may simply ask that you watch for any new symptoms. it can take days and weeks for some symptoms to develop. these tests assess how well your brain is working. the tests may be repeated while you recover to help your doctor determine : medication may be given to relieve symptoms. some medications may include : surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain. surgical procedures that may be considered include : to help reduce your chance of head injury, take these steps : american academy of neurology american academy of otolaryngology, head and neck surgery brain injury association of america the brain injury association of canada ontario brain injury association chronic and subacute subdural hematoma. barnabas health website. available at : http : / / www. barnaba.... accessed november 12, 2012. servadei f, compagnone c, sahuquillo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5041518302533601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.617114"} {"text": "heladena sect. hassleria nied., arbeiten bot. inst. konigl. lyceum hosianum braunsberg 5 : 15. 1914. \u2014 type : h. hassleriana nied. [ c. chlorocarpus ( adr. juss. ) w. r. anderson ]. woody vines. petiole eglandular or bearing 2 \u2013 4 ( \u2013 6 ) small glands ; lamina eglandular or bearing 2 \u2013 many tiny glands on or embedded in margin ; stipules very small, triangular, borne on stem between petioles or beside base of petiole, caducous or persistent. inflorescences axillary or terminal, pseudoracemes or umbels or panicles of pseudoracemes or umbels, the flowers mostly decussate ; bracts and bracteoles small, eglandular, persistent ; floriferous peduncle often well developed, reduced or lacking in some populations. sepals leaving petals exposed during enlargement of bud, appressed in anthesis, all 5 eglandular or the lateral 4 bearing large paired abaxial glands ; corolla bilaterally symmetrical, the posterior petal erect and \u00b1 different from the spreading lateral 4 ; petals yellow, abaxially densely sericeous on claw and limb except near margin, adaxially glabrous ; androecium radially or bilaterally symmetrical ; stamens 10, all fertile ; filaments connate in proximal 1 / 4 \u2013 1 / 2, sometimes subequal but mostly of differing lengths, often longest opposite anterior sepal and shortest opposite posterior petal, the 2 opposite posterior - lateral petals often stouter than others ; anthers alike or subequal, glabrous or sparsely hairy ; pollen globally symmetrical, with colpi not perpendicular to the equatorial plane and pores variously distributed ; receptacle glabrous on both sides of stamens ; gynoecium radially symmetrical, comprising 3 carpels, all fertile, connate their whole length in ovary ; styles 3, erect and straight or somewhat bowed or spreading, alike, dorsally rounded to short - apiculate or short - hooked and laterally compressed or terete at apex, the stigma internal. fruit dry, breaking apart into samaras separating from a high pyramidal torus ; samara butterfly - shaped with lateral wings dominant, chartaceous with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4225882153216318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.620485"} {"text": "##te or short - hooked and laterally compressed or terete at apex, the stigma internal. fruit dry, breaking apart into samaras separating from a high pyramidal torus ; samara butterfly - shaped with lateral wings dominant, chartaceous with many fine parallel veins, cleft to nut at base and apex, the margin sinuate to coarsely dentate ; dorsal wing ( s ) lacking or, if developed, small, distinct at base and apex ; ventral areole ovate to linear ; samara reduced or highly modified in some populations of c. sinemariensis ; carpophore absent. chromosome number unknown. six species of mexico, central america, the lesser antilles, and south america. the species of carolus grow in diverse habitats, including wet forests, dry forests, second - growth woods, thickets in dry, often rocky, places, and savannahs. [ map ] \u2014 regional key to genera : caribbean, central america. carolus is distinguished by its interpetiolar stipules, marginal leaf glands, densely sericeous yellow petals, and butterfly - shaped samaras, with the lateral wings chartaceous and containing many fine parallel veins. four of the six species ( c. anderssonii, c. chasei, c. chlorocarpus, and c. sinemariensis ) are included in the latest sampling of dna sequences ( davis & anderson, 2010 [ pdf ] ), and the bootstrap support for the genus is 100 %. because they both have interpetiolar stipules and hairy yellow petals, this genus can be confused with amorimia, but that genus differs in having its leaf glands usually in the abaxial surface between the midrib and the margin, and in its large spreading gland - bearing bracts. reference : w. r. anderson ( 2006b, pp. 186 \u2013 189 ), partial revision : description of genus, key to species, nomenclature of species, but no descriptions of species ( carolus only : pdf ; entire paper : pdf ) ; unpublished notes on species of carolus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42429502404246705, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.621217"} {"text": "i don ' t believe there is a separate name for either type of siege, they are both considered simply a siege. the whole point of a siege in general is to overtake the castle, and as you indicated, there are different means for going about doing this. the considerations for choosing one over the other ultimately comes down to a basic function of time and resources. if you have plenty of resources ( food, supplies, etc. ) and are willing to wait them out, then a siege of starvation might be a viable option. this would ultimately resort in the lowest loss of life. the strategy is to simply outlast the defenders, who will have no way of replenishing their supplies because the attackers would have cut them off. the disadvantage of this is that it meant that you had to tie up a considerable number of men to keep the castle under siege. in the middle ages, a good portion of your army would have been peasants, and they were very likely to get bored and frustrated and longing for home, so this would be a risky tactic. in addition to that, it would become quite costly to keep paying for the supplies to provide for these troops, and before long the cost would become unreasonable. the alternative, therefore, was to attack the castle by any means available to try to get it to fall. this would usually consist of a concentrated assault on one particular wall in an effort to either weaken the defenses there or overun them. the ultimate objective would be to breach the castle and either force the occupanst to surrender or simply kill them and be done with it. this option was much more common because it was more expedient. since each involves dramatically different conditions, its hard to say one would be easier to defend against than the other. the first option i listed would likely resort in a lower loss of life, so it might be preferred from a defensive position. as far as defending against an all out attack, it would really depend on what kind of castle you have and what resources you have within it. some castles would be easy to defend because they were built to last, while others were mostly built for show, and therefore not easily defended.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48431520122175603, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.623428"} {"text": "purpose and objectives this is an introductory course that will explore the foundation and design of american political system. the course will cover several broad issues, the institutional design of american government, the nature and location of power in the united states, the characteristics and limits of democracy, and the relationship between citizens and their government. the objective of this course is to assist students in developing a better understanding of some basic political issues ; what democratic government is, how it operates, why it operates as it does, and what effects it has on society. ultimately, the objective is for students to become more informed and active participants in the american political system. recommended : students are encouraged to keep up with current events by regularly monitoring the news in the daily newspapers like the new york times, the los angeles times and the washington post. many of these newspapers are available online or can be found on the internet, please check with the college library. course materials and readings janda, kenneth, jeffrey m. berry, jerry goldman, and kevin w. hula, 2008 the challenge of democracy, ( houghton mifflin ) berman larry, & bruce allen murphy, 6th edition approaching democracy, ( pearsonprentice hall ) this course is divided into three sections part 1 : foundations of american government and federalism part 2 : rights, liberties, and ideology, political participation, campaigns and elections part 3 : governmental institutions and american foreign policy, and californian politics. i will lecture for a portion of each class, however, a part of each class will be dedicated to discussion and debate. you are encouraged to participate actively in these discussions. grading and evaluation grades in the class will be based on 2 midterms and one final. the midterms will contain multiple choice questions and short identification questions about the major issues, concepts and examples covered in the relevant course sessions and readings. they are geared towards testing your factual knowledge about the relevant sections of the course. for the final you will be required to integrate and apply the knowledge you have acquired throughout the course. it will contain a choice of two essay questions, and a choice of short essay or identification questions. arrive on time for all exams or risk missing them. any student arriving more than 15 minutes after the start time for the exam will not be permitted to take it. you may not leave the classroom unless your exam has been turned in. please make sure that your have your own \u2018 bluebook \u2019 scantron, pencils, pens etc before beginning the exam or quiz. finals week begins dec 9th - 15th 2008. please check", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.519581267946988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.629053"} {"text": "not leave the classroom unless your exam has been turned in. please make sure that your have your own \u2018 bluebook \u2019 scantron, pencils, pens etc before beginning the exam or quiz. finals week begins dec 9th - 15th 2008. please check the website for the scheduled exam time for your particular class. students are expected to take examinations at the regularly scheduled times. prior permission ( before the exam ) from the instructor or certification of ill health by a physician, these are the only conditions under which a make - up examination will be given. failure to take an examination results in a zero for that item. makeups or early exams are not normally given. please inform the instructor as early as possible if there are any scheduling conflicts extra credit will not be awarded for this class. as with any class, regular attendance and reading the assigned materials before class is essential. exams will cover both the assigned reading material as well as the lectures. any student arriving for class more than 10 minutes after the posted start time will not be permitted in class that session. i will give a grace period for this requirement for the first two weeks of the beginning of the semester. you should come to class prepared and ready to ask questions or comment on the themes covered in a particular lecture. no cell phones, text messengers etc at any time while class is in session \u2013 no exceptions. repeat offenders will be asked to leave class. the deadline for students who wish to drop this course and avoid receiving a \u201c w \u201d is september 14th 2008. the deadline for students wishing to drop this course with faculty approval is october 19th 2008. you must be earning a \u201c c \u201d or better. students are responsible for understanding the smc withdrawal policy and applicable deadlines. web site - http : / / www. smc. edu / admissions honor code and code of academic conduct the smc honor code and code of academic integrity, printed in the general catalog, remind students of their responsibility to behave honestly and ethically. it is your responsibility to familiarize yourself with these codes. please be extremely careful not engage in any behavior that could even be construed as cheating. during an exam, talking to another student, looking at another student ' s paper, using cheat notes, cell phone, etc. is not permitted. student with disabilities i am happy to make academic adjustments for students with documented disabilities. please contact the center for students with disabilities if this applies to you. the center for students with disabilities is located in room 101 of the admission / student services complex, located on the north", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4646218841320303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.630241"} {"text": "the specifications for http, rfc 2616, state in 14. 36 the referer [ sic ] request - header field allows the client to specify, for the server ' s benefit, the address ( uri ) of the resource from which the request - uri was obtained ( the \" referrer \", although the header field is misspelled. ) the referer request - header allows... what is the indexing service? microsoft indexing service is a service that provides a means of quickly searching for files on the machine. the most familiar usage of the service is on web servers, where it provides the functionality behind site searches. it is built into windows 2000 and 2003. it provides a straightforward way to index and search your web site. setting up the indexing service is explained at windowswebsolutions. com and will not be covered here. connecting to the indexing service the indexing service exposes itself to the developer as as ado. net provider msidxs with the data source equal to the... what is session state? a session is defined as the period of time that a unique user interacts with a web application. session state is a collection of objects, tied to a session are stored on a server. why use sql? once you start running multiple web servers for the same web site, the default asp. net session state, inproc, is no longer useful, as you cannot guarantee that each page request goes to the same server. it becomes necessary to have a central state store that every web server accesses. sql server offers you centralized storage of a session state in a web... hard coding passwords into your application or your web site is a bad thing. microsoft sql has the ability to use \" trusted connections \" to authenticate your database connection against your login name, so no passwords are ever sent to sql server, just your login name and an authentication token. but once you come...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.546410757273456, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.632936"} {"text": "before schwarzenegger became the governor of california, he was known to don a terminator costume every now and then and assume super robotic powers in a few movies of the same name. what if humans today could virtually see what arnold ' s fictional character saw? babak avir parviztoday, seeing the real world accompanied by augmented data superimposed on a visual field is no longer reserved for cyborg ' s only. according to babak avir parviz, innovation associate professor at the university of washington, he and his students are already producing such devices in small batches in their laboratory. called \" a twinkle in the eye, \" these lenses have been fabricated with an led, a small radio chip and an antenna. the unit is powered wirelessly by the rf electrical signal and represents the start of research that could eventually lead to screens mounted onto contact lenses inside your eyes. twinkle in the eye those screens will be transparent and will overlay information onto the real world, like we are now seeing in augmented reality iphone applications. the lenses are being tested in rabbits and are currently suitable for up to twenty minutes of wear. presently, they contain only one led display but will eventually include hundreds of leds, which will form images in front of the eye, such as words, charts, photographs and other components of augmented reality. with ar technology moving at lighting speed, it looks like once this lens technology is perfected, we will no longer need smartphones any longer, as augmented reality chips will eventually be able to be implanted into our eyes and ears, making humans the extension of their own reality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5321134788940844, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.634684"} {"text": "nitrates in drinking water pose serious health problems, but a new low - tech solution from israel is coming to the rescue. rainstorms wash away what nature can \u2019 t clean up, but this often comes at a price. runoff from agricultural fertilizers, animal waste and human sewage are poisoning wells and aquifers with nitrates. these compounds cause harmful algae blooms and pose health risks for pregnant women and formula - fed newborns. water companies currently deal with the problem in a very rudimentary way because getting the nitrates out by reverse osmosis is too expensive. they simply dilute the nitrate - laden water, explain professors amos nussinovitch and jaap van rijn from the hebrew university of jerusalem. the two scientists have developed a novel low - tech solution to take nitrates out of water in a cost - effective, environmentally friendly and non - toxic way. nussinovitch, an expert in biological carriers, and van rijn, a specialist in bacteria, paired up to develop a bio - filter composed of tiny styrofoam - like white beads that carry nitrate - eating bacteria. when added to a water well, aquifer or aquarium, the bio - filter does its job effectively and cheaply. showcased at watec now in the prototype stage, the product is being tested to see how well it can work in larger bodies of water. it is being developed commercially by the technology transfer arm of hebrew university, yissum, and was launched at the watec water conference in tel aviv in november. water infrastructure companies everywhere are paying attention. nitrates are an increasing problem for both the developed and developing world. as our populations grow, so does the need for fertilizers, sewage reservoirs and animals for food. nitrate is odorless, tasteless and colorless, so only regular testing of wells and aquifers can detect its presence. when they drink nitrate - laden water in formula, newborns \u2019 digestive systems respond by producing high levels of bacteria, leading to the potentially fatal blue baby syndrome as blood oxygen decreases. van rijn, the same man behind an aquaculture technology called grow fish anywhere for fish farming in urban environments, says that this new technology is meant for drinking water and aquarium water, which need to be extremely clean. a wellspring of opportunities the beads work so that \u201c water goes through a matrix and comes out clean, \u201d he tells israel21c. \u201c for aquaria there are almost no solutions \u2013 or the ones that exist are very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5078115598905981, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.639663"} {"text": "teaching on topic : logarithms i arrived in a bad spot. i do not think i properly lined up my ducks before reaching logarithms. and now i \u2019 m sort of stuck. the book, my text, uses \u201c inverse functions \u201d as the segue. and i \u2019 ve walked right up to that line, and realized i would have preferred to approach from another side. blame the book. blame the over - packed curriculum. blame the teacher \u2019 s poor planning ( well, no, please don \u2019 t ). i \u2019 m not so wild about teaching at almost the same time as teaching what a log is. but maybe i \u2019 m wrong. could we introduce logs back when we work with exponents in algebra i? probably too abstract? so while i \u2019 m not so wild about where i \u2019 ve ended up, i \u2019 m not sure i have or had a real alternative. i will use part of the idea from kate ( t ) \u2019 s neat intro log lesson. and i will make them look like a puzzle. students like puzzles. and i will separately and carefully get them to graph and its inverse, without clearly making the links. and if all goes well, one kid, then another, will notice the links, the idea will be shared around, and all will be well with the world \u2026 we \u2019 ll see. and if i don \u2019 t report back \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5644017732480315, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.640971"} {"text": "\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 previous chapter : what is a contract? \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 disputes and contingencies so, contracts are legal documents that obligate the signers to particular courses of actions in the event of enumerated contingencies. what about disagreements? after all, as a legal document, it \u2019 s always possible contract could wind up in court \u2013 one of the reasons that disputes are hell, particularly if not tended to immediately. disputes in contractual matters usually arise for one of two reasons : either one party failed to live up to their obligations specified in the contract, or the two parties disagree about what the provisions in the contract mean. the former case isn \u2019 t something you can do anything about, other than making sure you live up to the contracts you sign your name to, and taking legal action against those who fail to live up to their end of the deal if they fail to respond to more civil communication ( when it \u2019 s worth the bother to you \u2013 lawsuits are a pain in the ass ). the latter case is a nightmare. the possibility of a nasty dispute caused by an honest misunderstanding is a major reason for the proverb \u201c never do business with friends. \u201d this kind of dispute causes drama, factionalism, and fractured relationships and communities. it happens because two people talk through a deal and agree on the terms, but they figure that they \u2019 re doing a trade with a friend, so there are some unspoken - but - well - understood conditions to the deal. for example, if george is having a bad week and blows a deadline with fred, he figures fred will understand. after all, fred is a friend, and george would be similarly understanding if the situation were reversed. contingencies often wind up ruling the deal. a publishing contract, for example, does not obligate a publisher to publish your book, it only grants them the right to do so under very specific circumstances. publishers can, and do, kill books after part or all of an advance has been paid, for contingent reasons. they may be dissatisfied with the final manuscript, their staff might turn over, or their offices in the world trade center could collapse during business hours ( this is the reason that scott sigler wound up podcasting his work. his publisher was in one of those towers, and the parent company decided not to continue the imprint. all the authors were left hanging, with no recourse but their reversion clauses ). it \u2019 s bad enough when contingencies ruin a deal legitimately, but things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48130252485037284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.650593"} {"text": "towers, and the parent company decided not to continue the imprint. all the authors were left hanging, with no recourse but their reversion clauses ). it \u2019 s bad enough when contingencies ruin a deal legitimately, but things can get worse. boilerplate contracts often contain contingency clauses that are obfuscatory, or that appear to say one thing but, due to a later sentence, mean another thing entirely. worse still are contracts where the contingencies and specific details of the deal don \u2019 t make it into the contract at all. this last case is pretty common in the world of freelancing, particularly among friends. the contingencies and fine details are discussed verbally, but never made part of the inked contract. later on, when disputes arise, each party remembers a version of events that is most convenient to them. this can happen even when both parties are entirely honest, when they care about the relationship, and when they share similar goals for the project. it \u2019 s human nature to shade memories to conform to bias, and the memories themselves are paraphrases of the past, not quotations from it. it \u2019 s a limitation of our brains that we have to cope with. for example, let \u2019 s say that you and i discuss a delivery date for a graphic design project, and it \u2019 s a last minute job. it \u2019 s friday, and you need the project by tuesday, but i need certain materials to do the job. let \u2019 s say i need a two - day lead time, and i say so verbally. you might hear \u201c two days \u201d and forget the part where i say \u201c once i receive the materials, \u201d so you might start your mental stopwatch from the time you mail the supplies, not the time i receive them. you \u2019 re more likely to do this if you \u2019 re someone who only hires graphic designers occasionally and you \u2019 ve never done a deal like this before. now, let \u2019 s say that the contract we sign has a 48hr clause, but it escapes my notice that the contract doesn \u2019 t specify which 48hrs we \u2019 re talking about. what \u2019 s likely to happen when the mail gets delayed due to inclement weather? of if the usual mailman is sick and misdelivers the package? what if the job is important enough that an unexpected delay could cost you thousands of dollars, or more? you see how easily problems can snowball from minor mistakes into friendship - ruining arguments?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4908521190333921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.651647"} {"text": "mailman is sick and misdelivers the package? what if the job is important enough that an unexpected delay could cost you thousands of dollars, or more? you see how easily problems can snowball from minor mistakes into friendship - ruining arguments? protecting yourself and your partner from drama we see that verbal understandings \u2013 or worse, nonverbal understandings ( i. e. assumptions ) \u2013 make for fiascos. however, if you \u2019 re pedantic and specific in a contract it can leave you and your partner ( s ) feeling straightjacketed, mistrusted, and threatened ( because most people are intimidated by contracts and legal language ). so how much specificity is really necessary? is the amount different with a stranger vs. a friend? the woman who taught me contracts hammered into my head something that solves this impasse. she calls it the third cousins rule. it goes like this : let \u2019 s say your family and mine are both having family reunions in the same public park. it \u2019 s a perfectly pleasant afternoon until a meteor hits, killing everyone except for our third cousins, who were both not invited because they \u2019 re fairly stupid, annoying, or malicious. these third cousins inherit everything, and they have to complete the deal drawn up in our contract. they can \u2019 t ask us about verbal or unspoken understandings. they have only the contract to go on. obviously, they can only proceed if the contract is drawn up in such a way that they will be able to understand every part of the deal, and if the contract protects each of them from the other \u2019 s less - than - honorable intentions. of course, nothing like that happens in the real world. contracts are executed by the people who sign them \u2026 aren \u2019 t they? don \u2019 t i wish! that meteor strikes all the time. every time a company merges, or goes out of business, or management changes ; every time a freelancer gets sick, or folds ; every time a client goes bankrupt and his debts are adjudicated by the court, this situation happens. somebody \u2019 s unqualified third cousin inherits the mess. sometimes, the contract ends up in court in front of another kind of third cousin : a judge. the judge, who has no context except for the contract itself and whatever conflicting stories he hears from the parties to the contract, must decide what will happen to the deal. the third cousins rule means simply this : your contract should be as specific and all - inclusive as possible. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4776323216703562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.652621"} {"text": "context except for the contract itself and whatever conflicting stories he hears from the parties to the contract, must decide what will happen to the deal. the third cousins rule means simply this : your contract should be as specific and all - inclusive as possible. it should outline the basic structure of the deal, outline contingencies, pedantically spell out the niggling details, and be structured so that the average person can understand the plain meaning of the deal without consulting a lawyer ( this last part isn \u2019 t always possible, but it is nonetheless something to strive for ). above all, it should have the minimum possible level of ambiguity. following the third cousins rule doesn \u2019 t just help you out in court, it can help keep your relationship with your business partner from deteriorating when a minor dispute arises. if you \u2019 ve negotiated and signed a contract that conforms to the third cousins rule, the chances are very good that you will be able to pull the contract out, read it through together, and find the resolution to your dispute in its pages in plain language. it also ensures that everyone is signing the same deal in their minds, as well as on paper. everyone is, so to speak, on the same page. minimizing confusion is a simple and vastly underutilized way of maximizing good will \u2013 and it also shows respect for the other party. best of all, the third cousins rule provides maximal protection without impugnment. by explaining that you have to protect yourself from your partner \u2019 s third cousin in the event of death, catastrophe, or hostile takeover, and that he should seek to protect himself in the same measure, you establish a base for negotiation that defuses a great deal of the adversarial nature of negotiations. if your partner thinks such things are silly to worry about, remind him that more people die in car accidents every year than were killed in the entire vietnam war. if you \u2019 re freelancing long enough, you will do business with someone who dies, or someone whose company is bought out or goes bankrupt, before the contract term finishes. you should be protected in that eventuality. so should your prospective partner. next time, we \u2019 ll explore the narrowness principle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.532919101573383, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.653616"} {"text": "the main importance of anti - combined policy ( antimonopoly policy ) is ideas to prevent industrial concentration or monopolization, to achieve locative efficiency and to promote competition. even if many economists say that these are the main aims of this policy some of them may argue that anti - combined policies aren \u2019 t so effective and their goals aren \u2019 t always achieved. the main important anti - monopolistic idea is that they produce less output and charge higher prices than firms from competitive market system. in pure competition firms produce output quantity where p = mc. this equation is so important because p represents benefit that society gains from extra unit of output, while mc is the cost that society is ready to pay for that extra unit. when this equation occurs ( p = mc ) society doesn \u2019 t gain any higher total benefit by producing one more or one less unit of output. however, a monopolist doesn \u2019 t maximize profit by equating marginal benefit ( not price ) with marginal cost. in this case, there is an under allocation of resources to this monopolized products, so that economic well - being of society is less than it would be with greater competition. it is said that in nineteenth century the market forces in monopolized industries don \u2019 t provide sufficient control over prices to protect consumers, achieve locative efficiency and get a fair competition. so there were two methods by which a government could control these market forces : - regulatory agencies : in the markets where products or producing technology creates a natural monopoly, the government organizes public regulatory agencies that control economic behavior. - anti - combined laws : in some kinds of market systems this control took form of anti - combined or anti - monopoly legislation that prevents the growth and development of a monopoly. anti - combined legislation depends on corporate size and concentration. that \u2019 s why it \u2019 s important to examine all merger types. there are three basic merger types. let \u2019 s examine and describe them carefully bellow : - a horizontal merger represents a merger between competitors that sell similar products in the market. - a vertical merger is a merger between some firms at different stages of production process. an example can be a merger between a firm that produces glass and another that produces plastic so that they may create windows that are sound - proof. another example is that pepsi, which is a supplier of soft drinks, and pizza hut, so that they supply food and drinks for these fast - food firms. - a conglomerate merger may be defined as any merger that isn \u2019 t horizontal or vertical ; it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5228206721364674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.657363"} {"text": "booster seats are vehicle safety seats for kids who have outgrown forward - facing or convertible car seats but are still too small to be properly restrained by a vehicle ' s seatbelts. many states have laws requiring booster seats for kids up to 8 years old and 80 pounds ( 37 kilograms ), or 4 feet 9 inches ( about 150 centimeters ) tall. guidelines for choosing a booster seat choose a seat with a label that states that it meets or exceeds federal motor vehicle safety standard 213. accept a used seat with caution. never use a seat that ' s more than 6 years old or one that was in a crash ( even if it looks ok, it could be structurally unsound ). avoid seats that are missing parts or are not labeled with the manufacture date and model number ( you ' ll have no way to know about recalls ), or do not come with an instruction manual. if you have any doubts about a seat ' s history, or if it is cracked or shows signs of wear and tear, don ' t use it. if you accept a used seat, contact the manufacturer for recommendations on how long the seat can safely be used and to find out if it ' s ever been recalled. recalls are quite common, and the manufacturer might be able to provide you with a replacement part or new model. types of booster seats booster seats come in many styles. belt - positioning boosters raise kids to a height where they can safely use the car ' s lap and shoulder belts. they come in high - back or backless models : high - back boosters are recommended when the car has low seat backs, and backless boosters may be used if a child ' s head is supported up to the top of the ears by the vehicle ' s back seat or head support. combination seats can be used with harnesses as forward - facing safety seats or as belt - positioning booster seats when harnesses are removed. height and weight limits for different combination seats may vary, so it \u2019 s best to check the owner \u2019 s manual for guidance. shield boosters ( with no back and a shield tray in front of the child ) were originally designed for cars with lap - only belts, but they do not provide adequate upper - body protection and therefore are no longer recommended. if your car doesn ' t have shoulder belts in the back seat, consider having them installed by the dealer. if that ' s not possible, the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) recommends keeping kids in a convertible or forward - facing seat with a full harness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43049627055301476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.664778"} {"text": "' t have shoulder belts in the back seat, consider having them installed by the dealer. if that ' s not possible, the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) recommends keeping kids in a convertible or forward - facing seat with a full harness until an appropriate booster seat can be obtained. prior to installing booster seat, read the product manual thoroughly. booster seats should be placed forward - facing in the back seat, ideally in the middle of the back seat where there is a lap and shoulder belt. read the owner ' s manual for your car to find out how to use your car ' s seatbelts with a safety seat. be sure to check the positioning of the safety seat before each use. how to secure your child ' s seatbelt : read the entire booster seat manual. make sure the lap belt is low and tight across your child ' s hips. the shoulder belt should lay flat and snug across a child ' s shoulder, staying clear of the neck and face. shoulder and lap belts should always lie flat, never twisted. kids this age can begin to understand the importance of buckling up and may want to buckle themselves in. be sure to check their seatbelts and offer praise when they voluntarily put them on. when kids outgrow booster seats kids can stop using a booster seat when they ' re big enough to use the vehicle ' s lap and shoulder belts while sitting with their back against the vehicle ' s seat back with their knees bent over the edge of the seat without slouching. the lap belt should rest low, on top of the thighs, and the shoulder belt should lie comfortably across the middle of the chest. kids should be able to remain in this position throughout the entire trip. this usually happens when a child reaches a height of 4 feet 9 inches ( about 150 centimeters ) and is between 8 and 12 years old. remember, the shoulder strap of the seatbelt should never be fastened behind a child ' s back or under his or her arm. and you should never buckle two kids ( or an adult and a child ) under one seatbelt \u2014 a crash could cause their heads to collide. if you frequently carpool or have other kids in your car, it ' s wise to have an extra booster seat handy, especially if you ' re unsure about whether a child meets the height requirements. it ' s always better to be safe than to let a child who isn ' t tall enough ride with just a seatbelt. when combined with safety belts, air bags protect adults and teens from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3930146166672881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.665831"} {"text": "re unsure about whether a child meets the height requirements. it ' s always better to be safe than to let a child who isn ' t tall enough ride with just a seatbelt. when combined with safety belts, air bags protect adults and teens from injury during a collision. they have saved lives and prevented many serious injuries. but young children can be injured or even killed if they are riding in the front passenger seat when an air bag opens. air bags were designed with adults in mind : they must open with great force ( up to 200 miles per hour ) to protect an average - sized, 165 - pound ( 75 - kilogram ) male from injury. while this force is appropriate for adults and bigger kids, it can be dangerous for small kids, possibly resulting in head and neck injuries. protect kids from air - bag injury by following these rules : booster seats should be placed in the back seat. if you have no choice and must place it in the front ( that is, if your car is a two - seater ), push the passenger seat as far back as it will go. a law passed in 1995 allows car manufacturers to install a manual cut - off switch that temporarily disables a passenger - side air bag. as recommended by national highway traffic safety administration, if you must place a child in a booster seat in the front seat and your car has this cut - off switch, disable the air bag for the duration of the ride. be sure to switch the air bag back on when you remove the booster seat. all kids under 13 years of age should always ride in the back seat, and in the middle of the back seat whenever possible. all passengers must have their seatbelts buckled.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36615574542637885, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.666502"} {"text": "your baby ' s development from this week until week 20, your baby will be growing rapidly \u2014 increasing in size from about 2 inches ( 5 cm ) to about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) from crown to rump. to accommodate all this growth, the blood vessels in the placenta are increasing in both size and number to provide the baby with more nutrients. facial development continues as the ears move toward their final position on the sides of the head. if you saw a picture of your baby now, you ' d think you had a genius on your hands \u2014 the baby ' s head accounts for about half of the body length! although your baby ' s reproductive organs are developing rapidly, the external genitals of boys and girls appear somewhat similar until the end of week 11. they will be clearly differentiated by week 14. nourishing your baby usually requires that you gain weight \u2014 and in most cases, the recommended weight gain is 25 to 35 pounds ( 11. 33 to 15. 87 kg ) over the course of the pregnancy. if you were overweight or underweight before pregnancy, your health care provider may have different recommendations for weight gain. your health care provider may offer you a \" first trimester screening test \" which combines ultrasound with a blood test to determine whether your baby is at risk for ( not whether your baby has ) specific chromosomal abnormalities, such as down syndrome. an abnormal result does not necessarily mean that your baby has a condition \u2014 but it may mean more testing is required. talk to your health care provider about the risks and advantages of this test.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4372623046453239, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.668047"} {"text": "you probably know a hurricane is a large, powerful storm that can cause a lot of rain and wind. everyone pays attention to hurricanes because they can be dangerous. some hurricanes come and go and really don ' t cause much more trouble than a bad thunderstorm. others may damage homes and cause some flooding that goes away on its own. you might remember that hurricane katrina was unusually strong and caused many more problems than most hurricanes. could it happen to me? you might wonder if a big hurricane could happen where you live. hurricanes are always a concern, especially for people who live near a coast. when a hurricane is on the way, weather forecasters can predict which areas will be affected. based on that, cities and states can tell people to evacuate \u2014 to move out of the storm ' s way until it ' s over. knowing that a hurricane is coming can be helpful, even if you won ' t be evacuating. your family will want to have extra water, food, and batteries for flashlights. why? because storms can knock down trees and that can knock down power lines. fixing the power so everyone has electricity again can take a while after a hurricane. a hurricane is a \" natural disaster \" maybe you ' ve heard people call a hurricane a \" natural disaster, \" but what does that mean? a natural disaster is when weather or nature causes big problems, like a hurricane, a tornado, an earthquake, or a tsunami. depending on where a person lives, there ' s more risk of certain kinds of natural disasters. but wherever you live, it ' s important to remember that there are lots of people looking out for you. in a bad storm or other crisis, this would include not only moms and dads, but also police officers, firefighters, doctors, nurses, and other people who are trained to handle emergencies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4886740835721355, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.670139"} {"text": "i love dairy products but i hate milk ( except when it ' s on cereal ). i just can ' t stand the taste. is that bad? should i give it another try? the reason experts ( and parents! ) tell us to drink milk is because of its bone - building calcium and other nutrients. the good news is you can get these same nutrients from other dairy products, like yogurt or cheese. most teens need about three servings of dairy a day. so if you pour a cup of milk on your cereal, eat a cup of low - fat yogurt at lunch, and use about 1\u00bd ounces of low - fat cheese in other foods, you ' re getting the recommended amount of dairy. one thing everyone needs to watch out for is that some dairy products ( usually the best - tasting ones, like ice cream! ) can be high in fat and sugar. regular cheese, including cream cheese, is high in fat and saturated fats. ( saturated fats can raise blood cholesterol levels and increase your risk for heart disease. ) even low - fat yogurt can have a lot of sugar if it ' s flavored with fruit and other ingredients. don ' t let this put you off dairy \u2014 just don ' t eat too much of these products. instead, choose low - fat or \" lite \" versions of dairy products, and those that are lower in sugar.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41759444398394374, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.671577"} {"text": "maya never expected her friend ' s cat to bite her. the cat had purred so nicely at first, so maya was startled when it sank its teeth into her leg. maya washed the bite area right away, and it didn ' t hurt that much. in fact, she had all but forgotten about it by the time it started becoming red and swollen the next day. her mom took her to the doctor, who announced that maya had developed cellulitis. what is cellulitis? the word cellulitis ( pronounced : sel - yuh - lye - tus ) literally means inflammation of the cells. it is a skin infection that involves areas of tissue just below the surface of the skin. cellulitis can affect any area of the body, but it ' s most common on exposed body parts, such as the face, arms, or lower legs. cellulitis can be caused by many different types of bacteria. the most common ones are group a streptococcus and staphylococcus aureus. cellulitis usually begins in an area of broken skin \u2014 like a cut, bite, or scratch. people who have body piercings may be susceptible to cellulitis because the hole where the skin is pierced provides an opportunity for bacteria to get beneath the surface of the skin more easily. but cellulitis can also start in areas where the skin hasn ' t been broken, especially in people with chronic conditions such as diabetes or who are taking medicines that affect the immune system. what are the symptoms of cellulitis? cellulitis begins as a small area of tenderness, swelling, warmth, and redness on the skin. as this area begins to spread, a person who has cellulitis may begin to feel ill and develop a fever and sometimes chills and sweats. swollen lymph nodes ( commonly called swollen glands ) are sometimes found near the area of infected skin. the incubation period ( the time it takes for the infection to start causing symptoms ) varies, depending on the type of bacteria that causes the cellulitis. for example, cellulitis caused by pasteurella multocida, one of the bacteria commonly found in animal bites, has a short incubation period \u2014 less than 24 hours after the bite has occurred. but cellulitis caused by other types of bacteria may have an incubation period of several days. the only way to prevent cellulitis is by protecting the skin from cuts, bruises, and scrapes. this isn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4651879942535485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.677275"} {"text": "the bite has occurred. but cellulitis caused by other types of bacteria may have an incubation period of several days. the only way to prevent cellulitis is by protecting the skin from cuts, bruises, and scrapes. this isn ' t easy, especially if someone is active or likes to play sports. but you can protect yourself. use elbow and knee pads while skating ; wear a bike helmet when you ' re riding ; put on shin guards during soccer ; wear long pants and long - sleeved shirts while hiking in the woods ( this can also protect you from bug bites and stings ) ; and wear sandals on the beach. if you do get a scrape, wash the wound well with soap and water. apply an antibiotic ointment and cover the wound with an adhesive bandage or gauze. check wounds regularly for the first few days to see if any of the signs of cellulitis are developing. pay attention to new piercings, too. if they become red, swollen, and painful to the touch, have them checked out by a doctor. cellulitis is not contagious \u2014 you can ' t spread it to another person or catch it from someone else. should i call my doctor? call your doctor whenever any area of your skin becomes red, warm, and painful \u2014 with or without fever and chills. this is especially important if the area of skin is on the hands, feet, or face ( particularly ear, nose, or eyebrow piercings ) or if you have an illness or condition that suppresses the immune system. check with your doctor if you get a large cut or a deep puncture wound. because cellulitis can happen quickly after an animal bite, call your doctor if you ' ve been bitten, especially if the puncture wound is deep. not too many people get bitten by other people, of course, but human bites can cause skin infections, too! a doctor can usually diagnose cellulitis by examining the area of affected skin. sometimes the doctor may check for bacteria by taking blood samples, too. positive blood cultures mean that bacteria from your skin infection have spread into the bloodstream, which may cause septicemia ( blood poisoning ), a serious infection. if you have a mild case of cellulitis, the doctor will probably prescribe antibiotics ; these can usually cure cellulitis in 7 to 10 days. ( even if you feel better faster than that, it ' s important to take all of the antibiotics prescribed for you ; otherwise,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.415550876100722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.678372"} {"text": "jake likes to visit his grandma fran on his way home from school. she always has special treats for him like his favorite homemade chocolate chip cookies, and she takes time to help him with his homework. lately, though, jake ' s noticed that grandma fran has trouble reading some of his assignments. when jake asked her if anything was wrong, grandma fran explained that she has cataracts \u2014 her glasses used to help, but now she needs to have an operation that will help her eyes see better again. an operation sounds scary, right? but many older people like jake ' s grandma develop cataracts as they age. cataract surgery is common and is almost always successful. let ' s find out more about it. what are cataracts? in your eye you have a lens, which is normally clear like a window that has just been cleaned. if that lens gets cloudy, it ' s called a cataract ( say : kah - tuh - rakt ). like a dirty window, a cloudy lens makes it difficult to see well. the person can still see, but it ' s blurry. the lens in your eye is made of protein and water. but as people get older, sometimes proteins in the lens stick together and cause cloudiness, or cataracts. at first, a person who has a cataract may not notice any difference in the way he or she sees. but over time, the person may find it harder to read and do other normal tasks. in fact, \" cataract \" means waterfall in latin. why? because, if you have one, it can be like seeing through a waterfall. cataracts almost always happen to people who are older than 50. this is the type of cataract jake ' s grandmother has. no need to worry \u2014 cataracts aren ' t contagious, which means you can ' t get one from someone who has them. in fact, most people will develop cataracts at some point in their lives as they get older. it ' s a normal aging process of the eye. rarely, kids are born with cataracts or develop them while they are babies or during childhood. when kids are born with cataracts, it may be because they inherited the cataracts ( through their genes ) or got them when they were still developing inside their mom before being born. whether the person is young or old, cataract surgery usually solves the problem. someone who has vision trouble should see an eye doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5466483925837659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.681991"} {"text": "##aracts ( through their genes ) or got them when they were still developing inside their mom before being born. whether the person is young or old, cataract surgery usually solves the problem. someone who has vision trouble should see an eye doctor. the doctor can test the person ' s vision and examine the eyes. when a cataract first forms, a person may be able to see better by using stronger lighting and wearing glasses. eventually, though, surgery may become necessary. during cataract surgery, the cloudy lens is removed and usually replaced with a new plastic lens that a person can easily see through. after the surgery, a person may be able to see better or it may take a while for vision to improve. after surgery, the person will have to do a few special things, like use eyedrops. cataract surgery is one of the most common operations performed in the united states. more than 1 million surgeries are done every year. that ' s a lot of eyes! why do people get cataracts? like wrinkles on a person ' s skin, cataracts go along with getting older. cataracts might happen to someone who ' s 50 or they might not happen until someone is 70. certain factors make it more likely someone will develop cataracts. some are difficult to avoid, such as having diabetes and taking certain medications. but kids and adults can do something about other risk factors, such as smoking, poor nutrition, eye injuries, and unprotected exposure to the sun. in other words, don ' t smoke, eat healthy, protect your eyes from injury, and wear your sunglasses!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46649870922775055, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.682648"} {"text": "download this story as a pdf steve ember : welcome to the making of a nation \u2013 american history in voa special english. i ' m steve ember. this week in our series, we continue the story of the presidency of george w. bush. george w. bush began his second term - - and fifth year in office - - in january two thousand five. early in his first term, terrorists had carried out the worst attacks in united states history. president bush declared a war on terror and led the country into wars in afghanistan and iraq. in his second inaugural address, he promised to continue fighting to defeat terrorism and increase democracy around the world. george w. bush : \" so it is the policy of the united states to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world. \" he also talked about his goals at home and what he called america ' s ideal of freedom. george w. bush : \" in america ' s ideal of freedom, citizens find the dignity and security of economic independence instead of laboring on the edge of subsistence. this is the broader definition of liberty that motivated the homestead act, the social security act, and the gi bill of rights \u2026 \u201c we will widen the ownership of homes and businesses, retirement savings, and health insurance, preparing our people for the challenges of life in a free society. by making every citizen an agent of his or her own destiny, we will give our fellow americans greater freedom from want and fear and make our society more prosperous and just and equal. \" the united states constitution limits presidents to two terms. presidential historian russell riley at the university of virginia ' s miller center says presidents traditionally use their first term to focus on their major goals for the country. second terms, he says, \" tend to be unhappy times. \" during his second term, richard nixon resigned over the attempt to hide political wrongdoing in the watergate case. bill clinton faced a trial in the senate over his attempt to hide a relationship with a young aide. but the first major problem of george bush ' s second term dropped from the sky. susan bennett : \" you saw people on the rooftops. you saw people using claw hammers trying to break through their attic to get up onto their roof. that ' s why you had so many people who drowned. \" in august of two thousand five, susan bennett received a phone call from her daughter, a television reporter in new orleans, louisiana. susan bennett : \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43611104836429543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.692008"} {"text": "to get up onto their roof. that ' s why you had so many people who drowned. \" in august of two thousand five, susan bennett received a phone call from her daughter, a television reporter in new orleans, louisiana. susan bennett : \" she called, on a friday, and said, ' i think you need to come pick up my son, because there ' s a really big storm coming. ' \" it was hurricane katrina - - one of the worst natural disasters in american history. along the gulf of mexico the hardest hit states were louisiana, mississippi and alabama. over one thousand eight hundred people died. property damage totaled more than seventy - five billion dollars. but katrina will be remembered mostly because of what happened in new orleans. ( storm sound and voice ) thousands of people gathered at the new orleans superdome sports center before the storm a day before the storm hit, officials had ordered everyone to leave the city. but thousands of people stayed. some chose not to leave. others were too poor, too old or too sick to go. then, the levees broke. ( music and flood sounds ) those flood barriers were supposed to protect the city. much of new orleans was built on land that lies below sea level. as katrina hit, more than eighty percent of the city flooded. in some areas, the water was six meters deep. many people who stayed were caught in the floods. officials struggled to get food, water and medicine to the survivors. the displaced included thousands of people who took shelter in the superdome, a big sports arena. out on the streets, lawless acts fed a sense of disorder and helplessness. woman : \u201c it \u2019 s disgusting and frustrating. and we are human beings, and they \u2019 re treating us like we \u2019 re criminals. \u201d group of people shouting : \u201c we want help! we want help! help us! \u201d susan bennett helped create an exhibit about hurricane katrina at the newseum, a museum of news in washington. susan bennett : \" not only in this country, but also in newspapers across the world, you saw the same headline. it ranged from ' engulfed ' to ' our tsunami. ' ' chaos. ' and then it went to ' anarchy, ' ' national disgrace. ' \" congress later found that officials at every level of government - - local, state and federal - - had failed in doing their jobs. president bush looks out the window of air force one over new orleans, to inspect the damage from hurricane katrina president bush flew over new orleans to inspect the damage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4104576427417791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.694215"} {"text": "of government - - local, state and federal - - had failed in doing their jobs. president bush looks out the window of air force one over new orleans, to inspect the damage from hurricane katrina president bush flew over new orleans to inspect the damage. a photograph showed him looking out the window of air force one at the ground below. russell riley at the university of virginia says the picture expressed what many people were thinking about the handling of the disaster. russell riley : \" because of the ineffectiveness of the government response at the time, that image communicated to the american people that the president was remote. that he wasn ' t on the ground. that the best he could do was just look out the window of a passing plane. \" in two thousand five a different kind of storm was hitting iraq. american and iraqi officials were struggling to create a democratic government. local militias were on the rise and attacking coalition forces and other iraqis. the violence also included al - qaida suicide bombings in iraq, which angered many iraqis. and there was international anger as the result of photos that showed american troops abusing iraqi prisoners. president bush had declared the end of major combat operations on may first, two thousand three. that was less than two months after the invasion. but the numbers of civilian and military deaths were growing. and, in the united states, surveys were showing that a growing number of americans thought going into iraq was a mistake. judith yaphe : \" the bad news was we were uncomfortable with it, and we wanted to get out, and we could not understand how things could go so terribly wrong. \" judith yaphe joined the national defense university after twenty years as a middle east expert at the central intelligence agency. judith yaphe : \" that ' s where the lack of strategy and the mismanagement come in. but i think it ' s also true that, you know, americans just wanted to say, ' why are we in iraq? why are we in any of these places? ' because, historically speaking, it ' s not a role we ' ve been comfortable with. \" she says by president bush ' s second term, few iraqis wanted to cooperate with the americans to make the country more secure. but president bush said american troops could not leave until iraqi forces replaced them. in two thousand six, an iraqi court sentenced the country ' s former leader to death. saddam hussein was hanged for crimes against humanity. but nothing else seemed to change - - violence and insurgent attacks continued. iraq seemed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4365356561493126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.695350"} {"text": "iraqi forces replaced them. in two thousand six, an iraqi court sentenced the country ' s former leader to death. saddam hussein was hanged for crimes against humanity. but nothing else seemed to change - - violence and insurgent attacks continued. iraq seemed to be on the edge of being torn apart by civil war. these soldiers from the 3rd stryker brigade combat team were among the troops deployed to iraq as part of ' the surge ' early the next year, president bush announced that he was sending more troops to iraq. he thought it would help stop the violence. george w. bush : \u201c these troops will work alongside iraqi units and be embedded in their formations. our troops will have a well - defined mission \u2013 to help iraqis clear and secure neighborhoods, to help them protect the local population, and to help ensure that the iraqi forces left behind are capable of providing the security that baghdad needs. \u201d the temporary increase of about thirty thousand troops came to be called \" the surge. \" in september of two thousand seven, the top commander in iraq reported to congress that the violence was decreasing. the surge may have helped create the conditions for this change but there were other reasons as well. middle east expert judith yaphe says many iraqis decided to work with the americans to defeat the insurgency. judith yaphe : \" the real truth is \u2013 and it ' s a good news story \u2013 that the iraqis themselves saw that this was a greater danger to them, that there was nothing to be gained, the sunnis of iraq in particular, saw that al - qaida was hurting them, that it was a danger to them, that there was much more to be gained by aligning with the us forces. \u201d by the time president bush was finishing his second term, iraqi and american officials had agreed on a withdrawal date to end the war. the last american forces would leave iraq by the end of twenty - eleven. russell riley at the university of virginia says it is too soon to know how history will judge the united states ' actions in iraq. russell riley : \" if iraq proves to be a policy success, then the surge will be a critical turning point and a terrific exercise of presidential leadership. \" he also points out that the war is not the only measure by which the forty - third president will be judged. professor riley put it this way : \" the great debate among historians will not be whether bush was a powerful president or consequential president, but whether he directed those powers in the most fruitful way that he could have.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42938120862297857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.696397"} {"text": "will be judged. professor riley put it this way : \" the great debate among historians will not be whether bush was a powerful president or consequential president, but whether he directed those powers in the most fruitful way that he could have. \" so, what else was going on in the united states during this period? millions of people were voting for which singer should get a recording contract on \" american idol. \" year after year it was the most popular show on television. simon cowell : \u201c oh, robert, i think you just killed my favorite song of all time. \u201d robert : \u201c killed in a good way or a bad way? \u201d simon : \u201c killing is never good. there \u2019 s never a happy killing. \u201d robert : \u201c i \u2019 m sorry to hear that. \u201d simon : \u201c no, that was first degree on that one. \u201d but the biggest story in music was not what people were listening to, but how. sales of cds in stores fell as more and more people downloaded songs from the internet. on itunes, fergie ' s \" big girls don ' t cry \" was the most downloaded song of two thousand seven. for the first half of the decade, there seemed to be nothing to cry about in the american housing market. home prices were going up and up, which made sellers happy. and lenders were offering bigger and bigger loans at easy terms and low interest rates, which made buyers happy. a collapse in the housing market caused huge drops in home sales and prices the government supported the easing of lending rules as a form of social policy, a way to help more people buy homes. rates of home ownership - - a part of the american dream - - reached record highs. in two thousand five nearly seven out of ten americans owned their own home. but many home buyers had been given mortgage loans that they could not afford to pay back. and that was not the only problem. banks had been selling those loans as securities to investors around the world. everyone thought they were getting a good deal - - the banks, the borrowers, the investors. but then the price bubble burst and the housing market collapsed. many borrowers lost their homes because they were unable to make their monthly loan payments. that was the situation karen lucas and her husband, of cleveland, ohio, found themselves in. karen lucas : \" i ' ve done my crying. i ' ve made my peace, and i put it in god ' s hands. \" as home values fell, many people found themselves \" underwater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46937355611401843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.697370"} {"text": "young children can learn so much about their world through seasonal books and discussions. with the change of the season just around the corner, why not visit your local library and check out all of our great winter - themed children \u2019 s books? whether you \u2019 re looking for something on snow, hibernation, a specific holiday, or just a fun story taking place in a winter setting, you \u2019 re sure to find some great reads to share with your child! here are just a few examples : winter by ron hirschi stunning photographs and lyrical language take you on a journey through nature. under the snow by melissa stewart find out what happens to the animals in the woods, the insects in the garden and the creatures in the pond when the chilly weather arrives. winter white by christianne jones this book is part of a series on colors, and offers simplistic text, colorful illustrations, and a fun fact section. in the snow : who \u2019 s been here? by lindsay barrett george while walking in the snow, two children see signs of life all around them. white snow, bright snow by alvin tresselt an oldie but goodie, this 1948 caldecott medal winner takes the reader through a snowstorm from start to finish, highlighting different perspectives along the way. the hat by jan brett on a cold, windy day, hedgie finds himself a very interesting hat, which he shows to all of his animal friends. snow by uri shulevitz a little boy and his dog watch their town transform into a winter wonderland. for many more choices, stop by your local branch today!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43208259178267105, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.700198"} {"text": "strength training is done to increase muscle size and strength, improve endurance, and decrease fatigue, ultimately increasing performance. it also improves body image and appearance and prevents muscle, ligament, and bone injury. health benefits of strength training include improved posture, improved lung capacity, decreased injuries, improved circulation, improved muscle tone, and less risk of obesity. fitness and health benefits of strength training | fitness benefits | | health benefits | | increased muscle size | | improves posture | | increased muscle strength | | improves lung capacity | | increased endurance | | decreases injuries | | prevents muscle injury | | improves circulation | | prevents ligament injury | | improves muscle tone | | prevents bone injury | | prevents osteoporosis | | prevents fatigue | | lowers diabetes risk | the recommended amount of strength training is 20 to 30 minutes, 2 to 3 times per week for most athletes and active women. for those involved in power and strength - dependent sports, strength training may occur five days a week as part of training, but muscles should be alternated day to day to allow recovery. the heavier the weights and quicker the movements, the greater the risk of injury. personal training is a very popular method of strength training. trainers should be well qualified to design a program for you, listen to your needs and accommodate for the way your body performs, and guide you through a safe exercise program. it is recommended that you have a trainer who is certified, although there are different qualities and requirements for certification. the highest recommended certification types are through the american college of sports medicine ( acsm ), national strength and conditioning association ( nsca ), american council on exercise ( ace ), and national council of strength and fitness ( ncsf ). these require testing and updated continuing - education credits. health - care professionals can also make excellent personal trainers, including certified athletic trainers, physical therapists, exercise physiologists, and physical therapy assistants. qualities of a good personal trainer - certification or degree in exercise - listens to your needs - gives you full attention during workouts - does not encourage painful activities - works you at your level, not above it to impress you - any muscle soreness after a strenuous workout should last no more than two days - is motivating - you do not develop new or worsening pains - workouts make you feel stronger and healthier techniques to avoid injury while strength training - gradually increase weight ; no more than twice a month. - keep motions slow and resistance low. - stop the motion if you feel pain. - do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46417066710956545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.703852"} {"text": "today, many deaf children can be given access to oral language thanks to a cochlear implant, a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound thanks to electric stimulation of the auditory nerve. in this study, the acquisition of personal pronouns is considered to be a measure for the effectiveness of cochlear implantation in congenitally deaf children. pronouns are morphemes with low perceptual prominence. they are semantically complex and lack morphophonological regularity. building on these insights, the acquisition of pronouns is quite a challenge for hearing - impaired children. the goal of this study is to examine whether a cochlear implant provides deaf children with sufficient auditory input to acquire low salient and complex functional items like personal pronouns and to compare the results to those obtained in hearing peers. different developmental steps in pronoun acquisition have been examined including the building of the pronominal paradigm and its morphological attributes and the acquisition of co - referring and binding relations between pronouns and their antecedents. the results show that although cochlear - implanted children start out with a delay in the acquisition of pronouns, they are able to partially catch up with their hearing peers during the later stages. by the age of seven, most cochlearimplanted children have attained a target production and comprehension of pronouns. based on these results, cochlear implantation below 24 months may be considered to be an effective way to provide pre - lingual deaf children with the necessary sensory input to acquire pronouns despite their initial deprivation of spoken language input.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5218757770999624, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.707037"} {"text": "if you guys remember all of the big genome sequencing projects of the 90s and the early aughts, they \u2019 ve been continuing and the amount of raw data they have been giving back to us has exponentially accelerated. however, those of us trying to understand the biological realities of what all of those sequences actually mean were very quickly left behind and have been falling further and further behind as the advance of sequencing technology accelerates faster than we could ever hope to keep up with. the central problem is that while it turns out that we can get computers to do our pipetting for us if we pay engineers enough \u2013 we can \u2019 t get computers to do our thinking for us. like mathematicians with some of the fanciest calculators imaginable, we can get the tools ncbi gives us to show us amazing things in amazing ways, but they can \u2019 t tell us what it all means. for the genomes we get to make any kind of sense a human being has to abstract meaning from it and communicate that meaning in understandable language \u2013 and there is no way around that limitation \u2013 there will only ever be ways to optimize it. this is really what synthetic biology is trying to do from its own weird and attractive but easily dangerously simplistic perspective. e andrianantoandro, s basu, et al. published 2006 in molecular systems biology. doi : 10. 1038 / msb4100073 credit : chuck wadey, www. chuckwadey. com synthetic biologists engineer complex artificial biological systems to investigate natural biological phenomena and for a variety of applications. we outline the basic features of synthetic biology as a new engineering discipline, covering examples from the latest literature and reflecting on the features that make it unique among all other existing engineering fields. we discuss methods for designing and constructing engineered cells with novel functions in a framework of an abstract hierarchy of biological devices, modules, cells, and multicellular systems. the classical engineering strategies of standardization, decoupling, and abstraction will have to be extended to take into account the inherent characteristics of biological devices and modules. to achieve predictability and reliability, strategies for engineering biology must include the notion of cellular context in the functional definition of devices and modules, use rational redesign and directed evolution for system optimization, and focus on accomplishing tasks using cell populations rather than individual cells. the discussion brings to light issues at the heart of designing complex living systems and provides a trajectory for future development. if there is a god of creation that went around designing the genomes of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5855957113995397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.717284"} {"text": "on accomplishing tasks using cell populations rather than individual cells. the discussion brings to light issues at the heart of designing complex living systems and provides a trajectory for future development. if there is a god of creation that went around designing the genomes of all of the living things on earth, they are the sloppiest, most frustrating, terrible programmer you could possibly imagine. the intelligent design proponents are particularly frustrating to me as a biologist having seen how fundamentally unintelligent the design of living critters actually is when you get down to the real moving parts. at least it is designed according to a sort of logic so fundamentally alien to our own that by any human standard we couldn \u2019 t help but call it stupid. looking at life through the lens of max delbruck \u2019 s slowly fulfilled dream of a science of molecular genetics to replace the stamp collecting of drosophila genetics1, the organization of information, regulation, and function in genomes makes precious little intuitive sense in terms of human logic. when you think about it ; silly things like fundamentally unrelated systems being piled on top of each other such that one can \u2019 t be manipulated without messing up the other \u2013 necessitating otherwise functionless patches to the paired system whenever the other is modified, or rube goldberg - esque fragile systems of regulation that respond to all kinds of wrong stimuli, or systems of global regulation that are pretty analogous to reading the same giant program in either python or c + + to produce one of two desired global results, or the kinds of systems that you can just tell are 99. 9 % amateur patch jobs are really what you would expect from systems designed exclusively by the entropic trial and error of evolution. the end goal of the folks behind synthetic biology is pretty simple on the face of it. they want to turn biological systems into abstractions that can be manipulated by people who don \u2019 t understand the lower parts. while this might seem like a trivial goal, when you really understand what it means, it becomes clear that it has the potential to change the world in intensely profound ways and the very nature of life itself \u2013 that is if they can actually make that work in a functional way. at the moment genomes can only really be meaningfully understood or manipulated by folks like me with expensive and rare educations. this is because in order to create de novo anything like a solid grasp of how anything so beautiful as the lac operon works in e. coli one needs to have a pretty good understanding of how things like dna - binding proteins work, how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5529876023612242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.718409"} {"text": "is going on in his lab, the parts he needed from us, and why. ( 37 : 38 ) [ don \u2019 t be intimidated by the technical nature of the talk \u2013 even if you zone out during the technical bits you can totally still get the point ]. in it, he describes his lab \u2019 s quest to create what amounts to a living computer \u2013 programmable systems architecture within e. coli. the current project involves using the architecture he is building to create a trivially readable clock that reads out in binary that would track the number of generations that a culture of bacteria has gone through \u2013 which would itself be amazingly useful. however, if created, these kinds of systems architecture combined with sensor proteins, enzymes, and regulator molecules understood as biobricks could make life understandable by people who are to us as programmers are to hardware engineers. here is another detailed talk focused more towards computer folks than biologists and here is another shorter talk he has given that is more geared towards laymen at a higher level of abstraction. while i was sitting in that talk, knowing that the phage community does indeed have all of the parts he wants and then some, i couldn \u2019 t help but get goose bumps recalling one of my favorite stories from science fiction : the nine billion names of god ( part 2 ) by arthur c. clarke. where suddenly i was, by way of analogy, a monk in his lamasery slowly going about the task of annotating out the 10, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 ( 1031 ) names of creation. if we really can systematize the genome of a living organism into neat little boxes like a well designed program according to the sensibilities and biases of human logic that would, in a very real and profound way, give us the ability to remake life in our own image in a way that very much evokes the line in genesis that phrase comes from. how cool would that be? it is still however worth being very cautious about what promise synthetic biology may hold. there seems to be a whole cottage industry, particularly around the singularity movement, that has been set up to help people pretend they understand biology, and molecular genetics in particular, by calling it synthetic biology and making fanciful claims that people have different interests in being true. it preys on the scientific illiteracy of its audience counting on there being few enough people with the education to call them out on the sizable amount of fundamentally false false stuff they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5575958222618422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.720747"} {"text": "and making fanciful claims that people have different interests in being true. it preys on the scientific illiteracy of its audience counting on there being few enough people with the education to call them out on the sizable amount of fundamentally false false stuff they are communicating for them to get away with it. there are indeed huge limitations to this kind of thinking ever producing anything of meaningful value, which it has yet to do, that have nothing to do with a need for bigger computers or most anything else that singularity folks tend to point at as growing exponentially. the singularity university is indeed an elaborate fraud run by folks with precious little understanding of biology. 1from the 1920s to the 1930s there was a mass movement of out of work physicists, having suddenly run out of things to do when we figured out to much of physics, to biology. they brought with them a mechanistic view of how the universe works that they used to cause massive transformations in how we understand and interact with biology. one of the most influential of these scientific interlopers was max delbruck who quickly reasoned that, if we were ever going to understand how life works, we would need to start with the simplest organism possible and work our way up. he isolated seven bacteriophages against e. coli b, originally just his lab strain, and named them in a series t1 through t7. the central idea was that he and his growing number of colleagues * would focus on truly understanding how these phages worked and use that knowledge to generalize to escherichia coli, then the mouse, and then the elephant and us. an essential component of this was the \u201c phage treaty \u201d among researchers in the field, which delbruck organized in order to limit the number of model phage and hosts so that folks could meaningfully compare results. what came out of their original focus, in many respects encapsulated in erwin schrodinger \u2019 s what is life?, has shed light on so much as to truly redefine our self - understanding, much less medicine the luria \u2013 delbruck experiment elegantly demonstrated that in bacteria, genetic mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection, that is in all of life. the hershey \u2013 chase experiment showed once and for all that nucleic acids were in fact the heritable molecule in not just t2 phage and e. coli, but indeed all of life. easily the snarkiest, most badass, and likely most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5959835295213401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.721826"} {"text": "we have frequently pointed to children \u2019 s books as fantastic resources for language learners. here, renata cossio illustrates why this practice worked nicely for her and how it can do the same for you. guest post by renata cossio children \u2019 s books really help when you are starting to study a language, because they tend to keep the grammar simple and the stories easy to follow. i believe, also, that whenever we start to learn something new we become children again, and that is particularly true with idioms. there is no real logic to language construction, particularly verb conjugation. the errors kids make when they are learning to speak or write are pretty much the ones we make as adults when introduced to a new language. an example : in french, if you needed to ask someone for attention ( a teacher in class, for instance ), you would say : \u201c fait attention! \u201d which translates literally as \u201c make attention \u201d. in english, you would say, \u201c pay attention \u201d, which also sounds funny in other languages if translated literally. since children \u2019 s books are concocted to help children with these difficulties they can assist us as well. they can also provide us with an uncanny portrayal of a country \u2019 s culture, for the messages provided to the little ones are usually a reflection of the people \u2019 s beliefs. when i was sixteen years old i moved to belgium on an exchange program to learn french. i barely spoke any of it. before i left i was given a book by my aunt \u2013 a book that most people read in their childhood, but that i had never read before : le petit prince, or the little prince, by antoine st. exupery. like most languages, maybe even more so, written french is much different than the spoken french so studying its grammar is very important. i believe i must have read the little prince cover to cover many times, and it served as a guide and as a testament of my learning progress. it made me fall in love with the french language and all its nuances and details. if you are just starting to learn a new language, then, my advice is to choose a children \u2019 s book written in said language and keep it with you as you study to become fluent. it will help if you become discouraged, as a reminder that no one is born knowing everything, and it will teach you the simple phrases you will need in order to start communicating. renata is a 23 - year old brazilian writer and translator who enjoys learning new languages. she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4344892215913678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.724365"} {"text": "osteoporosis treatment villa rica ga by victoria l. freeman, phd if you \u2019 re one of the 44 million americans with porous bones, you may already know osteoporosis as a silent disease occasionally punctuated by muscle or bone pain or inexplicable fractures. what you may not realize is how bones become brittle in the first place. your body breaks down and rebuilds bone through an intricate dance between osteoclasts ( bone breaker cells ) and osteoblasts ( bone makers ) to ensure that your body has enough calcium to function properly. if you take in enough calcium, your bones will store the excess and make new bone out of it. if you don \u2019 t, the kidneys will hold on to their reserves, and the osteoclasts will break down ( resorb ) the bone and release the calcium into the bloodstream. up until your 30s, your body builds more bone than it breaks down ; after that, you lose more bone than your body can make. if you \u2019 ve taken good care of yourself all along \u2014 through diet, exercise, and lifestyle choices \u2014 you \u2019 ll have a storehouse of strong healthy bones so your body can handle periodic calcium withdrawals. if you haven \u2019 t, your risk for osteoporosis later in life skyrockets. medical osteoporosis treatments include bisphosphonates ( fosamax and actonel ) or selective estrogen receptor modulators ( serms like evista ), which can slow down resorption. unfortunately, these drugs don \u2019 t create new bone, explains natural medicine physician jonathan wright, md, coauthor of natural medicine, optimal wellness : the patient \u2019 s guide to health and wellness ( vital health publishing, 2006 ). the recently publicized link between bisphosphonate drugs and jaw osteonecrosis ( bone death ), as well as the possibility of severe esophagus damage when these medications aren \u2019 t completely swallowed, make matters worse. given such concerns, restoring balance between breaking down old and creating new bone seems a far better solution. enter the mineral strontium, naturally occurring in seafood, whole grains, and legumes, albeit in amounts much smaller than recommended therapeutic doses. since 2002 wright \u2019 s patients have taken a cocktail of strontium citrate ( yielding 450 to 680 mg per day of elemental strontium ), at least twice that amount of elemental calcium, 2, 000 iu vitamin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41377425806413093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.730097"} {"text": "what is chemotherapy? chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to treat cancer. chemotherapy reaches all parts of the body, not just the cancer cells. the oncologist ( a doctor with special training in cancer treatment ) will recommend a treatment plan for each person. specific treatment will be based on : your overall health and medical history your age and whether you are menstruating the type and stage of the cancer your tolerance for specific medications and procedures expectations for the course of the disease your opinion or preference the oncologist will also determine how long and how often you will have chemotherapy treatments. chemotherapy can be given intravenously ( in the vein or iv ) or by pill, and usually a combination of drugs is used. chemotherapy treatments are often given in cycles ; a treatment for a period of time, followed by a recovery period, then another treatment. chemotherapy may be given in a variety of settings including your home, a hospital outpatient facility, a doctor ' s office or clinic, or in a hospital. chemotherapy can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor and sometimes make breast conserving surgery possible rather than a mastectomy. many times it is given after surgery and may be given every three weeks or every two weeks in a? dose dense? fashion. what are the different types of chemotherapy drugs used for breast cancer treatment and their potential side effects? as each person ' s individual medical profile and diagnosis is different, so is his or her reaction to treatment. side effects may be severe, mild, or absent. be sure to discuss with your cancer care team any or all possible side effects of treatment before the treatment begins. most side effectsgo awayonce treatment is stopped. these are some of the drugs most commonly used to treat breast cancer : doxorubicin ( adriamycin ). doxorubicin is an intravenous medication. doxorubicin is red in color, and it turns urine red for several hours following treatment. women who receive doxorubicin often experience mouth sores and hair loss. this drug is most often given with cyclophosphamide. this drug combination is referred to as ac. four to six cycles of treatment over three to six months are commonly used for breast cancer. cyclophosphamide ( cytoxan ). cyclophosphamide is an anticancer drug that can be given either intravenously or orally in tablet form. the intravenous drug is clear. cy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5233892112200186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.735764"} {"text": ". cyclophosphamide ( cytoxan ). cyclophosphamide is an anticancer drug that can be given either intravenously or orally in tablet form. the intravenous drug is clear. cyclophosphamide can cause irritation of the lining of the bladder and often nausea and vomiting. this drug is most often given with doxorubicin. this drug combination is referred to as ac. four to six cycles of treatment over three to six months are commonlyused for breast cancer. methotrexate ( folex, mexate, amethopterin ). methotrexate is an anticancer drug that is usually given intravenously for women with breast cancer. the drug is yellow in color. some women who receive methotrexate experience mouth sores following treatment. this drug is most often given with both cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil. this drug combination is referred to as cmf. four to six cycles of treatment over three to six months are commonly given for breast cancer. fluorouracil ( 5fu ). fluorouracil is an anticancer drug that is given intravenously. the drug is clear. for some women, fluorouracil can cause mouth sores and diarrhea. this drug is most often given with both cyclophosphamide and methotrexate. this drug combination is referred to as cmf. four to six cycles of treatment over three to six months are commonly given for breast cancer. epirubicin ( ellence ). ellence is a drug similar to doxorubicin and is given intravenously. its side effects are much the same as those caused by doxorubicin. paclitaxel ( taxol ), docetaxel ( taxotere ), protein - bound paclitaxel ( abraxane ). these drugs belong to a group of drugs called taxanes. taxol has been approved for treating early and advanced breast cancer. taxotere has been approved for treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. abraxane is approved for use in advanced or recurrent breast cancer. abraxane is a new formulation of paclitaxel that can be given over30 minutes as opposed to three hours for taxol and there is less likelihood of an adverse reaction to the drug. these drugs can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48217063213651384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.736708"} {"text": "or recurrent breast cancer. abraxane is a new formulation of paclitaxel that can be given over30 minutes as opposed to three hours for taxol and there is less likelihood of an adverse reaction to the drug. these drugs can cause mild allergic reactions ( like fever, flushing, hives, and itching ), peripheral neuropathy, which is numbness and tingling in the hands and feet ; diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. capecitabine ( xeloda ). xeloda is an oral chemotherapy that is converted into fluorouracil at the cellular level and is sometimes used for advanced cancer. it can cause diarrhea, nausea, mouth sores, and hand - foot syndrome ( tingling, numbness, pain, redness, or swelling of the hands or feet ). gemcitabine ( gemzar ). this is anantimetabolite drug used in treating advanced breast cancer. for some women, gemcitabine can cause loss of appetite, hair thinning, diarrhea, and nausea. vinorelbine ( navelbine ). navelbine is sometimes used to treat advanced breast cancer. it can cause nausea, vomiting, mouth sores, and hair loss. ixabepilone ( ixempra ). ixabepilone is a new drug shown to reduce tumor size or slow tumor growth in some patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. this drug belongs to a class of drugs called epothilone analogs, that work by binding to and interfering with structures called microtubules. microtubules play a major role in cell division. thus, cancer cell growth is slowed in the body. the drug is given by intravenous infusion once every three weeks. it can cause low white counts, low platelet counts, numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, constipation, nausea, and muscle and joint pain. all of these drugs can cause changes in your blood counts that can make you feel very tired and make it harder for you to fight infections. again, talk to your health care team about what side effects you should watch for and which, if any, need to be reported to the doctor right away. in most cases, there are things that can be done to help control or even prevent chemotherapy side effects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626382747106508, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.737556"} {"text": "frequently asked questions ideas to action is a project of the university to strengthen our undergraduate students ' abilities to think critically and to apply what they are learning to authentic problems, that is, ones that don ' t have single, known, correct answers and are therefore like most of the problems we encounter in life. it asks faculty members to be intentional about teaching critical thinking skills in their courses. it asks departments to design the curricula of their majors to include progressive development of students ' critical thinking skills, leading to a culminating experience, which might be a research project, an internship, a service learning project or some other opportunity to bring together what they have learned in solving an authentic problem. faculty members are asked to teach critical thinking skills in the process of teaching the usual material of their courses. we are also asked to use the paul - elder terminology when possible so that students can see that the same skills are transferable across disciplines. to teach critical thinking, one might not only design assignments and test questions that require application of the elements and standards but also model such intellectual operations in class and review some student work in class, noting successful applications and also some examples that could be improved ( for example, \" what part of this answer could be more precise? \" ). probably most of us are already giving assignments that require critical thinking. on surveys, however, students often indicate that they aren ' t aware of being taught to think critically. so we are asked explicitly to teach students the skills represented by the elements and standards. the phrase \" critical thinking \" refers to thinking judged by criteria. if you are using criteria other than those of the paul - elder framework, it would be helpful to let students know what those criteria are. it is hoped, however, that many faculty will use the paul - elder criteria, enabling students to see these applied across the disciplines. no. we are all asked to teach whichever of the elements and standards are appropriate for our content. teaching critical thinking can be more about how we teach than what. ( for example, it ' s not that i ' m teaching shakespeare and critical thinking ; it is that i am teaching students to think critically about shakespeare. ) teaching students to think critically about the content of our courses should lead them to learn that content more fully. click the resources link to see how some of our colleagues have implemented ideas to action in their courses. in a large lecture class, we can model critical thinking for our students. we can, for example, teach them how to handle contradictory evidence in coming to a conclusion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5342236322516334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.749079"} {"text": "to see how some of our colleagues have implemented ideas to action in their courses. in a large lecture class, we can model critical thinking for our students. we can, for example, teach them how to handle contradictory evidence in coming to a conclusion. we can design assignments that require students to use critical thinking skills. and we can show them examples of various answers to possible test questions and explain why one answer is preferable if it is more clear, accurate, precise, etc. for examples of ways in which colleagues have implemented ideas to action in large lecture classes, click on those classes under the resource tab. yes. general education classes have a key role to play in giving students a solid foundation in critical thinking skills. instructors in general education classes are asked to teach the elements and standards in a way that is appropriate for the content of their class. sacs, like most other regional accrediting agencies, now requires colleges and universities coming up for reaccreditation to develop a quality enhancement plan ( qep ), that is, to do a self - study and determine their highest priority for enhancing the education they offer. at uofl a university - wide committee, with lots of representation from a & s, held open meetings for faculty, staff, and students, invited input to a website, and studied data from recent student surveys, including the national survey of student engagement ( nsse ). the need most often expressed by faculty and students and indicated on surveys was the need to strengthen critical thinking skills and their application to authentic problems. so, on the committee ' s recommendation, the university chose \" using critical thinking to foster student learning and community engagement \" for its qep and initiated the ideas to action project to implement it. we must show measurable progress in an interim report to sacs, due in 2013, and satisfactory progress by our next reaccreditation review in 2017. - is undertaken after sufficient academic preparation, for example, after completion of at least 90 credits of coursework or key prerequisite courses. - is part or all of a credit - bearing course ( 400 level ) approved or accepted by the major discipline. the unit / department has the responsibility for designing the culminating experience. - provides the opportunity for demonstration of the student ' s mastery of content and use of critical thinking skills that includes reflection. - requires integration and application of knowledge and skills to address an authentic issue. authenticity includes meaningful, real - world issues, problems or concerns that are relevant to the learner and the discipline and are shaped by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5081559496008432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.750265"} {"text": "use of critical thinking skills that includes reflection. - requires integration and application of knowledge and skills to address an authentic issue. authenticity includes meaningful, real - world issues, problems or concerns that are relevant to the learner and the discipline and are shaped by practical constraints of time, space, or resources. - incorporates ongoing, comprehensive feedback from students, faculty or others involved with the experience. - results in an output that can be assessed by internal or external reviewers using evaluation criteria favored by the discipline. examples of outputs include a paper, portfolio, or performance. here is the current draft of the criteria for a culminating experience. departments are invited to pilot a ce course in spring 2010 and report on its success, including any suggestions for changes in these criteria : a detailed overview of the paul - elder framework, including the elements of thought and universal intellectual standards, has been posted on the university ' s ideas to action web site : paul - elder critical thinking framework ( i2a @ uofl website ). the university ' s i2a leadership team ( i2a @ uofl website ) at the delphi center also has small booklets detailing the framework, including the elements of thought and universal intellectual standards, available in both hard copy and electronic form : see the miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools ( pdf - uofl login required ) by drs. richard paul and linda elder. you may be able to obtain electronic or hard copies for not only you but also your students. for more information about the booklets, contact the i2a program. in addition, various seminars and other sessions about the framework are being held across campus ; check the university ' s daily e - mail newsletter, uofl today, to find out about these learning opportunities. the implementation of i2a and the paul - elder framework of critical thinking is, ultimately, up to the academic departments and colleges of the university ( along with other non - academic entities as well ). eventually, each college will be held responsible for ensuring that undergraduate students have learned and applied critical thinking during their education. but exactly how that is done is largely up to the discretion of the colleges, and by way of extension, departments. in the case of the college of arts and sciences, it will really be up to the departments to make decisions on where and how the paul - elder framework will be infused into the curriculum. as a consequence, you need to check with your department chair and / or department curriculum committee to find out if your efforts to infuse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5224229404354856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.751403"} {"text": "w cape coastal caves declared heritage site cape town - the western cape has a new provincial heritage site : a series of coastal caves at pinnacle point on the southern cape coast near mossel bay that contain archaeological artefacts and other physical evidence critically important to the understanding of how and when fully modern humans evolved. several of these caves were occupied by stone age people between about 165 000 and 50 000 years ago \u2013 the era in which scientists believe humans developed the intellectual capacity that characterises modern people and when they started developing technologies that were key to allowing them to migrate out of africa. the new site was declared in terms of the national heritage resources act and was proclaimed last month in the final western cape government provincial gazette of 2012. an application to have pinnacle point, one of only three african sites containing artefacts of human occupation older than 120 000 years, also proclaimed as a national heritage site is expected to be made soon, and it is one of six south african sites making up a proposed nomination for recognition as a world heritage site by the un educational, scientific and cultural organisation ( unesco ). several of the most significant caves occur in the sea cliffs below the pinnacle point golf estate and, several years ago, water seeping into them from the golf course destroyed some of their priceless archaeological assets. in may 2008 the wildlife & environment society of sa ( wessa ) unsuccessfully attempted to get an urgent high court interdict to force the then resorts company, pinnacle point resorts, to stop irrigating sites on the golf course to prevent further damage. us scientist professor curtis marean of arizona university \u2019 s institute of human origins who is leading the comprehensive research project at pinnacle point \u2013 he heads the multi - representative sa coastal palaeoclimate, palaeoenvironment, palaeoecology, and palaeoanthropology ( sacp4 ) project \u2013 said in an affidavit filed as part of wessa \u2019 s application that the caves provided some of the earliest evidence of modern human behaviour. \u201c with its astonishingly rich set of caves and rock shelters, pinnacle point is easily one of the most significant archaeological localities in the world. i do not know of an equally rich concentration of sites anywhere, \u201d he said. \u201c in my opinion there is ongoing damage ( from the golf course irrigation ) to the archaeological sites, and likely to be severe damage the longer water is allowed to flow into the caves and shelters... in my opinion, the only sure solution to the ongoing damage is to stop all irrigation. \u201d judge anton veld", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45128743016550865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.755292"} {"text": "david m. bressoud november, 2009 this past september, the association of american medical colleges ( aamc ) and the howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) issued new guidelines for the scientific preparation of pre - medical as well as medical students, aamc - hhmi scientific foundations for future physicians. they have moved away from the traditional medical school recommendations that focus on the titles of courses, instead explaining the competencies that students need if they are to succeed in medical school and as physicians. these two organizations have a very powerful voice, and pre - med requirements greatly influence the curricula of biology departments, many of whose majors arrive with the expectation of preparing for medical school. mathematics departments need to pay attention to these recommendations. engineers and biologists before discussing the recommendations for the mathematical training of pre - med students, i want to emphasize a point i have made before : the mathematics curriculum of the first - two years as it is now constructed was designed to serve the needs of future engineers. it also does a pretty good job of meeting the needs of students heading into the mathematical or physical sciences, but, at least on a national level, it is engineering programs that fill these classes. service to biology departments is often an afterthought. even many of the calculus classes that are labeled as being for biologists are really just traditional courses with biological examples tacked on. while we cannot afford to ignore the needs of engineering departments, our mathematics departments \u2014 if they are to thrive \u2014 must also pay attention to the needs of the biology departments. this can be seen very dramatically in the following graphs showing the pattern of intended and actual majors since 1980. the first graph is based on national surveys conducted during fall freshman orientation. the second graph is based on bachelor ' s degrees awarded in the year ending in the spring of the designated year. source : the american freshman source : national center for education statistics the messages of these graphs are ( 1 ) that engineering and the biological sciences are responsible for far larger numbers of students than the physical, computer, and mathematical sciences combined, and ( 2 ) that the dominant role of engineering among the stem ( science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ) disciplines is being challenged by the biological sciences. the aamc - hhmi recommendations in their recently released report, aamc and hhmi begin with eleven \" overarching principles \" that give an indication of where they are going to place their emphasis as they discuss the preparation of pre - med students. these principles include the need to understand uncertainties and risks and the ability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5289054586634667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.764228"} {"text": "and hhmi begin with eleven \" overarching principles \" that give an indication of where they are going to place their emphasis as they discuss the preparation of pre - med students. these principles include the need to understand uncertainties and risks and the ability to examine the medical literature critically, which includes the use of statistical inference and experimental design. for the expectations of student competencies at the time of entering medical school, the first competency describes quantitative reasoning and mathematics. competency e1 : apply quantitative reasoning and appropriate mathematics to describe or explain phenomena in the natural world. this competency is comprised of seven learning objectives. two of them deal with basic quantitative literacy ( # 1 ) and logical and algorithmic thinking ( # 6 ), neither of which is commonly addressed by mathematics departments for pre - med students. four of the objectives deal with statistics ( # 2 \u2013 4 and # 5 in so far as one considers statistical models ). only two of these objectives are related to calculus ( # 5 and # 6 ), and these objectives focus entirely on modeling dynamical systems. finding derivatives and integrals appear nowhere. knowing how to read a differential equation and to understand a model of a dynamical system are what these students need. this is completely in line with the recommendations of the biologists back in 2000 when they met for the maa ' s crafty curriculum foundations project in biology [ 4, pages 15 \u2013 18 ]. what biologists need most from the mathematical sciences is statistical knowledge, and fairly sophisticated statistical knowledge that includes multivariate analysis. from calculus, they need both far more and far less than what is taught in the standard engineering syllabus. many colleges and universities are working on these courses designed specifically for the needs of biological science majors, macalester college among them. such courses should not supplant what we do for engineers. nor should they form a separate and independent stream. students who start in a calculus for biologists course must be able to use it as their first course in mainstream calculus. it is possible to construct a mainstream calculus sequence that begins by building an understanding of dynamical systems. the us military academy at west point has been doing this for two decades. many of the calculus reform projects ( see [ 5, 6 ] ) developed successful materials around this approach. the learning objectives and examples for competency e1 as given in the aamc - hhmi report are listed below : 1. demonstrate quantitative numeracy and facility with the language of mathematics. - express and analyze natural phenomena in quantitative terms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5628379162296812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.765327"} {"text": "approach. the learning objectives and examples for competency e1 as given in the aamc - hhmi report are listed below : 1. demonstrate quantitative numeracy and facility with the language of mathematics. - express and analyze natural phenomena in quantitative terms that include an understanding of the natural prevalence of logarithmic / exponential relationships ( e. g., rates of change, ph ). - explain dimensional differences using numerical relationships, such as ratios and proportions. - use dimensional analysis and unit conversions to compare results expressed in different systems of units. - utilize the internet to find relevant information, synthesize it, and make inferences from the data gathered. 2. interpret data sets and communicate those interpretations using visual and other appropriate tools. - create and interpret appropriate graphical representations of data, such as a frequency histogram, from discrete data. - identify functional relationships from visually represented data, such as a direct or inverse relationship between two variables. - use spatial reasoning to interpret multidimensional numerical and visual data ( e. g., protein structure or geographic information 3. make statistical inferences from data sets - calculate and explain central tendencies and measures of dispersion. - evaluate hypotheses using appropriate statistical tests. - evaluate risks and benefits using probabilistic reasoning. - describe and infer relationships between variables using visual or analytical tools ( e. g., scatter plots, linear regression, network diagrams, maps ). - differentiate anomalous data points from normal statistical scatter. 4. extract relevant information from large data sets. - execute simple queries to search databases ( e. g., queries in literature databases ). - compare data sets using informatics tools ( e. g., blast analysis of nucleotide or amino acid sequence ). - analyze a public - use data set ( e. g., census data, nhanes, brfss ). 5. make inferences about natural phenomena using mathematical models - describe the basic characteristics of models ( e. g., multiplicative vs. additive ). - predict short - and long - term growth of populations ( e. g., bacteria in culture ). - distinguish the role of indeterminacy in natural phenomena and the impact of stochastic factors ( e. g., radioactive decay ) from the role of deterministic processes. 6. apply algorithmic approaches and principles of logic ( including the distinction between cause / effect and association ) to problem solving. - define a scientific hypothesis and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5931965366035354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.766368"} {"text": "factors ( e. g., radioactive decay ) from the role of deterministic processes. 6. apply algorithmic approaches and principles of logic ( including the distinction between cause / effect and association ) to problem solving. - define a scientific hypothesis and design an experimental approach to test its validity. - utilize tools and methods for making decisions that take into account multiple factors and their uncertainties ( i. e., a decision tree ). - critically evaluate whether conclusions from a scientific study are warranted. - distinguish correlation from causality. 7. quantify and interpret changes in dynamical systems. - describe population growth using the language of exponents and of differential calculus. - explain homeostasis in terms of positive or negative feedback. - calculate return on investment under varying interest rates by utilizing appropriate mathematical tools. hhmi - aamc. 2009. scientific foundations for future physicians : report of the aamc - hhmi committee. association of american medical colleges. washington, dc. www. hhmi. org / grants / sffp. html pryor, j. h., s. hrtado, v. b. saenz, j. l. santos, and w. s. korn. 2007. the american freshman : forty year trends. los angeles : higher education research institute, ucla, supplemented by the 2007 and 2008 reports. www. gseis. ucla. edu / heri / 40yrtrends. php the data are from the national center for education statistics. 1990 \u2013 2009. digest of education statistics. us department of education. nces. ed. gov / programs / digest / ganter, s. and w. barker. 2004. curriculum foundations project : voices of the partner disciplines. maa : washington, dc. www. maa. org / cupm / crafty / cf _ project. html smith, d. a. and l. c. moore. 2009. calculus : modeling and application. 2nd edition. online only : www. math. duke. edu / education / calculustext / callahan, j., d. a. cox, k. r. hoffman, d. o ' shea, h. pollatsek, and l. senechal. 1995. calculus in context. w. h. freeman : new york. www. math. smith. edu / local / cicintro / cicintro. html access pdf files of the cupm curriculum guide 2004 and the curriculum foundations project : voices of the partner disciplines. purchase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6195085766232551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.767304"} {"text": "marc washington \u2019 s perspectives : was culture of ancient roman empire african? the roman forum, formed in the 6th century bc, gave us the model for our senate and governmental institutions. however, when discussing the foundation of rome, never is an african ( phenotype given to woolly hair & full facial features ) origin considered. this page focuses on the possibility that rome was settled by african tribes. a. village in africa & ancient rome : both in rome and ancient and contemporary africa, circular huts are made of thatched rooves with walls of wattle and daub. a model of the reputed village of romulus, rome \u2019 s eponym, is on display in a palantine museum ( a : b ). it is identical to those made in africa still today ( a : a ). it is anecdotal that history preserves for us the fact that it was 7th century bc etrurians who taught the romans how to use tile for rooves in place of thatch. africans ( by phenotype ) of etrusca ( c : c : ii, iii, iv ) may have been among the change agents. b. senate in palantine \u201c rome was founded in the year 753 bc \u2026 the king was also the chief priest. there was also a senate which had 300 members who were appointed by the king and held office for life. they were chosen from the elderly men of the oldest families of the city ; hence the name senate, which is derived from senex, the latin word for old. the head of those old families were called patricians, from pater ( zeus was pater ), the latin word for father. \u201d this same form of government and social organization is common in most traditional tribes in africa still today. in rome, the council of elders met in the marketplace bringing their chairs just as the council of elders do today in traditional african villages meeting outdoors in the market place ( pic b ). c. latin in african pre - conquest rome : j. williams writes in the journal britannia an article entitled \u201c new light on latin in pre - conquest britain, \u201d that the celts and other indigenous peoples used latin before the conquest iniatiated by caesar ( 55 - 54 bc ) which itself used latin ( 1 ). this is not new knowledge since it is commonly known that etruria taught the romans the latin alphabet ( see c : c : i ) & from the 6th through 1st century, we see etruscans ( african by phenotype", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41198000772317045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.771167"} {"text": "1 ). this is not new knowledge since it is commonly known that etruria taught the romans the latin alphabet ( see c : c : i ) & from the 6th through 1st century, we see etruscans ( african by phenotype ) in their art ( c : c : ii, iii, iv ). additionally, in stela preceding the birth of caesar, latin is seen in bulgaria of 250 bc in the background of a stela showing the goddess artemis ( c : a ) & on the slab upon which the goddess hera is shown ( c : b ). africans were early users of latin before the conquest and earlier and ultimately brought by phoenicians ( e. g. see d ) who gave us the alphabet. d. canaanite = hebrew = semite = phoenician and in europe = briton, celt, roman, gualite, moor i. e. the immigrant population? the canaanites ( sons of ham ) were a hebrew tribe and therefore semetic. from the jewish encyclopedia we read : \u201d the term \u2018 canaanites \u2019 was also applied to the phenicians. it gradually obtained the meaning of \u2018 traders, \u2019 as used in isa. xxiii. 8 ; ezek. xvi. 29, xvii. 4 ; zeph. i. 11 ; job xl. 30 ( a. v. xli. 6 ) ; prov. xxxi. 24 ; ( possibly also in zech. xiv. 21 ). \u201d it was the phoenician ( see d ) who colonized and named the cities and countries of europe. this raises the question of the population in britain & elsewhere being known as the celts, in rome as the romans, in gaul as the celts as one - in - the - same. were they people who bore the same tradition and culture as the patriarchs who founded the roman senate and a model for our own?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46182338730476435, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.771946"} {"text": "by dave sigworth, publicist of the maritime aquarium we don \u2019 t mean to keep repeating ourselves but we \u2019 re back today on the topic of sharks and how the populations of many shark species around the world are perilously low. sharks, of course, are among the top ( or apex ) predators in the oceans. but the oceans lose millions of sharks each year to the by - catch of commercial fishing, shark finning and sport fishing. habitat loss contributes too. exact numbers aren \u2019 t known but the best estimate is somewhere between 26 and 73 million sharks per year. this is troubling for two reasons : 1 ) taking predators out of a habitat throws the natural balance of things out of whack, and 2 ), at this rate, we \u2019 re in danger of some species disappearing altogether. daily through feb. 24, the maritime aquarium is offering you a chance to join us in going \u201c shark raving mad \u201d \u2013 mad, because we \u2019 re mad ( or crazy ) about sharks ; but also mad because we \u2019 re mad about what \u2019 s happening to sharks. special offerings each day include stations where aquarium educators will help you to learn more about sharks, shark adaptations and threats to sharks. kids can make a fun shark hat. at 12 : 15 & 3 : 15 p. m. daily, a 40 - minute bonus \u201c add - on \u201d programs about sharks will culminate with each participant feeding the animals in the shark & ray touch pool. ( there \u2019 s an additional cost for that of $ 30 in addition to admission. reservations are suggested. ) there \u2019 s one more thing that visitors can do to help sharks \u2013 and, if you can \u2019 t join us at the aquarium, you can still do it from home very easily : create a \u201c shark stanley \u201d that will be displayed with thousands of others from around the world in hopes of influencing cites delegates in bangkok next month when they meet to consider protections for sharks and rays. ( cites is the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora. ) here \u2019 s all you need to do : click on this link for \u201c shark stanley \u201d : http : / / goo. gl / pe38w download it and print it out. cut out \u201c shark stanley \u201d and take a photo of you with it. then email the photo with your name and nationality to firstname. lastname @ example. org. simple as that. they \u2019 re hoping to collect 5, 000 photos from all 176 cites countries. this is just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41371634205749386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.774811"} {"text": "this site contains a number of links to awesome websites, school projects and lessons. bay backpack - chesapeake bay program / noaa everything chesapeake is right here! learn some creative ways to integrate the chesapeake bay and environmental issues into your classroom lessons. search through the bay backpack ' s books, multimedia, curriculum guides, individual lesson plans and online data sources about the subjects you are teaching in class. mpt presents bay video and lessons. bayville online field trip! thinkport ' s newest online field trip, bayville has launched. in this online experience, students become virtual research assistants for a video production company looking for significant stories about the science of the chesapeake bay. watch this site for further developments! chesapeake bay - introduction to an ecosystem full document from noaa ' s chesapeake bay program and epa clean air partners - lessons on air quality, climate change. http : / / www. marylandpublicschools. org / msde / programs / environment / envteacher / sign up for the air alert from clean air partners national sustainability education standards education for sustainability listserv for k - 12 educators launched! the u. s. partnership has launched the first national listserv for k - 12 educators focused specifically on the topic of education for sustainability. free jason project curriculum have a look at operation : resilient planet and its multimedia components, standards alignments and more. download a full - color, 32 - page curriculum sampler and follow dr. sylvia earle, the renowned oceanographer and national geographic society explorer - in - residence, as she leads jason argonauts on a mission to help restore chesapeake bay! go to jason. org, log in, and register \u2014 it ' s free! also see operation : infinite potential - restructuring the energy portfolio american museum of natural history searchable catalog of lessons and learning materials for kids and families science bulletins - videos and data visualizations about global biodiversity, earth? space science, human biology and evolution ebsco offers free environmental database ( pdf file ) ( american libraries direct ) ebsco publishing is using its expertise to make it easier for others to go green. it is making greenfile, a bibliographic database of information about environmental concerns, freely available. greenfile allows anyone on the web to access information on such topics as global warming, energy conservation, natural resources, and pollution.... ebsco publishing, feb. 26 globio ' s e - newsletter makes keeping up - to - date on globio and the educational resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5028931890275145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.781078"} {"text": "on such topics as global warming, energy conservation, natural resources, and pollution.... ebsco publishing, feb. 26 globio ' s e - newsletter makes keeping up - to - date on globio and the educational resources we are developing for children, parents, and educators easy - and easier to share! if you would like to stay up - to - date on what globio is doing to help kids learn about science, biodiversity and the world around them, please use the sign up link here. every october, thousands of growing native volunteers collect native hardwood tree seeds, such as acorns and walnuts. these seeds are donated to state nurseries, which grow them into seedlings. in the spring, volunteers plant seedlings grown from seeds collected two to three years prior along the banks of rivers and streams in their communities. awesome lessons about environmental history and forests! titles of the 9 modules : if trees could talk check out these classroom resources to engage your students in studying about earth day... school & classroom projects the amphibian project - multiple sources of amphibian curricula ; conceptual and hands - on projects for all grades recycle cell phones planning a low impact car wash fundraiser fundraising - phones, dvds, inkjet cartridges dnr ' s school check - up guide get your free copy of the new guide with lessons on energy, waste, and water assessments for your school! project wild links to md vsc baltimore outward bound established in 1986 as the first urban - based outward bound program in the united states, the baltimore chesapeake bay outward bound center focuses its programs on the youth and communities of baltimore and the state of maryland. the gale science resource center a one - stop resource for all science needs. maryland library card needed. links to school system environmental pages note : some school systems use the state curriculum and do not list it separately. contact the science or environmental science coordinator in that system for more detailed information. environmental education centers are listed under \" organizations \". allegany co. public schools baltimore co. public schools calvert co. public schools carroll co. public schools caroline co. public schools charles co. public schools frederick co. public schools garrett co. public schools harford co. public schools howard co. public schools kent co. public schools montgomery co. public schools prince george ' s co. public schools talbot co. public schools washington co. public schools national renewable energy lab ( usdoe ) solar sprint / hydrogen fuel cell car competition for middle school national atlas website u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49605243138406346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.782093"} {"text": "does anybody know if there exists a mathematical explanation of mendeleev table in quantum mechanics? in some textbooks ( for example in \" f. a. berezin, m. a. shubin. the schrodinger equation \" ) the authors present quantum mechanics as an axiomatic system, so one could expect that there is a deduction from the axioms to the main results of the discipline. i wonder if there is a mathematical proof of the mendeleev table? p. s. i hope the following will not be offensive for physicists : by a mathematical proof i mean a chain of logical implications from axioms of the theory to its theorem. : ) this is the standard approach everywhere in mathematics. for instance, in griffiths ' book i do not see axioms at all, therefore i can ' t treat the reasonings at pages 186 - 193 as a proof of mendeleev table. by the way, that is why i did not want to ask this question at a physical forum : i do not think that people there will even understand my question. however, after bill cook ' s suggestion i made an experiment - and you can look at the results here : http : / / theoreticalphysics. stackexchange. com / questions / 473 / is - the - mendeleev - table - explained - in - quantum - mechanics so i ask my colleagues - mathematicians to be tolerant. p. p. s. after closing this topic and reopening it again i received a lot of suggestions to reformulate my question, since in its original form it might seem too vague for mathematicians. so i suppose it will be useful to add here, that by the mendeleev table i mean ( not just a picture, as one can think, but ) a system of propositions about the structure of atoms. for example, as i wrote here in comments, the mendeleev table claims that the first electronic orbit ( shell ) can have only 2 electrons, the second - 8, the third - again 8, the fourth - 18, and so on. another regularity is the structure of subshells, etc. so my question is whether it is proved by now that these regularities ( perhaps not all but some of them ) are corollaries of the system of axioms like those from berezin - shubin book. of course, this assumes that the notions like atoms, shells, etc. must be properly defined, otherwise the corresponding statements could not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6515396879838885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.785913"} {"text": "\u00b6 2 leave a comment on paragraph 2 0 the beginning of a narrative is an essential moment, establishing much of what will follow, including whether any given consumer is motivated to keep consuming. if we want to understand contemporary serial television storytelling, we need to examine how programs begin. in this chapter, i explore a range of techniques that various complex television series use to launch their storyworlds, and highlight how these techniques might be taken up by viewers, both within the media industry and those watching at home. via a close analysis of one exemplary television pilot, veronica mars, we can get a better sense of the poetic importance of serial beginnings for a broad array of programming. \u00b6 3 leave a comment on paragraph 3 1 all series start somewhere. such a statement should be self - evident, but it \u2019 s actually a bit more complicated than it might seem. first off, to highlight a beginning is to suggest the parallel of an ending \u2014 but as i discuss in the endings chapter, serial television concludes far less frequently than it begins. second, for daytime soap operas and other long - running series like doctor who or the simpsons, textual beginnings are so far removed from present day experience that few contemporary viewers actually experienced them ( at least in sequence ), making the notion of a clear origin point of an ongoing story moot for most viewers. even with shorter lived serial television programs, viewers frequently enter a series midstream, suggesting that the beginning of a story is less uniform than we presume, at least in viewing practice. one of the goals of season openers for most ongoing series is to invite new viewers in, enabling them to follow the action midstream and thus serving often as micro - beginnings to reorient old viewers and welcome in new ones. so any discussion of the beginnings of a serial narrative must admit that viewers can and do enter into the story at places other than the designated starting line. however, given the rise of the boxed dvd model that enables viewers to consume a series chronologically, there has been a growing tendency for viewers to start at the beginning of a series, as they recognize that many complex television programs are most rewarding when watched from the start. and for commercial television programs, that start is the unusual entity called the pilot. \u00b6 5 leave a comment on paragraph 5 0 a television pilot must accomplish numerous tasks. within the industry, it serves as the test run for a potential series, providing the blueprint for the program going forward as well as assembling the cast, crew, and production routines that will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49818280234359036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.851431"} {"text": "0 a television pilot must accomplish numerous tasks. within the industry, it serves as the test run for a potential series, providing the blueprint for the program going forward as well as assembling the cast, crew, and production routines that will be responsible for creating the ongoing series. a pilot is also an argument for a show \u2019 s viability, first for the audience of network executives fishing for a hit, and then for prospective home viewers who must be persuaded to keep watching. a pilot presents an encapsulation of what a series might be like on an ongoing basis, while providing an exceptional degree of narrative exposition to orient viewers within an often complex storyworld. it must introduce a cast of characters via shorthand, such that their personalities and relationships are clear within moments, but in original enough ways that they do not seem like stereotypes or overly - familiar clones of conventional characters. it must establish the show \u2019 s genre as a means of mapping viewers \u2019 horizon of expectations, while making the case for why the show will not be \u201c just another \u201d conventional example of what they have seen before. through all of these facets, pilots must encapsulate the strange alchemy required by commercial television that new shows be simultaneously familiar and original. thus pilots are at once the most atypical episodes of commercial television, and the highly conventional means by which television series get sold to both networks and viewers. 1 \u00b6 6 leave a comment on paragraph 6 4 i contend that the chief function of a television pilot is to teach us how to watch the series, and in doing so, make us want to keep watching \u2014 successful pilots must simultaneously be educational and inspirational. pilots must orient viewers to the intrinsic norms that the series will employ, presenting its narrative strategies so we can attune ourselves to its storytelling style. frequently such storytelling strategies are presented in a pilot \u2019 s opening minutes, providing an immediate invitation to watch a particular way, and thus we can see understand much of a pilot \u2019 s ability to educate and inspire by looking at the opening moments of a number of examples. as one of the landmarks of complex television, twin peaks \u2019 s pilot provides an important template : it opens with two and a half minutes of opening credits combining languidly paced shots of a lumber mill with dreamy theme music, demanding our viewing patience and immediately setting a meditative tone. to viewers today, the credits are a striking anomaly, both in their length and placement, as most contemporary programs either forgo opening credit sequences entirely, or precede shorter sequences with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5044633922213619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.852460"} {"text": "music, demanding our viewing patience and immediately setting a meditative tone. to viewers today, the credits are a striking anomaly, both in their length and placement, as most contemporary programs either forgo opening credit sequences entirely, or precede shorter sequences with a teaser sequence to immerse viewers in the narrative. twin peaks \u2019 s pilot follows the credit sequence with an opening scene both pays off and disrupts what preceded it : we open on josie preparing for her day in a continuation of the initial languid tone. we then follow pete to the shore, where he finds laura palmer \u2019 s dead body, iconically \u201c wrapped in plastic, \u201d and calls the sheriff \u2019 s office with a comedically clueless reply from receptionist lucy. within the show \u2019 s first five minutes, we \u2019 re taught to expect jarring juxtapositions in style, ironic undercutting of serious moments, and a dreamy quality in which viewers are left unsure how to emotionally respond to the action \u2014 is pete \u2019 s discovery played for laughs, melodrama, or both? these tendencies are reinforced throughout the pilot, which also establishes more than a dozen characters, key plot points and relationships, and the intrinsic norm that each episode takes place within one day of story time. the show \u2019 s open ended mystery and intriguing tone inspires viewers to want to keep watching, while the narrative form and style teaches us how to engage with the ongoing series. \u00b6 7 leave a comment on paragraph 7 0 opening moments of other pilots demonstrate their similarly dual educational and inspirational roles. pilots for complex comedies must establish their style of humor as well as storytelling form. arrested development begins with a scene on a boat, with ron howard \u2019 s off - screen narrator introducing the characters, graphic captions providing their names and roles, and techniques like freeze - frames, flashbacks and cut - aways to newspaper clippings, photos, and maps to create a highly reflexive, self - aware pseduo - documentary television style, all within the first two minutes of the series. the opening sequence also plants seeds for arrested development \u2019 s complex narrative structures, as lindsey comments that she has the same blouse as a \u201c gay pirate \u201d on another boat \u2014 later in the episode, we learn that she is referring to her husband tobias, who is wearing her actual blouse, drawing a connection across narrative time involving both foreshadowing and delayed gratification of a joke that becomes even more ornate as the series progresses. the episode establishes a comedic style demanding attention to varying streams of information,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4467021696407626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.853614"} {"text": "is wearing her actual blouse, drawing a connection across narrative time involving both foreshadowing and delayed gratification of a joke that becomes even more ornate as the series progresses. the episode establishes a comedic style demanding attention to varying streams of information, where the onscreen visuals ( including graphics and cut - aways ) may contradict or reinforce the characters actions and voiceover narration \u2014 as when lucille bluth says \u201c i love all my children equally, \u201d immediately followed by a flashback to her saying \u201c i don \u2019 t care for gob \u201d earlier that day \u2014 or serve as a callback to previous moments, or music cues can undercut or comment on narrative action, all for a joke. the pilot makes it clear that the show \u2019 s style and narrative structure will be unconventional and demand attention, setting our expectations for what is to come, even as the series become much more self - assured and effective in its complex playfulness in subsequent episodes. although it was not a highly - viewed pilot in its first broadcast, it \u2019 s not surprising that many viewers were turned off by the need for careful attention and scrutiny in a manner atypical of most sitcoms, and thus the episode inspired only a small niche of viewers to keep watching, even though it created a cult - like fervor among that group. \u00b6 8 leave a comment on paragraph 8 0 another comedy pilot that works to establish its serial norms and core concept is how i met your mother. the series opens with a graphic reading \u201c the year 2030 \u201d over a shot of two teenagers looking into the camera, when the offscreen voice of \u201c future ted \u201d says, \u201c kids, i \u2019 m going to tell you an incredible story : the story of how i met your mother. \u201d although stating the series title in the pilot \u2019 s first line may seem a bit heavy - handed, this opening line establishes both the contours of the series story and the mode of its telling : we know instantly that himym will use self - conscious techniques like onscreen graphics and voiceover, as well as framing the narrative scope for us. it proceeds to demonstrate an attitude toward self - mockery, as the daughter asks \u201c is this going to take awhile? \u201d, with future ted quickly saying \u201c yes \u201d \u2014 an answer that seems even more apt as the series is airing its seventh season as i \u2019 m writing this. the narration then sets the stage as \u201c 25 years ago, \u201d as we are introduced to the program \u2019 s key settings and five main present - day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4977780600721753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.854539"} {"text": "that seems even more apt as the series is airing its seventh season as i \u2019 m writing this. the narration then sets the stage as \u201c 25 years ago, \u201d as we are introduced to the program \u2019 s key settings and five main present - day characters, encapsulating their relationships and backstories through reflexive devices like freeze - frames, embedded flashbacks within flashbacks, split - screens, and the voice of future ted answering questions posed in the present - day story. the pilot also references the program \u2019 s transmedia strategy, as barney mentions that he \u2019 ll be writing about something on his blog, an in - character paratext on cbs. com where the fictional character reflects on each episode \u2019 s events. additionally, the pilot establishes a number of running gags and references that appear throughout the series, such as a blue french horn that ted steals for robin, or catchphrases like barney \u2019 s \u201c suit up! \u201d most importantly, the episode seems to be building toward a romance between ted and robin, narrating the tale of their meeting and first date, but ends with future ted telling his kids \u201c that \u2019 s how i met your aunt robin, \u201d and promising that the true story of meeting their mother will take awhile. \u00b6 9 leave a comment on paragraph 9 4 himym uses its retrospective frame story to create an embedded narrative enigma of the mother \u2019 s identity, with key unknowns lodged in the temporal gap between 2030 and the present day story starting in 2005. this flashback narration creates the sense that standard forward - moving narrative statements in the present day story can function as narrative enigmas due to the additional information provided by future ted. as the first season progresses with ted pursuing a relationship with robin, we know from the pilot \u2019 s future reveal that this is not the titular relationship motivating the frame story, and are thus encouraged to analyze the ongoing series for potential clues as to the mother \u2019 s identity, a task that forensic fans have taken on via discussion forums and sites like the himym wiki. while these embedded enigmas are not the conspiratorial mysteries found more commonly on dramas like the x - files or lost, they do provide a point of engagement for many fans, adding a layer of reflexive analysis for fans to discuss, and pointing toward the operational aesthetic in focusing viewers on the program \u2019 s storytelling mechanics via its self - conscious narrative devices, playful reversals, and nearly endless deferment of the title \u2019 s promised plotline. this storytelling structure serves to differentiate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4994172031006217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.855746"} {"text": ", and pointing toward the operational aesthetic in focusing viewers on the program \u2019 s storytelling mechanics via its self - conscious narrative devices, playful reversals, and nearly endless deferment of the title \u2019 s promised plotline. this storytelling structure serves to differentiate himym from other shows about a group of white friends in their late - 20s hanging out in new york, most notably friends, as the show can mix that well - established formula with more complex narrative devices to engage viewers in both the operational aesthetic and long - term enigmas. the pilot sets this stage effectively and efficiently, both educating viewers on the show \u2019 s intrinsic norms and central characters, and inspiring us to keep viewing both for its effective use of comedy and reflexive narrative enigmas. \u00b6 10 leave a comment on paragraph 10 2 dramas can similarly establish their narrative norms quickly within a pilot. alias opens with a scene of sydney bristow with bright red hair being beaten and tortured by chinese soldiers as they all argue in unsubtitled mandarin. the scene plays out for a minute, ending with her handcuffed to a chair staring at a door where seemingly her interrogator will arrive. we then cut to another door, where a stereotypically crusty professor enters into a wood paneled classroom to collect exams from students, including a brown - haired, healthy sydney bristow. the story proceeds forward from this point without clear temporal, spatial or character orientation to explain this transformation, allowing viewers to piece it together as the episode continues and we realize that sydney is both an astoundingly proficient and stylish secret agent ( who ends up imprisoned in taiwan on a mission at the episode \u2019 s climax ), and a down - to - earth graduate student. these opening moments teach us to expect disorientation ( both temporal and linguistic ), a strategy that the pilot script by j. j. abrams makes clear is by design : it describes the arrival of the professor with the staging directions, \u201c is this a flashback? a flash - forward? all answers in time. but meanwhile \u2026 \u201d this moment also instructs us to anticipate unexpected and unexplained juxtapositions between sydney \u2019 s dual careers \u2014 from the start, such purposeful confusion is established as one of alias \u2019 s intrinsic norms, as the program invites us to keep watching and pay attention to try to sort it all out, a mode of engagement that becomes more essential as the plots twist and reverse throughout the pilot and subsequent episodes. this device of starting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5081573552009949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.856816"} {"text": "alias \u2019 s intrinsic norms, as the program invites us to keep watching and pay attention to try to sort it all out, a mode of engagement that becomes more essential as the plots twist and reverse throughout the pilot and subsequent episodes. this device of starting a pilot at a moment of climax and looping back to explain how we arrived at this point has become popular for many complex series, including breaking bad, damages, and veronica mars, as discussed more below. \u00b6 11 leave a comment on paragraph 11 0 other dramas use their opening moments to establish their own unconventional intrinsic norms. pushing daisies opens with a shot of an exaggeratedly lush field of bright yellow daisies, with a young boy and his dog running in slow motion. a british man \u2019 s voiceover says, \u201c at this very moment in the town of couer d \u2019 couers, young ned was 9 years, 27 weeks, 6 days, and 3 minutes old. his dog digby was 3 years, 2 weeks, 6 days, 5 hours and 9 minutes old \u2026. and not a minute older. \u201d at that moment, digby is hit by a truck, marking a clear tonal blend of lush stylized beauty and stark presentation of death, as framed by a storybook - style narrative voice, juxtapositions that proved to be a hallmark for the series. the narrator is a key intrinsic norm, providing an authoritative voice from outside the storyworld to allow for swift and densely - packed narrative momentum, while providing specific details ( like the precise age of characters ), often prefaced with the phrase, \u201c the facts were these. \u201d the sequence goes on to explain the precise premise for the supernatural scenario, with ned \u2019 s gift to reanimate the dead with a touch and the rule that another touch would kill the reanimated person or animal, while portraying the emotionally scarring moments from his youth where he learned about his power. pushing daisies \u2019 s \u201c pie - lette \u201d faces the challenge of needing to convey a very elaborate fantasy premise, establish an unconventional storytelling mode and visual style, and create a compelling emotional hook to a show that could otherwise be seen as a whimsical novelty. it succeeds in all of these tasks, while also creating a core model of weekly mysteries layered with larger character and plot arcs, as well as distinguishing itself as a truly unique program within a medium that rarely sees such distinctiveness in style. the most successful pilots announce what they are, providing a template for both the producers and viewers to move forward", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47245529659843255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.857990"} {"text": "with larger character and plot arcs, as well as distinguishing itself as a truly unique program within a medium that rarely sees such distinctiveness in style. the most successful pilots announce what they are, providing a template for both the producers and viewers to move forward within the ongoing series. \u00b6 12 leave a comment on paragraph 12 4 some pilots establish themselves clearly in some ways, but confounding expectations in others. terriers is one of the most critically adored single - season series of recent vintage, with a distinct tone and style that is clearly established in the opening of the pilot \u2014 the episode starts with scruffy friends hank and britt chatting idly about being broke and having songs stuck in your head, as they prepare for some sort of job, seemingly as part of a pool service business but revealing itself to be a theft of a man \u2019 s dog. one of these idle topics turns out to be more consequential in the long run, as hank recalls finding an empty carton of milk in his fridge but cannot remember drinking it \u2014 although he attributes this to early senility, in future episodes we learn that his sister is actually secretly living in his attic. such subtle cues toward future plot developments are central to terriers \u2019 s storytelling mode, where shaggy, loose banter often contains important narrative information that reveals itself in hindsight. the opening also speaks to one of the show \u2019 s challenges in finding an audience, as the title seemed to indicate that it would be about dogs, and the initial dog - stealing caper might mislead viewers to think dogs will be a more central focus of the ongoing plot. the fact that they are low - rent private investigators who get embroiled in high - stakes real estate corruption is revealed quite slowly, as the pilot invites us to become part of their daily routine of witty banter and hustling for money, rather than get inspired by a compelling narrative hook. for many ( including me ), this was a more rewarding approach, as the palpable friendship drove the action that eventually become quite complex and narratively rich, but the show \u2019 s minuscule ratings suggest that this appeal was far too narrow to sustain itself on commercial television. \u00b6 13 leave a comment on paragraph 13 0 sometimes a pilot presents its intrinsic norms in ways that viewers might not recognize as such, especially when they involve episodic routines. six feet under \u2019 s pilot opens with family patriarch nathaniel fisher dying in a brutal automobile accident, with the rest of the episode portraying the consequences of his death upon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5050912711560106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.859744"} {"text": "ways that viewers might not recognize as such, especially when they involve episodic routines. six feet under \u2019 s pilot opens with family patriarch nathaniel fisher dying in a brutal automobile accident, with the rest of the episode portraying the consequences of his death upon his family and their funeral home business. as the series goes on, it becomes clear that nathaniel \u2019 s death was the first of a pattern : every episode begins with someone \u2019 s death, who becomes that week \u2019 s stand - alone plot for the fisher family business. later the pattern becomes more elaborate, with misdirections and thwarted expectations, occasional deaths of characters already seen in the series, and one exceptional birth, but the pattern was launched in the pilot \u2019 s opening minutes. similarly, lost \u2019 s pilot established the structure of interwoven flashbacks off the island \u2014 in the pilot, it was just to the airplane prior to it crashing, focused on three characters \u2019 perspectives, but that model clearly couldn \u2019 t be sustained for long. going forward, most episodes centered flashbacks on one characters \u2019 pre - island life interwoven with the more recent island events, until the end of the third season radically altered lost \u2019 s storytelling structure. nevertheless, the pilot developed the intrinsic norm that we would leave the island to expand the time and space seen within the series, and established the visual and sonic cues for how the program switches to and from flashbacks. \u00b6 14 leave a comment on paragraph 14 0 an interesting recent series highlights the challenges and possibilities of complex drama pilots in teaching us how to watch and inspiring us to keep watching, as awake debuted in spring 2012 with a highly - acclaimed first episode. some programs face the burden of explaining their defining high concept, and the premise of awake is seriously high concept : police detective michael britten gets into a deadly car accident with his family, and when he sleeps, he switches between a reality where his wife was killed but his teenage son survived, and one where his son died but his wife didn \u2019 t. the premise is easy to describe, but hard to convey what it means as a series \u2014 the most common refrain from critics prior to the show \u2019 s debut was doubting how it could work as an ongoing serial. a close analysis of the pilot suggests that the answer is provided, less in terms of the concept and more about the tone, characters, and approach to storytelling. \u00b6 15 leave a comment on paragraph 15 0 as always with a pilot, the opening sequence is the key to set the parameters for what is to come. the show opens with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5357988767679827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.861118"} {"text": "concept and more about the tone, characters, and approach to storytelling. \u00b6 15 leave a comment on paragraph 15 0 as always with a pilot, the opening sequence is the key to set the parameters for what is to come. the show opens with the car crash, presented with painful violent energy culminating in three shots : unconscious wife hannah, unconscious son rex, husband michael waking up. this last shot pulls back and rotates in corkscrew fashion to show the inverted wreck of the car, visualizing michael \u2019 s world turned upside down. over this shot, we hear the voice soon to be revealed as michael \u2019 s therapist dr. lee say, \u201c so tell me how this works. \u201d michael \u2019 s voice replies, \u201c i don \u2019 t know. i close my eyes, i open them. same as you. \u201d we then cut to a shot of hannah and michael grieving at a funeral, clearly suggesting that rex has died. lee \u2019 s voice then says, \u201c let \u2019 s just start at the beginning, \u201d to which michael says, \u201c no. \u201d we cut to michael sitting in his therapy session to continue his line, \u201c let \u2019 s start it right now. \u201d \u00b6 16 leave a comment on paragraph 16 0 this first 50 seconds is not particularly rich in narrative details \u2014 we learn that there was a car accident, and presumably rex was killed in the accident \u2014 but it does provide some key clues on how to watch the show. first, the camerawork and editing is established as unconventionally stylized and free - roaming across time frames without explicit motivation, encouraging us to pay attention to visual style in a way that few network programs do. the dialog sets up two poles for how to approach the story that will prove to be crucial \u2014 dr. lee takes an analytic tactic, as befits his profession, trying to understand how things work and grapple with the situation \u2019 s origins. michael wants to live in the now, downplaying that anything unusual is happening to him. these poles of engagement help structure the show \u2019 s narrative, as his dual ( and dueling ) therapists want to make rational sense of what \u2019 s happening to michael as he flips between reality and a presumed dream, while michael just wants to enjoy his split lives where he effectively can live without loss. as he says at the end of the pilot, \u201c when it comes to letting one of them go, i have no desire to ever make progress. \u201d contrasting with the midstory start of alias and other pilots, awake \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47293510693123875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.862378"} {"text": "live without loss. as he says at the end of the pilot, \u201c when it comes to letting one of them go, i have no desire to ever make progress. \u201d contrasting with the midstory start of alias and other pilots, awake \u2019 s insistence that we begin in the present tense seems to distinguish itself from other high concept complex television. \u00b6 17 leave a comment on paragraph 17 0 these dual approaches mirror how we might engage with the unusual scenario as well \u2014 we can try to make rational sense of it to solve a mystery ( \u201c so tell me how this works \u201d ), or we can enjoy the now by accepting the premise as it is, not as a problem to be solved. much of complex television fosters a mode of forensic fandom where viewers are encouraged to solve such high - concept puzzles, to ask \u201c why? \u201d and presume there \u2019 s an answer to be found by drilling down and analyzing, much like with therapy or academic analysis. but awake \u2019 s pilot invites viewers to side with michael, not only as the story \u2019 s protagonist, but as a role model for accepting what we \u2019 ve been given without wanting to know the reasons why \u2014 as viewers, michael asks that we don \u2019 t focus on cracking the mystery of what is \u201c really \u201d going on here, or deduce which reality is real. the rest of the pilot focuses our attention on what matters most : michael works on rebuilding his relationships with son and wife in the wake of the massive losses that each suffered, but he was spared from, at least in part. michael learns how to make his condition an asset for doing his job, as experiences in each world seem to inform the cases he solves in the other. michael develops coping strategies to orient himself across realities with colored bracelets as visual reminders, a technique mirrored in the dual color schemes and film tints that the show uses impressively to demarcate ( and subtly blend ) the two realms. \u00b6 18 leave a comment on paragraph 18 2 in many ways, the pilot might be seen as situating awake within a specific subgenre : the supernatural detective drama. although very different in tone and style, there \u2019 s a parallel here with the show medium, which focused on allison dubois, a psychic who worked with the police to solve crimes. on medium, there was never any issue as to whether allison really was a psychic or how her powers worked \u2014 we simply accepted the fantastic premise that she communicated with the dead and enjoyed watching how it offered a twist on procedural cop plots and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5242511942277259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.863494"} {"text": "solve crimes. on medium, there was never any issue as to whether allison really was a psychic or how her powers worked \u2014 we simply accepted the fantastic premise that she communicated with the dead and enjoyed watching how it offered a twist on procedural cop plots and impacted her personal life. pushing daisies operates similarly, with no effort to explain why ned possesses his supernatural gift, but focusing on how that talent affects his life and relationships. michael can be seen similarly as a character with a special, somewhat inexplicable gift that both enriches and complicates his life. one way to read the pilot is to conceive of the series \u2019 overarching narrative not to \u201c start at the beginning \u201d to understand what is happening, but to \u201c start it right now \u201d to understand how his condition matters to him and others in his life going forward. \u00b6 19 leave a comment on paragraph 19 1 other high concept series in recent years, like flash forward, the event, and day break, all fell into a trap where concerns about a compelling central mystery overrode all other storytelling imperatives, such as characterization, relationships, and a clear sense of narrative tone and place. often, these series launch with what is termed a \u201c premise pilot, \u201d where the chief storytelling goal is to set the narrative gears in motion to establish the program \u2019 s core narrative scenario \u2014 subsequent episodes will differ dramatically once the core situation is in place. awake \u2019 s pilot starts midstream with britten already immersed in his narrative situation, while still educating viewers about this scenario sufficiently to make sure we understand the premise \u2014 we never see britten experience his first \u201c cross - reality \u201d awakening ( and still have not, after five episodes as of this writing ). instead through its compelling writing, performances, visual style, and emotional realism, awake \u2019 s pilot suggests that the series cares more about going forward with its character - driven storytelling than solving the mystery ; however, the pull of forensic fandom might make it seem like the goal of the show is to provide answers to the mysterious concept, rather than exploring its consequences in the lives of characters. a pilot is always a promissory note for what is to come ( if ratings are high enough ), more than a blueprint to be followed, and much can change as a series develops. awake \u2019 s pilot asks us to accept michael britten \u2019 s wishes by accepting him for who he is, not trying to solve his problem, and letting viewers become immersed in both of his lives. \u00b6 20 leave a comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5293040389984498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.864521"} {"text": "change as a series develops. awake \u2019 s pilot asks us to accept michael britten \u2019 s wishes by accepting him for who he is, not trying to solve his problem, and letting viewers become immersed in both of his lives. \u00b6 20 leave a comment on paragraph 20 2 this survey of different pilot strategies has focused on some of the most acclaimed examples of debut episodes, hailed by fans and critics alike. of course, many pilots start in a very different place than where they end up, as shows frequently take awhile to find their footing. this is most true in comedies, where ensembles often need time to develop a rapport and writers learn which relationship dynamics work best. the pilot to parks & recreation looks little like the series that many hail today as one of television \u2019 s best sitcoms, as the characters were more extreme in their personalities and the show focused on an overarching plot arc of building a park that was dropped quickly in the second season. cougar town \u2019 s pilot reflects the program \u2019 s initial concept of a middle - aged woman dating younger men that was quickly jettisoned after a few episodes, and even all - time classic seinfeld shows little of the structural flair or intricate dialogue that later typified the series. dramas can also start quite differently than they end up, as with justified beginning with more of an episodic procedural focus until the series began to emphasize longer plot arcs by making boyd crowder into a more central foil for raylan givens in the back half of the first season, a shift motivated by the producers \u2019 choice to keep boyd alive after his planned early death due to the strength of walton goggins \u2019 s performance. dollhouse aired a first episode that downplayed its longterm plot arcs and conspiracies, a mandated shift away from creator joss whedon \u2019 s more serialized pilot as demanded by the fox network \u2014 the original pilot was included on dvd, and fans encouraged new viewers to start with it instead to get a more authorially sanctioned version of the series. while we could certainly learn much by examining pilots that fail to reflect their subsequent series, or that fail altogether in attracting an audience or even making it to the air, to understand the way complex television programs can launch with effective momentum, it is more instructive to take an in - depth analysis of an exemplary case of a serial beginning. \u00b6 22 leave a comment on paragraph 22 0 the \u201c pilot \u201d episode of veronica mars is a remarkable piece of television. it manages to introduce more than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45160649199573644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.865621"} {"text": "more instructive to take an in - depth analysis of an exemplary case of a serial beginning. \u00b6 22 leave a comment on paragraph 22 0 the \u201c pilot \u201d episode of veronica mars is a remarkable piece of television. it manages to introduce more than a dozen characters and relationships, probe numerous backstories, plant the seeds for three season - long story arcs, establish a genre mixture of teen melodrama and film noir, and convey a tone combining complex mystery, snarky humor, relationship drama, and social commentary \u2015 all within a running time of just over 40 minutes. close analysis of a pilot episode such as this can yield greater insight into the way that television tells stories, and how pilots work to launch an ongoing narrative universe. to understand the educational and inspirational strategies employed by veronica mars, we need to zoom in closely on the pilot \u2019 s formal mechanics and structure, detailing the strategies used by the producers to start the narrative as both a window onto the series as a whole and the broader function of pilots, and outlining the ways that a hypothetical new viewer would make sense of this serialized beginning. such close analysis can also help us understand the complex intersection of gender and genre that veronica mars plays with so compellingly, an aspect that only becomes clear after a slow - motion walkthrough of the episode \u2019 s storytelling strategies. \u00b6 23 leave a comment on paragraph 23 0 when approaching vm \u2019 s \u201c pilot, \u201d there is a further complication \u2015 the episode aired on upn originally on september 22, 2004, in a different form than the version released on the season 1 dvd that came out a year later. the most important difference between the two versions concerns how each open, which i have suggested above is crucial to the functions of pilots. the upn - aired pilot begins in the sunny parking lot of neptune high, with veronica \u2019 s voiceover setting the scene featuring class conflict and teen politics in beautiful southern california. 2 this scene was pushed back to after the opening credits in the dvd version, which starts instead with a pre - credit flash - forward to veronica staking out the seedy camelot motel along with a highly - noir style voiceover narration, a moment that will be returned to at the 18 - minute mark of the dvd - version of the episode, echoing the \u201c in media res \u201d strategy from alias discussed above. yet another version might be imagined from the original pilot script available on creator rob thomas \u2019 s website \u2015 this script mirrors the dvd version, although with a number of changed names like the town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4623257877291857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.866718"} {"text": "echoing the \u201c in media res \u201d strategy from alias discussed above. yet another version might be imagined from the original pilot script available on creator rob thomas \u2019 s website \u2015 this script mirrors the dvd version, although with a number of changed names like the town of playa de costa instead of neptune, or logan hewitt instead of logan echolls, a few altered plot points, and saltier language and content more appropriate for thomas \u2019 s original pitch for cable distribution rather than broadcast network. 3 or we might seek out the original unaired pilot that upn bought, which circulated amongst television critics and in bootleg versions online, following the structure of the dvd version, but with a few minor differences in casting and dialogue. \u00b6 24 leave a comment on paragraph 24 0 i \u2019 m choosing to focus on the dvd version as my analytic object, not because of its status as thomas \u2019 s \u201c preferred \u201d final edit, but rather since the series exists beyond the timeframe of its initial airing, and any attempt to revisit the narrative is bound to turn to the published dvds. while certainly the original aired version set the stage for the show \u2019 s small but dedicated initial fanbase, our long term engagement with the series will by necessity treat the dvds as the permanent lasting text for viewers since 2004. however, we can learn something from these changes. upn \u2019 s decision to eliminate the opening flash - forward was certainly trying to make the show easier to comprehend, avoiding the temporal leap that might confuse a naive viewer. but it also redefines its initial genre emphasis \u2015 by starting with the high school scene, the upn version cues viewers that this will be a show about teenagers, with a brave and active heroine guiding us through the perils of adolescence. as thomas said in an interview, \u201c the network handed me a note that basically said that since the show is about high school, it should start in the high school \u2026. they were sure that getting young people to watch would be too tough with the original pilot. \u201d 4 thus even though upn bought the show based on the original pilot, the network reimagined it to fit the genre emphasis that they felt better suited their brand and target audience. \u00b6 25 leave a comment on paragraph 25 0 a close look at the dvd version, following the template of the script and unaired original pilot, reveals a vastly different genre tone, starting with a dire proclamation via veronica \u2019 s voiceover that locates the opening far from the confines of high school drama : \u201c i \u2019 m never getting married", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45934020350344906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.867830"} {"text": "the template of the script and unaired original pilot, reveals a vastly different genre tone, starting with a dire proclamation via veronica \u2019 s voiceover that locates the opening far from the confines of high school drama : \u201c i \u2019 m never getting married. you want an absolute? well, there it is. \u201d the televisual style helps set the tone, with the mellow bass groove of air \u2019 s instrumental \u201c la femme d \u2019 argent \u201d ( a music cue thomas iterated in his original script ) accompanying a slow crane up on the late - night scene outside the camelot motel, highlighting the red neon glow of the \u201c no vacancy \u201d sign. the visuals cut to a shot of a draped window with a silhouetted couple having sex, while the voiceover says, \u201c veronica mars, spinster. i mean, what \u2019 s the point. sure, there \u2019 s the initial primal drive. ride it out. \u201d for the first - time viewer, the impulse is to try to piece together the emerging story information from the scattered textual cues, following a cognitive process i discuss in the comprehension chapter. we now know that we \u2019 re hearing veronica \u2019 s voice, but don \u2019 t have much to help orient us as to where we are and who this veronica mars character might be. might she be the long - haired passionate woman seen atop her lover in this shadowed shot? the language of \u201c primal urge \u201d and \u201c ride it out \u201d suggests an erotic link, while veronica \u2019 s emotionally detached vocal tone suggests a more distant observational role. \u00b6 26 leave a comment on paragraph 26 0 our hypotheses shift along with the camera, as a continuous shot pans right to follow a man in an ill - fitting feminine bathrobe walking by the window and descending the stairs to fill his ice bucket. veronica continues, \u201c better yet? ignore it. sooner or later, the people you love let you down. and here \u2019 s where it ends up : sleazy men, cocktail waitresses, cheap motels on the wrong side of town. and a soon - to - be ex - spouse wanting a bigger piece of the settlement pie. \u201d this sequence directs our attention away from the shadowy lovers and toward the larger significance of the camelot motel, whose mythical name evokes a reference point of a glossy surface with hidden secrets of infidelity and betrayal. veronica cues us that these people are merely stand - ins for a larger situation of adultery and distrust, thematic signifiers rather than actual characters. this moment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4565600983929379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.868871"} {"text": "evokes a reference point of a glossy surface with hidden secrets of infidelity and betrayal. veronica cues us that these people are merely stand - ins for a larger situation of adultery and distrust, thematic signifiers rather than actual characters. this moment highlights one key task of a pilot : sorting out which people are actual characters, and which are simply people inhabiting the world, more like props or parts of the set decoration. the continuous camera movement helps establish a broader narrative impulse toward mystery and problem - solving, as we seek answers to questions that are then redirected and reframed, often away from red herrings and misleading dead - ends. and the sequence helps us rank the relative reliability of the different sources of information : we trust what we see, but veronica \u2019 s voiceover appears to be more authoritative in helping us interpret and prioritize the images. thus we view the visuals as objectively true, but the voiceover provides the preferred subjective approach toward the action that includes us among veronica \u2019 s intimate confidants. \u00b6 27 leave a comment on paragraph 27 0 the next sequence solidifies this relationship. the visuals jump to a reverse angle nestled in the c of the neon camelot sign, with the other side of the no vacancy sign centered over the deserted street, save for four parked cars. the camera slowly zooms in, but after only one second, it cuts to a medium shot of one of the cars, continuing the zooming pattern in a somewhat disorienting jump edit. the voiceover ties the action to our protagonist : \u201c that \u2019 s where i come in. \u201d this cliched bit of dialog evokes film noir, although it might be more directly derived from the noir - influenced television crime show dragnet. 5 veronica \u2019 s line clearly sets up her authority as expert on adultery and betrayal, an expertise that will later be revealed as involving more than a professional knowledge, and coalesces all of the previous film noir cues : the sleazy motel, surveillant gaze, tawdry affairs, and cynical worldview. just 40 seconds into the series, we already have a clear genre demarcation and an evocative persona for our titular narrator, who thus far seems exceptional primarily for being a woman in a masculine - dominated genre. \u00b6 28 leave a comment on paragraph 28 0 what we don \u2019 t yet know is that veronica is in high school, the key revelation that upn sought to foreground. the next shot alludes to this aspect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49485774677903793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.869893"} {"text": "in a masculine - dominated genre. \u00b6 28 leave a comment on paragraph 28 0 what we don \u2019 t yet know is that veronica is in high school, the key revelation that upn sought to foreground. the next shot alludes to this aspect of her persona, as we enter the car on a close - up of a book entitled calculus of a single variable. the book \u2019 s connotative meaning will matter more later, as we learn of veronica \u2019 s attributes as a singular free agent with a talent for problem - solving, and a key variable within a number of puzzling calculations \u2015 in fact, \u201c calculus of a single variable \u201d would be an apt title for the episode as a whole. for now, it serves as a small enigmatic detail in an otherwise genre - consistent storyworld. as the shot drifts from the book toward a camera, veronica continues, \u201c $ 40 an hour is cheap compared to the long - term financial security sordid photography can secure for you. your offspring. your next lover. \u201d we are still deep in the milieu of noir, as veronica reaches for a steel thermos \u2015 a concession to the teen drama, as were it a hard - boiled adult noir, she would certainly be drinking whiskey out of a flask. the first bit of veronica we see is her right hand, which is adorned with an ornately designed thumb ring. when paired with her anti - marriage proclamation, the thumb ring instantly marks veronica as a non - conformist with her own individual style. in contrast to the feminine norm of wedding and engagement rings marking a coupled status, veronica \u2019 s thumb ring highlights her status as both single and variable. \u00b6 29 leave a comment on paragraph 29 0 the shot continues to follow the thermos as veronica pours herself a cup of coffee. a seven - second pause in the narration accompanies our first glimpse of veronica \u2019 s face, giving us time to drink in the close - up sight. certainly she is young, but we cannot be sure of an age yet \u2015 actress kristen bell was 24 at the time of the show \u2019 s debut, but easily passed for younger. she is looking off - screen to her left, and the pause in narration gives us time to do the spatial calculations to gather that her viewpoint is the perspective from the first shots, and that it is she who is surveilling the lurid action at the camelot, an activity consistent with the noir style. the earlier voiceover, point - of - view shot, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5347849923049545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.870813"} {"text": "viewpoint is the perspective from the first shots, and that it is she who is surveilling the lurid action at the camelot, an activity consistent with the noir style. the earlier voiceover, point - of - view shot, and facial close - up confirms that our perspective is the same as veronica \u2019 s, making her our focalizing guide to this still - emerging narrative universe. \u00b6 30 leave a comment on paragraph 30 0 bell \u2019 s youthful beauty contradicts her cynical, cold narration which continues as she pours and drinks some coffee : \u201c but do us a favor if it \u2019 s you in there : dispense with the cuddling. this motel tryst, it is what it is. make it quick. the person sitting in the car across the street might have a calculus exam in five \u2026 make that four hours, and she can \u2019 t leave until she gets the money shot. \u201d this sequence helps narrow down the possibilities of veronica \u2019 s narrative status and identity. her glance to the car clock as she corrects the timetable for her exam grounds the voiceover within the present - tense thoughts of the character, ruling out a retrospective commentary on the action. the mention of the calculus exam identifies her as a student, although she could be either advanced high school or college, and strengthens the link between the textbook and character. most importantly, we realize that veronica leads a double life \u2015 private eye by night, student by day \u2015 setting up the tension between the dual worlds that will dominate the series. \u00b6 31 leave a comment on paragraph 31 3 at this point in the teaser, our first question has been answered in a cursory manner \u2015 who is this voice lecturing us about marriage? \u2015 but deeper questions are raised about the character : who is this veronica mars, why is she so bitter, and what \u2019 s the deal with her double roles as student and p. i.? any further pondering is interrupted by the off - camera sounds of revving engines and a musical shift into a faster driving synthesizer groove. veronica looks up and we get an eyeline match to a band of motorcycles driving down the deserted road. the editing pace quickens to match the music, with 11 cuts in 15 seconds reversing between veronica watching the bike gang and the bikers turning around to park in front of the hotel. the shots emphasize the contrast between the bright vehicle lights and the dark night streets, with the lights reflected off veronica \u2019 s car and mirrors. this shift in music and visual style changes the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48926079247961035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.871995"} {"text": "the bikers turning around to park in front of the hotel. the shots emphasize the contrast between the bright vehicle lights and the dark night streets, with the lights reflected off veronica \u2019 s car and mirrors. this shift in music and visual style changes the show \u2019 s television cop show allusive frame of reference from dragnet to miami vice, with the latter \u2019 s glossy neon style masking something dangerous and sinister beneath the surface. veronica deadpans ( in spoken dialog rather than voiceover ), \u201c well, this can \u2019 t be good, \u201d suggesting a calm exterior but raising doubts about her future safety. \u00b6 32 leave a comment on paragraph 32 0 the next sequence begins with a shot tilting down the length of the vertical camelot motel sign, ending on street level as the lead biker rolls to a stop in the center of the frame. a series of reverse angles show veronica staring down the biker, who removes his helmet, beckons her to roll down her window, and then menacingly says, \u201c car trouble, miss? \u201d we end with a shot of veronica inhaling as she ponders her next move before we cut to the credits, starting with upbeat music and a vastly different image of a smiling veronica sitting in the sun. in just under 1 : 40, this teaser has set - up a great deal of information and context for the episode and series as a whole. we have established the title character as a savvy and brave young woman, juggling life as a student and paid private investigator. the neo - noir style serves to set a cynical and world - weary tone, with clever narration encouraging a more sophisticated take on conventional crime stories. the frank sexual content of adulterous motel trysts signals a level of maturity unexpected in a program that will later be shown to be based around a high school. and the cliffhanger ending suggests that suspense and action will be a prime ingredient of the dramatic action. \u00b6 33 leave a comment on paragraph 33 0 it \u2019 s not hard to see both why thomas might have preferred this opening for the pilot, highlighting maturity, unconventionality and suspenseful noir, and why upn forced the more typical opening at neptune high to appeal to its core teenage target audience with a more familiar milieu, style, genre, and set of characters. these two openings highlight the central challenge of any pilot : demonstrating how the show is both freshly distinct and yet familiar enough to be recognizable and comfortable, striking the delicate balance between similarity and difference that structures commercial television as a format. the up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.416964240726363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.873047"} {"text": "of characters. these two openings highlight the central challenge of any pilot : demonstrating how the show is both freshly distinct and yet familiar enough to be recognizable and comfortable, striking the delicate balance between similarity and difference that structures commercial television as a format. the upn opening starts with the familiar and slowly complicates it with intrigue and genre mixture, while the dvd version puts us in the midst of something unconventional for television, a young female - centered noir, and then links it to the more conventional facets of teen drama. both educate viewers on the show \u2019 s norms and inspire them to keep viewing, but clearly each approach speaks differently to various subsets of the potential viewing audience. \u00b6 34 leave a comment on paragraph 34 0 to further analyze the veronica mars pilot, we could continue such a slow - motion replay of the episode, highlighting how each shot, sound, line, and sequence adds to our understanding of the storyworld and sets the stage for the series. but the length needed for such an analysis would turn this chapter into a book, along the lines of roland barthes \u2019 s s / z! instead, we can zoom out and look at some of the broader trends and strategies that play out across the entire episode, and consider how they work to teach viewers how to view the series as a whole. such an account builds on a model of narrative comprehension explored by david bordwell for film and explored more in the comprehension chapter, exploring how a text draws upon both external norms ( like genre and stylistic conventions ) and intrinsic norms unique to the film itself to cue viewers how to construct the story in their minds and posit answers to ongoing narrative questions. 6 for a television series, a pilot is the primary site for establishing intrinsic norms for the ongoing series, and making clear connections to the relevant external norms of genre, narrative mode, and style. \u00b6 35 leave a comment on paragraph 35 0 one aspect that quickly becomes apparent is that veronica mars will tell its story using complex narrative techniques. the pilot contains a number of hallmarks of such narrative complexity \u2015 direct address voiceover narration, frequent flashbacks and jumps in timeframe, and long - term mysteries and story arcs that will traverse the entire season and beyond. all of these techniques clearly situate veronica mars within the mode of narrative complexity within minutes of the pilot \u2019 s opening, establishing particular intrinsic norms that will guide viewers throughout the series. after the opening credits, we are brought back into the storyworld not at the moment of cliffhanging suspense, but into the sunny parking lot of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5067084651083784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.874169"} {"text": "minutes of the pilot \u2019 s opening, establishing particular intrinsic norms that will guide viewers throughout the series. after the opening credits, we are brought back into the storyworld not at the moment of cliffhanging suspense, but into the sunny parking lot of a high school. veronica \u2019 s upbeat voiceover, in stark contrast to the world - weary cynicism of the first scene, quickly sets the scene for the moments that opened the pilot as originally aired on upn : \u201c this is my school. if you go here, your parents are either millionaires, or your parents work for millionaires. neptune, california : a town without a middle class. \u201d the dvd version adds a bit more exposition to explain the temporal shift \u2015 a caption reads \u201c 20 hours earlier \u201d as veronica continues, \u201c so how does a girl end up surrounded by a motorcycle gang at four in the morning on the wrong side of town? for that answer, we \u2019 ll have to rewind to yesterday. \u201d thus we are reoriented to the story going forward, with the two versions becoming mostly identical for the rest of the episode. \u00b6 36 leave a comment on paragraph 36 0 starting an episode midstory and then flashing back to reveal how the characters got to that point, a device nicknamed \u201c how we got here \u201d on the useful tv tropes wiki, is a common technique in narratively complex programs, as discussed above concerning alias \u2019 s pilot or in the introduction concerning revenge and the west wing. 7 however, veronica mars \u2019 s use of voiceover allows the explanation of the temporal jump to be more obvious than typical on other shows \u2015 while other shows using this device like west wing and damages normally use only captions to reset their timelines, and the pilot of alias avoids any such orienting devices, veronica \u2019 s narration explicitly notes that we are rewinding the story, making sure that audiences can follow the complex plotting. more interestingly, the narration frames the rewind as a question, explicitly asking how she got there and providing an answer through the narrative logic. explicitly framing the story as a series of questions and answers, or \u201c erotetic narrative \u201d as termed by noel carroll, is a vital aspect of the show \u2019 s narrative structure, a thematic dimension that is repeated throughout the episode ( which i return to later ). 8 by framing this temporal shift so explicitly and self - consciously posing the storytelling in question form, veronica mars teaches us that it will employ complex storytelling techniques, but assures us that it will try to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4618402617142717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.875587"} {"text": "the episode ( which i return to later ). 8 by framing this temporal shift so explicitly and self - consciously posing the storytelling in question form, veronica mars teaches us that it will employ complex storytelling techniques, but assures us that it will try to keep us oriented through a range of narrative devices, aiming for comprehension over confusion, clear questions and answers instead of open - ended uncertainty. \u00b6 37 leave a comment on paragraph 37 0 this opening rewind is not the pilot \u2019 s only example of temporal complexity, as the episode contains eight flashbacks that run approximately nine minutes in total, accounting for more than 20 % of its running time. while flashbacks remain an important part of the narrative toolbox for the series as a whole, the pilot uses them far more extensively than almost any other episode. in large part, the use of flashbacks in the pilot are expository, providing backstory on the characters and situations that precede the present day timeline. these flashbacks are quite important to set - up the show \u2019 s major plot arcs, as they posit the three key questions that will motivate the serialized narrative plotlines for the season : who killed lilly kane? who raped veronica? and why did veronica \u2019 s mother leave the family? all of these major narrative events occurred long before the pilot begins, so flashbacks help build mystery about the storyworld \u2019 s past events, a storytelling strategy that creates the narrative universe \u2019 s depth and richness. the pilot \u2019 s extensive use of flashbacks helps set - up an intrinsic norm for the series as a whole, but also underscores how a pilot is often atypical in its storytelling strategies in order to sufficiently educate viewers on the scenario and key backstory elements. \u00b6 38 leave a comment on paragraph 38 0 just as the opening rewind is explained clearly with redundancy, the flashbacks are all highly cued and demarcated as narratively distinct. the first flashback comes at the episode \u2019 s five minute mark, with veronica sitting outside in her high school courtyard, introducing her classmates via voiceover. in recounting her previous status as part of the \u201c in crowd, \u201d she admits, \u201c the only reason i was allowed beyond the velvet ropes was duncan kane, son of software billionaire jake kane. he used to be my boyfriend. \u201d the camera alternates between a shot of veronica sitting alone staring wistfully at duncan, and her visual perspective of him mingling with his friends. the camera slowly tracks in toward veronica at the end of her line, as the image blurs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47123210711893015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.876959"} {"text": "\u201d the camera alternates between a shot of veronica sitting alone staring wistfully at duncan, and her visual perspective of him mingling with his friends. the camera slowly tracks in toward veronica at the end of her line, as the image blurs via quick dissolve into another shot with an accompanying \u201c swoosh \u201d sound effect. the new shot of kids in the high school hallway is tinted blue, with soft focus and streaky images to clearly distinguish it from the bright colors and sun drenched lighting of the courtyard. the music shifts as well, to a breathy atmospheric vocal track from the previous subtle guitar rhythmic background in the courtyard scene. we soon see duncan and a longer - haired veronica in the center of the frame, with a jump - cut forward to a close - up of them kissing, before the image oversaturates with white light, and shifts into slow - motion. all of these stylistic techniques, from film stock to soundtrack, color scheme to hairstyling, serve to demarcate the flashback sequence from the norms established in the present - tense scenes. there is no ambiguity about this temporal shift, as the sequence is clearly framed as a subjective memory presented to us by veronica, our focalizing narrator. \u00b6 39 leave a comment on paragraph 39 0 the next flashback is similarly demarcated, but differs in terms of perspective. veronica is sitting at lunch with wallace, as she asks him two related questions : \u201c so what did you do? \u2026 why are you a dead man walking? \u201d these questions trigger the similar blur and sound effect to signal a flashback of wallace reporting a robbery while working at a convenience store, with wallace narrating events to veronica. this flashback, briefly interrupted by a line from veronica, is the only scene where veronica does not appear throughout the entire episode and thus the only story material portrayed without veronica \u2019 s first - hand experience \u2015 future episodes certainly focus primarily on the titular character, but feature scenes and plotlines with veronica absent, another example of a pilot \u2019 s exceptional status. although wallace \u2019 s flashback uses comparable stylistic markers as veronica \u2019 s, its narrative status is different : wallace is clearly retelling the story to veronica within the storyworld, while veronica \u2019 s voiceovers and flashbacks are internal monologues, shared only with the non - specified \u201c you \u201d of the television audience. these distinctions reinforce the important centrality of veronica as our main character, narrative guide, and focalizing figure, a status that remains consistent throughout the series. \u00b6 40 leave a comment on paragraph 40", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4699442488763285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.888964"} {"text": "non - specified \u201c you \u201d of the television audience. these distinctions reinforce the important centrality of veronica as our main character, narrative guide, and focalizing figure, a status that remains consistent throughout the series. \u00b6 40 leave a comment on paragraph 40 0 veronica \u2019 s second flashback, immediately following the scene with wallace, appears more subjective, motivated by a triggered memory rather than expository narration. in the courtyard to her apartment, she hears the song \u201c just another \u201d by pete zorn playing on a radio as she is walking by the swimming pool. she looks up at the radio, and then we hear a splash from the pool. veronica looks down as we \u201c swoosh \u201d into a flashback image of duncan emerging from the water, saying, \u201c hey babe, it \u2019 s our song. \u201d the scene shifts abruptly to veronica \u2019 s friends circling a large birthday cake being held out by a previously unseen woman, who says, \u201c happy birthday, veronica! are you surprised? \u201d veronica says, \u201c mom \u201d twice \u2015 first within the flashback, and then in a quick switch back to the present day narrative, as she spins her head mistakenly thinking that another woman in the courtyard was her mother. while this flashback is stylistically cued as a memory, its narrative function is more opaque, not answering questions explicitly posed by veronica \u2019 s narration, but rather raising a question still to be addressed : where is veronica \u2019 s mother? all of veronica \u2019 s flashbacks offer a balance of narrative information and emotional depth, with this example furthest toward the emotional end of the spectrum. \u00b6 41 leave a comment on paragraph 41 0 the next flashback comes more than five minutes later, and includes the most narratively significant revelations. while veronica is surveilling jake kane for her father \u2019 s private investigation firm, she narrates the details of kane \u2019 s prominent business and civic roles in neptune. as she begins to talk about her relationship with the kane family, we flashback to a scene between veronica and lilly kane which introduces lilly, revealing her murder and how veronica learned of her friend \u2019 s demise. most notably, the sequence presents an important but understated uncertainty, with lilly telling veronica \u201c i \u2019 ve got a secret \u2014 a good one, \u201d in a conversation that veronica identifies as \u201c the last words lilly and i ever shared. \u201d lilly \u2019 s secret is not highlighted as a key narrative enigma, but it returns in prominence later in the season as veronica begins to unravel the case \u2014 looking back from the end of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47558594508578417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.907829"} {"text": "\u201c the last words lilly and i ever shared. \u201d lilly \u2019 s secret is not highlighted as a key narrative enigma, but it returns in prominence later in the season as veronica begins to unravel the case \u2014 looking back from the end of the season, this referenced secret is the cause of lilly \u2019 s death, and thus its subdued placement within the pilot helps provide unity to the arc of her murder. although the events being portrayed are clearly emotionally fraught for veronica, with her best friend \u2019 s murder and the subsequent scapegoating of her father for a botched investigation, the tone of the narration is detached and factually - driven, with veronica presenting the story more as an investigator than someone who is emotionally involved in the case. \u00b6 42 leave a comment on paragraph 42 0 this flashback thus helps situate the narrative status of veronica \u2019 s voiceover narration. after revealing lilly \u2019 s death, she says, \u201c but everyone knows this story, the murder of lilly kane \u2026. and, of course, everyone remembers reading about the bungling local sheriff, the one who went after the wrong man. that bungling sheriff was my dad. \u201d this narration suggests that veronica is explicitly speaking to an audience within the storyworld, assuming our familiarity with the tabloid - covered events. while the narration is never overtly identified as fitting a particular frame of reference, like a diary or therapy session as found in other programs with first - person voiceover, this mode of direct address distinguishes it from a more objective narrational tone like in dragnet. whereas in dragnet there is no implied audience hearing friday \u2019 s narration that functions like an orated police report, veronica is clearly talking to somebody, explaining her perspectives and asking us to go along for a ride. this style of narration firmly embeds the viewer within the storyworld, making us an unspecified but important part of the diegesis that functions as a sounding board for veronica \u2019 s inner thoughts and plans, providing access both to details of her investigative procedures and emotional life. \u00b6 43 leave a comment on paragraph 43 0 subsequent flashbacks follow these established parameters, presenting crucial backstory plot, relationships, and lingering mysteries. questions remain central to the use of flashbacks, as with the sixth flashback introduced with the voiceover, \u201c you want to know how i lost my virginity? so do i, \u201d before showing the scene of veronica \u2019 s drug - induced date rape. the seventh flashback is cued by another character \u2019 s questions \u2015 logan is taunting veronica about her absent mother, asking,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44666770205987294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.915749"} {"text": "know how i lost my virginity? so do i, \u201d before showing the scene of veronica \u2019 s drug - induced date rape. the seventh flashback is cued by another character \u2019 s questions \u2015 logan is taunting veronica about her absent mother, asking, \u201c do you know where she is? any clue? \u201d veronica stares him down as he drives away, but then answers his question via voiceover : \u201c it \u2019 s been eight months since i \u2019 ve seen my mother. \u201d a flashback shows the morning after lianne left, setting up the season - long arc about her status and veronica \u2019 s relationship with her mother. throughout the pilot, questions are articulated either to immediately answer them to orient and educate viewers, or to establish enigmas inspiring viewers to continue watching in hopes of discovering the answers. \u00b6 44 leave a comment on paragraph 44 1 the flashbacks also cue some important parallels and repetitions that draw characters together, deepen the storyworld, and cue narrative pleasure. for instance, in wallace \u2019 s flashback, sheriff lamb mocks wallace by saying, \u201c you need to go see the wizard, ask him for some guts. \u201d veronica interrupts in the present tense, \u201c \u2019 go see the wizard, \u2019 he said that? \u201d a comment that seems unremarkable at the time. 22 minutes later, the comment becomes clearer \u2015 during a flashback to veronica reporting her rape, sheriff lamb cruelly dismisses her by saying, \u201c i \u2019 ll tell you what, veronica mars \u2015 why don \u2019 t you go see the wizard, ask for a little backbone. \u201d besides clearly aligning wallace and veronica together against lamb, this parallel sets up an episodically contained revenge plot that implicates the sheriff \u2019 s department in exchanging favorable treatment of a strip club for sexual favors. since the show does not call attention to this parallel dialog, viewers who have been paying attention can get a brief frisson of pleasure upon recognizing the repetition. such moments of recognition and connection are an important facet of watching serial television, as drawn out links that may span across episodes or even seasons offer dedicated viewers an acknowledgement of, and reward for, their dedication and attention. although this intra - episodic repetition requires no long - term commitment, the moment helps establish the broader norm that the series will expect viewers to pay attention, forge connections, and reward their dedication via pleasurable connections and revelations. \u00b6 45 leave a comment on paragraph 45 0 another narrative pleasure is signaled by a subtle repetition. around halfway through the episode, veronica \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4678209223534051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.917727"} {"text": "series will expect viewers to pay attention, forge connections, and reward their dedication via pleasurable connections and revelations. \u00b6 45 leave a comment on paragraph 45 0 another narrative pleasure is signaled by a subtle repetition. around halfway through the episode, veronica \u2019 s father keith mars returns home from an attempt to collect a bounty on a bail jumper \u2015 veronica greets him with an inquisitive, \u201c and? \u201d keith pauses for drama, and then offers a pseudo - cool, \u201c \u201c who \u2019 s your daddy? \u201d, which veronica dismisses with typical adolescent exasperation, \u201c i hate it when you say that. \u201d this exchange creates a bit of playful tension between father and daughter, as keith goes on to mockingly claim a degree of coolness that amuses veronica, but underscores their generational divide. toward the end of the episode, a parallel scene occurs as keith finds veronica in the mars investigation office at night, where she has discovered that keith has been withholding information from her about the kane murder case. he tempts her to leave with promises of pizza and the south park movie, and offers a repeated \u201c who \u2019 s your daddy? \u201d this time veronica sighs and smiles, and warmly replies, \u201c you are. \u201d the repeated moment reconciles the earlier tension like a musical phrase, replaying a dissonant theme with a resolved harmonious chord. this moment highlights the stability of this relationship that will anchor the entire series, as well as foreshadowing the forthcoming plot developments when veronica starts to question and investigate this precise question of her paternity. additionally, the repetition calls attention to the show \u2019 s well - crafted storytelling, using an overt parallel to inspire confidence in viewers that the producers are in full control of their fictional form. it \u2019 s a self - aware moment of narrative construction that, at least for some viewers, provides a moment of playful pleasure in admiration of the show \u2019 s creative craft, a moment of the operational aesthetic in action. \u00b6 46 leave a comment on paragraph 46 0 as is typical of all pilots, the episode introduces and focuses our attention on a number of characters and relationships. clearly veronica is the central figure of the storyworld, appearing in every scene except wallace \u2019 s flashback, and virtually every character exists primarily in relationship to her. the credit sequence introduces the list of major characters in the order : veronica, wallace, duncan, logan, and weevil, with keith getting the final billing as \u201c and enrico colantoni, \u201d a position conventionally reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5059890172962802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.918814"} {"text": "in relationship to her. the credit sequence introduces the list of major characters in the order : veronica, wallace, duncan, logan, and weevil, with keith getting the final billing as \u201c and enrico colantoni, \u201d a position conventionally reserved for more established actors in supporting roles, as well as parents in teen dramas. the actual screen time for characters is differently balanced \u2015 wallace appears in around 25 % of the episode and keith in 20 %, a proportion that effectively establishes those two characters as veronica \u2019 s most trusted and stable allies in the ongoing series. duncan \u2019 s third billing seems contrary to appearing only in 7 % of the episode, an imbalance that persists throughout the series \u2015 the character is narratively central to many of the ongoing arcs, but his presence is less vibrant and active than the other supporting actors, culminating in the character leaving the show midway through the second season. thomas has suggested in interviews that the character never quite worked as they imagined it, partly due to teddy dunn \u2019 s performance and partly because his function was too defined as isolated from veronica due to their often estranged relationship. while certainly the romantic link and familial history between duncan and veronica are core dramatic elements, the pilot shows little of their connection and effectively confines duncan to the margins over more colorful supporting players. \u00b6 47 leave a comment on paragraph 47 0 logan was not initially conceived as a main character, but jason dohring \u2019 s compelling performance prompted the producers to make logan more central to the show and establish an ongoing romance with veronica. in the pilot, logan and weevil share nearly equal time at around 13 % of the episode time, helping to establish the two as rivals culminating in their confrontation toward the end of the episode. functionally the two characters share a volatile bond with veronica, serving both as allies and enemies at various times. these proportions also mirror a legalistic aspect of storytelling unique to the television medium \u2015 contracts often stipulate the number of episodes per season each actor will appear in. thus the actors playing veronica, wallace, and keith were contractually obligated to appear in every episode in season one, while those playing weevil, logan, and duncan were only available for approximately 75 % of the episodes, forcing the producers to devise stories that allowed them to disappear for a week. 9 the pilot effectively establishes this balance in character prominence that carries throughout the first season. \u00b6 48 leave a comment on paragraph 48 0 the pilot also establish the show \u2019 s norms for balancing multiple plotlines. although like many pilots,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4620080894335679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.920243"} {"text": "for a week. 9 the pilot effectively establishes this balance in character prominence that carries throughout the first season. \u00b6 48 leave a comment on paragraph 48 0 the pilot also establish the show \u2019 s norms for balancing multiple plotlines. although like many pilots, much of the episode \u2019 s time is spent introducing the setting, characters, and relationships rather than focusing on narrative events and storylines, the episode does introduce a remarkable number of events and plots. typically, a veronica mars episode features a self - contained a plot concerning a case that is introduced and solved within an episode, alongside b and c plots focusing on long - term arcs of ongoing mysteries and relationships. the pilot is less typically structured, with six definable plotlines : the robbery at wallace \u2019 s store, the investigation into the seventh veil strip club, the jake kane infidelity investigation, lilly kane \u2019 s murder, lianne leaving the family, and veronica \u2019 s rape. as is common for the show, the plotlines are not rigidly distinct, as they interweave both in terms of events and themes \u2015 the strip club plot ends up merging with the robbery case, and the theme of sexual indiscretion and mystery permeates many of the storylines. it is therefore hard to define a clear a plot ; although the jake kane investigation takes up the most time at nearly a quarter of the episode, it blurs into nearly all of the other plotlines and lacks the resolution common of a plots in subsequent episodes. the wallace and strip club cases are resolved, but lack the central focus typical of other episodes \u2019 a plots. \u00b6 49 leave a comment on paragraph 49 0 despite a fuzzier distinction between plotlines than will become the norm for the show, the pilot \u2019 s atypical multiple story threads do help orient viewers on how to watch the series. the episode \u2019 s self - contained plotlines ( the robbery and strip club cases ) are presented with veronica in firm control of the action, effectively rescuing wallace and manipulating the sheriff \u2019 s office with minimal stress and effort. these plots situate veronica as more knowledgeable of events and backstory than viewers. for most of the episode, we are unsure of the relevance of the strip club plotline and are not privy to veronica \u2019 s master plan to connect the case with the robbery via a videotape swap \u2015 the connection is revealed at the moment of lamb \u2019 s humiliation, rather than positioning us as riding shotgun to the ongoing procedures of veronica \u2019 s investigations. for most episodes, the self - contained cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46551752322406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.921317"} {"text": "case with the robbery via a videotape swap \u2015 the connection is revealed at the moment of lamb \u2019 s humiliation, rather than positioning us as riding shotgun to the ongoing procedures of veronica \u2019 s investigations. for most episodes, the self - contained cases do little to challenge veronica \u2019 s investigational mastery, and they function more as games for viewers to try to guess the culprit, outcome, or veronica \u2019 s investigative strategy. \u00b6 50 leave a comment on paragraph 50 0 the long - term story arcs, involving the kane family and veronica \u2019 s emotional traumas of rape and maternal abandonment, align us more closely with veronica \u2019 s limited knowledge, as we learn about new developments along with her and she treats us as confidants sharing vital backstory. veronica \u2019 s investigative approach foregrounds posing and answering questions, and the show \u2019 s serial storytelling follows this paradigm. in the final minutes of the episode, veronica herself asks a number of key questions : \u201c the lilly kane murder file \u2014 what \u2019 s dad been up to? \u2026 my surveillance photo from the camelot \u2014 why is it in the lilly kane file? what was mom doing there, and what business did she have with jake kane? and the million dollar question : why did dad lie to me? \u201d after the scene with keith in which she reconciles his deception, veronica narrates, \u201c i \u2019 ve got too many questions swirling around in my head to wait until he \u2019 s ready to share. these questions need answers \u2015 that \u2019 s what i do. \u201d the narrative logic of this sequence sets up the key season - long arcs while clearly establishing the show \u2019 s erotetic narration, as well as making sure that these arcs will not dangle unanswered. as veronica \u2019 s final monologue asserts, \u201c i promise this : i will find out what really happened, and i will bring this family back together again, \u201d a statement that serves to also assure viewers that these questions do have answers that will be revealed in due time and deliver emotionally satisfying resolutions, at least as long as the network allows the show to continue to air. \u00b6 51 leave a comment on paragraph 51 0 the only question during this sequence that gets answered immediately is keith \u2019 s \u201c who \u2019 s your daddy? \u201d, which prompts veronica \u2019 s sentimental assurance to cement the stability of their relationship in the face of broader uncertainties \u2014 although later in the season, the question of veronica \u2019 s paternity becomes more than joking repartee and emerges as a key storyline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44283593006287686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.922485"} {"text": "prompts veronica \u2019 s sentimental assurance to cement the stability of their relationship in the face of broader uncertainties \u2014 although later in the season, the question of veronica \u2019 s paternity becomes more than joking repartee and emerges as a key storyline. this answer helps divide the long - term arcs into two categories : plot arcs that posit enigmas and mysteries, and emotional relationship or character arcs that are more clearly delimited in the moment. this division is typical of many primetime serials, where plot mysteries use complex storytelling strategies around narrative enigmas, while character arcs are more conventional in its presentation of narrative statements. these differing modes of presentation allow for distinct modes of engagement and narrative questioning \u2015 the emotional plots about relationships encourage us to ask \u201c what will happen? \u201d going forward, as with veronica \u2019 s romantic entanglements and rocky relations with her mother. conversely, the mysteries frame the narrative as \u201c what really happened in the past? \u201d, privileging the forensic mode of hunting clues, connecting pieces, and positing theories alongside veronica \u2019 s own investigation. we know that the answers to emotional relationship questions, however temporary and fleeting, will likely arrive soon in the story, but the enigma - driven mysteries linger far beyond our expectations and take unanticipated twists along the way. \u00b6 52 leave a comment on paragraph 52 0 the dual narrative modes of mystery and relationship drama are tightly tied to codes of gender and genre, suggesting that formal analysis can help illuminate broader cultural questions. robyn warhol has effectively argued that serial form has been tightly linked to \u201c effeminate feelings \u201d of sentimentality and overt emotional expression. she contends that late - 20th century modes of serial storytelling clearly bifurcate gendered pleasures by genre, with soap operas and melodramatic literature appealing to effeminate audiences, and action - adventure serials like patrick o \u2019 brian \u2019 s maritime novels and science - fiction television addressing an anti - effeminate audience. 10 but i believe that many contemporary complex serials embrace both of warhol \u2019 s \u201c technologies of feeling, \u201d marrying the effeminate affects of sentimentality and weepiness with the masculine responses of heart - pounding thrills and rational puzzle - solving. veronica mars is exemplary of some key ways that these appeals are balanced and structured into contemporary narrative forms, a topic addressed more in depth in the genre chapter. \u00b6 53 leave a comment on paragraph 53 0 the cast of characters establishes this balance at the show \u2019 s core \u2015 the titular character is clearly the female center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5021429292018575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.923802"} {"text": "balanced and structured into contemporary narrative forms, a topic addressed more in depth in the genre chapter. \u00b6 53 leave a comment on paragraph 53 0 the cast of characters establishes this balance at the show \u2019 s core \u2015 the titular character is clearly the female center of the narrative universe, but she is surrounded almost exclusively by male figures, especially in the first season. however, veronica herself is far from a simple embodiment of feminine norms \u2015 her present - tense persona is defined in opposition to her pre - rape femininity, with shortened hair, heightened sarcastic attitude, and an emotional detachment that alienates her from nearly all of her high school peers. as established in the opening scene, veronica eschews romantic sentiment and embraces personal risk in the service of her rational, procedural detective work. in terms of narrative pleasures, veronica \u2019 s core storylines fit more neatly into the typically anti - effeminate mode of action and detective drama than the effeminate realm of romantic melodrama. 11 and arguably the male characters serve more effeminate roles \u2015 wallace as supportive counselor and confidant, keith as nurturing parent, and duncan as sensitive romantic who eventually becomes a single parent himself. even logan and weevil, who first appear as hyper - masculine, aggressive, and hostile threats to veronica, undergo a process of becoming more sensitive, emotionally engaged, and feminized throughout the season, a process of gender transformation that janice radway has argued is central to the romance genre. 12 arguably the only regular character who neatly fits into typical gender norms is dick casablancas, whose hyper - masculine doltishness is played for comic relief and restricted to the margins of the story ( and doesn \u2019 t even appear in the pilot ), whereas each of the more central figures embody gender contradictions and complexity. \u00b6 54 leave a comment on paragraph 54 0 the pilot comments on its own atypical gender norms \u2015 when veronica gives wallace the incriminating videotape, he thanks her and tries to get her to acknowledge that she did him a favor. he says, \u201c underneath that angry young woman shell, there \u2019 s a slightly less angry young woman, who \u2019 s dying to bake me something. you \u2019 re a marshmallow, veronica mars, a twinkie! \u201d veronica \u2019 s dual gender identity is echoed in the pilot \u2019 s final lines \u2015 following veronica \u2019 s assertion that she will solve the mysteries and reunite her family, she says, \u201c i \u2019 m sorry, is that mushy? well,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47270450064436476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.924876"} {"text": "\u201d veronica \u2019 s dual gender identity is echoed in the pilot \u2019 s final lines \u2015 following veronica \u2019 s assertion that she will solve the mysteries and reunite her family, she says, \u201c i \u2019 m sorry, is that mushy? well, you know what they say : veronica mars, she \u2019 s a marshmallow. \u201d the prominence of this repetition as the show \u2019 s final moment contrasts with the highly rational procedures that veronica has followed in both explicating and pursuing the mysteries, reminding us that she \u2019 s acting not just out of a rationalist mode of justice and detection, but a sentimental and effeminate urge for family unity and lost friendship. thus the final scene sets the stage for the broad range of gendered appeals and identities to be explored within the series, and cues us to be alert to the complexities of both character and plotting rather than assuming clear cut binaries and conventions. \u00b6 55 leave a comment on paragraph 55 1 in the end, the pilot of veronica mars teaches us how to watch the series, manages our expectations for what is to come, and inspires us to keep watching. most pilots focus on establishing the setting, characters, and narrative situation, and thus are quite atypical of what future episodes might bring. the veronica mars pilot employs more flashbacks, voiceover, and exposition than typical, but also establishes many norms of tone, style, and theme that future episodes will typically adhere to. as such, it is one of the more effective pilots for a complex serial drama, performing an astounding degree of narrative work while also offering clear pleasures and moments consistent with the series as a whole. while the series as a whole might have resolved with anti - climactic disappointment, the pilot remains a landmark in serial storytelling, positing narrative questions in a style that transcends the quality of the eventual answers. and by looking at such an exemplary pilot in slow - motion, we can better understand the complex poetics involved in television storytelling, both at the beginnings and ongoing episodes of a series. \u00b6 57 leave a comment on paragraph 57 0 i discuss pilots more in jason mittell, television and american culture ( new york : oxford university press, 2010 ) ; see pages 46 - 52 for a discussion of the industrial practices of pilot production, and pages 258 - 67 for a detailed analysis of lost \u2019 s pilot. \u00b6 58 leave a comment on paragraph 58 0 see the television without pity recap for a description of the originally aired pilot at http : / / www. televisionwith", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4649080136493947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.925939"} {"text": "production, and pages 258 - 67 for a detailed analysis of lost \u2019 s pilot. \u00b6 58 leave a comment on paragraph 58 0 see the television without pity recap for a description of the originally aired pilot at http : / / www. televisionwithoutpity. com / show / veronica _ mars / pilot _ 84. php. for more on the series, see rhonda v. wilcox and sue turnbull, eds., investigating veronica mars : essays on the teen detective series ( jefferson, nc : mcfarland, 2011 ). \u00b6 60 leave a comment on paragraph 60 0 rob thomas interview on television without pity, march 8, 2005, http : / / www. televisionwithoutpity. com / show / veronica _ mars / the _ rob _ thomas _ interview _ part. php. \u00b6 61 leave a comment on paragraph 61 0 the line \u201c that \u2019 s where i come in \u201d is distinctly featured in the 1967 relaunch of dragnet, although it certainly must appear in episodes of the show \u2019 s 1950s radio or television run, which are less widely available now. interestingly, the line also appears in the 1955 pilot of gunsmoke, a western featuring a dragnet - style introductory voiceover by marshall dillon. \u00b6 66 leave a comment on paragraph 66 0 robyn r. warhol, having a good cry : effeminate feelings and pop - culture forms ( columbus : ohio state university press, 2003 ). warhol is careful to distinguish between \u201c effeminate \u201d audiences and pleasures versus \u201c female \u201d identity, as she acknowledges that such modes of address and consumption are not essential to a person \u2019 s gender identity. she uses \u201c anti - effeminate \u201d not to suggest hostility toward effeminate pleasures, but because she contends there is no corresponding term evoking a masculine mode of affect and emotion. \u00b6 67 leave a comment on paragraph 67 0 charting a clear gendered dichotomy between anti - effeminate crime fiction and effeminate romance is clearly an oversimplification, as both literary and televisual examples in recent decades have blurred this boundary. see sue turnbull, \u201c ` nice dress, take it off \u2019 : crime, romance and the pleasure of the text, \u201d international journal of cultural studies 5, no. 1 ( january 1, 2002 ) : 67 - 82, for a discussion of such blending in crime literature. yet despite this recent blurring, highlighting the traditional gendered associations of these genres helps us understand how veronica mars productively com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088212262350229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.927001"} {"text": ", no. 1 ( january 1, 2002 ) : 67 - 82, for a discussion of such blending in crime literature. yet despite this recent blurring, highlighting the traditional gendered associations of these genres helps us understand how veronica mars productively complicates assumed appeals and pleasures of serial form. - \u00b6 69 leave a comment on paragraph 69 0 - 1 i discuss pilots more in jason mittell, television and american culture ( new york : oxford university press, 2010 ) ; see pages 46 - 52 for a discussion of the industrial practices of pilot production, and pages 258 - 67 for a detailed analysis of lost \u2019 s pilot. - 2 see the television without pity recap for a description of the originally aired pilot at http : / / www. televisionwithoutpity. com / show / veronica _ mars / pilot _ 84. php. for more on the series, see rhonda v. wilcox and sue turnbull, eds., investigating veronica mars : essays on the teen detective series ( jefferson, nc : mcfarland, 2011 ). - 3 see rob thomas \u2019 s site at http : / / www. slaverats. com /. - 4 rob thomas interview on television without pity, march 8, 2005, http : / / www. televisionwithoutpity. com / show / veronica _ mars / the _ rob _ thomas _ interview _ part. php. - 5 the line \u201c that \u2019 s where i come in \u201d is distinctly featured in the 1967 relaunch of dragnet, although it certainly must appear in episodes of the show \u2019 s 1950s radio or television run, which are less widely available now. interestingly, the line also appears in the 1955 pilot of gunsmoke, a western featuring a dragnet - style introductory voiceover by marshall dillon. - 6 david bordwell, narration in the fiction film ( madison : university of wisconsin press, 1985 ). - 7 http : / / tvtropes. org / pmwiki / pmwiki. php / main / howwegothere. - 8 noel carroll, \u201c narrative closure, \u201d philosophical studies 135, no. 1 ( 2007 ) : 1 - 15. - 9 showrunner rob thomas describes these contractual obligations in his interview with television without pity, march 8, 2005, http : / / www. televisionwithoutpity. com / show / veronica _ mars / the _ rob _ thomas _ interview _ part. php? page = 10. - 10 robyn r. warhol, having a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4642600103311503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.929207"} {"text": "8, 2005, http : / / www. televisionwithoutpity. com / show / veronica _ mars / the _ rob _ thomas _ interview _ part. php? page = 10. - 10 robyn r. warhol, having a good cry : effeminate feelings and pop - culture forms ( columbus : ohio state university press, 2003 ). warhol is careful to distinguish between \u201c effeminate \u201d audiences and pleasures versus \u201c female \u201d identity, as she acknowledges that such modes of address and consumption are not essential to a person \u2019 s gender identity. she uses \u201c anti - effeminate \u201d not to suggest hostility toward effeminate pleasures, but because she contends there is no corresponding term evoking a masculine mode of affect and emotion. - 11 charting a clear gendered dichotomy between anti - effeminate crime fiction and effeminate romance is clearly an oversimplification, as both literary and televisual examples in recent decades have blurred this boundary. see sue turnbull, \u201c ` nice dress, take it off \u2019 : crime, romance and the pleasure of the text, \u201d international journal of cultural studies 5, no. 1 ( january 1, 2002 ) : 67 - 82, for a discussion of such blending in crime literature. yet despite this recent blurring, highlighting the traditional gendered associations of these genres helps us understand how veronica mars productively complicates assumed appeals and pleasures of serial form. - 12 janice radway, reading the romance : women, patriarchy, and popular literature ( chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 1984 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5187484270906602, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.929947"} {"text": "guidelines for ventilator use help premature infants breathe easier guidelines that reduce the use of mechanical ventilation with premature infants in favor of a gentler form of respiratory support can profoundly affect those children ' s outcomes while reducing the cost of care, according to a team of researchers at children ' s hospital boston. the team, led by bernadette levesque, md, of the division of newborn medicine at children ' s hospital boston and the neonatal intensive care unit ( nicu ) at st. elizabeth ' s medical center in boston, published their findings today online in pediatrics. children ' s operates the nicu at st. elizabeth ' s as part of its efforts to promote community access to pediatric care. babies born prematurely are often placed promptly on a mechanical ventilator with a tube in the airway ( intubation ) and with supplemental oxygen to help their immature lungs breathe. the excess pressure placed on the infant ' s lungs can lead to ventilator - induced inflammation, scarring, and potentially bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( bpd ), a disabling chronic lung disease. \" while they are sometimes necessary, both supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation are essentially toxic to premature babies ' lungs, \" said levesque, who is also an instructor in pediatrics at harvard medical school. \" these guidelines really represent five different interventions aimed at limiting those exposures. \" the study centered on five care guidelines intended to encourage the use of a \" bubble \" continuous positive airway pressure ( bcpap ) system, rather than mechanical ventilators, and limit exposure to supplemental oxygen. the bcpap system delivers warmed, humidified oxygen in a way that inflates a premature infant ' s lungs more gently. the five guidelines exclusive use of bcpap, provision of bcpap in the delivery room, strict intubation criteria, strict extubation criteria, and prolonged cpap with avoidance of nasal cannula oxygen before 35 weeks of age were implemented in the st. elizabeth ' s nicu by children ' s staff in 2007. \" there is a long - standing but growing movement away from the use of mechanical ventilators with these children, and while there have been other large studies, they have only focused on provision of cpap in the delivery room, \" levesque noted. \" that ' s not the whole story, and we think that by putting all five in place at the same time we are giving these children more complete support. \" the researchers compared the outcomes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4461811957756751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.937464"} {"text": "neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 classical and quantum mechanics via lie algebras apr 15, 2011 i ' d like to open a discussion thread for version 2 of the draft of my book ' ' classical and quantum mechanics via lie algebras ' ', available online at http : / / lanl. arxiv. org / abs / 0810. 1019, and for the... - more from physics forums - independent research more news stories siemens has presented the world ' s first ultrasound system with wireless transducers. the system ' s transducers, which can be easily operated with one hand, transmit ultrasound images via radio waves to the... other 25 seconds ago | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) \u2014 a woman who lost both hands, her left leg and right foot after contracting a flesh - eating disease has been fitted with prosthetic hands. other may 18, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 ( ap ) \u2014 medical marijuana use in illinois is now in gov. pat quinn ' s hands after the state senate approved legislation. other may 17, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 a nigerian court on friday sentenced two officials from a pharmaceutical company to seven years in prison over the sale of an adulterated teething drug which killed 84 babies in 2008. other may 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 ( healthday ) \u2014 many americans feel that keeping out - of - pocket health care costs is more important than staying with the same primary care physician. other may 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 when tumours metastasise, they can block lymphatic vessels, as researchers from eth zurich have discovered using a new method. the lymphatic fluid subsequently has to find a new path through the tissue. such... 41 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 flinders university researchers are breaking new ground in a decade - long journey to pinpoint the function of two closely related proteins. 31 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 scientists at king ' s college london have discovered that vitamin d has the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5954593369217976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.939799"} {"text": "breaking new ground in a decade - long journey to pinpoint the function of two closely related proteins. 31 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 scientists at king ' s college london have discovered that vitamin d has the potential to significantly reduce the symptoms of asthma. the study, led by professor catherine hawrylowicz from... 20 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 patients with the most severe and dangerous form of chronic anorexia are more likely to make a significant improvement towards recovery and stay in therapy if traditional psychological treatments are re - focused... 20 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 every 20 seconds, a limb is lost as a consequence of diabetic foot ulcer that does not heal. to date, medical solutions that can change this situation are very limited. in his doctoral thesis yue shen from the industrial... 40 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 ( medical xpress ) \u2014 the feared legionella pneumophila is responsible for legionellosis, an infectious disease that can lead to pneumonia. to infect humans, this pathogen has developed a complex method that allows it to camouflage... 50 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5141099519022005, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.940291"} {"text": "hunger and hormones determine food ' s appeal ( medical xpress ) - - its been said that there are two kinds of eating : eating to survive, or satisfy hunger, and eating for pleasure. the pathways in the brain that control each urge have been studied independently. but now, research by howard hughes medical institute investigator jeffrey m. friedman of rockefeller university provides evidence that the two pathways are closely intertwined. by activating regions of the brain linked to food - related pleasure, friedman and colleagues discovered how the brain mediates the link between food preferences and hunger. their findings were published online november 13, 2011, in the journal nature neuroscience. appetite based on hunger, friedman discovered in the 1990s, is mediated in part by a hormone called leptin. when a mouse loses weight or is food - deprived, leptin levels fall, leading to an increase of food intake. likewise, leptin levels rise in an animal after weight gain with a corresponding reduction of food intake. the available evidence further indicates that leptin plays the same role in humans. other researchers have shown that when people are eating, the brains so - called reward center is involved. eating a food that tastes goodsuch as sugar is known to activate that areas dopamine ( da ) neurons, which are also turned on by other pleasurable stimuli such as sex and cocaine. friedman and his colleague ana domingos suspected that changes in leptin concentration might affect these pathways in the brain and thus influence how much one likes food. the high reward value of sugar and other pleasurable foods presents an obvious challenge to dieters, and understanding leptins effects on eating for pleasure might suggest opportunities to intervene with potential therapies that reduce food cravings and diminish the risk of diet relapse, domingos says. friedman and domingos wanted to investigate these questions in mice. to do so, they needed to find a way to ask a mouse how much it liked sugar. if i put a can of coke, orange soda, or diet coke in front of you, you could taste them and tell me which you liked best, says friedman. you cant do that with an animal. so friedman and domingos collaborated with hhmi early career scientist karl deisseroth at stanford university, who has developed a way to use a laser beam to turn on subsets of neurons at any time in the brain of a living mouse brain. friedman and domingos engineered mice so that da neurons were activated when the laser was switched on by consuming liquids at a sipper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5066417530852703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.953660"} {"text": "way to use a laser beam to turn on subsets of neurons at any time in the brain of a living mouse brain. friedman and domingos engineered mice so that da neurons were activated when the laser was switched on by consuming liquids at a sipper, which tracks the number of licks an animal takes. by allowing the mice to control the activation of the da neurons by licking, the researchers could get the mouse to like the associated drink. then, they could determine whether that artificial activation of the reward pathway overpowered the reward signals the animal received from eating certain nutrients at a different sipper. friedman and domingos call the choice between self - induced activation of dopamine neurons or a sweetener such as sucrose an assay for liking. with the system in place, the scientists exposed mice to different pairs of three different drinks : one with sucrosenatural table sugar ; one with the artificial sweetener sucralose ; and one with water. normally, mice will prefer sucrose over sucralose and both sweeteners over water. but when the mice drank the water, the laser was switched on, activating their da neurons and sending a reward signal to the animals brain. in the first choice between sucrose and laser, the mice still preferred sucrose to the water coupled to lasersuggesting that it naturally provides more reward than that conferred by direct activation of dopamine neurons. in contrast, the mice demonstrated no preference between water accompanied by the laser activation and sucralose. when sucralose and sucrose are pitted against each other, mice choose the natural, calorie - containing sucrose the majority of the time. but when friedman and his colleagues engineered the laser to turn on da neurons when the mice drank sucralose, the mice began to prefer the artificial drink, sipping from the sucralose 84 percent of the time, indicating that the extra da activation had shifted an animals preference from sucrose to sucralose. domingos says the findings help explain why, according to the us department of agriculture, natural sweeteners have consistently outsold artificial sweeteners ever since artificial sweeteners were introduced in 1947. this experiment shows that we prefer sugar to artificial sweeteners because of sugars actions in the brain, not only in the tongue. when we artificially add those actions to sucralose, then animals will like the artificial sweetener more, she says. to test whether levels of lept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5446855709878786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.954740"} {"text": "or protein that we asked for sucrose and sucralose. or test whether an animal has a liking for particular nutrients that it is deficient in. provided by howard hughes medical institute - brain ' s ' sixth sense ' for calories discovered mar 26, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - voluntary exercise by animals prevents weight gain, despite high - fat diet may 18, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - leptin - controlled gene can reverse diabetes jan 05, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - sugar : just how bad is it? may 04, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - sweet temptation : brain signals amplify desire for sugary treats jun 14, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 pressure - volume curve : elastic recoil pressure don ' t make sense may 18, 2013 from pressure - volume curve of the lung and chest wall ( attached photo ), i don ' t understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... if you became brain - dead, would you want them to pull the plug? may 17, 2013 i ' d want the rest of me to stay alive. sure it ' s a lousy way to live but it beats being all - the - way dead. maybe if i make it 20 years they ' ll... mri bill question may 15, 2013 dear pfers, the hospital gave us a $ 12k bill for one mri ( head with contrast ). the people i talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... ratio of hydrogen of oxygen in dessicated animal protein may 13, 2013 as an experiment, for the past few months i ' ve been consuming at least one portion of jell - o or unflavored knox gelatin per day. i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.526121319195098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.957024"} {"text": "ratio of hydrogen of oxygen in dessicated animal protein may 13, 2013 as an experiment, for the past few months i ' ve been consuming at least one portion of jell - o or unflavored knox gelatin per day. i ' m 64, in very... alcohol and acetaminophen may 13, 2013 edit : sorry for the typo in the title, can ' t edit i looked around on google quite a bit and it ' s very hard to find precise information on the... marie curie ' s leukemia may 13, 2013 does anyone know what might be the cause of marie curie ' s cancer - more from physics forums - medical sciences more news stories for combat veterans suffering from post - traumatic stress disorder, ' fear circuitry ' in the brain never rests chronic trauma can inflict lasting damage to brain regions associated with fear and anxiety. previous imaging studies of people with post - traumatic stress disorder, or ptsd, have shown that these brain regions can over - or... neuroscience may 18, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | the neural machinery underlying our olfactory sense continues to be an enigma for neuroscience. a recent review in neuron seeks to expand traditional ideas about how neurons in the olfactory bulb might encode information about... neuroscience may 17, 2013 | 4 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 what if the quality of your work depends more on your focus on the piano keys or canvas or laptop than your musical or painting or computing skills? if target users can be convinced, they... neuroscience may 17, 2013 | 3. 7 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | neurological disorders can have a devastating impact on the lives of sufferers and their families. neuroscience may 17, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | if you ' re a left - brain thinker, chances are you use your right hand to hold your cell phone up to your right ear, according to a newly published study from henry ford hospital in detroit. neuroscience may 16, 2013 | 2 / 5 ( 2 ) | 0 | melbourne researchers have identified an immune protein that has the potential to stop or reverse the development of type 1 diabetes in its early stages, before insulin - producing cells have been destroyed. 56 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | when tumours metastasise, they can block lymphatic vessels, as researchers from eth zurich have discovered using a new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5394626489033052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.959300"} {"text": "insulin - producing cells have been destroyed. 56 minutes ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | when tumours metastasise, they can block lymphatic vessels, as researchers from eth zurich have discovered using a new method. the lymphatic fluid subsequently has to find a new path through the tissue. such... 10 seconds ago | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 the feared legionella pneumophila is responsible for legionellosis, an infectious disease that can lead to pneumonia. to infect humans, this pathogen has developed a complex method that allows it to camouflage... 9 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 finnish researchers have shown that genetic marker information can improve risk evaluation of coronary heart disease. the study comprised over 24, 000 finnish subjects and was led by professor samuli ripatti. the results revealed... 6 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 ( medical xpress ) \u2014 a powerful new way of imaging kidneys is providing scientists with insights into the importance of the body ' s filtering system and how it is affected by cardiovascular disease, stroke and... 9 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 a new study conducted using extensive medical records of over one million israeli adolescents before military service shows clearly how exposure to the israeli sun of young, light - skinned children increases substantially... 8 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49909152428061476, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.961025"} {"text": "a muscle strain is an injury ( partial tear ) that damages the internal structure of the muscle. the tearing may be so small that one could only see it with a microscope. however, the tearing could be severe enough to cause internal bleeding and cause some muscle fibers to lengthen. if the damaged parts of the muscle actually pull away from each other, it is called a muscle rupture. a muscle strain is caused by tension or stress applied to the muscle that it cannot withstand. there are several ways that this can happen : - muscle may not be ready for sudden stress - tension may be too much for the muscle to bear ( such as, lifting a weight that is too heavy for you ) - muscle is used too much on a certain day certain areas have muscles that are more likely to be strained than others including : muscles that cross two joints are at risk. a risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. risk factors for a muscle strain include : - athletic activities, especially those with running and jumping - tight muscles - cold weather symptoms depend on how you strained the muscle. strain while performing an athletic or physical activity you immediately feel soreness or pain in the affected muscle. if you try to use that muscle it hurts even more. the area becomes tender, and often has local swelling. in the most severe cases, there may be a skin bruise showing because of bleeding underneath. moving the nearby joints causes pain. running and lifting are common activities that cause this type of muscle strain. strain from an accumulation of stress when you do an activity that your body is not used to doing, the muscles are not in shape for that kind of activity. there may not be one specific incident during the activity when you feel pain, but the next day a muscle or set of muscles may be very sore. the muscle will be tender, and using it causes pain or discomfort. the doctor will ask about your symptoms, your recent physical activity, and how the injury occurred. the doctor will also examine the injured area for : - tenderness directly over the muscle - pain when contracting the muscle particularly against resistance tests may include : - mri scan \u2014 a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of structures inside the body ( this is uncommon for most people. usually this is done with college or professional athletes to determine when they will return to their sport. ) - ultrasound \u2014 a test that uses sound waves to examine the body - ct scan \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to take pictures of structures inside the body treatment depends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5351164073361276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.967507"} {"text": "professional athletes to determine when they will return to their sport. ) - ultrasound \u2014 a test that uses sound waves to examine the body - ct scan \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to take pictures of structures inside the body treatment depends on the severity of the strain and the muscle involved. treatment usually includes : - rest \u2014 do not do activities that cause pain. if normal walking hurts, shorten your stride. do not play sports until the pain is gone. - ice \u2014 apply cold to the injured area for 15 - 20 minutes, four times a day for several days after the injury. do not apply the cold directly to the skin. - compression and elevation \u2014 this can decrease swelling. - oral nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) to relieve pain and topical pain medicines ( such as, creams, patches ) applied to the skin \u2014 these medicines can also mask symptoms. if you still have muscle tenderness while taking these drugs, do not return to physical activity and check with your doctor. - heat \u2014 use heat only when you are returning to activity. then use it before stretching or getting ready to exercise. - stretching \u2014 when the acute pain is gone, start gentle stretching. stay within pain limits. hold each stretch about 10 seconds and repeat six times. repeat stretching four times a day. - strengthening \u2014 when a muscle is injured, it becomes weaker because it is not used. you must gradually regain strength. it is best to do this under the supervision of a healthcare professional. if you are diagnosed with a strained muscle, follow your doctor ' s instructions. to reduce your chance of straining a muscle : - keep your muscles strong so they can absorb the energy of sudden stressful activities. - after a short warm - up period, stretch out tight muscles, especially previously injured ones. - learn the proper technique for athletic activities. this will decrease muscle stress. - stop when you are tired. tired muscles do not function well. they do not react properly to sudden stress. - reviewer : kari kassir, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 92 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4482719423225018, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.968788"} {"text": "section i : teaching english in china continued \u2014 teaching employment china ' s land mass is slightly smaller than that of the continental united states with climatic conditions ranging from subarctic in the north ( e. g., heilongjiang province ) to subtropical in the south ( i. e., hainan island and province ). which region you choose should depend heavily on your tolerance ( or preference ) for either very hot or frigidly cold climates. paradoxically ( and counterintuitively ), the northern regions, with the most frigidly cold and arid winters, tend to have the most oppressively hot and humid summers as well. as stated earlier in the preface, china comprises 23 provinces ( including taiwan ), five autonomous regions ( guangxi, inner mongolia, ningxia, tibet and xinjiang ), four central administrative municipalities ( beijing, chongqing, shanghai and tianjin ) and two special administrative regions ( hong kong and macau ). each province and region has something of a different feel and a history of its own, with varying local customs, sensibilities, standards and social norms, and every chinese national can readily tell you what his or her hometown and province is \" famous \" for \u2014 and it appears that every city in china is famous for something. before you start answering ads for teaching jobs in china, you should first give some thought to your preferred climate as well as the size of the city you would care to live in. larger international cities such as beijing, shanghai and guangzhou offer the greatest degree of diversity in western food, other amenities and creature comforts, not to mention an active nightlife, as well as many other foreigners to communicate with while, in some smaller ( especially inland rural ) cities, even the omnipresent mcdonald ' s may be hard to come by. also keep in mind that, as a rule, the more desirable the climate and living conditions are, the more selective the school can afford to be and, thus, those without degrees and experience will not be as competitive for the best jobs or, perhaps, any job in the most sought after locations ( typically in the southern and southeastern regions of china ). however, this limitation can often be overcome by a physical appearance, i. e., the ability to interview in person, especially if the school is in a rush to hire. while smaller cities in the north and west of china can afford less qualified teachers \u2014 as well as non - white, non - native speakers \u2014 an opportunity to teach english in china, they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4142627831062017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.980809"} {"text": "person, especially if the school is in a rush to hire. while smaller cities in the north and west of china can afford less qualified teachers \u2014 as well as non - white, non - native speakers \u2014 an opportunity to teach english in china, they also tend to be the most provincial and xenophobic, presenting foreign teachers with some of the greatest challenges to adjustment they can possibly face. not surprisingly, the two provinces with the most desirable climatic conditions ( yunnan, with its \" eternal spring \" city of kunming, and the sub - tropical island of hainan province, home of the annual miss world beauty pageant in sanya with climatic conditions resembling those of south florida ) offer some of the lowest salaries for foreign teachers in the country. another issue you will want to keep in mind when selecting a teaching location in china has to do with the country ' s ubiquitous problem with air and water pollution. while it is true that every major industrial power in the world has developed at the expense of its own environment, it is also true that china ' s pollution problem has broken all records. according to its ministry of health, cancer caused by air and water pollution is now china ' s leading cause of death. according to the new york times, \" ambient air pollution alone is blamed for hundreds of thousands of deaths each year and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. only 1 percent of the country ' s 560 million city dwellers breathe air considered safe by the european union \" ( kahn and yardley, 2007 ). air quality charts derived from satellite data provided by the european space agency reveal that beijing and neighboring areas of northern china have the worst levels of sulfur dioxide pollution on the planet \u2014 due to a 50 percent increase in emissions over the past 10 years. and, according to the world bank organization, china is home to 16 of the world ' s 20 cities with the worst air pollution. finally, research conducted by the chinese academy on environmental planning reveals that 100 million people live in cities where the pollution reaches \" very dangerous \" levels ( watts, 2006 ). a big part of the problem is that china relies heavily on coal for about two - thirds of its energy needs. it has abundant supplies of coal and already burns more of it than the united states, europe and japan combined. a related problem is that china ' s industrial technology is antiquated and grossly inefficient, and uses up to 50 percent more energy than related industries do in the west. however, even many of its newest coal - fired power plants and industrial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4735408733092755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.982096"} {"text": "is that china ' s industrial technology is antiquated and grossly inefficient, and uses up to 50 percent more energy than related industries do in the west. however, even many of its newest coal - fired power plants and industrial furnaces operate inefficiently and use pollution controls considered inadequate in western countries ( kahn & yardley, 2007 ). when considering job offers, it is also important to consider the quality of the air you will be breathing for the next 12 months. as a rule, any city in china that is known for its industrial production will also have a concomitantly poor api ( air pollution index ). in terms of air quality by region, the northeast of china will have considerably poorer air quality, overall, than eastern, southeastern, and coastal regions. if you are prone to respiratory infections, asthma or other pulmonary disorders, you should pay a great deal of attention to the air quality of the particular city you are considering accepting a job in. if you do accept a position in the northeast or in an otherwise polluted city in a different region, by all means bring along at least three courses of antibiotic treatment with you to china. see unit on healthcare in china for more information. finally, the china institute of public and environmental affairs monitors pollution levels throughout the entire country and publishes its findings online. an english version of the site is available and it is suggested that you check the various pollution levels of any city you are unfamiliar with before accepting a position there. china is not turning a blind eye to its rather serious pollution problem. in march 2004, president hu jintao first endorsed the idea of fostering a \" scientific concept of development, \" a slogan intended to suggest that in pursuing growth china should pay more attention to such issues as the environment and the depletion of natural resources ( economist, 2005 ). and there is every indication that this message was far more than just political rhetoric. china has implemented numerous changes in law and administrative policies intended to clean up its environment. just over the past few months, for example, china placed a ban on the use of thin plastic bags in january 2008 and, a month later, imposed a heavy carbon emissions tax on industries that fail to comply with new environmental protection regulations. in fact, the country is spending billions of dollars ( usd ) per year to address the problem of air and water pollution in response to the concern of it citizenry. a recent poll revealed that more than 10 percent of all chinese list environmental concerns as the nation ' s number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4806151777577391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.983315"} {"text": "is spending billions of dollars ( usd ) per year to address the problem of air and water pollution in response to the concern of it citizenry. a recent poll revealed that more than 10 percent of all chinese list environmental concerns as the nation ' s number one issue ( as opposed to only 4 percent of all americans who list the environment as a primary concern ). air and water pollution is the fourth highest concern among the chinese after health care, employment, and the income - gap. according to the poll, the chinese rank environmental concerns higher than corruption, social security, housing prices, and the cost of education ( mongabay. com, 2008 ). the point is, improving the environment is not an issue the chinese are taking lightly. not unlike the mason - dixon line that invisibly divides the north from the south in the united states \u2014 with people of each region having their own identity as either a northerner or a southerner \u2014 china also has its own such line of division generally defined to be the qinling mountains and huai river ( huai he ) : also agriculturally referred to as the wheat / rice ( i. e., north / south ) division. like the united states, northern and southern chinese harbor both negative and positive stereotypes of one another, e. g., northerners are taller and bigger and have lighter skin, while southerners are shorter and smaller and have darker skin. skin color, as is true across asia, is a major concern to the chinese and most chinese women carry parasols with them throughout the summer months to prevent tanning. for primarily this reason, in the warmer coastal regions of china, most chinese will not go to the beach before 4 : 30 to 5 : 00 p. m., or until the sun begins to set. and even within major cities, you will find \" northern vs. southern \" stereotypes, e. g., beijing northerners are more cultured and sophisticated than their southern counterparts, etc. the standardized form of spoken chinese and the official language of the people ' s republic of china, as well as the republic of china ( taiwan ), is standard mandarin ( putonghua or guo2 yu3 ), based on the beijing dialect. however, there are between six to 12 main regional groups of chinese ( depending on which classification schema you read ), with mandarin, by far, being the most prevalent ( spoken by approximately 836 million people ). in descending order of prevalence, the other major groups are wu ( 77 million ), cantonese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47393529105502685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.984503"} {"text": "chinese ( depending on which classification schema you read ), with mandarin, by far, being the most prevalent ( spoken by approximately 836 million people ). in descending order of prevalence, the other major groups are wu ( 77 million ), cantonese ( or yue4 yu3 at 71 million ), and min ( 60 million ; kane, 2006, p. 136 ; see map of linguistic groupings below ). to further complicate matters, virtually every province outside of the northeast has its own unique dialect ( e. g., in the way people from the state of georgia will speak english differently than those from new york ), as well as its own language, e. g., shanghai hua4, anhui hua, and hainan hua, etc. ( the last of which has nine tones : two more than cantonese and five more than standard putonghua ). thus it is accurate, although probably not politically correct, to think of every region as bilingual. the differences between the language groups are primarily spoken : the written forms are predominantly the same, and often you will observe cantonese - speaking natives of guangdong province and hong kong using a pen and paper to communicate with mandarin - speaking chinese. for those who are planning to formally study putonghua in china, the general consensus is that it is best to study in beijing or the northeast of china, e. g., shenyang, where standard beijing dialect is spoken. while it is true that standard mandarin is taught at all universities across china \u2014 often by faculty who hail from many different provinces \u2014 the essential advantage to studying putonghua in the northeast of china is that you will be immersed in the standard dialect after you leave the classroom instead of being surrounded by a non - standard dialect and, far worse, a second regional language altogether. by way of a personal example, and as an illustration of the effects of regional differences in language, i had lived and worked in hainan province for four years and acquired a vocabulary sufficient enough with which to communicate basic needs. i was able to converse comfortably with taxi drivers and waitresses, for example, and no one ever had any difficulty understanding my putonghua until i moved to guangzhou ( guangdong province ) that is. now, i must repeat myself numerous times and if the person is a native of guangdong, it is very likely they will never understand me at all ( those born in the north and northeast do, however ). i must have unconsciously acquired something of a hainanese dialect to my speech, just enough to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47809785464163534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.985555"} {"text": "some thomson junior high students got a warm, fuzzy feeling while doing their math. and they ' re sharing that feeling with cancer patients. eighth - graders designed paper quilt squares using congruent pairs of right triangles cut from various sized squares. the math lesson was learned, and many others followed - - lessons of meaningful purpose, collaborative relationships, kindness and generosity. as a result, 35 real quilts will be donated to the children ' s oncology floor at the medical college of georgia. \" i think they ' re pretty, \" eighth - grader tierra collins said. \" and it ' s good to help the sick children. \" math coach sonya strong came up with the idea, which was inspired by retired teacher \" mrs. nicholson \" who made a quilt for mrs. strong ' s young daughter, sky, when she was going through radiation treatments for brain cancer several years ago. \" this quilt is still very special to sky today, \" mrs. strong said. \" she still asks for it and uses it. \" mrs. strong and history teacher vicki nicholson co - wrote a grant application for funds to make the quilts. the project was then approved by the mcduffie county board of education. making shapes and collages from cuts of colored paper is something teachers are accustomed to. transferring them to cloth and running them through a sewing machine was unfamiliar territory. assistant principal neal tam went to work and found some quilters called the \" busy bees \" at philadelphia united methodist church in harlem. \" we are so grateful to mr. tam. without his assistance and diligence, we would not have ever known about the busy bees, \" mrs. strong said. busy bees chris miller, janeth hitt, jana kennedy and roberta harris made child - sized quilts, using the students ' paper quilt squares as the patterns. the ladies brought several of the finished quilts to the school last week. \" when the busy bees brought the quilts in, the kids gave them a standing ovation, \" mrs. strong said. \" the quilts exceeded anything we imagined. \" not only was the project used to teach math concepts, but it was incorporated into history class where the students were learning about slavery in america - - quilts were used as maps for escapes to freedom via the underground railroad. \" to help these kids understand the georgia performance standards while building character is so special, \" mrs. strong said. \" it was all inspired by mrs. nicholson. she is very much missed here ( at thomson - mcduffie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45016852961836806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.988171"} {"text": "the baking industry is chock full of old ovens, many of which have been around for 20, 30, 40 and even 50 years. the baking industry also is full of new ovens with old designs. although ovens may appear shiny on the outside, their baking chambers and control systems merely are repeats of old designs with slight modifications at best. however, a new breed of ovens slowly is infiltrating the baking industry. these ovens apply the latest advancements in electronic controls and challenge common design theories. these ovens bake, control and manage energy consumption better than old ovens. more importantly, they solve common problems that plague most ovens in the industry. when purchasing your next oven, make sure it addresses the following issues : 1 ) baking chamber : for years, baking chambers have been painted steel finishes. but is this necessarily the most efficient method? one oven manufacturer says no, and has designed an oven that uses stainless steel in its baking chamber to improve the radiant heating process. 2 ) burners and ignition systems : as energy prices continue to skyrocket, any measure designed to save energy pays big dividends. as ovens are major consumers of energy, bakers should examine new ovens carefully to ensure that they have the capabilities to monitor burners. in older ovens, if a burner fails to ignite, gas continues to be sent to the burner. new ovens feature control systems that automatically turn the burners \u2019 valves off if they do not ignite, which reduces gas consumption. in addition, ovens with advanced electronic controls also alert operators that a burner is malfunctioning. a baker also should make sure an oven \u2019 s burners are electronically controlled through plc \u2019 s, which provide independent burner controls. this measure reduces gas consumption by shutting off and turning on burners during the bake cycle to maintain consistent temperatures throughout the oven. 3 ) controls : oven control is one of the most important aspects of baking, and one of the biggest advancements in new ovens. whereas old ovens use switches to control baking, new ovens feature encoder control systems that are controlled through a plc. this allows bakers to change an oven parameter automatically through a plc, instead of manually modifying switches. \" your operator has more control over the oven, hence more even baking and less energy usage, \" one oven manufacturer says. ovens with operator interfaces used in conjunction with plc \u2019 s also provide bakers enhanced controls to better manage product changeovers. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4600208334492131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.991317"} {"text": "talos was a giant creature made of bronze in greek mythology, that some writers say was the last survivor from the bronze age of man. from greek \u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 ; lat. talus there are suppositions that the name \" talos \" in the old cretan language meant the sun, and that zeus was known in crete by the similar name of zeus tallaios. according to one version of the myths he was created in sardinia by hephaestus on zeus ' command, who gave him to the cretan king minos. in another version talos came to crete with zeus to watch over his love europa, and minos received him as a gift from her. talos ' purpose was to run from his seat in phaestos around the island three times a day and to throw rocks at any foreign ship coming to crete without permission. when people from sardinia attempted to invade crete, talos made himself glow in the fire and he clutched the soldiers in a fiery embrace with a wild grimace, burning them to death. this led to the term \" sardonic grin. \" talos was a very strong creature that had but one weak spot on his body, the vein in his ankle. his bronze body was kept alive by an ichor contained in that single vein. when the nail is removed, talos ' s ichor flows out, exsanguinating and killing him. according to apollodorus, talos was slain either when medea the sorceress drove him mad with drugs, deceived him that she would make him immortal by removing the nail, or was killed by poeas ' s arrow. in the argonautica, medea hypnotizes him from the argo, driving him mad so that he dislodges the nail himself and dies. talos had one vein which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by only one bronze nail. the argo, containing jason and the argonauts, approached crete after obtaining the golden fleece. as guardian of the island, talos kept the argo at bay by hurling great boulders at it. medea convinced talos that she would give him a secret potion that would make him immortal if he would let her stop on the island. talos agreed and drank the potion, and it made him fall asleep. medea went to him in his sleep and pulled the plug in his ankle, whereupon talos bled to death ( argonautica 4. 1638 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4045788261048921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.996627"} {"text": "on the island. talos agreed and drank the potion, and it made him fall asleep. medea went to him in his sleep and pulled the plug in his ankle, whereupon talos bled to death ( argonautica 4. 1638 ). other stories say that when medea tried to land on the island, talos scraped his ankle on a rock while trying to fight her off and bled to death. according to an entirely different version, talos was killed by the argonaut poeas, who shot him in the ankle with an arrow ( apollodorus 1. 140 ). the story is somewhat reminiscent of the story regarding the heel of achilles - achilles, like talos, could not be killed unless he was shot in the heel. from ancient times various versions of this myth existed. first of all, this bronze creature talos and his special anatomy represented a mythological transformation of a technique used for creating bronze statues, which was called \" lost wax. \" this process of making bronze figures was common after the 16th century bce in crete, especially at phaestos, which was believed to be the mythical dwelling of talos. according to apollodorus and argonautica, talos may have been a member of the ageg of bronze generation which had survived to the age of the demigods. europa took him to crete and he stayed there, circling the island ' s shore three times daily while guarding it. he threw rocks at any approaching ship. a political interpretation of the myth tells that talos is the minoan fleet armed with metallic weapons. when the greeks from the argo defeat him, the power of crete vanishes. robert graves suggests that this myth is based on a misinterpretation of a picture of athena demonstrating the lost wax process for casting bronze, which daedalus brought to sardinia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.36931600918184754, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:54.997615"} {"text": "i have been thinking lately about how many states and locations have unique record sets that can really give a boost to those doing slave research. for example, how slave births in virginia are recorded from the year 1853, and how maryland \u2019 s slave statistics name the last slaveowner as well as surnames for most slaves. they may not survive for every county within a state, but if they do, you \u2019 re in for a treat. for those who had enslaved ancestors in washington, d. c., a wonderful set of records exist. the national archives has the following : records of the u. s. circuit court for the district of columbia relating to slaves, 1851 - 1863 ( m433 ) - these rolls include emancipation, manumission papers, freedom affidavits, and fugitive slave case papers habeas corpus case records of the u. s. circuit court for the district of columbia, 1820 - 1863 ( m434 ) both of these first two have very good information for those of us descended from slaves. christine \u2019 s genealogy website has indexed parts of several of these records on her website : an even more exciting set of records exist. d. c. enacted an emancipation act in 1862 where the federal government agreed to pay slaveowners up to $ 300 for each slave laboring in d. c. slaveowners applied in droves. this created the record set : records of the board of commissioners for the emancipation of slaves in the district of columbia ( m520 ) these record sets include the petitions of each slaveowner to qualify under the terms of the act. in most cases, they provided very detailed physical descriptions of the slaves, what kind of work they did, and amazingly enough, the circumstances of where and how they acquired each slave. sometimes, that can take us years to discover, if we are ever able to discover it! they even oftentimes reveal those very precious relationships among enslaved ancestors that are so hard to come by. even luckier for us, dorothy provine has published all of these record sin a wonderful book i just purchased, \u201c compensated emancipation in the district of columbia \u201d. the book is available for purchase from heritage books. this book is well worth the purchase price. mrs. provine also produced a volume called \u201c district of columbia free negro registers, 1821 - 1861 \u201d. a few examples will illustrate the richness of the records ( these are abstracted, the originals are more detailed ) : - petition of alfred y. robinson, of pg county, md for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4619337136276485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.002249"} {"text": "district of columbia free negro registers, 1821 - 1861 \u201d. a few examples will illustrate the richness of the records ( these are abstracted, the originals are more detailed ) : - petition of alfred y. robinson, of pg county, md for edward humphrey, age 35 or 40, mulatto \u2026. robinson inherited him from his mother elizabeth robinson and has held him for over 30 years. - petition of william gunton, administrator for william a. gunton, for two slaves, joshua and hennie. the late william a. gunton purchased joshua from william tolson, hennie was a gift from john b. mullihan of pg county to his daughter upon her marriage to his son, william a. gunton on june 20, 1848. - petition of mary a. smoot, for two persons, henry and margaret. smoot \u2019 s grandmother, the late mrs. mary b. smoot, left these persons to her by a will that was recorded in d. c. in june 1857 - petition of matthew mcleod, for ellen cole, age 51 or 52. he acquired title from the will of his mother - in - law, mrs. mary manning of st. mary \u2019 s county, and later the will of his deceased wife. - petition of anna bradley for william and james ( brothers ). bradley acquired title from her mother. william and james \u2019 great - grandmother, patty (!!! ) was a slave of bradley \u2019 s mother, elizabeth ann king, long since deceased. her mother acquired patty from john hammond, her father (!!! ), late of annapolis, md. bradley states she also became the owner of jenny, the daughter, and of mary, the granddaughter of patty (!!! ). mary was the mother of william and james and thus they have belonged to bradley since their birth. aren \u2019 t these records incredible?? as you can see, many slaves were employed in d. c. but were owned by people living in maryland and virginia as well as a few other states. i found some important clues regarding several owners of my montgomery county, md ancestors, who also applied under the act. christine \u2019 s genealogy website also has an name index to these petitions on her website. i hope if d. c. is one of your research areas ( or someone you know ) you will check these records out. and keep hope alive \u2013 a record set like this may open up one day for your state and county. we can always hope, right?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43657670211424293, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.003249"} {"text": "william benzon is a cognitive scientist and jazz trumpeter. his book, beethoven ' s anvil : music in mind and culture, is a great introduction to the psychology of music. the sources are well - researched, and benzon makes clear distinctions between speculative theory and observed facts. this is particularly important, given his bias towards evolutionary psychology. part of the book is an effort to determine why humans evolved to \" musick \" \u2013 benzon ' s general term for all activities involving music : listening, performing, composing, dancing, etc. \u2013 with several theories presented and tied to observed phenomenon from anthropology, brain scans, and linguistics. but even if you think ep is a load of bunk, the preliminary steps benzon makes are interesting in their own right. he discusses the triune and split - brain models of the mind, manfred clynes ' sentics, rhythm perception, melody perception, auditory streaming, and the creative process. benzon has a very interesting thesis that \" music is a medium through which individual brains are coupled together in shared activity. \" ( p. 23 ) while there are many activities that require social interactions between individuals, music is special with its rhythmic component. repeated rhythmic patterns have been shown to entrain biological functions, including cognitive functions. and as music allows many people to take part in the entrainment, either as performers or as listeners, it is particularly effective in forming cohesive social bonds. this is his favorite theory of musical ep, that music evolved as a means of allowing humans to bond in larger and larger groups ( demes and macrodemes, as termed by linnda caporeal. ) benzon tells engaging stories of music - making, and explains the science aspects very clearly yet thoroughly. i think it is too geared to social psychology for me to adopt it as a classroom text, but i highly recommend it for anyone interested in the intersections of music and psychology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5707452075941388, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.005519"} {"text": "can captured carbon save coal - fired power? extracting carbon dioxide from power plant exhaust and storing it underground may be the only hope to avoid a climate change catastrophe caused by burning fossil fuels david biello, june 22, 2009 ( scientific american ) summary it is no wonder the dream of \u201c clean \u201d coal is so seductive. the use of coal as a fuel causes 40 % of all greenhouse gas emissions ( ghgs ) in the world. yet coal is especially abundant in the world \u2019 s biggest ghg - generating nations, china and the u. s. many of the same scientists whose opinions form the foundation of the climate science validating global climate change, like the international panel on climate change ( ipcc ), also believe the only way climate change can be stopped is by using carbon capture and sequestration ( ccs ) technology, or \u201c clean \u201d coal, to eliminate the ghg spew. there are important and prominent exceptions. james hansen, the nasa climate scientist who first called public attention to the significance of atmospheric ghg accumulations in the 1980s, staunchly opposes the use of coal in any form and has courageously committed acts of civil disobedience to stop it. the seductiveness of \" clean \" coal ' s promise is irresistable to politicians. leaders in the eu and australia have directed big investments in its development. the obama administration \u2019 s economic stimulus package allotted $ 3. 4 billion for \u201c clean \u201d coal r & d and h. r. 2454, the landmark energy and climate bill just approved by the u. s. house of representatives, allocated $ 60 billion more for \u201c clean coal \u201d test projects. click to enlarge recognizing that the coal plants that began operating after 2000 will generate more ghgs in their 50 - year lifetimes than all the human coal burning between the middle of the 18th century and the turn of the millennium, even the natural resources defense council ( nrdc ), the environmental defense fund ( edf ) and the clean air task force back legislation that funds \u201c clean \u201d coal r & d. their dream is of a technological breakthrough that will \" solve the problem \" of coal. the sierra club and greenpeace have their doubts. to bring the world \u2019 s ghg - concentration to 80 % below 1990 levels by 2050 \u2013 the ipcc \u2019 s prescription \u2013 requires immediate action. \u201c clean \u201d coal does not presently exist as a solution to rising ghgs and climate change. new energy and a whole science of energy efficiency are available right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4509742375780643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.069778"} {"text": "below 1990 levels by 2050 \u2013 the ipcc \u2019 s prescription \u2013 requires immediate action. \u201c clean \u201d coal does not presently exist as a solution to rising ghgs and climate change. new energy and a whole science of energy efficiency are available right now. investing in them will build an emissions - free new energy infrastructure immediately and grow technologies that actually exist right now instead of spending money on a seductive technology that may someday be of great service. why is there no \u201c clean \u201d coal? because it is too expensive. the international energy agency ( iea ) says bringing ccs technology up to speed will take at least $ 20 billion and 10 years. the american coalition for clean coal electricity ( accce ), a coal industry mouthpiece, says it will take $ 17 billion and 15 years. but the seductive promise of \" clean \" coal keeps the coal industry fired up. there are 2 distinct parts to \u201c clean \u201d coal : ( 1 ) capture and ( 2 ) sequestration. both have been shown to be possible - at a price. norway \u2019 s statoilhydro, with experience working the north sea oilfields since the 1980s, began taking the carbon dioxide ( co2 ) out of natural gas at its north sea sleipner field and pumping it back below the 250 - meter - thick band of sandstone formations 1, 000 meters under the ocean in 1996. about 12 million metric tons of co2 has been pumped into the sandstone, which has a relatively impermeable 200 - meter - thick layer of shale and mudstone over it. statoil monitors it closely. there has been no leakage in over a decade. the sleipner experiment. ( click to enlarge ) in 1986 at lake nyos in cameroon, 2 million metric tons of naturally sequestered co2 spontaneously vented, pushing away the oxygen in the air and suffocating 1, 000 nearby villagers. sonogram monitoring shows the once liquid co2 beneath sleipner is now a thin layer on the sandstone using 0. 0001 % of the available sequestration area. statoil recently began a similar sequestration project at the sn\u00f8hvit natural gas field in the barents sea, using a 150 - kilometer pipeline to inject co2 into the seabed. in 2004, bp partnered with statoil and others on the in salah natural gas field in algeria. they are pumping captured co2 into the underlying saline aquifer to stabilize the fields. where gas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4879082259927559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.071295"} {"text": "( in salah ) to more than $ 90 per metric ton ( gasification ). a new power plant burning pulverized coal and using amine scrubbers, according to a u. s. department of energy ( doe ) may 2007 estimate, could capture 90 % of its co2 and generate $ 114 per megawatt - hour ( mw - h ) electricity. plants without ccs generate $ 63 per mw - h electricity. doe estimated that the gasification method would generate $ 103 per mw - h electricity. this would add about $ 0. 04 per kilowatt - hour ( kw - h ) to a consumer \u2019 s utility bill, making coal as expensive or more expensive than wind - or natural gas - generated electricity. at these high prices, there are small plants capturing their co2 ( the 180 - mw warrior run power plant in maryland, the kingsport power plant in tennessee ). there are more such small - scale projects planned. vattenfall will expand the schwarze pumpe operation and convert janschwalde in germany and nordjylland in denmark by 2015. australia ( zerogen ) and china ( greengen ) are both building what they hope will be zero - emissions plants using gasification ( igcc ) technology. click to enlarge the obama administration plans to resurrect the futuregen project, a 275 - megawatt igcc plant that would theoretically capture 90 % of its ghgs. it was cancelled under president bush because of the cost. but doe now has stimulus money and energy / climate bill money and a loan guarantee program to foster ccs r & d projects like futuregen, regardless of the cost. duke energy will spend $ 2. 35 billion on a 630 - megawatt igcc plant in edwardsport, ind., that could be the first utility - scale ccs project. but it will only capture 18 % of its ghgs by 2013. it will likely cost a lot more to be more efficient. american electric power will capture 3 % of the ghgs from its 1, 300 - megawatt mountaineer power plant in west virginia later this year. it will inject the captured co2 3 kilometers underground. ( the locals, already organized to fight mountaintop removal mining processes, are not pleased. ) the erora group ( kentucky ), summit power ( west texas ), tenaska ( taylorville, ill., and sweetwater, tex. ), bp and southern company also have projects in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49132856808239705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.073297"} {"text": "removal mining processes, are not pleased. ) the erora group ( kentucky ), summit power ( west texas ), tenaska ( taylorville, ill., and sweetwater, tex. ), bp and southern company also have projects in the works, though many previous planned projects were set aside when the planners confronted the real costs involved. things may be different now, however. a lot of federal support is available and 2 federal policies, one requiring utilities to obtain emissions - free energy and another putting a price on emissions, make new projects potentially more economic. click to enlargecommentary the u. s. is thought to have 100 - years of storage capacity in its geologic reservoirs of permeable sandstone and deep saline aquifers. much of that storage capacity is near where many of the 4, 600 large industrial consumers burn coal in the u. s., in the midwest, southeast and west. sequestration of co2 may be relatively safe, as advocates contend. the co2 seems to dissolve into the substance of the sandstone and saline formations or, over longer spans, form carbonate minerals with the surrounding rock. because of this chemistry, some attempts to pump out co2 from trial sequestration sites failed completely. but no commercial insurance company has yet volunteered to take long - term financial responsibility for sequestration sites. if only governments will insure sequestration, the question of the cost \u2013 like the question of insuring nuclear power plants - comes into play. competing and much safer new energies will appear more expensive if the value of \" clean \" coal ' s federally underwritten insurance is not included in cost calculations. this is one of the ways the nuclear energy industry has deceptively created the impression its electricity is cost - competitive. the ipcc \u2019 s 2005 special report on ccs said a properly selected sequestration site should securely store at least 99 percent of the sequestered co2 for more than 1, 000 years. that \u2019 s going to be hard to validate, much less insure. igcc gasification. ( click to enlarge ) there are many potential sequestration sites, but if the world intends to continue relying on \u201c clean \u201d coal indefinitely, it will surely run out of affordable storage. it can also count on running out of economically recoverable coal, probably by the middle of this century, if not sooner. both of these limitations will make ccs coal - generated electricity more and more costly. on the other hand, the new energies that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46149058796668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.074254"} {"text": "can also count on running out of economically recoverable coal, probably by the middle of this century, if not sooner. both of these limitations will make ccs coal - generated electricity more and more costly. on the other hand, the new energies that are now just barely competive with ghg - spewing sources will only get technologically more sophisticated and cheaper \u2013 at least until the world starts running out of sun and wind and waves. in the near term, both statoil and bp expect to offset the costs of ccs by selling their captured co2 to the oil industry. enhanced oil recovery ( eor ) has been effective at increasing oil industry production over 10 % a day for over 3 decades. there are 100 + oil fields using the technique, so bp and statoil have a built in market ( including their own oil operations ). calculations show using captured co2 to enhance oil recovery does reduce overall ghg emissions 24 %. the extra captured oil, of course, generates ghgs when it is burned. but even though every recovered barrel of oil causes 0. 42 metric tons of co2, the recovery process requires 0. 52 - to - 0. 64 metric tons of co2. eor could cut u. s. ghgs 4 %. unless one of the sites leaks. another part of the ccs seduction is how much industry wants to be able to use it in the coming carbon - constrained economy. cement production, steel making, aluminum smelting, glass plants, chemical industries and many other crucial business processes generate large volumes of ghgs. finding a way to capture and resell their waste would be invaluable to such businesses and industries. they are no doubt very enthusiastic about governments ' willingness to do r & d on their behalf. they might even be inclined to invest in the effort to perfect the technology if a cap & trade system imposed a penalty for not having it and a reward for having it. or they might decide it makes better business sense to invest in new energy and energy efficiency than in a seductive promise 15 - to - 20 years away and prohibitively expensive. click to enlargequotes - steve caldwell, coordinator for regional climate change policy, pew center on global climate change : \u201c there is the potential for the u. s. and other countries to continue to rely on coal as a source of energy while at the same time protecting the climate from the massive greenhouse gas emissions associated with coal \u2026 \u201d - staffan gortz, ccs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43518109866812094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.075341"} {"text": "the potential for the u. s. and other countries to continue to rely on coal as a source of energy while at the same time protecting the climate from the massive greenhouse gas emissions associated with coal \u2026 \u201d - staffan gortz, ccs spokesperson, vattenfall : \u201c [ the $ 100 - million ccs demonstration boiler at schwarze pumpe ] makes nine metric tons of co2 per hour at full load \u2026 we don \u2019 t have a storage site yet. \u201d - olav kaarstad, ccs adviser, statoil : \u201c we aren \u2019 t really much worried about the integrity of the seal and whether the co2 will stay down there over many hundreds of years \u2026 \u201d - susan d. hovorka, geologist, university of texas : \u201c we \u2019 re not going into a salt cavern ; we \u2019 re not going into an underground river. we \u2019 re going into microscopic holes \u2026 add it up, and it \u2019 s a large volume \u2026 \u201d - sally benson, hydrologist / director of the global climate and energy, stanford university : \u201c there are at least 100 years of co2 sequestration capacity and probably significantly more \u2026 \u201d - james dooley, senior research scientist, pacific northwest national laboratory / ipcc lead author : \u201c if it took all that energy to shove [ the co2 ] into that sandstone, it \u2019 s going to take a lot of energy to get it out \u2026 like an oil field, where we get out half or less of the original oil in place, a lot of the co2 gets stuck in there. it \u2019 s immobilized in the rock. \u201d - kaarstad, statoil : \u201c it costs a fraction of the tax \u2026 we are actually making money out of this. \u201d - kurt waltzer, carbon storage development coordinator, clean air task force : \u201c the dakota gasification project is creating synthetic gas and taking the co2 from that process \u2026 [ by piping it to the weyburn oil field ] \u2026 in effect, you have demonstrated all the components of doing a ccs project. \u201d click to enlarge - mark brownstein, managing director in the climate and air program, environmental defense fund ( edf ) : \u201c environmentalists are talking about coal not because we love coal \u2026 it \u2019 s because we have to deal with coal to achieve the kind of co2 reductions we need to make in the timeframe we need to make them. \u2026 [ t ] he first ccs project that is done badly is the last cc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4577384209908279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.076940"} {"text": "\u2026 it \u2019 s because we have to deal with coal to achieve the kind of co2 reductions we need to make in the timeframe we need to make them. \u2026 [ t ] he first ccs project that is done badly is the last ccs project that will be done \u2026 in this respect, it is very similar to nuclear power. \u201d - kaarstad, statoil : \u201c \u2026 [ p ] ower plants are an order of magnitude more difficult with regard to capturing co2. \u201d - rajesh pawar, co2 sequestration project leader, los alamos national laboratory : \u201c in terms of total cost, they want to shoot for $ 10 per metric ton of co2 \u2026 we are closer to the $ 50 per ton range right now. \u201d - greg kunkel, vice president for environmental affairs, tenaska : \u201c \u2026 there are at least two billion tons of domestic emissions from pulverized coal power plants \u2026 you can \u2019 t tackle the larger problem [ of climate change ] unless you deal with those plants in some way. \u201d - george peridas, engineer and scientist, nrdc : \u201c the next 25 years of investment would produce 34 percent more emissions than all previous human use of coal \u2026 this is a massive legacy, and we cannot afford to let that happen. \u201d - john thompson, coal transition project director, clean air task force : \u201c if we don \u2019 t address the problem of coal, it \u2019 s game over for climate change \u2026 \u201d - howard herzog, research engineer, massachusetts institute of technology : \u201c we may have by 2020 a handful, maybe even close to 10 ccs - capable coal plants \u2026 if your goal is 80 percent cuts [ in co2 emissions ] by 2050, then it \u2019 s not big enough. \u201d - gardiner hill, ccs manager of technology and engineering, bp alternative energy : \u201c [ but ] every five years of inaction... requires an extra gigaton of reductions \u2026 unless we get started now, we don \u2019 t get the advantage of ccs and the emissions reductions we need. \u201d - friedmann, lawrence livermore : \u201c we \u2019 re going to have to do it, the same as adding wind, solar, nuclear power and conservation \u2026 it \u2019 s a climate imperative, so let \u2019 s get on with it. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.421933662697055, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.077932"} {"text": "sept. 6, 2011 iowa health fact book 2011 profiles health and behavior of iowans certain infectious and sexually transmitted disease rates continue to be areas of concern for iowa ' s public health, according to data from the 2011 iowa health fact book. the university of iowa college of public health, in partnership with the iowa department of public health, has released the 2011 edition of the book, a broad - ranging report covering the health and health - related behaviors of iowans. \" with this book, we present a tool that is useful to iowa ' s health care providers, health policymakers, public health practitioners, health researchers and members of the media alike, \" said jane pendergast, director of the center for public health statistics and professor of biostatistics at the ui. \" it ' s a ' one - stop shop ' for county - and state - wide data relating to health outcomes, social determinants of health, health behaviors and health care resources. \" the fact book assembles health data on areas such as prenatal and infant health, infectious diseases, cancer and other chronic diseases, and injury. health and social behaviors and population totals and age distributions are also presented. much of the data are tracked longitudinally so as to follow how iowans ' health and behaviors have changed over time. - - infectious diseases continue to be a concern. the number of reported cases of mumps, salmonella and pertussis ( whooping cough ) rose significantly in 2010. - - diagnoses of certain sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia, continue to rise as well. - - more iowans are developing lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ), disturbing trends as tobacco use is the leading modifiable risk factor for these diseases. - - injuries are the leading cause of death in persons under 34 years of age. - - cancer was the number one cause of death in iowa during 2004 - 2008, the first time in the iowa health fact book ' s history that heart disease did not lead the list. new to this edition of the iowa health fact book is additional information on state - level health indicators from the u. s. agency for healthcare research and quality and accidental mortality. data were collected from state and national sources, including the iowa department of public health, the iowa department of inspections and appeals, the iowa department of education, the iowa consortium for substance abuse research and evaluation, the centers for disease control and prevention, and the u. s. census bureau. the ui", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4468243972747426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.082318"} {"text": "claessens has discovered that the kauri trees in new zealand prevent landslides. when these enormous conifers reached a certain age, they stabilise areas prone to landslides. this maximises the benefit the trees gain by living far longer than other tree species. at present the slopes are drained and large concrete structures are placed to prevent the landslides and the associated mud flows. according to claessens planting kauri trees is a natural and in the longer - term possibly better solution for this problem. during his doctoral research, the belgian researcher developed a dynamic landscape model to simulate the distribution of soil due to landslides. for this he studied the landscape, soil and vegetation dynamics in the waitakere ranges regional park in new zealand. the model can be used to predict the locations where landslides will occur and researchers can also use it to calculate how rainfall affects the soil. waitakere ranges regional park is situated on the north island of new zealand. about 1000 years ago this entire island was covered with kauri trees, which can reach a height of 50 metres and grow in the most inhospitable places. the largest kauri tree in new zeeland is the tane mahuta ( ' king of the forest ' ). this tree has reached the honourable age of 1500 years, is more than 51 metres high and has a girth of 13. 7 metres. some of the remaining kauri forests of the island are still inhabited by the original islanders, the maori ' s. they use the trees to build canoes and houses. from the mid - 19th century onwards, many kauri trees were chopped down by europeans for the timber trade. this led to the disappearance of most of these colossal conife contact : dr lieven claessens netherlands organization for scientific research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45982189219933334, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.084040"} {"text": "individuals whose mothers drink three or more glasses of alcohol at any one occasion in early pregnancy have an increased risk of developing alcohol disorders by 21 years of age, according to a report in the september issue of archives of general psychiatry, one of the jama / archives journals. exposure to maternal drinking during early childhood has been associated with difficulties in thinking, learning and memory, as well as mental and behavioral problems. however, few studies have examined the link between drinking during pregnancy and a child ' s later risk for alcohol dependence and other disorders, according to background information in the article. animal studies have provided extensive evidence of a link between exposure to alcohol before birth and early acceptance of alcohol. \" similar results replicated in human studies would carry considerable implications for public health intervention, \" the authors write. \" first, such studies would suggest that even small quantities of alcohol exposure, if consumed in a single session, may cause in utero neurodevelopmental changes that in turn may lead to the early onset of alcohol disorder in youth. second, they would provide support for the role of a biological origin of alcohol disorders. \" rosa alati, ph. d., from the university of queensland, herston, australia, and colleagues explored whether maternal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy increased a child ' s risk of developing alcohol disorders in 2, 138 participants who were followed from birth to age 21. a group of 7, 223 mothers was originally interviewed at their first prenatal physician visit, between 1981 and 1984 in brisbane, australia. the mothers and children were assessed at birth and again 6 months and 5, 14, and 21 years later. before pregnancy, in early ( first 18 weeks ) and late ( last three months ) pregnancy, and when their children were age 5 and 14, the mothers were asked how often they drank alcohol and the number of drinks co contact : rosa alati, ph. d. jama and archives journals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4488528238238658, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.086069"} {"text": "for national geographic news parts of a mummy found inside a 4, 300 - year - old pyramid could be queen seshseshet, the mother of the first pharaoh of egypt ' s 6th dynasty, archaeologists have announced. a skull, pelvis, legs, and pieces of a torso wrapped in linen lay inside a 16 - foot - tall ( 5 - meter - tall ) pyramid \u2014 the third \" subsidiary \" tomb found next to that of the pharaoh teti, who ruled for 22 years before he was assassinated. two other previously known pyramids were for his principal wives, iput i and khuit. zahi hawass, secretary general of egypt ' s supreme council of antiquities ( sca ), noted that there are currently no plans to run dna tests on the mummy to confirm its identity. \" we believe the [ newfound ] pyramid belonged to the queen, the mother of teti, because she is the third woman that we know in the life of the king, \" hawass said. royal moms were revered in ancient egypt, as they were literally considered the mothers of a god. teti ' s mother was an especially well - known figure in her day. \" teti loved his mother so much that he named all of his [ nine ] daughters after her, \" said egyptologist naguib kanawati of macquarie university in australia, who was not involved in the new find. \" all of them have nicknames, but their main names were seshseshet. \" also, at least two funerary estates \u2014 special parcels of land that provided food for the funerary cults of high officials \u2014 were named after her, a practice kanawati compared to naming modern cities after important historical figures. \" washington was a famous figure in american history, and seshseshet was an important person, certainly for the king. \" sources and related web sites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43028616073244813, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.087907"} {"text": "photograph courtesy nasa the jules verne atv burns up over the pacific ocean in 2008. photograph courtesy jesse carpenter and bill moede, esa / nasa. published june 21, 2011 a spacecraft stuffed with garbage \u2014 including astronaut urine \u2014 will tumble back to earth tuesday, becoming a fireball over a remote section of the pacific ocean. the european space agency launched the unmanned craft, called the johannes kepler automated transport vehicle ( atv ), in february to deliver several tons of cargo to the international space station, including food, supplies, fuel, and oxygen. the glorified space freighter isn ' t designed to safely return to earth, so during the past four months space fliers on the iss have crammed the 450 - million - euro ( 640 - million - dollar ) canister with 1. 3 tons of junk. \" they pretty much filled it to the brim, mostly with packing material from inside modules recently delivered to the space station, \" said kelly humphries, a nasa spokesperson at johnson space center in houston, texas. other garbage inside the atv includes dirty clothes, food containers, broken equipment, and pretty much anything else the crew no longer wants on board. \" there ' s also containers of processed urine from the water - recycling system. it ' s nasty stuff, \" humphries said. spaceship to become dazzling fireball the johannes kepler atv successfully undocked from the iss monday around 10 : 50 a. m. et ( 16 : 50 cest ). if all goes as planned, two burns of propellant will slow the johannes kepler until it drops toward earth, ultimately disintegrating somewhere northeast of new zealand around 4 : 50 p. m. et ( 22 : 50 cest ) on tuesday. upon reentry, the craft should put on a dazzling display like that of the jules verne atv, kepler ' s older brother, which exploded into a shimmer on september 29, 2008. but, as with the jules verne, no one except maybe a few unlucky fish should be in harm ' s way of the debris shower. a black, cone - shaped device called the reentry breakup recorder will monitor the stresses endured during the spacecraft ' s demise. at about 60, 000 feet ( 18, 288 meters ) above the surface, the recorded will beam data to land before smacking into the ocean \u2014 a fall it probably won ' t survive. \" that information will help us learn more about how spacecraft break up in general and develop better ones in the future, \" humphries said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43416698670924825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.092682"} {"text": "recorded will beam data to land before smacking into the ocean \u2014 a fall it probably won ' t survive. \" that information will help us learn more about how spacecraft break up in general and develop better ones in the future, \" humphries said. kepler gave iss a needed boost esa ' s atv is the roomiest disposable spacecraft design in existence, at 1, 700 cubic feet ( 48 cubic meters ). russia ' s expendable progress spacecraft, by comparison, has only 233 cubic feet ( 6. 6 cubic meters ) of pressurized cargo space. ( see a picture of progress 41 undocking. ) the next atv, to be named after physicist edoardo amaldi, is currently scheduled to launch in february 2012. humphries added that the johannes kepler did more than deliver crucial supplies and serve as an 11 - ton garbage can for the space station. as the iss moves in low - earth orbit, the thin outer wisps of our planet ' s atmosphere drag on the 460 - ton orbital laboratory and gradually slow it down. with gentle thrusts of its boosters june 3, 12, and 15, the docked atv lofted the nearly 440 - ton iss into an orbit 237 miles ( 381 kilometers ) above earth \u2014 about 20 miles ( 32 kilometers ) higher up than it had been before. \" kind of like a car, the space station has a sweet spot, \" humphries said. \" this [ added boost ] puts it right into that sweet spot so we don ' t need to use as much fuel to keep it in orbit. \" a new species of dinosaur - era reptile is rewriting the books on the evolution of so - called sea monsters, a new study claims. the world ' s highest peak has been shedding snow and ice for the past 50 years, possibly due in part to global warming, new research shows. detailed scans capture transformation. celebrating 125 years connect with nat geo special ad section shop national geographic great energy challenge blog - stichting rootbox : sustainable design through collaboration, with or without wind turbine - turkey \u2019 s celal bayar still sun - powered, with smaller panels - hungary \u2019 s kecskemet college : boosting power, but keeping light - aston university plies the power of wood - universidad ceu cardenal herrera takes inspiration from nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49204726837228396, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.094267"} {"text": "tiny, cute and oh so vulnerable. as thousands of baby western toads attempt to navigate life in chilliwack, british columbia, they only hope they don \u2019 t get squished by passing motorists. all week, these miniature toads have traversed ryder lake road, making an attempt to migrate from the wetlands around the lake where they were born into the surrounding forest, reports the vancouver sun. but doing this requires a trip across one of two local roads for the 800, 000 or so babies smaller than a dime, so the fraser valley conservancy has stepped in to help control traffic. ( photos : top 10 miniature animals ) the conservancy hopes to eventually build costly toad - crossing tunnels to place underneath the roadway, an attempt to increase the survival rate of the babies, which can be as little as 1 %. still, with a female having as many as 16, 000 eggs, the western toad still has a place in b. c., as evidenced by the toad road crossings. a conservancy representative tells the vancouver sun that during peak migration to expect toads covering 30 % of the roads around the lake. and with each crossing taking roughly five minutes, it doesn \u2019 t help that when the tiny creatures get scared they either freeze or roll over. photos : top 10 evil animals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3965122034672506, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.096704"} {"text": "by peter pesic common objects often have uncommon stories. the zipper, the pencil and the paper clip were devised by inventors who long struggled to produce things we now take for granted. unearthing the histories of these humble objects may reveal much about the hidden underpinnings of our everyday world. that is the case with \" ballpoint, \" hungarian author gyorgy moldova ' s chronicle of the vicissitudes of the ballpoint pen ' s invention and commercial development. mr. moldova, the author of more than 50 books of nonfiction and fiction, is much honored in his native land, where he is renowned for his vivid portraits of subjects that would seem to resist enlivening, such as coal mining and the railway and textile industries. he presents \" ballpoint \" ( translated by david robert evans ) as \" both a historical manuscript and a novel. \" he also quotes the words of the great russian mathematician nicolai lobachevsky : \" the real problem with books about geniuses is that they are not written by geniuses. \" mr. moldova begins by contemplating the astonishing creativity of hungarians : eleven of his countrymen won the nobel prize during the 20th century, far more per capita than many other nations. there were other geniuses as well, including the mathematician john von neumann and the physicists leo szilard and edward teller. mr. moldova credits the high instructional standard in budapest schools, especially its lutheran lyceum. talented students flourished in this essentially nondenominational environment until the 1920s, when the government began limiting university admission to those \" who are completely reputable in respect of their national allegiance, \" effectively excluding jews, who thereafter emigrated when they could. one of the jewish beneficiaries of those budapest schools was laszlo biro ( 1899 - 1985 ), a journalist and artist in the 1930s who noted that the ink used for newspapers dried relatively quickly compared with the ink for fountain pens \u2014 handwritten papers had to be carefully blotted or set aside until the ink dried. as mr. moldova recounts, biro tried using quick - drying ink in a fountain pen, but the fluid was too thick to flow down to the nib and simply clogged the reservoir. contemplating the problem of how to deliver thick, quick - drying ink to a paper surface without requiring the ink to flow, biro saw a possible answer : closing the end of the pen instead of using a nib, leaving an opening with just enough room for a tiny metal ball that would spin against the ink in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5611244622305749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.106001"} {"text": "a paper surface without requiring the ink to flow, biro saw a possible answer : closing the end of the pen instead of using a nib, leaving an opening with just enough room for a tiny metal ball that would spin against the ink in the reservoir, distributing it to the paper. through much trial and error, and with the help of his early backer and business partner, andor goy ( 1896 - 1991 ), biro developed a working ballpoint pen. the two men signed a contract to produce and market the pen in 1938. thus a simple but remarkable invention came into a world about to be convulsed by death and destruction. we see biro refining the pen and experimenting with recipes for the ink paste essential to his concept while fleeing dangers that seemed to chase him across europe as war brewed and then broke out. by gyorgy moldova new europe, 198 pages, $ 14. 95 biro comes across as amazingly tolerant of, even oblivious to, the uncertainties and dangers that threatened his life and the fate of his invention. he was not totally naive ; he tried to safeguard his commercial interests. nor were his successive entrepreneurial collaborators totally unscrupulous. at each stage, biro tried to strike the best deal he could, though his own shares dwindled steadily \u2014 and at one point he had to choose between keeping his remaining shares or selling them to help his family flee to argentina. understandably, he had no regrets about bartering to save lives. yet mr. moldova rightly emphasizes the ultimate irony that \" the inventor who conducted the thousands of experiments needed to perfect the ballpoint pen ended up without a penny of stock in the factory where they had taken place. \" inventors, beware! though biro faced the hardships of wartime emigration, he soon started up a pen - manufacturing operation in argentina. goy faced far greater trials by remaining in hungary through war and soviet domination. he didn ' t learn about the successful production and marketing of the ballpoint pen in argentina until 1947. a legal mess ensued. even though biro was steadily losing his claims on the ballpoint, goy tried to exercise his rights based on the 1938 contract. when those efforts failed, goy worked with companies outside argentina to break the monopoly on the ballpoint. courtroom battles unfolded in germany and in hungary as goy alternately worked to manufacture his own ballpoints and to stop others from making the pens. goy did manage to begin producing ballpoints in hungary, but the government nationalized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47992741923210686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.106968"} {"text": "on the ballpoint. courtroom battles unfolded in germany and in hungary as goy alternately worked to manufacture his own ballpoints and to stop others from making the pens. goy did manage to begin producing ballpoints in hungary, but the government nationalized his shop and displaced him in a lawsuit against competitors in germany. the lawsuit ended in debacle as the court ruled against the hungarian claim, suggesting that another outcome might have resulted if goy, the original signatory on the 1938 agreement, hadn ' t been bumped from the suit. mr. moldova describes goy refusing to accept a reasonably generous offer to settle the suit, before he was dislodged from it by the hungarian government. goy later sued his usurpers for restitution, but accepted instead a paltry payment \" in recognition for his services to the field of ballpoint pen production, \" as the citation read. \" by this time, andor goy had reached the age of seventy \u2014 he did not have the strength to fight on, \" mr. moldova writes. though biro made out better financially in argentina, both he and goy eventually found themselves dispossessed strangers in the workshops they had built. entrepreneurs, beware! mr. moldova tells this tale of ingenuity and disappointed hopes with considerable verve ; his book is a page - turner but much slighter than one would have hoped for from such a noted writer. biro ' s story is relatively well - known \u2014 in much of the english - speaking world, \" biro \" is synonymous with ballpoint pen. in argentina, the pen is known a \" birome, \" and biro ' s birthday, sept. 29, is celebrated as inventors day. by comparison, andor goy ' s story is far less familiar. biro wrote an autobiography that came out in 1975 ; goy wrote one too, but it went unpublished. mr. moldova has made good use of the manuscript, though, in fleshing out goy ' s side of the story. unfortunately, mr. moldova has done less well in deciding to present the facts of both men ' s lives in novelistic form. he often supplies dialogue that sounds like a pastiche of banalities and improbable lines. ( during a tense negotiation, a worried biro says to a friend : \" we have about as much chance as a rocking horse at the kentucky derby. \" ) readers may well wonder what to credit as true. mr. moldova may have taken nicolai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46330956377256566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.107975"} {"text": "( cutaneous melanoma ; malignant melanoma ) - certain types of moles called dysplastic nevi, or atypical moles - large nevi present at birth - fair skin, freckling - red or blonde hair - light - colored eyes - caucasian race - family members with melanoma - excessive skin exposure to the sun without protective clothing or sunscreen - suppressed immune system - uneven shape \u2014 one half does not match the shape of the other half - ragged edges \u2014 ragged, notched, blurred, or irregular ; pigment may spread into surrounding skin - uneven color \u2014 color is uneven with shades of black, brown, or tan, and possibly even white, gray, pink, red, or blue - change \u2014 usually growing larger, changing shape, changing color, or changing texture - large size \u2014 usually larger than the eraser of a pencil ( 5 millimeters or \u00bc inch ) | sign of potential melanoma | | copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. | - avoid spending too much time in the sun. protect your skin from the sun : - wear a shirt, wide - brim hat, and sunglasses. - use sunscreens with a sun protection factor ( spf ) of at least 15. avoid exposure from : - 10 : 00 a. m. and 2 : 00 p. m. ( standard time ) - 11 : 00 a. m. and 3 : 00 p. m. ( daylight savings time ) - avoid sun lamps and tanning booths. - see your doctor if you think you have melanoma. - if you have many moles or a family history of melanoma, have your skin checked regularly for changes in moles. - ask your doctor to show you how to do a skin self - exam. do self - exams to look for any new or changing moles. american academy of dermatology http : / / www. aad. org american cancer society http : / / www. cancer. org skin cancer foundation http : / / www. skincancer. org canadian cancer society http : / / www. cancer. ca canadian dermatology association http : / / www. dermatology. ca melanoma. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us. updated april 3, 2013. accessed april 9, 2013. melanoma. national cancer institute website. available at : http : /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4240462593529104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.111892"} {"text": "corvallis, ore. \u2013 the ebb and flow of the ocean tides, generally thought to be one of the most predictable forces on earth, are actually quite variable over long time periods, in ways that have not been adequately accounted for in most evaluations of prehistoric sea level changes. due to phenomena such as ice ages, plate tectonics, land uplift, erosion and sedimentation, tides have changed dramatically over thousands of years and may change again in the future, a new study concludes. some tides on the east coast of the united states, for instance, may at times in the past have been enormously higher than they are today \u2013 a difference between low and high tide of 10 - 20 feet, instead of the current 3 - 6 foot range. and tides in the bay of fundy, which today are among the most extreme in the world and have a range up to 55 feet, didn \u2019 t amount to much at all about 5, 000 years ago. but around that same time, tides on the southern u. s. atlantic coast, from north carolina to florida, were about 75 percent higher. the findings were just published in the journal of geophysical research. the work was done with computer simulations at a high resolution, and supported by the national science foundation and other agencies. \u201c scientists study past sea levels for a range of things, to learn about climate changes, geology, marine biology, \u201d said david hill, an associate professor in the school of civil and construction engineering at oregon state university. \u201c in most of this research it was assumed that prehistoric tidal patterns were about the same as they are today. but they weren \u2019 t, and we need to do a better job of accounting for this. \u201d one of the most interesting findings of the study, hill said, was that around 9, 000 years ago, as the earth was emerging from its most recent ice age, there was a huge amplification in tides of the western atlantic ocean. the tidal ranges were up to three times more extreme than those that exist today, and water would have surged up and down on the east coast. one of the major variables in ancient tides, of course, was sea level changes that were caused by previous ice ages. when massive amounts of ice piled miles thick in the northern hemisphere 15, 000 to 20, 000 years ago, for instance, sea levels were more than 300 feet lower. but it \u2019 s not that simple, hill said. \u201c part of what we found was that there are certain places on earth where tidal energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4699612474711346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.114974"} {"text": "15, 000 to 20, 000 years ago, for instance, sea levels were more than 300 feet lower. but it \u2019 s not that simple, hill said. \u201c part of what we found was that there are certain places on earth where tidal energy gets dissipated at a disproportionately high rate, real hot spots of tidal action, \u201d hill said. \u201c one of these today is hudson bay, and it \u2019 s helping to reduce tidal energies all over the rest of the atlantic ocean. but during the last ice age hudson bay was closed down and buried in ice, and that caused more extreme tides elsewhere. \u201d many other factors can also affect tides, the researchers said, and understanding these factors and their tidal impacts is essential to gaining a better understanding of past sea levels and ocean dynamics. some of this variability was suspected from previous analyses, hill said, but the current work is far more resolved than previous studies. the research was done by scientists from osu, the university of leeds, university of pennsylvania, university of toronto, and tulane university. \u201c understanding the past will help us better predict tidal changes in the future, \u201d he said. \u201c and there will be changes, even with modest sea level changes like one meter. in shallow waters like the chesapeake bay, that could cause significant shifts in tides, currents, salinity and even temperature. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45548315505457, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.115578"} {"text": "monastery of the patriarchate of pec the monastery of the patriarchate of pec, serbian : \u043f\u0435\u045b\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0458\u0430 or pecka patrijarsija,, is a monastery of the church of serbia, located near pec in kosovo. the monastery is a complex of churches that is the spiritual seat and mausoleum of serbian archbishops and patriarchs. the date of the foundation of the monastery is unknown. it is thought that the site became a metoh of zica monastery, that is, land owned and governed by a monastery, while st. sava was still alive, and was the seat of the serbian archbishopric. the temple of the holy apostles was built by archbishop arsenius i during the 1230s and its wall paintings done about 1260. archbishop nikodemus built the church of st. demetrius north of the church of holy apostles between 1321 and 1324. then about 1320, archbishop daniel ii built the churches dedicated to virgin odigitrija ( hodegetria ) and st. nicholas on south side of the church of holy apostles. he work included the monumental parvis in the shape of a open porch in front of the western facades of the churches of st. demetrius, holy apostles, and holy virgin odigitrija. in 1346, emperor dusan the mighty raised the archbishopric at pec to patriarchal status, as the monastery became the burial site of the serbian patriarchs and archbishops of pec during the thirteenth to fifteenth and in the seventeenth centuries. a history of the styles of medieval wall painting can be seen on the walls of the churches at the pec monastery. the walls of the church of the holy apostles were painted about 1300, then again around 1350 and 1375, as well as twice in the seventeenth century. the church of st. demetrius was painted for the first time during the patriarchate of patriarch joakinije, around 1345. the frescoes were restored by georgije mitrofanovic, from the monastery of hilander, in 1619. the church of holy virgin odigitrija was painted before 1337, while its parvis was painted in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. the church of st. nicholas was painted by the painter radul in 1673 / 1674. after the ottoman turk conquest of serbia in mid - fifteenth century activities at the monastery languished until the middle of the sixteenth century. various restoration projects, including restoration of the wall paintings,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35093413761096004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.118830"} {"text": "the painter radul in 1673 / 1674. after the ottoman turk conquest of serbia in mid - fifteenth century activities at the monastery languished until the middle of the sixteenth century. various restoration projects, including restoration of the wall paintings, were accomplished. the austrian - turkish war at the end of the seventeenth century brought difficult times to the monastery that continued through until the mid - nineteenth century. the latter half of the nineteenth century brought a period of restoration that continued with the restoration of the patriarchate of serbia after world war i. after world war ii conservation and archaeological work was carried out and the monastery became a monastery for women. with the collapse of communistic rule and of the state of yugoslavia, the monastery came under danger from kosovo albanians, as serbian residents were forced to leave the area. restoration of the monastery began in june 2006 and was completed in november 2006. the main purpose of the work was to protect the complex from the weather, as well as repair of the inner walls and exterior appearance. during this work two previously unknown frescoes were uncovered on the north facade of the church of st. demetrius, of a serbian queen and nobleman. in 1990, the patriarchate of pec was added to serbia ' s \" monument of culture of exceptional importance \" list. on july 13, 2006 the monastery was placed on the unesco world heritage list as an extension of the visoki decani site that overall was placed on the list of world heritage in danger.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40632928073754193, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.119468"} {"text": "destroyer no. 139 ward was a flush deck type of the fifth group built. she was laid down on 15 may 1918 and completed on 24 july of the same year. many of these four - funnelled, world war i vessels were converted for use as minelayers, seaplane tenders and minesweepers. those still operating as destroyers in world war ii had been re - armed with six 3 - inch guns, two anti - aircraft machine guns and six torpedo tubes. the reuben james, the first american ship to be lost in the north atlantic in world war ii, was a vessel of the same class. she was torpedoed on 31 october 1941 while escorting hx 156, a british convoy. on december 7, 1941 ward was on patrol channel entrance outside pearl harbor. at 0357 the minesweeper condor signalled that she had observed what could possibly have been a periscope. at 0630 the captain of the supply ship antares informed ward of sighting a strange object in the water, which he suspected was a submarine. officer of the deck lieutenant oscar w. groepner called his captain, lieutenant william outerbridge to the bridge and general quarters, the state of combat readiness, was ordered at 0640. ward closed to 50 yards and opened fire from no. 1 gun, but missed, the round going high. the second shot, from no. 3 gun, struck the enemy vessel at the junction of the hull and the conning tower, the superstructure termed \" the sail \" in modern submarines. the submarine heeled to starboard, slowing and sinking, and appeared to pass under ward ' s stern where it encountered a full pattern of depth charges set for 100 feet. at 0646 outerbridge ordered the cease - fire. at 0651 he reported that he had depth - charged a submarine and at 0653 he sent a clarification : \" we have attacked, fired upon, and dropped depth charges upon submarine operating in defensive sea area. \" the kill was also claimed by patrol wing two. you can find out more about the ward in the following osprey book :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4339900463940497, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.121515"} {"text": "tears welled up in his eyes when dr. resurreccion sadaba saw \u201c his mangrove tree, \u201d a very rare specie and the only one of its kind on the whole guimaras island, covered with thick, black oil. \u201c i have been taking care of it for years. the ( mangrove tree ) is so important because its roots build a kind of hall ( where ) the fish can shelter in, \u201d said sadaba, days after mt solar i spilled over 200, 000 liters of bunker oil fuel in the shores of guimaras, triggering the worst oil spill tragedy in philippine history. \u201c it \u2019 s so sad when you have a beautiful place like guimaras and you see it all spoiled within hours. \u201d according to the national disaster coordinating council ( ndcc ), the spill has damaged about 234 kilometers of coastline, 1, 143 hectares of marine reserves, 478 hectares of mangroves, and 16 square kilometers of coral reefs. of particular concern to conservationists like sadaba is the taclong marine reserve, where the university of the philippines visayas runs a marine biological station. the reserve is one of the seriously hit areas by the oil disaster. it is a \u201c fragile ecosytem \u201d covering hundreds of hectares off the guimaras south coast and home to some 144 fish species and other maritime animals. in a forum held at up diliman yesterday, sadaba, who is a mangrove specialist from the up visayas, reports that about 90 percent of the reserve has been contaminated by the oil fuel. photos taken by sadaba show oil still floating in some areas of taclong island, with the roots and branches of several mangrove trees covered with oil ; some plant leaves have turned yellow, an immediate symptom of oil exposure, which will lead to defoliation and eventually, death. the good news, he shares, is that the oil has stayed only on the surface and has not seeped deep into mangrove sediments, which can make the clean - up more difficult and may harm organisms that feed in or feed off the sediments. and the \u201c oil slick \u201d in the water has been reduced to a \u201c sheen, \u201d he adds, largely because of the clean - up efforts of various groups. sadaba, who heads the up visayas team tasked by the government to assess the damage caused by the oil spill, says they have yet to study the impact of the disaster on areas outside the reserve. the oil has spread in various directions, he explains, and has now affected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4087534992928636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.132072"} {"text": "up visayas team tasked by the government to assess the damage caused by the oil spill, says they have yet to study the impact of the disaster on areas outside the reserve. the oil has spread in various directions, he explains, and has now affected neighboring municipalities in iloilo and negros occidental. ( see image. ) by november 28, his team will have to present its initial findings to president gloria macapagal - arroyo. the \u201c rapid three - month assessment \u201d alone costs p10 million, sadaba reveals, and several millions more will be needed for long - term study ; he says monitoring the biodiversity alone could take up to 40 years. the damage the disaster has caused on the lives of the villagers, majority of whom are fishermen, is another matter altogether. aside from affecting their source of livelihood, the national poison management and control center warned that \u201c exposure to bunker oil may result in cancer, leukemia and congenital anomalies of unborn babies in the long - term. \u201d in fact, in two to three years, \u201c different types of cancer can happen, \u201d it reports ; the immediate effects of exposure may also result in respiratory and skin ailments. sadaba says even greater damage may happen if the sunken tanker, which authorities say still contains more than one million liters of oil, will not be salvaged soon. mt solar i, hired by petron corp. to transport 2. 19 million liters of bunker fuel oil, sank on august 11 and remains at the bottom of the guimaras strait, some 640 meters below. petron, the country \u2019 s largest oil refiner, is still exploring options on how the tanker, or at least the oil in the tanker, could be removed. petron has three options : siphon off the fuel with underwater hoses ; refloat the tanker ; or cement it to the sea bottom with a quick - drying cement. according to reports, the tanker is insured by a foreign firm, which still has to submit its recommendations to the philippine government. \u201c even a timeframe of three months may be too early, \u201d petron officials earlier said. \u201c the immediate concern is to remove the threat in the area. as long as ( the tanker ) is there, the entire guimaras is still threatened, \u201d says sadaba, adding that all efforts to save guimaras will be in vain if the tanker will not be removed. he also says that all the oil must first be removed before bioremediation, a process using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3985045036723166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.134600"} {"text": "is still threatened, \u201d says sadaba, adding that all efforts to save guimaras will be in vain if the tanker will not be removed. he also says that all the oil must first be removed before bioremediation, a process using fungi or bacteria to decompose toxic pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, could be done. sadaba further suggests that petron should secure commercially produced oil spill booms \u2013 which serve as mechanical barriers to enclose water areas affected by the spill \u2013 for the long - term protection of the shores. only a 200 - meter boom, which costs some p5 million, has so far been set up. villagers have improvised booms made of hay, enclosed in cloth or jute sack, but sadaba says they were not that effective. petron, he adds, should also dispose the pile of oil - covered debris packed in plastic bags left in some areas of the island. although according to petron, it has already cleaned over 126 kilometers of the guimaras shoreline. just yesterday, it reported that some 500 metric tons of debris were shipped out, totaling to 1, 700 metric tons of oil - covered debris so far collected over a month after spill. petron and sunshine maritime development corp., the owner of the tanker, have also been recently charged before the pollution adjudication board for causing environmental damage to the island. for sadaba, the guimaras disaster is something that \u201c we should all learn from. \u201d \u201c definitely, this will not be the last oil spill in the philippines. we should build scenarios of what to expect and plan, \u201d sadaba says, stressing that archipelagic countries like the philippines should be better equipped for disasters such as oil spills. meanwhile, sadaba says saving guimaras, the taclong reserve in particular, is something that would keep him and his team busy \u201c for the next 20 or so years. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3669732729528177, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.136152"} {"text": "a. before you leave your children at home alone, you should make sure that they feel safe and comfortable and can handle the responsibility. most children are not ready to be left alone until they are at least eleven or twelve years old, but it will also depend on your child ' s maturity level. you may want to gradually let them stay home alone for very short periods of time to make sure they are ready. some things to review before you leave your children home alone include : - make sure that they are comfortable staying home alone. - they should know their full name, address and phone number and how to reach you at work. - they should know how to deal with situations that may arise while they are alone. they should know to not open the door if someone knocks in any situation ( you can review different situations that may occur ). they should not open the door even if they say they have an important package or if they say they are a policeman. instead of opening the door in uncertain situations, they should know to call you first. - also review what to do in emergency situations, such as a fire. make sure they knows how to call 911 and know to get out of the house in case of a fire. - structure their time when they are home alone. be clear about any chores, homework, or other things that they are supposed to do. have a routine that they must perform when they get home, including locking the door and checking in with you if possible. - childproof the home. remove guns and lock away alcohol or medicines. - be clear about any restrictions that you may have, including not having visitors, or not using the stove or other appliances. more questions and answers - > visit our question of the week archives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3888243627891948, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.140361"} {"text": "big data : experts say new forms of information analysis will help people be more nimble and adaptive, but worry over humans \u2019 capacity to understand and use these new tools well. tech experts believe the vast quantities of data that humans and machines will be creating by the year 2020 could enhance productivity, improve organizational transparency, and expand the frontier of the \u201c knowable future. \u201d but they worry about \u201c humanity \u2019 s dashboard \u201d being in government and corporate hands and they are anxious about people \u2019 s ability to analyze it wisely. click here to view credited survey participants ' contributions to the discussion of the future of the internet and big data by 2020 click here to view anonymous survey participants ' contributions to the discussion of the future of the internet and big data by 2020 about the survey the survey results are based on a non - random, opt - in, online sample of 1, 021 internet experts and other internet users, recruited via email invitation, twitter or facebook from the pew research center \u2019 s internet & american life project and the imagining the internet center at elon university. since the data are based on a non - random sample, a margin of error cannot be computed, and the results are not projectable to any population other than the experts in this sample. this publication is part of a pew research center series that captures people \u2019 s expectations for the future of the internet, in the process presenting a snapshot of current attitudes. find out more at : http : / / pewinternet. org / topics / future - of - the - internet. aspx and http : / / imaginingtheinternet. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.492816038192888, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.145516"} {"text": "this unit provides a comprehensive review of the process of taking notes in the field, including the organisation of field notes, the important note - taking tools and techniques for capturing as much relevant and high quality information as possible. topics range from the essential supplies that a prepared note taker should carry at all times, to tips for capturing the most important points when there may be many activities or conversations occurring simultaneously. the unit also includes a discussion of when it is and is not appropriate to take notes, including requirements for making community members aware that notes are being taken. unit objectives / expected outcomes after the completion of the unit the trainee will be able to : - explain why note taking is important ; - use the right note - taking tools ; - take notes appropriately and consciously ; - use the best note - taking techniques. content outline, main topics covered and suggested sequencing this unit focuses on the topics listed below : - fundamentals of note taking ( ppt no. 1 : documentation : fundamentals of note taking ) ( 1 hr ) - brainstorming for interview guide and checklist preparation ( exercises no. 2, 3 and 4 ) ( 2 hrs ) - practise writing in shorthand ( exercise no. 1 ) ( 30 min ) keywords / key concepts note taking, observation, mind mapping, sketch map components of the unit handouts for trainee ( to be distributed in printed format ) : computer and beamer, notepad and pen or pencil for each participant, coloured pencils or markers, flip charts, small sheets of paper, cards, small pieces of coloured paper / cards and means to stick them to the wall or board ( e. g. masking tape, pins, gum ), shorthand guide ( included in m14u03 handout for trainee ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49808118241729293, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.150574"} {"text": "i forgot my password | home | about | how to use this site | contact us | rss feed | industrial food animal production > > animal wastes confined food animals in the united states produce more than 40 times the amount of biosolids generated from u. s. wastewater treatment plants. whereas human biosolids must meet regulatory standards for pathogen levels, vector attraction reduction and metal content, no treatment is required of waste from animal agriculture. yet, animal waste has been associated with water - and food - borne disease outbreaks, increased prevalence of antibiotic - resistant bacteria, and pharmaceutical compounds in drinking water supplies. recommended resources on this topic : reports & other documents the relationship between contracting and livestock waste pollution american society of agricultural and biological engineers, march 2006. understanding alternative technologies for animal waste treatment \u2013 a citizen \u2019 s guide to manure treatment technologies. waterkeeper alliance, february 2005. infectious diseases that may be transmitted to humans from animal farm operations j. l. cicmanec. presentation from epa / usda regional science workshop : animal feeding operations. college park, md, 2004. peer - reviewed journal articles cost of remediation of nitrogen - contaminated soils under cafo impoundments c. volland, et al. j hazard subst res, 2003. pathogen survival in swine manure environments and transmission of human enteric illness \u2013 a review t. y. guan and r. a. holley. j environ qual, 2003. state legislation regulating animal manure management m. metcalfe. rev agr econ, december 2000. national pollutant discharge elimination system ( epa ) national water program ( usda ) natural resources conservation service ( usda ) additional tools & resources readings on manure management water quality information center at the national agricultural library ( usda ). public health implications related to spread of pathogens in manure from livestock and poultry operations j. l. spencer and j. guan. in public health microbiology ; humana press, 2004. | a project of the johns hopkins center for a livable future \u00a9 2010, johns hopkins university. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46804912638219276, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.153132"} {"text": "call a spade a spade to speak plainly - to describe something as it really is. it might be thought that this derives from the derogatory use of the slang term ' spade ', meaning negro - an american term originating in the 20th century. that view of it as derogatory might also be thought to be supported by this piece from john trapp ' s mellificium theologicum, or the marrow of many good authors, 1647 : \" gods people shall not spare to call a spade a spade, a niggard a niggard. \" trapp ' s use of ' niggard ' is difficult to interpret. the word had several meanings in the 17th century. it could be used to mean ' miser ', which is the more common usage today, or as a general term of abuse - ' lout ', ' barbarian ' etc. the word was also used as the name of firebricks in grates. the co - incidence in form and pronuctiation of ' niggard ' and ' nigger ' causes some confusion. although the two words probably derived independently, they doubtless affected each other ' s development of meaning over time. whatever trapp ' s intention was, we can be confident that he didn ' t mean ' nigger ' or ' negro '. an earlier expression of the notion, albeit in different form to that which we now use, comes from nicolas udall ' s ' apophthegmes, that is to saie, prompte saiynges. first gathered by erasmus ' - translated in 1542 : \" philippus aunswered, that the macedonians wer feloes of no fyne witte in their termes but altogether grosse, clubbyshe, and rusticall, as they whiche had not the witte to calle a spade by any other name then a spade. \" this refers back to plutarch ' s apophthegmata. the eccentric right - wing british tory politician sir gerald nabarro was fond of emphasizing his direct ' man of the people ' image by saying ' i call a spade a shovel '. in fact, despite being from an immigrant family himself, nabarro loudly supported the repatriation of caribbean immigrants to the uk. how he referred in private to the people who would have undoubtedly have been called ' spades ' in nabarro ' s social circle isn ' t recorded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48879513512669615, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.155926"} {"text": "men ' s offices have significantly more bacteria than women ' s, and the office bacterial communities of new york and san francisco are indistinguishable, according to a study published may 30 in the open access journal plos one. \" humans are spending an increasing amount of time indoors, yet we know little about the diversity of bacteria and viruses where we live, work and play, \" remarks dr. scott kelley, lead author on the study. \" this study provides detailed baseline information about the rich bacterial communities in typical office settings and insight into the sources of these organisms. \" the report includes the characterization of bacterial identity and abundance in offices in new york, san francisco, and tucson. the researchers, led by scott kelley of university of california, san diego, identified more than 500 bacterial genera in offices in the three cities, the most abundant of which tended to come from human skin or the nasal, oral, or intestinal cavities. they also found that chairs and phones had a high abundance of bacteria, while the abundance on the desktop, keyboard, and mouse was somewhat lower. they also found that offices inhabited by men had a higher bacterial abundance than women ' s, but the diversity of the communities didn ' t show any significant differences. explore further : mapping a route to stem cell therapies more information : hewitt km, gerba cp, maxwell sl, kelley st ( 2012 ) office space bacterial abundance and diversity in three metropolitan areas. plos one 7 ( 5 ) : e37849. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0037849", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49149621355558876, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.157612"} {"text": "in the face of a changing climate many species must adapt or perish. ecologists studying evolutionary responses to climate change forecast that cold - blooded tropical species are not as vulnerable to extinction as previously thought. the study, published in the british ecological society ' s functional ecology, considers how fast species can evolve and adapt to compensate for a rise in temperature. the research, carried out at the university of zurich, was led by dr richard walters, now at reading university, alongside david berger now at uppsala university and wolf blanckenhorn, professor of evolutionary ecology at zurich. \" forecasting the fate of any species is difficult, but it is essential for conserving biodiversity and managing natural resources, \" said lead author dr walters. \" it is believed that climate change poses a greater risk to tropical cold - blooded organisms ( ectotherms ), than temperate or polar species. however, as potential adaptation to climate change has not been considered in previous extinction models we tested this theory with a model forecasting evolutionary responses. \" ectotherms, such as lizards and insects, have evolved a specialist physiology to flourish in a stable tropical environment. unlike species which live in varied habitats tropical species operate within a narrow range of temperatures, leading to increased dangers if those temperatures change. \" when its environment changes an organism can respond by moving away, adapting its physiology over time or, over generations, evolving, \" said walters. \" the first two responses are easy to identify, but a species ' ability to adapt quick enough to respond to climate change is an important and unresolved question for ecologists. \" the team explored the idea that there are also evolutionary advantages for species adapted to warmer environments. the ' hotter is better ' theory suggests that species which live in high temperatures will have higher fitness, resulting from a shorter generation time. this may allow them to evolve relatively quicker than species in temperate environments. the team sought to directly compare the increased risk of extinction associated with lower genetic variance, owing to temperature specialisation, with the lowered risk of extinction associated with a shorter generation time. \" our model shows that the evolutionary advantage of a shorter generation time should compensate species which are adapted to narrow temperature ranges, \" said walters. \" we forecast that the relative risk of extinction is likely to be lower for tropical species than temperate ones. \" \" the tropics are home to the greatest biodiversity on earth, so it imperative that the risk of extinction caused by climate change is understood, \" concluded walters. \" while many questions remain, our theoretical predictions suggest tropical species may not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4857070324857139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.162016"} {"text": "biologists identify proteins vital to chromosome segregationdecember 24th, 2012 in biology / cell & microbiology new york university biologists have identified how a vital protein is loaded by others into the centromere, the part of the chromosome that plays a significant role in cell division. their findings shed new light on genome replication and may offer insights into the factors behind the production of abnormal numbers of chromosomes. their findings appear in the latest issue of the journal the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. the researchers focused on the organization and functioning of the centromere, which is responsible for chromosome segregation \u2014 a process that ensures that replicating cells receive a complete copy of the genome. disruption of this process can lead to the production of an abnormal number of chromosomes \u2014 a condition evident in 90 percent of cancer cases. to explore the mechanics of the centromere, the researchers examined fission yeast. this species of yeast is a model organism in cell biology because its chromosome replication and the regulation of its centromere are similar to that of humans. in the pnas study, the researchers focused on a protein, cenp - a, present in both humans and fission yeast. they specifically examined how it is incorporated into the centromere during cell division in order to better understand its role in this process. their results identified that a trio of proteins \u2014 dos1, dos2, and cdc20 \u2014 work together to assemble cenp - a at centromeres as they duplicate. they further observed that any disruption of this process subsequently places this vital protein outside of the centromere \u2014 thereby preventing it from performing its role of ensuring proper chromosome segregation. \" cenp - a is the engineer of the centromere, \" explained fei li, an assistant professor in nyu ' s department of biology and the study ' s senior author. \" without this protein, the centromere simply can ' t function. \" li noted that many forms of cancer have been linked to malfunctioning cenp - a. \" hopefully, these findings can contribute toward the development of improved strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, \" he added. provided by new york university \" biologists identify proteins vital to chromosome segregation. \" december 24th, 2012. http : / / phys. org / news / 2012 - 12 - biologists - proteins - vital - chromosome - segregation. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5511252938579361, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.164366"} {"text": "there is no ultimate / universal / perfect way to learn or practice. a student can need to practice a certain difficult piece with hands separate for a while and another will learn faster / better practicing hands together from the start. as long as the student can play the piece right in the end, it really doesn ' t matter. i don ' t think memory slips have anything to do with practicing hands separate or together. for certain pieces, practicing hands individually can help define the main lines at first, for example when the lh and rh parts combine unconventional rhythms. but since anyway one will need to play the piece using both hands, i really don ' t focus much on separating the hands for pieces with simpler rhythms. the problem with systematic \" separate then both hands \" practice is that certain people can feel the transition from one to the other too brutal, depending on the piece. an alternate method ( that i would qualify of \" in between \" ) i often do myself is : i play both lh + rh parts as written, except i force a ppp on one hand or the other. just like if you would turn a volume / balance knob between the hands. for example, using this method i can \" check \" if a particular lh passage ( in a piece i don ' t master yet ) sounds legato enough, if its accents are done just right, etc. otherwise, if i play the same passage with the rh at written volume, i wouldn ' t hear possible mistakes in the lh. this method forces you to play both parts, even though one hand is played so soft it ' s barely heard. imho, this forces one to be more involved and put more attention in the playing. of course, this can ' t be applied to all students or pieces, but very often it helps me perfect the playing and the memory. note that i would not force or recommend this method on a student. but with me it works.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5194585646860779, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.166662"} {"text": "february 10 \u2013 happy birthday herb pennock what you can learn doing research for a blog about the new york yankees. today \u2019 s birthday celebrant is a hall - of - fame southpaw who pitched for the great yankee teams of the 1920s. his manager at the time, miller huggins, called pennock the best left - hander in baseball back then. my choice would probably have been lefty grove but pennock was indeed very good. he went 162 - 90 during his 11 seasons in new york and 5 - 0 in the world series. he was a native of kennett square, pa and was nicknamed the \u201c knight of kennett square, \u201d but when it came to his feelings about blacks, chivalry played no part. many respected authors and baseball historians have presented strong evidence that pennock was a racist. playing in an era when blacks were not permitted in the major leagues helped hide that fact, but when he retired from the mound and became a front - office executive, first for the red sox as head of their farm system and then later as gm of the phillies, pennock was able to actively help prevent integration in the big leagues. and when it did happen, he was among its \u2019 most vociferous opponents. pennock was known to threaten that he \u2019 d never let his philadelphia team take the field against any opponent that had a black man on their roster. dodger owner branch rickey claimed that pennock told him that philadelphia wasn \u2019 t ready to see a \u201c n \u2014 \u2013 r \u201d play major league baseball. he hired ben chapman, his old yankee teammate and one of the most notorious racists in all of baseball, to manage the phillies. chapman was an equal - opportunity bigot. the anti - semitc slurs he had made as a new york outfielder during the 1930s had so enraged the team \u2019 s jewish fans that they presented a petition, signed by over 15, 000 people, requesting that the new york front office banish the player. i \u2019 m not naive. i realize it was a different time in our society back then, but can you imagine what would happen to a modern day ballplayer who committed the same offenses as chapman? well if you were herb pennock you \u2019 d hire the guy to manage the phillies. if those were the \u201c good old days \u201d of baseball in this country, i \u2019 m glad i wasn \u2019 t around to witness them. it was chapman who became infamous for his cruel treatment of jackie robinson whenever philadelphia played brooklyn during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40073445704312266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.169860"} {"text": "- coronary heart disease \u2014 loss of blood to areas of the heart - stroke \u2014 loss of blood to areas of the brain - peripheral vascular disease \u2014 loss of blood to the extremities | copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. | - family history of the disease - age 45 years and older in men ; 55 years and older in women - sex : male - high cholesterol \u2014 especially low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) cholesterol and low high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ) cholesterol - high blood pressure - poor diet - cigarette smoking - diabetes type 1 and type 2 - overweight and obesity - lack of physical activity metabolic syndrome \u2014 a combination of three out of the following five findings : - low hdl - cholesterol \u2014 also called good cholesterol - high triglycerides - elevated blood sugar - elevated blood pressure - increased waist circumference \u2014 greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women - coronary arteries of the heart \u2014 may cause symptoms of heart disease, such as chest pain - arteries to the brain \u2014 may cause symptoms of a stroke such as weakness, vision problems, speech problems, or headache - arteries in the lower extremities \u2014 may cause pain in the legs or feet and trouble walking - balloon angioplasty \u2014 a balloon - tipped catheter is used to press plaque against the wall of the artery. this increases the amount of space for the blood to flow. - stenting \u2014 usually done after angioplasty. a wire mesh tube is placed in a damaged artery. it will support the wall of the artery and keep it open. - atherectomy \u2014 instruments are inserted via catheter. they are used to cut away and remove plaque so that blood can flow more easily. this procedure is not used as often. - endarterectomy \u2014 removal of the lining of an artery obstructed with large plaques. this is often done in carotid arteries of the neck. these arteries bring blood to the brain. - arterioplasty \u2014 repair of an aneurysm. it is usually done with synthetic tissue. - bypass \u2014 creation of an alternate route for blood flow. the procedure uses a separate vessel for blood to flow. - eat a healthy diet. it should be low in saturated fat and cholesterol. it should also be rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. - exercise regularly. - maintain a healthy weight. if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47854911118215204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.174099"} {"text": "vessel for blood to flow. - eat a healthy diet. it should be low in saturated fat and cholesterol. it should also be rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. - exercise regularly. - maintain a healthy weight. if you are overweight, lose weight. - don ' t smoke. if you smoke, quit. - control diabetes. - if your doctor recommends it, take medication to reduce your risk factors. this may include medicine for high blood pressure or high cholesterol. - talk to your doctor about screening tests for coronary artery disease if you have risk factors. american heart association http : / / www. heart. org national heart, lung, and blood institute http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov canadian cardiovascular society http : / / www. ccs. ca heart and stroke foundation of canada http : / / ww2. heartandstroke. ca coronary artery disease. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed. updated april 30, 2013. accessed may 8, 2013. heart and stroke statistics. american heart association website. available at : http : / / www. heart. org / heartorg / general / heart - and - stroke - association - statistics % 5fucm % 5f319064 % 5fsubhomepage. jsp #. accessed may 8, 2013.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39910598868427644, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.174628"} {"text": "inactivity and overweight huge factor in cancer 7, 000 studies show lifestyle choice even more important than previously thought inactivity and obesity were linked to rising cancer incidences, despite improved screening and a sharp decline in people smoking pushing down the rate of overall new cancer diagnoses, according to the 3 / 29 / 2012 wall street journal which reported that : - one - third of common cancers are linked to excess weight and lack of physical activity, with a growing body of evidence showing obesity raises the ca risk. - excess weight and lack of physical activity linked to preventing disease more than any specific foods or nutrients. - since the 1960s tobacco use is way down, but obesity has ballooned. \" the gains made by reducing tobacco use over the past few decades are at least partially being offset now by obesity, \" susan mayne, professor of epidemiology at the yale school of public health and associate director of the yale cancer center. \" people might think they can do themselves the most good by taking a vitamin or mineral supplement, when actually what they need to do, to do the most good, is to be physically active and control their weight, \" june stevens, head of the department of nutrition at the university of north carolina ' s gillings school of global public health. observation : when posture degenerates into the slump of old age, people become less active as biomechanical injuries accumulate. conjecture : strengthening posture can help a body stay active and potentially avoid disease. wondering if perhaps i should have titled my book stand taller ~ live much, much longer. see march 29th, 2012, wall street journal : obesity - linked cancers increase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45530780841555885, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.180596"} {"text": "energy and sub - saharan africa half the world ' s population live without modern energy. this situation is most severe in sub - saharan africa, where four out of five families lack access to electricity. here, the majority of people still cook on an open fire, the fumes from which kill more than 1. 4 million people ( mostly women and children ) each year. right now, more lives are being lost through inhaling toxic smoke than to malaria and yet there is little action to address this problem, particularly across the african continent. as shocking as these statistics are, more startling is the fact that there are no financial or political commitments to tackle this. projections show that the same amount of people will be ' powerless ' in 20 years time. financially, investment is made into economic growth through large - scale energy infrastructure, rather than small - scale solutions. politically, energy security and energy efficiency receive attention but not energy access - even though it could be the catalyst out of poverty for entire african communities. in reality, for thousands of families across sub saharan africa, the prospect of gaining access to energy is as distant as it was decades ago. but, at practical action we have a vision : modern energy for all by 2030. working on small - scale energy, from wind turbines, to solar panels and micro - hydro, over the past 40 years we know that families across sub saharan africa and the developing world can be transformed through access to energy. we also know that our vision of modern energy for all is achievable - it just requires the political will to make it a reality.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4670644829766507, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.182656"} {"text": "embargo : 00 : 01h ( london time ) friday september 23, 2005. in north america the embargo lifts at 6 : 30pm et thursday september 22, 2005. scientists have characterised an emerging virulent strain of clostridium difficile that has been associated with outbreaks of severe disease in north america and europe. their findings are published in this week ' s issue of the lancet. c. difficile infection results in a broad spectrum of disease ranging from mild diarrhoea to severe life threatening conditions. the bacterium produces two protein toxins, a and b. in 2002, hospitals in montreal and southern quebec, canada, began experiencing an epidemic of severe c. difficile - associated disease ( cdad ), suggesting a more virulent strain of the bacterium was involved. in this study michel warny ( acambis, cambridge, ma, usa ) and colleagues examined whether the increased virulence of this strain could be due to increased production of toxins a and b. the investigators obtained samples from 124 patients with cdad at the centre hospitalier universitaire de sherbrooke in quebec. they also collected additional isolates from the usa, canada, and the uk. using genotyping methods, the researchers identified the virulent c. difficile strain, nap1 / 027, in 67 % of hospital - acquired cdad cases and in 37 % of community - acquired cases seen in sherbrooke. in addition, they compared toxin a and b production in nap1 / 027 with other contemporary non - epidemic isolates from various locations. they found that nap1 / 027 could produce 16 times more toxin a and 23 times more toxin b than control strains. the study also shows that nap1 / 027 carries a deletion in a gene ( tcdc ) involved in the control of toxin production. dr warny states : \" in the uk, where the number of reported cases of c. difficile - associated disease doubled over three years, nap1 / 027 is the cause of ongoing outbreaks in at least three hospitals where a high case - fatality ratio has been noted \u2026 in the netherlands, nap1 / 027 was identified in two severe outbreaks also associated with fatalities \u2026 clinicians need to be vigilant in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. \" in an accompanying comment torbjorn noren ( orebro university, sweden ) states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4686792097238053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.186980"} {"text": "agustin conde - agudelo, m. d., m. p. h., from the fundacion santa fe de bogota, columbia, and colleagues conducted a meta - analysis on studies published between 1966 and 2006 to examine the association between birth spacing and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. the researchers identified 67 articles for this analysis, which adjusted for the mother ' s age and socioeconomic status and reported birth spacing and perinatal outcomes. these articles included a total of 11, 091, 659 pregnancies. infants born to women with an interval shorter than six months after their last birth had a 40 percent increased risk of preterm birth, a 61 percent increased risk of low birth weight ( lbw ) and a 26 percent increased risk of small for gestational age ( sga ), compared to children of mothers with an interval of 18 to 23 months between pregnancies. infants of mothers with pregnancy intervals longer than 59 months had a 20 to 43 percent greater risk of these adverse outcomes. for each month that the time between pregnancies was shortened from 18 months, the risk for preterm birth, lbw and sga increased by 1. 9, 3. 3 and 1. 5 percent, respectively. and for each month that the time between pregnancies was lengthened beyond 59 months, the risk for these outcomes increased by 0. 6, 0. 9 and 0. 8 percent, respectively. \" the effects of birth spacing on perinatal health found in our study, as well as the effects of both short and long intervals on infant, child and maternal health, should furnish a strong motivating force for health personnel to provide family planning, \" the authors write. \" the results of our systematic review could be used by reproductive clinicians around the world to advise women on the benefits of delaying a subsequent pregnancy for approximately two to five years to improve the health of both mother and the next infant. \" ( jama. 2006 ; 295 : 1809 \u2013 1823. available pre - embargo to media at www. jamamedia. org. ) editor ' s note : this works was supported by the office of population and reproductive health, bureau for global health, u. s. agency for international development, under the terms of cooperative agreements awarded to the catalyst consortium. editorial : birth spacing \u2013 the long and short of it \" worldwide, more than four million children die in the first four weeks of life, and 28 percent of these deaths are thought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46290495766959555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.195156"} {"text": ", under the terms of cooperative agreements awarded to the catalyst consortium. editorial : birth spacing \u2013 the long and short of it \" worldwide, more than four million children die in the first four weeks of life, and 28 percent of these deaths are thought to be due directly to preterm birth, \" writes rachel a. royce, ph. d., m. p. h., of research triangle institute international, research triangle park, n. c., in an accompanying editorial. \" although the authors [ conde - agudelo et al ] attempted to account for some of the potential sources of heterogeneity, one important source was not adequately explored - - the country where each study was conducted, \" dr. royce writes. \" breastfeeding is an important example of a potential confounder that differs greatly by country. exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life delays the mother ' s resumption of menstruation. \" dr. royce notes that short intervals between births are mostly unintended and have been shown to be associated with extremes of age, marital status, menstrual irregularities, ethnicity and lower socioeconomic status. \" \u2026 improving the proportion of women who breastfeed exclusively for the first six months of their infant ' s life might lengthen the birth interval while providing better nutrition for the first infant and better health outcomes for both infants, \" she writes. dr. royce states that long periods of time between pregnancies are harder to explain, but are most likely not chosen and \" may result from the end of a partnership, infertility, reproductive losses in the interval, health problems in mother or infant, or economic issues. \" \" clinicians should counsel all women to space pregnancies at least 12 months apart, if at all possible, \" she concludes. ( jama. 2006 : 295 : 1837 \u2013 1838. available pre - embargo to media at www. jamamedia. org. ) last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4843498982814298, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.196138"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | neuropil is the feltwork of unmyelinated neuronal processes ( axonal and dendritic ) within the gray matter of the central nervous system. traditionally, when pathologists looked at brain tissue they concentrated on neurons ( the active functioning cells of the brain ), glial cells and axons ( especially in white matter, which is mostly composed of axons and glia cells ). neurons are the cells that perform the actual processing of information. glia cells have ' supporting ' functions in a very loose sense of the word. also, most brain tumors arise from glial cells. on a coarse scale nervous tissue ( ignoring blood vessels etc. ) is composed of the cell body of the neurons and glia cells and their processes or protrusions. for neurons, these are dendrites, dendritic spines and axons. dendrites collect input from other neurons, which is processed by the neuron ( in dendrite and cell body ) and propagated to other cells via axons, which you may view as special cables. at the end of an axon synapses are formed, serving as a chemical junction to other cells. the neuropil is what is left when you take away the cell bodies of neurons and glia from the tissue, i. e. the tangle of dendrites, axons and glial processes. - neuropil : roche enzyclopedia of medicien, dictionary barn. etymological note : \" from the greek neuro and pilus, meaning felt \" ( freeman, walter j. how brains make up their minds, 2000, p. 47 ) | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5642347611814795, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.198057"} {"text": "coping with the urban environment public crises and private benefit ; the response of charity, reform, and science the problems of health and housing in today ' s american cities are often perceived as belonging to two quite different domains. one cluster of problems relates to the fundamental inequality of our citizens and is manifested in the inability of inner - city poor whites and blacks to obtain the levels of health care and of a safe sanitary environment that were achieved by the majority of their fellow urban dwellers half a century ago. a second cluster of problems concerns the inability of more prosperous white americans to obtain the kind of preventive care, day - to - day medical service, and supportive physical and social environments to which they should be entitled by modern medicine and modern physical planning. because of the segregated structure of the metropolis and the class and racial politics of health and housing, the two problems are now dealt with as isolated issues. we debate welfare, clinics, public housing, and urban renewal for the inner city ; we also debate voluntary insurance, aid to the medically indigent, community hospital service, group practice, the housing shortage, and improved planning and subdivision control for the suburbs. yet because the entire metropolis or megalopolis is part of one national urban system and is dependent in most of its parts upon the workings of that system, the two clusters of problems are in fact inseparable : the failure of the health - delivery institutions to meet the acute needs of the inner - city poor is tied to the failure of the preventive services to meet the needs of the outer - city majority ; today ' s housing crisis of the slum is a product of yesterday ' s planning failure of the suburbs. although the death rate in american cities varies systematically by race and class, with the poor and the black having the shortest lives, the gap is small and would disappear as a by - product of the modernization of health and housing services as a whole. today ' s problems rest in the context of a stable incidence of mortality and a widespread expectation of a long life. the difficult issues of our own tune turn around the universal experiences of city dwellers as they live out a more or less common life span. the urgent agenda of both inner city and suburbs speaks to the quality of life as we all undergo generally inevitable traumas, accidents, communicable diseases, confusions, criminal assaults, and physical disabilities from birth to death. the quantity and quality of available housing is inextricably tied to well - baby, pediatric, communicable - disease, drug, and accident", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509438091367566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.260338"} {"text": "of the accompanying institutions. during america ' s first century of rapid urbanization, the years from 1820 to 1920, our urban environments polarized about two extremes. in the early nineteenth century the health of city dwellers depended upon the amplitude and adequacy of the traditional design of individual houses, upon the purity of family and neighborhood wells, the happenstance of open lots, and the variations in care of backyard and basement privies. booming growth and mass migrations relentlessly pressed against this almost universal big - city environment, placing all citizens in continuous jeopardy from fire and disease. innovations in transportation, municipal sanitary services, plumbing, heating, lighting, and to a lesser extent in the design of housing created a new environment for one - half to two - thirds of the urban population. by the 1890s the disparate trends of urban growth had become apparent. at one extreme stood the new urban world of single - family houses, row houses, two - families, and apartments, where an unprecedented part of the population enjoyed equally unprecedented security and a rapidly rising standard of living ; at the other extreme stood the old big - city world of overcrowding in rooms and obsolete structures, faulty or nonexistent plumbing and heating, firetraps, fever nests, and malfunctioning integration of public and private sanitary systems. the potentials of the new environment and their unavoidable tensions with the old combined to call forth the housing practices and health programs of the industrial metropolis. the same potentials and tensions also set for our own era the basic institutional structures that still determine our housing supply, public health, and private care systems. the safer and more wholesome urban environment sprang from a series of complementary events in transportation, public services, site planning, mechanical inventions, and home design. the succession of transportation innovations, from the introduction of horse - drawn streetcars in the 1830s to the electrification of street railways in the 1890s and the supplementing of public transit by the automobile after 1910, had a contradictory environmental effect. as possible commuting distances lengthened with each transportation advance, the supply of land expanded exponentially, thereby relieving what would otherwise have been an intolerable pressure upon land within the reach of pedestrian journeys to work. the fact that fringe land around each booming city grew at a rate even more rapid than the city ' s population made possible a lowered density of many new residential environments in the industrial metropolis. for housing built after about 1880 a new minimum standard prevailed. in most cities the standard manifested itself in miles upon miles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5113530321816004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.262943"} {"text": "at a rate even more rapid than the city ' s population made possible a lowered density of many new residential environments in the industrial metropolis. for housing built after about 1880 a new minimum standard prevailed. in most cities the standard manifested itself in miles upon miles of small wooden freestanding houses set back by a tiny lawn from the dirt and dust of the street, each separated from its neighbor by a narrow side yard and boasting a rear yard often as deep again as the house itself. the cumulative effect of forty years of such construction was to free the middle - class and typical working - class americans from the dangers of alley housing, boardinghouses, and jerry - built conversions typical of the high land values of the big city of the early nineteenth century. even in the nation ' s largest cities, where land costs were high and multistory housing prevailed, the opening of new land brought salutary effects. the universal two - family structures, the three - deckers of new england, and the flats of chicago, though they crowded the land by today ' s standards, at least guaranteed no windowless rooms, and two exits \u2014 front and back stairs \u2014 in case of fire. philadelphia ' s and baltimore ' s row houses gained in amenity when builders stopped squeezing them into courts and rear alleys and began to lay them out instead in strips fronting only the main streets. the perspective of mile upon mile of houses of the industrial metropolis presents a dreary aspect to today ' s viewer, but in the essential ingredients of light, air, and fire safety the structures represent an important advance over the earlier practices of urban land crowding. only in the inner - city tenements of every city, and especially in the crowded centers of new york and boston, did the industrial metropolis ' s new transportation fail to improve the environment of large numbers of its citizens. a contrary tendency of transportation innovation controlled the inner city. the ability of electric - powered surface transportation to deliver ever more thousands of commuters to the downtown sent the price of centrally situated parcels of land skyrocketing, thereby raising the rents for close - in housing to higher and higher levels. for the poor, confined by their job - access needs to the center of the city, this effect of transportation improvement on rents proved an insurmountable barrier to their realization of the benefits of modernization. for the well - to - do a modest move uptown and the purchase of new building designs and mechanical services in the form of firewalls, fire barriers, central heating and lighting,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48704529919201656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.263976"} {"text": "and the well - to - do adopted the habit of spending summers in distant suburbs in order to escape the season of greatest danger. although public toleration for fire and disease stood at a much higher threshold in 1840 than in 1920, the desire to mitigate these trials found daily reinforcement in the sheer lack of reasonably clear water in many parts of the city. water peddlers ' wagons moved through the streets of new york selling spring water to housewives so they could brew a palatable pot of tea or coffee. a clouded and murky pail was often the best that a backyard well or neighborhood pump could offer for the family washing. by the 1840s the merchants ' fear of fires and the desire for household convenience reached a pitch that overcame the universal distaste for taxes and heavy public expense. during the 1840s and 1850s the major cities of the nation built reservoirs, aqueducts, and pumping stations, and laid water mains through almost every street. yet no sooner had these giant municipal undertakings been completed than the abundance of water clogged the haphazard neighborhood sewers and flooded the streets, alleys, and back - yards of the city. and the threat of epidemics did not disappear. according to contemporary theory, stagnant water, putrefaction, and bad odors were the breeders and carriers of disease. repeated statistical investigations by doctors and laymen established an incontrovertible correlation between the incidence of infection and inadequate sanitation. thus from the 1850s to the 1870s cities shouldered the heavy burden of constructing their initial unified sewer systems to match the waterworks of the previous decades. both halves of the sanitary system again rested upon the divided responsibility of public and private effort. the division of labor seemed perfectly natural to the age. it minimized public costs, especially when complete systems had to be constructed from scratch, and at the same time it continued the long - standing tradition by which each property owner shouldered the responsibility for the improvement of his own buildings. the public water effort stopped with the laying of water mains in the streets and placing of hydrants from which householders could draw water and to which fire pumps could be attached. any abutter who wished to tap the main in the street for service to his house, store, or factory could do so, but he had to bear the expense of the connection as well as to pay for his own plumbing and fixtures. similarly, the sewer ran underground through the street, available to those who chose to make a direct connection to it. the immediate consequence of this division", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.458173734887062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.270315"} {"text": "he had to bear the expense of the connection as well as to pay for his own plumbing and fixtures. similarly, the sewer ran underground through the street, available to those who chose to make a direct connection to it. the immediate consequence of this division of labor and responsibility was to hobble the effectiveness of the sanitary system. homeowners and landlords whose tenants could afford a moderate increase in rents rapidly installed the water tap at the kitchen sink and the flush toilet, the essentials of the new environmental safety. bathtubs, long considered a luxury, gained popularity more slowly. at the growing fringe of the city the financial partnership of public and private effort placed even more expense on the individual household. here costs were allocated according to the traditions of beneficial assessment \u2014 that is, owners of land abutting a street were charged for a share of any public improvement that raised the value of their land. in opening up new land, the purchaser of each lot had to pay for all or some very substantial fraction of the costs of laying of the water mains and sewers, as well as for the house connections and equipment. the effect was to both raise the amenity level and the costs of new construction beyond pre - plumbing levels. for its part the city waterworks and later metropolitan water and sewer boards endeavored to keep up with suburban demand by building new ( and rebuilding old ) water mains, pumping stations, and trunk - line sewers. it was a costly race in pursuit of new development, and some modern authors who have reviewed the pricing of water contend that the total effect was to encourage not only suburbanization but also the commercial and industrial waste of water. whatever the merits of alternative pricing schedules might be, there can be no doubt about the long - term environmental effects of the municipal - private partnership. by 1920 the middle class both within the city and in the suburbs had attained a newly safe and salubrious environment, while the working - class families who inherited old middle - class neighborhoods, or rented newly constructed multifamily housing of their own, reaped the same benefit. the poorest third of the population, however, was left out or lagged badly behind, suffering either from the complete absence of the new facilities in their homes or from limited plumbing facilities used by too many people. the water rates could easily have been used to install and maintain the necessary faucets and toilets, thereby overcoming some of the worst effects of the unequal distribution of personal income in the society. the public costs would have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4711978730988676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.271859"} {"text": "by too many people. the water rates could easily have been used to install and maintain the necessary faucets and toilets, thereby overcoming some of the worst effects of the unequal distribution of personal income in the society. the public costs would have been relatively slight and the gains in health substantial. all that was lacking was the popular willingness to make available to all the minimum standards of decent middle - class and working - class life. because the lower - income half of american urban families had to find their housing in the structures vacated by the upper half, the new environment of the 1880 - 1920 years is the old environment of today ' s cities. these former growth rings are now the gray areas of today ' s metropolis the brooklyns and bronxes of new york, the west and south sides of chicago, the east sides and hamtramcks of detroit. the weaknesses of a previous style of environmental progress have ripened into contemporary problems. it therefore repays us to identify the inadequacies of the past so that we will not repeat the same behavior. the most serious failures of the 1880 - 1920 environment stemmed from faulty land practices. the structures themselves now suffer from inevitable obsolescence and aging, but many could be brought up to current acceptance by sustained national prosperity and a steady attention by homeowners and municipalities. in the boom after world war ii an extraordinary modernization of american housing went forward, and so it could again. the social and economic consequences of bad land planning, however, confront today ' s householder and public official with extremely costly and painful choices. the ugliness of these old areas stems directly from the habitual land crowding of the past and from its use of uniform grid streets and narrow rectangular lots. yesterday ' s developer, like today ' s, sought his profit by putting together a land - house package in which modish ornament and late - model fixtures were combined with a generous house size. the structure conforming so nicely to fashion was the sales item, and the land beneath it was skimped so that the total price could be held down and the lot - house package marketed to as wide a custom as possible. actually there was much good sense in this strategy. buyers could easily compare one standardized house with another, and the developer could save little on his houses by alternative designs or by cutting comers in construction. on the other hand, much could be gained by the developer who shopped in the metropolitan market for land. land always ranged widely in price, in accordance with numerous variables, so that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46031192838949364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.272993"} {"text": "his houses by alternative designs or by cutting comers in construction. on the other hand, much could be gained by the developer who shopped in the metropolitan market for land. land always ranged widely in price, in accordance with numerous variables, so that the developer who took his profit by marking up the land in the lot - house package rather than by alienating the buyer by radical alterations in the structure enriched himself, while he simultaneously catered to a mass middle - income market. the consequences of this strategy in private development have been an array of relatively generous structures and pinched and inflexible land divisions. from such practices came the handkerchief front lawns, dark and narrow side yards, garage - lined alleys, solid blocks without parks or playgrounds, and the apartment - walled streets that are common to all our cities. in their day such areas were to achieve aesthetic success through the softening of awkward structures by means of trees planted between sidewalk and street and the visual merging of one tiny lawn with its neighbor. although each lot might be small, the overall effect of the block would be the relief of repeated buildings by continuous bands of green. moreover, land covenants and later zoning ordinances against particular uses were designed to protect the residential grids from the encroachment of commerce and industry by confining these activities to a corner store, strips along the main thoroughfare, or bands on each side of railroad tracks. over time such expectations and achievements have been severely eroded by the coming of the automobile and also by the inherent rigidity of the social and economic requirements of the land plan. these grids were not designs for future growth and inevitable change ; they were static layouts, and this in a country with a long history of racing urban transformation. sheer crowding of the streets and yards by automobiles since world war ii has destroyed the trees, hedges, and lawns, and since side and rear yards were small ( or nonexistent on apartment blocks ) cluster parking could not be introduced except by tearing down some houses and apartments. with the coming of the automobile the old residential areas of american cities have irrevocably lost their earlier pleasant qualities. such crowded and unwalled land presupposed adequate incomes and a neighborhood consensus for the private maintenance of what were in function the public amenities of the block. children had continually to be restrained ; lawns, hedges, and trees tended and replanted ; janitors, tenants, and homeowners had to be fussy about trash ; home businesses and car", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4981993704494977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.274118"} {"text": "in function the public amenities of the block. children had continually to be restrained ; lawns, hedges, and trees tended and replanted ; janitors, tenants, and homeowners had to be fussy about trash ; home businesses and car repairs had to be excluded ; and the city had to be vigilant in its cleaning, policing, and planting if the fragile green strips were to be preserved. declining incomes of old people, lowered wealth of successors to the first settlers, crowding by the poor, small businesses, multiple occupancy, multiplication of automobiles, loss of political status at city hall, and impoverishment of municipal governments made such a demanding neighborhood performance impossible of perpetuation. high walls and enclosed gardens and courtyards in the european manner would have enabled american residential neighborhoods to be used more comfortably by people of varying incomes and ways of life, but to modernize our inherited gray areas in such patterns and also to make room for automobiles would require a heavy investment, to say nothing of tearing down structures to make parking places. all in all, such modernization will demand an investment in landscape construction which far exceeds that allotted to our common open urban and suburban styles. residential areas are not alone in suffering from the real - estate practices of the past. the developer ' s goal of selling every last lot meant that commercial and industrial strips were cut up and filled without regard for a reserve of space needed for the future. today narrow strips of stores laid out to serve pedestrian and streetcar traffic cannot be readily adapted to automobile traffic. no land was set aside for commercial and industrial expansion, so that firms that prosper in old sections of the metropolis must move, much to the detriment of the local economy, to find adequate space. the inner city and gray areas thus become, by a kind of anti - darwinian selection, the sites of the old - fashioned and least successful enterprises. finally, the new environment of 1880 - 1920 was more a machine for social mobility than a model for urban communities. the sociability of americans, especially housewives and their children, did create friendly neighborhoods within the ever - expanding grids of streets and houses, but these important interactions took place despite, not because of, the land plans. the shopping strips, scattered churches and schools, and grid streets did not focus the paths of neighboring and daily errands in a way that made it possible for groups of people living within the same few blocks to know or recognize each other. this absence of widespread acquaintanceship caused by disparate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5033214829995782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.275374"} {"text": "and grid streets did not focus the paths of neighboring and daily errands in a way that made it possible for groups of people living within the same few blocks to know or recognize each other. this absence of widespread acquaintanceship caused by disparate daily paths has hindered the informal policing of old urban and suburban neighborhoods. such sociability networks as did establish themselves were hardly a match for the contrary impulsion toward anonymity which american mobility patterns foster. we use housing as an expression of family status and affluence, to move out when we move up, or to shift houses in a restless search for better jobs. the inevitable consequence of these habits has been very high levels of neighborhood turnover, with all the social stresses and threats to stable property maintenance and values that such behavior entails. the instability of residential property, the customary failure of builders to lay out or maintain a gardenlike neighborhood, and the universal lack of community solidarity led some wealthy nineteenth - and twentieth - century americans to experiment with communities planned to overcome these failings and to protect suburbs from the usual processes of urban growth. the earliest experiment, llewellyn park, new jersey ( 1853 - 69 ), had a single - gated entrance which opened to a sinuous ribbon of streets laid out along the contours of a hilly site. four hundred acres were subdivided into one - acre sites abutting an interior fifty - acre park. the park was to be controlled and maintained by the homeowners as common land. thus the enjoyment of a country gentleman ' s park in the then - popular romantic style became possible for several hundred families, each of whom was responsible individually for the upkeep of only one acre. a similar design for sixteen hundred acres in suburban chicago was laid out by new york city ' s central park designers, frederick l. olmsted and calvert vaux, in 1868 - 69. here an entire residential community was contemplated. the commuters ' railroad station and the town stores served as the community center, while curved streets sunk below the grade of the house lots, reserved parkland, and subtle alterations in the des plaines river created the garden effect. in this case the subdivision \u2014 riverside, illinois \u2014 constituted a single political unit, so that the regular political machinery of local government could be employed for the maintenance of public spaces and for the policing of the subsequent development of the town. the enthusiasm for golf, which seized the rich in the late 1880s, offered new devices for community planning of wealthy subdivisions. the golf club with its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5227576235047573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.278263"} {"text": "could be employed for the maintenance of public spaces and for the policing of the subsequent development of the town. the enthusiasm for golf, which seized the rich in the late 1880s, offered new devices for community planning of wealthy subdivisions. the golf club with its expensive lawns and plantings could serve as a park in its own right and also as a barrier to later encroachment by smaller houses and apartments. it could in addition serve as a powerful mechanism for controlling the social unity of the area, and with such merits the golf club became the most widespread tool of suburban community design in the american metropolis. its failings of course lay in the substitution of private club for public community and in the extreme class, race, and ethnic segregation it inevitably imposed. the largest and most successful of all these upper - income residential communities has been the country club district of kansas city, begun in 1905. one firm has since continued to develop a succession of subdivisions that fan out from the axes of two main streets that join at a shopping center. an extensive list of covenants between the developer and the purchaser including for many years covenants against black purchase \u2014 and active homeowners ' associations have been used to control the siting of the houses and the type of structure built and to maintain the public services of the streets and district. in 1911 the russell sage foundation attempted to demonstrate in its forest hills, long island, project that these examples of design of suburban communities for the wealthy could be adapted for middle - income housing. the experiment, taking place within the municipal boundaries of new york city, attracted a great deal of attention and was a considerable success in the field of design, but it also conclusively proved that the conventional subdivision was more profitable. the lesson forest hills taught the infant city - planning profession was that the community planning features of curvilinear streets, cul - de - sacs, playgrounds, parks, and unified shopping centers would be adopted by subdividers only if local government regulations required them. this lesson has been well learned, and much of the superiority of post - 1920 suburban subdivisions over their predecessors comes from the imposition of such rules for land platting by professional planners employed by the local governments of the american metropolis. in particular the neighborhood unit scheme, derived from nineteenth - century planned community experiments and advocated by russell sage foundation executive clarence perry, proved a flexible device. the neighborhood unit idea, modeled in part at forest hills, was an institutional and traffic design program for promoting the social organization of new suburbs. each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.529329385275809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.279854"} {"text": "nineteenth - century planned community experiments and advocated by russell sage foundation executive clarence perry, proved a flexible device. the neighborhood unit idea, modeled in part at forest hills, was an institutional and traffic design program for promoting the social organization of new suburbs. each neighborhood was to be defined by one primary school, situated in a central park. the borders of the neighborhood were to be set off by main traffic arteries. in this way only neighborhood - serving and local residents ' traffic would move through the area, while the schoolchildren and their after - school play would bring resident families into contact with one another. service stores were to be so placed as to make for social unification, and the daily round of errands would also promote acquaintanceship. in varying modifications the neighborhood - unit idea for suburban planning has been promoted by professional planners and widely adopted in middle - class subdivisions across the nation. gans ' s study of levittown, new jersey, demonstrates that school, street, and errand planning do not make communitarians out of america ' s nuclear and highly mobile families, but such designs do reduce traffic accidents and provide an informal atmosphere in which to raise children. only in cases where subdivisions of limited class range have coincided with local political boundaries do strong suburban communities seem to develop in the metropolis. in such cases the positive effects of the promotion of public facilities, high levels of maintenance, and innovative municipal services manifest themselves, but so also do the negative effects of racial and class exclusiveness. for the preponderance of americans, neither the old grids nor the community - planning experiments of the nineteenth century seem to create an adequate urban environment \u2014 an environment able to roll with the social impacts of a rapid rate of urban development and at the same time to fill the gap between family isolation and the goal of an open democratic community life. if the environment of 1880 - 1920 is the physical inheritance of our cities, it was the medical responses of that same era that fashioned the basic set of institutions established to protect the health of our urban populations. the staying power and rigidity of this legacy derives from its extraordinary successes in its own time. armed with new scientific discoveries and techniques, these medical institutions scored an undreamed - of victory over the epidemic and mortality crises of the nineteenth - century city. simultaneously doctors, hospitals, dispensaries, and public - health units offered a broad range of acute - care services which met many of the day - to - day needs of the upper two - thirds of the population. such remarkable accomplishments so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5405524677035045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.281249"} {"text": ". simultaneously doctors, hospitals, dispensaries, and public - health units offered a broad range of acute - care services which met many of the day - to - day needs of the upper two - thirds of the population. such remarkable accomplishments so raised the status and popularity of doctors and their institutions that not until our own time have the shortcomings of these arrangements from the past come under scrutiny. yet today ' s problems were also those of the years of first triumph : a badly skewed delivery of health - care services that favored city dwellers, whites, men, and the well - to - do ; an arrested environmentalism that neglected nutrition, housing, community, family life, and preventive care ; narrow specialization and bureaucratization which de - humanized the patient ; an overemphasis on drugs, surgery, and advanced instrumentation which drew scarce resources from the essential, if less heroic, long - term physical and mental therapies ; a general self - satisfaction on the part of the medical fraternity which isolated it from a range of overlapping professions in education, engineering, planning, and social science. the sustained contagious - disease and mortality crises of giant nineteenth - century cities manifested themselves most ominously in the old environment, the quarters of the poor untouched by or only partially improved by the new patterns of city building or the new sanitary services of the 1880 - 1920 metropolis. here society had proved unwilling or unable to extend its environmental remedies, but fortunately the nation was spared the endless recurrence of the ancient disabilities of great cities because the discoveries of medical science were able to deal with a select list of disease and thereby reach out to protect almost the entire urban population. in addition, such was the new wealth of these cities that the adequate - income majority was able to purchase a greatly enlarged range of services for its routine health care. in the 1820s, at the onset of rapid urbanization, american cities were virtually defenseless against both epidemics and the normal incidence of disease. the art of medicine could do little but set bones, amputate limbs, pull teeth, vaccinate against smallpox, and assist births. the few drugs doctors prescribed were unspecific and often given in debilitating dosages. worse still, the contemporary custom of drawing blood and purging bowels was actually injurious to the ill. in these early nineteenth - century years the best medical care consisted of commonsensical home nursing by relatives and the family physician so that nature ' s own cures could most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44558546699670015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.282484"} {"text": "and purging bowels was actually injurious to the ill. in these early nineteenth - century years the best medical care consisted of commonsensical home nursing by relatives and the family physician so that nature ' s own cures could most effectively take place. for the ordinary citizen the comfort of one ' s own family and the attendance of the solo practitioner were the normal recourse in times of accident or sickness. for those outside the ministrations of family comfort, the largest cities like philadelphia, new york, and boston had established hospitals open to migrants, sailors, the old, mentally ill, and the sick poor. despite good intentions, extreme class segregation inevitably undermined these institutions. as custodians of outsiders and castoffs, these early hospitals fell far short of contemporary home standards. except in the few hospitals staffed by catholic orders, nurses were those with the lowest status and little opportunity for other employment and were sometimes even superannuated prostitutes and former felons. only when the middle class itself experienced hospital conditions, as thousands did as soldiers and volunteer nurses during the civil war, did the importance of hospital nursing impress itself on the consciousness of the mainstream of the society. hospital funds were always short, rooms overcrowded, bedding dirty ; in the absence of special operating rooms and anesthesia, the screams of the patients echoed through the wards. under such conditions, alcohol, then a major hospital remedy, was perhaps the most humane prescription. in the early nineteenth century, hospitals deserved their popular reputation as places where shiploads of sick immigrants were dumped, and where the poor and the unfortunate went to die. a more successful institution of these early years was the dispensary, a neighborhood clinic where medicines and advice were given to poor patients. since dispensaries held no resident patients, they escaped some of the effects of ward contagion. they were cheap to run, and they also enjoyed a measure of public support as the one medical institution that could help the city in its continuing struggle against smallpox. the common council of new york, for instance, frequently voted funds to the dispensaries for immunization, but popular distrust of vaccination limited their effectiveness. though charities, the dispensaries rose above some of the worst degradation of philanthropy because the needs of the medical profession elevated the quality of their services. there were few medical schools in those days and even less clinical supervision, so that ambitious young doctors who wanted to extend their apprenticeship sought dispensary positions much as today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44698679943197145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.284733"} {"text": "of philanthropy because the needs of the medical profession elevated the quality of their services. there were few medical schools in those days and even less clinical supervision, so that ambitious young doctors who wanted to extend their apprenticeship sought dispensary positions much as today they seek hospital residencies. with such diverse roots of support, city dispensaries multiplied during the years before the civil war ; new york ' s first dispensary opened in 1791, and by 1866 there were ten. altogether, family nursing, the private practitioner, the hospital and the dispensary were but a tenuous defense against accident and disease. today the national death rate stands at about 9. 5 per thousand inhabitants ; in 1900 it was 17. 2 ; in new york prior to the civil war, so far as records tell, it fluctuated between 26. 1 and 40. 7. infants and children dwelt in greatest jeopardy, suffering about two - thirds of each year ' s deaths. yet public concern did not then, nor did it earlier, focus on childbirth and child care, or even on the major day - to - day causes of adult death and morbidity : ' tuberculosis, typhoid, and dysentery. the public accepted these diseases as the hazards of life itself, though statistics seem to show that in the nineteenth - century urban environment such dangers to life increased with city size. rather it was the dramatic summer incursions of epidemics of yellow fever, asiatic cholera, and to a lesser extent typhus ( a disease the well - to - do could ignore as the special providence of poverty - stricken immigrants ) that mobilized public opinion. these epidemics called forth the nation ' s earliest environmental public - health programs : quarantines, emergency and immigrant pesthouses, disinfection of the rooms and houses of the stricken, and attacks on nuisances and filth. although the causes of the epidemics were unknown at the time, european sanitarians had conclusively shown ( and american investigators confirmed ) that overcrowding and bad sanitary conditions were correlated with a high incidence of such cases. landmark studies were lemuel shattuck ' s census of boston ( 1845 ) and his report of a general plan for the promotion of public and personal health ( 1850 ), john h. griscom ' s the sanitary conditions of the laboring population of new york ( 1845 ), and the american medical association ' s multi - city investigations of 1849. the net effect of these measures and of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4369240880134707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.286465"} {"text": "( 1850 ), john h. griscom ' s the sanitary conditions of the laboring population of new york ( 1845 ), and the american medical association ' s multi - city investigations of 1849. the net effect of these measures and of the water and sanitary constructions which accompanied them seems to have been to stem the potential for an ever - rising death rate, which unattended urban growth would have unleashed. until the new medical science arrived high mortality could not be turned back, but the early environmentalists did at least succeed in holding the half - dozen largest cities of 250, 000 to 2, 000, 000 inhabitants to levels of safety commensurate with those of less than 100, 000. the rapid succession of medical discoveries which began to accelerate after 1870 led to a proliferation of medical institutions whose innovative services were as important to urban living as the sanitary engineering of the former big - city era had been. the discoveries of bacteriology made possible the specific identification of an impressive list of common diseases like pneumonia, typhoid, tetanus, dysentery, whooping cough, tuberculosis, and numerous wound infections. parallel discoveries in chemistry, pathology, and endocrinology allowed the effective intervention by doctors in a considerable number of both children ' s and adults ' illnesses. thanks to the new science, by 1900 the profession of medicine was rushing forward from its previous statistical observations and commonsensical nursing toward active intervention both in individual cases and in the urban environment. the new capabilities manifested themselves in traditional and novel forms alike : in the private practice of the single physician, in the totally refashioned institution of the voluntary hospital, in the expanded private and municipal public - health clinics and dispensaries, and in new regulatory programs. for the majority of urban dwellers, the most obvious gift of the new science appeared in the augmented effectiveness of the neighborhood physician. in 1900, solo practitioners ' training and equipment were still quite primitive. nevertheless those who kept abreast of recent discoveries could carry a few efficacious drugs and vaccines in their black bags, by now knew enough pharmacology to avoid the destructive dosages of unspecific drugs, owned a small table - top laboratory where they could perform a few simple urine and blood tests, had a systematic method for examining patients to detect their symptoms, and possessed sufficient knowledge and technique of asepsis to treat minor injuries, deliver babies, and handle contagious disease without endangering their patients. furthermore, now that the scientific foundations of medicine had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4758468158675449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.288211"} {"text": "method for examining patients to detect their symptoms, and possessed sufficient knowledge and technique of asepsis to treat minor injuries, deliver babies, and handle contagious disease without endangering their patients. furthermore, now that the scientific foundations of medicine had been established beyond cavil, it became possible to standardize the norms of competence and to extinguish the professional conflicts that had raged among believers in various causes of disease and different methods of therapy. the nineteenth - century hodgepodge of quacks and of physicians trained in commercial medical schools as well as in universities was soon placed under strict licensing and educational standards. by 1920, city dwellers who could pay a private doctor ' s fee could expect a fair level of competence in the treatment of a considerable list of common diseases and injuries. this new effectiveness, achieved in the lifetime of one generation, raised the status of the family physician to a position of extraordinary popularity. the private practitioner became that legendary figure of healer, father, and family guardian which enabled the medical profession to defend itself against major reform in our own time. in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries a wholly new kind of institution, the voluntary general hospital, served as the social agent of medical progress and the adjuvant, teacher, and disciplinarian of the private city physician. by ceasing to be merely the repository for the unfortunate and becoming instead the home of the new advanced practice and the servant of the middle class, it moved from the periphery to the center of medical care. in the years after the civil war, everything about the hospital changed. the discovery and perfection of techniques of asepsis made it a reasonably safe place to go for treatment of serious illness or severe accidents. surgery became reliable and effective. with the growth of science and the shift in hospital clientele, nursing ceased to be the resort of undesirables or a province of religious orders. it matured instead into a suitable lay occupation for those educated middle - class and working - class girls who were seeking independent roles in a society that had formerly offered little outside the factory, shop, school, or home. finally, the hospital became the center of scientific progress. only the large hospital could afford the expensive equipment and laboratories required for complicated techniques ; only the large hospital could provide the variety of cases essential to research and medical education. these science - based changes in the hospital engendered a new fusion \u2014 the union of university medical schools, voluntary general hospitals, medical researchers and specialists, private practitioners, and their middle - class clients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5203515669405137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.290738"} {"text": "of cases essential to research and medical education. these science - based changes in the hospital engendered a new fusion \u2014 the union of university medical schools, voluntary general hospitals, medical researchers and specialists, private practitioners, and their middle - class clients. such a fusion was a reflection of the social structure and economic power of the industrial metropolis. the fabulous fortunes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were represented on the governing boards of general hospitals and universities. the urban rich, as yet but minimally taxed for public programs, expressed their enthusiasm for the new science, and often their gratitude for medical care, by endowing chairs of medicine and furnishing the capital for new universities, new hospitals, and numerous additions to existing facilities. on these boards representatives of wealthy families met with fashionable practitioners and distinguished specialists to determine the broad policies of medical schools, hospitals, and research. here lay the source and direction of pre - world war i medical capital. the middle - class patient, too, made his contribution. hospital fees began to be levied for service, and these fees provided a major fraction, or even the entire funding, of the day - to - day operation of the hospital. the working class and the poor, here as in the city at large, were subject to means tests to set the degrees of remission of their charges. moreover, as charity cases they were subject to crowding, segregation in the wards and outpatient clinics, and a cheapening of service that paralleled their outside lives as residents of the city and as low - income consumers. nevertheless, analogous to the rising living standards of the industrial metropolis itself, the new general hospital did give the poor access to an unprecedented level of medical care. the economic formula of the new voluntary hospital, altered by the omission of expensive charity, research, and training by proprietary hospitals but emulated in the best municipal hospitals by the substitution of the city ' s funds for the wealthy donor, proved so successful that hospitals multiplied at exceptional rates in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. in 1873 there were only 178 hospitals in the united states ; by 1909 there were 4, 400 ; by 1918, when the number of non - federal institutions peaked, there were 7, 000. a totally unplanned growth, which was the outcome of the potentials of new science and the wealth of industrialization, had produced the social structure of the hospital - based medical profession that has proved to have serious consequences for our own time. in the early years, when research was first lifting the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4987748438510476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.292188"} {"text": "outcome of the potentials of new science and the wealth of industrialization, had produced the social structure of the hospital - based medical profession that has proved to have serious consequences for our own time. in the early years, when research was first lifting the veil of ignorance and when new techniques and new hospital practices constituted such tremendous advances over what had prevailed, the gifts of the rich and the making of decisions by the wealthy and the professional elite seemed natural and beneficent. yet the failure of the american medical structure to represent either the middle - class or low - income patient in what were in fact public policy decisions has badly distorted our medical undertakings. ever more expensive research, ever more elaborate techniques, and the concentration on surgery at the expense of long - term care for the old were some of the most obvious results of the exclusive representation of wealthy donors and the medical elite. environmental and preventive measures, chronic diseases, dentistry, the day - to - day rendering of service, and what might be termed throat - stick medicine have been relatively neglected. moreover, with the rapid advance of science the solo practitioner became more and more closely allied to the hospital because it was the source of personal prestige and advanced knowledge and technique. as a result, neighborhood practice almost disappeared from poor districts, and the working class has come to be dependent upon the accident of location of hospital outpatient facilities. in 1920 the future of increasing medical specialization and the class, racial, and neighborhood consequences of the hospital structure of american medicine were only beginning to be perceived, but the seeds of our current difficulties had been sown. not that the industrial metropolis ignored the public - health possibilities of the new science ; it pursued them vigorously, constructing the institutional framework and practices that still supplement our practitioners and hospitals. indeed, the totality of environmental services and health - care institutions succeeded at last in bringing an end to the historic linkage of large cities and death. in new york, despite its gigantic size, and despite some of the most densely crowded wards in the world, the death rate had already by 1900 been brought below its lowest nineteenth - century levels, and it continued to fall in the big cities almost every year thereafter so that in our own time urban and rural death rates have at last converged. but at such a moment we face a familiar historical crisis \u2014 the institutions of the past fail to adapt to the needs of the present. as our health concerns have shifted from mortality to morbidity, we begin to experience all the failings of our old health - delivery structure. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945018413812742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.294799"} {"text": "a familiar historical crisis \u2014 the institutions of the past fail to adapt to the needs of the present. as our health concerns have shifted from mortality to morbidity, we begin to experience all the failings of our old health - delivery structure. the discoveries of bacteriology reinforced the nineteenth - century campaign of urban sanitarians. water departments introduced filtration and chemical purification in the early years of the twentieth century. the identification of both human and animal tuberculosis bacilli led to the testing of herds and the certification and pasteurization of milk, which had been a major source of child - killing infections. the precision of modern chemistry, coupled with the new large - scale marketing of meat, food products, and drugs, made it possible for the federal government to augment ineffective municipal market inspections by nationally enforced standards for purity in foods and drugs that moved in interstate commerce. the ability of the new science to explain how vaccination gave immunity even made it possible for cities and states to overcome hoary public prejudice and to institute safe, effective, compulsory smallpox vaccination for schoolchildren. finally, by shifting the focus of attention in the campaigns to remedy the ills of slum housing, the new science brought the regulatory effort to its peak and logical stopping place. the \" fever nest \" slum blocks, with their high incidence of cholera and typhus mapped by the early sanitarians, had spurred the public to establish municipal boards of health and to support their pioneering programs for the removal of nuisances and for cleanup and disinfection. in new york such expert reforms had been given impetus by the frightening experience of the draft riots of 1863, and the city enacted the nation ' s first tenement - house regulation. but when quarantine measures ended the plagues, the working - class and middle - class voters lost their fright and with it their enthusiasm for aggressive public - health measures. housing reformers were forced to fall back more and more on appeals for public support on the grounds that overcrowding led to drink, crime, and prostitution, rather than urging a community of interest in safety from disease. the threads of moral horror and the community of health have always been intertwined in american housing proposals, and the early twentieth - century tuberculosis and well - baby campaigns did aid housing reform by contributing a set of causes for which there was broad popular experience and sympathy. as a result of the intensification of the sanitary attack on slum housing, by world war i all of the nation ' s large cities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5276170573018478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.296276"} {"text": "campaigns did aid housing reform by contributing a set of causes for which there was broad popular experience and sympathy. as a result of the intensification of the sanitary attack on slum housing, by world war i all of the nation ' s large cities had modern housing codes specifying permissible room density, ventilation, and sanitation. these laws were an important achievement in ensuring that all future construction would conform to decent minimum standards. but regulation of housing cannot by definition expand the supply of housing, and indeed it tends to raise rents when it is enforced. also, it offers no remedy for the common situation where poor tenants and poor landlords meet. much slum property is owned by slum dwellers, not by rich corporations. many slum owners scrape their way into a heavily mortgaged landlord status. neither they nor their tenants welcome the news that costly repairs must be undertaken to bring their old buildings up to modem standards. the nineteenth - and early twentieth - century housing - regulation movement was after all the achievement of sanitary specialists and wealthy philanthropists, both of whom were unwilling to disturb the basic property and income relationships of the society. therefore however well - meaning, and despite its long - term contributions, the regulatory movement often appeared in poor neighborhoods as an exercise in harassment of the poor, against which petty bribes and aid from the ward boss in inducing inspectors to wink at violations were the best defense. housing reform shed some of its early philanthropic incubus thereafter, and in the thirties it picked up labor support when it was recast in the form of public construction and appeared as an aid to full employment for building - trades workers. the wealth of the industrial metropolis and the efficacy of the new science also enabled the cities of the nation to establish a series of institutions that would offer specialized medical services to supplement the basic system of private practitioners and hospitals. unfortunately for the public welfare, the urban health - delivery system was weakest in low - income areas, as housing regulations also had been, and it was in these areas that the incidence of disease and accidents rose most sharply. infants and children of the poor lived in the greatest danger. in the summer of 1893, dr. abraham jacobi and the philanthropist nathan straus opened a milk station, where boiled milk and advice on infant care were offered free to mothers of slum children. the immediate success of the project in preventing deadly summer fevers led to imitation and the rapid maturing of municipally managed well - baby clinics. soon clinics for tuberculosis and venereal disease were added to the public list.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.459349069753593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.297664"} {"text": "of slum children. the immediate success of the project in preventing deadly summer fevers led to imitation and the rapid maturing of municipally managed well - baby clinics. soon clinics for tuberculosis and venereal disease were added to the public list. the new medicine encouraged the multiplication of dispensaries, both in the old form of the freestanding clinic located in a poor neighborhood and in the new form of the outpatient departments of public and voluntary general hospitals. by 1920 new york city possessed 228 dispensaries and clinics. there were 60 baby - health stations ; 21 tuberculosis clinics ; 12 venereal - disease clinics, only two of which offered treatment ; 26 municipal single - purpose clinics for treatment of eyes, teeth, rabies infection, and occupational hazards ; 34 independent dispensaries ; 65 outpatient departments of hospitals ; four children ' s dental clinics in schools ; and even six dispensaries for college students. a fourth of new york ' s eight thousand physicians put in some of their time staffing these institutions, at which approximately 1, 250, 000 patients were treated annually. although these statistics of institutional growth, doctor participation, and patient use were impressive when held against the light of the preceding half century, the deficiencies of these supplements to private fee - paying doctor and hospital care had already revealed themselves. they were second - rate charitable supplements and as such were bound to atrophy in a society that honored self - help and responded most positively to fee - paying patients. the entire list of clinics and dispensaries was not regarded by doctors as a group of institutions on their way to the provision of complete neighborhood care. instead they were viewed as charities for the improvident and the unfortunate or as a restricted concourse of specialists who would not compete with the private doctor ' s general practice. the new york dispensary law required that all patients be subjected to a means test to determine medical indigency before treatment, granting exceptions only for a few contagious diseases, notably tuberculosis and venereal disease. numerous studies were conducted, as in welfare today, to detect cheating by patients who could afford to pay the normal rates. the baby - health stations could administer only to well babies, while sick babies had to be taken to a general practitioner, dispensary, or outpatient department of a hospital. the public acquiesced in these constraints, and the network of supplementary institutions was used by the working class and the poor as their means of access to specialists and to doctors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46064105821353507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.298820"} {"text": "practitioner, dispensary, or outpatient department of a hospital. the public acquiesced in these constraints, and the network of supplementary institutions was used by the working class and the poor as their means of access to specialists and to doctors essential in cases of serious accidents or of sicknesses they could not neglect. the whole charitable nature of these institutions prevented their maturing into adequate general - care centers. the doctors who staffed them were either ill - paid or, in the majority of cases, contributed their services. dispensary and clinic work carried no prestige ; such jobs were either the doctor ' s tithe or were sought by young men hoping for an entree to a regular hospital appointment by way of clinic duty. although dealing with a public which suffered special hardships from the loss of working hours or days, only 2. 5 percent of the total new york clinics ' time was scheduled outside the normal business day. patients had to wait in long lines. there was a shortage of supplementary personnel for the routing of patients, follow - up of cases, handling of records, and the offering of social services. diagnosis was weak, records fragmentary and often illegible ; tests were neglected and treatment haphazard. \" among cases of syphilis studied in only 50 percent was an indication found that the patient had been given the proper treatment, \" one study reported. even the outpatient departments of general hospitals, where the latest equipment and laboratories at least existed within the same building, suffered because such facilities were planned and scheduled for resident patients. the outpatient service was the stepchild of the hospital, its trustees, its administrators, and its doctors. all in all, despite its lusty growth from 1870 to 1920, the system of clinic and dispensary was poor man ' s medicine. the important public consequences of this charitable incubus lay in the withdrawal of popular support for all kinds of group and socialized medicine. as in the case of public housing, promising reforms directed to the social consequences of the unequal distribution of personal income went unsupported by working - class organizations because of their experience with services which departed from the normal private market form. in medicine the urban dispensary and clinic did not grow into a successful neighborhood or district institution, and the campaigns for health insurance faced opposition or apathy from organized labor. similarly, the federal government ' s promising demonstration of non - charity public housing during world war i died as suddenly as it appeared. in both cases small groups of professionals and intellectuals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49398855619303905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.299980"} {"text": "and the campaigns for health insurance faced opposition or apathy from organized labor. similarly, the federal government ' s promising demonstration of non - charity public housing during world war i died as suddenly as it appeared. in both cases small groups of professionals and intellectuals had demonstrated that they had fully mastered the logic of the industrial metropolis ' s housing and health structures, but many more years of investigations, reports, and social failures would be required before major segments of the public would mobilize for change. the extreme shortage of housing near war plants and navy yards forced a reluctant federal government into its first venture in civilian public housing. prior to the war the housing - reform movement had been 102. row house yards, south and iranistan avenues, bridgeport, connecticut, 1919. the u. s. housing corporation employed the most advanced land - planning practices of its day. on an expensive 25 - acre site, using the smallest two - bedroom units of any project, designers mixed a colonial american building style with contemporary english garden city site planning to provide these generous garden spaces. national archives 103. war workers ' housing, madison street, waterbury, connecticut, 1919. english cottage version of contemporary suburban styles employed by the federal government in its first public housing venture. these duplexes, pairing five - and six - room units, were erected for skilled brass workers. national archives 104. war housing twenty years later, off lincoln street, bath, maine, 1940. because the sites were well planned and the architecture met the local consensus about what constituted decent housing, the u. s. housing corporation ' s work remained popular and aged well. library of congress 105. country club plaza, kansas city, ca. 1930. since 1905 the j. c. nichols company has been managing the nation ' s only continuously planned residential development. the basic strategy has been to follow the city ' s growth by subdividing land in an ever - widening triangle. houses and lots are sold, but the company keeps the shopping centers it builds. this is the first ( 1923 ), at the intown apex of the development triangle. nearby apartments helped to get the shopping center started. j. c. nichols company 106. grand drive from 53rd terrace, country club district, kansas city, ca. 1914. following contemporary examples of other upper - middle - class suburbs, especially roland park, baltimore, the company gave special attention to site preparation and landscaping. small parks, winding streets, and generous plantings are its hallmarks. with each subdivision homes associations are formed to maintain the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4308157692552135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.301162"} {"text": "other upper - middle - class suburbs, especially roland park, baltimore, the company gave special attention to site preparation and landscaping. small parks, winding streets, and generous plantings are its hallmarks. with each subdivision homes associations are formed to maintain the local common grounds. j. c. nichols company 107. belinder avenue, country club district, kansas city, 1963. uniform setbacks of the houses, careful plantings and maintenance produce the epitome of the american residential street. photograph taken twenty - five years after first development. j. c nichols company 108. parking garage, 47th street, country club plaza, kansas city, ca. 1948. by keeping title to the shopping centers the developers can control and finance continuous modernization. here a former parking lot was converted into a free parking structure for 400 cars. in contrast to the pains of urban renewal, the country club plaza stands as a convincing argument for municipal ownership and management of the commercial and industrial land of the metropolis. j. c. nichols company 109. homestead country club, country club district, kansas city, 1954. since full - amenity development to high standards can only be profitable for middle - to - upper - income families, the entire country club district is a city planning triumph but a social disaster for kansas city. only public financing and control of land and housing development could have prevented the inevitable side effects of class and racial segregation. j. c. nichols company 110. public housing, holyoke, massachusetts, 1941. controls against giving too much to the poor reduced new deal housing to levels below that of the world war i projects, thereby ensuring that the gap between the rewarded poor and the middle class would widen disastrously once the depression ended. nevertheless, in small cities across the nation where land costs were low and projects not too large, substantial gains were made over local slum conditions. compare these new two - story row - house apartments to the four - story wooden tenements in the background. library of congress 111. subsistence homesteads, el monte, los angeles, 1936. a resettlement administration demonstration project of farm homes for clerks and industrial workers employed in the city. the three - quarter - acre lots and locally designed five - room houses successfully captured a broad popular demand. two thousand families applied initially for the planned 140 units. houses were ultimately sold to their occupants without loss to the government because the project was sensibly located along one axis of metropolitan growth. library of congress 112. ida b. wells housing project, pershing road and martin luther king", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43657022927599654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.302196"} {"text": "planned 140 units. houses were ultimately sold to their occupants without loss to the government because the project was sensibly located along one axis of metropolitan growth. library of congress 112. ida b. wells housing project, pershing road and martin luther king drive, chicago, 1942. typical new deal big - city federal housing project \u2014 barracks for 1, 655 black families. white antipathy to public housing outside the established ghetto forced enlargement of the project in 1955 and 1961 so that it is now an all - black philanthropic city of 12, 000 inhabitants. library of congress 113. lakeview terrace, whiskey island, cleveland, ca. 1936. local housing authorities, unwilling and unable to see housing as an opportunity to let the poor move to modern neighborhoods and closer to the growing sectors of the metropolitan economy, frequently repackaged the poor in old slum sites. here, 620 families were settled in an industrially impacted neighborhood. subsequently an interstate highway has further blighted one edge of the project. urban archives, temple university 114. lafayette park, detroit, ca. 1962. a 164 - acre urban - renewal project one mile east of the downtown. conceived first in 1949 as a public housing program, it was redesigned when urban - renewal legislation offered a tax - hungry city the opportunity to clear land and build for the wealthy. low - income property on the site was leveled without adequate relocation measures and luxury row houses and apartment towers were built. completed 1971. u. s. department of housing and urban development 115. prefabricated housing experiment, akron, ohio, 1971. mistaking a social and economic problem for a technological one, the u. s. department of housing and urban development recently launched a high - publicity program for factory - made homes. scarcity and costs of well - prepared land, class and racial segregation, and the financing of adequate social and educational services to housing, not the structures themselves, have been the real problem. u. s. department of housing and urban development 116. scattered - site public housing, mount clemens, michigan, ca. 1964. occasionally public housing meets the popular norms for decent living. here 160 units for blacks, whites, and the elderly were mixed within a small metropolitan satellite city ' s urban - renewal program. eight sites were scattered over 485 acres so as not to disturb the existing neighborhood fabric. tenants paint their own apartments and keep up their own lawns and gardens. problems so far : kitchens too small, not enough closet space! u. s. department of housing and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4258892721248794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.303426"} {"text": "over 485 acres so as not to disturb the existing neighborhood fabric. tenants paint their own apartments and keep up their own lawns and gardens. problems so far : kitchens too small, not enough closet space! u. s. department of housing and urban development fully occupied with building regulations, the brand - new controls of zoning, and experiments with philanthropic and limited - dividend model - tenement housing. continental and british examples had begun to attract attention in advanced professional circles, and massachusetts had tried a small experiment, but to most americans governmental construction of houses seemed to represent a dangerous step toward socialism and a direct threat to the genius of the republic. despite successive reports of an inability to attract and hold skilled workers without the provision of some decent accommodation for their families, congress delayed authorization of public war housing. the fact that such an undertaking resembled german socialism more than anything else made it doubly unpalatable to congress. yet skilled workers would not tolerate for long the boardinghouses, barracks, and made - over garages that unskilled men and women accepted. therefore, five months before the armistice, a public - housing program for skilled workers was at last authorized, subject to the strict condition that all housing so built be sold to private persons at the war ' s end. two federal agencies, the emergency fleet corporation and the u. s. housing corporation, undertook the rush task and together they built or subsidized the construction of more than fifteen thousand dwelling units at seventy - nine project sites across the country. the final report of frederick law olmsted, jr., planner of forest hills and manager of the town planning division of the u. s. housing corporation, is of exceptional interest because it demonstrates that professionals had early thoroughly understood the mechanisms and limitations of the private housing market and the remedies needed to maximize the social benefits of private construction. the report also shows that the u. s. housing corporation had demonstrated how a model public - housing program should be managed if the government should ever have wished to move beyond the limitations of the private market. first, the summary report recognized the basic trickle - down nature of american housing. new housing is built for the middle class and the upper levels of the working class, and all others inherit what is vacated by these. thus the quality of housing in a given city depends directly upon its quantity. if there is a shortage of housing, olmsted stated, then those least able to pay rents must double up and occupy unfit structures, and the immediate result is \" slum conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49567233784911136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.304697"} {"text": "quality of housing in a given city depends directly upon its quantity. if there is a shortage of housing, olmsted stated, then those least able to pay rents must double up and occupy unfit structures, and the immediate result is \" slum conditions unfavorable to that self - respecting family life upon which the security of our democracy rests. \" second, he recognized local housing conditions to be a national and not a local problem, because of the crucial role played by the national flows of mortgage capital. thus during the years from 1914 to 1918 rising building costs and more lucrative opportunities for investment elsewhere had driven capital away from new construction, so that a housing shortage existed even prior to our entry into the war in 1917. as a permanent remedy for the inevitable periodic shortage of money for home construction, olmsted recommended federal intervention in the capital - supply market along the lines that had recently been followed by the 1916 farm loan act. under this program the government lent money to local cooperative banks, and they in turn extended cheap long - term mortgages to farmers. in 1933, with the crisis of the great depression, the home owners loan corporation was created exactly along such lines. this act, plus subsequent new deal additions, established the basic american housing strategy : to encourage the private trickle - down housing market through government intervention and government support for the supply of mortgage funds. olmsted noted that the u. s. housing corporation had \" dealt but little with the more difficult problem of satisfactory and economical housing for the families of unskilled and relatively low paid workers. \" yet looking back on the pioneering work of this agency and assessing its accomplishment in the light of america ' s subsequent public - housing disasters, one can appreciate these world war i construction projects as model programs that defined the basic conditions under which any successful public - housing policy must proceed. the essence of the corporation ' s work lay in its adoption of a contemporary consensus for standard new housing. in designing for skilled workers who were engaged in a common patriotic enterprise, the corporation ' s program was not obliged to lower its standards to a level below that of private housing. it did not have to avoid offending the sensibilities of private tenants and homeowners by offering less than the equivalent housing to its recipients of public welfare. on the contrary, the central office in washington set normal prevailing standards, called together mixed planning and archi - tectural teams, and turned them loose to do as good a job as they could. the result varied from the ordinary to the excellent. many projects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47593600152328974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.305767"} {"text": ", the central office in washington set normal prevailing standards, called together mixed planning and archi - tectural teams, and turned them loose to do as good a job as they could. the result varied from the ordinary to the excellent. many projects used the latest traffic, curvilinear - street, park - reservation, and community - center devices of the best english garden city and wealthy american garden - suburb practice. taste was not regimented. there were colonial and tudor houses in the east, stone houses in ohio, spanish stucco in california, and neat wooden bungalows in the state of washington. moreover by a strong emphasis on site planning these projects enjoyed the lasting advantage of having their utilities, streets, and services finished and located in a way that would enhance the long - term use and maintenance of the homes, instead of leaving newcomers stranded and struggling for city services, as had so often happened in low - cost outlying private developments and would occur later in public housing. when the federal government did finally enter on public housing during the new deal, it violated ( except in its three controversial greenbelt towns ) the basic world war i conditions of success. instead of building to the standard of middle - class private consensus it built second - class philanthropic housing. by so doing it drove off local architectural and planning talent, erected obsolete structures that would have to be lived in for fifty years, and stigmatized the beneficiaries as second - class citizens. the health - insurance reformers of the pre - world war i era also displayed a competent perception of the shortcomings of the existing medical structure. the remedies they proposed, like those of the u. s. housing corporation group, were essentially conservative \u2014 designed to use government to make the private system more effective, not to institute a novel public organization. the health - insurance movement began in europe and was carried to america by intellectuals, and accordingly it was never a campaign of the medical practitioners. it commenced with a concern for the maintenance of income for injured workers ' families, and then as it gained momentum it moved on to proposals for insurance against everyday medical expenses. as the campaign progressed from legal and industrial reform to contact with medical practitioners and conflict with private insurance companies, it encountered a paranoid counterattack which defended the recently developed institutional struc - ture of medicine as if it were the last bastion of american free enterprise and the most sacred of the nation ' s ancient traditions. the first phase of reform, employers ' liability laws and workmen ' s compensation insurance, advanced smoothly because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4792676214549614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.306817"} {"text": "provisions for medical charges were added to the original wage - based cash benefits, the restriction of the program to work - related health problems seems to have prevented practitioners from perceiving this insurance scheme as a threat to private doctor - patient relationships. hospitals did, however, receive direct payments from insurance companies for treatment of accident cases, and this innovation seems to have softened hospital administrators toward insurance schemes in general. again it was europe that pioneered in payments for sickness and accidents not related to the job. here the issue concerned income maintenance for workers ' families when the wage earner could not work, payments for medical care, and funeral expenses. as early as 1883 germany had begun contributory employer - employee local insurance funds, and in subsequent years the number of industries to undertake such coverage was steadily expanded. great britain followed a parallel course in enacting in 1911 a national insurance act, which established compulsory unemployment and health insurance. workers were to receive some measure of protection against the inevitable occurrence of periodic unemployment as well as some assistance to defray the costs of health maintenance. a special feature of the british scheme was its accommodation of existing benefit associations and insurance companies. the government promulgated a list of approved insurance societies, and these were to receive the joint payments of workers, employers, and the government. local boards of doctors, insurance representatives, and government officials were to oversee the payments. reformers in the united states were primarily academicians organized in the american association for labor legislation. in 1914 the association reported on its studies of european precedents and opened a campaign for medical insurance at the federal and state levels. the association did not contemplate total unemployment compensation. the reformers hoped to insure industrial workers against the expenses of childbirth, accidents, sickness, and funerals so that the working class could become full - paying patients of the private medical - care system. as in great britain, government, employer, and employee would all contribute to funding the compulsory insurance pools. the aall report also allowed self - employed persons not covered by the legislation to join such programs on a voluntary basis. either state or private insurance carriers were envisaged as insurers, and the schedule of payments was to be administered by employer - employee boards supervised by the government. the report also expressed the hope that such an insurance scheme would encourage physical examinations, early diagnosis, and such general preventive health practices as well as finance the care of acute illness. from 1916 to 1920, bills for federal investigation of health insurance and bills for state programs were put forward. the american hospital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552552464244725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.310647"} {"text": "scheme would encourage physical examinations, early diagnosis, and such general preventive health practices as well as finance the care of acute illness. from 1916 to 1920, bills for federal investigation of health insurance and bills for state programs were put forward. the american hospital association and the three nursing associations reviewed the question and issued reports calling such a step inevitable and urging hospital administrators to be sure that the scheduled fees were adequate even as they prepared for increased case loads. the national association of manufacturers, pleased with its workmen ' s compensation experience and safety - first campaigns and impressed by german business practice, expressed itself at first as favorable and then moved to a position of supporting private insurance only. organized labor offered weak support at best along with some opposition, with the a f of l executive committee unable to agree on a position. president samuel gompers testified before congress that such schemes would lead to federal spying on the homes of workingmen. the treasurer and a vice - president of the same union testified in favor, as did the railroad conductors. the poor quality of medical service offered by practitioners working for british insurance funds there created unfavorable publicity, but the medical insurance campaign here did not in any case call for group practice or any other alteration in the delivery of medical care. the low quality of american clinic practice may also have entered the minds of union leaders, since one of their major goals at the time was to achieve full equality of status for the american workingman. but the violent opposition came from a coalition of private insurance companies and doctors. one insurance executive campaigned full - time against the legislation. once again the war inflated the specter of german socialism. \" when compulsory health insurance enters the united states, socialism will have its feet upon the throat of the nation, \" he said. in 1917, private insurance companies had written industrial policies covering in some way 37, 500, 000 workers. conservative doctors in the american medical association repudiated the early stand of its leadership in favor of insurance and in a fit of wartime xenophobia voted the \" do - gooders \" out of office. everywhere the state bills were defeated and the isolated reform intellectuals faced heated doctor, insurance and even christian science opposition. the turning back of medical insurance proved more than a temporary setback for an idea whose time had not yet come. the campaign took place during the wave of reaction that swept the country during and immediately after world war i. in this climate the american medical association, an institution that had begun its organized life with an advanced survey of urban slum conditions, confused the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45374674311848034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.311827"} {"text": "in the discussion below, we describe our emergent understanding of elements of the andean worldview and ceremonial tobacco use in the pachamama ceremony and how each of these thematic constructs might be used in smoking prevention strategies. we discuss four emergent themes below : historical continuity, cosmological beliefs ( holism, reciprocity, and balance ), the hierarchy of social relations and respect for elders and tradition, and norms governing ceremonial tobacco use. these results are summarized in. we then turn to a discussion of how youth characterize secular, recreational use of tobacco in contrast to ceremonial use and close with a discussion of how our results can be integrated into smoking prevention programs for andean youth. ceremonial and recreational smoking among andean youth andean youth are reared with an understanding of the ancient origin and historical continuity of the pachamama ceremony. as these young men indicate, offerings to pachamama transcend time and ensure the continuity of life across generations. i was told that it is a ritual that comes from long time ago. ( rural male, age 18, smoker ) pachamama, i have heard that it comes from generation to generation. people get together, feed mother earth, praise her, and pray to have good fortune and progress for the coming year. ( urban male, age 17, non - smoker ) youth perceptions of the historical continuity of the pachamama ceremony are relevant since they provide a sense of coherence and belonging, a critical factor in the establishment of group identity during adolescence ( phinney 1990 ). this kind of identity has been described as a feeling of being at home in your body, knowing where you are going, and experiencing an inner assuredness of recognition from those who are important to you ( erickson 1968 ). group identity plays a role in behavioral patterns of substance use among youth. in particular, ethnic or cultural identity can foster the development of anti - drug use norms ( love 2006 ; marsiglia et al. 2004 ) or increased drug use ( james et al. 2000 ), indicating that its effect may be mediated by other factors like social and familial influences or peer subcultures ( dornelas 2005 ; jessor et al. 1998 the andean world view encompasses several core constructs that include the unity of material and spiritual realms, social reciprocity, and the complementary nature of opposite forces such as the interplay of good and evil or hot and cold ( van den berg 1992 ). these core elements of the andean worldview emerge from young", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5399556563318988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.323691"} {"text": "of material and spiritual realms, social reciprocity, and the complementary nature of opposite forces such as the interplay of good and evil or hot and cold ( van den berg 1992 ). these core elements of the andean worldview emerge from young people \u2019 s descriptions of the pachamama ceremony. the accounts of different respondents about the experience and meaning of the ceremony demonstrate coherence and convergence, providing evidence that their beliefs about traditional ceremonies are grounded in a core set of collectively constructed and shared meanings about holism, reciprocity, health and illness, hierarchy, and respect each of which is discussed below. there are no inanimate objects in the andean worldview. rather, material and spiritual aspects coexist in each and every element of the universe \u2013 including human beings, animals, plants, and minerals and this embodies holism ( polia meconi 1996 ). the land, pachamama, provides material sustenance, but it also possesses the attributes of a deity or a spiritual entity that can fill a person with joy : \u201c pachamama means time and space, the time of our lives and the space we occupy \u2026 each of us has her in our own being \u2026 she makes me feel happy, \u201d ( rural male, age 18, smoker ). in andean societies, the activities of daily life are infused with spiritual meaning. the offerings used in propitiatory practices, including tobacco, are perceived to posses both a material and a spiritual nature. this belief in the dual nature of tobacco stands in stark contrast to its treatment as a commodity in western society, providing a basis for critique of its portrayal in advertisements and the profit - making aims of tobacco companies. households in the andes rely on family members to provide labor and skills for subsistence activities. andean institutions that ensure mutual assistance have existed for thousands of years. such reciprocity and solidarity take on a variety of forms ( osorio acuna 1992 ). the ayni is a system of reciprocity involving an exchange of labor that cannot be reciprocated with money, only with work ( harris 1987 ). reciprocity is a core concept in the andean belief system that provides the social basis for the pachamama we give things to the earth, we venerate her, because the majority of the people believe that in doing so we will receive more food, all things come from her, our crops. ( urban female, age 15, smoker ) thus, the pachamama ceremony reinforce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5835179985532208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.324853"} {"text": "we venerate her, because the majority of the people believe that in doing so we will receive more food, all things come from her, our crops. ( urban female, age 15, smoker ) thus, the pachamama ceremony reinforces the pervasive theme of reciprocity and interrelatedness of the land, the people, and the cosmos. among andean peoples this results in an emphasis on the common good over individual success, a construct that could be enlisted to justify the protection of non - smokers from exposure to second hand smoke. the complementary nature of opposite forces, much like the concept of yin and yang in chinese philosophy, explains the dynamics of the ever - changing life energy in the universe. respondents explained the dual nature of good and evil and the need to balance such forces. pachamama is a ritual to keep the house in harmony, so you feel better, so evil will go away. that is what one believes, and one feels better. ( urban male, age 14, smoker ) the idea of balance is crucial to the health belief system. in the andes, as in many cultures, health is conceived as the maintenance of a state of harmony with nature and the universe within the context of a constant interplay of the forces of good and evil and hot and cold. thus, pacha, mother earth, is both a source of healing and of illness. this is also true for the ceremonial offerings made to her, including tobacco. health is also contingent on maintaining harmony in social relationships by observing social norms and meeting social obligations. maintaining harmony with nature especially through ritual offerings is especially important, hence the importance of the pachamama ceremony. in this world view, the land provides life and sustenance but it can also take life away if it is not properly appreciated and attended to through rituals and offerings : sometimes the earth takes you away, takes your life away. ( rural male, age 13, smoker ) these cosmological beliefs can be enlisted in prevention of tobacco use by highlighting the interplay between good and evil forces. each ritual element has a power that cures and a power that kills ( polia meconi 1996 ). this concept can be used to explain the positive and negative aspects of using psychoactive substances such as tobacco and to modify beliefs about the social acceptability of recreational smoking. tobacco could be framed dualistically as a substance that can have negative health effects when used outside of the ritual context. hierarchy and respect youth refer to two elements in the pac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5662984047710204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.327409"} {"text": "as tobacco and to modify beliefs about the social acceptability of recreational smoking. tobacco could be framed dualistically as a substance that can have negative health effects when used outside of the ritual context. hierarchy and respect youth refer to two elements in the pachamama ceremony that manifest their knowledge and acceptance of the hierarchical social relations of andean society, adult leadership and age - based participation order as the following passage illustrates. my grandmother, she starts praying, she prays for everybody. then, she starts giving ( pachamama ) the food, then the drinks, then she lights a cigarette. that is the ritual that we do. ( urban male, age 17, smoker ) although all participants must take a turn giving offerings to mother earth, there is a strict ordering sequence ; elders first, adults next, and children last. the acceptance of the hierarchical order of the ceremony could serve to reinforce the authority of adult family members in conducting family life. enlisting the aid of ceremonial leaders, elders, and parents could be used to legitimate campaigns to change perceptions of tobacco and its recreational use. study respondents said that they approach the pachamama ceremony with a respectful attitude. this is a cultural practice that has been internalized with a positive affect. with my family i always ask something from pachamama. i simply ask that she helps me and i respect her at the time when i am doing these things. ( urban female, age 16, smoker ) an attitude of respect facilitates compliance with the norms and rules that guide the ceremony and the use of its ritual elements. respect for the ancestors and tradition is related to historical continuity and contributes to the maintenance of a sense of coherence and belonging. it is likely that youths who profess respect might be more prone to value the teachings of adults and role models. ceremonial tobacco use in the ritual context, tobacco acquires magical and supernatural characteristics. the power of tobacco is visualized, felt, and internalized as adults perform the rituals or, on occasion, explain the properties of tobacco. lit cigarettes set around the ceremonial opening provide a venue for communication with mother earth. at this time the magical forces of tobacco are released in the smoke and require respect and care in handling. as the smoke diffuses upward, it carries messages to and from the spiritual world. humans ask for good fortune, and the response of the spirits materializes in the shape of the ashes. elders have the knowledge to interpret the ashes and decipher their signs to foretell the future. the tradition is to set the cigarette", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5151518669877528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.328710"} {"text": "world. humans ask for good fortune, and the response of the spirits materializes in the shape of the ashes. elders have the knowledge to interpret the ashes and decipher their signs to foretell the future. the tradition is to set the cigarette standing around the opening. according to my father if it burns to the bottom you are going to be fine. if the cigarette is not burning it is a bad omen. ( urban male, age 17, non - smoker ) my grandmother would help us set the cigarettes on the earth and when they were consumed she would read ( in the ashes ) how long you were going to be alive. ( rural female, age 16, non - smoker ) this ritual use of cigarettes is far removed from the secular and careless manner in which cigarettes are used in recreational settings for the simple goal of immediate pleasure seeking. polia meconi ( 1996 ) asserts that the ritual use of psychotropic substances among indigenous peoples in the americas is based on their refusal to accept western ideas about matter being the only form of reality and sensory and rational perception. it is based on a theory of natural law that is different from scientific understandings ( fiske and shweder 1986 ). the belief that tobacco is a means of communication with the supernatural might discourage its secular use. highlighting the misuse of tobacco ' s power to seek material pleasure rather than spirituality might inhibit smoking uptake by youth. smoking is permitted only among adults during the pachamama ceremony. however, the age at which youths are allowed to smoke ceremonially varies by each family \u2019 s perception about when young people reach adulthood. interviewer : how old does someone have to be to be considered a child? respondent : it depends, for example in my family to be a child is to be younger than eighteen years. ( rural male, age 16, non - smoker ) control over cigarettes is also maintained by adults during the ceremony, interviewer : did you ever light the cigarette? respondent : no, children never have to light it, only the adults. ( rural male, age 15, smoker ) my father lights it for me ( the cigarette ) and i set it there, i bury it. ( urban male, age 17, non - smoker ) thus, adults oversee and guide cigarette manipulation by children and youth, as they do with all the ritual elements of the ceremony. youth have a clear understanding of ceremonial smoking rules whether or not they are recreational smokers. they consistently reported that they had received repeated messages from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4750382678466818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.329843"} {"text": "oversee and guide cigarette manipulation by children and youth, as they do with all the ritual elements of the ceremony. youth have a clear understanding of ceremonial smoking rules whether or not they are recreational smokers. they consistently reported that they had received repeated messages from their elder tutors that children are prohibited from smoking during the ceremony. while young people who smoke talked freely about their smoking behavior in recreational contexts, they denied smoking during the pachamama ceremony in the presence of adults. the norm that it is not appropriate for children and adolescents to light cigarettes or to smoke in ceremonial contexts can be enlisted to prevent smoking initiation and to counter the social acceptability of recreational tobacco use in the wider social context. none of the participants linked the meaning of ceremonial and recreational smoking either directly or indirectly. reference to ceremonial smoking emerged only when youth were asked to describe the pachamama ceremony. a pervasive explanatory factor for recreational smoking initiation among youth interviewed was peer pressure ( stewart - knox et al. 2005 ). this occurred in a variety of settings outside of the home and away from parents - - at school, in the streets, and very often in dance halls where flirting adds sexual drama and exposure to the social cues for smoking. the youth in this study shared common experiences of peer - induced smoking experimentation. some resist the pressure : interviewer : who offered you cigarettes? respondent : my friend from around the corner. interviewer : how old is your friend? respondent : seventeen. but i did not want to smoke. ( urban male age 11, non - smoker ) others give in to pressure from their peers : we went to the dance. then they lit a cigarette and all started smoking and started telling me things, insulting me, and i left and returned after a while but they kept insisting and at the end, i gave in because i could not take it anymore. interviewer : if you want to be their friend, do you have to smoke? respondent : i would think so, because if anybody is part of the group, after a while they are smoking. ( urban male, age 14, smoker ). these accounts are illustrative of the social context and reasons for recreational tobacco use. they highlight the difference between secular and ceremonial motivations and behaviors that are clearly conceptualized as separate issues in the minds of young people. ceremonial tobacco use takes place in the controlled context of mystical ceremonies linking human beings to the physical and supernatural world. in the secular world, tobacco is used to ease social interactions and to assist young", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5200101653317056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.331066"} {"text": "the field of data science is heating up fast. the following list of educational resources will let you join the data revolution by getting up to speed with data science. data science \u2014 and the driving force behind it, machine learning \u2014 is the process of deriving added value from data assets. commerce and research are being transformed by data - driven discovery and prediction. skills required for data analytics at massive levels span a variety of disciplines and are not easy to obtain through conventional curricula. these include algorithms for machine learning ( e. g., neural networks and clustering ), parallel algorithms, basic statistical modeling ( logistic regression and linear / non - linear regression ), and proficiency with a complex ecosystem of tools and platforms. a good place to start is with meetup groups. two of my favorite data science groups deal with the primary ingredients of data science work : r, which is the programming environment of choice for building algorithms, and machine learning. the la area r user group is excellent ; try to find one near you. the la machine learning group has regular meetings that are extremely useful. the massive open online course ( mooc ) movement is very active in the data science space and constitutes a superb educational resource. these free courses ( some offer certifications ) offer an excellent path toward obtaining the requisite background for becoming a data scientist. i \u2019 ve put together a radical data science \u201c pseudo degree program \u201d for you to follow. free data science books to go along with the coursework, there also are a number of excellent free books available : mining of massive datasets bayesian reasoning and machine learning ( pdf ) information theory, inference, and learning algorithms gaussian processes for machine learning ( pdf ) the elements of statistical learning introduction to machine learning ( pdf ) think bayes ( pdf ) as the interest in data science continues to grow, and as the shortage in talent becomes apparent, the timing is excellent to retool yourself and climb aboard the data science gravy train. if you know of any other good educational resources for data science and machine learning, please leave a note for all of us. this article is the first of a series of using r to answer typical business questions that can be answered with data science solutions. the question answered here is : what is prediction and how does it work? in order to demonstrate this concept, i \u2019 ve chosen one of the oldest statistical techniques used for predicting the future \u2013 linear regression. our example will use a widely available data source along with the r statistical language to show how it \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5145293922518388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.345005"} {"text": "does it work? in order to demonstrate this concept, i \u2019 ve chosen one of the oldest statistical techniques used for predicting the future \u2013 linear regression. our example will use a widely available data source along with the r statistical language to show how it \u2019 s done. there \u2019 s no room here to give a class on statistics or r, but i \u2019 ll provide a couple of resources for educating yourself on each. our test case will involve all the commonly used ingredients of a data scientist building a prediction model : finding an appropriate data set, doing a little exploratory analysis to fully understand the data, defining a linear model, fitting a regression line, making plots, and using the model for prediction. the only thing we won \u2019 t do here is \u201c data munging, \u201d the often tedious exercise of massaging a dirty data source into a clean version for machine learning purposes. for our example, we \u2019 ll use an already - clean data set. the data set and exploratory analysis let \u2019 s start by looking at the data set for our simple example. we \u2019 ll go way back to early thinking in linear regression \u2013 the 1885 galton study to define a relationship between a parent \u2019 s height and their children \u2019 s. the data set is available with the \u201c usingr \u201d package ( http : / / cran. r - project. org / web / packages / usingr / index. html ). the r statistical software ( http : / / www. r - project. org / ) is available as open source software. you should also download the free rstudio development environment ( http : / / www. rstudio. com / ). here is the r code required to install the package, and open the data set : the data set consists of 928 pairs of child and parent heights in inches. for unfamiliar data sets you typical explore the data with one or more of the following r commands ( although there are many more ways to explore data sets in r ) : head ( galton ) # show first few records tail ( galton ) # show last few records summary ( galton ) # statistical summary table ( galton ) # show a distribution of values hist ( galton $ child ) # a visual distribution of values we also can do a simple scatter plot of child height versus parent height. this plot exhibits an ideal case for using regression \u2013 a cloud shaped collection of data points. plot ( galton $ parent, galton $ child, pch = 19, col", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5327767388415965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.346119"} {"text": "can do a simple scatter plot of child height versus parent height. this plot exhibits an ideal case for using regression \u2013 a cloud shaped collection of data points. plot ( galton $ parent, galton $ child, pch = 19, col = \u201d blue \u201d ) fitting a linear model next, we can fit a line to the galton data using a simple linear model. in r this is very easy to do, just use the lm function where parent is the explanatory variable ( independent variable ), and child is the response variable ( to be predicted ). lm1 < - lm ( galton $ child ~ galton $ parent ) if you display the contents of the lm1 model variable ( just type lm1 at the rstudio command prompt ), you \u2019 ll see it contains a number of items including the coefficients of the linear model : the intercept 23. 942 and the slope 0. 646. these values are stored in a 2 element vector lm1 $ coeff. this means that an increase in parent \u2019 s height by 1 inch, you increase the child \u2019 s height by 0. 646 inch. in other words, think back to high school algebra class when you graphed a line. it is as simple as that! now let \u2019 s complete the picture by adding the regression line to the plot using the vector of fitted values found in lines ( galton $ parent, lm1 $ fitted, col = \u201d red \u201d, lwd = 3 ) you can also plot the residual values ( response values minus fitted values ) using : plot ( galton $ parent, lm1 $ residuals, pch = 19, col = \u201d blue \u201d ) using the model to predict now you can use the model to make predictions using new data. for example, say you have a parent height of 80 ( which is outside the range of the data set we used to train the model ) and you want to predict child height. just use the coefficients of the model : lm1 $ coeff + lm1 $ coeff * 80 the predicted answer you get is 75. 6 for the child. you can improve model accuracy by using a larger training set and reevaluating the linear model. uses of linear regression businesses use linear regression forecasting techniques in a multitude of ways. for example, you can model google pay - per - click advertising costs versus sales ; just download your cost data from google adsense and built an excel spreadsheet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46845834177832346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.347137"} {"text": "uses of linear regression businesses use linear regression forecasting techniques in a multitude of ways. for example, you can model google pay - per - click advertising costs versus sales ; just download your cost data from google adsense and built an excel spreadsheet that matches up the sales based on time period. another example might be using the linear model to predict productivity gains resulting from a training program. uses of linear regression are very broad : manufacturing, supply chain, real estate, financial sector, and much more. to supplement this article, here are a couple of excellent resources for you to learn more about general statistics and r. \u2022 the art of r programming ( http : / / heather. cs. ucdavis. edu / ~ matloff / 132 / nsppart. pdf ) \u2022 openintro statistics ( http : / / www. openintro. org / stat / textbook. php ) much has been debated about the validity of p - values in determining statistical relationships between data elements. here is a long list of 402 citations questioning the indiscriminate use of null hypothesis significance tests in observational studies. and here is a current and measured contribution to the debate appearing over at the simply statistics blog. how do you weigh in? do you feel the use of p - values produces the kind of false positives we always see in the mainstream press? here is a new webinar from revolution analytics that introduces the use of the r statistical programming environment for doing data mining. presented by joe rickert, the seminar demos several examples of data mining with various r packages. rickert \u2019 s slides can be downloaded here. enjoy! i had another scintillating evening with the los angeles area r user group, january 24, 2013. i always have a good time at this meetup, which has become my favorite, but i was particularly intrigued by the theme \u2013 a panel of distinguished data scientist talking about \u201c data science. \u201d fun to be sure! the r group meetings are free along with free validated parking and all the pizza and drinks you can navigate. once again held at adconion media group in santa monica, the panel consisted of : avram aelony, eric kostello, yasmin lucero, szilard pafka, ryan rosario, and oliver will ( see inset photo i took with my new iphone 5 ). the first order of business was panelist introductions. it appears that all but one held a ph. d. which led to the first discussion topic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45008417951139745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.348924"} {"text": ", ryan rosario, and oliver will ( see inset photo i took with my new iphone 5 ). the first order of business was panelist introductions. it appears that all but one held a ph. d. which led to the first discussion topic \u2013 do you need a ph. d. to be a data scientist? although contrary to what \u2019 s mentioned above, the consensus was you don \u2019 t. i agree in a sense, but i think a ph. d. in a related field like statistics, computer science, mathematics or even physics would certainly propel your career. a lot of the hour - and - a - half discussion dealt with defining \u201c data science \u201d along with what a typical data scientist actually does. i found this dialog enlightening because i always like to better understand how my fellow data scientists view themselves and our field. the panel seemed to agree that the term \u201d data science \u201d is relatively new and maybe somewhat overhyped by some, but many of its methods have seasoned and sound foundations in statistics, computer science and their various related fields, e. g. machine learning, databases, distributed computing, visualization, etc. ). questions from the audience were welcome ( nearly 100 in attendance ) so i brought up a point about how many of the job descriptions being floated these days for data science positions seem to be overly heavy with qualifications to the point where the successful candidate needs to fill the role of cto, vp engineering, system admin, and coder all at once. heck, if the employer is looking for a one - person company why didn \u2019 t they say so! the panel \u2019 s response was that many times, the employer has no idea what a data scientist is, so they just google a bunch of terms and throw them into the job description. a statistically insignificant number of candidates will have all the qualifications, so the point was \u2013 just go in and talk to them and see what sticks. the discussion eventually moved into more technical subjects such as using r version control and processing environments such as hadoop and amazon ec2. i thought there was a good balance between technical and non - technical material, but the organizer szilard pafka had so many other topics to cover he \u2019 s already schedule a part 2 panel for march. after walking away from the thought provoking panel discussion, i stopped to think that this is an excellent time for a technical person to retool herself to get aboard the data science gravy train. this is why i put together a list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5170269866491103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.349971"} {"text": ". after walking away from the thought provoking panel discussion, i stopped to think that this is an excellent time for a technical person to retool herself to get aboard the data science gravy train. this is why i put together a list of free data science educational resources over at big data republic. it is a mighty good time to be a data scientist, and being part of the silicon beach data science scene is pretty energizing. i hope to see you all at the next meetup! i guess it had to happen eventually, but this soon? \u201c big data \u201d is an awfully hot buzz word seen in mainstream publications like the new york times and harvard business review, but a coffee table book? yes indeed, the human face of big data is a 5 lb. hardcover published in nov. 2012 with authors rick smolan and jennifer erwitt. rumor has it that the book is landing on the desks of world leaders, dignitaries and other notable people around the world. among others, the list includes : president obama, the dalai lama, pope benedict xvi and chinese premier wen jiabao, and also twitter ceo jack dorsey ; daniel tunkelang, chief data scientist at linkedin ; and actor robin williams. among the images in the book \u2019 s 224 pages is the blended image of 1, 400 different shots of new york \u2019 s times square taken across 15 hours. in an abstract sense, big data is about people : what they do, where they go, who they know and so on. the stories about how data, once harnessed, solves problems and in some ways creates new ones, is its overarching theme. the perfect holiday gift from a data scientist! i \u2019 d like to offer the following slide presentation on combining the power of r with the hadoop platform. this presentation was made by jeffrey breen of the chicago area hadoop users group and chicago area r users group in august 2012. it is a great overview for anyone considering placing an r - based application in a production computation environment. on dec. 6, 2012 i attended another great evening event with the los angeles area r user group. this was my second meeting with the group and i was looking forward to the topic matter : \u201c real - time dashboards with node and r. \u201d as a data scientist, my development environment of choice is r ( with a little octave thrown in for good measure \u2013 octave is an open source matlab derivative ), so i \u2019 m always looking for ways to extend my knowledge of r", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5429071015250437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.351109"} {"text": "r. \u201d as a data scientist, my development environment of choice is r ( with a little octave thrown in for good measure \u2013 octave is an open source matlab derivative ), so i \u2019 m always looking for ways to extend my knowledge of r and different ways to apply it to machine learning. this meeting served this purpose very well. i arrived at the meeting venue early over at adconion media group in santa monica. silicon beach, of which santa monica is part, is really heating up with interest in big data. adconion is a fantastic meetup venue, easily accessible, great parking, high tech appeal, and somewhat recognizable if you ever watched \u201c curb your enthusiasm \u201d since this is the same office park where larry david \u2019 s office is located. adconion supplied the wide selection of pizza and soft drinks ( thank you! ). the first hour is a meet - and - greet with all the attendees ; 74 registered this time. i met a bunch of like - minded data scientists like a caltech ph. d. candidate in computational neuroscience, and another who uses r for sentiment analysis on publicly traded companies for investment managers. once the lecture began, the group was led through a fast - paced example of using node and google chart tools along with a twitter sentiment analysis algorithm in r to yield a \u201c happiness \u201d indicator for countries around the world. the globe map used color coding to indicate general \u201c happiness. \u201d click here for a demo that presents \u201c how popular is fast food. \u201d the presenter, dr. dirk neumann was a data scientist and founder of social supercomputing startup opani. he received a ph. d. in computation and neural systems from caltech. as i mentioned in my previous field report for this group, i highly recommend it for anyone in the field. the presentation content tends to be fairly complex, but it \u2019 s a good way to push your personal envelope. as a data scientist, i \u2019 m continually amused with the on - going misuse of the principle of linear regression. you see it all the time in the press. lately, regression theory is underlying much of the talk surrounding the demise of american entitlement programs like medicare and social security. forecasts abound, saying that the country can no longer afford retirement benefits and elder healthcare coverage. but you must stop to ask what these so - called forecasts are based on? many forecasts unwisely project healthcare costs far into the future by assuming that the trends of the past would continue unaltered. but this mental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5386265329769382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.352148"} {"text": "healthcare coverage. but you must stop to ask what these so - called forecasts are based on? many forecasts unwisely project healthcare costs far into the future by assuming that the trends of the past would continue unaltered. but this mentality ignores realty. to look at this another way, just because your son is 4 feet tall at age 6 doesn \u2019 t mean he \u2019 ll be 12 feet tall at age 18. and just because the average american born today will live to the age of 78 doesn \u2019 t mean that the baby born in 2032 will live to 100. forecasting something like healthcare is just as prickly. making bets on the distant future is not wise because it \u2019 s unknowable. too many exceptional events can occur to affect life along the regression line \u2013 wars, financial bubbles, financial crashes, extreme weather, political demagoguery, etc. no one \u2013 no business, no government agency \u2013 makes plans today based on a vision of the world 20 years ahead. apple doesn \u2019 t do it. google doesn \u2019 t do it. the department of defense doesn \u2019 t do it. you and i don \u2019 t do it. not even insurance companies do it and much of their business is tied to the future. but many in our u. s. government prodded along by the anti - entitlement lobby are pushing to gut these programs while relying on projecting the past experience into the future without adjusting for changes in behavior or policy. all this does not mean that uncertainty in economic forecasts means there \u2019 s no point in economic planning at all. there are indeed good reasons for looking ahead, in small increments, along the regression line, just not good reason or making sweeping changes in programs as complex and far reaching as social security and medicare. so let \u2019 s accept life on the regression line for what it is \u2013 a limited and isolated view of the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47882614974344007, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.352895"} {"text": "print friendly version charles bonnet syndrome other names for this disease see disclaimer regarding information on this site. some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the national institutes of health. charles bonnet syndrome ( cbs ) refers to the presence of visual hallucinations in individuals with visual acuity loss without having psychosis or dementia. the condition is likely caused by the brain continuing to interpret images, even in their absence. underlying conditions of vision loss associated with charles bonnet syndrome are diverse ( including conditions such as macular degeneration and stroke ) and may affect the eye, optic nerve, or brain. hallucinations often resolve if the underlying vision deficit is corrected and can also remit in some individuals with static or progressive vision loss. treatment is individualized. - victoria s pelak. visual release hallucinations ( charles bonnet syndrome ). uptodate. waltham, ma : uptodate ; 2012. - bou khalil r, richa s. [ psychiatric, psychological comorbidities of typical and atypical charles - bonnet syndrome ]. encephale. december 2011. - charles bonnet syndrome. lighthouse international. http : / / www. lighthouse. org / about - low - vision - blindness / vision - disorders / charles - bonnet - syndrome /. accessed july 15, 2011. - p. ricard. vision loss and visual hallucinations : the charles bonnet syndrome. community eye health. march 2009. on this page - lighthouse international, a leading resource in helping people overcome the challenges of vision loss, contains information on charles bonnet syndrome. click on the link to review the information. - pubmed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss charles bonnet syndrome. click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.552504919119703, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.354767"} {"text": "a technology developed by intel and backed by apple is expected to appear earlier than previously thought, paving the way for very - high - speed connections on both pcs and macs. light peak is now on track to appear in products in the first half of 2011 - - and likely earlier in the year than later, according to an industry source familiar with the progress of the technology. light peak - - proposed as an underlying protocol that will host other protocols like usb or displayport - - will carry data at 10 gigabits per second in both directions simultaneously. apple is expected to back light peak, if past comments from intel still hold. shortly after its annual developer conference in 2009, intel said that it had showed the technology to third parties, got feedback, then incorporated the feedback into the next design, adding, at that time, that \" apple is an innovating force in the industry. \" ( apple has reportedly claimed that it conceived the idea for light peak. ) if apple implements light peak, it would be a safe bet that the company will have a lot to say about the technology - - maybe with a catchy name in tow. and it would probably not be wild speculation to say that apple would want to be the first to use it. an intel demonstration in 2009 at its developer conference used a machine running apple ' s mac os x. \u2026 read more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5216919360418086, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.357013"} {"text": "this logic is flawed, both conceptually and empirically, as i ' ll illustrate by discussing a well - meaning but ultimately incoherent article on the front page of today ' s new york times. the article explains how climate skepticism is on the rise in great britain. nowhere has this shift in public opinion been more striking than in britain, where climate change was until this year such a popular priority that in 2008 parliament enshrined targets for emissions cuts as national law. but since then, the country has evolved into a home base for a thriving group of climate skeptics who have dominated news reports in recent months, apparently convincing many that the threat of warming is vastly exaggerated. the article explains that the rise of skepticism threatens climate policies : politicians and activists say such attitudes will make it harder to pass legislation like a fuel tax increase and to persuade people to make sacrifices to reduce greenhouse gas emissions... the logic is flawed conceptually because \" fervor about climate change \" is far from the only reason that people support energy policies that advance decarbonization. other reasons for public support include energy security, diversification, economic growth and jobs, replacing dirty energy with clean energy, energy reliability, costs and so on. the lack of fervor about climate change is also true of the united states, where action on climate and emissions reduction is still very much a work in progress, and concern about global warming was never as strong as in europe. that the logic is flawed can be convincingly shown empirically. consider that climate skepticism in great britain has been deemed to be a problem for years. for instance : 2007 : \" the public are far more sceptical about global warming than most politicians would have us believe, a new poll has revealed today. \" yet, right in the middle of this period the uk government passed the 2008 climate change act with essentially no opposition and broad public support. the act mandates emissions reductions of 34 % by 2020 and 80 % by 2050, making it the most aggressive piece of national legislation anywhere. skepticism about climate science presented no obstacle to passing this legislation. 2008 : \" surprising politicians, a poll released sunday indicates a majority of the british public does not believe human activity has caused global warming. \" 2009 : \" the british public has become more sceptical about climate change over the last five years, according to a survey. \" the nyt also reports that more americans believe that climate science has been exaggerated in public discussions : a march gallup poll found that 48 percent of americans believed that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5278164763629545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.364533"} {"text": "sceptical about climate change over the last five years, according to a survey. \" the nyt also reports that more americans believe that climate science has been exaggerated in public discussions : a march gallup poll found that 48 percent of americans believed that the seriousness of global warming was \u201c generally exaggerated, \u201d up from 41 percent a year ago. here is a hypothesis to consider : the public is smarter than they are often given credit for. it is possible that the public can at the same time support policies that lead to decarbonization of the economy while at the same time believing that climate science has been exaggerated. the message from the public that many experts ( including the media ) have yet to comprehend is that policies which require \" sacrifice \" are nonstarters. it does not matter what the public believes about climate science, they are not ( in general ) going to sacrifice or endure hardship. this reality should be a boundary condition for policy design. with this consideration, the public has consistently supported action on climate change, notably moving to a less carbon - intensive economy. the policy challenge is thus to figure out how to design policies that meet these political realities, a challenge that policy experts have yet to tackle. the nyt actually further politicizes climate science by implying that the battle over the integrity of climate science is one - and - the - same as the battle over climate policies : scientists have meanwhile awakened to the public \u2019 s misgivings and are increasingly fighting back... it is unclear whether such actions are enough to win back a segment of the public that has eagerly consumed a series of revelations that were published prominently in right - leaning newspapers like the times of london and the telegraph and then repeated around the world... by equating issues of science with issues of politics the nyt thus is apparently willing to minimize the issues of scientific integrity that have surfaced regarding the ipcc : this narrative thus reinforces two sorts of policy failures : in january, for example, the times chastised the united nations climate panel for an errant and unsupported projection that glaciers in the himalayas could disappear by 2035. the united nations ultimately apologized for including the estimate, which was mentioned in passing within a 3, 000 - page report in 2007. then came articles contending that the 2007 report was inaccurate on a host of other issues, including african drought, the portion of the netherlands below sea level, and the economic impact of severe storms. officials from the climate panel said the articles \u2019 claims either were false or reflected minor errors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5013977779133134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.365577"} {"text": "the 2007 report was inaccurate on a host of other issues, including african drought, the portion of the netherlands below sea level, and the economic impact of severe storms. officials from the climate panel said the articles \u2019 claims either were false or reflected minor errors like faulty citations that in no way diluted the evidence that climate change is real and caused by human activity. first, it perpetuates a flawed expectation that once people only believe enough or the right things, they will then be willing to make sacrifices leading to successful climate policies. yet, public opinion on this point has been constant for decades - - support for decarbonization policies is not about belief in science, but rather the short - term costs and benefits of proposed policy action, which has nothing to do with long - term climate change. similarly, that the public does not want sacrifice has been a constant in public opinion. second, it enables the pathological politicization of science not just by equating views on science with views on policy, but also by encouraging the looking past real problems in the ipcc. the logic of this narrative holds that if climate science is in any way diminished, then support for action is necessarily reduced, so it is best to look away from problems in science, or even to minimize them. the public is no so easily fooled. however, looking at actual poll data should be enough to show that views on climate science are not tightly correlated with support for action on energy policies that accelerate decarbonization. the nyt concludes : the public is left to struggle with the salvos between the two sides. the public is in fact doing just fine. it is the media and other elites who continue to carry along an incoherent narrative who are doing most of the struggling. when they start listening to what the public is actually saying, rather than trying to force public opinions into a predefined but ultimately unrealistic mold, might be the time when debate over climate policy truly opens up. you can read a more in depth treatment of this argument in my forthcoming book, the climate fix : what scientists and politicians won ' t tell you about global warming. pre - order your copy today ; - )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4931264287946184, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.366446"} {"text": "2 ) make a mound. once you have a suitable hole, place a cone - shaped mound of soil in the center of the rose whose dimensions roughly match the cone defined by the roots. ( if it is a potted plant, don ' t do this step. ) 3 ) place the rose into the hole. try to make sure the roots are straight and evenly distributed around the hole. if it is a potted rose, check to make sure the roots aren ' t encircling the rose. 4 ) ammend poor soil. if you live where the soil is very high in peat, pure sand and gravel, or limestone, consider digging out a hole about three feet in diameter and two feet deep and planting the rose in that hole. use imported ' rose soil ' in the hole. most people, however, can add things to improve the soil. gypsum will loosen heavy clays ; so will compost. lime will help neutralize acid soils. sandy soils can be made usable by adding lots of good compost. sometimes mixing twenty or thirty percent good potting soil in with native soil can give roses a good start. in ammending soil keep in mind that where there are abrupt changes in soil composition, most plants will not send new roots across the boundary, so if the soil in a hole is markedly different than the surrounding soil, create a zone in which the two are evenly mixed to help the roots make a transition into the surrounding soil. 5 ) fill halfway with earth. add some slow - release organic fertilizer - perhaps a few tablespoons, and fill the hole with water. when the water has drained from the hole, fill in the hole with soil. 6 ) pack the soil firmly. if your soil is so full of clay that this seems like you are just making bricks, then you probably should have added some compost to your soil. 7 ) shape the surface. i like to make a cone - shaped indentation that catches water and sends it to the rose at the center of the hole. this is convenient for watering later on. if you water with a hose, and the rose is planted on a slope, some kind of dishing around the rose is imperative ; otherwise all the water runs away from the rose. 8 ) mulch. place about 3 inches of mulch on the hole. this will limit evaporation, keep the soil cool, provide some organic matter to fuel life below ground, and limit weed growth. 9 ) water. apply plenty of water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3871245900670194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.370644"} {"text": ") mulch. place about 3 inches of mulch on the hole. this will limit evaporation, keep the soil cool, provide some organic matter to fuel life below ground, and limit weed growth. 9 ) water. apply plenty of water to the rose. water not only is required to cause the roots to become active, but it also aids in settling the soil into the hole, helping to fill large voids. this is essential to improve soil contact with roots. water daily through the first august, weekly thereafter. you might buy your roses from a store, or you might order them through the mail or on the web. big box stores are sometimes decent places to get the most popular hybrid tea roses, floribundas, and shrub roses. many serious rosaphiles purchase roses from mail order nurseries or on - line. roses will arrive either as dormant bare root plants or as actively growing plants. most of the rules for planting are the same ; but the timing for the two are different. if you order dormant, bare root plants, you will want to plant them about six to eight weeks before your last average frost date. some advocate planting them as soon as you can work the soil in spring. often, your supplier can estimate this well when you order. if you are receiving roses in pots of one size or another, you will want to plant them about a week after your average last frost date. bear in mind that these roses have been growing vigorously in a greenhouse, and sometimes a whiff of frost in the air will kill them cold. bare root roses arrive in boxes with bits of peat to keep them moist. it is best to soak each bare root rose in a barrel of water for 4 - 24 hours befors planting. in both cases, keep the plants between 40f and 55f, in shade, and adequately moist. most of the business of planting the rose lies in digging the hole. farmers long ago coined the phrase \" dig a $ 10 hole for a $ 5 tree. \" skimping on hole size can impare the development of a rose. this is especially true if the soil needs to be ammended. so here are the steps in planting a rose : 1 ) dig a hole. a rule of thumb that i use for most roses is to dig a hole whose diameter about matches the diameter of the plant at the end of two years. i may give small roses a hole not much more than 18 inches across. shrub roses get holes about three feet across. climbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3839787114153075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.371604"} {"text": "\" there can be little doubt that among those parts of early roman history which had a poetical origin was the legend of horatius cocles. we have several versions of the story, and these versions differ from each other in points of no small importance. polybius, there is reason to believe, heard the tale recited over the remains of some consul or pr\u00e6tor descended from the old horatian patricians ; for he introduces it as a specimen of the narratives with which the romans were in the habit of embellishing their funeral oratory. it is remarkable that, according to him, horatius defended the bridge alone, and perished in the waters. according to the chronicles which livy and dionysius followed, horatius had two companions, swam safe to shore and was loaded with honours and rewards. \" these discrepancies are easily explained. our own literature, indeed, will furnish an exact parallel to what may have taken place at rome. it is highly probable that the memory of the war of porsena was preserved by compositions much resembling the two ballads which stand first in the relics of ancient english poetry. in both those ballads the english, commanded by the percy, fight with the scots, commanded by the douglas. in one of the ballads the douglas is killed by a nameless english archer, and the percy by a scottish spearman ; in the other, the percy slays the douglas in single combat, and is himself made prisoner. in the former, sir hugh montgomery is shot through the heart by a northumbrian bowman ; in the latter he is taken and exchanged for the percy. yet both the ballads relate to the same event, and that an event which probably took place within the memory of persons who were alive when both the ballads were made. one of the minstrels says : \" old men that knowen the grounde well yenoughe call it the battell of otterburn : at otterburn began this spurne upon a monnyn day. ther was the dougghte doglas slean : the perse never went away. \" the other poet sums up the event in the following lines : \" thys fraye bygan at otterborne bytwene the nyghte and the day : ther the dowglas lost hys lyfe, and the percy was lede away. \" \" it is by no means unlikely that there were two old roman lays about the defence of the bridge ; and that, while the story which liv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4421412136661249, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.384091"} {"text": "question of subsistence received special attention, and some were sent to the volsci and others to cumae to buy up corn. again, the monopoly of salt, the price of which was very high, was taken out of the hands of individuals and wholly assumed by the government. imposts and taxes were removed from the plebs that they might be borne by the well - to - do, who were equal to the burden : the poor paid dues enough if they reared children. thanks to this liberality on the part of the fathers, the distress which attended the subsequent blockade and famine was powerless to destroy the harmony of the state, which was such that the name of king was not more abhorrent to the highest than to the lowest ; nor was there ever a man in after years whose demagogic arts made him so popular as its wise governing at that time made the whole senate. \" x. when the enemy appeared, the romans all, with one accord, withdrew from their fields into the city, which they surrounded with guards. some parts appeared to be rendered safe by their walls, others by the barrier formed by the river tiber. the bridge of piles almost afforded an entrance to the enemy, had it not been for one man, horatius cocles ; he was the bulwark of defence on which that day depended the fortune of the city of rome. he chanced to be on guard at the bridge when janiculum was captured by a sudden attack of the enemy. he saw them as they charged down on the run from janiculum, while his own people behaved like a frightened mob, throwing away their arms and quitting their ranks. catching hold first of one and then of another, blocking their way and conjuring them to listen, he called on gods and men to witness that if they forsook their post it was vain to flee ; once they had left a passage in their rear by the bridge, there would soon be more of the enemy on the palatine and the capitol than on janiculum. he therefore warned and commanded them to break down the bridge with steel, with fire, with any instrument at their disposal ; and promised that he would himself receive the onset of the enemy, so far as it could be withstood by a single body. then, striding to the head of the bridge, conspicuous amongst the fugitives who were clearly seen to be shirking the fight, he covered himself with his sword and buckler and made ready to do battle at close quarters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4173742183901043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.387708"} {"text": "a single body. then, striding to the head of the bridge, conspicuous amongst the fugitives who were clearly seen to be shirking the fight, he covered himself with his sword and buckler and made ready to do battle at close quarters, confounding the etruscans with amazement at his audacity. yet were there two who were prevented by shame from leaving him. these were spurius larcius and titus herminius, both famous for their birth and their deeds. with these he endured the peril of the first rush and the stormiest moment of the battle. but after a while he forced even these two to leave him and save themselves, for there was scarcely anything left of the bridge, and those who were cutting it down called to them to come back. then, darting glances of defiance around at the etruscan nobles, he now challenged them in turn to fight, now railed at them collectively as slaves of haughty kings, who, heedless of their own liberty, were come to overthrow the liberty of others. they hesitated for a moment, each looking to his neigbbour to begin the fight. then shame made them attack, and with a shout they cast their javelins from every side against their solitary foe. but he caught them all upon his shield, and, resolute as ever, bestrode the bridge and held his ground ; and now they were trying to dislodge him by a charge, when the crash of the falling bridge and the cheer which burst from the throats of the romans, exulting in the completion of their task, checked them in mid - career with a sudden dismay. then cocles cried, \" o father tiberinus, i solemnly invoke thee ; receive these arms and this soldier with propitious stream! \" so praying, all armed as he was, he leaped down into the river, and under a shower of missiles swam across unhurt to his fellows, having given a proof of valour which was destined to obtain more fame than credence with posterity. the state was grateful for so brave a deed : a statue of cocles was set up in the comitium, and he was given as much land as he could plough around in one day. private citizens showed their gratitude in a striking fashion, in the midst of his official honours, for notwithstanding their great distress everybody made him some gift proportionate to his means, though he robbed himself of his own ration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42468098870681137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.388731"} {"text": "visit cbs san francisco ' s diesel cars might get great gas mileage when compared to their gasoline counterparts, but now the world health organization has warned that diesel fumes are now known to prove lung cancer. in fact, the w. h. o. says, diesel fumes are more carcinogenic than secondhand cigarette smoke. so dangerous, it has decided to elevate diesel to the status of \u201c known carcinogen, \u201d reports the new york times. however, the health risk is most pronounced in countries with poor air quality standards, where diesel trucks, generators and machinery commonly produce black clouds of sooty exhaust fumes. by contrast, in the u. s. and europe, tough emissions standards require diesel cars and trucks produce as little emissions and exhaust particulates as possible. even with higher - pressure direct injection and ultra - low sulfur fuel, so - called \u2018 clean - diesel \u2019 engines may suffer at the hand of the w. h. o \u2019 s new classification of diesel fumes. according to dr. silverman, chief of environmental epidemiology at the national cancer institute, the wh. o ruling was one she was \u201c totally in support \u201d of, adding that the u. s. government may soon declare diesel exhaust fumes a known carcinogen. but the medical director of the american cancer society, dr. otis w. brawley, doesn \u2019 t think diesel cars are the main concern. \u201c i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s bad to have a diesel car, \u201d he told the new york times. \u201c i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s good to breathe its exhaust. i \u2019 m not concerned about people who walk past a diesel vehicle, i \u2019 m a little concerned about people like toll collectors, and i \u2019 m very concerned about people like miners, who work where exhaust is concentrated. \u201d with gasoline exhaust still classified as a possible carcinogen by many health organizations, the w. h. o \u2019 s announcement regarding diesel fumes is likely to further incentivize the auto industry to develop greener - burning engines and better exhaust filtration systems to make cars as clean as possible. for now however, it is unlikely to dramatically influence consumer choice at the dealer, where diesel cars represent a tiny fraction of the total number of new cars sold in the u. s. each year. there is one final thought we \u2019 d like to add : if you \u2019 re in the market for a diesel car, remember that cars made within the past few years are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4172169548554576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.398978"} {"text": "legal and political manipulations after the civil war the formal gutting of the sweeping social and electoral reforms that followed the civil war were among the most shameful events in american legal history. here is a brief overview of some of the most prominent turnarounds. a few months after assuming office, president andrew johnson ( abraham lincoln ' s successor ) overturned the federal government ' s program of distributing abandoned lands to freedmen. an attempt to divide confiscated land into 40 - acre lots and distribute it among freed slaves and union - sympathizing refugees received a good deal of attention, but it failed to win support in congress. the result : the lands of former slave owners went to an emerging white ruling class, and not to the freedmen who had worked them under pain of torture, separation from family members, and murder. watering down the fourteenth amendment the fourteenth amendment to the constitution \u2014 obviously a measure intended to secure legal rights for african - americans \u2014 was ratified in 1868. it guaranteed all citizens due process and equal protection under the law. yet only five years after that ratification, the u. s. supreme court ruled that the amendment applied only to federal civil rights issues, and did not affect \u201c civil rights heretofore belonging exclusively to the states. \u201d no civil rights law in 1875, a comprehensive civil rights law went on the books. it guaranteed rights of equality of treatment in public facilities. in 1883, however, the u. s. supreme court ruled the law unconstitutional. the shift was part of a troubling legal trend. in the very earliest cases considered by the supreme court involving interpretation of the fourteenth amendment, the justices construed it as forbidding any form of discrimination of african - americans sponsored or imposed by a state. the court ' s 1883 rejection of civil rights legislation, though, suggested a new set of judicial priorities. those priorities became even more obvious in plessy v. ferguson. plessy v. ferguson in this infamous 1896 decision, the u. s. supreme court examined the right of the state of louisiana to operate a racially segregated public transport system. obstacles and opportunities plessy not only served to justify a half - century of segregation of public facilities in the south, but it also helped to legitimize the political consensus for supporting such legal hypocrisy. homer a. plessy \u2014 the plaintiff \u2014 was one - eighth african american and seven - eighths white. he was placed under arrest for entering a louisiana rail coach and refusing to relinquish his seat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44476632011094486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.403616"} {"text": "legal hypocrisy. homer a. plessy \u2014 the plaintiff \u2014 was one - eighth african american and seven - eighths white. he was placed under arrest for entering a louisiana rail coach and refusing to relinquish his seat in the white section for one in the separate colored section. louisiana law mandated racially distinct passenger compartments in rail transport. plessy sued, arguing that the louisiana law violated his constitutional rights. the supreme court ' s ruling in the plessy case gave the state of louisiana everything it asked for, and plessy got nothing. the court held that \u201c separate but equal \u201d facilities did not violate the fourteenth amendment ' s guarantee of equal protection under the law because \u2014 in the view of the court \u2014 the constitution guaranteed only political, and not social, equality. the issue of segregation unified the white south as few others could. loudly ensuring a commitment to separate \u2014 and clearly unequal \u2014 facilities for african - americans became priority number one for successful southern politicians. ( the official ballot logo of the democratic party in alabama, for instance, was a white rooster and the legend \u201c white supremacy \u201d \u2014 a slogan that seemed somehow to hint at political, not merely social, inequality. ) excerpted from the complete idiot ' s guide to african - american history \u00a9 2003 by melba j. duncan. all rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. used by arrangement with alpha books, a member of penguin group ( usa ) inc. to order this book visit the idiot ' s guide web site or call 1 - 800 - 253 - 6476.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45533880213740585, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.404345"} {"text": "today we note yom ha - shoah in israel \u2013 holocaust memorial day. this is a somber, solemn day to remember the six million jews, men, women and children who were slaughtered by the nazis, simply because they were jewish. it is equally important to remember that in the depths of evil there were some points of light that were not extinguished. in the midst of the horror of the holocaust there were individuals who placed their lives and those of their families at great risk and saved jews from the nazis. these individuals are recognized as righteous among the nations and honored for generations to come. yad vashem is the national holocaust museum and memorial. one of the more striking features of yad vashem are the many trees that cover the grounds in jerusalem. each tree remembers and honors one of the righteous. to date there are 24, 811 cases of righteous among the nations that have been recognized for their bravery during those dark times. last year i had the pleasure of touring with a family from holland. one of their requests was to find the tree that had been planted for joop westerweel, a relative. joop westerweel, a teacher, and his wife wilhelmina, saved almost 200 young jewish students by helping them cross borders and make their way to spain. from spain they were able to leave the dangers of europe behind them and move to israel. he was captured by the nazis and executed in 1944. these brave deeds are memorialized in a display in the museum itself and with a tree that was planted in their honor in 1964. the tree is located right near the entrance to the museum and stands as a witness and a sign of appreciation to the valor of the westerweels. for more information about joop westerweel see : http : / / www. yadvashem. org / yv / en / righteous / stories / westerweel. asp say jerusalem and the pictures that pop into our minds are of religious and historical sites. everyone has their favorites but at the top of the list will be the kotel \u2013 the western wall, major churches, the golden dome atop the temple mount. if we think of modern sites then they will include the knesset and the famous menora in the knesset rose garden, hebrew university campus, hadassah hospital and more. how many of you imagine jerusalem covered with snow? snow \u2013 not possible \u2013 israel is in the middle east \u2013 it \u2019 s warm all year round, not enough rain, certainly not cold enough for snow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4485841786417911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.414154"} {"text": "university campus, hadassah hospital and more. how many of you imagine jerusalem covered with snow? snow \u2013 not possible \u2013 israel is in the middle east \u2013 it \u2019 s warm all year round, not enough rain, certainly not cold enough for snow. right? well, surprisingly enough israel does get snow. usually when it snows in israel the snow will be in the northern parts of the country and in the higher elevations. mt. hermon gets snow every year, there \u2019 s even a ski resort there. it \u2019 s normal for there to be snow in tsfat, the golan, the upper galilee \u2013 even in gush etzion region near jerusalem \u2013 but jerusalem? no way. well you \u2019 d be wrong. even though jerusalem doesn \u2019 t get much snow and it doesn \u2019 t happen every year it does happen every so often. right at this moment, jerusalem is in another snow watch. children are hoping for snow \u2013 enough to build a snow man and have a day off from school. the city is preparing again to have all the necessary equipment and manpower to clear streets and provide emergency services. everyone is in a waiting mode. even though snow in jerusalem is usually no more than a dusting, or at most 1 - 2 cm ( an inch at most ) jerusalem has had some major snowstorms. the biggest snowstorm since records have been kept ( starting in 1850 ) was in feb. of 1920 \u2013 the total snowfall was 98 cm!! ( 38. 5 in ). i had the opportunity to hear first hand descriptions of that snow, incidents of snow fall and drifts that blocked people into their homes since they couldn \u2019 t open their doors. we are waiting and hoping for snow again in jerusalem today. if the snow comes it won \u2019 t be anything at all like 1920 \u2013 there will be a few centimeters and maybe the kids will get lucky and school will be closed. for a short while the city will be blanketed with a beautiful, shimmering white glow and all will be quiet \u2013 a very special sight for everyone who is lucky enough to see it. in the meantime \u2013 enjoy this photo of the snow in 1920. whether it snows or not \u2013 jerusalem is waiting for you to come and visit \u2013 see her splendor, enjoy the sights and sounds of this amazing jewel. jerusalem \u2019 s public transportation system has recently expanded by the long awaited inauguration of the light rail. after years of planning and design construction finally started on this project in 2002. implementation of the plan met many obstacles and surprises", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39904165256995927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.415145"} {"text": "and sounds of this amazing jewel. jerusalem \u2019 s public transportation system has recently expanded by the long awaited inauguration of the light rail. after years of planning and design construction finally started on this project in 2002. implementation of the plan met many obstacles and surprises. considering the history of jerusalem, it is quite surprising that there weren \u2019 t more archaeological discoveries as a result of track construction. most notable was the discovery of a quarry in the northern sections of the rail line. some archaeologists have proposed that this is one of the quarries used by king herod \u2019 s workmen for the second temple expansion project. the light rail has also changed the skyline of jerusalem. in order to insure the smooth flow of traffic a suspension bridge, the chords bridge, was built over the main entrance to the city so that the trains can use the bridge to cross over the main entrance to the city without disrupting traffic. the bridge was designed by santiago calatrava today, we can enjoy riding the red line which runs from pisgat zeev in the north to mt. herzl in the south. the rail has been integrated into the city \u2019 s transit system with free transfers from to and from buses. even if you don \u2019 t enjoy a smooth ride on the light rail during your visit to jerusalem, you will definitely appreciate the beauty of the sleek cars as they glide through downtown jerusalem. only an hour \u2019 s drive from jerusalem, in the judean desert there is a beautiful oasis just waiting for you. ein gedi is a national park that offers various options for your enjoyment, right in the middle of the desert. more than just a wonder of nature, ein gedi has a rich history and is noted in the bible. when david escaped from king saul, he fled to ein gedi : \u201c and david went up from thence, and dwelt in the strongholds of en - gedi. \u201d ( i sam 23 : 29 ) the park provides a number of hiking trails ranging from a handicapped accessible path to the first pool, a one hour circuit that takes you to the second pool, where you can enjoy the cool waters and the spray of a waterfall. cooling off under the waterfall for the more adventurous there are longer paths that will allow you to climb up to the remains of a chalcolithic temple ( approx. 4000 - 3150 bce ). the park is home to many ibex and hyrax. if you visit early in the morning you will see them enjoying their breakfast before the heat of the day sets in. while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44810035580521534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.416195"} {"text": "to a new place and forge the beginnings of this new country. zichron ya \u2019 akov is also the home to a number of wineries, the most famous of these is the carmel winery founded in 1882 at the very start of this town. don \u2019 t miss a visit to their center for wine culture. we had a wonderful day in zichron ya \u2019 akov. i \u2019 d be happy to show you the sites of the town and region on your visit to israel. what a wonderful opportunity to spend two days in jerusalem this week. the weather was unusually warm and sunny for november. our tour included some of the special highlights of jerusalem, a truly amazing city. we visited the tower of david museum of the history of jerusalem, climbed up on the city walls for the ramparts walk, toured the jewish quarter of the old city, walked the length of the western wall in the western wall tunnels. all of these special sites are within the walls of the old city of jerusalem. jerusalem is more than just the old city, and we didn \u2019 t skip the newer parts of jerusalem. some of the highlights are the open air machane yehuda market, the downtown pedestrian mall on ben yehuda street and the newly renovated israel museum. two days are certainly not enough to see everything, but enough to get a taste of what jerusalem has to offer. certainly enough to know that you have to come back again and again. welcome to seeingisrael. my name is oreet segal. as a licensed israel tour guide and former american, now living in israel with my family, i have the pleasure of sharing this beautiful, amazing country with visitors from around the world. allow me to help you plan your visit to israel and show you the wonders of israel. it will be my pleasure to tour israel with you. until then, come and visit us here at seeingisrael and enjoy reading about the wonders of israel while you tour from afar. see you here soon. for further information regarding tours and tourism in israel contact me at firstname. lastname @ example. org the susan g. komen race for the cure came to jerusalem for the first time ever. the global fight against breast cancer brought over 7, 000 participants to jerusalem for a walk that brought together all segments of israeli and world society, together in a common cause. in honor of this event the walls of the old city of jerusalem were lit up in pink. make sure to join in the excitement next year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43481455133892466, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.418416"} {"text": "in conjunction with serc ' s math conference on tuesday, september 28th, here are some sites to check out! learning today blog, http : / / blog. learningtoday. com / excellent free resources are offered by this software company. also check out the \" teacher resource \" tab. lots of k - 5 stuff including materials for all levels of learners that will help with differentiation. math snacks, http : / / www. mathsnacks. org /, designed by educators at new mexico state university with nsf funds are engaging animations and games designed to help learner in grades 6 - 8 truly understand math concepts. harcourt school publishers at http : / / www. hbschool. com / thinkmath / index. html is indexed by grade level for k - 5, web - based math activities and concepts including numbers, data analysis, operations, algebra, geometry, time money and measurement. math apprentice, http : / / www. mathapprentice. com / provides opportunity for students in grades 4 - 8 to put math skills to work in one of eight businesses. jim dornberg has created a wiki housed at http : / / smartmeasurement. wikispaces. com /. grades k - 6 can view activities about length, time, money, perimeter, area, temperature, weight, volume, surface area, and angles. minute math, http : / / www. 10minutemath. com math. com is a high school teacher sharing knowledge with students and colleagues across the world. there are extra assignments for his calculus class, a set of non - linear graphs with the labels and scale hidden in a word document for teaching exponential growth, a review jeopardy game created with a flash - based online game creator, explore some of the past posts for more. and last but not least, math and the movies!, http : / / mathbits. com / mathbits / mathmovies / mathmovies. htm uses over 20 movies as teaching tools. movie options contain information about which clip to show and provides student worksheets. most activities are developed for grades 6 - 12 and movies range from a 1941 abbott and costello film, proof, castaway, star wars, star trek, to harry potter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5141831410520958, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.420749"} {"text": "deportations, whether perpetrated by russians or soviets have been in their arsenal of rule by terror for centuries. they have always represented an attempt to violently remove those whom the authorities have deemed disloyal, distrusted, a political rival etc. this forced resettlement of millions of children, women and men has led to predictable human misery and immortality. soviet rule over the baltic states was a classical colonial occupation complete with armed resistance, economic exploitation and foreign settlement. one should note here that moscow \u2019 s continual denial and rejection of the actuality of the occupation has never been challenged seriously by the international community in a manner with which holocaust deniers have been universally condemned. deportations in estonia can be traced back to the 1500 \u2019 s : russia \u2019 s ivan iv deported some of tartu \u2019 s rebellious german population to russia in 1572 ; from 1701 to 1708 the armed forces of peter i deported some 10, 000 estonians to siberia ; in 1708 a large portion of germans in tartu were deported to the vologda region ; in the same year nearly 1400 germans from narva were deported to various destinations in russia. only 700 made it back ; in 1781 catherine ii ordered swedish families in hiiumaa to be deported to the southern steppes of russia. the above are just examples of the numerous deportation operations carried out in the baltic states. the soviet world war ii deportations of entire nationalities have become a non - event of history. the following eight nationalities involved were relocated to siberia and central russia : in 1943, 382, 000 volga germans ; in 1943, 73, 737 karachai ; in 1944, 131, 271 kalmyks ; in 1944, 407, 690 chechens ; in 1944, 92, 074 ingush ; in 1944, 42, 666 balkars ; in 1944, 202, 000 crimean tatars ; in 1944, 200, 000 meskhetians. of the numerous deportations carried out during the soviet era, the following is just a tiny selection : in 1920, some 45, 000 volga and terek kazaks were deported to ukraine and northern european russia ; 18, 000 people were deported from ukraine and belarus to siberia and the russian far east ; 30, 000 finnish ingerians in 1935 were deported from the leningrad region to vologda, tadzikistan, kazahkstan and western siberia ; in the same year 42, 000 poles and germans were deported from the keiv and vinnotsja regions to eastern ukraine ; in 1936 45, 000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4716441480382755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.428896"} {"text": "to vologda, tadzikistan, kazahkstan and western siberia ; in the same year 42, 000 poles and germans were deported from the keiv and vinnotsja regions to eastern ukraine ; in 1936 45, 000 poles and ukrainians were deported from ukraine to kazahkstan ; in 1940 over 276, 000 poles ( 75, 000 of whom had fled the german invasion of poland ) were deported from various parts of belarus and ukraine to different regions of russia and neighbouring ssrs ; in 1944 42, 000 greeks, bulgarians, armenians and turks were deported from the crimea to uzbekistan ; in 1948 58, 000 greeks and armenians were deported from the black sea coast to kazahkstan ; in 1951 9400 jehova witnesses, including 4000 children, were deported from the baltic states, moldava, belarus and ukraine. stalin \u2019 s nationalist policy was implemented through wholesale deportations during world war ii. they radically changed the ethnic landscape of the ussr. they were primarily implemented to punish people who opposed sovietization or showed signs of nationalistic tendencies. the sovietization process was augmented by creating ethnically non - homogenous regions. the kremlin thus was able to consolidate their rule over given areas and secure borders from nationalistic elements considered to be disloyal. the soviet authorities made extensive use of the people \u2019 s commissariat for internal affairs ( the nkvd, the precursor of the kgb ) that was specifically assigned to carry out these operations. one notes that the soviet regime was not the first to use such political control devices as deportation. the bolsheviks, during the immediate post - czarist period, deemed the forced removal of peoples as illegal. it was a sham declaration for already in 1919 they ordered the deportations of cossacks who opposed their authority. not only did massive deportations mean callous expulsion and scattering through the vast hinterlands of the soviet union but it also has had a more profound result \u2013 the negation of the collective existence of deported peoples. in most cases, where the deportation operations targeted entire peoples, all material, symbolic and historic signs of the deportees \u2019 lives in their indigenous areas were destroyed ; russian names were given to local villages and roads ; the authentic history in manuals were rewritten ; local governmental and political structures were replaced. while it \u2019 s generally accepted that deportation, as a tool for punishment and political control is an archaic concept, a phenomenon of the past, it still reverberates in arguments over history and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4869613024069491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.430051"} {"text": "there has been a lot of investigation into the causes of adhd and asperger \u2019 s syndrome. it was a commonly held belief that it was inherited, or that a certain gene was responsible. despite years of testing, there is no gene that has been found to be responsible for autism, nor adhd. it is now being understood that there are a combination of factors that play the part of causation \u2013 similar to the scenario of \u2019 the perfect \u2018 storm \u2019. these factors include : that \u2019 s a lot of big words, and this is a topic that is so vast i couldn \u2019 t possibly put it all in one post \u2013 suffice to say it is a myriad of factors, and sometimes one malfunction leads to the next, and the next, and so on, like dominos. i plan on extrapolating these ideas in individual posts, to save on the info dump all at one time. suffice to say that when the body is not working as its designed to, it won \u2019 t function properly. basically, our kids have toxins that have lodged in their brains, which causes inflammation and inhibits the normal functioning. there are studies that have been done which show abnormal brain tissue \u2013 actual inflammation most of the increase in children \u2019 s neurological or developmental conditions have been found to be related to major increases in brain and immune system inflammation related to increased exposure to toxic chemicals or dietary excitoxins of the 4 million u. s. children born each year ( weiss b, landrigan pj. the developing brain and the environment. environmental health perspectives, volume 107, supp 3, june 2000 ) the takeaway from all this that i like is that adhd and asd ( autism spectrum disorder ) has a physical basis, and therefore can be addressed as such. put in another way \u2013 its a physical problem with a physical answer. this gives me huge hope, and motivates me to continue to search for answers. i hope this provides you with some hope that these factors can be addressed \u2013 don \u2019 t let anyone say that your child ( or you ) can \u2019 t be helped. i \u2019 ve seen it with my own eyes \u2013 this is real!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4553143197070547, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.433001"} {"text": "by martin t. stein, m. d. children love to draw, and their work is a reflection of their inner world. most kids don ' t think about or censor their artwork. for the past 40 years, i ' ve used children ' s drawings as an important part of my pediatric practice. at each well - child visit beginning at 4 or 5 years old, our nurse asks the child to \" draw a picture of your family doing something. \" to simplify the process, each exam room is equipped with blank white paper on a clipboard with a black felt pen. the family drawing helps me survey development at a given moment in time, and it may tip me off to potential problems. a single drawing is a snapshot of a child ' s point of view - - of her role in the family, her relationship to other family members, and her self - esteem. it also may show strengths in the child and the family that are important to recognize and validate. it can indicate cultural patterns that give me a better understanding of some behaviors or beliefs. i always ask the parents for their impression of the drawing, because our conversation can yield even more information that may not come up otherwise. related : understanding your child ' s personality a big caveat here : we all want to find hidden meanings in drawings, but be cautious about overinterpreting. it ' s not a good idea to read too much into your child ' s sketches. instead, use them as an opportunity to talk with your child about what he or she has drawn. then ask questions about them to enhance communication between you. do your best to avoid giving too many of your own impressions. i purposely keep the conversation very open - ended : \" tell me about your drawing. who are the people in the picture? what are they doing? \" for examples of what you might be looking for with your own children, check out my analysis of these kids ' drawings. a bunch of balloons this first picture is a great example of how artwork can be a springboard for conversation. it was drawn by a patient of mine when she was 11. she had lived alone with her mother since birth and she had no siblings. on the surface, her physical health, schoolwork, and social development were just fine. but she made friends slowly and she was unusually cautious about leaving her mother to go to friends ' houses. she preferred to have friends come to her house and play while her mother was nearby. i was concerned that their close bond got in the way of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4818362177431422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.439394"} {"text": "but she made friends slowly and she was unusually cautious about leaving her mother to go to friends ' houses. she preferred to have friends come to her house and play while her mother was nearby. i was concerned that their close bond got in the way of her learning how to separate from her mom, which is a necessary part of development. related : 8 smart ways to teach independence, self - confidence, and resilience i hadn ' t been able to get this point across at previous office visits. but with this drawing, i had an opening. the way they were placed so closely together, and the fact that a short string connected the mother and daughter, stood out to me. when i asked mom, \" what do you think about this picture? \" she initially talked proudly about her daughter ' s drawing skills. but then she admitted that she could see what i ' d been trying to say about their relationship. we were able to talk about it, and she left the office motivated to help her daughter ( and herself ) discover ways to separate psychologically while maintaining their loving and close relationship. the stick - figure family drawing skills often begin to tell a story in kindergarten. although kids at this age tend to use simple stick figures, you can sometimes pick things up from facial expressions, where family members are placed, and what they ' re doing. this second picture, drawn by a 5 - year - old girl, is an example of that. she drew her mother on the far left, followed by the family dog, her father, herself, and her 8 - year - old brother. the girl drew herself as larger than her parents - - this typically reflects good self - esteem. it ' s worth noting that she placed herself between her father and brother : when children are between 4 and 6 years old, they develop a sense of their gender identity. as a part of this normal developmental process, young girls often get physically and emotionally closer to their father ( boys this age tend to get closer to their mother ), and the feelings are temporary. lots of detail the 7 - year - old girl who drew the third picture is a triplet who was born prematurely. when i asked what the people in the picture are doing, she started on the left with her brother, who is on the high - functioning end of the autism spectrum. \" he ' s doing the laundry, mommy is working on the computer, i am hanging up clothes, daddy is washing the car, and my sister is washing the glasses. \" the fact that she has drawn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5040343211368066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.440427"} {"text": "- functioning end of the autism spectrum. \" he ' s doing the laundry, mommy is working on the computer, i am hanging up clothes, daddy is washing the car, and my sister is washing the glasses. \" the fact that she has drawn numerous body parts and clothing on her parents suggests that she has mature visual and motor skills. by looking at everyone ' s clothing, i see that she recognizes gender differences. the drawing also shows the children and parents as a cohesive unit ; they seem to enjoy doing everyday tasks together. notice how they ' re each drawn in a distinctive way - - the brother has a larger frame and a big head, and her sister has glasses, for instance. this tells me that she ' s able to think of each family member as an individual. a hole in the ground the last image was drawn by a 7 - year - old girl who ' d recently gone with her parents and younger brother to her grandfather ' s funeral. i was impressed with several aspects of her picture, including her ability to visually distinguish the adults from the kids and to draw faces that reveal sadness. she drew herself and her father in profile, which may indicate that she and her father have a strong bond. it was encouraging that she drew everyone close together, and touching ; this shows she perceived her family as tight - knit in this sad moment in their lives. the soccer match this top drawing is terrific : it shows a family enjoying a sport together. when the 9 - year - old boy who drew it was asked to describe the image, he answered, \" we ' re playing soccer. dad said to pass, so i passed to him, and then he passed to mom, and mom passed to my little brother. and he scored! \" the boy ' s description of his picture reveals his active engagement with other members of his family. i notice that his mom is drawn as the biggest person in the family, and while that might not be significant, i could use the opportunity to say, \" you drew your mom as the largest person in the picture. is she the leader of the family team? \" a view from above the 7 - year - old boy who drew this last picture says it ' s \" all of us playing sorry. \" i immediately noticed that he drew his family from the perspective of someone looking down at their game table. this suggests he ' s got strong visual - spatial skills ; children like this are often artistic and particularly good at puzzles and games. this family is engaged in playing together at home, which reveals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5155429521732595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.441504"} {"text": "technology isn \u2019 t just providing a distraction for students ; it \u2019 s also lowering the cost of educating them. we reported earlier in the month about the $ 60 million dollar joint effort, edx, by mit and harvard to offer free, online, college courses. in this case, universities are using technology to expand global access to education. however, technology isn \u2019 t just changing how instruction is delivered. it can also make traditional approaches less costly. the woodland joint unified school district in northern california just outside of sacramento serves over 10, 000 students. the district replaced 300 aging pcs in five k - 12 computer labs with pano logic \u2019 s zero client systems. the decision is creating notable cost savings. pano logic \u2019 s virtual desktops have no cpu, memory, operating system, drivers, software or moving parts. if you are wondering, pano \u2019 s technology is not the digital equivalent of a pet rock. pano zero client only exists to connect usb peripherals such as a keyboard or monitor to a virtual machine, which can be hosted anywhere from the data center to the public cloud. currently, pano works with three hypervisors ( vsphere, xenserver, hyper - v ) and their management systems ( vmware view, xendesktop, microsoft scvmm ). technology leaders at the school district said they were able to deploy 300 pano logic zero client \u2019 s and setup virtual desktops in less than three weeks. each virtualized systems costs just $ 5. 00 per year to power \u2013 $ 45. 00 less than a traditional computer. the move cut the woodland \u2019 s energy costs by $ 13, 500. 00 a year. the devices have also substantially reduced the number of hours the team spends on maintenance support each month and expanded access to computers. pano has been heavily targeting the education sector because many have heavily strained budgets and computing resources deployed across several locations. many cannot afford to update their aging technology, so they spend hours and hours each month trying to keep the machines running. pano logic provide an alternative to pcs that \u2019 s very attractive to many.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4965854229211751, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.445218"} {"text": "trends and patterns of school district support of athletic, extracurricular, and recreational activities in this section, the district is asked to review participation trends in athletic, extracurricular and recreational activities. in doing so, the district should consider whether all of the protected groups participate and are encouraged to participate in these activities. the district should also identify any factors that might be causing or influencing these trends. in identifying factors, the district may want to consider whether the activities provided are relevant to, and are supportive of, all students. in other words, are activities provided that meet the interests and needs of every student? other questions may include whether the time and location of activities are accessible to all students, whether student groups and / or activities are welcoming to diverse students, and whether information about the activities is effectively conveyed to all students and parents or guardians. the district might also consider whether students are provided with activities and opportunities to learn about and promote diversity, fairness and justice. in this section, the district is also asked to consider what type of support is provided to these activities. in cycle i, districts typically examined their athletic programs for sex inequity and gave comparatively little attention to extracurricular and recreational activities. in cycle ii, districts should still consider whether equitable support is provided in its athletic programs. however, districts should also consider what type of support is provided in other extracurricular and recreational activities. are some groups being excluded? / p > as a reminder, numerical data should only be disaggregated on the basis of race, national origin, sex and disability. in addition, data from at least the past three years should be reviewed when analyzing trends and patterns. any disparity greater than 5 % should be considered significant. for information on the nondiscrimination guidelines in interscholastic athletics, please see the pupil nondiscrimination guidelines for athletics, a joint publication of the department of public instruction and the wisconsin interscholastic athletic association. by evaluating this area, school districts will have the opportunity to : - foster and promote the goals of equity and inclusiveness in athletic, extracurricular, and recreational programs and any school - sponsored or approved activity. - determine whether current practices might deter some students from participating in these activities. - identify and develop ways to increase participation of underrepresented groups. - identify and formulate ways for students to develop and act on knowledge and skills for fairness, equity, inclusiveness, human relations and diversity. athletic programs and activities - review participation data in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48109176758922395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.451189"} {"text": "develop ways to increase participation of underrepresented groups. - identify and formulate ways for students to develop and act on knowledge and skills for fairness, equity, inclusiveness, human relations and diversity. athletic programs and activities - review participation data in athletic programs and activities for at least the past three years. review data by race, sex, national origin or disability. identify trends and patterns. - are some groups underrepresented in athletic programs and activities? - if so, how? - are effective procedures in place to track participation in athletic programs and activities by race, sex, disability, and national origin? - in responding to the following questions, review interscholastic athletic opportunities for male and female students. - are interscholastic athletic opportunities for males and females provided in numbers substantially proportionate to their respective enrollments in the district? - are the opportunities comparable in scope and type? - if not, can the district show a history and continuing practice of program expansion for the underrepresented sex? - if not, can the district demonstrate that the interests and abilities of the members of the underrepresented sex have been fully and effectively accommodated by the present programs? - review the district ' s separate interscholastic athletic programs for males and females. is equitable support provided in the following areas : - coaching and other staff salaries - provision of uniforms - equiment and supplies - scheduling of games and practice times - provision of transportation - opportunity to receive experienced coaching, academic tutoring, medical, or other type of services - access to locker rooms, practice and competitive facilities - publicity efforts - availability of pep band, cheerleaders, pom pon, et cetera for all teams. - are school mascots, team names, and logos free from bias or stereotyping? - does attendance at athletic events reflect the diversity of the students in the school? - do coaches receive training in recognizing diverse communication styles and in recognizing and neutralizing bias or stereotyping? - do coaches receive training to prevent hazing and harassment of, and by, athletes? - does the selection of specific sports and levels of competition accommodate the interests and abilities of : members of both sexes, students with special needs, students with limited - english proficiency, or diverse racial / ethnic groups? - has the district periodically conducted surveys in order to determine whether athletic interests are being met by the current athletic program? - are special accommodations available for students with disabilities? other extracurricular, recreational, and school - sponsored or approved activities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46225080821981784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.452419"} {"text": "ethnic groups? - has the district periodically conducted surveys in order to determine whether athletic interests are being met by the current athletic program? - are special accommodations available for students with disabilities? other extracurricular, recreational, and school - sponsored or approved activities - review data of participation in extracurricular and recreational activities for at least the past three years. identify trends and patterns. - to what extent do participation rates in extracurricular and other recreational activities reflect the overall composition of the student population by race, gender, national origin or disability? - if not, how do they differ? - are effective procedures in place to track participation, by group, in extracurricular and recreational activities? - are activities provided to meet the expressed interests of all groups? - are students and their parents / guardians encouraged to organize extracurricular activities or clubs that target their needs as members of a protected class? has the district surveyed students, staff and parents / guardians to determine what these needs or interests may be? - are special accommodations available for children with disabilities? - is there a fair process by which all groups seeking school - approved status can apply? are all groups that follow the process and meet criteria approved? - what strategies has the district used to encourage participation by underrepresented groups? have these strategies been effective? - how often and in what forums are the district ' s nondiscrimination policies and practices regarding athletic, extracurricular, recreational and other activities communicated to students and parents / guardians? how might this communication be improved? - is there a permanent process in place for ensuring that all public information regarding athletic, extracurricular and recreational activities is inclusive and free of bias, stereotyping, and discrimination, including language and visuals? public information includes press releases, brochures, outreach / recruiting materials, posters, public service announcements, et cetera. - is information regarding athletic, extracurricular, recreational, and other activities published in other languages in addition to english? is the information available in braille or audio versions? - what are your recommendations for increasing participation of underrepresented groups in athletic, extracurricular, and recreational activities? what are your recommendations for ensuring that equitable support is provided in the district ' s athletic programs? how will these recommendations be implemented? prepare a summary of the status of pupil nondiscrimination and equality of education with regard to participation trends and patterns and school district support of athletic, extracurricular, and recreational activities. include in the summary your findings, analysis, supporting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4693173266675098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.453571"} {"text": "the founding fathers were well read in the areas of economics, political separation of powers, and the rule of law with an in - depth knowledge of history. understanding their background may be why w. c. skousen in \" the five thousand year leap \" commented, the american founders recognized that the moment government is authorized to start leveling the material possessions of the rich in order to have an \u2018 equal distribution of goods, \u2019 the government thereafter has the power to deprive any of the people of their \u2018 equal \u2019 rights to enjoy their lives, liberties, and property. to prevent redistribution of goods from occurring, the founding fathers created a limited government with minimal regulations, stressing the importance of the right of private property. they understood it was the individual \u2019 s right to acquire and possess property, and that private property and liberty were inseparable. when the government confiscates through illegitimate means private property, the fruit of intellectual or physical labor, it enslaves and denies liberty. the system of private property is the most important guarantee of freedom, both for those who have property and those who do not. private property divides the means of production among many people acting independently, ensuring that no one person has complete control over everyone. if the means of production were invested in the hands of \u201c society as a whole \u201d or a dictator, whoever exercises the control has complete power over people. the principle of private property for the founding fathers was imperative to prevent the slide into socialism, which had been earlier tried in the plymouth colony under william bradford and abandoned as counterproductive to individual freedom and liberty. to understand the danger socialism presents for people, one needs to know what socialism is. the american heritage dictionary of the english language defines socialism as, \u201c any of various theories or systems of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy. \u201d ayn rand said : socialism is the doctrine that man has no right to exist for his own sake, that his life and his work do not belong to him, but belong to society, that the only justification of his existence is his service to society, and that society may dispose of him in any way it pleases for the sake of whatever it deems to be its own tribal, collective good. the essential characteristic of socialism is the denial of individual property rights \u2026 to deny property rights means to turn men into property owned by the state. whoever claims the \u201c right \u201d to \u201c redistribute \u201d the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.545410742389058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.456702"} {"text": "may 26, 2012 : the u. s. army and the u. s. marine corps are beginning to receive the new m224a1 60mm mortar. this is an updated version of the original m224. weighing 16. 1 - 21. 1 kg ( 35. 4 - 47 pounds ) the new weapon is a much awaited improvement on pre - m224 models. for ease of carrying the mortar breaks down into several components. the tube weighs 6. 5 kg ( 14. 4 pounds ), the bipod is 6. 9 kg ( 15. 2 pounds ), and the sight is 1. 1 kg ( 2. 5 pounds ). there are two base plates. the standard one is 6. 5 kg ( 14. 4 pounds ), the lightweight one is 1. 6 kg ( 3. 6 pounds ). the older world war ii era m2 model weighed 19. 05 kg ( 42 pounds ). a less successful world war ii era model, the m19, weighed 23. 4 kg ( 52 pounds ). some of the m224 technology arrived early. four years ago a new mortar tube was introduced for the 60mm and 81mm mortars. new metals ( inconel 718 alloy ) and manufacturing methods ( flowforming ) reduced the weight of these mortar tubes 30 percent, and increased the robustness. but the lighter tube only reduced the overall system weight about ten percent. the complete m224 system reduced overall weight 20 percent. a year after the m224 was sent to some units for field tests, a few minor tweaks were made, resulting in the recently introduced m224a1. for the infantry, however, every pound counts. so the m224 was particularly welcome. but the troops were very pleased at how the lighter m224 actually performed. the marines and the army use the 60mm for infantry companies ( each of three infantry platoons, plus a heavy weapons platoon ), giving the company commander his own artillery. modern 60mm mortar shells, which weigh about 1. 6 kg ( 3. 5 pounds ) each, have a range of 2, 000 - 3, 500 meters. for many decades the max range of 60mm mortars was more like 2, 000 meters. the m224 can use a longer range ( 3, 500 meters ) round. the longer range shells, and the availability of mini - uavs at the company level, make the 60mm mortar a much more potent weapon. the uav can spot targets behind hills or buildings and then adjust the mortar fire until the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4437158551558324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.460699"} {"text": "what is synesthesia? synesthesia is a perceptual condition of mixed sensations : a stimulus in one sensory modality ( e. g., hearing ) involuntarily elicits a sensation / experience in another modality ( e. g. vision ). likewise, perception of a form ( e. g., a letter ) may induce an unusual perception in the same modality ( e. g. a color ). click here for more information on synesthesia. what is the synesthesia battery? this battery of tests provides a standard battery of questions, tests and scoring. this test is available to the whole community of researchers and synesthetes for their use in making scientific progress. your data will be kept entirely private, for use only by yourself, and by a researcher if you provide a valid email address for one. log in here not sure if you \u2019 re a synesthete? click here to answer a few preview questions to find out! if you think you are a synesthete, please register here to begin with the questionnaire. upon completion of the questionnaire, you will be automatically routed to the online software tests appropriate for the forms of synesthesia you experience. if you have previously taken any of the tests or wish to continue with an unfinished set, please login to complete the battery and then view your results. if you are a researcher, you may direct your synesthetic subjects to this site and ask them to include your email address when they register. use of this battery, with its standardized scoring system, will allow data combination or comparison among laboratories. if you have been invited by synesthete. org, on behalf of a synesthete, to view his / her results, please enter the username and password that has been emailed to you and login here. additionally, if you are a researcher using matlab, i am making available the texsyn toolbox, a collection of matlab programs developed in dr. david eagleman ' s laboratory for testing various aspects of synesthetic experience. please click here for information and downloading. if you are publishing results derived from the online synesthesia battery or the texsyn toolbox, please cite : david m. eagleman, arielle d. kagan, stephanie s. nelson, deepak sagaram, anand k. sarma. a standardized test battery for the study of synesthesia. journal of neuroscience methods, 2007 jan 15 ; 159 ( 1 ) : 139 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6169857191384409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.463543"} {"text": "march 11th, 2013 12 : 01 am et raw meat is a notorious salmonella carrier. it can also be found on unclean kitchen counters. an investigation published this week in the journal of pediatrics suggests we should also look for the deadly bacteria in pet frogs. investigators from public health agencies across the united states found that african dwarf frogs are causing a nationwide outbreak of a specific salmonella strain in children. a group of health professionals make up the salmonella typhimurium outbreak investigation team, which is part of the centers for disease control and prevention. recently, the team has been examining the effects of african dwarf frogs on people \u2019 s health. \u201c amphibians and reptiles should never be kept in homes with children less than 5 years old or with people who have immune deficiencies, \u201d said lead author and cdc public health advisor shauna mettee zarecki. this includes day care settings and nursing homes, she said. the team examined an outbreak of that strain from 2008 to 2011 and identified 376 cases of salmonella in 44 states to use in a matched case - control study. the control group was made up of people with recent salmonella infections other than the outbreak strain, and the cases group included people with the outbreak strain infection. about 70 % of those infected were children younger than 10 years old. here \u2019 s where it gets more complicated. investigators interviewed 114 of those patients and about 60 % of them reported frog exposure. out of the patients who knew the type of frog, about 80 % reported coming in contact with adfs. in other words, salmonella infection was significantly associated with frog exposure in the study. the investigators concluded the majority of children got sick from indirect exposure to these animals, such as handling aquarium water. mettee zarecki stressed that parents and / or children should wash animal habitats outside to avoid contaminating their kitchen sink or bathtub. investigators said aquarium water can become more contaminated over time, increasing infection risk. mettee zarecki said 29 % of patients - mostly children - were hospitalized in this investigation. investigators tested samples from the frogs \u2019 aquariums in patients \u2019 homes, pet stores and a day care center that all matched the outbreak strain. according to the cdc \u2019 s website, patient purchases led investigators to one adf breeding facility at blue lobster farms in madera county, california. what \u2019 s troubling is frogs carrying the outbreak strain from this facility could still be in households, continuing to spread the infection. surprisingly, pet frogs can live to up 18 years, more akin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4256528530420509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.466476"} {"text": "you \u2019 ll soon be hearing a lot of buzz \u2014 and a dose of sales hype \u2014 about a new wave of electric cars that will begin humming down our roads. the first cars to come from major automakers will be the much - publicized chevrolet volt and the nissan leaf, each expected to go on sale in selected areas by the end of this year. models from ford, honda, mitsubishi, toyota and other companies will follow. consumer reports \u2019 auto experts have driven prototypes and preproduction models of most of the forthcoming electric cars and have found them to be very quiet, quite quick, and viable alternatives to conventional cars. electric vehicles ( evs ) allow drivers to commute moderate distances using no gasoline and producing no tailpipe emissions. they can reduce overall driving costs for some people. and evs can be charged by simply plugging them into a household wall outlet, although the time it takes to recharge depends on the vehicle and the electrical circuit. but those cars require basic changes in driving habits and often some hefty household electrical work. before you consider plugging in, you should weigh all factors \u2014 cost, convenience and environmental impact \u2014 and fully understand the pros and cons of evs. what is an ev? plug - in electric cars represent the next step beyond hybrids for consumers who want to cut their gasoline consumption. a full - hybrid car continuously switches between a gasoline engine and an electric motor to power the car, and the gas engine recharges the battery while the car is driven. by contrast, an ev can go much father using only electric power, but it needs to be plugged in to fully recharge. there are three main types of plug - in models : \u2014 dedicated evs. the nissan leaf is an example of a pure battery - electric car that runs solely on its electric motor and has no gasoline engine. on a full charge, the leaf can go up to 100 miles before it needs recharging. \u2014 extended - range evs. that is how gm classifies the volt. the car runs only on its electric motor and can go up to 40 miles on electric power. after the battery \u2019 s charge drops to a certain level, a small gasoline engine kicks in to provide enough additional electrical power to let the car continue driving. that extends the volt \u2019 s overall range to more than 300 miles before it needs to stop for a fill - up or recharge. \u2014 plug - in hybrids. they are essentially conventional gas / electric hybrid cars with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4832515728506763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.469927"} {"text": "car continue driving. that extends the volt \u2019 s overall range to more than 300 miles before it needs to stop for a fill - up or recharge. \u2014 plug - in hybrids. they are essentially conventional gas / electric hybrid cars with a larger battery that allows them to operate on electric power more of the time, although they can \u2019 t go gas - free for long stretches. while toyota is field - testing plug - in priuses for commercial use, no plug - in hybrids are expected for retail customers until 2012. questions to consider \u2014 how far do you drive? if you will be using the car only for running local errands or you have a relatively short commute, say 20 to 30 miles each way, a dedicated electric car with a 100 - mile range, such as the leaf, would probably fit your needs. with an extended - range ev, distance is not a factor if you don \u2019 t mind using gasoline. \u2014 will an ev save you money? depending on your electricity rates, driving an ev can be less expensive than filling up at the pump. electricity costs an average of 11 cents per kilowatt - hour in the united states. at about 3 miles per kwh ( the rough efficiency engineers estimate for most of today \u2019 s evs ), that \u2019 s about 4 cents a mile. with gas costing about $ 2. 80 a gallon, a car such as the toyota corolla, which gets very good fuel economy of 30 mpg, would cost about 9 cents a mile for fuel. \u2014 how will you charge your car? a standard 100 - volt outlet might work for charging the volt, but you could be hard - pressed to charge a dedicated ev overnight. you \u2019 ll also need a charger, which currently costs between $ 700 and $ 1, 200. filed under : consumer reports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4362981590882528, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.470607"} {"text": "as you stand around the bbq this australia day, savouring that quintessential aroma of grilling lamb, spare a thought for the selfless service of our unsung national heroes \u2013 our estimated 140 million plus sheep ( ovis aries ). and spare a thought for those that made them so tasty. the australian sheep meat industry has benefited from decades of dedicated scientific research by organisations such as state departments of primary industry and csiro. without that, it \u2019 s unlikely your grilled lamb chops would be quite as fresh, juicy, succulent, tender and deliciously flavoursome. these days the burnt offerings of the past are less acceptable, as people demand grilled meat with a nice pink middle. even sam kekovitch \u2019 s latest ( over - the - top ) effort to boost lamb consumption ( see below ) \u2013 a brave reinvention of the place of lamb in contemporary australia culture \u2013 indicates the messages from celebrity chefs are finally trickling down \u2013 we are taking more interest in the subtle flavour of our lamb, basting, marinating and, most importantly, not over - cooking it. the discovery of fire by our ancestors and its application to meat is probably the oldest form of food processing. during cooking, protein, sugars and unsaturated fats break down and react to form an array of intense flavour and aroma molecules. our olfactory ( smell ) receptors and brains are hard - wired to like the molecular signature of grilled meat \u2013 even dedicated vegetarians can find meat aroma delicious and almost irresistible. behind the scenes, a lot goes into getting the texture and flavour of your lamb chop right. genetics and breeding are important for meat texture ; but probably the most important variable affecting flavour is what the animal has been chowing - down on pre - slaughter. scientists are studying changes in gene expression at different life stages. a better understanding of key events in building up muscle meat can help identify how to produce meat that is nutritious, healthy, tender and flavoursome. these events occur in the embryo, during growth, in response to changes of food and even after slaughter. the laying down of intramuscular fat, which leads to better texture and flavour in the meat, requires a detailed understanding of the interaction of diet and animal metabolism. the palpable consequences of global warming and the whims of el nino and la nina are changes in rainfall patterns and drought. unlike many other meat - producing countries, in australia animals generally graze on pastures and are not fed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4896158118138183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.474855"} {"text": "metabolism. the palpable consequences of global warming and the whims of el nino and la nina are changes in rainfall patterns and drought. unlike many other meat - producing countries, in australia animals generally graze on pastures and are not fed in feed lots, although they may be fed during drought. pasture will vary over climate and seasonal cycles, sometimes lacking in nutrients and energy. a severe drought has an impact on the animal \u2019 s growth and wellbeing and, not surprisingly, the meat quality. insufficient protein or nutrients affect the growth of muscle tissue and the deposition of fat, impacting on meat tenderness and flavour. in a wet year, when pastures are lush, there may be other problems. some plants may introduce too much of a good thing into the diet, with high protein levels in the pasture resulting in off - flavours such as a \u201c metallic \u201d or \u201c barnyard \u201d in the final meat. on the grill, it is the rapid reaction of unsaturated fats and amino acids that creates the desirable mouthwatering aroma. subtle differences in the fat and protein profile due to diet have an impact on the meat \u2019 s flavour profile but this is an important area of ongoing investigation. researchers worldwide have long tried to understand the effects of various pasture diets on positive flavour notes and eating quality of lamb. anecdotal evidence from farmers and producers is always vital, but rigorous scientific feeding trials are the mainstay of agricultural progress. in a severe drought year, malnutrition and extensive animal mortality are always a threat to farmers. access to reliable and cost - efficient \u201c finishing feeds \u201d \u2013 such as lucerne ( alfalfa ), ryegrass and plantain \u2013 is essential to get through the extreme years. summer and autumn - active forages, such as brassica plant species, are increasingly being used to supply nutrient - rich forages during periods when pastures are low in nutrient availability. anecdotally, such forages produce offensive odours during cooking. more scientific evidence is required to support this, to enable the farmer to make informed decisions, without impacting negatively on meat flavour. most australians know we \u2019 re on to a good thing with lamb. slightly fatty, sweet and nutty, lamb aroma can be mouth - watering. if it \u2019 s too strong, it can be objectionable \u2013 especially to those from other cultures, unfamiliar with unique grass - fed australian lamb aroma. when \u201c mutton is dressed up as lamb \u201d, a strong unpleasant odour is often obvious \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46841934318266043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.477761"} {"text": "osprey publications produces history books covering a broad span of historical events in differing levels of depth ; this is one of the books with depth and focus. it focuses on the second crusade ( hattin 1187 ), and examines it from a top - down, and a bottom - up point of view. this battle returned control of jerusalem to the muslims and sparked the third crusade ( lead by richard the lionhearted ). the first part of the book discusses the opposing leaders and armies, the military plans and campaigns, and the after - effects of the battle. the second part of the book digs into the opposing armies themselves, from the level of the soldier - what he thought, why he fought, how he trained, what he wore for protection and carried for weaponry, how he fit into his culture and was regarded by it. outside of this look from the soldier ' s point of view, the book does not go extensively into the culture, peoples, and religions of the time - the reader should bring that knowledge with him. the brief conclusion of the book alludes to the effects of the crusades evident in our day, but this is not the point of the book. a tripartite appendix gives further content regarding traveling to the site of the battle, the location of remaining artifacts or sites of departure for the european crusaders. the book contains a good number of pictures of art, artifacts, and geography. the maps enliven the textual descriptions of terrain and campaigns. several tables provide relevant timelines for the events of the second crusade, for the events of the crusades in toto and for the world at large. any reader of this book should bring to it a broad picture of the history of the times, the overall history of the crusades and the peoples and religions involved in them. as with any period of history, it is helpful to read books from more than one point of view, this is especially true of the period of the crusades. current scholarship is providing new insights into the crusades ; students who read their last history of the crusades 30 years ago could benefit by a brush with current writings about this part of the story of western civilization. this book is appropriate for a college - age or adult history buff whom wants to dig deeper into the second crusade or into the mind and life of a soldier of the times. a high school student or advanced junior high student could use the book for reference, but probably not as a \" required reading \" text for this period of history. the writing itself is accessible to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45886611096829705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.480373"} {"text": "swim down under hawaiian waters with pbs digital studios \u2019 underh20 team to watch how lava from the rumbling kilauea crater bursts into the pacific ocean, and then quickly cools to form what \u2019 s called pillow lava. showing 10 posts tagged swimming like an elusive, caped creature in the ocean, a female blanket octopus glides through the water. we know this video is of a female of the species because she is around two meters ( 6. 6 feet ) long. in contrast, the male blanket octopus is less than 3 centimeters wide. yes, centimeters! differences in males and females of a species is called sexual dimorphism, and can include size, coloring or ornamentation, form or structure, and behavior. a few examples of this include peacocks, peacock spiders, birds of paradise, lions, elk, and even humans. the bbc is a good start for further viewing. karl sims is a digital media artist, computer graphics research scientist, and software entrepreneur. his influential artificial life computer animations, like this one from 1994, were programmed as virtual creatures that simulated evolution through genetic algorithms : this video shows results from a research project involving simulated darwinian evolutions of virtual block creatures. a population of several hundred creatures is created within a supercomputer, and each creature is tested for their ability to perform a given task, such the ability to swim in a simulated water environment. those that are most successful survive, and their virtual genes containing coded instructions for their growth, are copied, combined, and mutated to make offspring for a new population. the new creatures are again tested, and some may be improvements on their parents. as this cycle of variation and selection continues, creatures with more and more successful behaviors can emerge. the creatures shown are results from many independent simulations in which they were selected for swimming, walking, jumping, following, and competing for control of a green cube. \u2018 tis the season for scary creatures with toothy grins. from the team at mbari, deep - sea fish with some serious teeth! listed in the order they appear : aristostomias scintillans ( shiny loosejaw ), anoplogaster cornuta ( fangtooth ), tactostoma macropus ( longfin dragonfish ), chaenophryne, chauliodus macouni ( viperfish ), tactostoma macropus ( longfin dragonfish ), chauliodus macouni ( viperfish ), tactostoma macropus ( longfin dragonfish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5070144689681915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.483123"} {"text": "every hour, at least one person in this country dies because he or she did not buckle up. failure to use a seat belt contributes to more fatalities than any other single traffic safety - related behavior. more than 60 % of vehicle occupants killed in crashes in tennessee were not wearing safety belts. research shows it is almost nine times safer to wear your safety belt. unrestrained children are 4. 2 times more likely to die in a crash than restrained children. less than 1 % of children properly restrained were killed. tennessee \u2019 s local and state law enforcement officials work strenuously to educate every tennessean through the click it or ticket campaign as to the necessity of seat belt usage by utilizing safety checkpoints and public information messages. sponsored by the governor \u2019 s highway safety office, tennessee \u2019 s law enforcement agencies and public health officials, click it or ticket aims to reduce serious injuries and fatalities on tennessee \u2019 s roadways by reminding everyone to buckle up! what is click it or ticket? click it or ticket is a high - visibility education and enforcement campaign of tennessee \u2019 s seat belt laws. sponsored by the governor \u2019 s highway safety office, tennessee \u2019 s law enforcement agencies and public health officials, click it or ticket aims at reducing serious injuries and fatalities on tennessee \u2019 s roadways by reminding everyone to buckle up. who is covered by the law? all drivers and front seat passengers are covered by the seat belt law and must have a seat belt properly fastened about their bodies at all times when the vehicle is in a forward motion. children less than age 18 are covered under the tennessee child passenger safety ( cps ) and graduated driver licensing ( gdl ) laws. all occupants in all seating positions should ride buckled up to help protect all occupants. unbuckled rear seat occupants can injure buckled up front seat occupants as well as themselves when they are thrown around or out of a vehicle in a crash. can i be ticketed for unbelted passengers? drivers are responsible for themselves and for all child passengers less than age 18 in the front or back seat. licensed passengers 16 or older are responsible for themselves and will be ticketed instead of the driver. the 2004 law allows law enforcement to stop a vehicle if the driver and passengers are not properly restrained, whereas previously, they would have to be stopped for another offense before being ticketed. when does click it or ticket happen? the click it or ticket enforcement blitz is scheduled for periods surrounding memorial day, independence day and labor day. drivers and passengers are always subject to the law when in moving vehicles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46411831287809246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.493759"} {"text": "for another offense before being ticketed. when does click it or ticket happen? the click it or ticket enforcement blitz is scheduled for periods surrounding memorial day, independence day and labor day. drivers and passengers are always subject to the law when in moving vehicles. where is the enforcement? click it or ticket takes place statewide in tennessee and throughout an eight state region that also includes north carolina, south carolina, georgia, florida, mississippi, alabama and kentucky. why is click it or ticket necessary? don \u2019 t law enforcement officers enforce this law all the time? seatbelt laws are enforced regularly along with many other safety laws. however, during regular enforcement activity, often the only person who knows that seat belt laws are being enforced is the person receiving the ticket. aggressive, coordinated, highly publicized enforcement campaigns send a strong message that everyone must be buckled up. it also enhances the perceived importance of seat belt usage and, in turn, leads to greater compliance why devote state resources to click it or ticket? traffic crashes are a leading cause of death in tennessee and the united states. therefore, they are a significant threat to public health. failure to buckle up contributes to more fatalities than any other single traffic safety - related behavior. increasing seat belt usage is the most effective and immediate way to save lives and reduce injuries on roadways. crash data analysis indicates that seat belts used properly reduce the risk of fatal injury to front seat passengers. isn \u2019 t it my personal right to choose to buckle up or not? all traffic laws impose some limitation of choice on individuals. it is important to remember that driving is not a \u201c right, \u201d but a privilege, granted and controlled by the state of tennessee. citizens often accept the legitimacy of traffic laws because it is apparent to them that failure to obey the law could result in harm to the motorist or others. opponents of the seatbelt law often claim that no one else would be hurt if they do not use seat belts. this is not true. unrestrained occupants often injure others in crashes, and unbelted drivers have less control during a crash, often increasing the severity. increased injuries result in increased costs to all tennessee citizens. what are the penalties for non - compliance? if you are unbuckled or have children in a vehicle who are not properly restrained, and you are stopped by law enforcement, you will be ticketed. a person charged with a violation may, in lieu of appearance in court, submit a fine of $ 10. 00 for a first violation, and $ 20. 00 on second and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44168623684712716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.494754"} {"text": "and you are stopped by law enforcement, you will be ticketed. a person charged with a violation may, in lieu of appearance in court, submit a fine of $ 10. 00 for a first violation, and $ 20. 00 on second and subsequent violations to the clerk of the court which has jurisdiction of such offense within the county in which the offense charged is alleged to have been committed. are both lap and shoulder belts required? the law requires the proper use of whatever seat belt system the seating position provides. vehicles equipped with air bags also provide lap and shoulder belts that must be worn. some vehicles have automatic shoulder belts with lap belts that are fastened manually. these manual lap belts must be used for compliance and for maximum protection. how is the law that covers children different? children less than 18 years of age are covered under the child passenger ( cps ) law. children younger than 18 years of age may be buckled in the rear seat of the vehicle as well as the front seat. a child who is under one year of age, and weighs less than 20 pounds, must ride in a rear - facing safety seat that meets federal standards until they are at least 1 year old and weigh at least 20 pounds. it is best to ride rear - facing as long as possible. any person transporting a child between the ages of 1 and 3, who weigh more than 20 pounds must ride in a forward - facing safety seat. any driver transporting a child between the ages of 4 through 8 who is less that 4 ' 9 \" tall is responsible to see that the child ride in a belt positioning booster seat. it is recommended that all child restraint systems be installed in the rear seat of the vehicle when available. my car doesn \u2019 t have seatbelts. do i have to install them? cars manufactured after 1967 and vans, pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles manufactured after 1971, are required by federal standards to have belts. belts must be installed in these vehicles if the original seat belts have been removed. vehicles brought in from other countries must be upgraded to conform with applicable federal motor vehicle standards. this means that passenger vehicles, light trucks and vans brought in from other countries must be fitted with belts if they were manufactured after the above date. our pickup truck only has three seatbelts, but there are four in our family. what do we do? the bottom line is that there is no safe way to carry more people than you have belts to accommodate. if room allows, extra belts can be installed to protect more people. as far as the seat belt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41291127803996147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.495895"} {"text": "in our family. what do we do? the bottom line is that there is no safe way to carry more people than you have belts to accommodate. if room allows, extra belts can be installed to protect more people. as far as the seat belt law is concerned, if you have four people age 16 or older and three belts, the fourth person is in violation of the law. you also have the hard decision of who you are going to leave unprotected. are employees required to wear seatbelts in company cars? in most cases, yes. unless the vehicle in question has a \" commercial \" or \" farm \" license plate and it is being used for business purposes, or is a delivery vehicle making frequent stops and not exceeding 20 mph, or is being used by a rural mail or newspaper carrier, it is covered under the seat belt law. in addition, many employers have seat belt use policies for their vehicles. i \u2019 m too large for my seatbelt to fit around me. what should i do? seat belt extenders are available for most domestic vehicles for a small fee. these extenders are 10 - inch lengths of webbing with buckles on both ends to fit onto the belts already in the vehicles. take the information on the seat belt label, along with your vehicle, to the parts department of your local dealer. extenders are not interchangeable, so go to the dealer for your particular vehicle. if you have any trouble getting service from the dealer, try another dealer or call the customer assistance number listed in your owner ' s manual. check your owner ' s manual for an explanation of these belt systems. now that i \u2019 m pregnant, should i still wear a seatbelt? yes, especially now. the greatest threat to the unborn child is death or serious injury to the mother, and a seat belt will help insure your survival in the event of a crash. when possible, both the lap and shoulder belt should be worn with the lap portion low and snug on the hips beneath the baby and the shoulder belt snug and above the baby. can \u2019 t seatbelts actually cause injuries? yes, they can cause some injuries, especially in severe crashes. these injuries are usually limited to bruises and cracked collarbones and ribs - minor injuries when compared to what often happens without the seat belt. it is important that belts be worn correctly to reduce the chance that they might injure you. lap belts should be worn as low and snug as possible on the hips since belts that are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43020586463966465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.496980"} {"text": "have you ever stood at the water ' s edge with a flat stone in your hand. if you hold the stone just right, with a flick of your wrist you can send that stone skimming across the surface of the water. well a towable tube works on the same principal but on a much larger scale and with a few more variables thrown into the mix. you the rider simply sit on or in the tube. the tube itself is inflated, so it ' s like a cushion of air on top of the water. a rope attached to the back of the boat is also attached to the front of the tube and it pulls you across the water. at first the ride is slow due to the friction between the towable tube and the water. at a slow rate of speed quite a bit of the towable tube comes into contact with the water. it is riding deep in the water. as the boat increases speed less and less of the bottom of the tube comes into to contact with the water. the tube starts to rise up and sits just barely on the surface of the water. you are now on a plane. the tube is hydroplaning across the surface of the water. by now the tube is moving much faster and the ride has become extremely fun! you are now skimming across the surface of the water like that stone you threw. safety is extremely important. anytime you are in the water. always wear a life jacket and obey all local boating laws and regulations. we want everyone to go home, so that they can return to ride again!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5026257862878065, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.498405"} {"text": "could suffering from depression put children and teens at increased risk for obesity? a study from the journal pediatrics explores the possible link. previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between obesity in adolescence and adulthood, as well as a link between obesity and depression, particularly in women. studies have also suggested that depressed adolescents tend to have a higher body mass index ( bmi ) later in adulthood than adolescents who are not depressed. bmi is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. a bmi of 25 to 29. 9 is considered overweight and 30 or higher is considered obese. bmi from 18. 5 to 24. 9 is considered normal in most people. does depressed mood predict the development and persistence of obesity in adolescents? this is the question that intrigued researchers at the university of cincinnati college of medicine, who analyzed data from a study of adolescents. they reported their findings in the journal pediatrics. study assesses mood and obesity in adolescents the study involved 9, 374 adolescents in grades 7 through 12 who completed in - home interviews for the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. the researchers collected the following information from the adolescents at the start of the study and then again at a follow - up visit one year later : - depression status \u2014 determined using the center for epidemiological studies depression scale - bmi \u2014 calculated using self - reported measures for height and weight - bmi percentiles \u2014 determined using the 2000 centers for disease control and prevention growth charts the researchers also asked a parent of each adolescent for information on household income, parental education, and parental obesity. at the start of the study, 12. 9 % of the adolescents were overweight, 9. 7 % were obese, and 8. 8 % had depressed mood. there was no link between baseline depression and baseline obesity discovered. when looking at adolescents who were obese a year later, the researchers found that at the start of the study 79. 6 % had been obese, 18. 6 % had been overweight, and 1. 8 % had been a normal weight. according to the researchers, having a depressed mood at baseline independently predicted obesity at follow - up, even after controlling for age, race, parental obesity, family socioeconomic status, and number of parents in the home. this relationship persisted after taking into account additional factors that could influence both weight and depression ( such as physical activity, smoking, self - esteem, and conduct disorders ). after controlling for all these factors, depressed mood also predicted obesity even among adolescents who were not obe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4244635560454616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.502337"} {"text": "persisted after taking into account additional factors that could influence both weight and depression ( such as physical activity, smoking, self - esteem, and conduct disorders ). after controlling for all these factors, depressed mood also predicted obesity even among adolescents who were not obese at baseline. the researchers concluded that depressed adolescents have an increased risk of developing or maintaining obesity during adolescence. a number of factors may influence weight gain in depressed adolescents, perhaps the most observable being overeating in response to the negative emotions or biological factors that accompany depression. for this reason, the researchers believe prevention and treatment should involve an understanding of the shared biological and social factors that play a role in both depression and obesity. signs of depression in adolescents according to the american academy of child and adolescent psychiatry, adolescents most at risk for depression include those who are under stress, have experienced a loss or have attentional, learning, conduct, or anxiety disorders. depressed adolescents may exhibit one or more of the following signs and symptoms : - frequent sadness, crying, feelings of hopelessness - decreased interest in activities - persistent boredom, low energy - social withdrawal - extreme sensitivity to rejection and failure - increased irritability and anger - frequent physical complaints such as headaches and stomachaches - poor performance in school - major changes in sleeping - loss of appetite or overeating - difficulty concentrating - abusing alcohol or drugs - suicidal thoughts or self - destructive behavior - running away from home depressed adolescents need help parents and teachers should be on the alert for signs of depression in adolescents because early diagnosis and professional treatment is essential. depression will not go away on its own. furthermore, suicide one of the leading causes of death in teenagers and young adults. adolescents should always be taken seriously if they talk about suicide. treatment may include individual and family therapy as well as antidepressant medicine. parents should ask their doctor to refer them to a psychiatrist who specializes in the treatment of adolescents. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 02 / 2013 - - update date : 02 / 18 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44382750167879625, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.503221"} {"text": "culture and customs although the expression of culture varies regionally within ukraine, ukrainian customs and traditions are tied to a strong sense of nationalism and christianity. ukraine became a christian nation when prince volodymyr the great accepted christianity in 988. ukrainian history is marked by oppression. as a result, all aspects of culture stress individual freedom and the preservation of one \u2019 s identity. as previously stated, ukrainian customs reflect christian values. in rural ukraine even traditional greetings have religious overtones. for example, upon meeting, one person greets another with, \u201c \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0456\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443!! \u201d or \u201c praise be to jesus christ! \u201d, to which the response is, \u201c \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u043a\u0438 \u201d, in english \u201c glory forever! \u201d during the christmas season, one greets another with, \u201c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044f \u201d or \u2018 christ is born! \u2019 to which the response is, \u201c \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0456\u043c\u043e \u0438\u043e\u0433\u043e \u201d or \u201c let us glorify him! \u201d and at easter the greeting and response are \u201c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441! \u201d meaning \u201c christ is risen \u201d and \u201c \u0432\u043e\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441! \u201d which translates as \u201c indeed he has risen \u201d. today, ukrainians customarily greet each other with, \u2018 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u2019 \u201c good day! \u201d or \u201c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0442 \u201d \u201c greetings \u201d at the workplace, on the street or in other public venues, with the religious greetings reserved for use in homes, at church or during other private functions. it is common for people of all ages to greet one another with a handshake. hugs are frequently exchanged between family members or familiar acquaintances and often with three kisses on the cheeks. the ukrainian language has a long history and reflects many regional dialects and sub - dialects. after world war i, ukrainian writers and authors attempted to establish some uniformity of language and produced books in literary ukrainian. because ukraine has for most of its history been an occupied land and people, the occupiers of the time strived to both impose their language upon the people and to change the ukrainian language by introducing grammatical and literary expressions of the occupier \u2019 s language. this has been most predominantly felt from the russian influence ( in some parts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.448932615932227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.517535"} {"text": "ways. on august 24, 1991, ukraine finally achieved independence when the verkhovna rada, ukraine \u2019 s parliament, voted almost unanimously to unilaterally secede from the soviet union. this historic occasion and event is celebrated and recognized both in ukraine and in canada and saskatchewan in a variety of formal and informal ways. ucc branches celebrate the occasion and those in saskatoon, yorkton, canora, north battleford and regina organize special festivities. birthday of taras shevchenko on march 9th, ukrainians throughout the world pay tribute to one of the greatest poet and \u201c prophets \u201d of their history. shevchenko \u2019 s writings are regarded as being largely responsible for the persistence and survival of ukrainian nationalism and cultural continuity. many communities in ukraine, canada and saskatchewan continue to organize memorial performances and concerts in honour of shevchenko even to this day. rizdvo / christmas ( 07 january ) this celebration covers a number of important feast days and observances, beginning with the pylypivka ( phillipian fast ) and culminating with the feast of the three hierarchs on february 15th. sviata vecheria or holy supper on christmas eve traditionally consists of twelve meatless dishes prepared with vegetable shortening or cooking oil. the table is first strewn with a small amount of hay and then covered with a fine tablecloth. decorated bread ( the koliada ) adorns the centre of the table, and symbolizes prosperity. an extra place is always set at the table, symbolizing departed family members. a didukh ( traditionally the first sheaf of wheat cut at harvest time and symbolizing our ancestors ) is placed in a corner of the house. a lighted candle is also placed in the window to show that a stranger or a lost soul is welcome in the home. family members go to great efforts to be able to come home for rizdvo and sviata vecheria. after the meal, the family sings koliadky or christmas carols and also visit. at midnight or on christmas day, the family attends a church service. christmas celebrations extend over many days, during which time groups of carollers visit the homes to proclaim the christmas event and message. the christmas season also includes malanka ( old new year \u2019 s ) and st. basil \u2019 s day, and yordan. the christmas greeting, \u201c khrystos narodyvsia! christ is born! \u201d with the response, \u201c slavimo yoho! let us glor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4126359584520557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.519799"} {"text": "\u2019 s ) and st. basil \u2019 s day, and yordan. the christmas greeting, \u201c khrystos narodyvsia! christ is born! \u201d with the response, \u201c slavimo yoho! let us glorify him! \u201d is used until the feast of the three hierarchs. carols are also sung in church and at home until this time. malanka ( 13 january ) this is the celebration of new year \u2019 s day as the western world knows and understands it. in the ukrainian tradition, the celebrations centre around festivities known as \u201c malanka \u201d which incorporate religious, folkloric and cultural elements. in saskatchewan, malanka activities typically include a meal, a program of events including enactments by mythological and folkloric characters, displays of ukrainian dancing and singing, and a dance. yordan or vodokhreshchia ( 19 january ) ukrainians refer to this feast as yordan / theophany because it refers to the baptism of jesus christ by john the baptist in the river jordan. many people refer to this feast as \u201c little christmas \u201d because the holy supper prepared for christmas eve is repeated at this time on the eve of the theophany on 18 january. one important part of this feast is the blessing of water by the priest during the church service celebrated either during the evening or on the feast day itself. in ukraine, and in times past in canada, the blessing of water would take place outdoors beside the church, or on a body of water such as a pond, stream or river if these were available. special songs called shchedrivky are sung at this time. velykden / easter velykden / easter ( pascha ) is the greatest christian celebration of the christian year and calendar. it follows the forty - day pist ( pronounced peest ) or great fast or lent, and is a time of rejoicing and celebration. passion services are celebrated on strasnyi chetver / holy thursday, velykodnia piatnytsia / good friday and holy saturday. on velykden, people attend the resurrection matins and divine liturgy. decorated easter baskets containing krashanky ( coloured eggs ), ham, beets with horse radish, cottage cheese, paska ( easter bread ) and other foods ( reflecting individual ancestral regions of ukraine ) are blessed by the priest. these are consumed at the easter breakfast ; this meal always begins with the eating of the krashanky, followed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4149844889748342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.520711"} {"text": ", cottage cheese, paska ( easter bread ) and other foods ( reflecting individual ancestral regions of ukraine ) are blessed by the priest. these are consumed at the easter breakfast ; this meal always begins with the eating of the krashanky, followed by the remaining courses. svitlyi tyzhden / easter ( bright ) week is a happy and focused observance of the resurrection. the easter greeting, \u201c khrystos voskres! christ is risen! \u201d with the response, \u201c voistynu voskres! indeed he is risen! \u201d is used for forty days, until the feast of the ascension. the usual church hymns and songs are substituted with easter songs and hymns during this time. pysanky ( hand - painted easter eggs ) symbolize the coming of spring and the new life that easter brings. education and occupations the first ukrainian settlers to saskatchewan were primarily farmers. because the climatic and agricultural conditions in saskatchewan were quite similar to those in western ukraine, these people adapted quickly and easily to agrarian pursuits. many of them became successful and prosperous grain and animal farmers, and even today continue to contribute in significant ways to the advancement and development of all facets of saskatchewan \u2019 s agricultural enterprise. in ukraine, education was a symbol of status usually available only to the rich so higher education, both secondary and elementary, was very expensive. education was extremely important to the first settlers. when they settled, the building of a church and the organizing of a school district were next in importance only to improving and clearing their land. while the bulk of the early immigrants had little or no education, they exemplified lifelong learning. many of them acquired skills on their own initiative. children were encouraged to attend school and receive as much education as they desired. as a result, academic achievement has always been a priority for ukrainians. the children of these immigrants entered the professions in significant numbers. one profession in which ukrainians were highly represented was education. many of saskatchewan \u2019 s teachers and educational leaders were of ukrainian ancestry. this trend continues until the present time, with ukrainians represented in other major professions such as law, medicine, commerce and engineering. ukrainians also entered the trades, with many of these individuals establishing their own companies and enterprises. ukrainians are well represented in all the skilled trades areas. the majority of children of ukrainian background pursue higher education and training at university, technical schools, business schools or other training institutions. two student residences \u2013 mohyla institute and sheptytsky institute \u2013 are located in saskatoon,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42273192701025264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.521669"} {"text": "the skilled trades areas. the majority of children of ukrainian background pursue higher education and training at university, technical schools, business schools or other training institutions. two student residences \u2013 mohyla institute and sheptytsky institute \u2013 are located in saskatoon, and historically have served as residences for out - of - town students. they continue to provide this service until the present time. while these are ukrainian student residences, they accommodate students of all backgrounds. many non - ukrainians know about ukrainians through cultural activities that they have participated in or observed. these typically take the form of dancing, choirs and public events. ukrainian dancing is very popular in saskatchewan. there are many active amateur dance groups in the province, varying in size from very small groups to those with a large membership. besides performing for local events, these groups participate in competitions in the larger centres each spring. many of the groups travel out - of - province for competitions as well. these dance groups are frequently included in local programs of celebration and important events. saskatchewan boasts many professional - calibre ukrainian dance troupes : yevshan ukrainian folk ballet ensemble and pavlychenko folklorique ensemble in saskatoon ; tavria, regina ukrainian dance ensemble and zapovit in regina and many others in communities throughout the province. many of the dancers at all levels are non - ukrainian, particularly in the smaller rural centres. there are even adult dance groups ; the holoska dancers, in melfort, zorya in north battleford and the canora adult ukrainian dancers. ukrainian people love to sing, and they are renowned for their choirs. these exist in saskatchewan as well but tend primarily to be church choirs. at the present time, lastiwka, a youth choir, is active in saskatoon, and the veseli singers, a community choir, is active in prince albert. in regina there is the regina ukrainian folk choir sponsored by the regina ukrainian professional and business association. in addition to these choirs, there are many active church choirs. there are a number of public events and celebrations that happen in saskatchewan each year. in the spring ukrainian festivals are held each year at prince albert and foam lake while saskatoon \u2019 s vesna festival has been held since 1974. regina \u2019 s ukrainian community participates in the annual mosaic multicultural festival. in the summer, saskatoon \u2019 s ukrainian community provides two venues at folkfest, an annual multicultural festival, which is followed by the annual ukrainian day in the park festival which celebrates ukraine \u2019 s independence in the latter part of august. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4287994675086402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.523005"} {"text": "festival. in the summer, saskatoon \u2019 s ukrainian community provides two venues at folkfest, an annual multicultural festival, which is followed by the annual ukrainian day in the park festival which celebrates ukraine \u2019 s independence in the latter part of august. in the fall, prince albert holds an annual multicultural fair in which the ukrainian community participates and moose jaw \u2019 s ukrainian community hosts a booth at their city \u2019 s motif festival. because of their sizeable population in saskatchewan, ukrainians have many well - established organizations which allow them to celebrate and promote their culture. the ukrainian canadian congress \u2013 saskatchewan provincial council ( ucc - spc ) has its headquarters in saskatoon. there are several branches of this organization in other centres in saskatchewan. ucc - spc is an umbrella organization which serves as a voice for the ukrainian community, lobbies government and related agencies in matters of importance to the ukrainian community, and sponsors and supports a variety of cultural events and activities. prairie centre for the study of ukrainian heritage the prairie centre for the study of ukrainian heritage ( pcuh ) was created in 1998. this program is housed at st. thomas more college, university of saskatchewan, saskatoon. pcuh is supported by the ukrainian catholic and ukrainian orthodox communities of saskatchewan, and st. thomas more college. the centre focuses on the study and preservation of the history of the ukrainian people of western canada. the program offers ukrainian language courses and courses in ukrainian history and religion. eaton memorial project saskatchewan was home to one interment camp during the world war i period. the camp was located near pike lake, just out of saskatoon. while it was open for a short period of time only, it is nonetheless linked to this tragic aspect of canada \u2019 s history. this project entails the creation, unveiling and dedication of a memorial marker at the site in the fall of 2003. this project is part of a larger effort by the canadian ukrainian community to have the federal government acknowledge responsibility for this tragedy, and to offer an apology to the canadian ukrainian community. ukraine genocide - famine of 1932 - 33 the national government in ukraine has declared the fourth sunday in november as a day of remembrance and observance of the forced famine imposed by the communist regime of joseph stalin. the ukrainian community in canada has joined in the commemoration of this historic tragedy in ukraine \u2019 s history. many local communities in saskatchewan hold memorial services in their churches, sponsor rallies and parades, and mark the occasion in other ways. for more information on these commemorations, please continue to visit our web site. saskatchewan ukrainian historical society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3714704064647081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.524711"} {"text": "ukraine \u2019 s history. many local communities in saskatchewan hold memorial services in their churches, sponsor rallies and parades, and mark the occasion in other ways. for more information on these commemorations, please continue to visit our web site. saskatchewan ukrainian historical society this exciting new initiative will assist ucc - spc to meet community interest in family and community history as well as in the role that ukrainians have played in the development of our province. local history, genealogy, the story of migration and settlement, the study of material culture, the development of unique saskatchewan - ukrainian cultural expressions, labour history, the women \u2019 s movement, the history of agriculture are but a few areas which the society will explore. suhs \u2019 s goal is to complement the work of existing ukrainian community institutions like our three community - driven ukrainian museums and the prairie centre for the study of ukrainian heritage. the objectives of suhs are to : \u2022 encourage amateur historians and genealogists as well as community members to facilitate the preservation and sharing of ukrainian aspects of saskatchewan \u2019 s history ; \u2022 introduce to a wider public the history of ukrainian settlement in saskatchewan ; \u2022 allow ucc - spc to better meet community needs ; \u2022 provide a venue for community members to gather and share information related to family and community histories ; \u2022 enable joint activities between youth and seniors ; \u2022 provide an avenue for saskatchewan citizens to become involved in the organized ukrainian community ; and \u2022 build a lasting legacy for the 2005 provincial centenary. suhs will enable those interested in all facets of saskatchewan \u2019 s ukrainian past to work together, share ideas and projects, mentor each other or see some of their work and research published in print and / or on the internet. annual conferences, seminars and workshops would be organized as well. through this initiative ucc - spc will plant the seeds with the expectation that suhs and the saskatchewan people can harvest a great database of information, facts, stories and images. this will be a natural and appropriate link to the 2005 celebrations of saskatchewan \u2019 s centennial.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4165114001487009, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.527681"} {"text": "orthogonal complements and the lattice of subspaces we know that the poset of subspaces of a vector space is a lattice. now we can define complementary subspaces in a way that doesn \u2019 t depend on any choice of basis at all. so what does this look like in terms of the lattice? first off, remember that the \u201c meet \u201d of two subspaces is their intersection, which is again a subspace. on the other hand their \u201c join \u201d is their sum as subspaces. but now we have a new operation called the \u201c complement \u201d. in general lattice - theory terms, a complement of an element in a bounded lattice ( one that has a top element and a bottom element ) is an element so that and. in particular, since the top subspace is itself, and the bottom subspace is we can see that the orthogonal complement satisfies these properties. the intersection is trivial, since the inner product is positive - definite as a bilinear form, and the sum is all of, as we \u2019 ve seen. even more is true. the orthogonal complement is involutive ( when is finite - dimensional ), and order - reversing, which makes it an \u201c orthocomplement \u201d. in lattice - theory terms, this means that, and that if then. first, let \u2019 s say we \u2019 ve got two subspaces of. i say that. indeed, if is a vector in then it for all. but since any is also a vector in, we can see that, and so as well. thus orthogonal complementation is now let \u2019 s take a single subspace of, and let be a vector in. if is any vector in, then by the ( conjugate ) symmetry of the inner product and the definition of. thus is a vector in, and so. note that this much holds whether is finite - dimensional or not. on the other hand, if is finite - dimensional we can take an orthonormal basis of and expand it into an orthonormal basis of all of. then the new vectors form a basis of, so that. a vector in is orthogonal to every vector in exactly when it can be written using only the first basis vectors, and thus lies in. that is, when is finite - dimensional.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5911997976518779, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.530108"} {"text": "charles darwin \u2019 s theory of evolution by natural selection was a synthesis of ideas that had been brewing for centuries, indeed millennia, about the origins of and relationships between the organisms inhabiting the planet. that its time had come is evidenced by the nearly identical theory of alfred wallace that almost scooped darwin \u2019 s publication. in what follows, i will briefly outline rebecca stott \u2019 s book \u201c darwin \u2019 s ghosts, \u201d which provides an excellent sketch of the people and ideas before darwin. in the third and subsequent editions of \u201c the origin of species, \u201d darwin added a preface called \u201c an historical sketch \u201d. this is a list, along with some brief notes, of some 30 men who had made significant contributions to understanding the relatedness of all organisms, living and extinct. the list begins in the fourth century bc with perhaps the first natural philosopher, aristotle. three books, \u201c parts of animals, \u201d \u201c the history of animals \u201d and \u201c on the generation of animals \u201d represent the first systematic, empirical attempt to understand the nature of life. in a prelude to what would follow over two millennia later, aristotle wrestled with the most appropriate classifications of the animal kingdom. he cautioned his students to investigate what is, not what might be. he was the first to enunciate this most fundamental principle of science, that nature is what it is and is not obliged to conform to our wishes. in the middle of the ninth century a man named al - jahiz, who lived in basra in what is now iraq, wrote a book entitled, \u201c book of living beings. \u201d this was a rudimentary harbinger of the theory of evolution by natural selection that would follow a millennium later. the list remains sparse until the late 15th - early 16th century when the likes of leonardo da vinci and bernard palissy speculated about fossil seashells found on mountain tops. by the early 1740s the pace quickened, hastened on by introduction of magnifying glasses and improvements in microscopes. abraham trembley demonstrated how fresh water polyps ( hydra ) were actually animals and, when cut into parts, each part regenerated a new polyp. at the same time charles bonnet discovered aphids could unexpectedly reproduce asexually. these were early days in the development of scientific methods. bonnet cautioned trembley to follow francis bacon \u2019 s admonition to avoid hypothesizing and just collect and sort facts. but the very act of sorting data, looking at shared characteristics energized their minds. these discoveries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5506573305456066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.535688"} {"text": ". bonnet cautioned trembley to follow francis bacon \u2019 s admonition to avoid hypothesizing and just collect and sort facts. but the very act of sorting data, looking at shared characteristics energized their minds. these discoveries, and others that soon followed, caused uproar by challenging long held ideas about the laws of nature. furthermore, they were transforming science from a discipline of pure observation and classification to one including drawing inferences. in 1748 a book was published entitled \u201c telliamed, \u201d or \u201c conversations between an indian philosopher and a french missionary. \u201d while serving as french consul in egypt, the author, benoit de maillet, studied the region \u2019 s unique geology, history and unfamiliar ideas. as had been the style used by galileo to deflect accusations of heresy, the book entailed an imaginary conversation. in the course of the conversation the earth was proposed to be billions of years old and that its surface had been gradually transformed over that time while all existing animals had arisen from primitive aquatic organisms. back in france, these were heady and dangerous times for such disquieting ideas. the comte de buffon and denis diderot were routinely hounded by the authorities for their scandalous writings. diderot was publisher of encyclopedia ( yes, he originated the encyclopedia concept ) which was designed to bring knowledge to the common man on such subjects as fossils, glaciers, the sea, mountains, geologic strata, earthquakes and much more. the section entitled \u201c animals \u201d had excerpts from buffon \u2019 s \u201c natural history. \u201d one of the milder criticisms of \u201c natural history \u201d said it would \u201c \u2026 do harm to natural history by bringing back the taste for hypothesis \u201d. again, we see the struggle to define natural science. shame on buffon for suggesting he saw \u201c imperceptible shadings \u201d between species and for thinking all species might have a common origin. one cannot overlook charles darwin \u2019 s grandfather, erasmus. his \u201c zoonomia, \u201d or the \u201c laws of organic life, \u201d published in 1794, was a medical book on the functioning of the body. in it he wrote about the \u201c great similarity of the warm - blooded animals \u201d going on to ask, \u201c \u2026 would it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of years \u2026 that all warm - blooded animals have arisen from one living filament \u201d. jean - baptiste lamarck and georges cuvier ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5348554787093879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.537415"} {"text": "to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of years \u2026 that all warm - blooded animals have arisen from one living filament \u201d. jean - baptiste lamarck and georges cuvier epitomized the ongoing battle to define science. cuvier was one of the founders of the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology through studies of living animals and fossils. his most famous work, the animal kingdom was published in 1817. as with cuvier, lamarck was a taxonomist, concerned with classifying organisms. he started as a botanist ( plant scientist ), but, in 1801 published \u201c natural history of animals without backbones, \u201d followed by \u201c researches on the organization of living bodies \u201d in 1802. his was truly the first draft of a comprehensive theory of evolution. he argued life became increasingly complex as it adapted to environmental forces. cuvier opposed such thoughts, arguing the natural sciences should stick to data collection and classification without venturing hypotheses on their implications. robert grant, author of \u201c outlines of comparative anatomy, \u201d toiled over how sea sponges might yield clues to the increase in complexity of life. he argued successive geological strata showed a progressive, natural succession of fossil animals. geoffroy saint - hilaire espoused an underlying unity of design among organisms, and that there might have been transmutation of species over time. in addition to his work in comparative anatomy and paleontology, he did extensive work comparing embryo development in different animals. space precludes naming all the contributors, but carl linnaeus, father of modern taxonomy, deserves mention for the system of classification he developed in the mid - 1700s. darwin was a perfectionist, dragging out the writing of origins so it nearly cost him the credit he deserved. hot on his heels was alfred wallace, a solo naturalist working tirelessly in the forest of the malay archipelago. poor wallace had formulated substantively the same theory as darwin, but he was far away and lacked the reputation and connections of darwin. though the naturalists before darwin had useful insights, in many cases they had parts that were wrong and all were incomplete. primarily they were wrong because their knowledge was insufficient. sometimes they were wrong because they were trying to make new information fit outmoded ideas. darwin and wallace \u2019 s great genius was in connecting the dots between ideas that had been brewing for a long time and for describing the mechanism, natural selection, which tied it all together. in my next article i will tell how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5524016892073544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.538546"} {"text": "computer games have introduced a new grammar, totally foreign to those who have only focused on creating or studying books, movies, or traditional courses. today, serious games can be used to develop conviction and competence, through the increased use of engagement, practice, emotion, and richer content. when i design or judge sims and other serious games, especially sims that are expected to be stand - alone, this is on what i focus. a ) interactive world ( 30 % ) from a design perspective, the highest level goal is to create and then present a small, self - contained simulation \u201c world, \u201d \u201c environment, \u201d or \u201c content model \u201d with appropriate rules, real - time rich interactivity, and visual and action based feedback. the player of the sim \u201c learns \u201d though practicing on and interacting with various subsections of this environment. b ) entice ( 5 % ) initially, the program actively helps the user understand and be excited about the sim engagement. this may include a formal entice mode. here, as in old coin - operated arcade games, the program will launch a short, non - interactive video style presentation that will expose users to basic rules, show some core interactions, and make the user excited about and comfortable with the upcoming experience. it is possible that some users will skip this content all together, while others will watch it two or three times to get a feel for the content before engaging. c ) role of coach ( 5 % ) the serious game should use some type of \u201c coach \u201d framework. this provides a consistent voice throughout ( all or most of ) the sim. this can include an explicit virtual coach. the \u201c coach \u201d avatar can be used to create a connection with the user by kicking off levels and concepts, providing debriefings, and giving tips and encouragement. finally, the coach will present any pedagogically traditional content that will be used to augment the experience, such as bulleted summaries and diagrams of concepts. however, the best sims can predictably develop knowledge in players without explicitly teaching them anything. this coach can be part of the story, or it can break the fourth wall. an example of a coach avatar d ) level components ( 5 % ) each level should begin with a briefing, and after the player engages the sim, end with a customized debriefing either explaining the success of failure. if the sim does not have discreet levels, a character or even note found can serve the same function more seamlessly. e ) first level ( s )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4631284521281716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.545091"} {"text": "engages the sim, end with a customized debriefing either explaining the success of failure. if the sim does not have discreet levels, a character or even note found can serve the same function more seamlessly. e ) first level ( s ) ( 10 % ) the player should be allowed to engage the interactive section as quickly as possible ( i. e. there should be minimal required presentation - style content ). the design goals of the first level ( s ), rather than highly instructional, are as follows : 1. the player has to get a general feeling for the interactivity. 2. a player can finish it quickly ( in less than a few minutes ), with experienced players finishing it more quickly than inexperienced players. 3. the directions and goals are unambiguous, with immediate feedback and a clear sense of success or failure. it should be set up through a brief cut scenes, and very high feedback, such as in - game tips / directions. 4. there is a reset button ( to encourage exploration and reduce fear of failure ). 5. there is room for some exploration, and / or promise of more interesting things to come. in fact, through the design and any instruction, players should be encouraged to simply exist in a safe, subsection of this world, exploring and testing the rules on their own. the world should feel like an open - ended sandbox. to accomplish this, players can either replay the first level as often as they want, or they can achieve the stated goal, but linger before they move on to the next level. f ) small challenges that allow for creativity ( 10 % ) the sim, after the initial level ( s ), gives players small challenges in this world that can be solved using a variety of different techniques. ( minimize the use of single solution challenges. ) let players express themselves if possible. open up the world a bit. g ) more complicated challenges ( 15 % ) then the sim should increase the depth and length of the challenges until they are more multi - faceted and elaborate. make challenges harder, and also combine the application of various other skills. challenges can be solved through a variety of approaches, not just one. imagine the skills within a player as a cone that gets bigger throughout the levels. ( for example, each new level may bestow one new ability and add one new type of challenge, perhaps on a new map. ) the games can be synchronous, or the game can provide artifacts ( such as screen shots of solutions, awards,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43731279700467374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.546211"} {"text": ", each new level may bestow one new ability and add one new type of challenge, perhaps on a new map. ) the games can be synchronous, or the game can provide artifacts ( such as screen shots of solutions, awards, or scores ) that a student can share in a community. the game may require stories for contexts. easter eggs may be included to increase the value of community. h ) replay with a focus on different approaches to win ( 5 % ) encourage players to replay the same levels over again, but try new approaches. levels should be available for replaying after they have been won, and open - ended challenge levels should be available after the player is done with a story mode. this may use explicit \u201c trophies \u201d or \u201c achievements \u201d to be given for the successful application of new approaches. i ) rigorous assessment ( 15 % ) finally, present the player with rigorous challenges to solve. this part of the program may use a traditional presentation of material that lines up with the destination application, such as in a test or real world problem. this can serve to \" prove \" that the player has really learned something of value. here, as well, there may be less ability for users to come up with unique solutions, and instead find the one correct answer. these ideas have been taken from my ( 2. 5 pound, almost 600 page ) industry textbook : the complete guide to simulations and serious games - how the most valuable content will be created in the age beyond gutenberg to google ( wiley, 2009 ), as well as its companion book, building sims the clark aldrich way, currently in draft version and available for free here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5184690984761695, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.546896"} {"text": "the first assignment of the quarter involves field practice in observing a public space and enumerating its various texts. for this exercise, we define text broadly and liberally as not only traditional, written textual elements but also as any non - traditional agents of communication. we chose the husky union building ( hub ) on the uw campus because it was close and accessible to everyone. additionally, we reasoned that observing the same space would allow everyone to experience, and report on, very different types of texts... thus learning from one another. your assignment is to compile a list of 15 - 20 types of communication texts that you find at the hub. by texts we mean more than just written language. texts can be signs and other written artifacts, but they can also be other forms of communication like arrangements of furniture, architecture, lighting, seating, etc. - anything that somehow communicates a message. spend a couple of hours over the next week documenting some examples. be creative in what and how you document. take notes, pictures, look for existing artifacts ; collect whatever you can think of. explore, this is an investigative process. the following short reports were turned in by each student. in addition to listing the types of texts that were encountered, we asked students to identify themes and patterns, speculate on possible motives, and reflect on their own research methods. finally, because we emphasized engagement and fun, we pasted examples of individual students ' reports into a unified document. the resultant document included everyone ' s observations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5708899358514785, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.548608"} {"text": "the effigy of a black man, a son of southern soil and descendant of slaves, now stands over the nation \u2019 s mall among its founding fathers, notorious slave owner in front and the so - called great emancipator to his back. looking out over the placid tidal basin with a steely - eyed reserve and chiseled determination, the martin luther king, jr. national memorial, the first monument on the mall dedicated to a man of color, has whipped up yet another tempest of protest. besides the same types who did not and still do not commemorate the life of this influential civil rights leader on the third monday of every january, other dissenters have noted that the veined, confrontational depiction of the brother preacher by the chinese sculptor lei yixin does not evoke the round docility associated with the open - armed love of nonviolence. for them, the image goes against what they see as king \u2019 s true legacy, while others see the statute as an appropriate stance of well - grounded, stony defiance and pride. perhaps the best way to understand martin is through his foil, the other brother minister, malcolm x. as the chronicler of the black experience manning marable wrote in last year \u2019 s authoritative biography of malcolm, \u201c the leader most closely linked to malcolm in life and death was, of course, king. \u201d however, these two men were linked more by their perceived differences than they were known for their similarities. malcolm was \u201c widely admired as a man of uncompromising action, the polar opposite of the nonviolent, middle - class - oriented negro leadership that had dominated the civil rights movement before him. \u201d but if malcolm was known for his action, martin has been remembered for his results. despite their perceived divergence, malcolm and martin \u2019 s convergence is the essential condition for understanding the black freedom movement and socio - political struggle in general, just as it was in the turbulent times when these two leaders were slain. though their constituencies were different \u2013 martin \u2019 s southern, largely rural base standing in contrast to malcolm \u2019 s northern and western urban industrial community \u2013 their desire to develop black dignity insured an ongoing dialogue, even if martin used a language of christian integration - based citizen rights and malcolm championed an islam - inflected black cultural nationalism. in 1954, at the time that martin was finishing his phd at boston university, malcolm was preaching for the nation of islam, and according to marable they walked the streets of the same neighborhood. yet they would not meet in person until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46922291543700123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.563026"} {"text": "cultural nationalism. in 1954, at the time that martin was finishing his phd at boston university, malcolm was preaching for the nation of islam, and according to marable they walked the streets of the same neighborhood. yet they would not meet in person until march 26, 1964, walking the senate gallery after a conference king had with senator hubert humphrey and jacob javits. that these two figures, who embodied two different currents of the black freedom movement, met only once is remarkable. in the ten years between these dates much had changed with both men. but their streams of black consciousness and political action continued to both diverge and converge. though malcolm often decried the uncle tom negro leadership of which martin was conceivably a member, he would rarely call martin out directly, sparing the young energetic leader his typically pointed barbs. he spoke highly of the montgomery bus boycotts and the courage of people like rosa parks. king, on the other hand, often used malcolm to make his ideological platform and political practice more palatable for whites. in response to a june 1962 comment malcolm made about god answering his prayers to kill 121 whites in a paris - atlanta flight, king assured the white press \u201c that the hatred expressed toward whites by malcolm x [ was not ] shared by the vast majority of negroes in the united states. while there is a great deal of legitimate discontent and righteous indignation in the negro community, it has never developed into large - scale hatred of whites. \u201d in spite of martin \u2019 s attempts at distancing, it is no simple task to place these men as opposing forces. both were what we might call institutional men. granted, the natures of the institutions were very different. king came up in the black church, atlanta \u2019 s black bourgeoisie, defined by the black intellectual network of the atlanta university center and organizations such as the naacp, ultimately arriving at the elite institutions of crozer theological seminary and boston university. malcolm, on the other hand, came up against the backdrop of marcus garvey \u2019 s universal negro improvement association, foster homes, the assembly line, and prison. martin \u2019 s class position and christian ideology positioned him in a conciliatory stance, whereas malcolm, who shifted constantly between the working class and the lumpenproletariat, was prepared to separate from the entire system. any discussion of these two men must start from this basic understanding. martin had the material means and the social support to develop an entire intellectual program that he could start to execute at the age of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49735385105063556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.564182"} {"text": "however, the nonviolence / violence dichotomy does not accurately depict the actual schools of thought in the struggle to achieve black subjectivity, nor does it allow for the type of evolution that we have already seen among the two thinker - activists. first, nonviolence does not imply that demonstrators are non - confrontational, or even the absence of violence. on the contrary, nonviolence is an aggressive passivity intended to incite a disproportionately violent response, exposing the morally bankrupt structure. this tactic \u2013 and many, including martin, referred to it as a tactic \u2013 required an aggressive, courageous resistance. this method did not exclude the possibility of violence. as king himself wrote in 1958, \u201c nonviolent resistance is not a method for cowards ; it does resist \u2026 this is why gandhi often said that if cowardice is the only alternative to violence, it is better to fight. \u201d moreover, king \u2019 s early interventions did not exclude the protection of armed self - defense. in his recent colored cosmopolitianism, nico slate narrates a visit by a veteran civil rights activist : \u201c when bayard rustin visited king \u2019 s home during the early days of the montgomery boycott, he found armed guards on the porch and weapons scattered throughout the house. \u201d it was not until much later in his career that nonviolence become an all - embracing philosophy for king. even then, he admitted that for most black people, nonviolence would remain a tactic, at most. meanwhile, throughout the south, armed self - defense became a promising approach to combat ruthless and murderous racists, the kind that left medger evers assassinated and four little girls dead. few figures were as influential as robert f. williams in advocating armed self - defense to achieve safety and dignity for blacks in america. having labored in northern industry and served in the army during world war ii, williams returned to his north carolina home \u2013 trained, disciplined, and radicalized. he rose to a leadership role with the union county chapter of the naacp, a position from which started to insist on the need \u201c to meet violence with violence. \u201d in 1957, williams started the black armed guard, with a charter from the national rifle association. the group probably saved many lives when on october 5, james \u201c catfish \u201d cole led a klan rally that ended with a raid on the black part of town. the war veterans fought off the motorcade from fortified positions in trenches and foxholes with small arms. the next day,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4786513318899681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.566653"} {"text": "when on october 5, james \u201c catfish \u201d cole led a klan rally that ended with a raid on the black part of town. the war veterans fought off the motorcade from fortified positions in trenches and foxholes with small arms. the next day, klan motorcades, which had sometimes been escorted by police, were banned by the city of monroe. the 1961 freedom riders foray into monroe was intended to show the advantage of nonviolence. but when thousands of rioting klansmen showed no respect for philosophy, williams and his black armed guard were called on to protect the demonstrators. here nonviolence and armed self - defense worked together in a dynamic dialectic. at his funeral, rosa parks said that she and others who marched with martin in montgomery admired williams \u2019 contribution to the struggle. as slate puts it, \u201c the ability of nonviolent activists to mobilize black communities depended largely on the capacity of local blacks to physically defend activists \u2026 nonviolent tactics and armed self - defense worked together to channel white violence into less deadly and more politically useful situations. \u201d williams \u2019 book negroes with guns would come to be influential for younger black political actors, such as black panther leader huey p. newton. a few months after their only meeting, malcolm sent a telegram to martin, extending an offer to help protect the nonviolent protesters in saint augustine, florida who had been attacked. \u201c we have been witnessing with great concern the vicious attacks of the white races against our poor defenseless people there in st. augustine, \u201d malcolm wrote. \u201c if the federal government will not send troops to your aid, just say the word and we will immediately dispatch some of our brothers there to organize self defense units among our people and the ku klux klan will then receive a taste of its own medicine. the day of turning the other cheek to those brute beasts is over. \u201d defensive violence, however, was not the only type of violence that militants in the black freedom movement considered. contemporary developments in china, cuba, and algeria seemed to make a convincing argument for an offensive armed revolutionary struggle. even after his disillusionment with the communist party, harold cruse was forced to contemplate \u201c the relevance of force and violence to successful revolutions \u201d after visiting cuba in june of 1960. \u201c the ideology of a new revolutionary wave in the world at large, \u201d he recalled, \u201c had lifted us out of anonymity of lonely struggle in the united states to the glorified rank of visiting dignitaries. \u201d cruse asked, \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4548950884139365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.567733"} {"text": "\u201c the ideology of a new revolutionary wave in the world at large, \u201d he recalled, \u201c had lifted us out of anonymity of lonely struggle in the united states to the glorified rank of visiting dignitaries. \u201d cruse asked, \u201c what did it all mean and how did it relate to the negro in america? \u201d marable \u2019 s biography of malcolm shows that near the end of his life, with his connection to people like max stanford and the revolutionary action movement, he anticipated the development of a revolutionary underground that would emerge later in the decade and in the 1970s. if martin and malcolm \u2019 s divergence can be explored through their evolving stances on the use of violence, their convergence may be best assessed by stances along the axis of transgression. the italian workerist ferruccio gambino \u2018 s 1993 essay, which recasts malcolm \u2019 s life and legacy as a transgression of the logic of the state, captures this relationship : malcolm x \u2013 the laborer, the convict, and the minister of the nation of islam \u2013 had seen too many and too well the least - lit corridors of the state to avoid a collision with it. in this respect, his path was similar to martin luther king, jr. \u2019 s. the young desegregationist minister of the southern christian leadership conference had seen so many black people suffer indignities during his early campaign in the south that he could only relate these to the cheapness of living labor there. indeed, as early as 1957 he had said, \u201c i realize that the law cannot make an employer love me or have compassion for me. \u201d as king too began to walk away from the role the state had expected of him, he headed toward assassination while supporting a strike by black laborers in memphis, tennessee. the transgressions of the entire black freedom movement, though they have since been validated and subsumed into the narrative of liberal democracy \u2019 s ability to accommodate, encompass nonviolent conformist activities just as much as militant direct action, each equally criminal. the most potent transgression is the rejection of the state \u2019 s \u201c gods, \u201d its symbolic embodiments of power. islam forced malcolm \u201c to occupy the double political space of \u2018 the immigrant, \u2019 \u201d as gambino argues, a \u201c self - location \u201d which \u201c violated the written and unwritten codes of legitimate political behavior. \u201d malcolm \u2019 s islam was a symbolic and spiritual orientation to an afro - asiatic anti - colonial internationalism that struck", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5052454104137865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.568765"} {"text": "\u201d as gambino argues, a \u201c self - location \u201d which \u201c violated the written and unwritten codes of legitimate political behavior. \u201d malcolm \u2019 s islam was a symbolic and spiritual orientation to an afro - asiatic anti - colonial internationalism that struck a claim on politics outside the state \u2019 s monopoly of legitimate power. his transgressions, mental, criminal, and spiritual, are widely understood. but against martin \u2019 s easy incorporation, we should remember that he, too, transgressed. it is true that the familiar and domestic language of christianity of martin made him acceptable to many americans. however, couched in that language was the vernacular of a long tradition manifested in black liberation theology that signified on the master \u2019 s religion, developing a sometimes dormant, sometimes active opposition to white power. it is a lineage emerging from people like richard allen, who started the african methodist episcopalian church in 1816 to create autonomy for black congregations. there are the likes of henry mcneal turner, an early \u201c back to africa \u201d advocate and missionary who once said that \u201c hell is an improvement upon the united states where the negro is concerned. \u201d turner \u2019 s own theology understood the symbolic power of the state \u2019 s gods : every race of people who have attempted to describe their god by words, or by paintings, or by carvings, or any other form or figure, have conveyed the idea that the god who made them and shaped their destinies was symbolized in themselves, and why should not the negro believe that he resembles god as much as other people? more direct influences on king can be found in the likes of howard thurman and benjamin mays. the two had visited gandhi in india and worked towards establishing functional solidarities with south asians during their struggle against the british empire in the 1930s. importantly, thurman and mays contributed to a theology that sought to isolate the religion of jesus from its imperial uses. thurman, a classmate of martin \u2019 s father and a mentor while martin was at boston university, and mays, martin \u2019 s mentor at morehouse college, helped martin to develop a transgressive philosophy. as nico slate writes, martin was almost immediately hailed as the montgomery mahatma after beginning the boycott : \u201c king \u2019 s connection to gandhi strengthened his appeal to both blacks and whites. gandhi represented courage, civil disobedience, and the rising colored world to many blacks while symbolizing non - threatening nonviolence to whites. \u201d slate argues that this double space of meaning did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4816258528901989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.569854"} {"text": "gandhi strengthened his appeal to both blacks and whites. gandhi represented courage, civil disobedience, and the rising colored world to many blacks while symbolizing non - threatening nonviolence to whites. \u201d slate argues that this double space of meaning did not prevent martin from identifying race as only one variable in the equation of oppression. as king wrote of his visit \u201c to the land of gandhi \u201d in ebony magazine, \u201c the bourgeoisie \u2013 white, black or brown \u2013 behaves about the same the world over. \u201d today the legacies of both martin and malcolm benefit from an official acknowledgement of their contributions to the black freedom movement. this is largely because, as gambino writes, \u201c the attitudes of ethnic leadership towards the state are shaped over a long period of time, often being the result of continuous readjustments over many generations. \u201d that there is such a grand official salute to martin reflects that the state \u201c often believes it can redress past wrongs with reforms that are supposed to have the effect of \u2018 cooling off \u2019 both ethnic leadership and the people as a whole, \u201d and that \u201c the state \u2019 s late discovery of a collective symbolic reality one shade removed from its official gods has often ended in a redefinition of the state and its pantheon, or in the demise of both. \u201d that martin \u2019 s legacy today appears to tower over so many others indicates just how well he occupied the double space of meaning while acting for dignity and freedom. now our task is to refuse the state \u2019 s gods and reach into our past, to recover the possibilities for future transgression. wendell hassan marsh is a graduate student at columbia university \u2019 s department of middle eastern, south asian and african studies. he has written for reuters, the root, allafrica. com, and the harvard journal of african american policy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5319431655850085, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.570643"} {"text": "a virtual private network ( vpn ) is a network technology that is used to link multiple computers, servers and any vpn - capable devices through private or public and secured web tunnels. vpn also make use of an encryption system in the transmission of data ; hence keeping every bit of information being transmitted from one system to another as secured as possible and therefore can only be accessed by the authorized recipient / s. using a vpn let you enhance your web browsing security by accessing information through secure vpn tunnels, bypass censorships and access online content without hassles, and change your ip and server for added web browsing anonymity. in reality, a virtual private network is just a network of different computers, network devices or servers that are connected either through the private or the public domain using secure tunnels. this means that a vpn is not entirely different from a lan or a wan, but the data transmission usually happens over a secure network, immaterial of the medium of transfer. data transfer is of paramount importance for any organization and individuals alike. in the olden days, data transfer was made through secure, storable and transportable mediums such as discs, and it usually involved a lot of risk and was considered to be time consuming. however, with access to internet, it has become possible for various organizations and companies to connect their different satellite offices together and make the process of data transfer both fast and seamless. this has allowed various companies to set up shop in different countries around the globe. this even led to a rise in the number of professionals who started working out of their homes or tiny satellite offices that were set up in convenient locations to reduce the overall costs. but fast, easy and cheap data transfer over the internet led to another issue, security. data transfer over the internet offers the least security. various hackers, viruses and malicious programs are constantly on the lookout for gaining access to confidential and sensitive data that will give them an opportunity for making financial gains. and leasing special lines across these distances can prove to be extremely expensive. a vpn on the other hand, allows the company to connect via the internet and use the security of secure vpn tunnels. these tunnels are basically encrypted connections created by connecting the devices through intermediary servers often hosted by vpn service providers. large companies and government organizations usually develop their own virtual private networks to manage large projects and host the servers and experts in - house. but managing and hosting a vpn can prove to be quite expensive for smaller companies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5948015992204874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.600647"} {"text": "often hosted by vpn service providers. large companies and government organizations usually develop their own virtual private networks to manage large projects and host the servers and experts in - house. but managing and hosting a vpn can prove to be quite expensive for smaller companies and individuals, which is why there are dedicated vpn service providers who will look after the technical aspects of managing a vpn, while the subscribers can enjoy vpn services for a small monthly subscription fee. how does vpn work? vpn works through a complex process of traffic rerouting and encrypting. while the detailed explanation can include quite a few technical details and server information, in simpler terms, a vpn works by rerouting your traffic, which is in turn done by connecting your device first to an anonymous vpn server, before proceeding towards your intended online action path. therefore, the primary duty of a vpn is to connect your device to a vpn server, after which, all the actions and paths will originate from the vpn server itself. to better understand the concept, you will need to know about the effects your ip on your browsing experience. every isp provides a dedicated, or in other cases dynamic, ip for each user. your dedicated ip address is representative of your actual geographical location, which is the single - most factor that determines your online presence. even if your isp provides you with a dynamic ip, the actions performed by you on the network can be traced back to you. this data is often used by websites, government agencies and other organizations to track your online behavior, censor internet content and outright block you from accessing any online information. by connecting using a vpn, you can entrust the vpn server to lift all the heavy load, and every action performed by you will only be tracked back to the anonymous vpn server, not your actual ip address. this is something that attracts most users to a vpn service provider, and security of online browsing is just an added bonus. read more : list of top vpn providers what are the differences between vpn and proxy? both of these technologies are used to change your ip address. however, they differ in operations ( e. g. how they re - route network traffic and change ip addresses ). proxy server is a server that acts as a filter. when using proxy in protecting your internet activities, you have to setup first your internet browser with the correct proxy settings. this means that you can only have secured internet activities when you \u2019 re browsing through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49856268580287755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.601864"} {"text": "server is a server that acts as a filter. when using proxy in protecting your internet activities, you have to setup first your internet browser with the correct proxy settings. this means that you can only have secured internet activities when you \u2019 re browsing through an internet browser that has proxy settings setup to it. for vpn, users simply need to install the vpn client software and that \u2019 s about it \u2013 no need to make tweaks with the internet browsers. every time users browse the internet, they simply need to connect the vpn client app first to have safe and private internet browsing experiences. the advantage of vpn over proxy is that the former can be used for any internet - capable devices / applications while the latter only works with internet browsers. so what technology offers more secured connections? it has to be vpn, no doubt about that. read more : premium vpn vs free vpn vs free web proxies what are the different types of vpn protocols? there are various types of vpn protocols that people can use to have secured internet connections. here are the most commonly used vpn protocols. \u2022 point - to - point tunneling protocol ( pptp ) \u2022 internet protocol security ( ipsec ) \u2022 secure socket tunneling protocol ( sstp ) \u2022 layer two tunneling protocol ( l2tp ) pptp and l2tp / ipsec are the more preferred types of protocols because they are the fastest security protocols available today. sstp and openvpn are the best when it comes to security. however, more secured connections means more encryptions ; therefore slowing down the connection and browsing experiences on sstp and openvpn. read more : learn about the different vpn protocols why use vpn? there are several benefits of using a vpn service. there isn \u2019 t any particular end user or customer specific demographic as far as vpn usage is concerned. from the very outset, vpn can be made useful for the average internet browser, and the benefits may increase from individual user to large organizations. from an everyday internet user \u2019 s perspective, security of online browsing is the key, especially if the user is prone to use various financial related websites and make financial transactions through online payment processors. along with security, the user may also remain anonymous and can avoid leaving tracks. a vpn can also be used for accessing blocked content. internet censorship is a serious issue across several countries throughout the world. many popular online websites, social media sites and even entertainment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5666739083888312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.602953"} {"text": ", the user may also remain anonymous and can avoid leaving tracks. a vpn can also be used for accessing blocked content. internet censorship is a serious issue across several countries throughout the world. many popular online websites, social media sites and even entertainment channels are blocked for various reasons. facebook, twitter and youtube are just a small group of websites that are blocked in countries like china, iran, egypt and more. therefore, citizens of these countries can utilize the services of a vpn service provider to gain access to blocked content. there are country specific online entertainment websites such as netflix, hulu, iplayer, cbs, etc, that only allow users from a specific country to access their services. for instance, the entire range of netflix services is only accessible to u. s users, while the bbc iplayer is only accessible to u. k viewers. therefore, to watch these channels from a different country, users will need access to vpn. for companies and organizations, vpn can be helpful in connecting various entities together, and immaterial of the actual physical distance between them, every device can be connected to a same network using vpn without any security issues. this will allow greater flexibility for operations and will allow fast, easy and secure transfer of data from one point to the other. read more : what are the 5 main benefits of using a vpn?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5422680814941276, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.603516"} {"text": "it can be a bit mind bending to look at a landscape today and realize just how altered it is from the original. such is the case in seattle as well as numerous other coastal communities along the shores of the salish sea. the burke gillman museum has put together a remarkable on line exhibit of the shaping of the seattle shoreline http : / / www. burkemuseum. org / waterlines /. the exhibit includes a you tube video as well. while the history and changes are interetsing, this type of historical work can be very important to geologists and engineers. in my own work, the most complex geology - like map with multiple cross - sections i ever produced was at a water front fill site. entire mappable units of various fill materials. good historic information and old maps can be critical for understanding development projects in urban areas. i knew that there were cactus locations in western washington, but until this week i had never seen the rare for western washington plant opuntia fragilis. i would have missed this one all together except todd had seen it on a previous trip to the same area and he had seen it only because someone had place drift wood around the plant to either protect it or mark its location. i have heard of other cacti sites on the south side of lopez island, the west shore of central whidbey island and at dungeness spit. all of these sites share being located within the olympic mountain rain shadow and all are on well exposed dry sites. the same species is found in eastern washington and up into the dry interior areas of british columbia. i have encountered on the east side more often stepping into a patch - a rather unpleasant experience in light shoes. this particular very small patch is located on a dry south facing slope on decatur island within an area of rock outcrops, grass covered slopes and a mix of douglas fir and gary oak. this particular species is very common in other areas of the dry west and is not much bothered by cold weather with a range well up into northern alberta. the smallest school in the country at the moment is a school k - 8 school with only one student. this size can not be beat. decatur school interior the decatur school is a public school in the lopez school district and is located on decatur island. it is one of 10 or 11 schools deemed by the state superintendent of public instruction as a \" remote and necessary \" school. the school was built in 1980 ; the previous school building is still on the island. the school population has declined in recent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46793829700044487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.918488"} {"text": ". it is one of 10 or 11 schools deemed by the state superintendent of public instruction as a \" remote and necessary \" school. the school was built in 1980 ; the previous school building is still on the island. the school population has declined in recent years as students have graduated and no new students have arrived. high school students must take a boat across to lopez island to attend high school. the school hopes that new families with students will arrive. an on going problem on a smallish island with no public transportation access. i very much appreciate wildlife photographs, but my own abilities are very limited. the major limitation is imposed by not having the appropriate camera kit. hence, if i do get a good picture it means i had to be remarkably close to the animal in question. great blue herons are a common shore bird in western washington. this one seemed to not be very concerned with my proximity. got a good sense of how these birds move and use their feet. the nooksack river does a lot of moving around in its upper reaches. fortunately there is not a lot of development along these reaches of the river. perhaps some of the development that did take place in the past has been washed away. one exception is at deming, an unincorporated town. the town has one advantage in that the burlington northern santa fe rail road track passes through the town between the town and the river. the rail line with its elevated tracks and prism of rocks has provided a level of protection to the community as well as other development further down stream. however, development has crept over the rail line, and this reach of the nooksack has become one of the more expensive stretches of the river in terms of flood hazard investment. at deming the nooksack river made a major coarse shift to the north in the 1980s and began to threaten the bus and shop facilities of the mount baker high school as well as the high school sewer treatment facility. the river also threatened to take out the nooksack casino drain field. the new river bank was lined with a heavy angular rock rip rap levee to reduce flood risk and prevent further migration of the river. initially the river approached the upper east end of this heavy armored levee at nearly a 90 degree angle. but over the past decade the river has progressively migrated to the west taking aim at different portions of the levee as it progressed. overall the levee has held up well with some relatively minor rock replacement. the progression of the river along the levee has been fascinating to watch : whatcom county flood zone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46065196531221536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.924110"} {"text": "the west taking aim at different portions of the levee as it progressed. overall the levee has held up well with some relatively minor rock replacement. the progression of the river along the levee has been fascinating to watch : whatcom county flood zone district is working toward doing improvements on the east end of the dike. if the river shifts back to the east again which it will eventually, the east end would fail and the river would get back behind the dike. to prevent this scenario a new levee section will be constructed from the current east end of the heavy armored levee to the edge of the burlington northern railroad. as can be seen in the last image, the river will likely migrate to the west end of the levee. that will likely lead to a fairly broad area of rapid channel migration if the river holds its current pattern. fortunately, the river has a lot more room to meander down stream of deming without threatening structures or public facilities as the forest bottom lands have been occupied by the river within the past 100 years and will likely be occupied again. lisa put up some father ' s day pictures yesterday. this one was actually a sort of geology excursion from a different era. will getting excited about geology actually he liked being swung and thrown above my head this trip was to the cascade river area in the north cascade range. the peak behind will ' s head is the haystack. the haystack is an epidote bearing pluton. epidote is not a rare mineral but it is a bit unusual to see it as a magmatic mineral - that is it crystallized within a magma. this means that the haystack pluton crystallized from a magma to a solid at great depth something like 25 km below the surface zen. to the right of the haystack on the ridge with snow patches is the edge of another magma body, the eldorado pluton. there is no epidote in the eldorado and it solidified at a much shallower depth something like 10 km even though the metamorphic rocks around the perimeter of the eldorado all indicated very deep burial. the haystack is approximately 75 million years old and the eldorado is approximately 90. an early interpretation of this 15 km off set suggested a major fault structure which had the eldorado faulted against the otherwise much deeper rocks. the problem was finding the contact of the fault had proven difficult. my graduate work was to hunt down the fault line and try to figure out the direction and timing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48490305391036725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.925340"} {"text": "major fault structure which had the eldorado faulted against the otherwise much deeper rocks. the problem was finding the contact of the fault had proven difficult. my graduate work was to hunt down the fault line and try to figure out the direction and timing of motion. indeed finding the fault line proved to be impossible and the answer as to why it was impossible was on the other side of that ridge behind us. the fault did not exist. the eldorado had melted its way into the surrounding country rocks 90 million years ago. afterwards the area somehow got deeply buried or pushed downward to 25 km or more in depth and the haystack magma intruded and then solidified within these deep rocks. another nearby pluton provided a time for when the area was back at shallower depths by 65 million years. hence this chunk of the north cascades was deeply buried pushed deep into the earth sometime after 90 million years ago and sometime before 65 million years ago. other parts of the north cascades have been deeply buried as well. however, those areas were deeply buried at different times. for geologists trying to figure out the north cascades ( and the south end of the bc coast range ) this deep burial at different times always has to be part of the discussion as to how the range evolved. there is another aspect of the ridge that is not geologic. while working on this ridge, we encountered a lot of bears. a couple of the bears sure looked like grizzlies. at the time i thought they were too small. but apparently north cascade grizzlies are smallish so we very well may have seen grizzlies. will is a much larger object these days. two summers ago he hiked up to the haystack area and encountered lots of bears as well. it is a very tough hike in with over 5, 000 feet of elevation gain from the valley floor and then some tough going up and down and the weather does not always cooperate. being mid june and fairly far north the term gloaming applies well to our very long evenings this time of year. the gloaming lasts for hours as the sky stays light well past sunset as the sun tracks downward at a low angle below the horizon. for those readers that live west of the cascades, yesterday seemed like the gloaming was all day long with mild but steady thick misty rain mixed with fog. there area several bits of music called \" the gloaming \", but jonae ' s is my favorite. no good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5221668787289857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.928466"} {"text": ", yesterday seemed like the gloaming was all day long with mild but steady thick misty rain mixed with fog. there area several bits of music called \" the gloaming \", but jonae ' s is my favorite. no good youtube of the band performing the gloaming, so fireworks pictures will have to do. and 4th of july has a very long gloaming whilst waiting for the fireworks and it also coincides with a shift in weather from the june gloom to the long dry spell of july, august and early september - the time we can all enjoy the gloaming of living near the 49th parallel. a couple of months back i heard an interview of john mckay, a former federal prosecutor regarding marijuana legalization in washington state. this fall washington voters will vote on legalizing marijuana washington _ initiative _ 502. there are a array of reasons to legalize marijuana that mckay covered, but mckay also emphasized the dangers illegal business activity associated with marijuana. he reminded me of my own close calls as a geologist regarding the illegal drug trade. well before the rampage of drug gang warfare became as widespread and as well known as it currently is in mexico, lisa, raven and i traveled through one of the major marijuana production areas in mexico. at the time it was very clear to us that the part of mexico we were traveling through was barely under the control of the government. in two days we passed through over a dozen road blocks with heavily armed military with automatic weapons in hand. these were not casual road stops. we were required to open every bag and every compartment in the car all the while watched intently by soldiers with their fingers over the triggers of their guns. i kept thinking, \" these guys are afraid, this is not good \". a few years before while doing some mapping on federal land i heard the whistle of bullets overhead a split second before hearing the retort of a rifle. this was at a time when grow operations were taking place on public land in the west and we were working in an area that was a well known grow area. the shots were warning shots. we decided we did not need to figure out the fold structure we were working on until it got cold in the fall. at about the same time word came out of northern california that a field geologist working in the coast range had been shot to death. i have only stumbled directly into a grow operation once and was very glad no one was around. i recently was told by a property manager of some forest land that he and is crew have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4595439729693796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.929504"} {"text": "field geologist working in the coast range had been shot to death. i have only stumbled directly into a grow operation once and was very glad no one was around. i recently was told by a property manager of some forest land that he and is crew have collected a fair bit of equipment from irrigated grow operations along a power line corridor through the area he manages. john mckay, the former u. s. attorney noted that it is the height of arrogance to believe that the large drug trade that has developed between bc and washington state will not evolve into a more and more violent business venture between competing illegal business. the drug wars, will like all wars, have collateral damage. is it really worth it? the seattle city council passed a resolution a few weeks ago in opposition to coal terminals in washington state resolutions 31379. pdf. for coal terminal proponents this is not a good sign. the resolution passed unanimously. yes, seattle is not reflective of the thinking throughout the state of washington, but it is the biggest city and has more clout than any other city in the state. the resolution will encourage the agencies to consider a broad range of impacts when evaluating the various proposed projects, and it appears that is becoming the trend. the 8 % number will likely be half in a few years when the centralia coal power plant closes. and the percent will decline further with the pending closure of the portland run plant in boardman, oregon as well as the continued increase in other renewables and wind. the tone of the letter with the wrong percentages for coal power was highly critical of the seattle city council for not having all the facts. i suspect the letter signer did not check the facts before signing. but statements provided as facts provided in the letter made it clear that ssa, the terminal proponent, is not a reliable source of information. the 30 % vs 8 % was not the only error, but given the huge hydro projects all over washington state was a sign of a company not understanding washington state or energy policy in washington state. i took my first trip to vancouver from bellingham via amtrak on monday. the rail route is much more scenic than the drive, is very relaxing ( we shared some champagne ) and avoids the cost of gas, wear and tear and parking. scenery announcements were made including an announcement for a glacial erratic - white rock at the beach front as white rock, bc. disappointed the rock is actually painted to make it whiter than it really is. white rock at white rock bc at crescent beach north of white rock were escorted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43484301502223643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.931351"} {"text": "an announcement for a glacial erratic - white rock at the beach front as white rock, bc. disappointed the rock is actually painted to make it whiter than it really is. white rock at white rock bc at crescent beach north of white rock were escorted by eagles. we were told we might see eagles - we saw 17. after the eagles we had a nice traverse across the tide flats of boundary bay. shortly before arrival we had a nice view of a swollen and muddy fraser river. this is the flood season on the fraser as it floods from high snow melt. the snow pack is very high this year, but the high snow pack has been off set by rather cool and sometimes chilly weather. you don ' t get to see the fraser if you take the main highway ( i - 5 and 99 ) to vancouver as the highway goes under the river. a great way to visit an amazing city. it makes little sense to drive if your business is in the central part of the city. during our return leg of a trip to vancouver via amtrak we got a distant glimpse of a dead gray whale on the tide flat near white rock, british columbia. not much to see at a distance, but it was fascinating to see the number of people gathered on the tide flats near and around the whale. the whale appeared injured and was entangled in fishing gear and was emaciated. the whale had been in the news in vancouver so we were on the alert as we approached the u. s. border. people gathered on beach at white rock bc on the boundary bay shore whale is on the far left people gathered around dead whale at white rock, bc south of coupeville, washington on whidbey island is a broad swath of rich farm land with thick black soil. this area has been managed as a sort of farm land for at least 3, 000 years. prior to white settlement the fields in this area were managed by frequent burning. these clear prairie lands were some of the first lands to be settled by whites and resulted in some of the understandable violence that followed. ebey ' s landing fields south of coupeville but before this area was farmed it was for a short period an icy bay. as the puget ice lobe melted out of present day puget sound approximately 15, 000 years ago, the the southern terminus of the ice lobe lingered for a period just north of these fields. the full mass of ice from the puget lobe had pushed the land surface downward. hence the area in the above photo was below sea level as a shallow bay with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.450039356985847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.932872"} {"text": "the the southern terminus of the ice lobe lingered for a period just north of these fields. the full mass of ice from the puget lobe had pushed the land surface downward. hence the area in the above photo was below sea level as a shallow bay with glacial ice just to the north in what is now the town of coupeville. across the valley from the picture the land is a lumpy jumble of debris left behind by the ice, but in the shallow icy bay the deposits left a smooth surface of silty soils ideal for future farming. \u2026. the line of the boundary between the territories of the united states and those of her britannic majesty shall be continued westward along the said 49th parallel of north latitude to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from vancouver \u2019 s island ; and thence southerly through the middle of said channel, and of fuca \u2019 s straits to the pacific ocean \u2026 - the oregon treaty of 1846 between great britain and the untied states. for the most part the dispute over the pacific northwest was resolved with the oregon treaty ; however, a new dispute soon arose over just exactly how the boundary would traverse through the waters separating the main land from vancouver island. this dispute had some interesting twists and if one finger had been a little quick with a trigger the outcome of the us civil war may have been a bit different. san juan islands parked smack dab in the middle. where would you draw the border? between vancouver island and the mainland lies a broad archipelago of islands. some of these islands had significant agricultural value at the time. while much of area of what is now northwest washington and southeastern british columbia was heavily forested, large swaths of the islands between the mainland and vancouver island were prairie and covered with grass lands. at the time of the oregon treaty these lands were ideal pasture land for sheep. the sheep provided wool for clothing and cloth valuable to local residences and for trading for other goods. the hudson bay company already firmly established at the southeast end of vancouver island at present day victoria began agricultural operations in parts of the san juan islands shortly after the oregon treaty was signed. it should be noted that for the british citizens of the area there was strong resentment that the border was at the 49th parallel and that britain had given over the puget sound region. great britain and the us both claimed the san juans. it took some time for the dispute to heat up but whatcom county played a role. the oregon territory was split into two territories in 1853 with oregon territory being the southern half and the new washington territory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45228446810534895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.934693"} {"text": "and the us both claimed the san juans. it took some time for the dispute to heat up but whatcom county played a role. the oregon territory was split into two territories in 1853 with oregon territory being the southern half and the new washington territory being the northern half. at that time whatcom county covered all of northwest washington and given that the us claimed the san juan islands, whatcom county included the san juans on the county tax roles. in 1855 whatcom county assessed the hudson bay company properties in the san juans and when the tax was not paid foreclosed on the property and announced a sale of the land ( and sheep ) for tax foreclosure purposes. of course the hudson bay company ignored the position of the county. then the whatcom county sheriff landed on san juan island at night and rounded up sheep for a midnight sale to other whatcom citizens. they were caught doing this. it is a remarkable thing that no shots were fired and was was avoided. if war had broken out between great britain and the u. s. in 1855, it is hard to imagine the u. s. civil war taking place the way it did. a boundary commission was set up in 1856 to try to resolve the conflict, but the commission meetings ended with the san juan islands still in dispute. england claimed the boundary was rosario strait on the east side of the islands and the us claimed it was haro strait on the west side of the islands. a last gasp compromise that offered san juan island as well as a few other more western islands being used by hudson bay company to england was rejected by the english contingent. with both american and great britain claiming the islands the conflict continued to simmer. the san juans were a neutral zone where the law was not clear. with both english and american citizens claiming and setting up farms, the san juan islands were off to a lawless start. the islands were a great place to import wool through as well as other items in order to avoid duty fees. however, it did not take long for conflict to arise with the pig war in 1859. and unlike the conflict with the whatcom county sheriff, both the english and americans had troops and gun ships aligned against one another. remarkably the conflict was resolved without blood shed ( except for the pig ). a cool headed british commander declined to force the issue and no one fired the first shot. again the trajectory of the civil war may well have been determined by what sounds like a light funny incident at first read. a joint military occ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4586890542046345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.936854"} {"text": "pig ). a cool headed british commander declined to force the issue and no one fired the first shot. again the trajectory of the civil war may well have been determined by what sounds like a light funny incident at first read. a joint military occupancy was set up in 1859 and continued through the us civil war and to 1872. at that point great britain and the us agreed to send the conflict to arbitration. the powers in washington dc and london thought better of going to war over a small set of rocky islands. an additional conflict was also in the mix with u. s. claims against great britain regarding britain aiding the confederacy during the civil war via the building of a war ship, the alabama. the arbitrator was kaiser wilhelm of germany. wilhelm set up a 3 person panel to hear evidence and make a recommendation. the panel listened to presentations made by the americans and english that utilized navigational charts made by wilkes in the 1840s and vancouver in the 1790s to determine how to draw the line from the strait of georgia to the strait of juan de fuca and separate vancouver island from the continent. so back to the map. in our case we have a nice satellite image. the panel had the best maps of the day, but they were a bit tougher to decipher. vancouver ' s 1798 map so where would you draw the line? where is the middle of the channel that separates the continent from vancouver island? of course today the deabte would go a bit differently because geologists would have tesitified that vancouver island is now part of the north american continent. wilhelm ' s panel split 2 - 1 in their recommendation and wilhelm went with majority setting the line down haro strait on the west side of the islands giving a future washington state tourist mecca to the united states. as for whatcom county ' s jurisdiction over the san juans. that ended with the clarification that the islands were part of the u. s. and a new county was formed - san juan county. i have to wonder how things would have turned out if the night of sheep round up on san juan island someone got shot. a few summers ago i was working in the forest on the northwest olympic peninsula and thought it odd that even though it was late june, the red alders were leafless. on closer inspection i realized that they had been stripped of leaves by caterpillars. marian edain of frosty hollow ecological services had a write up at part of the whidbey environmental action network that provides a bigger picture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4433082450417113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.938689"} {"text": "were leafless. on closer inspection i realized that they had been stripped of leaves by caterpillars. marian edain of frosty hollow ecological services had a write up at part of the whidbey environmental action network that provides a bigger picture perspective. tent dwellers of the northwest woods once upon a time there were ancient forests of enormous douglas firs and western red cedars in the puget trough. there were red alder present near streams and wetlands, and in the openings where the occasional giant tree came crashing down, but they were not particularly common. one of the species native to these forests was the tent caterpillar. it ate mostly red alder leaves and converted the vegetation into compact packets of fairly intense fertilizer. those packets ( the polite term is \u201c frass \u201d ) provided a shot of nutrients to the surrounding conifers. good system. then white folks settled the area and cut down the conifer forests. nature abhors a vacuum and filled a lot of that bare ground with a band - aid : the quick growing red alder. we ended up with large areas of alder where formerly there had been conifer forest. given enough time ( say 50 + years ), douglas firs would grow up among the alders, top out over them, and slowly shade out the shorter lived alders. tent caterpillars, which had formerly been a pretty small component of the forest system, took advantage of those large areas of alder to explode their population. the exploding population ate the leaves off the alders, which allowed sunlight down to the forest floor where the little doug firs were struggling along, at the same time as it delivered a great big jolt of fertilizer in the form of all those frass pellets. even with the system out of kilter, the tent caterpillars were performing a very useful re - balancing service. and because they only produce one generation per year, they rarely actually killed any trees. they came, they went, and the trees produced another set of leaves. the only fly in this ointment is that the tent caterpillars also like to munch on almost everything in the rose family - like your apple, cherry, plum, peach, apricot, and pear trees. a lot of people want things all neat and clean, and they reach for the pesticide spray to kill those nasty tent caterpillars. not good. counterproductive. does more harm than good. the caterpillars go through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46106218914092145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.939736"} {"text": ". a lot of people want things all neat and clean, and they reach for the pesticide spray to kill those nasty tent caterpillars. not good. counterproductive. does more harm than good. the caterpillars go through 5 stages called \u2018 instars. \u2019 when they first hatch out they form those lovely tents in the trees. as they go through the stages they wander farther and farther from the tent in search of leaves. eventually they migrate down the trunk of the tree where they were hatched and search for another high place where they will pupate. that will produce a brown moth who will lay eggs which look like a blob of grey styrofoam wrapped around a stem, and the whole process will begin again next year. there are several things which nature does to control the caterpillars without any help from us. the most useful is a virus ( polyhedrosis ). one day the world is crawling with caterpillars. the next day all you see are dead bodies draped all over the trees. and that \u2019 s the end of the invasion. the other thing you see is bright white spots, usually on the forehead of the caterpillar. this is the egg of a wasp ( kids love this part ). the egg hatches and the larva burrows into the caterpillar where it eats it from the inside out. by the time it is ready to emerge there \u2019 s just the shell of a caterpillar. when you pick up a tent caterpillar it will whip its head back and forth. this is its way of trying to avoid the wasp laying an egg on its head. in most cases the caterpillars cannot kill your trees so the thing to do is nothing. if you really can \u2019 t stand them, the best thing to do is to use plain old water. get one of those nozzles that makes your hose act like a fire hose and just hit those tents. the spray should knock them out of the tree. if you feel vindictive, you can then pick up the tents and burn them, but you really don \u2019 t need to because you \u2019 ve destroyed the caterpillars \u2019 home and they don \u2019 t know what to do next. if you have a particularly vulnerable young tree, you might want to wrap the trunk with cloth on which you then smear sticky stuff ( you can buy this at the garden store ). just remember to remove the cloth after the caterpillars are gone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.422526914180852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.940715"} {"text": "have a particularly vulnerable young tree, you might want to wrap the trunk with cloth on which you then smear sticky stuff ( you can buy this at the garden store ). just remember to remove the cloth after the caterpillars are gone. bottom line : the tent caterpillars are working to re - balance our out of balance ecosystem. they don \u2019 t know when to stop, so just hose them out of your fruit trees. no need for any toxics. i ' ve been enjoying frank jacob ' s borderlines. as someone that pours over maps of all kinds i very much enjoy reading about how various obscure borders. jacobs wrote a recent post on neutral zones http : / / opinionator. blogs. nytimes. com / 2012 / 05 / 01 / put - it - in - neutral / # more - 127593. to a degree, washington state was once part of a hybrid neutral zone. at one point in the early 1800s spain, russia, england and the united states all had claims on the territory of what is now washington, oregon, idaho and british columbia. the spanish and russians gave up their claims as neither established any sort of presence in the area, but both england and the united states continued to claim the oregon county as the pacific northwest was called with england very firmly established via the hudson bay company and america via lewis and clark and some very tenuous american fur trading efforts. with an uncertain and competing claims, a joint occupancy agreement was made between the two countries in 1818 and again in 1827. not a bad alternative after the war of 1812 between the two nations. citizens from both countries lived and worked in the contested territory. for english subjects, governance was carried out by the hudson bay company. in cases of criminal misconduct the accused was taken to the nearest permanent english settlement for trial. but for americans, the oregon country was lawless with law taken into their own hands and essentially no government at all. and never mind that an entire other group of people had already been living in the pacific northwest for thousands of years with their own way of governing and enforcing laws and codes of conduct. the first peoples had their own territorial disputes and fluid borders as well. initially there were very few americans ; it is remarkable that america was able to hold on to the claim of the area at all. but in the late 1830s a trickle of settlers began to arrive and by the early 1840s the willamette valley was becoming american with little regard for the initial inhabitants. in 1846 the question of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45220843165908986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.941913"} {"text": "hold on to the claim of the area at all. but in the late 1830s a trickle of settlers began to arrive and by the early 1840s the willamette valley was becoming american with little regard for the initial inhabitants. in 1846 the question of the which nation controlled the oregon territory was settled with the oregon treaty. a very simple solution that continued the border along the 49th parallel with an allowance for the very english presence firmly established on the south end of vancouver island deviating from the 49th parallel. original american oregon territory after the oregon treaty the southern border of the territory followed the former northern spanish claim that had been ceded to the us from mexico following the mexican - american war. the eastern boundary was the crest of the continental divide. while there was significant presence of americans in what is today oregon, there were very few in what is now washington. england pushed for the boundary to be at the columbia river, but the 49th parallel prevailed. for england the area between the 49th and the columbia was not worth going to war over and at the time the territory was not a big money maker. charles wilkes ' report greatly influenced the american view to included the puget sound country. wilkes was to sail up the columbia river, but decided the columbia was a terrible west coast port due to the horrific waves at the river ' s entrance. his report strongly argued for acquisition of the puget sound for shipping purposes. a couple of winters ago i was working out on the olympic peninsula and noted that the wind was from the east, but it was not an arctic outflow event. perfect weather for a trip to the outer coast. i drove out to neah bay and the makah reservation. i noticed that the town of neah bay and the low estuary land that extends between the the town and the open pacific ocean. brian atwater came to neah bay in the 1980s to look for evidence of tectonic coastal subsidence. within this low land area he began to gather evidence of large subduction earthquakes on the outer washington coast as well as tsunami evidence. it crossed my mind that the current makah village was likely located in an area that will be severely damaged during the next big subduction quake. the following winter i took another trip to the outer coast further south. this time i took my inflatable kayak and paddled up a couple of estuaries. at one location i observed sandy tsunami deposits over black organic soil and at one location over what i interpreted to be a fire pit and other indications of past human habitation. the great sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44573811281265646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.942958"} {"text": "previously, the whatcom county council voted to move forward with the lake whatcom reconveyance creating a 8, 700 acre county forest preserve park in the lake whatcom watershed. for local whatcomcentric folks reconveyance has become familiar. it is an idea that has been a local policy issue for sometime. what follows is a summary history of the lake whatcom reconveyance and an editorial note at the end. what is reconveyance? reconveyance applies only to forest board lands. forest board lands were created after cut and run logging operations in the early 1900s left hundreds of thousands of acres of cut over land that county governments had foreclosed on due to failure to pay property taxes. this type of forestry had happened in other states as well. in washington state questionable homesteading and corrupt land give - a - ways by local government land offices allowed large swaths of timber land to be available for harvest with little regard for long term management. throw in boom and bust economic cycles and the result was a wasted landscape subject to fire and slow forest recovery. giffird pinchot and theodore roosevelt had predicted this would happen in the west and moved to better manage the western forests by creating national forests. by the 1920s and 1930s large swaths of cut over land in tax foreclosure covered hundreds of thousands of acres. county governments did not have the capacity to deal with these lands so the state stepped in and took over management of these lands. this management added to the already large tracts of state owned state trust lands that were ceded to the state by the federal government at statehood. management was needed to get the land reforested and manged for fire. one county, grays harbor county, was allowed to opt out of the program. grays harbor county manages their own county forest board lands. although lumped together with the state trust lands, the forest board lands are not the same. local counties can have the lands reconveyed back to county management, but only for park purposes. hence, the term reconveyance. the land that is reconveyed goes from state management to county management. early january 1983 is a stand out date for lake whatcom, forest practices in washington state and geology. an intense storm event focused an atmospheric river of water into the northwest cascades. at numerous locations throughout the range but with a particular focus on the steep mountain slopes above lake whatcom, the south fork nooksack river, and samish river old logging roads collapsed, cu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4588835135412664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.947495"} {"text": "an atmospheric river of water into the northwest cascades. at numerous locations throughout the range but with a particular focus on the steep mountain slopes above lake whatcom, the south fork nooksack river, and samish river old logging roads collapsed, culverts on logging roads plugged and dozens of debris flows descended down the steep drainages. in the lake whatcom watershed smith creek, carpenter creek, olsen creek, blue canyon creek, austins creek as well as several unnamed streams blew out sending debris flows down on to the alluvial fans below and into the lake. county roads were damaged, bridges were destroyed, homes crushed, properties buried in logs and mud. a woman woke up found her house was floating in the lake. after the slides it was clear that the majority of slides were the result of poorly constructed logging roads and poor logging road drainage. public opinion toward forest practices shifted very hard against the industry. legal actions took place, most were settled before trial. forest practice standards were improved. particular attention was directed at logging road construction methods, logging road stream crossings and how roads were maintained and what to do about old abandoned roads. and keep in mind that this was before fisheries impacts needed to be better accounted for. lake whatcom land exchange lake whatcom is the drinking water source for approximately half of the residences of whatcom county. after the slides the whatcom county government expressed an interest in getting the lands under public ownership. this purpose was two - fold : 1 ) it was felt that the state would manage the lands better than private timber companies thus reducing the risk of debris flows and damage to the lake and 2 ) getting the land into public ownership would reduce the risk that lands would be developed. the county entered into an agreement with the state department of natural resources where the county paid the costs associated with the state exchanging forest board lands with private forest holdings in the lake whatcom watershed as well as some other sites within the chuckanut range south of bellingham. the state board of natural resources with encouragement from the department of natural resources approved the exchange. for dnr, it allowed for larger blocks of land to be consolidated for easier management not only in the lake whatcom watershed but also in other areas. part of the agreement between the county and state was that a forest management plan specific to lake whatcom would be developed. this agreement and the exchange took place in the early 1990s. the first forestry plan for lake whatcom while there was an agreement between whatcom county and the department of natural resources to develop a forest management", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48192885307583605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.948619"} {"text": "plan specific to lake whatcom would be developed. this agreement and the exchange took place in the early 1990s. the first forestry plan for lake whatcom while there was an agreement between whatcom county and the department of natural resources to develop a forest management plan for lake whatcom together, such planning never took place. in my view this was not really the fault of the dnr. the dnr did develop a watershed analysis with specific prescriptions for timber harvests on the state managed lands in the watershed. watershed analysis does have a public component. for whatever reason once the land exchange had taken place the county paid little attention and never participated in the watershed analysis process. nor did the city of bellingham. in 1997 the dnr began conducting timber harvests in the watershed using the adopted watershed analysis. except for a few minor private timber harvests in the watershed, there had been little forestry activity in the watershed since 1983. hence, there was a strong public reaction to the renewal of large scale timber harvests. at that point the dnr attempted to do public out reach to alleviate concerns. i will note that i attended one of those meetings and will say that i felt a bit bad for the dnr. up until actual harvests began, the local residences, county government and city government had paid little attention to the management planning. development of the second lake whatcom forestry plan issues regarding water quality in lake whatcom had evolved significantly since the land exchange had taken place. there was a growing awareness that the lake water quality was in decline. that decline was primarily the result of bellingham allowing nearly complete urbanization of the north end of the lake where the north basin of the lake is shallow and very sensitive to phosphorus loading. the second basin in the lake under county jurisdiction had also had significant residential development and it too was showing declines in water quality. and though most of the damage was at the north end of the lake, the entire lake was becoming impacted. hence, forestry on public lands by the dnr was not well received in the local community. the question of whether additional protections should be applied on the public lands in the watershed was raised. the dnr said no - that watershed analysis was enough. a few community members thought differently. linda marron and jamie berg began an effort to require the dnr to place greater protection within the lake whatcom watershed. this required a change in state law. no small task, but with support from conservation northwest and local state legislators keli linnville and harriot spanel as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4539483051591965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.949691"} {"text": "require the dnr to place greater protection within the lake whatcom watershed. this required a change in state law. no small task, but with support from conservation northwest and local state legislators keli linnville and harriot spanel as well as jim buck from the olympic peninsula, the state legislature passed a two bills requiring the dnr to develop a specific lake whatcom landscape plan. in the mean time no timber harvests were allowed with the watershed on public land. a committee was formed to assist the dnr in development of the plan and the plan went through a lengthy environmental impact statement process. the lake whatcom landscape plan did go beyond the typical forest practice rules and built on the previous watershed analysis. the primary differences between the lake whatcom landscape plan and standard forest practices are 1 ) road construction is not allowed across unstable slopes and 2 ) all streams including ephemeral drainages must be buffered from harvest. there are other differences as well, but in the big picture these two were the biggest differences and deviate the most from standard forest practices. the new plan and new concerns the committee and the dnr completed work on the lake whatcom landscape plan in january 2004. the board of natural resources received the plan and were scheduled to vote on the plan in april 2004. the board punted and took no action. the board really did not like the plan. they did not like the fact that the state legislatures had dictated new forest practice rules specific to a single watershed. they did not like the impacts to trust land revenue generation. they did not like the additional management costs. months went by with no action. letters from whatcom county were misinterpreted. state politics and posturing had frozen the adoption of the plan. in october 2004 whatcom county filed a lawsuit in thurston county superior court against the board of natural resources and the department of natural resources. at the next board meeting the board of natural resources passed the lake whatcom landscape plan. the lake wahtcom reconveyance concept adoption of the landscape plan raised some fundamental questions regarding forest management and trust revenue issues for whatcom county, the dnr and the board of natural resources. the final steps for adoption were a bit bruising. the adoption of the landscape plan was not the end of the process. threats to the landscape plan were multiple : 1 ) in adopting the landscape plan, the board added extensive language regarding assessing the plan and reporting on the plan that clearly stated an intent to end the plan. one reason the county filed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4620111142417191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.950868"} {"text": "of the process. threats to the landscape plan were multiple : 1 ) in adopting the landscape plan, the board added extensive language regarding assessing the plan and reporting on the plan that clearly stated an intent to end the plan. one reason the county filed the lawsuit was language in a dnr proposed resolution to the board that would establish an end date to the plan. 2 ) the board of natural resources gave clear direction for the dnr to explore options to end following the plan. 3 ) skagit county and the mount baker school district filed a lawsuit in an attempt to have the plan over turned. this lawsuit was supported by timber industry folks as well as other counties. 4 ) briefings filed by the state in defense of the plan were such that it was very unlikely that the state would defend the plan. perhaps most telling - during initial arguments the state attorney sat at the same table as the attorney bringing the lawsuit against the state while intervening attorneys sat at a separate table. 5 ) dnr staff began an active lobby effort to attempt to get the state legislature to pass legislation dismantling the plan 6 ) dnr staff started negotiations with at least on private timber company to exchange forests trust lands out of the watershed. with these various threats against the protections required by landscape plan, whatcom county began considering taking over management of these lands as a large forest reserve park. the county could have simply requested reconveyance at that time, but decided that the best approach would be to do an additional land exchange between the various state trust lands in the watershed and the forest board lands in the watershed with the idea that a blocking up the forest board lands as a coherent block and the state trust lands as a coherent block would make better sense for management of the forest preserve park and state trust lands. steps towards reconveyance the county passed a budget line item to fund the process of an intertrust transfer in late 2006. in late 2007 the dnr and the county reached an agreement to work together on the trust land transfers. a final agreement between the dnr and whatcom county was approved in early 2008. it took until 2010 before a final contract approving the work necessary was approved by the county council. the needed assessments of timber value and surveys were completed in 2011 and the proposed intertrust exchange was presented to the board of natural resources in october 2011. the board.... punted ( washington - state - board - of - natural ). the board wanted to know if whatcom county really still wanted to complete the reconveyance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47828268245156735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.955296"} {"text": "to the board of natural resources in october 2011. the board.... punted ( washington - state - board - of - natural ). the board wanted to know if whatcom county really still wanted to complete the reconveyance. yes, whatcom county really wants a park in late may of 2012 the whatcom county council voted 5 - 2 whatcom - county - council - moves - forwardto send a letter to the board of natural resources essentially saying that yes, whatcom county wants to take over management of the county forest board lands in the lake whatcom watershed. one of the potential snags in support for the park involved the mount baker school district. there was an issue of lost revenue to the school district. the loss was frequently was presented as a much larger loss that it really is, but regardless the county council felt a fair bit of sympathy to this rural school district. the problem for the county was there was no means to gift money to the district. whatcom land trust stepped in and arranged an anonymous donation to the district that far exceeds the forest revenue the district would have received and can be utilized in a much more flexible manner. this generous contribution won over the district ' s support for the park. the last steps the issue now will go before the board of natural resources - likely in july. the board has an option to approve or not approve the intertrust transfer between forest board lands and state trust lands. once the exchange is approved the board must approve the reconveyance. i tried to present this history in a fairly neutral manner. but anyone that has followed this would never really believe what i presented as neutral. i first became involved in public lands forestry issues in 1998 when i was asked by linda marron and jamie berg to review a forest road proposal by the dnr. i wrote a report on that proposal and testified at the state legislature hearings on the lake whatcom bills. i also served on the lake whatcom landscape committee. my interpretations of the various threats to the landscape plan presented above led me to believe that the best solution to public forest land management in the lake whatcom watershed was reconveyance. i whole heartily supported the reconveyance and express great appreciation to those that supported this idea and have brought it so far forward with particular mention to : jamie berg and linda marron who would not let an issue go ; conservation northwest that provided technical support throughout with particular efforts by lisa mcshane, mitch friedman and seth cool ; dewey desler, whatcom county", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4575210926095444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.956570"} {"text": "far forward with particular mention to : jamie berg and linda marron who would not let an issue go ; conservation northwest that provided technical support throughout with particular efforts by lisa mcshane, mitch friedman and seth cool ; dewey desler, whatcom county administrator who reacted with great enthusiasm to the idea when it was first suggested ; pete kremen, whatcom county executive and then later county council person steadfastly supported the landscape plan and then put all his political efforts into supporting the park plan ; mike mcfarlane, whatcom county parks director managed the transfer process and park planning to perfection and became the best possible authoritative spokesman for the park ; whatcom land trust and rand jack as well as the anonymous donor, they stepped up and resolved the issue of revenue concerns at the mount bake school district ; laurie caskey - schriber, carl weimer and seth fleetwod, whatcom county council members that supported the park idea from the very beginning in 2006 - the park would never have moved forward without their unhesitating support ; ken mann, whatcom council supported moving forward with the park throughout his tenure on the council and lastly and in a way the most satisfying : sam crawford and kathy kershner, whatcom county council members. both supported moving forward with the contract for the intertrust exchange and in a way kathy kershner said it as well as anyone when she voted for the park \u201c it \u2019 s going to be a beautiful place for generations that will come after us to go to and recreate, \u201d she said, \u201c and i think that \u2019 s important that we sometimes do things just because it \u2019 s a beautiful area and we want to keep it that way. \u201d dan mcshane is an engineering geologist with stratum group, a geology and environmental consulting company based in bellingham, washington. dan has been reading washington state landscapes since driving across the horse heaven hills with his father and brother in 1970. dan ' s wife has started painting washington landscapes. the intent of this blog is to help all washington travelers better understand the landscapes we see and share field observations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4706880675055206, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.957779"} {"text": "4. 2. 1 genetic defects in lactose metabolism a deficiency of the brush border enzyme lactase gives rise to a condition named lactose intolerance, found frequently in people of east asian descent past their infant age. if lactose is not cleaved, it cannot be absorbed, so it makes its way down the drain from the small into the large intestine. many of the bacteria found there have the capacity to metabolize lactose, which they convert to acids and gas1. this leads to abdominal discomfort and diarrhea. since the environment in the large intestine lacks oxygen, hydrogen ( h2 ) generated in the bacterial fermentation is not oxidized but instead released as such, and in part is exhaled ( figure 4. 2. 1 - 1 ). an increase in exhaled hydrogen upon ingestion of lactose can be used to diagnose the condition. treatment consists in omission of lactose in the diet. milk can be pre - treated with purified bacterial \u03b2 - galactosidase, rendering it suitable for consumption by lactose - intolerant individuals. fermented milk products such as yoghurt and cheese are depleted of lactose by bacterial fermentation and therefore do not pose a problem for lactose - intolerant individuals. other metabolic defects resemble those occurring in fructose metabolism. two different enzyme defects are known ; somewhat confusingly, they are both referred to as galactosemia, which means ' galactose in the blood '. - a defect of galactokinase. in this case, galactose is simply not metabolized at all ; it builds up in the blood and will mostly be eliminated in the urine. the liver will not be affected ; however, there is a complication elsewhere : cataract ( cloudiness of the lens of the eye ). this is believed to occur by reduction of galactose to galactitol by aldose reductase ( see below ). - a defect of galactose - 1 - phosphate uridyltransferase. in this case, the situation resembles that outlined above for fructose intolerance : atp is depleted in the liver cells, because phosphate is trapped in galactose - 1 - phosphate, and severe liver damage results. 1 : escherichia coli for example performs a ' mixed acid fermentation '. one of the products of this fermentation is formic acid ( hcooh )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4726345542522217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.963093"} {"text": "a guest post by basil copeland like many of anthony \u2019 s readers here on wuwt, i \u2019 ve been riveted by all the revelations and ongoing discussion and analysis of the crutape letters\u2122 ( with appropriate props to wuwt \u2019 s \u201c ctm \u201d ). it might be hard to imagine that anyone could add to what has already been said, but i am going to try. it might also come as a surprise, to those who reckon me for a skeptic, that i do not think that anything was revealed that suggests that the global temperature data set maintained by cru was irreparably damaged by these revelations. we \u2019 ve known all along that the data may be biased by poor siting issues, handling of station dropout, or inadequate treatment of uhi effects. but nothing was revealed that suggests that the global temperature data sets are completely bogus, or unreliable. i will return to the figure at the top of this post below, but i want to introduce another figure to illustrate the previous assertion : this figure plots smoothed seasonal differences ( year to year differences in monthly anomalies ) for the four major global temperature data sets : hadcrut, giss, uah and rss. with the exception of the starting months of the satellite era ( uah and rss ), and to a lesser degree the starting months of giss, there is remarkable agreement between the four data sets \u2013 where they overlap \u2013 especially with respect to the cyclical pattern of natural climate variation. this coherence gives me confidence that while there may be problems with the land - sea data sets, they accurately reflect the general course of natural climate variation over the period for which we have instrumental data. while we need to continue to insist upon open access to the data and methods used to chronicle global and regional climate variation, and refine the process to remove the biases which may be present from trying to make the data fit the narrative of co2 induced global warming, it would be wrong to conclude that the \u201c crutape letters \u201d prove that global warming does not exist. that has never really been the issue. the issue has been the extent of warming ( have the data been distorted in a way that would overstate the degree of warming? ), the extent to which it is the result of natural climate variation ( as opposed to human influences ), and the extent to which it owes to human influences other than the burning of fossil fuels ( such as land use / land cover changes, urban heat islands, etc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5016511453047081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.971418"} {"text": "which it is the result of natural climate variation ( as opposed to human influences ), and the extent to which it owes to human influences other than the burning of fossil fuels ( such as land use / land cover changes, urban heat islands, etc. ). and flowing from this, the issue has been whether we really know enough to justify the kind of massive government programs said to be necessary to forestall climate catastrophe. figure 2 plots the composite smooth against the backdrop of the monthly seasonal differences of the four global temperature data sets : many readers may recognize the familiar episodes of warming and cooling associated with enso and volcanic activity in the preceding figure. with a little more smoothing, we get a pattern like that depicted in figure 3, which other readers may notice looks a lot like the cycles that anthony and i have attributed to lunar and solar influences ( they are the same ) : in either case, the thing to note is that over time climate goes through repetitive episodes of warming and cooling. you have to look closely on figures 2 and 3 \u2013 it is much clearer in figure 1 \u2013 but episodes of warming exist when the smooth is above zero, and cooling episodes exist when the smooth is below zero. remember, by design, the smooth is not a plot of the temperature itself, but of the trend in the temperature, i. e. the year to year change in monthly temperatures. the intent is to demonstrate and delineate the range of natural climate variation in global temperatures. it shows, in effect, the trend in the trend \u2013 up and down over time, with natural regularity, while perhaps also trending generally upward over time. which brings us to figure 1. here we are focusing in on the last 30 years, and a forecast to 2050 derived by a simple linear regression through the ( composite ) smooth of figure 3. ( standard errors have been adjusted for serial correlation. ) there has been an upward trend in the global temperature trend, and when this is projected out to 2050, the average is 0. 114\u00b0c per decade \u00b1 0. 440\u00b0c per decade. yes, you read that right : \u00b1 0. 440\u00b0c per decade. broad enough to include both the worst imaginations of the ipcc and the cru crowd, as well as negative growth rates, i. e. global cooling. because if the truth be told, natural climate variation is so \u2013 well, variable \u2013 that no one can say with any kind of certainty what the future holds with respect to climate change. be skeptical of any statistical claims", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5304278781668559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.972581"} {"text": "i. e. global cooling. because if the truth be told, natural climate variation is so \u2013 well, variable \u2013 that no one can say with any kind of certainty what the future holds with respect to climate change. be skeptical of any statistical claims to the contrary. i think we can say, however, with reasonable certainty, that earth \u2019 s climate will remain variable, and that this will frustrate the effort to blame climate change on co2 induced agw. noted on the image at the top of this post is a quote from kevin trenberth from the crutape letters\u2122 : \u201c the fact is that we cannot account for the lack of warmth at the moment, and it is a travesty that we can \u2019 t. \u201d trenberth betrays a subtle bias here \u2013 he cannot acknowledge the recent period of global cooling. it is, rather, \u201c a lack of warmth. \u201d but he is right that it is a \u201c travesty \u201d that we cannot fully account for the ebb and flow of earth \u2019 s energy balance, and ultimately, climate change. i think trenberth just sees it as a lack of monitoring methods or devices. but i think there still remains a considerable lack of knowledge, or understanding, about the mechanics of natural climate variation. if you look carefully at figure 1, you will notice that there seem to be upper and lower limits to the range of natural climate variability. on the scale depicted in figure 1 ( the scale is different with other degrees of smoothing ), when warming reaches a limit of approximately 0. 08 - 0. 10\u00b0c per year, the warming slows down, and eventually a period of cooling takes place, always with the space of just a few years. homeostasis, anyone? while phenomenon like enso are the effect of this regularity in natural climate variation, they are not the cause of it. in my opinion, what is the real travesty of the global warming ideology is the hijacking of climate science in the service of a research agenda that has prevented science from investigating the full range of natural climate variation, because that would be an inconvenient truth. we see this, quite clearly, in the crutape letters\u2122 where the medieval warm period is just \u201c putative, \u201d and a rather inconvenient truth that needs to be suppressed. or the \u201c 1940 \u2032 s blip \u201d that implies that global temperatures increased just as rapidly in the early part of the 20th century, as they did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5243431418184501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.973757"} {"text": "just \u201c putative, \u201d and a rather inconvenient truth that needs to be suppressed. or the \u201c 1940 \u2032 s blip \u201d that implies that global temperatures increased just as rapidly in the early part of the 20th century, as they did at the end of the 20th century, an inconvenient truth at odds with the narrative preferred by the ipcc. it is a truism that \u201c climate varies on all time scales. \u201d with respect to the variability demonstrated here, i \u2019 m convinced that someday it will be acknowledged that variability on this scale is dominated by lunar and solar influences. on longer scales, such as the ebb and flow from the medieval warm period, through the little ice age, and now into the \u201c modern warm period, \u201d i do not think climate science yet has any real understanding of the underlying causes of such climate change. if we are, as seems possible, on the verge of a dalton or maunder type minimum in solar activity, we may eventually have an answer to whether solar activity can account for centennial scale changes in earth \u2019 s climate. and i do think it is reasonable to conclude, at the margin, that human activity has had some influence. it is hard to imagine population growing from one to six billion over the past one and a half centuries without some effect. most likely, the effect is on local and regional scales, but this might add up to a discernible impact on global temperature. but until all of the forces that determine the full range of natural climate variability are understood better than they are now, there is no scientific justification for the massive overhaul of economic and government structures being promoted under the guise of climate change, or global warming.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5413256377206608, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.974738"} {"text": "scientific american published an article summarizing what i \u2019 ve written about for a couple of years : the ipcc \u2019 s projections aren \u2019 t 100 % correct. gasp \u2013 the horror! but, contrary to what skeptics think, the direction the ipcc \u2019 s reports were wrong are opposite of what they claim. the projections time and again underestimated future changes. i think a valid complaint, and one i \u2019 ve made many times myself, is that the ipcc process is too conservative \u2013 it takes too long to get the kind of consensus they \u2019 re looking for. rapidly changing conditions are not well handled by the ipcc process. when there is conflicting evidence of something, the ipcc has tended to say nothing in an effort not to upset anybody. the good news is there are indications this is changing. the list : this is the biggest one. too many studies focused on moderate emission pathways, when yearly updates showed our actual emissions were on the high range of those considered by the ipcc. i actually posted on this two days ago : co2 emissions continue to track at top of ipcc range. this has implications for every other process that follows. more accurately, energy in the climate system is the variable of interest. it is easy to point out that temperatures since 2000 haven \u2019 t increased as much as projected. it is also easy to compare observed trends since 1980 and claim ar4 models over - predicted temperature rise. this conflates a couple of issues : the ar4 wasn \u2019 t used to project since 1980. more importantly, the difference between observed trends since 1980 and projected temperatures from half of the ar4 models was less than 0. 04\u00b0c ( 0. 072\u00b0f ). that \u2019 s pretty darned small. with respect to the trend since 2000, the real issue is energy gain. the vast majority of energy has accumulated in the oceans : more specifically, if the heat is transported quickly to the deep ocean ( > 2000ft ), the sea surface temperature doesn \u2019 t increase rapidly. nor does atmosphere or land temperatures change. this is true at least in the short - term. when the ocean transports this heat from the deep back to the surface, we should be able to more easily measure that heat. put simply, the temporary hiatus of temperature rise is just that : temporary. are we prepared for when that hiatus ends? the relatively small increase in near - surface air and land temperatures is thus explained. the ipcc never claimed the 4. 3\u00b0 to 11. 5\u00b0f temperature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5113048439660715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.983026"} {"text": "temperature rise is just that : temporary. are we prepared for when that hiatus ends? the relatively small increase in near - surface air and land temperatures is thus explained. the ipcc never claimed the 4. 3\u00b0 to 11. 5\u00b0f temperature rise ( ar4 projection ) would happen by 2020 \u2013 it is likely to happen by 2100. expect more synergy between projected temperatures and observed temperatures in the coming years. also remember that climate is made up of long - term weather observations. additionally, aerosols emitted by developing nations have been observed to reflect some of the incoming solar radiation back to space. once these aerosols precipitate out of the atmosphere or are not emitted at some point in the future, the absorption of longwave radiation by the remaining greenhouse gases will be more prominent. the higher the concentration of gases, the more radiation will be absorbed and the faster the future temperature rise is likely to be. these aerosols are thus masking the signal that would otherwise be measured if they weren \u2019 t present. 3. arctic meltdown this is the big story of 2012. the arctic sea ice melted in summer 2012 to a new record low : an area the size of the united states melted this year! even as late as 2007 ( prior to the previous record - low melt ), the ipcc projected that arctic ice wouldn \u2019 t decrease much until at least 2050. instead, we \u2019 re decades ahead of this projection \u2013 despite only a relatively small global temperature increase in the past 25 years ( 0. 15\u00b0c or so ). what will happen when temperatures increase by multiple degrees centigrade? 4. ice sheets these are the land - based sheets, which are melting up to 100 years faster than the ipcc \u2019 s first three reports. 2007 \u2032 s report was the first to identify more rapid ice sheet melt. the problem is complex cryospheric dynamics. understandably, the most remote and inhospitable regions on earth are the least studied. duh. that \u2019 s changing, with efforts like the fourth international polar year, the results of which are still being studied and published. needless to say, modern instrumentation and larger field campaigns have resulted in advances in polar knowledge. 5. sea level rise it \u2019 s nice being relevant. i just posted something new on this yesterday : noaa sea - level rise report issued \u2013 dec 2012. the 3. 3mm of sea - level rise per year is higher than the 2001 report \u2019 s projection of 2mm per year. integrated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4621486267658119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.984073"} {"text": ". i just posted something new on this yesterday : noaa sea - level rise report issued \u2013 dec 2012. the 3. 3mm of sea - level rise per year is higher than the 2001 report \u2019 s projection of 2mm per year. integrated over 100 years, that 1mm difference results in 4 \u2033 more slr. but again, with emission and energy underestimates, the 3. 3mm rate of slr is expected to increase in future decades, according to the latest research. again, another mm per year results in another 4 \u2033 100 years from now. factors affecting slr that the ipcc didn \u2019 t address in 2007 includes global ocean warming ( warmer water takes up more volume ), faster ice sheet melt, and faster glacial melt. additionally, feedback mechanisms are still poorly understood and therefore not well represented in today \u2019 s state - of - the - art models. 6. ocean acidification the first 3 ipcc reports didn \u2019 t even mention this effect. in the past 250 years, ocean acidity has increased by 30 % \u2013 not a trivial amount! as the article points out, research on this didn \u2019 t even start until after 2000. 7. thawing tundra another area that is not well - studied and therefore not well understood. the mechanics and processes need to be observed so they can be modeled more effectively. 1. 5 trillion tons of carbon are locked away in the currently frozen tundra. if these regions thaw, as is likely since the arctic has observed the most warming to date, methane could be released to the atmosphere. since methane acts as a more efficient ghg over short time frames, this could accelerate short - term warming much more quickly than projected ( see temperatures above ). the sciam article points out the ar5, to be released next year, will once again not include projections on this topic. 8. tipping points this is probably the most controversial aspect of this list. put simply, no one knows where potential tipping points exist, if they do at all. the only way we \u2019 re likely to find out about tipping points is by looking in the past some day in the future. by then, of course, moving back to other side of the tipping point will be all but impossible on any time - frame relevant to people alive then. there are plenty of problems with the unfccc \u2019 s ipcc process. underestimation of critical variables is but one problem plaguing it. blame it on scientists who, by training, are very conservative in their projections", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4952067243907599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.985023"} {"text": "marc buie of the lowell observatory describes observations of pluto in 1996 and their comparison with the 1994 observations that were reported in a 1996 press release. they showed structure on pluto ' s surface. he has also compiled a list of \" good pluto www pages, \" assigning grades of a + to c for them. jpl continues to plan a pluto express mission to arrive at pluto approximately ad 2010 to make close - up observations and to measure pluto ' s atmosphere before it freezes out and settles onto the surface. the discovery of over a dozen objects orbiting the sun beyond neptune ' s orbit makes pluto less special. the observational status of pluto is discussed in the text, as well as the question \" is pluto a planet? \" over a dozen published sources refer to pluto as something less than a planet, but clyde tombaugh is quoted in a summary article in usa today ( march 4, 1996, pp. 1 - 2 ) as saying \" pluto is far bigger than any asteroid.... the kids want pluto to be a planet. i get hundreds of letters. [ talk of demoting pluto ] makes them mad. \" my own position? i have an interest in history and historical astronomy, and that sways me to the side of still saying that we have nine planets, with pluto as one of them. kaare aksnes, president of the international astronomical union ' s panel on nomenclature, is quoted in the same usa today article as saying, \" i ' m pretty sure all the members would be against demoting pluto in this way. \" even though the latest data minimize the importance of pluto on a planetary scale, aksnes continues, \" we would do pluto and tombaugh an injustice and create confusion if we were to reclassify pluto now. i believe that most people, be they astronomers or not, \" would agree. \" though the aksnes committee does not actually have authority to decide the issue, it is perhaps the nearest to the topic of iau committees. the hubble space telescope has imaged pluto for the first time at sufficiently high resolution that we can see surface features. the resolution on pluto is about 100 km, so there are two dozen pixels across the image. the two views show opposite hemispheres. we cannot know exactly what the dark and light areas are. they may be basins or impact craters. probably, most of the light regions on the surface are regions of frost. these regions would change with pluto ' s seasons. a movie is also available showing pluto ' s rotation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5216346923935352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.988485"} {"text": "parents need to know that bully is a no - holds - barred documentary that intimately portrays bullying victims \u2019 daily lives. while it \u2019 s often heartbreaking and deals with tough issues like suicide, the movie addresses an incredibly important, timely topic \u2014 bullying \u2014 in a frank, relatable way that \u2019 s age appropriate for teens and relevant for middle schoolers if an adult is present to guide discussion. bully \u2018 s strong language ( including a brutal, profanity - laden scene in which one boy says to another that he \u2019 ll \u201c shove a broomstick up your a \u2013 \u201d and \u201c cut your face off and s \u2013 t \u201d ) earned it an r rating, but none of the swearing is gratuitous. like it or not, it \u2019 s a realistic portrayal of what every middle schooler and older hears every day. this gives the film veracity and credibility with kids, and it will justifiably shock parents. conceptually, bully \u2018 s most challenging material isn \u2019 t just the language, but the suicides. seeing grieving parents and friends could potentially be upsetting to teens and preteens, so they should definitely watch with adults. bully also addresses the concepts of cutting, physical abuse, and more, but in a way that presents the consequences as well as the behavior itself. victims \u2019 parents are generally portrayed as supportive and loving, while school administrators come off in a much less positive light. ultimately, bully encourages kids to stand up to bullies, not stand by, and reinforces the fact that everyone can make a difference when it comes to this essential issue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4094071905018536, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:55.991029"} {"text": "a new study adds to growing evidence that the complications of diabetes may extend to the brain, causing declines in memory, attention and other cognitive skills. the new research showed that over the course of about a decade, elderly men and women with diabetes \u2014 primarily type 2, the form of the disease related to obesity and inactivity \u2014 had greater drops in cognitive test scores than other people of a similar age. the more poorly managed their disease, the greater the deterioration in mental function. and the declines were seen not just in those with advanced diabetes. the researchers found that people who did not have diabetes at the start of the study but developed it later on also deteriorated to a greater extent than those without the disease. \u201c what we \u2019 ve shown is a clear association with diabetes and cognitive aging in terms of the slope and the rate of decline on these cognitive tests, \u201d said dr. kristine yaffe, a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the university of california, san francisco. \u201c that \u2019 s very powerful. \u201d while correlation does not equal causation and the relationship between diabetes and brain health needs further study, the findings, if confirmed, could have significant implications for a large segment of the population. nationwide, nearly a third of americans over the age of 65, or roughly 11 million people, have diabetes. by 2034, about 15 million medicare - eligible americans are expected to have the disease. previous studies have shown that type 2 diabetes correlates with a higher risk of alzheimer \u2019 s disease and dementia later in life. but how one leads to the other has not been well understood. while some scientists speculate that inflammation and vascular damage caused by chronically high blood sugar levels over many years is the culprit, findings from research have been inconsistent. and until now, little was known about the effect, if any, that newly diagnosed diabetes would have on cognitive function. in the new study, published in archives of neurology, dr. yaffe and her colleagues relied on extensive data from the health, aging and body composition project, or health abc, a long - running study of white and black older adults living in pittsburgh and tennessee. the researchers looked at 3, 069 people, many of them in their 70s. when the study began, 23 percent of the subjects had diabetes. and 5 percent were free of diabetes at the outset but went on to develop it later. while the researchers did not distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, they said that given the average age of the subjects, about 74,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.447429103454552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.000436"} {"text": "subjects had diabetes. and 5 percent were free of diabetes at the outset but went on to develop it later. while the researchers did not distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, they said that given the average age of the subjects, about 74, most if not all had type 2 diabetes. over the course of the research, the subjects were repeatedly given cognitive tests that looked at things like their memory, their coordination, dexterity and ability to concentrate, as well as their overall mental health. at the start of the study, those who already had diabetes had slightly lower baseline scores than the subjects who did not have the disease. but nine years later, the gap in cognitive test scores had widened significantly between those with and without diabetes. the differences remained even after the researchers adjusted their results for the effects of age, race, sex and education. they also found that the subjects who were free of diabetes at the beginning of the study but developed it later on had scores that fell between those of the other two groups. the researchers then delved further by looking at the effect of poor glucose control. in this case, they took measures of something called glycosylated hemoglobin. unlike traditional blood sugar tests, which provide a momentary snapshot of a person \u2019 s glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin gives doctors a much broader picture, providing an idea of blood sugar management over the course of weeks. it is considered one of the best ways for doctors to assess the progress of diabetes treatment. in the new study, higher measures of the compound, which indicate poorer control of blood glucose levels, were the best predictor of cognitive decline. the findings suggest that more aggressive approaches to managing and especially preventing diabetes in midlife or before may help stave off mental declines in large segments of the population. but dr. yaffe warned that doctors should be cautious about lowering blood sugar levels too far in elderly diabetics, since they are especially vulnerable to the effects of hypoglycemia. \u201c there \u2019 s this idea that the better your glucose control, the better off you are in terms of trying to prevent complications of diabetes, \u201d she said. \u201c but in older people it \u2019 s a slippery slope. the elderly are more sensitive to hypoglycemia, they \u2019 ve got other medications that may interact, and they \u2019 ve got other conditions. \u201d \u201c when you lower their blood sugar levels too aggressively, \u201d she added, \u201c you might do more harm than good. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46981761620162954, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.003226"} {"text": "being in the fitness field, we hear excuse after excuse as to why people skip exercising. it \u2019 s not that we aren \u2019 t interested in your life and stressors, but we do not want you to feel obligated to explain yourself. life happens, as any understanding person should know, and sometimes we just can \u2019 t do it all. but don \u2019 t think you \u2019 re off the hook from exercising. the reasoning behind your skipping out is important. i always tell the apologetic exercisers that it \u2019 s okay to miss a day, as long as they weren \u2019 t sitting on the couch eating ice cream right out of the container or sulking in bed. however, if you were doing something along the lines of getting together with friends, cheering on your child at a ball game, volunteering in the community, or organizing and cleaning your home, missing a workout is not the end of the world. there is much more to wellness than exercise and diet, and it is important to keep a balance between all of the components to ensure optimal health. seven defined dimensions of wellness are integrated and work together to help create who we are. if one of them is out of balance, it can infringe on the other dimensions that contribute to creating a \u201c whole you. \u201d take some time to analyze the following dimensions in your life : - spiritual : the development of a strong sense of values, ethics, and morals. it is the feeling that there is meaning in life, which may or may not have a religious inference. - intellectual : the ability to effectively learn and use information for development. this dimension increases openness to new ideas and maintains creativity and curiosity. - environmental : the understanding of the impact of your interaction with nature and your personal environment, which will help improve the standard of living in the community. - social : the ability to feel connected and participate in your community and enhance your well - being through relationships with family, friends, and coworkers. - emotional : the ability to control stress and appropriately express yourself, leading to positive self - esteem and meeting life \u2019 s challenges. - occupational / vocational : the ability to find and create a balance between work and play by matching your values with interests and utilizing talents in your world. - physical : the ability of the body to properly and effectively function by staying active and avoiding harmful habits in order to accept uniqueness and improve health. as long as you are contributing to and feeding these other dimensions equally, there is no need to be overwhelmed with guilt for not hopping on an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48762033863199017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.024485"} {"text": "to properly and effectively function by staying active and avoiding harmful habits in order to accept uniqueness and improve health. as long as you are contributing to and feeding these other dimensions equally, there is no need to be overwhelmed with guilt for not hopping on an elliptical for 30 minutes. be conscious of your decisions and don \u2019 t punish yourself for missing a workout, because exercise can quickly become a chore if we shift our mind in that direction. feed your wellness with all dimensions, and if you are falling out of balance in your physical wellness, search for an activity you enjoy. be active, be healthy, be you. what are some challenges in developing group fitness classes for active older adults? one of the hardest things for me is that there is a wide variety in exercise knowledge and ability. for example, you might have someone who has never exercised a day in their life sitting next to someone who has been exercising in a gym for decades. or, you may have someone in their middle 60s next to someone who is 85 with two knee replacements. to overcome these challenges, make sure that you give both a progressive and regressive option for each exercise that you are teaching. allow the individuals to experiment with what works for them. each individual will choose how hard they want to make the exercise, but it is the instructor \u2019 s responsibility to ensure they are able to complete the exercise in a safe and effective manner for their varying ability levels. encourage the participants to try new exercises, but also let people know that it \u2019 s okay to progress slowly over several weeks or months. the most important aspect is that they keep moving and have fun while feeling accomplished at an appropriate intensity level for their needs. use visual and verbal cues each individual will learn in his or her own way. make sure that you not only show them a visual demonstration but also use verbal cueing that may help them. at this age, some of your residents may not see well and others may not hear well. pick out key words or moves that may help them remember from one class to the next. explain why they are doing the exercise it is also important to educate senior fitness participants on why they are doing different exercises. describe the reason for the exercise, the muscle group being worked, and how it should feel while performing the exercise. this can help participants become more in tune with their bodies and may help prevent injury if they develop improved body awareness. for example when cueing upright rows, explain to the participants that the exercise can help improve their posture because it engages the muscles of the upper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5273148983719758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.026981"} {"text": "can help participants become more in tune with their bodies and may help prevent injury if they develop improved body awareness. for example when cueing upright rows, explain to the participants that the exercise can help improve their posture because it engages the muscles of the upper back and backside of their shoulders. as you cue them through the movements, explain how to engage the shoulder blades so they can specifically feel and identify where the muscles should be working if the exercise is being done correctly. for someone who does not have a good visual of the exercise being demonstrated, it may provide reassurance that they are performing the exercise correctly if your verbal cueing is matching up with what they are feeling. the new year often provides the fitness industry with a boom of customers hoping to hold true to their resolutions. many of those resolutions often pertain to unrealistic weight - loss goals. older adults exercise for different reasons while we still see a boost in participation at our retirement community fitness centers in the new year, the resolutions are often for a different reason. many older adults exercise to maintain a healthy weight or to try to lose weight, but they understand the value in physical activity beyond vanity. as a fitness professional, it is refreshing to serve the needs of older adults in retirement communities who understand the value of living a physically active lifestyle for their overall health and well - being. when a physically active lifestyle is adopted for the wrong reasons, it can be more difficult to adhere to for the long term. this is likely why the surge in participation in january often trickles off in mid - february at commercial gyms. however, when older adults adopt a physically active lifestyle, particularly one that has been designed for their individual needs, the benefits of that program help them adhere. selling the benefits of exercise in retirement communities in our retirement community fitness centers, our participation levels gain momentum as the year progresses, and we don \u2019 t see that drop in participation. this isn \u2019 t all that surprising. we hear feedback from residents stating they have more energy, less joint pain, improved sleep, an easier time performing adls, and more overall endurance. kick off a motivating incentive program in your retirement community fitness program in the new year to recruit new residents to exercise and inspire existing participants. getting the residents started is half the battle. the benefits of exercise can often sell the adherence component for you! a leader is someone who can guide, direct, or show the way. wouldn \u2019 t you hope the leaders in your life have had experience or are educated on whatever matter they are pressing?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4707476284809784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.028104"} {"text": "benefits of exercise can often sell the adherence component for you! a leader is someone who can guide, direct, or show the way. wouldn \u2019 t you hope the leaders in your life have had experience or are educated on whatever matter they are pressing? take a personal trainer, for instance. you probably want your personal trainer to have a degree in the field of exercise and possibly some certifications to go along with it. and once they have those degrees and certifications, you would hope they practice what they preach and actually exercise on a consistent basis. what about your boss, manager, or supervisor? perhaps they encourage exercise in the workplace to increase productivity and to boost energy around the office. as your supervisor, they are in turn your leader ( at least in the office ). as a leader, you look to them for counsel and guidance. if your supervisor eats fast food for lunch every day and takes numerous smoke breaks, and the only walking he gets is to the vending machine, chances are you \u2019 re not going to listen to him. the point is that leadership has to start at the top. a leader is put in that position to inspire, to rally, and to command your allegiance. if a person cannot do this, he or she should not be in that position. however ( and there \u2019 s always a however ), you are also an individual. even if your supervisor works out every day in the corporate fitness center, that will not help you prevent heart disease. it will not help you shed those unwanted pounds. and if your supervisor quits smoking, your lungs will not get stronger. it is up to you to make positive changes in your life. in a sense, we are all leaders. we each have our own path and we each blaze our own trail. it is up to each and every one of us to lead by example. i leave you with a quote from marianne williamson ( from return to love ). i hope it speaks to you and you become the leader you strive to be. \" our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. it is our light, not our darkness, that frightens us most. we ask ourselves, ' who am i to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, and famous? ' actually, who are you not to be? you are a child of god. your playing small does not serve the world. there is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that people won ' t feel insecure around you. we were born to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5025883314321673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.029258"} {"text": "' actually, who are you not to be? you are a child of god. your playing small does not serve the world. there is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that people won ' t feel insecure around you. we were born to make manifest the glory of god that is within us. it ' s not just in some of us ; it ' s in all of us. and when we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. as we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others. \u201d this blog was written by jenna pearson. meet our blogging fitness specialists at the nifs website. most people would agree that regular exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle, but how much of an impact does physical activity really have on one \u2019 s health and well - being? the american college of sports medicine ( acsm ) has been advocating exercise as medicine since 2008, and when you look at the statistics, the reasoning behind their now - famous exercise is medicinetm initiative becomes clear. studies have shown that regular exercise does the following : - lowers the risk of stroke by 27 percent. - reduces the risk of developing type - 2 diabetes by 58 percent. - reduces the incidence of high blood pressure by approximately 50 percent. - can reduce mortality and the risk of recurrent breast cancer by approximately 50 percent. - can lower the risk of colon cancer by over 60 percent. - can reduce the risk of developing alzheimer \u2019 s disease by approximately 40 percent. - can decrease symptoms of depression as effectively as prozac or behavioral therapy. newer research also suggests that certain exercise provides cognitive benefits. specifically, exer - gaming may delay \u2014 or even prevent \u2014 dementia, and has been shown to improve cognitive function in normal aging. such exer - games include cybercycle by expresso and shadowboxer active. exer - games are also beneficial to physical aspects of health, as they shift one \u2019 s attention from the sometimes monotonous mindset of exercise to the task at hand, allowing them to put forth greater effort. exer - games may also be more enticing for those who are easily bored by traditional exercise, thus helping them to more easily commit to a regular exercise routine. this blog was written by lori griffin. meet our blogging fitness specialists at the nifs website. \u201c exercise is boring \u2026, \u201d \u201c i don \u2019 t have the time \u2026, \u201d or \u201c i don \u2019 t know where to start \u201d are words many have used as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5192167332508104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.030280"} {"text": "lori griffin. meet our blogging fitness specialists at the nifs website. \u201c exercise is boring \u2026, \u201d \u201c i don \u2019 t have the time \u2026, \u201d or \u201c i don \u2019 t know where to start \u201d are words many have used as excuses at some point or another in regard to a fitness routine or lifestyle change. with the emergence of slim it to win it in 2011, nifs sought to squash not one, but all three of those excuses. with the guidance of health and fitness professionals two hours a week, members teamed up to conquer fun, limit - pushing workouts. after experiencing personal successes the first year, members anxiously awaited the return of slim it to win it, and the second run of the program proved to be life - changing once again. slim it is a chance for people to step outside their comfort zones and into a new way of life. with a total weight loss of 635 pounds and 1. 6 percent body fat lost on average, coaches and participants alike celebrated forming new exercise habits and breaking old eating habits. slim it helps participants achieve new fitness levels while the empirical evidence demonstrates the physical success, it is the individual stories that explain the true victories. participants accomplished fitness feats they never thought possible. from kicking their walking pace up to a jog to finally tackling a box jump, participants used the team atmosphere as fuel in their quest to shed some weight. nutrition and healthy eating benefits not only did slim it provide stellar exercise sessions, the program also spurred participants toward healthier eating habits. one participant in particular completely shifted his mindset regarding food. rather than look for convenience at the last minute during lunch breaks, he learned to plan ahead for healthier, more satisfying options. another member lost 26 pounds in the 10 weeks and attests to a true change in her body composition. \u201c i am wearing jeans i have not worn in months! not only did the numbers on the scale change, but i can really see a difference in myself. \u201d the fun of working out as a group in addition to encouraging participants to challenge their fitness boundaries and reset their food mentalities, the program also instills a unique camaraderie among team members. members exchanged numbers and worked out together outside of the team time. even as the program ends each year, participants still connect to keep up their fitness. with slim it, people discover the fun in working out as a group. for example, coaches encouraged participants to log into a calorie - tracking website and when teammates noticed it had been awhile since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48002203510053876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.031325"} {"text": ", participants still connect to keep up their fitness. with slim it, people discover the fun in working out as a group. for example, coaches encouraged participants to log into a calorie - tracking website and when teammates noticed it had been awhile since someone had tracked his or her food intake, teammates made it a point to razz the individual a bit to get back on track. each year with slim it, \u201c teammates \u201d quickly turns into strong friendships rooted in a common lifestyle. a lifetime of fitness results at the start of slim it to win it, 155 people began a 10 - week program that took each of them to a new health and fitness level. with the challenging and encouraging group atmosphere, participants conquered their weight - loss goals. coaches worked to instill new habits so that weight - loss goals were not only achieved, but also maintained. one member comments as to why he chose nifs \u2019 s slim it program two years in a row : \u201c i \u2019 ve been able to maintain the weight loss. in the past the weight would reappear. \u201d combining raw statistics and personal success stories, it is safe to say slim it to win it creates a lifetime of results for nifs members. people always ask me, \" what ' s your secret? \" and i laugh and tell the it ' s no secret. thanks to a huge lifestyle change and the wonderful support system of work buddies, friends, and the body shop ( worksite fitness center ) and it ' s staff ( nifs ) i have lost almost 100 pounds, maybe more! a couple of years ago, the girls i ate lunch with every day decided to lose weight. i had been down the path before and was not excited. i hadn ' t weighed myself in well over a year and had no intention of starting. because my friends were doing it, and i didn ' t want to eat lunch alone, i gave a half hearted effort. i decided to stop drinking regular soda and participate in whatever physical activity they did. and that is exactly what i did, and miraculously my clothes started getting bigger. we were just walking on the treadmill or outside at our lunch time and giving up soda and i could see results. as the initial loss, whatever it was, had slowed because the changes i made were only mild, and as i saw my friends who were already participating in weight watchers begin to lose more rapidly, i wanted to make bigger changes too. so i had to finally weigh myself. by this time, i had started at a size 24", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48333531822846243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.032408"} {"text": "only mild, and as i saw my friends who were already participating in weight watchers begin to lose more rapidly, i wanted to make bigger changes too. so i had to finally weigh myself. by this time, i had started at a size 24 and was now in a 22, and some 20 ' s, but still hadn ' t stepped on a scale. when i finally did i weighed 238 lbs. i cried the entire day, and thought how did i let myself go this far? and so i began to count calories, and changing everything about my life. eventually through regular physical activity, tracking what i ate and counting calories, i have made huge changes. it ' s still a struggle every single day, but when i fall off the wagon, i started again immediately and you know what, the struggle is worth it. i have zero health issues and i can keep up with my kids. i look like a different person and i feel like a different person, a happier, much healthier person. do you have a support system at work to motivate each other to reach your weight loss and health goals? this blog was written by mechelle meadows. meet our blogging fitness specialists at the nifs website. the fact that exercise is beneficial for your health is common knowledge these days. it would be hard to find someone to say that he or she shouldn \u2019 t exercise. the problem lies in mustering up the motivation to begin a routine and stick with it week in and week out. this article provides tips for parents on setting healthy examples for children when it comes to exercise. the ideas could be applicable to anyone, though. one of the most important tips it touches on is to stop thinking of exercise as a chore. we all have never - ending to - do lists, parents especially, but exercise can be a stress relief and something you do to better yourself. yes, it should be planned for, but rather than seeing it as the next chore in your list, think of it as a personal time - out. the article offers other valuable lessons, too \u2014 planning ahead for your exercise, setting realistic goals, and bouncing back from setbacks. as a corporate fitness professional, the advice that struck me the most was the importance of finding your personal motivation or your reason for exercise. knowing that you should isn \u2019 t always going to help you get off the couch, and in fact, can lead to feelings of guilt and shame when an exercise program isn \u2019 t adhered to. material rewards can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45011910777651665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.033481"} {"text": "or your reason for exercise. knowing that you should isn \u2019 t always going to help you get off the couch, and in fact, can lead to feelings of guilt and shame when an exercise program isn \u2019 t adhered to. material rewards can be nice, for instance treating yourself to a massage or a new pair of jeans, but those prizes can also cease to spur you on day after day. an intrinsic desire to be healthy and a personal drive to stay committed yield the best results. as a visual example of motivation, poll some of your corporate fitness center members and ask them what their reasons for exercise are. post this on a bulletin board along with their pictures for all to see as examples of sticking with it! this blog was written by bethany garrity. meet our blogging fitness specialists at the nifs website. investing time and other resources in an employee wellness program as part of your broader business strategy can certainly lower increasing health care costs. active, healthy employees also have fewer hospital admissions and disability claims. providing employees with a corporate fitness center, group exercise classes as well as health seminars to teach them how to choose better health motivates workers to take advantage of what is available. you may also find that you reap other unintended but positive outcomes like improved employee morale through increased networking opportunities between upper management and employees. while a corporate wellness program is primarily voluntary, many will choose to do so if the cost is low or free and if their upper - level executives are motivating them to do so. and that \u2019 s the key : upper - level executive support. simply drafting an email about your newly branded, hot - off - the - press wellness program that \u2019 s designed with the employees in mind is not enough. it \u2019 s a good start, but that \u2019 s it \u2015 it \u2019 s only a starting point. you have to show support with your active participation in the healthy offerings at your organization. you have to actively cheerlead your organization to better health. hire a great team to develop and implement the strategy. but stay tuned in enough to communicate your support in a variety of ways. to help you better visualize the myriad ways you can support organizational well - being, check out our acronym : - s = stop hiding in your corner office ; walk the talk. - u = understand that your employees need to see healthy behavior modeled. - p = put down your smartphone and interact with your employees at a health - related event. - p = pull on the gym shoes and hold a walking meeting. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4744781129478607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.034682"} {"text": "talk. - u = understand that your employees need to see healthy behavior modeled. - p = put down your smartphone and interact with your employees at a health - related event. - p = pull on the gym shoes and hold a walking meeting. - o = open up about your results at your company \u2019 s screening events and then commit to your own plan for improving or maintaining your health. - r = remove barriers for your c - suite leaders by encouraging wellness - focused goals as part of their performance bonuses. - t = tune into what your employees need to be successful and then leverage your creative organizational leaders to create those opportunities through your wellness strategy. this blog was written by sarah harriman. meet our blogging fitness specialists at the nifs website. a quick glance around the fitness center and you \u2019 ll see dozens of people, each with a different goal drawing them in to exercise. what motivates these people to come in the door and keep them coming back day after day? motivation can be both extrinsic ( \u201c my wife made me come to the gym \u201d ) and intrinsic ( \u201c i want to go to the gym \u201d ). while both may be effective short term, someone in it for the long haul needs to tap into his or her inner self. if you feel like you \u2019 re lacking that inner drive, try these ideas : - healthy competition : make bets with friends and family. who can lose the most weight in a month? if you \u2019 re an athlete, find local events or races. or, make bets with yourself. how many days in a row can you be physically active? - specific goals : not seeing improvement can be a leading contributor to lack of motivation. take a look at your goals and make sure they are specific and measurable. instead of \u201c i want to lose weight, \u201d try \u201c i will lose 10 pounds before december 1. \u201d or, modify \u201c i want to be a faster runner \u201d to \u201c i will decrease my 5k time by 10 seconds before september 30. \u201d with clear goals you \u2019 ll feel like you \u2019 re making progress and you \u2019 ll be less likely to be discouraged. - a vision : where do you see yourself as it relates to your goal? keep track of how your actions contribute to that vision. be honest and record your thoughts daily on a notepad or in a journal. - motivation loves company : sharing your goal with a friend can help build your confidence and build on successes. finding a buddy to partake in your goal not only adds a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5322133742261963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.035896"} {"text": "this blog post is sponsored by adt. as a parent, nothing is more important than keeping your child safe, but this can be a difficult job if you work full time. remember that safety starts at home. so if you have to leave your kids at home unsupervised, it \u2019 s important to talk to them about how to respond to people at the door or on the phone. instruct them to always keep the doors locked and to never answer the door unless they know the person. you should also make sure that children know that they shouldn \u2019 t let phone callers know they are by themselves. with regular reports of students being abducted or attacked by bullies or criminals on their way to and from school, it \u2019 s vital to make sure there is an adult with your child at all times outside the home. having watchful adults along school routes will help keep your child safe. if you have to leave for work before your kids head off to school, ask a trusted neighbor to walk them to and from the bus stop. you can also work with school officials to request that extra police patrols be present in the 30 minutes before and after school, and reach out to local neighborhood watch groups and ask them to provide volunteers to keep an eye on kids as they walk to school each morning and afternoon. if you have decided that your child is old enough to venture into the world without an adult, prepare them by walking through your neighborhood together and pointing out safe areas and potentially dangerous places. show them where to go if they ever need help and tell them to let you know who they are with and how you can reach them at all times. you can help keep your children safe by arming them with the knowledge and tools they need to navigate the world safely on their own.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4289161915446347, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.037981"} {"text": "the 4th world heritage youth forum focusing on the implementation of the world heritage convention was held from 10 to 20 june 2012 in alcala de henares ( madrid ) and mollina, ( malaga ). forty - six young people aged from 12 to 15 years old, with spanish as a common language, attended from colombia, chile, croatia, ecuador, france, germany, honduras, mexico, panama, paraguay, peru, romania, russia, spain and the united states, representing world heritage sites of their countries. the activity was carried out in line with the patrimonio joven program of the spanish ministry of education, culture and sports and under framework of the world heritage education programme. it began in 2009 when spain hosted the 33rd session of the unesco world heritage committee and organized the 1st ibero - american world heritage youth forum. this year, the event was held as part of the celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the world heritage convention. the 4th world heritage youth forum benefited from the collaboration between the ministry of education, culture and sport, as organizer of the meeting, la comunidad de madrid, and el instituto de la juventud ( injuve ) of the spanish ministry of health, social services and equality. the 10 - day program included conferences, site visits, round table discussions, debates and participative workshops where participants discovered world heritage sites in spain and developed their own ideas for heritage conservation. in addition, an extensive program of participatory workshops was scheduled in order to encourage participants to discuss heritage so that the working sessions would produce, through a collective construction methodology, high - quality content that could later be used in heritage education materials. - what is heritage workshop where the 46 young participants started with individual reflection and working together to reached a single definition of heritage. - foropedia glossary workshop in which young people worked on their own definitions of the following terms : communication. conservation, community, identity, culture and heritage. - the whys of heritage workshop where participants, confronted with ideas, argue the 5 c ' s ( community, communications, capacities, conservation and credibility ) defined by unesco as strategic guidelines for the effective implementation of the world heritage convention. - actions for heritage communication workshop to define a subject and an action related to local heritage that the participants should carry out on their return to their communities. - during the forum, the participants took turns to give a presentation of the world heritage site in their country, emphasizing their personal relationship with the site and how this is reflected in their family and school.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4605528600174027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.041167"} {"text": "tutorial : one way anova from howto wiki there are two main modes of datasets in statistics - indexed and raw. when you perform an analysis, you do not need to use the whole dataset, so origin provides several ways to select data. for example, you can use the interactive regional data selector button to graphically select the data or you can use the column browser dialog to make your selection. in this tutorial, you ' ll use the analysis of variance ( anova ) statistical test, to learn how to use these two different modes of data to perform analysis and how to select data by using the column browser dialog. anova is a kind of parametric method for means comparison and is an extension of t - test. when there are more than two groups to be compared, pairwise t - test is not appropriate and anova should be used. anova requires normality and equal variance. otherwise, non - parametric analysis should be used. minimum origin version required : origin 8. 0 sr6 what you will learn this tutorial will show you how to : - use different input data mode on statistical analysis dialog - test normality for special part of dataset - perform one - way anova - select data by column browser origin can calculate anova in indexed as well as raw data mode. for one - way anova, when using indexed mode, data should be organized in two columns : one for factor and the other for data. when using raw data mode, the different levels are in different columns. indexed data mode nitrogen content has been recorded in milligrams for 4 kinds of plant, and we are interested in whether different plants have different nitrogen content. we will perform one - way anova using index data mode for this example. - start with a new workbook and import the file \\ samples \\ statistics \\ nitrogen. txt. make sure you select. txt from the drop - down menu files of type. first, we should perform a normality test on each group of data to determine if they are from a normal distribution. - highlight the first column, right - click and select sort worksheet from the worksheet menu and choose ascending. - highlight the second column from row 1 to row 20 - which belongs to \" plant1 \" - and open the normality test dialog by choosing the menu item statistics : descriptive statistics : normality test. - use the default setting of the dialog and click ok. from the p - value of result", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49260475264966624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.048547"} {"text": "which belongs to \" plant1 \" - and open the normality test dialog by choosing the menu item statistics : descriptive statistics : normality test. - use the default setting of the dialog and click ok. from the p - value of result, p - value = 0. 58545, we can see \" plant1 \" follows a normal distribution. - in a similar way, you can highlight the range of data \" plant2 \", \" plant3 \" and \" plant4 \" and test for normality. our sample data has normal distribution for all plants. - with our nitrogen data worksheet active, open the anovaoneway dialog by using the menu item statistics : anova : one - way anova. set the input data mode as indexed, assign the \" plant \" and \" nitrogen \" column as factor and data respectively using the right - arrow buttons. click the + to expand the means comparison node, set significance level as 0. 05 and check the tukey means comparison method. check levene | | from tests for equal variance branch. click the ok button to perform one - way anova. explaining the result : - from the \" homogeneity of variance test \" table of one - way anova result, we can see that the four groups have equal variance, since the p - value is bigger than 0. 05. - from the result of overall anova we can conclude that at least two groups of the four have significant different means, since the p - value is smaller than 0. 05. - to research further, we expand the results of \" means comparisons \". here we see that plant4 has significantly different means when compared to each of the other three groups. raw data mode - select file : open and choose workbooks from files of type drop - down list, and browse to \\ samples \\ statistics folder and open the file body. ogw - select menu item statistics : anova : one - way anova to bring up the anovaoneway dialog. choose raw as input data mode. enter the level1 name and level2 name as \" male weight \" and \" female weight \" respectively. - now we will use the data browser to select data in the data branch. click the triangle icon beside male weight edit box, in the fly - out menu, select select columns... to open the column browser dialog. in the column browser dialog, you can select in current book from list columns drop - down list to see all available works", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48120710548274814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.050584"} {"text": "longleaf pine built soil the famous plantations of the south were because the longleaf pine built soil. the iconic image from the great plains is the tall prairie grass where bison roamed and indians followed the trail. this same environment was in the southern united states but it looked just a little different. the longleaf forests that dominated the landscape with over 90 million acres had a unique environment that was resistant to fire and was the breeding ground for a diverse plant and animal population. many scientists compared the longleaf forests diversity to the rain forests of south america. the diversity was lost as the longleaf forests were logged until there was virtually nothing left. the longleaf pine was not replanted due to the fast growth rate of species such as loblolly pine. while the loblolly does have a fast growth rate it does not have the same fire resistance and longevity that longleaf does. it is exactly the fire resistance that allows the longleaf pine to thrive and build the prairie grasses necessary to build soil. the wide open spaces traditionally found in longleaf forests and the frequent fires that were present kept hardwoods at bay and allowed for fire resistant shrubs like the wax myrtle. the prairie grasses were allowed to grow in the spaces between the trees and shrubs. all of these things led to the great animal diversity that the south was known for. the destruction of the forests has caused a drop in pheasants and quail in the south. also many of the diverse plants no longer have the environment necessary to grow. the longleaf pine is making a comeback due to it \u2019 s superior wood and longer pine needles. we can encourage it by planting them in our landscapes and on our farms with the knowledge that it will be the next generation that enjoys the rewards much like hardwoods. the soil building properties that the longleaf forests created can be generated again if we change our philosophies. as i have talked about before joel salatin promotes this type of change. we may never see the south populated with 90 million acres of longleaf pines but i think everyone can find a space for some of these trees. it is a testament to the past and also will provide for the land for the next 500 years. there are not many things that can give you that kind of return and builds such a diverse environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44894548717426663, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.054930"} {"text": "sumter placed colonel henry hampton and his south carolina riflemen in the farm outbuildings. some units he stationed behind stout fences and others he screened in the surrounding woods. tarleton came up late in the fall afternoon and chose to make a frontal attack against a numerically superior force, not waiting for his infantry and artillery to catch up. at first he was successful. the patriot militia fired at too great a distance, and before they could reload major john money, commanding the 63d regiment, hit them with the bayonet. nevertheless, in doing so, the 63d advanced too close to the farm buildings and came under fire from hampton ' s men inside, as usual aiming \" at the epaulets and stripes. \" money and two of his lieutenants were killed, and according to an officer of fraser ' s highlanders, a third of the privates as well. meanwhile, other partisans worked their way around their right flank and attacked tarleton ' s dragoons who were in their saddles but only watching the action. realizing that the battle was going against him, tarleton desperately ordered an uphill cavalry charge against riflemen firing from cover. as lumpkin has written, \" caution never was tarleton ' s outstanding virtue. \" so many dragoons were knocked from their horses that \" the road to the ford was blocked by the bodies of men and fallen chargers, the wounded, still targets, struggling back over their stricken comrades and kicking, screaming horses. \" still, the british forces fell back in good order.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38710537635835407, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.057337"} {"text": "this word is delightfully evocative, bringing to mind some languid person lolling on a couch while all around goes to ruin, so accurately evoking its modern idea of somebody who lacks enthusiasm and determination or is carelessly lazy. it owes its origin, strangely enough, to an old saying of regret or dismay, lack - a - day!, a shortened form of alack - a - day!. alack dates back to medieval times, and probably comes from a dialect word lack that is variously interpreted as failure, fault, reproach, disgrace, or shame. so alack - a - day! originally meant \u201c shame or reproach to the day! \u201d ( that it should have brought this upon me ). but over time it became weakened until it became no more than a vapid and vacuous cry when some minor matter went awry. at some point in the eighteenth century, the form lackadaisy appeared, with lackadaisical coming along shortly afterwards for somebody who regularly used the cry. at first it meant that the person was feebly sentimental rather than lazy. the first person recorded as using it was laurence sterne, in his sentimental journey of 1768 : i took hold of her fingers in one hand, and applied the two forefingers of my other to the artery. \u2014 would to heaven! my dear eugenius, thou hadst passed by, and beheld me sitting in my black coat, and in my lack - a - day - sical manner, counting the throbs of it, one by one, with as much true devotion as if i had been watching the critical ebb or flow of her fever. later it moved towards the idea of somebody who was affectedly languishing, and thence to someone merely lazy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4501147177935526, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.062025"} {"text": "the quince, or cydonia oblonga, is the sole member of the genus cydonia and native to warm - temperate southwest asia in the caucasus region. it is a small, deciduous tree, growing 5 \u2013 8 m tall and 4 \u2013 6 m wide, related to apples and pears, and like them has a pome fruit, which is bright golden yellow when mature, pear - shaped, 7 \u2013 12 cm long and 6 \u2013 9 cm broad. the immature fruit is green with dense grey - white pubescence, most of which rubs off before maturity in late autumn when the fruit changes colour to yellow with hard, strongly perfumed flesh. the leaves are alternately arranged, simple, 6 \u2013 11 cm long, with an entire margin and densely pubescent with fine white hairs. the flowers, produced in spring after the leaves, are white or pink, 5 cm across, with five petals. four other species previously included in the genus cydonia are now treated in separate genera. these are the chinese quince pseudocydonia sinensis, a native of china, and the three flowering quinces of eastern asia in the genus chaenomeles. another unrelated fruit, the bael, is sometimes called the \u201c bengal quince \u201d. the fruit was known to the akkadians, who called it supurgillu ; arabic \u0633\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0644 safarjal \u201c quinces \u201d ( collective plural ). the modern name originated in the 14th century as a plural of quoyn, via old french cooin from latin cotoneum malum / cydonium malum, ultimately from greek \u03ba\u03c5\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, kydonion melon \u201c kydonian apple \u201d. the quince tree is native to uzbekistan, tajikistan, iran, armenia, azerbaijan, georgia, pakistan, afghanistan and was introduced to syria, croatia, bosnia, turkey, serbia, republic of macedonia, albania, greece, romania, hungary, ukraine and bulgaria. cultivation of quince may have preceded apple culture, and many references translated to \u201c apple \u201d, such as the fruit in song of solomon, may have been a quince. among the ancient greeks, the quince was a ritual offering at weddings, for it had come from the levant with aphrodite and remained sacred to her. plutarch reported that a greek bride would nibble a quince to perfume her kiss before entering the bridal chamber, \u201c in order that the first greeting may not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4762986135867855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.066654"} {"text": "had come from the levant with aphrodite and remained sacred to her. plutarch reported that a greek bride would nibble a quince to perfume her kiss before entering the bridal chamber, \u201c in order that the first greeting may not be disagreeable nor unpleasant \u201d ( roman questions 3. 65 ). it was a quince that paris awarded aphrodite. it was for a golden quince that atalanta paused in her race. the romans also used quinces ; the roman cookbook of apicius gives recipes for stewing quince with honey, and even combining them, unexpectedly, with leeks. pliny the elder mentioned the one variety, mulvian quince, that could be eaten raw. columella mentioned three, one of which, the \u201c golden apple \u201d that may have been the paradisal fruit in the garden of the hesperides, has donated its name in italian to the tomato, pomodoro quince is resistant to frost and requires a cold period below 7 \u00b0c to flower properly. the tree is self - fertile ; however, its yield can benefit from cross - fertilization. the fruit can be left on the tree to ripen further, which softens the fruit to the point where it can be eaten raw in warmer climates, but should be picked before the first frosts. in europe, quinces are commonly grown in central and southern areas where the summers are sufficiently hot for the fruit to fully ripen. they are not grown in large amounts ; typically one or two quince trees are grown in a mixed orchard with several apples and other fruit trees : so were they grown in the 18th - century new england colonies, where there was always a quince at the lower corner of the vegetable garden, ann leighton notes in records of portsmouth, new hampshire and newburyport, massachusetts. charlemagne directed that quinces be planted in well - stocked orchards. quinces in england are first recorded in about 1275, when edward i had some planted at the tower of london ; they are still grown successfully as far north as scotland. chaenomeles japonica ( japanese quince ) is sometimes grown as a substitute for quince, though its fruit has an inferior flavour. quince was also introduced to the new world and australia, in temperate states, where in some locations it has grown wild, and new zealand. it has become rare in north america due to its susceptibility to fireblight disease caused by the bacterium erwinia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4262730044144066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.069830"} {"text": "how do dermatologists diagnose acanthosis nigricans? a dermatologist can diagnose acanthosis nigricans ( an ) by looking at your skin. if your dermatologist diagnoses you with an, you may need a blood test and other medical tests. these tests can help find out if you have another medical condition. an is more common in people who have diabetes. sometimes, an can be a warning sign of pre - diabetes, thyroid disease, and other conditions. how do dermatologists treat acanthosis nigricans? many people see their skin clear when they get treatment for the condition that is causing an. if you have pre - diabetes, getting that under control often helps to fade the dark patches on your skin. if testing finds a problem with your thyroid or adrenal glands, treating that condition can clear your skin. sometimes, a person develops an but does not have a related medical condition. sometimes treating the related disease does not completely clear the skin. it is not necessary to treat an. if a patient wants clearer skin, a dermatologist can treat the skin. treatment for an includes the following : none of these treatments is specifically designed to treat an. dermatologists have found, however, that these can help. sometimes, an is difficult to treat. - lighten skin color : prescription creams, ointments, and gels. - reduce skin thickness : laser treatments. - decrease odor and discomfort : antibiotics you apply to the skin and antibacterial soaps. - help clear the skin : retinoids ( in pill form ). if you have an, it is essential to find out whether another disease is causing it. finding and treating an undiagnosed disease may clear ( or partially clear ) your skin. if a disease is not causing your an or you do not see the results you want from treating a related disease, a dermatologist can treat your skin. learn more about acanthosis nigricans habif tr, campbell jl, chapman ms, et al. \u201c acanthosis nigricans. \u201d dermatology ddxdeck. mosby. 2006. hermanns - le t, scheen a, pierard ge. \u201c acanthosis nigricans associated with insulin resistance. \u201d am j clin derm. 2004 ; 5 ( 3 ) : 199 - 203. kapoor s. \u201c diagnosis and treatment of acanthosis nigricans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433563859344286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.073448"} {"text": "science subject and location tags articles, documents and multimedia from abc science thursday, 16 december 2010 starstuff podcast after a 33 - year odyssey, nasa ' s voyager 1 spacecraft reaches the very edge of our solar system. plus : new theory explains rings and ice moons of saturn ; mysterious carbon - rich planet raises questions about how planets form ; and test - flight success for falcon - 9 rocket. tuesday, 23 march 2010 25 great moments in science dr karl talks a lot because talking about stuff is his job. even so, he was very surprised when he heard that women have more to say than men. thursday, 1 october 2009 dr karl on triple j why do we get an urge to wee when we hear the sound of running water? how did water come to be on earth? and do you lose weight when you pass wind? thursday, 24 september 2009 dr karl on triple j why did the sun appear blue in the dust storm yesterday? what causes the white marks you can get on your fingernails? how can women who haven ' t given birth lactate? and can you smell danger? thursday, 17 september 2009 dr karl on triple j how does stainless steel soap work? can animals get sunburn and skin cancer? who invented the concept of time? and why do you see different colours and shapes when you close your eyes? thursday, 10 september 2009 dr karl on triple j could my child love eating dirt because of an iron deficiency? why do spacecraft re - enter the atmosphere so fast? and why do the mushrooms in my paddocks grow in big circles? thursday, 3 september 2009 dr karl on triple j why do tattoos become lumpy when the weather changes? if you were allergic to cats would you also be allergic to lions and tigers? can the image resolution of a digital camera beat the human eye? thursday, 27 august 2009 dr karl on triple j why do you vomit when you overexercise? can we create ac electricity from sunlight? do you actually see red when you ' re angry? and why do people feel heavier when they ' re asleep? thursday, 20 august 2009 dr karl on triple j what causes bags under your eyes? does using sunscreen reduce your body ' s ability to produce vitamin d? and what is a shooting star and why does it shoot? thursday, 13 august 2009 dr karl on triple j dr karl debunks some persistent internet hoaxes. plus : how are scientists able to reconstruct what a person looked like from only their skeleton? and how does hermaphroditism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.548857413178233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.079377"} {"text": "is a satirical novella ( which can also be understood as a modern fable or allegory ) by george orwell, ostensibly about a group of animals who oust the humans from the farm on which they live. they run the farm themselves, only to have it degenerate into a brutal tyranny of its own. - man is the only real enemy we have. remove man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever. man is the only creature that consumes without producing. he does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. yet he is lord of all the animals. he sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. - why then do we continue in this miserable condition? because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. - remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. no argument must lead you astray. never listen when they tell you that man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. it is all lies. man serves the interests of no creature except himself. and among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. all men are enemies. all animals are comrades. - the vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. there were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. the [ original ] seven commandments : - whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. - whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. - no animal shall wear clothes. - no animal shall sleep in a bed. - no animal shall drink alcohol. - no animal shall kill any other animal. - all animals are created equal. - nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarreling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days had almost disappeared. - old benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the rebellion. he did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in jones ' s time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. about the rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. when asked whether he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48838572245962514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.086174"} {"text": "his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in jones ' s time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. about the rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. when asked whether he was not happier now that jones was gone, he would say only \" donkeys live a long time. none of you has ever seen a dead donkey, \" and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. - four legs good, two legs bad. - squealer : \" comrades! \" he cried. \" you do not imagine, i hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? many of us actually dislike milk and apples. i dislike them myself. our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. milk and apples ( this has been proved by science, comrades ) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well - being of a pig. we pigs are brainworkers. the whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. day and night we are watching over your welfare. it is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. \" - surely, comrades, surely there is no one among you who wants to see jones come back? - now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want jones back. when it was put to them in this light, they had no more to say. the importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. so it was agreed without further argument that the milk and the windfall apples ( and also the main crop of apples when they ripened ) should be reserved for the pigs alone. - until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment snowball \u2019 s eloquence had carried them away. - squealer : do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure. on the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. no one believes more firmly than comrade napoleon that all animals are equal. he would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. but sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? - once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money \u2014 had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at the first triumphant meeting when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4864867279356617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.087217"} {"text": "once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money \u2014 had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at the first triumphant meeting when jones was expelled? - napoleon : comrades, do you know who is responsible for this? do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? snowball! - \" ah, that is different! \" said boxer. \" if comrade napoleon says it, it must be right. \" - animal farm, animal farm, never through me shalt thou come to harm! - but when muriel reads the writing on the barn wall to clover, interestingly, the words are, \" no animal shall kill any other animal without cause. \" - at the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the seven commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint - brush, and an overturned pot of white paint. - none of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. - somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals \u2019 memory. but they saw now that the commandment had not been violated ; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with snowball. - somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer \u2014 except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. - four legs good, two legs better! - all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. - the creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again ; but already it was impossible to say which was which.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48947692748960514, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.088117"} {"text": "a community health center in the united states is a community health center a health center or community health center is a clinic staffed by a group of general practitioners and nurses. community health centers in the u. s... ( chc ) in the united states the united states of america is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... community health centers are unique in that at least 51 percent of all governing board members must be patients at the chc. access to care is improved by decreasing the cost of care with a sliding fee scale based on income. grant programs are typically available to provide the broadest opportunity for health care. integration of health care services is a major focus. administrative and health care personnel sit down regularly to focus on location health care needs. multiple services are provided that vary depending upon the site including primary care, dental care, counseling services, women ' s health, health promotion and education, podiatry, physiotherapy, case management, advocacy and intervention. the mission of community health centers depends upon creating collaborative relationships with industry, government, hospitals and other health services. community health centers that receive federal funding through the health resources and services administration, hhs, are also called \" federally qualified health centers. \" today, there are more than 1250 federally - supported community health centers with more than 8000 service delivery sites. they are community health centers, migrant health centers, health care for the homeless centers and public housing primary care centers that deliver quality primary and preventive health care to more than 20 million people in all 50 states, the district of columbia, puerto rico, the virgin islands, and the pacific basin. through the years, health centers have built an impressive track record delivering high quality prevention and primary care to millions of low - income residents in inner cities and isolated rural areas. in 2002, president bush launched the health centers initiative to significantly increase access to primary health care services in 1, 200 communities through new or expanded health center sites. between 2001 and 2006, the number of patients treated at health centers has increased by over 4. 7 million, representing a nearly 50 percent increase in just five years. in 2006 the number of patients served topped the 15 million mark for the first time. by 2010, with the help of funding received through the american recovery and reinvestment act ( arra, or the \" stimulus \" law ), health centers had expandede to serve more than 18 million people. and with new funding provided through the affordable care act of 2010 ( aka, health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4775960132028149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.098350"} {"text": "through the american recovery and reinvestment act ( arra, or the \" stimulus \" law ), health centers had expandede to serve more than 18 million people. and with new funding provided through the affordable care act of 2010 ( aka, health reform law ), health ceners will grow to serve almost 40 million people by 2015 [ national association of community health centers, www. nachc. org ]. approximately two - thirds of health center patients are minorities, and 9 out of 10 have incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty line. four in 10 health center patients have no health insurance. the health center program \u2019 s annual federal funding has grown from $ 1. 16 billion in fiscal year 2001 to $ 2. 59 billion in fiscal year 2011 [ house appropriations committee, www. house. gov / appropriations ]. a large number of community health centers also exist in canada, although they are planned at the provincial level currently. the concept of community health centers in the united states, according to historian john duffy, can be traced to infant milk stations in new york city in 1901. in november, 1914, the first district health center in new york was established by the city at 206 madison avenue, serving 35, 000 residents of manhattan ' s lower east side. the staff consisted of one medical inspector and three nurses stationed permanently in the district who through a house card system developed a complete health record of each family. the system was expanded to queens in 1915 with four district centers. wartime and political pressures brought this development in new york city to an end, but privately - funded clinics through the new york association for improving the condition of the poor the association for improving the condition of the poor was a charitable organization in new york city, established in 1843 and incorporated in 1848 with the aim of helping the deserving poor and providing for their moral uplift... were started in 1916 ( bowling green neighborhood association ), 1917 ( columbus hill health center ), 1918 ( mulberry street health center ) and in 1921 the judson health center judson health center, founded in 1921, was an early new york city community health center inspired by the rev. alonzo ray petty of the baptist judson memorial church located at 55 washington square south. petty appealed to fellow baptist and physician eleanor a... founded by eleanor a. campbell in greenwich village, which became by 1924 the largest health center in the u. s. under the modern definition, the first community health center in the united states was the columbia point columbia point, later referred to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45263439038601105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.099677"} {"text": ".. founded by eleanor a. campbell in greenwich village, which became by 1924 the largest health center in the u. s. under the modern definition, the first community health center in the united states was the columbia point columbia point, later referred to as harbor point, in the dorchester neighborhood of boston, massachusetts sits on a peninsula jutting out from the mainland of eastern dorchester into the bay. - history :... health center in dorchester, massachusetts dorchester is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of boston, massachusetts, united states. it is named after the town of dorchester in the english county of dorset, from which puritans emigrated and is today endearingly nicknamed \" dot \" by its residents. dorchester, including a large.... it was opened in december 1965 and served mostly the massive columbia point public housing complex adjoining it. it was founded by two medical doctors, jack geiger who had been on the faculty of harvard university harvard university is a private ivy league university located in cambridge, massachusetts, united states, established in 1636 by the massachusetts legislature. harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the united states and the first corporation chartered in the country... then later at tufts university tufts university is a private research university located in medford / somerville, near boston, massachusetts. it is organized into ten schools, including two undergraduate programs and eight graduate divisions, on four campuses in massachusetts and on the eastern border of france... and count gibson from tufts university. geiger had previously studied the first community health centers and the principles of community oriented primary care with sidney kark and colleagues while serving as a medical student in rural natal kwazulu - natal is a province of south africa. prior to 1994, the territory now known as kwazulu - natal was made up of the province of natal and the homeland of kwazulu...., south africa the republic of south africa is a country in southern africa. located at the southern tip of africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the atlantic and indian oceans.... the columbia point health center was funded by the federal government ' s office of economic opportunity the office of economic opportunity was the agency responsible for administering most of the war on poverty programs created as part of united states president lyndon b. johnson ' s great society legislative agenda. - history :... ( oeo ) and was needed to serve the community living in the columbia point public housing projects which was on the isolated peninsula far away from boston city hospital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47264548906794435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.101043"} {"text": "states president lyndon b. johnson ' s great society legislative agenda. - history :... ( oeo ) and was needed to serve the community living in the columbia point public housing projects which was on the isolated peninsula far away from boston city hospital. it is still in operation and was rededicated on its twenty - fifth anniversary in 1990 as the geiger - gibson community health center. at about the same time, geiger and gibson also had set up a rural community health center, the delta health center, which was located in mound bayou mound bayou is a city in bolivar county, mississippi. the population was 2, 102 at the 2000 census. it is notable for having been founded as an independent black community in 1887 by former slaves led by isaiah montgomery. by percentage, its 98. 4 percent african - american majority population is one..., bolivar county, mississippi - demographics : as of the census of 2000, there were 40, 633 people, 13, 776 households, and 9, 725 families residing in the county. the population density was 46 people per square mile. there were 14, 939 housing units at an average density of 17 per square mile... serving bolivar, coahoma, sunflower, and washington counties, where poverty was widespread. it was also set up in conjunction with tufts university and with a grant from the oeo. it was a rural model whereas the columbia point center was an urban setting. newer developments in community health centers include integration of health professional education with chc sites for training. numerous liaisons have been developed across the nation. new models also exist. the national association of community health centers encouraged the development of the physician assistant, and osteopathic medical student training with a. t. still university at the arizona campus. those with experience working with chcs are encouraged to pursue hometown status to improve probability of admission. - eula hall eula hall, is a prominent appalachian activist and healthcare pioneer who founded the mud creek clinic in grethel in floyd county, kentucky. - biography :..., founder of the mud creek clinic a clinic is a health care facility that is primarily devoted to the care of outpatients... - community health community health, a field of public health, is a discipline that concerns itself with the study and betterment of the health characteristics of biological communities. while the term community can be broadly defined, community health tends to focus on geographic areas rather than people with shared... - federally qualified health center a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47965575222534124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.102326"} {"text": "a summary of research and publications on early childhood for american indian and alaska native children - head start - american indian - alaska native head start research and outcomes assessment ( aian ), 2002 - 2004 | learn more about this project throughout its 35 - year history, head start has been the nation \u2019 s cornerstone of services for low - income children and their families. its basic principles have been models for countless other programs designed to improve the circumstances and opportunities that vulnerable populations face. today, head start and early head start programs provide comprehensive child development services for children between birth and age 5, pregnant women, and their families. head start is child focused and has the overall goal of helping children from low - income families become ready to attend and succeed at school. administered by the head start bureau in the administration on children, youth and families ( acyf ), funds are provided through grants to local public agencies, private organizations, indian tribes, and school systems. these organizations, in turn, operate head start programs. they provide services in the areas of education and early childhood development ; medical, dental, and mental health ; nutrition ; and parent involvement. an underlying premise of head start services is that they should be appropriate for the child \u2019 s and family \u2019 s developmental, ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage and experience. children are eligible to enroll in head start if their families meet certain income guidelines. in fiscal year 2000, head start served over 850, 000 children in over 18, 000 centers at a cost per child of approximately $ 6, 000. in addition to direct program services, the head start bureau sponsors training and technical assistance activities ; supports research, demonstration, and evaluation projects ; and monitors programs for compliance and quality. in fiscal year 2000, total head start program costs came to about $ 5. 3 billion ( u. s. department of education, 2001 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4413992394607452, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.104859"} {"text": "the tenth thing we have to understand is that actually americans aren ' t as rich as all that. this is very important because if that sort of free market capitalist society did lead to the richest society on earth then of course all the other strictures about how awful free market capitalism is would be rather wasted. we ' d start to believe our own lyin ' eyes rather than the reader in economics at camdridge and that would just never do. the rest of the chapter is just hemming and hawing about how we should change the figures to show that actually americans are not the richest society on the planet. well, ok, even i ' m not going to claim that there aren ' t certain microstates that beat the us : luxembourg for example. but comparing a few hundred thousand people to 300 million seems rather like cheating. it would be like comparing manhattan to texas for example, just not quite fair. or, again about the same distortion of scale, comparing the residents of eaton square to the entirety of luxembourg. chang has two basic methods in use here to show that the american dream is just that, a wraith. after we go through all the various ways that we can measure income he agrees that purchasing power parity is the right one. which is good, for it is. we don ' t measure just incomes, but incomes as compared to prices in the places the people are living. this gives us a much better idea of living standards. and by ppp measurements, absent those microstates, the us is indeed the winner. to which chang says but hang about a bit. firstly, we know that the us is a more unequal society than many others. thus the average doesn ' t give us a true view of how people really live. in an unequal society there will be more people below that ( mean ) average and thus the real average ( ie median ) living standard is lower than in a more equal society. which could even be true but it ' s not all that large an influence. after we account for all of the taxes and benefits then everyone from sweden to the us is in a gini ( the way we measure inequalty ) range of 0. 25 to 0. 38 or so. and the scale does run from 0. 01 to 1. 00. more importantly perhaps we do have some evidence of what actual living standards are at the bottom of the pile in a number of different societies. this chart : these are the incomes at ppp ( so adjusting for price differences ) after taxes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4925605777584669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.111163"} {"text": "1. 00. more importantly perhaps we do have some evidence of what actual living standards are at the bottom of the pile in a number of different societies. this chart : these are the incomes at ppp ( so adjusting for price differences ) after taxes and benefits. and the comparison is to us median income : so, the bottom 10 % in sweden get 38 % of us median income. the bottom 10 % in finland get 38 % of us median income. and the bottom 10 % in the us get 39 % of median income. hmm, i think our contention that the us higher average income isn ' t really valid because the poor get less than the average.... thus the greater inequality means that the lives of the poor in the us are worse off than the poor in other countries.... doesn ' t really stand, does it? the us is definitely a more unequal country. but the poor seem to be about as well ( or badly ) off as the poor elsewhere. the other trump that chang plays is to point out that americans have longer working hours than people in most other countries. given that slaving away over a hot desk isn ' t what life is all about then perhaps we shouldn ' t all attempt to emulate this us lifestyle then? and while it ' s true that money isn ' t everything and that very few of us go into that long dark night bemoaning the paucity of hours we spent working for the man, chang has committed a terrible error here. he has assumed that the only form of work we do is paid working hours. the actual division made is between personal time ( we cannot get someone else to sleep for us, take our shower for us ), paid working time, household production time and the balance left over is leisure time. the important point to note here is that there is that unpaid working time : that time spent in household production. we might think of digging the allotment to feed the family, childcare time, cooking time, washing and cleaning, repairing the car. it is this time plus paid working time for the man which produces total working time. and when we look at this total working hours it isn ' t obviously true that americans do work more hours than, say, europeans. it is also possible to substitute household production for paid working time and vice versa. once can slave over the hot desk to buy a takeaway, or slave over a hot stove to make up for the lack of income from the time not spent at the desk. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4759258147978063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.112456"} {"text": "possible to substitute household production for paid working time and vice versa. once can slave over the hot desk to buy a takeaway, or slave over a hot stove to make up for the lack of income from the time not spent at the desk. in fact, when people actually study exaclty this question ( ie, here ) they find that the opposite is true, americans don ' t work longer hours. for example, the average german woman is working an hour and a half a week more than her us equivalent. and for the men the working hours are almost exactly the same. the german woman might be making sauerkraut at home ( i know, terribly culturalist of me ) while her american sister goes out to work, earns the money and they buys it : in the process the american sister gaining more leisure time than the german. it is indeed true, as chang states, that americans do more paid working hours per year than europeans. it is also true that the us is a more unequal society than most of europe ( italy is actually more so than the us ). however, the american poor have incomes around and about the same as the european poor. americans work fewer unpaid, household production, hours leading to equal or greater leisure time. and as chang has already admitted, the americans do indeed, on average have both higher incomes and greater command over consumption opportunities as a result of those higher incomes. the poor get about the same : the regular guy is both richer and has equal or greater leisure time? perhaps there is something to say for this free market capitalism stuff they have in the us then? footnote. for those who think we shouldn ' t be talking about household production, please read the stiglitz report. the entire issue is well explained there.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48638487205214276, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.113252"} {"text": "though primarily used to treat hypertension and anxiety, clonidine is increasingly used in conjunction with stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, otherwise known as add or adhd. this prescription medication is also commonly known as catapres, kapvay, and nexiclon. it is believed to help alleviate adhd symptoms by helping to moderate the impulsive and oppositional behaviors that are associated with adhd. physiologically, it lowers blood pressure by allowing the blood vessels to relax and the heart to beat more slowly and easily. it is available as a pill or as a patch. the dosage to treat adhd in children is 5 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day orally in four divided doses. in children, the typical dose for treating adhd is 0. 05 mg given orally once daily at bedtime. it can gradually be increased to a max of up to 0. 4 mg total daily as needed. keep in mind that the full effect of the drug may not be seen for 4 - 5 weeks. for more information about dosage, see this in - depth dosage guide. possible side effects may include : dizziness, drowsiness, stomach upset, loss of appetite, weight loss, and sleep disturbance. report any side effects to your doctor. if you experience any severe or unusual reactions, seek emergency medical attention at your nearest hospital. only take this medication as prescribed under the supervision of your treating doctor. report any adverse side effects to your prescribing doctor. get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction : hives, difficulty breathing, or swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat. notify your doctor if you experience any of these signs of a overdose : a very slow heart rate ( fewer than 60 beats per minute ), shortness of breath, rapid weight gain, fever, seizures, coma, or lightheadedness. in addition, never share prescription medications with others. never sell your medications and never ingest prescription medications that were not prescribed for you. get dr. kensington ' s free adhd newsletter!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4601231222591249, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.115819"} {"text": "racism can be a tough thing to study. in situations where all things appear even, they might not be even at all. for example, in situations where employers are refusing to hire minority candidates, the argument could sometimes be made ( although maybe not successfully ) that there are extenuating circumstances. a truly successful study of race should be made in a laboratory of sorts. the only difference between two people should be skin color. well, thanks to the internet, the great equalizer, we do have such a situation, ebay. three yale and harvard researchers conducted a study called, \u201c race effects on ebay. \u201d the results? americans are racist. even when selling the exact same items, buyers responded more favorably to white people than to black. from good technology : the researchers auctioned off moderately priced baseball cards, which were photographed held in either a dark black hand or a white hand. though the cards themselves were the same, cards held in a black hand sold for about 20 percent less than cards held in a white hand. what \u2019 s more, \u201c the race effect was more pronounced in sales of minority player cards. \u201d the ebay study mimics a similar one from 2010. while that experiment, from the centre for economic policy research, focused on ipods sold via general online classified ads, the results were sadly the same : black sellers received fewer responses and fewer cash offers than white sellers, and the cash offers they did receive were significantly lower. beyond that, buyers corresponding with black sellers \u201c exhibited lower trust, \u201d according to the researchers. in other words, they were far less likely to accept delivery by mail ( 44 percent ) and far more likely to object to the idea of making a long - distance payment ( 56 percent ). the 2010 study also found that there were regional discrepancies. the northeast part of the u. s. was the worst, where black people received 32 % fewer offers. the midwest had a 23 % gap and the south, 15 %. there was virtually no difference in the west.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045728367991514, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.118511"} {"text": "tau research says genetics can reveal your geographic ancestral origin while your dna is unique, it also tells the tale of your family line. it carries the genetic history of your ancestors down through the generations. now, says a tel aviv university researcher, it ' s also possible to use it as a map to your family ' s past. prof. eran halperin of tau ' s blavatnik school of computer science and department of molecular microbiology and biotechnology, along with a group of researchers from university of california, los angeles, are giving new meaning to the term \" genetic mapping. \" using a probabilistic model of genetic traits for every coordinate on the globe, the researchers have developed a method for determining more precisely the geographical location of a person ' s ancestral origins. the new method is able to pinpoint more specific locations for an individual ' s ancestors, for example placing an individual ' s father in paris and mother in barcelona. previous methods would \" split the difference \" and place this origin inaccurately at a site between those two cities, such as lyon. published in the journal nature genetics, this method has the potential to reveal the ancestry, origins, and migration patterns of many different human and animal populations. it could also be a new model for learning about the genome. points of origin there are points in the human genome called snps that are manifested differently in each individual, explains prof. halperin. these points mutated sometime in the past and the mutation was then passed to a large part of the population in a particular geographic region. the probability of a person possessing these mutations today varies depending on the geographical location of those early ancestors. \" we wanted to ask, for example, about the probability of having the genetic mutation ' a ' in a particular position on the genome based on geographical coordinates, \" he says. when you look at many of these positions together in a bigger picture, it ' s possible to group populations with the same mutation by point of origin. to test their method, prof. halperin and his fellow researchers studied dna samples from 1, 157 people from across europe. using a probabilistic mathematical algorithm based on mutations in the genome, they were able to accurately determine their ancestral point or points of origin using only dna data and the new mathematical model, unravelling genetic information to ascertain two separate points on the map for the mother and father. the researchers hope to extend this model to identify the origins of grandparents, great - grandparents, and so on. the new method", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.522077233233548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.121586"} {"text": "ancient jugs hold the secret to practical mathematics in biblical times monday, june 4, 2012 precise volume was measured by circumference, tau researchers find archaeologists in the eastern mediterranean region have been unearthing spherical jugs, used by the ancients for storing and trading oil, wine, and other valuable commodities. because we ' re used to the metric system, which defines units of volume based on the cube, modern archaeologists believed that the merchants of antiquity could only approximately assess the capacity of these round jugs, says prof. itzhak benenson of tel aviv university ' s department of geography. now an interdisciplinary collaboration between prof. benensonand prof. israel finkelstein of tau ' s department of archaeology and ancient near eastern cultures has revealed that, far from relying on approximations, merchants would have had precise measurements of their wares \u2014 and therefore known exactly what to charge their clients. the researchers discovered that the ancients devised convenient mathematical systems in order to determine the volume of each jug. they theorize that the original owners and users of the jugs measured their contents through a system that linked units of length to units of volume, possibly by using a string to measure the circumference of the spherical container to determine the precise quantity of liquid within. the system, which the researchers believe was developed by the ancient egyptians and used in the eastern mediterranean from about 1, 500 to 700 bce, was recently reported in the journal plos one. its discovery was part of the reconstruction of ancient israel project supported by the european union. 3d models unveil volume measurement system the system of measurement was revealed when mathematician elena zapassky constructed 3d models of jugs from tel megiddo \u2014 an important canaanite city - state and israelite administration center \u2014 for a computer database. the jugs are associated with the phoenicians, ancient seafaring merchants who had trading hubs along the coast of lebanon. using a statistical methodology, the team measured hundreds of vessels from the excavation, and discovered something surprising \u2014 large groups of these spherical or elliptic jugs had a similar circumference. this prompted the researchers to look more deeply into how the ancients measured volume. the egyptian unit of volume is called the hekat, and it equals 4. 8 liters in today ' s measurements, explains dr. yuval gadot, a researcher on the project. a spherical jug that is 52 centimeters in circumference, which equals one egyptian royal cubit, contains exactly half a hekat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4951244712045263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.125512"} {"text": "8 liters in today ' s measurements, explains dr. yuval gadot, a researcher on the project. a spherical jug that is 52 centimeters in circumference, which equals one egyptian royal cubit, contains exactly half a hekat. \" in a large percentage of the vessels we measured, the circumference is close to one cubit, and the merchant could know that the vessel ' s volume is half a cubit by just measuring its circumference, \" he says. when the researchers adopted the egyptian system of measurement themselves instead of thinking in metrical units, many things became clear. for example, the tall round \" torpedo \" jugs packed into phoenician ships in the 8th century bce were found to contain whole units of hekats. dr. gadot believes that the egyptian system of measurement gradually disappeared when the assyrians took over the region, bringing their own methods of measurement with them. a measure of political power according to prof. finkelstein, elements of standardization in the ancient world hold interest because they are indicative of bureaucratic systems and reflect political and cultural influences. \" the use of the egyptian method is a strong indicator of egyptian power in this region during a specific period of time, \" he explains. \" working together with experts in mathematics and statistics, we have been able to provide new solutions for longstanding archaeological problems and debates. \" for more archaeology news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48243859416893475, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.126291"} {"text": "what is collaborative law? collaborative law is a process, used mainly in family disputes, where the parties and their lawyers make a formal commitment to resolve the dispute outside the litigation process in an atmosphere of trust and collaboration. lawyers are hired to reach a settlement and if the process breaks down, the lawyer must withdraw from the case. while collaborative law has been growing across the united states in the last several years, it is still new to canada. groups of collaborative lawyers are being formed across canada, including groups in british columbia, alberta, manitoba and ontario. how does the collaborative law process work? the parties and lawyers undertaking a collaborative law process sign a participation agreement setting out their obligations. typically these agreements include the following provisions : collaborative approach - lawyers and parties pledge to work together in a respectful and cooperative manner to resolve the dispute. lawyer training - lawyers participating in the process often undergo special training in the collaborative approach. in many of the groups, such training is mandatory. no litigation - lawyers and parties agree not to use litigation or the threat of litigation, as long as the parties are in the collaborative process. automatic disqualification - lawyers will withdraw from the case if it cannot settle collaboratively or if they or their client breach the participation agreement. other lawyers must be retained if the case goes into the litigation process. disclosure - parties and their lawyers agree to disclose information or material needed to assist the parties in achieving settlement. some agreements provide only for disclosure of information or material requested by a party. this is to prevent parties from inundating one another with paper. the goal of this approach is to provide parties with the information they believe they need to resolve the dispute. experts - parties may agree to use joint experts, including mental health professionals, child specialists and financial counsellors. confidentiality - parties agree that any information or material disclosed in the collaborative law process, that is not otherwise subject to discovery under rules of court, will not be used in any court process. process - the parties and their lawyers agree to use four - way conferences ( meetings of the parties and their lawyers ) to work through the issues. these meetings are a central feature of the collaborative law process. they tend to be business - like but more informal than most other proceedings involving lawyers and their clients. at these meetings everyone works hard to find a resolution that is acceptable to both parties. why chose a collaborative law process? lawyers committed to settlement - lawyers must be as committed as the parties to settle the dispute. instead of focusing on adversarial tactics and skills, this approach requires lawyers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006386425657849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.131952"} {"text": "a resolution that is acceptable to both parties. why chose a collaborative law process? lawyers committed to settlement - lawyers must be as committed as the parties to settle the dispute. instead of focusing on adversarial tactics and skills, this approach requires lawyers to deploy their problem - solving skills in the search for a fair resolution to the parties ' dispute. preserves relationships - unlike the litigation - based model, which can easily exacerbate the emotional turmoil of family disputes, collaborative law can work to preserve and enhance relationships which may be ongoing, especially if there are children involved. no reliance on third parties - the parties are not relying on a third party to impose, or even facilitate, a resolution. this can result in settlements that are more enduring. reduces cost - avoiding litigation reduces the costs of resolving disputes. reduces time - avoiding litigation reduces the time spent resolving disputes. collaborative specialist - the process allows parties to take advantage of the skills of lawyers trained in both advocacy and collaborative skills. if the parties decide to resort to litigation, they can then turn to a litigation specialist. the process also provides for other professionals to help couples with their emotional needs and to help them to communicate during a difficult period. continuity - the process creates continuity between the process of arriving at a settlement and the signing of a formal agreement. in mediation, for example, lawyers may not be involved in the process until an agreement has been reached. finding out more if you are interested in using the collaborative law process or in finding out more about collaborative law, check your local yellow pages for lawyers practicing collaborative law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.477078195748247, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.132876"} {"text": "cooperating to feed america and the world mar 11, 2010 by john reifsteck : champaign, il the next time you \u2019 re at a grocery store, let the cashier ring up the sale. then try to bargain for a better deal. sounds ridiculous, doesn \u2019 t it? after all, just a handful of retailers sell over half of all the groceries in the united states, and an individual shopper has very little power to negotiate. that same imbalance of power is a real problem for farmers and ranchers in the united states. farmers are proud of their independence, but millions of growers bartering separately put them at a real disadvantage in the marketplace. that is why they banded together to form farmer owned cooperatives. the premise of a cooperative is simple - it is a democratically controlled business that is operated to benefit those that use its services. farmer cooperatives were first organized in the united states in the early 1800s, and really flourished later in that century as a response to the lack of competitive markets for farmers. too often farmers were taken advantage of by merchants, and cooperatives offered them an alternative place to buy inputs and sell the production from their farms. in 1890 the sherman antitrust act was passed as a result of the anti - competitive activities of many of the large companies that dominated the united states economy. the act had the unintended consequence of possibly making the activities of some farmer owned cooperatives illegal. in response, the u. s. congress passed the capper - volstead act of 1922. capper - volstead gave farmers a limited ability to band together to process and market products. senator capper was quoted as saying that the bill is designed \" to give to the farmer the same right to bargain collectively that is already enjoyed by corporations. \" cooperatives started small to solve local problems - perhaps to help farmers purchase petroleum in bulk, or to construct a processing facility that would not be economical for a single grower to build. over time the variety of goods and services provided by cooperatives grew, and today many of the best known brands in the united states are products of farmer owned cooperatives. the cooperatives that served our fathers and grandfathers were good, but they could not meet the needs of today \u2019 s farmers. as agriculture has changed and grown, so have their cooperatives. cooperatives have to be run as businesses, but there are differences. if you listened to the discussion in a cooperative board meeting you would hear many of the same financial terms that would be used in a corporate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41807169029174435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.137074"} {"text": "and grown, so have their cooperatives. cooperatives have to be run as businesses, but there are differences. if you listened to the discussion in a cooperative board meeting you would hear many of the same financial terms that would be used in a corporate meeting, but used in a different context. profit and return on investment are important, but just as relevant is the service cooperatives provide to its members. income is distributed to the users, or is invested for the future of the co - op. farmers aren \u2019 t the only beneficiaries. in many small towns, cooperatives are the largest employers, the biggest taxpayers, and even social centers. there is no question that farmers have a unique partnership with their cooperatives. that is why it is disconcerting to see the department of justice questioning the relevance of the capper - volstead act. when americans are struggling to keep their jobs and pay their bills, it makes no sense to target areas of the u. s. economy that continue to work well for both producers and consumers. today, roughly 3, 000 farmer cooperatives employ more than 180, 000 people. they supply much of america \u2019 s food. and they help every sector of the industry, from big - time growers to small organic farmers who need to band together to survive. with cooperatives possibly under attack from washington, the people who understand and appreciate their value must rally around them. throughout 2010, the department of justice ( doj ) and the department of agriculture are holding joint workshops on competition in the farm industry. a meeting in iowa this month will focus on seeds. future meetings will take place in alabama ( on poultry ), wisconsin ( dairy ), colorado ( livestock ), and washington, d. c. ( consumer prices ). cooperatives demonstrate the principle of strength in numbers. saving them from this new threat, however, will require the efforts of individuals. farmers and ranchers must turn out at these meetings and make sure their voices are heard. for generations, farmers and ranchers have benefited from cooperatives - - and so have all americans, who enjoy more food security than anybody else in the world. how would agriculture and rural communities fare without cooperatives? and if they vanished, what would replace them? john reifsteck is a corn and soybean producer in western champaign county illinois. he serves as vice - chairman of the growmark board of directors \u2013 a farm supply and marketing cooperative \u2013 and is a board member of truth about trade & technology * this commentary also appears in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4237137233671786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.138152"} {"text": "the rapid flight of the \" caspian monster \" over waves would leave anyone awestruck! in a pursuit of speed the important quality of speed was, in all times, the object of the steadfast attention of ship - builders. but the increase of speed for ships was limited by quickly growing hydrodynamic resistance in the case of an insufficient capacity sail and oar movement. this restriction was removed with the introduction on ships of mechanical engines in the middle or the end of the superstructure, but the situation did not change, even for ships at the beginning of the nineteenth century. but speed could only go so far in any case, and even nuclear powered ships of the twentieth century concede little to steamships. the trick in speed was connected to idea to lift the keel of a vessel from water to air, an environment 840 times less dense. the main obstacle, growth of resistance of water, disappeared. the chief designer ckb on vouw r. e. alekseyev ( at the left ) was first pilot of all machines developed by him. in 1935, under the direction of the professor of moscow air institute v. i. levkov, the first vessel to fly on an air pillow ( voap ) l - 1 was created. the fact of its existence and subsequent airboats, including record l - 5, were top secret and in the west irrespective of levkov developed their own technique of account voap. in 1959 under a new management, kokkeren in great britain constructed his \" hovercraft \", the first one in which a wide public has seen. the sea - glider, vouw, and voap were - just steps in the development of the idea of a high - speed vessel from water to air. the logic that led to the completion of this idea was ekranoplanes ( screenplanes ) flying above the water. principle of movement to be brief about physical bases of the movement of this high - speed vessel at a surface of the screen ( usually it is water, but it may be also be land and ice ). the screen effect, changing of carrying properties in water to a wing at small altitudes of flight - was opened by airmen. for the first time pilots met with it on take - off and landing modes of planes. as flying data of the plane, in particular its stability, were not designed for this effect, in some cases it caused disasters and accidents of planes on take - off and landing modes. apparently, one of the first domestic works, devoted to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5311192877195617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.163150"} {"text": ". as flying data of the plane, in particular its stability, were not designed for this effect, in some cases it caused disasters and accidents of planes on take - off and landing modes. apparently, one of the first domestic works, devoted to the influence of ground on aerodynamic properties of a wing, was an experimental work of b. n. yuriev ( 1923 ). during 1935 - 1937 a complex for the experimental and theoretical research in this direction was carried out by y. m. serebriyski and sh. a. biyachuev at tsagi. at about the same period theoretical research was carried out by the outstanding foreign scientist : a. betc, k. wieselberg, s. hagget, d. bagleya, m. finn. the results of his research allowed a qualitative estimation of the influence of the screen effect on the aerodynamic characteristics low - level - flying wing. in particular it was shown that as the elevating force of a wing grows more, i. e. the closer is the wing to ground ; the resistance decreases longitudinal moment changes. it allowed developing the appropriate recommendations for controlling of aircraft, that has influence of the screen to the aerodynamic characteristics on take - off and landing modes. nevertheless, for aircraft this effect continues to remain \" harmful \". ekranoplanes in the air apparently, the first ekranoplane was created by finnish engineer t. kaario. in the winter of 1932 above a frozen surface of a lake he tested an ekranoplane, towed by aerosledges. later, in 1935 / 1936 kaario constructed an advanced ekranoplane, equipped with an engine with a propeller. in 1939 the american engineer d. warner, working with the speed boats, offered the project of a vessel with a system of carrying air wings. by the order of military department of sweden, extensive works were carried out in the 40 ' s by i. troeng. two ekranoplanes were constructed, but the results did not satisfied the customer, and work was curtailed. the experience of the second world war showed the efficiency of high - speed ships, especially for sudden attacks on the enemy. after the war, the navy order for a small ( weight up to 5 tons ) experimental ekranoplanes to be constructed in the different country of the world. however, the large apparatus ( military and civil ) had not left the drawing stage. designing the flying apparatus, intended for a high - speed movement near the border of two environments ( air and sea water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5408701467517983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.164141"} {"text": "be constructed in the different country of the world. however, the large apparatus ( military and civil ) had not left the drawing stage. designing the flying apparatus, intended for a high - speed movement near the border of two environments ( air and sea water ), presents a set of problems, that are not met in the other areas of engineering. among them was maintenance of the stability in the movement of the apparatus at very small ( 0. 5 to 2 m ) heights of flight ; durability and simultaneously small weight of a design, considered on impact with a crest of a wave at high ( 200 to 400 km / h ) speeds ; a choice a material that would not be destroyed in sea water ( ship - building materials are too heavy, and air materials are quickly corroded ) ; the creation of powerful and easy engines for work in sea conditions ( which are not affected by water splashes and salt ) and set of other no less difficult problems. the decision to these problems required a lot of theoretical work and experimental research, design and experimental - design work, and tests. probably, for this reason western firms hesitated to develop ekranoplanes completely because of the fear and risk and stopped work, as soon as the government refused to invest in the research. such fate overtook the missile ship of grumman, the anti - sub ekranoplane ram1, its descendant ram2 and many other projects. successful experimental apparatus were used sometimes as prototypes for the small civil ekranoplanes ( for example, there was a series of ekranoplanes by g. yorg, switzerland - germany ). if one trusts the writing of the press in the 1960 to the 1980s, in the ussr, work on an ekranoplanes was at the same stage as abroad ; also on a half - legal basis enthusiasts created easy experimental machines by handicraft methods, but further development failed. however, at this particular time at least in two design offices ( g. m. beriev ' s air design bureau in taganrog and ship - building r. e. alekseyev ' s central design bureau ( ckb ) in gorky ) were developed, where they built and tested prototypes ( instead of an easy experimental machines! ) of the soviet battle ekranoplanes. the increase of an elevating force can reach 50 % growth of an aerodynamic quality in relation of the elevating force to the force of resistance in 1. 5 to 2. 5 and more times. the influence of the screen to a wing, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5396435394710177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.165251"} {"text": "of an elevating force can reach 50 % growth of an aerodynamic quality in relation of the elevating force to the force of resistance in 1. 5 to 2. 5 and more times. the influence of the screen to a wing, a very complex physical phenomenon, had to be completely clear in the understanding of the mechanism of this influence. for example, there are such modes of a movement of a wing above the screen, when at reduction of the height of flight the elevating force is not increased, but on the contrary, decreased. tree of ekranoplanes the british aviation magazine \" flight international \" recently published the genealogical tree of the soviet ekranoplanes. the scheme, which is reproduced here completely, is indicative in two relations. first, until now there was no open information on the results of work in taganrog ( the apparatus designated by \" bartini \", the author and chief of work was r. l. bartini ), there are marks of a question. errors in designations and schemes of the alekseyev ' s ckb ( top family on the scheme ) have been also made : a missile ship has a firm designation \" lun \", instead of \" utka \" ; the second copy of \" lun \" ( on the scheme \" lun \" ) has 8 engines, instead of 6. secondly, the lines of development of three families ( top - alekseyev ' s ckb, middle - bartini, bottom - light machines ) are crossed nowhere. this scheme indirectly shows a degree of the secrecy of the work with a battle ekranoplanes in the ussr, as it not only did not show the plans to experts in the west, even the developers were not informed about businesses of the colleagues. vva - 14 before test flight the apparatus created in taganrog was not an ekranoplane. the collective of r. l. bartini ( born in italy, founded italian communist party in 1921, and emigrated to the ussr in 1923, deserves a separate conversation ), placed after moving from the moscow area on the territory of beriev ' s kb, offered to use screen effect for the improvement of the take - off and landing characteristics of a planes. in the words of n. a. pogorelov ' s, who was the first assistant of r. l. bartini in that time, one of the basic directions of work was the realization of the idea of a so - called contactless take - off and landing : the plane rises", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5358293668532896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.166294"} {"text": "it formed under the initiative of the talented engineer rostislav alekseyev ( 1916 - 1980 ), who headed it. the theme of work - ships on underwater wings - was secret, and it was almost forty years to the moment of the successful test of a forlanini ' s boat. probably, this veil of secrecy prevented forty years after, the inclusion in the encyclopedia a few lines about the main designer, winner state and lenin ' s premiums, deserved inventor of the rsfsr, doctor of the technical sciences r. e. alekseyev, whose results of the work on vouw are widely known and are used not only in russia, but also in the west. now the ckb is known by civil production - vouw \" raketa \", \" meteor \", \" cometa \", \" kolkhida \", \" burevestnik \", \" sputnik \", \" voskhod \". but little is known about the 50th in the ckb, that was development on the creation of a battle ekranoplanes. the conditions, which was so in those years in the ussr, when for the defensive projects money and the resources were allocated practically without restrictions, have allowed us to realize the fact, that seemed impossible for the western economy with its strict and sober account : to overcome huge financial and technical risk and to create quiet battle machines, moreover - to build them serially. sm - 6 ( prototype of \" orlyonok \" ) refuel from km - 08 ( 1978 ) the ckb worked in the several basic directions : creation of the attack ship, anti - sub ekranoplane, and cargo - descent vessel. as result of work by the navy ' s order on the ckb ' s factory \" volga \" in 1963 was constructed the huge ( length 348 - ft, span 131 - ft, weight loaded - 1091, 000 - lb ) ekranoplane km ( \" korabl - maket \" ( ship - model \" ), received the nato nickname \" kaspian monster \". it was the largest and heavy flying apparatus in the world. the tests, proceeding for a several years, have shown the correctness of the basic engineering decisions. the first copy suffered from accident in 1969, when the pilot lost the visual horizon and had water impact at high speed, because of the strong fog. the second copy also suffered an accident in 1980 by pilot error and sank in the caspian sea, but all the crew were rescued. \" ka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4748411312061216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.168422"} {"text": ", when the pilot lost the visual horizon and had water impact at high speed, because of the strong fog. the second copy also suffered an accident in 1980 by pilot error and sank in the caspian sea, but all the crew were rescued. \" kaspian monster \" became an ancestor of the several ekranoplanes. in 1987 the \" lun \" was launched on water, the first ship of a series battle missile ekranoplanes ( length : 242 - ft, span : 144 - ft 4 - in, weight 882, 000 - lb ). the main designer was v. kirillovykh. the ship was armed by three pairs of cruise missile 3m80 or 80m \" mosquito \" ( nato ' s designation ss - n - 22 sunburn ). the second \" lun \" was also pawned as missile boat, but the beginning of conversion has brought the corrective amendments, and it was built as a rescue boat. rescue version of lun in 1972 after a number of experiments and tests of the manned self - propelled models, the cargo - descent ekranoplane \" orlyonok \" was constructed ( length : 190 - ft 3 1 / 2 - in, span : 103 - ft 4 - in, weight : loaded ; 308, 640 - lb ). the design of this machine has been successful and reliable and the survivability has exceeded all expectations. ekranoplane \" orlyonok \" a - 90 the creation of this unique - properties flying apparatus, from the origin of an idea up to its realization and then cessation of work on this perspective direction is very interesting, but is not a well known page of engineering history. working on the further increase of speed for vessels on underwater wings, r. e. alekseyev met a physical restriction on growth of speed vouw : by strong growth of resistance and cavitation ( low - temperature boiling ) of water on underwater wings and propeller. a natural resolve was to rise completely from water in air, so rostislav alekseyev decided to go by use of screen effect. at first, as well as with the vouw, towed models were tested. the vouw \" volga \" was used as the tow. to the point, the first models of the vouw alekseyev tested on a tow for sailboat - the case if not unique, in any case, untypical in the world ' s shipbuilding. but we shall return to the ekranoplanes. the models were tested in an aerodynamic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105071606971643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.169378"} {"text": "vouw alekseyev tested on a tow for sailboat - the case if not unique, in any case, untypical in the world ' s shipbuilding. but we shall return to the ekranoplanes. the models were tested in an aerodynamic pipe at the chkalovsky branch of the ckb ( gorky area ) and were tested on a track : they were dispersed by the special launcher and flied on inertia along a long equal path. a heavy sheet of plywood was used for researching the stability of movement : the airwave from its fall forced model to be rocked. further movement was the subject of more researches. once, to be honest, this test bed was too strong and the force of the air caused the model to break loose from the track, climb up in the air, and punch the roof. but as a whole the tests gave encouraging results : the movement was steady. \" orlyonok \" goes to the coast since 1961 the ckb has begun the construction and tests of self - propelled manned models : sm - 1, sm - 2 and so on. the apparatus sm - 6 has become an actual prototype of the \" orlyonok \". on these machines the basic constructive decisions were fulfilled, amphibian characteristics were tested for coming onto dry land, and tests were performed on its controlablety. tests were carried out in gorky ' s water pool, far from curious eyes. in autumn 1972 the first work copy of the \" orlyonok \" was taken out for a test. telyachy island down from the nizhny novgorod ( gorky ) on the river volga was used, as it was separated from the coast by the non - navigable, yet had a lenght of around 8 km on its left shore. there the first tests of the \" orlyonok \" were performed. it was already impossible to hide such \" huge thing \", and keep it a secret from the local, that it is the plane of lost failure, and now it is trying to pass it on airfield. the tests passed successfully, and in the spring the ekranoplane in the disassembled condition was transported down on the volga to the caspian sea, there reassembled, and the tests proceeded under sea conditions again. the ekranoplane was projected and built as a cargo - descent vessel for carrying machines and also armed forces into regions of battle action and landings descent. and for the uninitiated has invented the legend : \" the floating stand for improvement of new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5003158319756122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.170423"} {"text": "the ekranoplane was projected and built as a cargo - descent vessel for carrying machines and also armed forces into regions of battle action and landings descent. and for the uninitiated has invented the legend : \" the floating stand for improvement of new engines of high - speed boats \". unloading btr - 80 from \" orlyonok ' s cargo deck on tests under sea conditions the ekranoplane showed good results. the high speed, \" amphibability \", take - off from water ata small speed ( for the account blowing under a wings by jets of forward engines ) made this apparatus unique by its opportunities. in 1975 during the tests the ekranoplane was sat on stones. then the pilot switched the blowing - under on, and the machine left on water, flew up, and without any undue incident has reached base. but landing on stones did not pass without consequences. one case of the pre - series \" orlyonok \" was made of an alloy k482t1, which is very rigid and strong, but fragile. probably, the impacts with stones damaged the case, in the tail there were cracks, which were not noticed in the external survey. the next tests were spent at the heavy sea. during a rise from water, from impact of the damaged case about crest of a wave, the tail together with tailwings and mid - flight engine simply fell off. the pilot dumped gas of the start engines. r. e. alekseyev, who sat in the pilot ' s cabin too ( main designer personally attended practically all tests ), did not become puzzled, took control himself. he set the start engines on the cruiser mode, which kept the ekranoplane from plunging into water ( in this case ship would sink, which would be unavoidable, as the tail was not present ). this set the \" orlyonok \" on the gliding mode and it landed on the coast. the people sitting in the ship got rid by a fright, but for rostislav alekseyev, this failure had much heavier consequences. everyone expected, that alekseyev would receive the rank of a hero of the socialist labor for creation of ekranoplanes. but instead of the minister of a ship - building industry b. e. butoma, already \" having a grudge \" against alekseyev for the independence of his character has used failure as the pretext and removed alekseyev from his post of the main designer and the ckb chief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4816747808779928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.171419"} {"text": "b. e. butoma, already \" having a grudge \" against alekseyev for the independence of his character has used failure as the pretext and removed alekseyev from his post of the main designer and the ckb chief, by lowering him down to the chief of a department, and then to the chief of perspective sector. but the militarians and alekseyev looked at this failure a little otherwise : the \" orlyonok \" had shown surprising survivability ( tear off a tail of the plane or usual vessel - what would happen? ). analysing the reason of this failure, the main designer replaced the material of the case to an aluminum - magnesium alloy amg61. after this was launched, another three ekranoplanes were made for the soviet navy. all of them were under construction in a factory \" volga \" at the ckb. there were a total of five \" orlyonok ' s \" on chronology : \" dubl \" - a copy for static tests ; was sent to demolition ; s - 23 - first \" orlyonok \" that has committed the flight ( made of k482t1 alloy ) ; after crash was sent for demolition ; s - 21 - was handed to navy in 1978 ; now in service ; s - 25 - was handed to navy in 1979 ; now in service ; s - 26 - was handed to navy in 1980 ; now in service. the series of ekranoplanes s - 21 and s - 25 and s - 26 was a pre - series : by the plans of development the ussr navy was provided construction 120 \" orlyonok ' s. the military seamen were attracted with efficiency of an ekranoplane as a descent vessel. the high speed provided a speed for army transferring, unattainable for usual descent ships, and sudden impact. usual anti - descent obstacles and mine fields for \" orlyonok \" were not a handicap ( it would simply fly through them ), and for capture of a \" fortress \" on a well - protected coast of the opponent, an ekranoplane would be simply irreplaceable. but the plans did not come true ; in 1985 the defense minister marshal of the soviet union d. f. ustinov, support for the idea of the construction of a fleet - descent ekranoplanes died. the new defence minister marshal of the soviet union s. l. sokolov by the strong - willed decision closed the program, and money intended for it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4702791986608131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.172539"} {"text": "a hospital with the speed 700 km / h. further on the \" orlyonok \" starts the engines, releases from an - 225, and sits on water, turning into a seaworthy rescue vessel. due to large durability of a design, the ekranoplane can sit on a strong harsh sea, perilous for hydroplanes, and has the value of a course, that will allow it to work practically in any point of global ocean ( you see, fuel is spent only for a return way up to the nearest port ). this system will work also in a polar regions - the ekranoplane sits on the ice. such a system can deliver a polar station crew with urgent supplies ( not only in the arctic, but in the antarctic too ). and all these projects are financed by interested customers, so, despite difficulty, which the whole industry of the sng now experiences, there is the basis to look in the future with optimistism. instead of a conclusion to win strong positions, a steamship was required almost a century, vessels on underwater wings - a half - century, sea - gliders - more quarter of a century. recently an ekranoplane celebrated 60 years - a solid age. the researches on transport economics, spent by a number of organizations, in russia and in the west, have revealed an original niche, which could be filled with the flying ships. it is a means of sea transportation of passengers and urgent loads ( and for an ekranoplane, flight above sea is much more safe, than for an airplane ), and also ekranoplanes could be used as a transport line between islands in archipelagoes and between continent and islands : for an ekranoplane mooring is unnecessary, as for a vessel ; nor an airfield, as for a plane, and building a seaport or airport is economically unprofitable. and, knowing about the results of r. e. alekseyev ' s and other ckb designers works, about the scope of both intensive modern researches and experiments, it is possible to hope, that for final recognition the ekranoplane should not wait for a century anniversary. the crew consists of a commander, co - pilot, mechanic, navigator, radio operator and gunner. for transportation of a descent in structure of crew two mechanics are joined in addition. the hull is made of the alloy amg61. in separate units steel is applied. radio - transparent aerials are made from composite materials. electrochemical protectors provide the protection of the case from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5015957029029081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.175379"} {"text": "of crew two mechanics are joined in addition. the hull is made of the alloy amg61. in separate units steel is applied. radio - transparent aerials are made from composite materials. electrochemical protectors provide the protection of the case from corrosion. the underwater part is painted with a special paint, preventing growth of sea animicules. the hull is intended for accommodation in it useful loads, crew, arms, starting engines, and ship systems. useful loads are placed in a cargo cabin of length : 92 - ft, width : 11 - ft, height : 15 - ft. the load and unload occur through the hatch, formed at turn to the left around of hinges nose part of the case. the cabin of crew, engines and machine - gun installation are placed in a rotary part. system cross and longitudinal reads form the bottom. in the nose part of the case to the bottom fastens hydroski ( nose one ). basic ( main ) hydroski fastens in region of center of weights. both they can shake in vertical. an input and output of crew comes through doors, located on boards of the case above a wing. emergency escape - through the hatch on a roof of the pilot ' s cabin. the wing has aerodynamic configuration, optimized for a movement near to the screen. on the ends of a wing are placed floats, playing the role of aerodynamic and gliding disks. along the back edge are located five - section flaps - ailerons. along the forward edge on the bottom surface of a wing ( closer to the ends ) are special starting plates. an axis of rotation of the plate passes on their forward edges. corners of a deviation : flaps - ailerons - from - 10 up to + 42 degrees, starting plates - 70 degrees. the mechanization of a wing is used at the start for the creation of a gas pillow, lifting an ekranoplane from the water. on start the back edge of a wing is in the water. for climb, special nose starting engines are switched on, jet exhaust from which are directed under a wing. the pilot lower flaps and plates, so that no gases comes through under back and forward edges. the raised pressure of gases under a wing lifts an ekranoplane from water. structurally the wing consists from centerplane and two consoles that have kesson design. the tail on the \" orlyonok \" there are engine - tail wings with the purpose of reducing the influence of the screen by the characteristics of stability and controlability of the ek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5267703762330858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.176650"} {"text": "consists from centerplane and two consoles that have kesson design. the tail on the \" orlyonok \" there are engine - tail wings with the purpose of reducing the influence of the screen by the characteristics of stability and controlability of the ekranoplane. the relative large sizes of the stabilizer are explained by necessity of maintenance of steady flight at various heights from the screen. rudders used for height are of four - sections, those of the rudder used for direst are of two - sections. the vertical tail represents one whole with the fuselage. on top of the tail the mid - flight engine, navigating antenna, and radio aerials are installed. the chassis includes two - wheel nose and ten - wheel basic gear. wheels - non - breakable, nose gear - rotary, gear independent. retracting it into the case produces the retracting of the nose wheels, and the basic wheels with the help of hydrocylinders are filled up for main water ski. bay doors of a retracted station are absent, the hydroski in a retracted situation partially cover depressions in the chassis. the chassis together with ski - amortization device ( nose and basic hydroski ) and blowing - under provide passable practicality on any ground, snow and ice. the power installation consists of two starting turbojet engines nk - 8 - 4k and mid - flight turbo - propeller nk - 12mk. all engines represent itself sea version of the same air engines. starting engines ( the static maximum draft in standard conditions 10. 5t each ) are installed on boards in rotary part of the fuselage. air intakes are placed before the canopy of a cabin of the pilots for prevention of hit splashes and dust at a movement above the sea or land. rotary jet exhausts of engines allow to direct a jet exhaust under a wing ( mode blow - under ) or above a wing ( if increase of draft in cruise flight is necessary ). the mid - flight engine results in rotation two one - axis propellers by a diameter 6m ( static maximum draft in standard conditions 15. 5t ). onboard auxiliary power installation tl - 6l is also available. the fuel tanks are located in root parts of a wing. the systems of an ekranoplane represent a combination of a traditional ship and aircraft equipment. a ship navigating complex \" ekran \" with survey rls is onboard available. a control system - hydraulic. analogue of the auto pilot is system of automatic control by a movement. with its help piloting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5168671712768589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.178847"} {"text": "a traditional ship and aircraft equipment. a ship navigating complex \" ekran \" with survey rls is onboard available. a control system - hydraulic. analogue of the auto pilot is system of automatic control by a movement. with its help piloting is possible as in hand - operated, and in automatic modes. in the nose end of the case is installed the aerial of navigating radar - tracking station of the warning of collisions - \" ekran - 4 \" with high resolution. the aerial survey rls is placed on the top part of the case beside the machine - gun. the hydrosystem provides functioning steering surfaces, mechanization of a wing, retracting of the chassis and water skis, turn nose part of the case on hinges. the electrosystem provides with a current the piloting - navigating, radiocoherent, electrotechnical equipment, and also control system. the ekranoplane is equipped by the complete set of ship navigating fires. in the rotary part of the case in forpik is located drogue - tow device. the anchor is retracted in kluse. there are inflatable saving rafts and motor inflatable boats onboard of an ekranoplane. the armament consists of defense machine - gun installation \" utyos \" and shooting weapon of crew. coloring : a surface part of the case, including tail wings is gray ; a underwater part of the case - dark - green ; of rls aerials - light - gray ; a waterline, tactical numbers - white ; blades of the propeller, trunks of machine guns, visires, jet exhausts of engines, niche of jet exhausts of the nose engines - black ; ends of disks - red ; the ends of blades - yellow. from both boards on vertical tail the image of a russian navy flag is put. 1. s. kravchuk a. maskalik a. privalov. flying above waves. aerohobby. i2. kiev. 1992 2. a. belyaev. magic flight. aviko press. moscow. 1993 3. the osprey encyclopedia of russian aircraft. osprey aerospace, england, 1995. \u00a9 www. airforce. ru 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4948578434654761, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.179725"} {"text": "it seems ironic that tu b \u2019 shvat, the jewish holiday celebrating trees and nature, falls in the dead of winter. a cynic might explain the timing as appropriate in light of judaism \u2019 s \u201c cold \u201d embrace of environmental issues which don \u2019 t always rank too high on our communal agenda. we can even justify our scorn of all things green by pointing to the seemingly anti - environmentalist teaching in pirkei avot ( 3 : 9 ) : rabbi shimon would say : one who walks along a road and studies, but interrupts his studying to say, \" how beautiful is this tree! how beautiful is this plowed field! \" \u2013 scripture considers it as if he had forfeited his life. there is a perception that judaism has a conflict between his word vs. his world. a deeper look at our sources, however, reveals an inspiring intersection of torah and teva ( nature ) : the book of genesis describes god proudly looking upon his creation and declaring it \u201c very good. \u201d man is created and immediately charged with caring for creation : \u201c and god placed man in the garden of eden to work it and to guard it \u201d ( genesis 2 : 15 ). rabbi norman lamm identifies two aspects emerging from this verse : man has been appointed an \u201c oved, \u201d a worker who builds and crafts, as well as a \u201c shomer, \u201d a guardian who \u201c is obligated to keep the world whole for its true owner, and is responsible to return it in no worse condition than he found it. \u201d we have the unique ability and urgent responsibility to care for the natural resources that god created. the torah prohibition of bal tashchit ( lit : do not waste ) is an expression of our duty as a guardian. the torah ( deut. 20 : 19 ) calls for the preservation of fruit trees during times of war. maimonides ( wars 6 : 10 ) makes clear that the prohibition has a much broader application. as he points out : \u201c this principle applies not only to trees. whenever someone destroys a useful artifact, rips clothing, demolishes a building, plugs up a spring or senselessly destroys food, he violates bal tashchit. \u201d similarly, the sefer hachinuch ( # 529 ) sees in bal tashchit the definition of what it means to be a good person : \u201c this is the way of the righteous and those who improve society... that nothing, not even a mustard seed, should be lost..", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47809259157955847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.186107"} {"text": ") sees in bal tashchit the definition of what it means to be a good person : \u201c this is the way of the righteous and those who improve society... that nothing, not even a mustard seed, should be lost... if possible they will prevent any destruction that they can. not so are the wicked who rejoice in the destruction of the world. \u201d if our obligation as \u201c guardian \u201d includes the prohibition of bal tashchit, then \u201c oved \u201d describes our positive role as a worker and fabricator. especially in today \u2019 s climate of environmental concerns, we have the unique ability, and urgent responsibility, to be an \u201c oved \u201d and to take the natural resources that god created and improve upon them for the benefit of humanity. putting it into practice it is therefore a great source of pride, and a kiddush hashem ( bringing honor and respect to god ), that some of the most exciting breakthroughs in clean technology are currently being developed by jews in israel. \u2022 energy \u2013 in addition to its chronic water shortage, the state of israel has also faced a perpetual energy crisis. unable to rely on its oil - rich neighbors for energy, israel has looked to the heavens to provide an alternative solution. abundant israeli sunshine led to the early adoption of solar water heaters, but cutting - edge r & d has now advanced israel well beyond the \u201c dud shemesh \u201d which sit atop 90 % of israeli homes. a jerusalem - based solar company, brightsource energy, recently began to build the world \u2019 s largest solar energy project in southern california, which will produce enough energy for 140, 000 homes, doubling the amount of solar electricity currently produced in the united states. israel is also working to end the world \u2019 s dangerous addiction to arab oil. while electric vehicles are now available in many countries, israel has taken the first groundbreaking step to build an extensive network of battery exchange stations and plug - in charge spots for electric vehicles. its small size makes israel the perfect test market for this revolutionary concept that can transform the transportation industry. originally conceived as an idea to make the world \u201c a better place, \u201d founder shai agassi has promised that better place will be the biggest international brand to come out of israel since jaffa oranges. \u2022 water \u2013 nearly one billion people throughout the world \u2013 about one in eight \u2013 lack access to clean water. more people die each year from water - borne diseases than through armed conflict ( see : water. org ), so finding a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.539993492475064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.187156"} {"text": "oranges. \u2022 water \u2013 nearly one billion people throughout the world \u2013 about one in eight \u2013 lack access to clean water. more people die each year from water - borne diseases than through armed conflict ( see : water. org ), so finding a solution to this global threat is among the most pressing issues facing the world today. the jewish state currently leads the international community in water conservation and desalination, purifying and reusing 75 % of its waste water each year for agricultural use. ( the second - most efficient nation, spain, recycles only 12 % of its water! ) a leaky pipe was dripping droplets of water onto the tree \u2019 s roots. a turning point in israeli water conservation occurred in the 1930s when a polish immigrant noticed a tree growing in the negev desert, \u201c without water. \u201d simcha blass dug around the tree and uncovered a leaky pipe dripping tiny droplets of water onto its roots. blass went on to develop drip irrigation ( netafim. com ), now a multi - million - dollar israeli export responsible for saving thousands of lives in third world countries. another israeli startup has developed a material that attracts and retains dew. shaped into trays and placed around crops, this material will take the dew that forms overnight and funnel it directly onto the plant and its roots. field tests promise enormous water savings, reducing the irrigation water needed for crops by 50 percent. the company is named tal - ya, meaning \" god \u2019 s dew. \" \u2022 trees \u2013 the state of israel is one of only two countries in the world that ended the 20th century with more trees than it started with, thanks to the efforts of the jewish national fund in planting more than 240 million trees. this incredible achievement brings new life to the ancient words of the midrash ( vayikra rabbah 25 : 3 ) : rabbi yehuda ben shimon began, \u201c you shall emulate the lord your god. \u2019 is it possible for flesh and blood to emulate the almighty?... what this means is that in the beginning [ of creation ], god engaged in planting ; similarly \u201c you shall come into the land, and you shall plant. \u201d many of the serious environmental concerns that now face the global community \u2013 scarcity of water, addiction to oil, and degradation of arable land \u2013 have confronted the state of israel since its inception. applying jewish ingenuity to our biblical mandate to \u201c work and guard the land \u201d is now providing the answers to some of the worlds most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48823094551642265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.189161"} {"text": "| as china ' s economy continues to grow, the world will demand that the asian powerhouse assumes greater responsibility for global economic stability, but china has little time to prepare [ gallo / getty ] is china poised to surpass the united states to become the world ' s largest economy? the international monetary fund recently predicted that the size of china ' s economy would overtake that of the us in terms of purchasing power parity ( ppp ) by 2016. but a recent co - authored study by robert feenstra, an economist at the university of california, davis, shows that global economic leadership would pass to china in 2014. and, even more radically, arvind subramanian of the peterson institute of international economics argues that china actually surpassed the us in ppp terms in 2010. purchasing power parity measures a country ' s income using a set of international prices applied to all economies. prices in developing countries are usually lower than in developed countries. therefore, their income could be underestimated if calculated only according to the exchange rate. income measured in ppp helps to avoid this problem. but estimating ppp income raises its own set of problems. one consists in the fact that every country has a different consumption basket, with the greatest disparity between developing and developed countries. for example, foods usually account for 40 per cent or more of household expenditure in a typical developing country, whereas the figure is less than 20 per cent in most developed countries. the purpose of ppp comparison is to measure a country ' s real quality of life. in this case, it can be thought of as comparing each country ' s aggregate good, composed of the goods in each country ' s consumption basket. but this aggregate good does not have the same components across countries. that is, ppp calculations effectively compare apples with oranges. this argument may sound technical, but it has profound implications for cross - country comparisons of life quality. suppose we compare two countries. one of them is agriculture - based, and people consume only food, while the other is industry - based, and people not only consume food but also buy clothes. the share of their expenditure on these two items is 20 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively. suppose, further, that per capita nominal income at the market exchange rate in the second country is four times higher than in the first. food prices are the same in the two countries, while in the second country, the price of cloth is five times higher than the price of food. in this example, the price", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44795448222148093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.198016"} {"text": "rate in the second country is four times higher than in the first. food prices are the same in the two countries, while in the second country, the price of cloth is five times higher than the price of food. in this example, the price of the aggregate good in the second country is 4. 2 times the price of the aggregate good in the first country. further calculation reveals that, in ppp terms, a person in the second country is five per cent poorer than a person in the first country! this absurd result is possible only because ppp is comparing two different consumption bundles. but the consumption basket of an average chinese consumer is vastly different from the consumption basket of an average american, so ppp comparisons between china and the us can be misleading. ppp gives an answer to the following question : how much does a chinese worker need to earn to maintain their quality of life in china if they were to move to the us? but this question is neither intuitive nor realistic. when it comes to the comparison of purchasing power in the international market, a more sensible question is : how many goods can a chinese worker buy in the us using the income they earn in china? one must rely on nominal income to provide an answer to this question. in this case, a 10 per cent appreciation of the renminbi increases the purchasing power of a chinese person in the us by exactly 10 per cent, whereas his life quality does not change in ppp terms. but china would surpass the us in a relatively short period of time even if we measured both countries ' economies in nominal terms. assuming that the chinese and us economies grow, respectively, by eight per cent and three per cent in real terms, that china ' s inflation rate is 3. 6 per cent and america ' s is two per cent ( the averages of the past decade ), and that the renminbi appreciates against the dollar by three per cent per year ( the average of the past six years ). china would become the world ' s largest economy by 2021. by that time, both countries ' gdp will be about $ 24 trillion, perhaps triple the size of the third largest economy, either japan or germany. assuming eight per cent growth for china may or may not be a sure bet. but if china grew by 9 - 10 per cent in the first five years and by 6 - 7 per cent in the subsequent five years, the target for an average of eight per cent between now and 2021 would be met. the world has already begun to demand that china assume", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5143147252409259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.199113"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia origins and polarization the expression gained wide use with the publication in 1991 of culture wars : the struggle to define america by james davison hunter. in that book, he described the dramatic polarized re - alignment that had transformed american politics. the term echoes the german kulturkampf. the observation is that on an increasing number of \" hot - button \" defining issues \u2014 abortion, gun control, separation of church and state, privacy, homosexuality, censorship \u2014 there are two definable polarities in american culture. these are not defined by their nominal religion or even by their political affiliation, but rather by an ideological world view. see also culture war speech during the same period, paleoconservative commentator patrick j. buchanan mounted a campaign for the republican nomination for president of the united states against incumbent george h. bush in 1992, mostly based on bush ' s decision to raise taxes after the latter ' s famous pledge, \" read my lips, no new taxes \". after doing surprisingly well in the first primary in new hampshire, drawing 37 % of the vote, his campaign faded. he did receive a consolation prize : the keynote speech at the 1992 republican national convention, in which he railed againat all forms of immigration and urged all american people to wage in a \" war \" to rid american of foreign cultures. ( this is where the term \" culture war \" began to form ) the speech played well amongst the hard - line republicans, but many consider that its effect may have cost the party swing votes and alienated moderates. that is, it was adjudged to have been polarizing. buchanan said, \" there is a religious war going on in our country for the soul of america. it is a cultural war, as critical to the kind of nation we will one day be as was the cold war itself. \" buchanan ' s campaign is credited to some extent with allowing independent ross perot to emerge as a major figure in politics. perot received 19 % of the vote that year, doing extraordinarily well for a third - party candidate in a two - party system. a definition from the conservative side was that in the culture wars, public morality, as well as multiculturalism and diversity, are the defining issues. this would not be generally accepted as a description, but has some force in terms of electoral politics. attempting an era name the term culture wars was adopted by william strauss and neil howe in fourth turning ( 1996 ), to describe the historical period from 1984 to approximately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5305720565296842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.203638"} {"text": "not be generally accepted as a description, but has some force in terms of electoral politics. attempting an era name the term culture wars was adopted by william strauss and neil howe in fourth turning ( 1996 ), to describe the historical period from 1984 to approximately 2005. the preceding era they termed the consciousness revolution ; the succeeding era in strauss and howe ' s system is the predicted upcoming crisis of 2020. the period opened with triumphant \" morning in america \" individualism and drifted toward pessimism as time wore on. personal confidence remained high and in the 1990s few national problems demanded immediate action. but the public reflected darkly on growing violence and incivility, widening inequality, pervasive distrust of institutions and leaders, and a debased popular culture. people began fearing that the national consensus was splitting into competing \" values \" camps. campus culture wars from the point of view of american academia, the ' culture wars ' and their alignments were nothing new \u2014 rather they were perceived as an extrapolation of some conflicts that had been simmering in university life since the 1960s. positions had been taken up on a number of issues : feminism, homosexuality as a topic in the humanities, postmodernism being some of those attracting attention in the arts faculties. cruder debates in more emotive terms were expected on the curriculum, popular culture, supposed enforcement of political correctness, affirmative action as it applies to admissions, and allegations that teaching was too centred on dwems and wasp interpretations. the campus culture wars reflected a change in the demographics of the student population, as well as social change in society at large. public intellectuals have sometimes been content to blur the distinction between ' culture war ' in this sense, and in national politics. did the september 11, 2001 attacks herald the end of the culture wars era? some argue that the destruction of the world trade center produced only a temporary sobering reaction from the american populace. if the culture wars era had ended then, the national mood would have been akin to the mood at the time of the start of the great depression. the american military took over afghanistan and iraq, but that has not had the same feeling among the populace as, say, ve day. other critics dispute this. instead of comparing september 11 to the end of the second world war, they see it as similar to the beginning. many argue that the 9 / 11 attacks were \" a new pearl harbor \" that heralded the beginning of a culture shift. some right - wing and left - wing intellectuals see a post - 9 / 11", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5486967553432442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.204821"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia } } in music, a melody is a series of linear events or a succession, not a simultaneity as in a chord. however, this succession must contain change of some kind and be perceived as a single entity ( possibly gestalt ) to be called a melody. most specifically this includes patterns of changing pitches and durations, while most generally it includes any interacting patterns of changing events or quality. \" melody may be said to result where there are interacting patterns of changing events occurring in time. \" ( delone et. al. ( eds. ) 1975, p. 270 - 1 ) \" the events occurring in time must involve change of some kind to be understood as related or unrelated... the essential elements of any melody are duration, pitch, and quality [ timbre, texture, and loudness ] \" melodies often consist of one or more musical phrases, motifs, and is usually repeated throughout a song or piece in various forms. melodies may also be described by their melodic motion or the pitches or the intervals between pitches ( predominately conjuct or disjunct or with further restrictions ), pitch range, tension and release, continuity and coherence, cadence, and shape ( ibid, p. 290 - 301 ). \" many extant explinations [ of melody ] confine us [ sic ] to specific stylistic models, and they are too exclusive. \" ( ibid, p. 270 ) different musical styles use melody in different ways. for example : - rock music, melodic music, and other forms of popular music and folk music tend to pick one or two melodies ( verse and chorus ) and stick with them ; much variety may occur in the phrasing and lyrics. \" gino stefani makes appropriation the chief criterion for his ' popular ' definition of melody ( stefani 1987a ). melody, he argues, is music ' at hand ' ; it is that dimension which the common musical competence extracts ( often with little respect for the integrity of the source ), appropriates and uses for a variety of purposes : singing, whistling, dancing, and so on. \" ( middleton, p. 96 ) - in western classical music, composers often introduce an initial melody, or theme, and then create variations. classical music often has several melodic layers, called polyphony, such as those in a fugue, a type of counterpoint. often melodies are constructed from motifs or short melodic fragments, such as the opening of beethoven ' s ninth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6197096773017473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.210243"} {"text": "variations. classical music often has several melodic layers, called polyphony, such as those in a fugue, a type of counterpoint. often melodies are constructed from motifs or short melodic fragments, such as the opening of beethoven ' s ninth. richard wagner popularized the concept of a leitmotif : a motif or melody associated with a certain idea, person or place. - while in both most popular music and classical music of the common practice period pitch and duration are of primary importance in melodies, the contemporary music of the 20th and 21st centuries pitch and duration have lessened in importance and quality has gained importance, often primary. examples include musique concrete, klangfarbenmelodie, elliott carter ' s eight etudes and a fantasy which contains a movement with only one note, the third movement of ruth crawford - seeger ' s string quartet 1931 ( later reorchestrated as andante for string orchestra ) in which the melody is created from an unchanging set of pitches through \" dissonant dynamics \" alone, and gyorgy ligeti ' s aventures in which reoccurring phonetics create the linear form. - jazz musicians use the melody line, called the \" lead \" or \" head \", as a starting point for improvisation. - indian classical music relies heavily on melody and rhythm, and not so much on harmony as the above forms. - balinese gamelan music often uses complicated variations and alterations of a single melody played simultaneously, called heterophony. \" the continuity and diagetic function of almost all vocal melody draw us along the linear thread of the song ' s syntagmatic structure, producing a ' point of perspective ' from which the otherwise disparate parts of the musical texture can be placed within a coherent ' image '. \" ( middleton 1990, p. 264 ) see also : unified field. - apel, willi. harvard dictionary of music, 2nd edition, p. 517 - 19. includes \" a capsule definition of melody. \" ( delone et al 1975, p. 270 ) - edwards, arthur c. the art of melody, p. xix - xxx. includes \" a catalog of sample definitions. \" ( ibid ) - smits van waesberghe, j. a textbook of melody. includes \" an attempt to formulate a theory of melody. \" ( ibid ) - delone et. al. ( eds. ) ( 1975 ). aspects of twentieth - century music, chap. 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5783655241360782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.211261"} {"text": "healthcare and decision - making in dementia consent to medical treatment article 8 ( the right to refuse treatment ) of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 ( rpcdh ) states that patients may not be treated or provided with any other health or nursing care against their will, unless otherwise established by the laws of the republic of lithuania. if the possibility exists, patients must be offered other treatment or other health care services ( \u00a7 1 ). \u00a7 4 of the same article states that \u201e the law on mental health care shall establish the nature of treatment of a patient, mental patient, who is unable to correctly assess the condition of his / her own health. \u201c consent to treatment in case of incapacity article 6. 744 ( 3 ) covers consent to treatment in cases where a patient lacks the necessary capacity to consent and does not have a curator or guardian. in such cases, there is a hierarchy of people authorised to consent on the person \u2019 s behalf : first, the person authorised in writing by the patient with incapacity to act on his / her behalf, second, the spouse or partner. if the spouse or partner is not available or refuses to consent, the obligation goes to a parent or child unless they refuse. consent in case of emergency \u00a7 3 allows for patients to be treated without their consent in case of emergency. it states that vital ( first or urgent ) medical assistance can be given to a patient who is unconscious or whose will is not known for another reason without his / her consent if there is a serious threat to his / her life. article 8 ( 5 ) of the rpcdh states that healthcare services can be provided with the consent of a person \u2018 s legal representative if the latter cannot be contacted in time and immediate action must be taken in order to save the patient \u2018 s life ( nys et al., 2007 ). the right to refuse treatment paragraphs 5 and 6 of article 1 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 ( rpcdh ) address the issue of refusal of treatment by legal representatives. it is not stated whether this is referring to legal representatives of incapable adults or just minors. the paragrahs are as follows : \u00a7 5. in the course of providing required ( first aid or urgent ) medical assistance, which requires the consent of the legal representative of the patient, such may be provided also without the legal representative \u2019 s consent, if this can not be obtained in time or if the legal representative refuses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47527409943625426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.221026"} {"text": "providing required ( first aid or urgent ) medical assistance, which requires the consent of the legal representative of the patient, such may be provided also without the legal representative \u2019 s consent, if this can not be obtained in time or if the legal representative refuses to give his consent, while according to the treating physician or nursing staff member, the rendering of medical assistance is in keeping with the interests of the patient. the case history of the illness of the patient must include a record of this. \u00a7 6. should the legal representative of a patient refuse to give his consent for treatment, which is not urgent and the treating physician be of the opinion that the treatment being provided is in keeping with the interests of the patient, the medical commission of the health care institution or the committee for medical ethics of lithuania, has the right to give consent for such treatment. the administration of the health care institution or the treating physician shall have the right to appeal to this commission or committee. the right to withdraw consent article 8 ( 4 ) further states that patients have the right to withdraw consent in written form at any time. article 6. 739 ( 2 ) of the civil codes grants patients the right to \u201c terminate the contract at any time \u201d and no formal requirements are mentioned. consent to the donation of organs and / or human tissue article 6. 746 states, \u201c human tissues and organs taken from an anonymous person during the provision of personal healthcare services may be used in cases and pursuant to the procedure prescribed by laws. \u201d consent to research and clinical trials the law on ethics of biomedical research of 11 may 2000 states that biomedical research can only be carried out on people who have given their free and informed consent ( article 6 ). the law also contains a list of vulnerable subjects which includes people with mental disorders who are nevertheless able to give their consent to take part in biomedical research as well as people living in nursing homes. article 7 of this law sets conditions which must be met before such research can be carried out i. e. - it can only be carried out on vulnerable people - the results have the potential to produce real and direct benefit to the health of the research subjects - it does not pose a risk to the health or life of the research subject. furthermore, the free and informed consent of the reserach subject must be attested by 2 witnesses and the head of a health care establishment where biomedical research is being conducted. the approval fo the medical ethics commission must also be obtained. article 7 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44233875935485234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.222061"} {"text": "be attested by 2 witnesses and the head of a health care establishment where biomedical research is being conducted. the approval fo the medical ethics commission must also be obtained. article 7 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 states that people cannot be used for training or scientific or medical experiments without their consent. there are no legal provisions relating to previously expressed wishes in lithuania ( nys et al., 2007 ). however, according to the law on human death and critical care, a person should not be resuscitated if he / she has expressed a wish to this effect and provided that there is approval from a doctors \u2019 committee ( council of europe, 2003 ). access to information / diagnosis article 6 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 ( rpcdh ) deals with the right to information. information is also contained in section 2 of the civil code. the right to be informed the following paragraph deals with the patient \u2018 s right to be informed about his / her state of health : \u00a7 4. the patient shall have a right to information on the condition of his / her health, disease diagnosis, medical examination results, treatment methods and treatment prognosis. the information must be supplied to the patient in a form comprehensible to him / her, with an explanation of the special medical terms involved. in providing information regarding the treatment, the physician must explain to the patient the course of treatment, possible results of the treatment, possible alternative methods of treatment and other circumstances, which may have an effect upon the patient \u2019 s decision to accept or refuse the proposed treatment. the information should not be supplied to the patient against his / her will, however, his / her will must be clearly expressed and the history of his illness should contain a mention of this wish of his / hers. \u00a7 9 further specifies that a patient has the right to learn of the specialist \u2019 s opinion concerning the condition of his / her health and the proposed treatment. according to article 727 of the civil code healthcare providers are obliged to provide patients with information in a form that is comprehensible to the latter, explaining special medical terms used, outliing possible treatment methods, prognosis of treatment and other circumstances which might effect the patient \u2018 s decision whether or not to consent to the proposed treatment, as well as the likely effects of refusing the proposed treatment. access to medical files \u00a7 6 of the rpcdh covers the patients right to access their medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5240734589467897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.223984"} {"text": "circumstances which might effect the patient \u2018 s decision whether or not to consent to the proposed treatment, as well as the likely effects of refusing the proposed treatment. access to medical files \u00a7 6 of the rpcdh covers the patients right to access their medical files. it states : the patient shall have the right to request that copies of the case history of his disease and ( or ) of other documents, be made at his expense. this right of the patient may only be limited by the procedure established by the laws of the republic of lithuania. the physician must explain the significance of the notes included in the case history of his illness. if the patient \u2019 s request is justified, the physician must correct, complete, remove, explain and ( or ) change inaccurate, incomplete, ambiguous data or data not related to the diagnosis, treatment or nursing. if the treating physician fails to agree with such a request by the patient, the consilium of physicians will then decide the validity of the patient \u2019 s request. article 6. 735 of the civil code grants patients the right to be provided with all their medical documents unless this would be harmful to their health or endanger their lives. if information is withheld, this must be noted in the medical file. the patient is also entitled to ask for copies of the information in his / her medical file at his / her own expense. the healthcare provider must explain the meaning of the information and be willing to make any reasonable corrections or amendments suggested by the patient. the doctor \u2019 s right to withhold information according to \u00a7 5 of the rpcdh, information can be withheld from the patient : if the patient so desires, s / he must be supplied with the history of his / her illness or other medical documents of his / hers, with the exception of instances, wherein this may have a basic effect upon the patient \u2019 s health and even endanger his / her life ( this shall be decided by the physician treating him / her, or a physicians \u2019 consilium ). in such instances, the treating physician shall note in the disease case history, the limitations of the supply of information. article 6. 727 of the civil code states that providers of healthcare services may withhold information if such information would have a detrimental effect on the patient \u2018 s health or endanger his / her life. however, the information should then be submitted to the patient \u2018 s representative and later given to the patient if and when the risk of causing harm no longer exists. the patient \u2019 s right to refuse information the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5118392922038465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.224956"} {"text": "health or endanger his / her life. however, the information should then be submitted to the patient \u2018 s representative and later given to the patient if and when the risk of causing harm no longer exists. the patient \u2019 s right to refuse information the right not to be informed is covered by article 6. 728 of the civil code which states that information should not be provided against the person \u2019 s will which was clearly expressed and attested by his / her signature. the same right can be found in the rpcdh in article 6 ( 4 ). however, in the civil code, it is stipulated that the right to refuse information is not applicable if such refusal is likely to be harmful to the patient or to other people. confidentiality / disclosure of information to other people article 10 of the rpcdh deals with the inviolability of personal privacy. the relevant articles are as follows : 1. the private life of patients shall be inviolable. information concerning the facts of the patients \u2019 personal existence may be collected for the case history of the illness, with the patients \u2019 consent and if, in the opinion of the treating physician, this shall be deemed necessary for diagnosing the illness, treatment or nursing. 2. all of the information concerning the condition of the patient \u2019 s health, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, and also, all of the other information of personal nature concerning the patient, must be held as confidential, even after the patient \u2019 s death. the laws of the republic of lithuania and legal acts of the ministry of health shall determine the procedure of safe keeping of such confidential information. confidential information may be furnished for other individuals, only upon the written consent of the patient, or if this is stipulated by this and other laws of the republic of lithuania. 3. consent is not required, if the information is provided to individuals who are direct participants in the treatment or nursing of patients, performing expert examinations of the patients \u2019 health, and also to institutions, which are given the right by the laws of the republic of lithuania to inspect the activity of health care institutions. article 13 of the same law deals with the use of information in medical files for research and student instruction : the lithuanian committee on medical ethics of lithuania shall establish the procedure for use of the information contained in the patients \u2019 documents, for medical research work and student instruction. the personal privacy of the patient must be respected in using information for these purposes. it is stated in article 6. 736 of the civil code that healthcare providers may not give information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5160327103127288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.228134"} {"text": "in the patients \u2019 documents, for medical research work and student instruction. the personal privacy of the patient must be respected in using information for these purposes. it is stated in article 6. 736 of the civil code that healthcare providers may not give information about the patient without his / her consent to other people. similarly, they may not give copies of official documentation about the patient to other people unless required by law to do so. information may be provided to people who are involved in the care of the patient if such information is necessary for the provision of such care. end - of - life care and issues article 3, \u00a7 6 of the law on the rights of patients and compensation of the damage to their health of 1996 states, \u201c patients shall have the right to be cared for and to die with dignity. \u201c euthanasia and assisted suicide there is no law against euthanasia but there are legal sanctions against killing. these sanctions are more severe for the killing of a vulnerable person ( council of europe, 2003 ). according to the european association for palliative care ( 2006 ), there are no initiatives in lithuania to seek the legalisation of euthanasia or assisted suicide at the present time. european association for palliative care ( 2006 ), report on palliative care in lithuania : http : / / www. eapcnet. org / download / forpolicy / lithuania. pdf council of europe ( steering committee on bioethics ) ( 2003 ), results of questionnaire, council of europe : http : / / www. coe. int / t / e / legal _ affairs / legal _ co - operation / bioethics / activities / euthanasia / answers % 2520euthanasia % 2520questionnaire % 2520e % 252015jan03. asp # topofpage last updated : mercredi 27 avril 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48163085448320064, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.229353"} {"text": "2002 - 2003 : rare forms of dementia completed ae projects the number of people suffering from rare forms of dementia is by definition low and consequently, very little has been done to provide information in the same way as it has been for other more common forms such as alzheimer \u2019 s disease. however, when one adds up the number of people in the whole of europe suffering from a rare form of dementia, there is a sizeable group of people who would benefit from information i. e. on the characteristics of a particular form of dementia, its progression, duration and treatment possibilities etc. researchers and medical staff might also benefit from such information. this project would enable quality information on rare forms of dementia to be disseminated throughout europe. funding and duration the rare forms of dementia project was funded by the european commission under the programme \u201c action on rare diseases \u201d the project ran from august 2002 to august 2003. the working group consisted of : - jos van der poel, stichting alzheimer nederland, bunnik, the netherlands - andre delacourte, inserm, lille, france - clive evers, alzheimer ' s society, london, united kingdom - alexander kurz, psychiatrische klinik der tu munchen, munich, germany - kurt jellinger, ludwig boltzmann institute of clinical neurobiology, vienna, austria - giuliano binetti, centro san giovanni di dio, brescia, italy the aim of the project was to build up a database of information about rare forms of dementia and to make this available to the general public by means of our existing internet and intranet system. the information in the database would consist of disease - based entries and would include the disease name, synonyms, a description of the disorder, symptoms, causes, epidemiological data available, treatment, clinical trials, diagnostic procedures and a list of sources for further information. this information would be provided by the relevant experts and regularly brought up to date. - expert meeting to define the precise content and structure of the database - setting up of european network and collection of information ; creation of framework for the future database - writing up of text on each rare disease / circulation of texts and discussion via email discussion forum on existing intranet system - expert meeting to present and discuss texts and how to best present findings on internet, difficulties and possible solutions - external validation of reports by independent specialists and subsequent amendments - transferral of information onto alzheimer europe \u2019 s website and newly created database on rare diseases the creation of a database on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49174817608828036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.232748"} {"text": "c + + is an object - oriented enhancement of the c programming language and is becoming the language of choice for serious software development. c + + has crossed the single book complexity barrier. the individual features are not all that complex, but when put together in a program they interact in highly non - intuitive ways. many books discuss each of the features separately, giving readers the illusion that they understand the language. but when they try to program, they ' re in for a painful surprise ( even people who already know c ). c + + : the core language is for c programmers transitioning to c + +. it ' s designed to get readers up to speed quickly by covering an essential subset of the language. the subset consists of features without which it ' s just not c + +, and a handful of others that make it a reasonably useful language. you can actually use this subset ( using any compiler ) to get familiar with the basics of the language. once you really understand that much, it ' s time to do some programming and learn more from other books. after reading this book, you ' ll be far better equipped to get something useful out of a reference manual, a graphical user interface programming book, and maybe a book on the specific libraries you ' ll be using. ( take a look at our companion book, practical c + + programming. ) c + + : the core language includes sidebars that give overviews of all the advanced features not covered, so that readers know they exist and how they fit in. it covers features common to all c + + compilers, including those on unix, windows nt, windows, dos, and macintosh. comparison : c + + : the core language vs. practical c + + programming o ' reilly ' s policy is not to publish two books on the same topic for the same audience. we ' d rather spend twice the time on making one book the industry ' s best. so why do we have two c + + tutorials? which one should you get? the answer is they ' re very different. steve oualline, author of the successful book practical c programming, came to us with the idea of doing a c + + edition. thus was born practical c + + programming. it ' s a comprehensive tutorial to c + +, starting from the ground up. it also covers the programming process, style, and other important real - world issues. by providing exercises and problems with answers, the book helps you make sure you understand before you move on. while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5439964529180175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.235819"} {"text": "most south africans used restitution to increase net economic assets, atuahene report finds september 5, 2012, abf news illustration from mail & guardian, \" land is not a utopia for the dispossessed, \" by bernadette atuahene in july, abf faculty fellow bernadette atuahene released a report on the south african land restitution process entitled \u201c paying for the past : addressing past property violations in south africa. \u201d contrary to popular belief, atuahene found that in many cases the money has had an enduring economic impact. the south african government commissioned this report in 2008 when atuahene began her research. atuahene interviewed 150 beneficiaries of the land restitution commission, the government agency tasked with providing financial compensation or land transfers to south africans who were forcibly removed under apartheid and colonialism. atuahene \u2019 s report contradicts the land restitution commission \u2019 s belief that financial compensation has not had a long term economic effect. among atuahene ' s findings are : - 30 % of interviewees who chose a cash award used it to improve their primary asset \u2014 their home. - 33 % used the funds such that they moderately increased their economic assets. - when the award did not have an enduring economic effect, the award was often very small. in her report, atuahene recommends that the commission : - engage in the complicated task of transferring land to people who have the requisite skill set or resources to develop it. - consider the cash awards a viable alternative to land transfers \u2013 which are complicated and time consuming \u2013 for restitution claimants who have a valid legal claim, but not necessarily the requisite skills or resources to develop the land to which they are entitled. - boost the effectiveness of cash awards by providing vouchers that are larger than the cash amount and can be used to purchase items with an enduring economic impact such as building materials or to make direct payments to educational institutions. atuahene conducted an extensive south african media tour after the report \u2019 s release, and was featured in leading south african publications such as the mail & guardian, business day, and city press. she also gave lengthy interviews on the south african broadcasting corporation \u2019 s \u201c forum @ eight \u201d and \u201c evening radio show with masechaba \u201d programs. upon her return, she gave an interview on chicago public radio \u2019 s \u201c worldview \u201d program. atuahene \u2019 s forthcoming book, we want what \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3947983699605092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.239195"} {"text": "the liberalization of the indian economy, a process that began in 1991, is certainly a major factor behind the large and growing number of indian students seeking education abroad. prior to the 1990s, only a privileged few indian families could afford to send their children to universities outside india. with the dramatic rise of a new indian middle class ( and increased wealth of the indian upper class ), the number of students able to pursue foreign education has skyrocketed. a search through the internet reveals that in the calendar year 1996 - 97, 6426 indian students went abroad for studies while in the academic year 2003 / 04, there were 79, 736 students from india studying in the united states alone. in fact, in 2003 / 04 - - for the third year in a row - - india remained the leading place of origin for students in the united states. what contributes to the continuing increase in indian students studying abroad? the indian university student population is projected to grow from 9. 3 million students now to 11 million by 2008, according to the university grants commission, which funds and supports central government universities in india. combining this magnitude of student demand and india ' s combination of mega - size universities, cash - strapped government budgets and stretched resources, there is bound to be a steady increase in students leaving indian shores to pursue higher studies abroad. also, in india, student loans are more readily available than ever before. financing education abroad is not a problem anymore for indian students with liberalized loans being available at reasonably low interest rates. according to a newspaper report, amount of loans disbursed went up from 66. 8 billion in 2001 to 260. 7 billion in 2004. no collaterals are required for loans up to rs. 750, 000 ( $ 16, 000 ). s tudents find that the investment they make in good universities abroad is well worth it in terms of career opportunities. also, we tend to forget that india is as large and developed as it is and therefore has a huge middle class that values education highly. students who do not gain admission to india ' s premier institutions see education abroad as an alternative that will open doors for them in the future. preferred countries and courses while the usa is the top destination for indian students followed by the uk, australia and canada are rapidly gaining in \" market share \". in recent years, australia, the uk and france have all launched aggressive student outreach / recruitment efforts in asia. stung by declining enrollments from east and southeast asian countries affected by the asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, american universities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44257421169284084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.245630"} {"text": "market share \". in recent years, australia, the uk and france have all launched aggressive student outreach / recruitment efforts in asia. stung by declining enrollments from east and southeast asian countries affected by the asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, american universities have also intensified their marketing efforts to students in south asia. studies reveal that indian students mainly go to pursue management courses followed by engineering, math and computer sciences. the majority of the indian students study at the graduate level. in 2003 / 04, the breakdown of indian students studying in the us was as follows. 79. 0 % graduate level 63, 013 17. 0 % undergraduate level 13, 531 4. 0 % others 3, 192 students planning to go abroad for higher studies need to take a number of tests depending on the subject, level and the country s / he is applying for. the tests include toefl, ielts, gre, gmat and sat. the student should ensure that s / he gives his / her best while appearing for these tests as it will maximize their chances of getting scholarships from the colleges that they apply to. it must be remembered that applying to a foreign university is an expensive business. taking tests is expensive. in addition, the average application fee per university is between $ 20 to $ 80. to top that all, you have to pay the tuition fees, which cost you anything between $ 15, 000 to $ 35, 000. hence, scholarships are a very necessary item on the ' must - have ' list of any student planning to go abroad for further studies \u2013 except the super - lucky ones with private funding. those seeking to go abroad for higher studies should be informed that most us, european and australian colleges themselves provide scholarship. it is up to the student to do the necessary research and find out such colleges. besides, a student can compete for a host of scholarships provided by the governments of different countries. a browse through the website of the ministry of human resources development would give you a somewhat complete picture of the how, where, when and what of scholarships. if you are desperate in getting a foreign degree but cannot afford to leave your country to do so, you should be informed that nowadays many foreign institutions have architected innovative tie - ups such as twinning arrangements or offshore programs enabling students to get foreign degrees while in india. what are the prospects of a person with a foreign degree? who should apply to foreign universities? what are the prospects for those who get a foreign degree and return to india? first, it must be remembered that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43416906306678577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.246709"} {"text": "to get foreign degrees while in india. what are the prospects of a person with a foreign degree? who should apply to foreign universities? what are the prospects for those who get a foreign degree and return to india? first, it must be remembered that the top institutes in india are considered as good as or even better than many universities abroad. if one can get in any such institute, one can get quality education right at home, and at substantially less cost. some universities and institutes of other countries are well known. persons with degrees from these institutes would be much sought after here as well. on the other hand, there may be some colleges or universities which may not be well known here. a person with a degree from such colleges would certainly be at a disadvantage with employers in india. moreover, some multinational companies prefer people from indian institutes because they are attuned to the local environment, traditions and customs. study abroad is not a vacation and it should not be viewed as such. too many students go overseas without thinking about the experience as a whole. study abroad is fun. study abroad is exciting and exhilarating and it can also be romantic. but study abroad is also unpredictable, difficult at times, and above all, challenging. students who only consider the \" fun \" aspects of study abroad often find the more difficult parts disconcerting and often insurmountable. students should begin the entire process of going abroad for higher studies keeping this in mind.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4671923883791528, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.247278"} {"text": "scientific name : atelerix albiventris size : head and body, 5 to 12 in ( 13 to 30 cm ) ; tail, 1 to 2 in ( 3 to 5 cm ) weight : 14 to 39 oz ( 397 to 1, 106 g ) lifespan : 10 years in captivity habitat : variety of climates and terrains there are some 15 species of hedgehog in europe, asia, and africa. hedgehogs have also been introduced into nontraditional ranges such as new zealand. the hedgehog was named because of its peculiar foraging methods. these animals root through hedges and other undergrowth in search of the small creatures that compose the bulk of their diet. what does a hedgehog look like? hedgehogs have a coat of stiff, sharp spines. if attacked they will curl into a prickly and unappetizing ball that deters most predators. they usually sleep in this position during the day and awaken to search for food at night. \" small enough to fit in your hands but too prickly to hold \" is a good description of the hedgehog. though small, it is by no means defenseless. thousands of stiff, sharp spines - harder and sharper than those of a porcupine - cover the animal ' s back and sides, like a pincushion filled with needles. even though spines, or quills, provide the hedgehog with effective protection, the animal ' s most striking characteristic is its practice of curling up into a tight ball, with its spines sticking out in all directions. when the hedgehog rolls up, a special, highly developed circular muscle that runs along the sides of the body and across the rump and neck contracts and forms a \" bag \" into which the body, head and legs are folded. the hedgehog curls up if disturbed or frightened - only the strongest predators, such as the badger, can pry it open. it also sleeps in this position, so is rarely caught unprotected. where do hedgehogs live? hedgehogs inhabit a wide range across a variety of climates and terrains in east africa. although not found in the americas, other species of hedgehogs live in different parts of africa, europe and asia, as well as in new zealand, where they have been introduced. their distribution on the different continents is, however, very local. they must have dry shelters on well - drained soil and a good supply of ground - dwelling insects and other invertebrates. suburban nairobi meets these habitat conditions, where hedgehogs are reported to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4391779277585784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.252402"} {"text": "their distribution on the different continents is, however, very local. they must have dry shelters on well - drained soil and a good supply of ground - dwelling insects and other invertebrates. suburban nairobi meets these habitat conditions, where hedgehogs are reported to be abundant. a hedgehog uses a small home range with an approximate 120 - yard radius from its nest. the nest is built in dry litter under tangles of hedge or bush, rock crevices, termite mounds or under buildings. the hedgehog chatters, snorts or softly growls if its range is invaded by another animal. what does a hedgehog eat? the hedgehog wakes up at dusk and, as a solitary animal, begins its nocturnal activities alone. it uses regular pathways, toddling along on its short legs searching for food. a hedgehog will eat the equivalent of one - third of its body weight in one night. its favorite foods are insects, earthworms, snails and slugs, making it a welcome guest in many suburban gardens. it is also known to eat eggs, small mammals, birds, frogs, reptiles, fruit, fungi and roots. although not completely immune to toxins, hedgehogs have enough resistance to allow them to eat poisonous snakes. how does the hedgehog protect itself? even though spines provide the hedgehog with effective protection, the animal ' s most striking characteristic is its practice of curling up into a tight ball, with its spines sticking out in all directions. a highly developed circular muscle - running along the sides of the body and across the rump and neck - contracts to form a \" bag \" into which the body, head and legs are folded. it also sleeps in this position, so it is rarely caught unprotected. when hedgehogs come into contact with unfamiliar objects with strong scents, they exhibit a very peculiar behavior : they lick the object, salivate profusely and anoint themselves with this frothy saliva. the purpose of this is widely speculated. do hedgehogs hibernate? hedgehogs hibernate in cold climates. in deserts, they sleep through heat and drought in a similar process called aestivation. they remain active all year in more temperate locations. did you know this about hedgehogs? hedgehogs perform a courtship ritual in which the male walks round and round a female in estrus, often for hours at a time. after mating, they usually go their own ways. superstitions about this little animal abound in east africa. some people believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41443186853047964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.253411"} {"text": "american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) recently issued guidelines to provide evidence - based recommendations on managing type 2 diabetes in children aged 10 to 18. the guidelines are the first of their kind for this age group. the recommendations suggest integrating lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, in concert with medication rather than as an isolated initial treatment approach. specifically, clinicians should encourage patients to engage in moderate - to - vigorous exercise for at least 60 minutes daily and to limit nonacademic \u201c screen time \u201d to less than 2 hours a day. \" physical activity is an integral part of weight management for prevention and treatment of t2dm, \" write the authors. they suggest that when prescribing physical exercise, clinicians should be sensitive to the needs of children, adolescents, and their families. noting that routine, organized exercise may be beyond the family ' s logistical and / or financial means, it is \" most helpful to recommend an individualized approach that can be incorporated into the daily routine, is tailored to the patients ' physical abilities and preferences, and recognizes the families ' circumstance. \" the guidelines also call for additional research. in particular the authors recommend studies that delineate whether using lifestyle options without medication is a reliable first step in treating selected children with type 2 diabetes, explore the efficacy of school and clinic - based diet and physical activity interventions to prevent and manage pediatric type 2 diabetes, and investigate the association between increased \" screen time \" and reduced physical activity with respect to type 2 diabetes risk factors. guidelines were written in consultation with the american diabetes association, the pediatric endocrine society, the american academy of family physicians, and the academy of nutrition and dietetics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4531436876477505, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.264495"} {"text": "a soil additive designed to cut irrigation costs by improving water retaining capacity of soils. free flowing granules which absorb many times their own weight of water and release it to plants. improves water economy. aquadiamonds is a soil additive. itis high water absorbing properties are designed for use in soil preparations to improve water economy and to increase plant growth through the formation of a stable growing environment aquadiamonds is a synthetic long - lasting polymer supplied as free flowing granules which can repeatedly absorb and desorb up to 500 times its own weight of water. the water is absorbed rapidly and acts as a reservoir for the plantis roots to draw upon thus ensuring conditions for healthy plant growth. appearance - free flowing off white granules. particle size either 0. 5 to 1. 0 mm or 1 to 3 mm depending on application. bulk density - + / - 700 g / l ( un - compacted ). absorption - up to 500 g of water / g of aquadiamonds capacity ( depending on water quality ). b. o. d. s + / - 10mg 02 / gm aquadiamonds. summary of advantages rapid and high water absorption. reduce seepage losses. maintains water supply to plants. reduced irrigation frequency. applied with conventional machinery, without pre - wetting. long lasting, once only treatment. high bulk density minimizes windage loss. higher plant establishment rates. reduced losses due to transplant shock. 1 ) landscaping - arid climates in arid regions where rainfall is infrequent and variable, mean temperatures are high and summer winds are hot and dry, the growth of plants is usually limited by availability of irrigation water. this can be an expensive item to the grower, since the cost of distilled seawater may be twenty times as high as that of pumping ground water. aquadiamonds is especially useful in sandy soils, where the natural water retention at field capacity is low. addition of small amounts of aquadiamonds to sandy soils significantly increases the amount of water available at low moisture tensions. this, in turn, can improve plant survival rates, permitting a more efficient use of water resources, since water would otherwise percolate too quickly through the sand to support healthy plant growth. a further benefit of aquadiamonds is that it can help decrease erosion by the formation of a light crust on the soil surface. the soil stability is further enhanced as aquadiamonds can stimulate root growth, which will consolidate the protection against erosion, as they grow. 2 ) aquadiamond", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.524773893733097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.270261"} {"text": "it can help decrease erosion by the formation of a light crust on the soil surface. the soil stability is further enhanced as aquadiamonds can stimulate root growth, which will consolidate the protection against erosion, as they grow. 2 ) aquadiamonds as a growing medium additive another important use of aquadiamonds is as an additive to a growing medium such as peat. incorporation of small amounts of aquadiamonds into the growing medium can result in one or more of the following benefits. a ) reduced water consumption b ) lower failure rate of plants c ) reduced watering frequency d ) reduced labor costs associated with ( c ) e ) reduced losses due to transplant shock addition of aquadiamonds will also facilitate the handling of peat in dry climates where problems of peat drying out and having to be re - wet can be largely overcome. the amount of water that any soil can retain and hold readily available to plants is determined by the size distribution of individual pores, especially the proportion of micro pores. in the porous structure of the soil there are two forces trying to remove the water : ( 1 ) upwards - transpiration of plants and soil surface. ( 2 ) downwards - gravity. the smaller the pores the higher the force by which the water is held. these forces are expressed in bar or cms water, and the term pf is used where : pf value - log10 ( - suction in cm water ), i. e. a suction of 2 bar corresponds to a pf value of 3. 3. the relationship between moisture content and pf value is strongly dependent on soil type. if pf value is plotted vs moisture content ( see figure 2 ) there are two important points relating to the pf value ( i. e. suction value ). 1 ) the permanent wilting point - the maximum suction that plants can exert to withdraw water from a porous medium. the p. w. p. is generally taken as pf 4. 2. ( or 16 bar ). 2 ) the field capacity ( f. c. ) is the moisture content of the soil when, after saturation, the soil is allowed to drain freely for 1 - 2 days. generally a pf 2. 0 corresponds to moisture content at f. c. this means, therefore, that for the plant, water is available only in the suction range between 0. 1 and 16 bar i. e. pf 2. 0 and pf 4. 2. water held at lower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.519003271526998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.271278"} {"text": "f. c. this means, therefore, that for the plant, water is available only in the suction range between 0. 1 and 16 bar i. e. pf 2. 0 and pf 4. 2. water held at lower suctions will drain very quickly and that held at higher suctions is available to the plant. an increase in available water capacity could result in : ( a ) decrease in drainage losses of water when the soil is wetted to levels higher than field capacity. ( b ) extend the period where the soil is able to supply the plant with water and ( c ) extend the irrigation interval in irrigated agriculture. in order to show that aquadiamonds was capable of increasing the available water capacity and that this water was available to the plant, two series of independent tests were carried out. 1 ) effect on available water capacity the soil used in these tests was a sandy soil similar in particle size distribution to a sandy desert soil from saudi arabia. further independent tests using a 50 / 50 mixture of fertile arable calcareous sandy clay and sand have indicated that if aquadiamonds were used in practice at a rate of 5 tonnes per hectare, and incoroporated to a depth of 15 cms the water holding capacity could be increased by approximately 500 tonnes per hectare equivalent to 5 cms additional available water. in soils of inherently low available water capacity, such as sandy soils, this could be of great importance, leading to reduced frequency of irrigation. identical tests to those were repeated using a competitive material based on a urea formaldehyde foam. the results are based on a dosage of 30 % by volume which is at least twice the recommended dosage. ( lesser amounts did not alter the results. ) tests show that although the u. f. foam can increase the water holding capacity, the water that is held would preferentially drain away rather than be available for the plant. between pfis 2. 0 and 4. 2 the addition of the foam has no effect on the moisture holding capacity of the soil under test and therefore its effect as a means to promote plant growth by improving water availability is negligible. application and dosage rates 1. for surface cover plants in landscaping applications aquadiamonds should be distributed evenly in the topsoil to a depth of 10 cms. rates will vary depending on soil type and available water but should be in the range of 1 to 5 kg / m3. 2. aquadiamonds can be applied using current techniques.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5112138418145833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.272302"} {"text": "an iconographic analysis conducted regarding different maya murals created in prehispanic times, between 600 and 1000 of the common era, have allowed the hypothetical reconstruction of the way the milita was integrated in this culture ; scenes studied refer to aspects like the command and armaments systems, as well as communications and tactics used at the height of this ancient civilization. until now, bonampak frescoes, in chiapas, and san bartolo, in el peten, guatemala, were the most researched expressions to understand siege and defense tactics of maya cities. nevertheless, in 4 archaeological zones of northern yucatan peninsula there are mural paintings that bring in new information on the matter. eduardo tejeda monroy, archaeologist of the national institute of anthropology and history ( inah ), presented a descriptive study of the images that integrate murals at chichen itza, chacmultun and mulchic, in yucatan and ichmac, in campeche, during his recent participation in the 6th permanent conferences of archaeology in 2010 at the templo mayor museum. besides the deterioration of these vestiges, it was possible to establish that mayas from different cities used similar weapons, such as the axe employed to give lethal strikes ; the curved stick that functioned as a club, and the dart - thrower used to attack enemies from distances up to 100 meters. the inah researcher detailed that the paintings found on the chac mool temple pilasters, on the northwest colonnade of the thousand columns group and the relief at the inferior temple of the jaguars, both in chichen itza, military confrontation scenes can be appreciated where these combat artifacts are being used. for their defense, mayas from this zone used mainly a cotton breastplate hardened with salt and wood shields, as appreciated in frescoes found at the temple of the tables in chichen itza, mentioned tejeda monroy. configuration of the armies two different infantry bodies integrated the army : the short and long range combat groups, depending on the kind of weapons used, explained the specialist. he added that the militia was organized and lead by several war chiefs, among them, the ruler, who distinguished himself by carrying elements that conferred him authority, such as great feather headdresses, ear and nose ornaments as well as pectorals. the mural at the temple of the jaguars in chichen itza, is an example : it depicts the lord wearing a crown with 3 great white feathers, the same headdress is represented in the ornaments at the great ballgame court, symbolizing its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46235499166095084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.276311"} {"text": "aoh : : frps. txt | about frps - fuel rail pressure sensor the fuel rail pressure sensor ( frps ) is in recent years the return - less fuel system has gained wide acceptance. with this type of system, the return fuel hose is eliminated in favor of a different type of fuel pump module, using a built - in fuel pressure regulator. in an in tank return - less fuel pump module system, the fuel is returned to the fuel tank right at the fuel pump itself without ever leaving the fuel tank. the reason for all this is to prevent an unnecessary amount of fuel from reaching the engine bay, where it will heat - up and cause excessive fuel vapors at the fuel tank. in other words, this system addresses the never - ending struggle to stop excessive evap emissions. another high - tech approach to the fuel vapor problem is the use of a fuel rail pressure sensor in conjunction with a variable - speed electric fuel pump. ford, among others, has adopted this approach in a wide variety of their newer model vehicles. with the electronic return - less system, the ecm relies on the frp ( fuel rail pressure ) sensor for fuel pressure input right at the fuel injectors. by monitoring the fuel pressure, the ecm can then adjust the fuel pump ' s rotational speed and maintain a stable pressure. once a stable fuel pressure is attained, the formation of fuel vapors in the fuel line itself is greatly reduced. the whole process happens very fast since it is electronically controlled. the frp sensor is a three - wire piezoelectric electronic pressure sensor. this means that the sensor ' s resistance varies as pressure changes. the frp sensor is also connected in line with an internal ecm voltage divider resistor network. so that as the sensor ' s resistance changes with pressure the overall current flow varies as well. the higher the sensor ' s resistance the less current flow and the higher the voltage. the higher voltage across the frp sensor will cause a lower overall voltage across the ecm ' s internal resistor and vise - versa. a typical frp sensor voltage - to - pressure chart is shown next. frp sensor voltage chart. 0. 50 volts - 0 psi 1. 2 volts - 10 psi 1. 65 volts - 20 psi 2. 2 volts - 30 psi 2. 75 volts - 40 psi 3. 45 volts - 50 psi 3. 9 volts - 60 psi 4. 6 volts - 70 psi in some frp sensor applications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4922846950905418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.281658"} {"text": "the reference and ground wires of the frp sensor ( double - checks the reference voltage and ground leads of the frp sensor ). jump the frp sensor signal wire to the ground wire at the connector. using a scan tool, monitor the fuel rail pressure pid ( with engine off ). about 0. 00 volts should be seen. jump the frp sensor signal wire to the reference voltage wire at the connector. using a scan tool monitor the fuel rail pressure pid ( with engine off ). a reference voltage reading should be seen ( usually 5. 00 volts ). make certain that the vacuum hose going to the frp sensor is not clogged or broken. the engine vacuum is taken into consideration by the ecm when adjusting the actual fuel pressure. the frp sensor will actually output a differential signal, which takes into account the amount of vacuum at the tip of the injectors. if these steps check out ok and there is no fuel system mechanical problems, the fault is probably at the frp sensor itself. take extreme caution when replacing the frp sensor, since you will be dealing with flammable fuel. always be aware of the fire extinguisher ' s location and avoid any open flames while working on the fuel rail. follow the manufacturer ' s replacement procedures. the entire aoh site is optimized to look best in firefox\u00ae 3 on a widescreen monitor ( 1440x900 or better ). site design & layout copyright \u00a9 1986 - aoh we do not send spam. if you have received spam bearing an artofhacking. com email address, please forward it with full headers to email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46562573377081284, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.283395"} {"text": "this article briefly discusses two scenarios for why modern non - africans are more closely related to neanderthals than modern africans. the scenario that seems to be most popular at present is that homo sapiens populations interbred with neanderthals to some extent after leaving africa. the more complex scenario is that there was an ancestral african population that subdivided before modern humans left africa, and that one of these populations was more closely related to neanderthals and was ancestral to non - africans. this would seem to imply that interbreeding may not be as important for explaining the shared dna between modern humans and neanderthals as previously thought. but i find it unlikely that all of the neanderthal - related people left africa and no groups stayed behind. i don ' t think there are any such examples in historic times ( if someone knows of such evidence, i ' d be interested ). sure, there was a potato famine, and many irish people left, but ireland was not depopulated! the japanese left korea a long time ago, and their language is now quite different, but they are genetically indistinguishable from koreans, because the koreans stayed behind. so it seems to me that occam ' s razor (? ) applies, and the simplest explanation is the best, unless evidence comes to show the contrary. thanks for mentioning where japenese come from although they still have a distinct look whereas koreans could pass for chinese. what of that old japenese descendent they have? odd asian blood. who are they? how far back were they korean? though understandably diet and a small inbred gene pool from korea could create distinctiveness. the japanese must certainly have at least some admixture from the people who were there before them - - most likely the relatives of the ainu, a group which is distinctly different from the japanese, and only exists now on the island of hokkaido. and they are mixing in, and will probably soon disappear as a pure - blooded group. but you really can ' t tell a random individual japanese from a korean - - people claim to be able to do that, but there is really too much overlap. yes, some japanese, show ainu - like characteristics, for example being hairier than mainland asians, or having very pale skin and brownish hair, and i have seen one man with a dark forest green in his eyes, as well as my ex - father - in - law, who had a high bridged nose. but i don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5011953991456812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.289436"} {"text": "asians, or having very pale skin and brownish hair, and i have seen one man with a dark forest green in his eyes, as well as my ex - father - in - law, who had a high bridged nose. but i don ' t know if those characteristics can occur in koreans as well, because i never lived there, and never had the opportunity to observe a lot of people. and, of course, phenotype does not equal genotype - - koreans and japanese remain the same. maybe its going past me but i don ' t see where the article provides any evidence that a population of modern humans with some neanderthal characteristics first existed in africa and then migrated out. my take is that the article suggests interbreeding between neanderthal and modern humans after undiluted modern humans left africa. per the article : the research, published in the journal plos genetics, provides a historical context for the interbreeding. it suggests that it occurred when modern humans carrying upper paleolithic technologies encountered neandertals as they expanded out of africa.... the team estimate that neandertals and modern humans last exchanged genes between 37, 000 and 86, 000 years ago, well after modern humans appeared outside africa but potentially before they started spreading across eurasia. this suggests that neandertals ( or their close relatives ) had children with the direct ancestors of present - day people outside africa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49164999188426656, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.290112"} {"text": "the mourachan conservation property was purchased by steve and terri irwin for the prime purpose of conserving the diversity of the semi arid ecosystems and associated wildlife that occur on the property. a second objective has been to run beef cattle in some of the previously cleared paddocks using management practices that result in minimal negative impact on the natural environment and take into account the regular drought events that affect the area. much of the land is regaining a biodiversity with many different species of fauna and flora becoming re - established after years of broad scale clearing for sheep farming, small scale cattle farming and agricultural farming how many acres? - 84 000 acres where is it? - located in the south western corner of queensland in the most endangered habitat type in australia. - known as the \" brigalow belt \" ( acacia woodland ). - outside the town of st george, in the south west of queensland - situated on the edge of the endangered brigalow belt why is it special? ecosystem mapping shows that a number of regional ecosystems of high conservation value are present. previous and current knowledge and assessments show that these ecosystems largely remain either in an unaltered or minimally altered state in terms of clearing, grazing activities and impacts from feral animals, a situation that greatly enhances the quality of property \u2019 s natural values. three predatory, one omnivorous, and two herbivorous feral animal species are known to exist on the property. mourachan conservation property protects a diverse, mosaic landscape of significant and endangered remnant ecosystems and associated wildlife species. in broader terms the property is an important component in conserving biodiversity values of both regional and queensland wide significance - which have otherwise been substantially eroded or removed throughout much of the remainder of mulga and brigalow bioregions through land clearing for agriculture and grazing. what kind of animal could i find there? - laughing kookaburra dacelo novaeguinea - hooded robin melanodryas cucullata - black faced cuckoo shrike coracina novaehollandae - pied currawong strepera graculina - white winged chough corcorax melanorhamphos - tawny frogmouth podargus strigoides - noisy miner manorina melanocephala - woma python ( rare ) - yakka skink ( vulnerable ) - lace monitor varanus - yellow spotted monitor varanus panoptes - sand goanna varanus gouldii - bynoes gecko heterontia binoei - western mottled tree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40282039579831447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.301267"} {"text": "rare ) - yakka skink ( vulnerable ) - lace monitor varanus - yellow spotted monitor varanus panoptes - sand goanna varanus gouldii - bynoes gecko heterontia binoei - western mottled tree gecko gehyra variegate - inland fence skink cryptoblepharus carnaby - warty waterholding frog \u201d cyclorana verrucosa ( rare ) - eastern grey kangaroos - grey kangaroo macropus giganteous - four sighted early mornings in mulga / poplar box woodland. - black wallaby wallabia bicolor - managers homestead - tack shed, feed shed, work shed and car ports. - shearing shed, stockmens quarters, stockyards, cattle grids, workshop. - access roads and tracks. - campsites on permanent water. - two 4wd vehicles, all terrain vehicles, tractor, backhoe, bulldozer, bobcat, and excavator. - fencing out neighbouring livestock, re - fencing, fence maintenance, old fence removal. - eliminating kangaroo shooters and sport shooters. - cattle versus wildlife scientific study. - repairs, maintenance, new construction. - habitat restoration. - wildlife studies and fauna counts, environmental assessments, flora identification. - improving water quality. - total ban on all shooters, especially professional roo shooters. - feral pest management. - revegetation and habitat restoration. - scientific studies. - upgrade roads and tracks. - stock and feral animal proof fencing ( wildlife friendly ). removal of old fencing and rubbish left over last 100 years. - establish wildlife sanctuary status. - construct hack - out and rehabilitation facilities. - construct and establish an educational. facility and science / interpretive centre. - fauna surveys and environment assessment. - adjoining land acquisition. - \" brigalow belt \" land acquisition. - establish endangered species breeding areas for bilbies and northern hairy - nosed wombats, womas & yakka skinks. endangered species of the brigalow belt region greater bilby ( macrotis lagotis ) the greater bilby was formerly found throughout arid and semi - arid australia - as far east as surat in qld, and out to the western slopes of nsw. its range has now significantly contracted to scattered colonies in acacia shrubland and hummock grassland from tanami desert ( nt ), the greater sandy desert and gibson desert ( wa ), and in south - western qld. the bilby is best distinguished by long ears, silky grey fur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.397268209337299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.302274"} {"text": "colonies in acacia shrubland and hummock grassland from tanami desert ( nt ), the greater sandy desert and gibson desert ( wa ), and in south - western qld. the bilby is best distinguished by long ears, silky grey fur and its unique long, tricoloured tail. greater bilbies use to live in over 70 % of mainland australia. today a total of around 600 - 700 animals live in far south - western qld near birdsville, a big reduction on previous populations. habitat destruction due to the grazing behaviours of cattle and rabbits, as well as predation by cats, foxes and dingoes has resulted in the reduction of the greater bilbies range. now that cattle have been successfully excluded from much of the bilbies current habitat it is easier for researchers to monitor their burrows and survey populations. to ensure the greater bilbies future conservation it is important to preserve the populations in areas where they now exist, increase the number of populations by translocating individuals to suitable areas, and implement appropriate control measures for cats, foxes and dingoes. northern hairy - nosed wombat the northern hairy - nosed wombat is one of the most endangered mammals in the world today. with only approximately 113 animals left in the wild ( and only 35 of these being female ), this is one animal that without our immediate attention is going to disappear very soon. this species was once found as far south as the victorian border. it disappeared from the deniliquin and st george areas by the late 1800 \u2019 s, and now only exists in a tiny 300ha of epping forest in central queensland. currently the queensland parks and wildlife service is conducting research on all facets of this animal \u2019 s behaviour and natural history, in the hope of increasing the existing population at epping, as well as the long term goal of re - establishing populations in areas where they no longer exist. this combined with the protection and enhancement of habitat, will all assist the long term survival of this species. bridled nailtail wallaby ( onchogalea fraenata ) the bridled nailtail wallaby has become vulnerable due to predation by feral cats, foxes and dingoes. the removal of vegetation by sheep, cattle and rabbits has also impacted on bridled nailtail wallaby populations. in queensland, the clearing of prime wallaby habitat of brigalow and softwood scrub has reduced the area of this species preferred environment by approximately 95 %. the nailtail wallaby is best distinguished by the black elongated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3995578829847275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.303414"} {"text": "nailtail wallaby populations. in queensland, the clearing of prime wallaby habitat of brigalow and softwood scrub has reduced the area of this species preferred environment by approximately 95 %. the nailtail wallaby is best distinguished by the black elongated nail on the tip of it \u2019 s tail. this species formerly inhabited the shrub and woodland of the semi - arid inland areas, living mostly on the slopes and plains east of the great dividing range. the now small remaining population are found in open eucalypt forest, woodland and brigalow scrubs of taunton national park near dingo, west of rockhampton. research suggests that the loss of native grasses, lack of preferred brigalow regrowth areas, and drought within the limited habitat they occupy, will severely impede their recovery. this species also faces great competition for food with other grazers such as domestic stock and rabbits. for the future conservation of this species it is important that the existing population is monitored and maintained. new populations should be established in suitable habitats ( this species has been successfully released on idalia national park near blackall ) and the implementation of appropriate control measures for cats, foxes and dingoes will assist in maintaining the populations. woma aspidites ramsayi the woma is a member of the python family and is a non - venomous snake which constricts it \u2019 s prey. womas are terrestrial in habitat, utilising animal burrows and hollow logs for shelter. they can even make adjustments to a burrow by using their head as a shovel. womas prey upon mammals, reptiles ( including venomous snakes ) and birds, and will ambush prey in burrows. when a woma is attacking prey in a burrow, it may not be unable to completely coil its prey due to space restrictions, and instead it will press the prey against the wall of the burrow to asphyxiate it. womas are primarily nocturnal animals, however more recent observations are revealing that at certain times of the year they may come out to bask during the day. womas grow to an average of 3 meters in length. this species has a very widespread distribution, mainly across the arid inland of australia, in particular desert areas. whilst the woma is currently classified as one species, there are three distinct forms which occur, and upon scientific confirmation these forms may even warrant sub - species classification. two of the three forms are highly endangered. the south - western form, from western australia, is rarely ever sighted in the wild and is already in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.426607248223306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.304546"} {"text": "martin van buren 1837 - 1841 president martin van buren, the eighth president was born in kinderhook, new york, at the end of the \" american revolution \". president martin van buren ' s father was a dutch farmer and tavern keeper. at fourteen years old, president martin van buren began to study law with an attorney in the town, nd when he was sixteen, he successfully tried his first lawsuit. in 1807 he married \" hannah hoes \", his childhood sweetheart, who gave him for sons before she died twelve years later. president van buren ' s law practice involved him in new york politics, and his pleasant manners and willingness to cooperate with older party men led to his becoming one of the leading democratic - republicans in new york. president van buren served as state senator and as attorney general until he was elected to the united states senate in 1821. in the senate he fought vigorously for causes he believed in, such as the repeal of a law that sent a man to prison for their debts and against the spread of slavery. president van buren resigned from the senate in his second term to become governor of new york, but after two months in office, president andrew jackson called him back to washington, d. c. to be secretary of state. president van buren, as a senator, had been largely responsible for president andrew jackson ' s election and president andrew jackson needed an experienced politician to lean on. president andrew jackson never regretted his choice. he chose president van buren as the vice president of his second term and at the 1835 democratic convention backed him so strongly for the presidency that he was nominated unanimously. president van buren won the election easily. president van buren had hardly settled in the white house when financial disaster struck, \" the panic of 1837 \". no person in the country was unaffected. banks closed, businesses collapsed, farm prices dropped. president van buren did not endear himself to the people during this time by riding around washington, d. c. in his beautiful coach with liveried footmen on the box. nor were the people pleased with his daughter - in - law, who acted as his hostess seated on a raised chair like a throne. in the midst of the panic, the united states almost came to war with great britain when british troops from canada burned an american ship that was being used to transport fighting men and arms to canadian rebels. president van buren settled the affair, but such was the feeling against him the he was given little credit for it. the sub - treasury act in 1840 \", established an independent national treasury", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3891040769098153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.307427"} {"text": "to adhere to the surface of a car efficiently, paints are formulated to be sticky, tacky compounds. despite best efforts of chemists and engineers, paint stays in the air or is deposited on surrounding surfaces, rather than on the car body. this is costly for manufacturers as excess paint must be removed from the air stream and surrounding surfaces through a laborious cleaning process. to minimize the problem, paint - laden air is passed through a curtain of water blended with paint \u201c detackifiers. \u201d these are traditionally formaldehyde or acrylic - based agents derived from non - renewable natural gas or crude oil stocks which are also a serious environmental threat. both the paint and petroleum - based detackifiers must disposed of before the water can be recycled and returned to the environment. green logic is ppg \u2019 s name for an environmentally - friendly paint detackifier that replaces formaldehyde and acrylic compounds with a polysaccharide derived from chitin \u2013 the constituent of shellfish shells. chitin ( shellfish waste ) is converted to chitosan, which performs the tasks previously done by the acrylic acids and melamine - formaldehyde polymers. green logic performs more effectively than petroleum detackifiers, resulting in lower maintenance costs, reduced wastewater treatment costs, and greatly reduced yearly water replenishment costs. green logic requires no significant changes in existing process equipment. green logic avoids non - renewable petroleum stocks, conserves water, and reduces the volume of harmful sludge that must be disposed of in landfills. after success at gm \u2019 s janesville, wisconsin, facility, green logic was introduced at the gm lordstown plant, and is now operating at gm \u2019 s orion plant, ford \u2019 s twin cities and kentucky truck plant, mitsubishi \u2019 s plant in normal, illinois, bmw \u2019 s in spartanburg, and toyota \u2019 s in cambridge, ontario. numerous additional plants are slated for 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5348380888952782, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.310627"} {"text": "for most expecting parents, thinking of violence as it pertains to actions of their soon to be newborn is nearly impossible. infants are tiny, fragile and innocent, but researchers believe violent tendencies may be associated with prenatal lifestyle choices. there are some studies that associate violent behaviors with genetic abnormalities and tendencies, but researchers believe there is more to it than genetics. according to a new research study, the choices of the pregnant woman may directly influence violent tendencies of infants later in life. the term biological refers to eating habits, exposure to lead and other factors. there is a long list of lifestyle choices and events that could lead to increased violent behavior in children, young adults and adults. among these are nutrition before pregnancy, nutrition during pregnancy, infant nutrition, lead exposure, use of tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs. depression during pregnancy and stress during birth may also lead to changes in behavior. according to a spokesperson for the centers for disease control, more than $ 170 billion in healthcare costs are incurred each year as a result of violent behaviors like gunshots and stabbings. violent deaths are the 3rd leading cause of death in people aged 10 to 34. if violent behaviors start in - utero, there is a chance to alter certain lifestyle choices and exposures to reduce the effect on the fetus and thus reduce the impact of violent behavior on society as a whole. the role of prevention is not focused on one person or group of persons. obstetricians, health care providers, nurses, nutritionists and pregnant women all hold the weight of change equally. with proper education and nutritional advice, women can make proper choices. regular lead testing and education about risk factors associated with lead exposure is also highly important. researchers noted that nurses play one of the most important parts of prevention in a clinical setting. nurses can offer advice and education to pregnant women and new mothers via obstetric care. pediatric nurses can continue that education during the first 36 months when brain and body development is most critical. finally, nurses in a family physician setting can enforce proper nutrition and healthy habits during early adulthood and into reproductive years. source : university of pennsylvania school of nursing. 19 september, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4741374881813044, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.313092"} {"text": "what is a fontanel? how do i know if my baby ' s fontanel is normal? the fontanel ( also spelled fontanelle ) is a \" soft \" spot on the head. there are two fontanels on a newborns head. these soft spots, which are covered by fibrous tissue, actually allow for growth and for movement of the bony plates that make up the skull. during a vaginal delivery, the ability to have give and flex to the head is a good thing! there is an anterior and a posterior fontanel. the posterior fontanel is much smaller and triangular and is located on the lower part of the back or the head. this fontanel will close around 6 to 8 weeks of age. the anterior fontanel ( the one on the top of the baby ' s head ) is diamond shaped and will close around 18 months of age. there are two smaller fontanels at the sides of the baby ' s head above the jaw and behind the ear. the anterior and posterior fontanels are much more prominent. your pediatrician and the hospital nurses will assess the fontanel to make sure your baby is normal and healthy. a \" normal \" fontanel will not be sunken or bulging. a bulging fontanel could mean increased pressure in the brain and a sunken fontanel may be a sign of dehydration. ask your nurse or pediatrician if you have any questions or concerns about your child ' s skull development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4491526043811621, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.314470"} {"text": "| national parks quicklinks | backpacker magazine \u2013 june 2001 years and even decades after a forest fire, the healed land tells amazing tales about the benefits of flame. i ' d spent the morning trekking through a typical northern forest woodland of 100 - foot maples, oaks, and poplars tightly knit with wild grapevines. the umbrella of trees was shading me from the midday sun when the forest canopy suddenly opened, and i stepped into a sun - filled gap. i squinted in the sun as i tried to decipher the unique scene. shrubs no higher than my waist hugged the ground. unfamiliar grasses blanketed every inch of the opening. why had this tiny grassland emerged within such a dense hardwood forest? i looked for clues. there were four snags, bleached corpse - white and perforated with more holes than a sieve, serviceberry, and miniature oaks. three maples i guessed to be about 25 years old grew on top of each other at one end of the clearing. a wide beech stretched skyward, a few dead leaves flapping in the breeze, a triangular scar on its trunk. an old oak lay on its side, its exposed rings telling stories of drought, monsoon, and fire. i was in a forest that i guessed had burned 5 years earlier, and some 30 years before that, too. now the rejuvenated soil was nursing new trees that would eventually tower overhead. how did i know all this history? every woodland is like a mystery novel waiting to be read, the evidence gathered and analyzed, the enigma unraveled. the culprit in this case, fire, is easy to identify because it leaves such obvious clues blazed into the landscape. learn to identify and interpret these clues and a forest becomes an open book, ready to reveal a story. from ground to crown the effects of a few types of fires will be most obvious to hikers. ground fire : always caused by lightning, ground fires burn beneath the duff, so you won ' t see flames. keen observation is needed to uncover traces of this kind of burn. ground fires char mosses and some roots, but rarely harm living plants taller than your ankle. surface fire : caused by controlled burns or unextinguished campfires, surface blazes creep across the land and consume leaf litter and downed branches. these fires actually promote life by baking open sealed cones ( called serotinous cones ) of ponderosa, lodgepole, jack, and pitch pine, as well as the seed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4514357744479744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.317494"} {"text": "nhs choices conditions and treatments see the nhs choices conditions and treatments browser for an in - depth description of many common health issues. there is a good guide on the nhs website which describes various conditions affecting children. there is advice on how to diagnose them, how to treat them and if further advice should be consulted. nhs childhood illness slideshow when should i worry? having an ill child can be a very scary experience for parents. if you understand more about the illness it can help you to feel more in control. this booklet is for parents ( and older children ) and deals with common infections in children who are normally healthy. download the booklet most symptoms of a fever in young children can be managed at home with infant paracetamol. if the fever is very high, they may have an infection that needs treating with antibiotics. head lice are insects that live on the scalp and neck. they may make your head feel itchy. although head lice may be embarrassing and sometimes uncomfortable, they don ' t usually cause illness. however, they won ' t clear up on their own and you need to treat them promptly nosebleeds ( also known as epistaxis ) are fairly common, especially in children, and can generally be easily treated. these links all come from trusted resources but if you are unsure about these or any other medical matters please contact your doctor or pharmacist for advice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.451413843192074, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.319093"} {"text": "t he winter holidays are an exciting time for families, especially children, and that means more cooking, decorating, and entertaining, with a higher incidence of fire and accidents. following some simple guidelines will help make your holiday season safe and enjoyable. * artificial trees should be labeled \" fire resistant \". * live trees should be fresh ( green color, needles do not break when bent between your fingers, and the tree should not lose many needles when tapped on the ground ). * place trees away from fireplaces, radiators or heaters. do not block doorways. * keep the tree stand filled with water ; heated rooms dry live trees very quickly. * check all lights before hanging on the tree for frayed wires, broken sockets or loose connections. * never use electric lights on a metallic tree. the tree can become charged with electricity from faulty lights and a person touching a branch could be electrocuted. * avoid decorations that are sharp or breakable if there are small children in the house. keep trimmings with small removable parts out of the reach of children to prevent them from swallowing or inhaling small pieces. * avoid trimmings that look like food or candy that may tempt a child to eat them. * read instructions carefully before buying a toy or allowing your child to play with a toy he / she has received as a gift. * purchase age - appropriate toys. some toys designed for older children might be dangerous for young children. * button batteries and magnets can cause serious stomach and intestinal problems - including death - if swallowed. in addition to toys, button batteries are often found in musical greeting cards, remote controls, and other small electronics. call your health care provider immediately if your child swallows one. * do not give children under age 10 a toy that must be plugged into an electrical outlet to avoid burns and electrical shocks. * toys with sharp points or edges, strings, cords, and parts small enough to be swallowed should not be given to small children. government regulations specify that toys for children under age three cannot have parts less than 1 1 4 inches in diameter and 2 1 4 inches in length. after the celebrations * clean up immediately after a holiday party. a small child could wake up early and choke on leftover food or come in contact with tobacco or alcohol. * homes you visit may not be childproofed. keep an eye out for potential dangers. * while traveling for the holidays, try to keep to your child ' s regular schedule as much as possible. regular naps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4522313187317809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.326229"} {"text": "sherwood larned washburn, the father of modern primatology who first glimpsed the evolution of human behavior in the actions of monkeys and apes, died sunday from pneumonia at alta bates medical center. he was 88. a professor of anthropology at uc berkeley from 1958 to his retirement in 1978 and one of a small number of faculty members appointed as \u201c university professor \u201d for the nine - campus system, washburn virtually established the field of primatology in the 1950s following his studies on baboon colonies in kenya. for the next two decades, his theories dominated interpretations of human social evolution and his teachings inspired several generations of students. \u201c sherry washburn established at uc berkeley the most influential program of the century for the study of primatology, of fossil man, and the biological and cultural evolution of humanity, \u201d uc berkeley professor of anthropology j. desmond clark said in a statement. \u201c those who were his friends and those who continue his work will forever be in his debt. he will be missed the world over. \u201d washburn was the first to propose that tool use, hunting and a gender division in labor had been critical in human evolution. he also saw 40 years ago that humans had evolved from an ancestor that walked on its knuckles, like contemporary great apes \u2013 an idea that only this year has gripped the anthropological world anew. in one of his famous articles on the evolution of man, a 1978 article in scientific american, washburn had this to say about knuckle - walking : \u201c gorillas and chimpanzees ( and the men who play some of the forward positions in american football ), however, have developed a form of locomotion called knuckle walking that enables the apes ( if not the football players ) to walk normally as they carry objects between their fingers and their palm. \u201d but it was his holistic approach, working from anatomy to function and behavior, that so inspired his students and colleagues. \u201c sherwood washburn changed the way we study human evolution, \u201d said professor of anthropology adrienne zihlman of uc santa cruz, and a former student. his influence was so pervasive, said zihlman, that \u201c everyone has adopted his approach but forgotten where it came from. \u201d his lectures showing how bones, joints and muscles related to movement and social behavior in humans and other primates often won standing ovations from students. born on november 26, 1911, washburn was the younger son of the dean of cambridge \u2019 s episcopal theological school. he received a bachelor \u2019 s degree, sum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4239075471908075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.330918"} {"text": "why do many parasites affect the liver? stephen g. kayes kayes at sungcg. usouthal. edu fri sep 15 13 : 47 : 07 est 1995 on 15 sep 1995, graham clark wrote : > < snip, snip, cut, cut > > to which stephen kayes replied : > - i suspect that you hit the reason with the bloodstream going to the > - liver. remember that the liver has a double blood supply, namely the > - hepatic artery and the hepatic portal system which drains the intestinal > - tract. the blood contained within the portal supply contains the > - majority of nutrients absorbed from the host ' s food supply and thus, is > - extremely attractive to parasites capable of an intravascular existance. > i don ' t believe that it is that simple. i can think of three distinct > scenarios for parasites that affect the liver ( somewhat simplified below ) : > 1. organisms like entamoeba histolytica that end up in the liver as a > function of the blood flow from the intestines, and when in the liver > cause disease ( in this example amebic liver abscess ). the liver is not > part of the normal life - cycle of the organism. as might be expected from a glib generality, there are exceptions but there are interesting relations that must be considered. graham is correct. but as regards the disease caused by entamoeba, liver abscess from this organim is far less common than is amebic hepatitis which is caused by a toxin released from the parasite which is then transported to the liver by the hepatic portal system. e. h. is after all an intestinal parasite that can invade any tissue of the body. the liver \" just happens to be connected to the gi track and thus, when e. h. invades the submucosa of the bowel wall and enters the blood stream the ameba are swept to the liver where they can then resume eating tissue cells, such as hepatocytes and can elicit some rather stricking histopathological responses. > 2. organisms like the malaria parasites where there is a specific life - > cycle stage that occurs in the liver. in this case there is presumably a > specific tropism for the liver without which the parasite would be cleared > from the bloodstream. again i agree with graham but the fact that the malaria parasite has a trop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4262553503707286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.338558"} {"text": "that occurs in the liver. in this case there is presumably a > specific tropism for the liver without which the parasite would be cleared > from the bloodstream. again i agree with graham but the fact that the malaria parasite has a tropism for hepatocytes ( translated : there are receptors on the liver cell surface that attach to the malaria organism and result in its internalizaton. the liver is where the few invaders from the mosquito undergo their first rounds of asexual multiplication. and what better place to do so but in the liver which is where the body stores much of its glycogen ( remember carbohydrates are the easiest substrate to use for energy ) derived from ingested food, in the gut which travels by the portal system to the liver. did natural selection choose liver cells for this aspect of the life cycle. makes sense to me based on the very large amount of blood flowing through the liver at any one time and the fact that the sinusoids are lacking continouus basement membranes which allow the parasites to actually touch hepatocytes without having to leave the > 3. ( which is somewhat like ' 1 ' ) organisms that affect the liver but never > actually reside there, like schistosomes. schisto worms live in the > mesenteric veins and shed eggs some of which end up in the liver ( among > other places ) via the blood stream, where they cause granulomas and again, graham is correct but i ask why do schistomes ( at least mansoni and japonicum ) choose the inferior and superior mesenterics? because they drain the intestines and can steal from the host ' s raw nutrients. these parasites too, are reproducing at intense rates and need a good source of raw materials. after the infections become established and the bowel wall becomes fibrotically scarred, eggs can no longer penetrate and pass to the outside ( to keep the life cycle going ) so they back up in the parasites local environment and blood flow sweeps them into the hepatic portal system from the mesenterics and into the liver. i still vote that this gut - liver axis is an extremely beneficial site for endoparasites to practice their crafts. and mother nature ( in the guise of natural selection ) would promote such a busines plan. > in none of these cases is it clear that it is the nutrient richness that > determines the parasite ' s ' attraction ' to the liver although it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4684321996029415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.339662"} {"text": "and mother nature ( in the guise of natural selection ) would promote such a busines plan. > in none of these cases is it clear that it is the nutrient richness that > determines the parasite ' s ' attraction ' to the liver although it is likely > that the blood flow does have a lot to do with how they end up there. > is this a reasonable conclusion? end of graham ' s text with my comments inserted. the bottom line is that both graham and i have a certain gestahlt of the internal relationships of host - parasite interactions. our differing interests and backgrounds flavor how we think about the same things. thats why there is no one single way to train a parasitologist. you never know who might just see the obviously missed insight into the host - parasite relationship that all the clasically trained people just passed over and over. in closing, katy, your rather simplistic question is really excellent and i hope it continues to promote a dialogue on site selection by parasites. / \\ / \\ / / \\ / # # # # # # / / \\ / # # # # # # # \\! stephen g. kayes, ph. d.! / \\ / / \\ / / \\ / / \\ / / \\ /! structural & cellular biology! / \\ / / \\ / / \\ / / \\ / / \\ /! university of south alabama! / \\ / / \\ / \\ / # # # # # # # / / \\ / # # # # # # # # /! mobile al 36688! / \\ / / \\ / / \\ / / \\ / / \\ / = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = \\ / - - - - - - \\ / / \\ - - - - - / \\ / / \\ / / \\ / office : ( 334 ) 460 - 6768 new ac / # # # # # # # / \\ / # # # # / \\ / \\ / \\ / fax : ( 334 ) 460 - 6771 its all rock n ' roll to me. dr. science ( duck ' s breath mystery theater ) more information about the parasite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48237869938524996, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.340401"} {"text": "three u. s. turtles win international protection every year more than 2 million live, wild turtles are snatched from the united states and exported to asia, destined for slaughter for the food and medicinal markets. thanks in part to a 2011 center for biological diversity petition, the international community has taken notice and acted. last week parties to the convention on trade in international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) voted to regulate and monitor international trade in blanding ' s turtles, spotted turtles and diamondback terrapins. in 2012 the center petitioned to protect the blanding ' s and spotted turtles, along with 51 other imperiled reptiles and amphibians, under the endangered species act. \" turtle traders are depleting u. s. populations at a frightening rate. it ' s got to stop soon or we ' re going to lose these incredible animals from the wild, \" says the center ' s collette adkins giese. \" commercial trade only compounds the problems native turtles already face from habitat destruction, water pollution and being hit and killed by cars. \" get more from motherboard. millions of marine mammals saved from harmful sonar after opposition from the center for biological diversity and others, the california coastal commission has rejected a dangerous plan by the u. s. navy to engage in sonar and explosives training that would cause permanent hearing loss in an estimated 1, 600 whales and other marine animals - - including endangered blue whales - - and result in more than 100 fatalities off southern california. the navy ' s plan would also cause millions of cases of temporary hearing loss and significant disruptions of vital behaviors. navy sonar has been implicated in the hearing loss and subsequent mass strandings of marine mammals like whales. even one low - frequency, active - sonar loudspeaker can be as loud as a twin - engine fighter jet at takeoff, yet the navy frequently uses high - intensity, mid - frequency sonar. underwater explosives not only threaten marine mammals ' hearing but also cause grave physical damage such as hemorrhages and other kinds of tissue trauma. we celebrated this latest victory with the california coastal commission, but we ' re also watchdogging the navy ' s other planned deadly war games : earlier this year, the national marine fisheries service proposed to allow the navy to harm marine mammals up to 9. 5 million times off the coasts of hawaii and southern california and 21. 8 million times in the atlantic over five years. read more in our press release. tell senators to reject keystone xl - - take action the u. s. senate could", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42029913894380344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.353176"} {"text": "9. 5 million times off the coasts of hawaii and southern california and 21. 8 million times in the atlantic over five years. read more in our press release. tell senators to reject keystone xl - - take action the u. s. senate could vote as early as tuesday on whether the disastrous keystone xl pipeline gets built. we can ' t let that happen. the 1, 700 - mile pipeline would, every day, carry up to 35 million gallons of oil strip - mined from canada ' s tar sands - - some of the dirtiest, most climate - hostile fuels on the planet. the pipeline would also cut through rivers, streams, and wildlife habitat for at least 20 imperiled species, including whooping cranes and pallid sturgeon. if we ' re going to stop this destructive behemoth in its tracks, we need to show massive opposition. this week that means joining the center for biological diversity to contact your senators and tell them to reject keystone xl, a project that leading climate scientist dr. james hansen says will be game \" over \" for our ability to avoid a climate catastrophe - - a project even the state department admits could spill 100 times over the course of its lifetime. please stand with the center today in calling on the senate to reject keystone. washington state lawmakers want to make wolf killing easier - - fight back washington state ' s wolves are finally making a comeback, but some state lawmakers want to make sure their recovery is short - lived. on friday the state senate approved a bill allowing the state wildlife commission to write rules allowing ranchers to kill endangered wolves and other predators without a permit - - even if they ' re not attacking livestock. the state ' s first confirmed breeding pair of wolves in decades was confirmed in 2008. since then, with federal and state protections in place, the state ' s wolf population has grown to nine confirmed packs and two probable packs, numbering at least 51 wolves. unfortunately state lawmakers are making a concerted effort to push wolves off the landscape - - something we ' re seeing in other parts of the country, too. the center for biological diversity ' s organizers and lawyers are rapidly ramping up our work to defend wolves ; it will be a tough fight against powerful special - interest anti - wolf groups, and we need your help. please give today to our wolf defense fund and share this on facebook. new york times, l. a. times feature center ' s 757 settlement, population campaign the center for biological diversity garnered some high - profile media recently on both coasts,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4552206484103374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.354200"} {"text": ". please give today to our wolf defense fund and share this on facebook. new york times, l. a. times feature center ' s 757 settlement, population campaign the center for biological diversity garnered some high - profile media recently on both coasts, touting the wide - ranging impacts of our 757 species settlement ( the new york times ) and a recent poll that sharply demonstrates the urgency of our population campaign and its conversation - starting endangered species condoms ( the los angeles times ). discussing our 757 settlement with the u. s. fish and wildlife service - - which is benefiting species from the oregon spotted frog to the wolverine - - the prominent new york times feature reported : \" it is the most feverish activity on imperiled wildlife in two decades, an improbable feat amid ferocious attacks from conservative critics and in an economy with little money to spare. \" the los angeles times piece on population highlighted a poll the center recently commissioned showing that \" [ n ] early two - thirds of american voters believe that human population growth is driving other animal species to extinction and that if the situation gets worse, society has a ' moral responsibility to address the problem, ' \" as the times put it. the center, read the article, \" unlike other environmental groups has targeted population growth as part of its campaign to save wildlife species from extinction. \" read the full new york times and los angeles times articles. world fails to ban international trade in polar bear parts a u. s. proposal to ban the international commercial trade in polar bear parts was defeated last week by parties to the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ). countries voted to allow the destructive polar bear rug trade, primarily through canada, to continue, despite strong support from russia of the u. s. - backed ban. about 800 polar bears are killed by hunters every year, primarily in the canadian arctic ; half of these bears ' skins end up in international trade. because polar bears are coming under severe pressure from sea - ice melt caused by climate change, and are unlikely to survive under multiple threats, in 2012 the center for biological diversity formally requested that the united states sanction canada for violating the 1973 agreement on the conservation of polar bears - - a treaty that prohibits polar bear hunting unless conducted under \" sound conservation practices. \" \" the world failed polar bears today, \" the center ' s sarah uhlemann said of the ban ' s failure in bangkok. \" but the united states has other avenues to pressure canada to curtail its unsus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46373099982989635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.355424"} {"text": "\" sound conservation practices. \" \" the world failed polar bears today, \" the center ' s sarah uhlemann said of the ban ' s failure in bangkok. \" but the united states has other avenues to pressure canada to curtail its unsustainable hunt. we urge the obama administration to act quickly to impose trade sanctions as required by u. s. law. \" read more in discovery news and then take action today to save polar bears at savethepolarbear. org. washington, d. c., joins national call for climate action all three places that president obama calls home are now urging him to tackle the climate crisis. city councils in chicago and kauai last year joined the center for biological diversity ' s clean air cities campaign, which calls on the president and the epa to harness the clean air act to address climate change. now obama ' s other home, washington, d. c., is urging the same. d. c. is already being hammered by climate change. last year city residents slogged through the most intense heat wave on record, and more of the same is expected in the coming decades. there ' s also a growing risk of flooding, infectious disease and pollution. the d. c. council approved its clean air cities resolution unanimously, making it the 48th community in the united states to join the center ' s campaign. read more in our press release ; find out how to make your community the next clean air city. bat - killing disease hits south carolina, georgia the deadly march of white - nose syndrome carries on : this week, wildlife officials announced the disease - - which has already killed 7 million bats in north america - - has now reached georgia and south carolina. in the seven years since it showed up in upstate new york, it ' s swept into 22 states and five canadian provinces. scientists fear the continued spread of the disease, which strikes bats during hibernation, could wipe out many of north america ' s two - dozen hibernating bat species. the center for biological diversity continues to call for an all - out effort to stem the spread of the disease, including closing caves on public land in all but scientific or emergency circumstances to lessen the risk that white - nose is spread by people. \" it ' s chillingly clear that the next frontier for this devastating disease is the western united states and the many, many bat species that live there, \" says mollie matteson, a bat advocate at the center. \" but even now, our government officials keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44024164160599244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.356491"} {"text": "chillingly clear that the next frontier for this devastating disease is the western united states and the many, many bat species that live there, \" says mollie matteson, a bat advocate at the center. \" but even now, our government officials keep allowing cave visitors to come and go in most western caves on federal land - - as though nothing has changed in the past seven years. that needs to stop, or bat populations across the west may crash. \" read more in the summit county citizens voice, learn more about the center ' s campaign at saveourbats. org and like our bat page on facebook. suit filed over uranium mine threatening grand canyon the center for biological diversity, havasupai tribe and two other organizations have sued the u. s. forest service for green - lighting operations at the \" canyon \" uranium mine near grand canyon national park without completing - - or even starting - - formal tribal consultations, and without updating a federal environmental review written in 1986. these steps are crucial because the mine lies within an area of critical religious and cultural importance to the havasupai and other tribes, could harm wildlife ( including endangered species like the california condor ), and would risk polluting and depleting precious groundwater for wells and springs in and around the grand canyon. the mine also falls within the 1 - million - acre \" mineral withdrawal, \" aka mining halt, approved by the obama administration in january 2012 to protect grand canyon ' s watershed from new uranium mining impacts. the ban - - spurred by litigation and pressure from the center and allies - - prohibits new mining claims and development on old claims lacking \" valid existing rights. \" the forest service last year granted those rights for the canyon mine, but as the center ' s taylor mckinnon said, \" sacrificing water, culture and wildlife for the uranium industry was a bad idea in 1986 ; doing so now while ignoring 27 years of new information is absurd. \" read more in e & e news. go solar with the center spring is finally upon us, and the center for biological diversity is excited to share an opportunity that could reap triple advantages - - helping save the climate, save you money on your electricity bill, and save species by supporting the center and all the imperiled animals and plants we work for. dozens of our supporters have already gotten home solar while simultaneously raising funds for the center by participating in this unique and affordable way to lease solar panels : if you live in arizona, california, colorado, connecticut, delaware, maryland, massachusetts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.417282743437867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.357556"} {"text": "we work for. dozens of our supporters have already gotten home solar while simultaneously raising funds for the center by participating in this unique and affordable way to lease solar panels : if you live in arizona, california, colorado, connecticut, delaware, maryland, massachusetts, new jersey or new york, award - winning home - solar installer sungevity will set up panels on your home for free when you sign up to lease the panels on a monthly basis. not only will you save up to 15 percent on your pre - solar electricity bills, but during only the month of march, sungevity will give you a $ 750 credit and grant the center $ 750 to help us defend endangered species like pikas, scarlet hawaiian honeycreepers and polar bears from human threats like global warming - - all while doing your part to save our atmosphere about 8. 24 metric tons of co2 a year and help save the whole planet from catastrophic climate change. sign up with sungevity by march 31 here or copy and paste this link into your browser : http : / / www. sungevity. org / center - biological - diversity. once you request a quote, sungevity will contact you with a quote and more info on your lease and how much you can save. please contact sungevity at firstname. lastname @ example. org or call 1 - 866 - sun4all ( 866 - 786 - 4255 ) with questions. wild & weird : snoligosters, gumberoos and other extinct imaginary beasts in 1910 william thomas cox, minnesota ' s first state forester, completed a fantasy field guide to the wild, imaginary beasts of the united states. fearsome creatures of the lumberwoods is full of tall tales that cox recorded from logging camps. meet the \" snoligoster, \" an immense crocodilian swamp monster of the southeast that, limbless, moved through the mire hunting woodcutters by way of a propeller - tipped tail ; get to know the \" tote - road shagamaw, \" a northeastern biped that could swap hooves for paws, confusing loggers by leaving tracks that changed from moose to bear and back again. cox ' s lumberjack yarns were retold from camp to camp and evolved as loggers left the felled forests of the east for virgin groves out west, where he collected stories of even more critters - - for example, the hairless \" gumberoo \" of the pacific coast, a bear - like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48361561772686207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.359190"} {"text": "evolved as loggers left the felled forests of the east for virgin groves out west, where he collected stories of even more critters - - for example, the hairless \" gumberoo \" of the pacific coast, a bear - like creature with rubber buttocks that could bounce bullets back at hunters. read the full version of this fanciful guide to the mythical monsters of american logger culture. photo credits : blandings turtle courtesy maine department of inland fisheries and wildlife ; blue whale courtesy wikimedia commons / mike baird ; keystone pipeline courtesy wikimedia commons ; gray wolf courtesy flickr / francoismi ; oregon spotted frog courtesy usfws ; polar bear courtesy flickrcommons / longhorndave ; washington d. c. courtesy wikimedia commons / andrew bossi ; little brown bat courtesy ryan von linden, n. y. department of environmental conservation ; california condor courtesy scott frier, usfws ; go solar! photo courtesy sungevity ; tote - road shagamaw illustration by coert du bois. this message was sent to. the center for biological diversity sends newsletters and action alerts through democracyinaction. org. let us know if you ' d like to change your email list preferences or stop receiving action alerts and newsletters from us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42962323213392306, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.360166"} {"text": "the germplasm collection : a library of apples a collection of apple genetic resources, known as a germplasm collection, is maintained by plant & food research at their hawke \u2019 s bay orchard to provide a source of new apple traits for the future. storing genetic information from apples a germplasm is a library of genetic resources for an organism. germplasm collections can be stored in several ways \u2013 as seeds in cool storage, as whole plants in a nursery or orchard or as cryopreserved dormant buds. at plant & food research ( pfr ), the apple germplasm collection is maintained in the form of trees in the orchard. 2 trees of each genotype are planted. it \u2019 s important to maintain an apple germplasm collection as trees because apples don \u2019 t breed true. this means that the genetic make - up of the seeds will be different to that of the tree that bears them. growing the trees is the only way to know how the apples they produce will look and taste. history of the apple germplasm collection the germplasm collection in new zealand began in the 1950s, when approximately 500 distinct cultivars ( including heritage cultivars, crab apples and cider apples ) were brought together at the then hortresearch site ( now pfr ) in hawke \u2019 s bay. then, in the 1990s, a large number of seeds ( approximately 30, 000 ) were brought in from around the world, including central asia ( particularly kazakhstan ) and added to the collection. for this 2nd set of material, pfr has developed a breeding programme that generates additional genetic diversity within the collection. wild apples in central asia are genetically diverse central asia ( particularly kazakhstan ) is the region where modern apples originated. the area has many wild apple forests, which contain apples of all shapes, sizes and colours ( including red - fleshed apples ). the apple trees have been open - pollinated ( pollinated in the wild, without human control ) for many generations, so they are highly genetically diverse. the apple trees of this region have several desirable characteristics. for instance, some are resistant to the diseases apple scab and fire blight. because of growing conditions in central asia, it \u2019 s also likely that the trees have genes that allow them to adapt to mountainous terrain and a near - desert, cold and dry climate. hortresearch ( now pfr ) wanted to have access to the genetic diversity of the wild", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4637312882183633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.364197"} {"text": "it \u2019 s also likely that the trees have genes that allow them to adapt to mountainous terrain and a near - desert, cold and dry climate. hortresearch ( now pfr ) wanted to have access to the genetic diversity of the wild apple trees for breeding and conservation purposes. access to such a wide germplasm gives breeders opportunities to introgress novel traits and breed a wide variety of new cultivars. a source of new traits and genetic diversity many of the apple trees in the germplasm collection contain specific traits that might enhance existing apple varieties. these can be used as parents in breeding programmes, with the aim of producing new, better apples with that trait. for instance, some trees in the collection produce apples with red flesh. these aren \u2019 t good eating apples, but crossing them with existing white - fleshed cultivars has the potential to produce a high - quality eating apple with red flesh \u2013 the basis of the red - fleshed apple breeding programme. more broadly, the germplasm collection is a source of genetic diversity. historically, apple breeders have used a very narrow range of trusted cultivars as parents when breeding new varieties. the problem with this is that breeding parents are often closely related. in fact, all today \u2019 s major apple cultivars have been bred from only about 10 founder plants! including apples from the germplasm collection in breeding programmes can help avoid the risks associated with inbreeding ( including disease susceptibility ) and improve apple quality. in practice, breeding programmes make use of apples from the germplasm collection as well as higher quality apples. the pyramid diagram illustrates how the germplasm collection contributes to apple breeding. a form of insurance all trees of a given cultivar are clones. this means that they are all equally susceptible to disease. having a germplasm collection means there \u2019 s genetic diversity to fall back on in the event of widespread disease or extreme climatic conditions or events. the germplasm collection also forms part of a long - term strategy to manage economic risk by aiding the development of new product types. when pfr started their germplasm collection, cryopreservation wasn \u2019 t as advanced as it is today and the cost was higher than planting trees. in the future, cryopreservation may be used as a supplementary form of storage for added safeguarding of the collection. ideally, planting the collection at 2 different sites would reduce the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45564907972148844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.365191"} {"text": "\u201c african americans have utilized cooperative ownership in good and bad times throughout u. s. history, \u201d says dr. jessica gordon nembhard. throughout the 1930s and 1940s there were black farmers \u2019 cooperatives, credit unions, co - op grocery stores and schools, points out nembhard, an associate professor at john jay college of the city university of new york ( cuny ) and a member of the b. e. board of economists. in 1930, george schuyler, a controversial journalist for the pittsburgh courier black newspaper, founded the young negro cooperative league. ella j. baker, who later became a luminary of the civil rights movement, led the organization \u2019 s two dozen young people. by 1932, the league had formed councils in cities from philadelphia and washington, d. c., to cleveland, new orleans and phoenix. they promoted cooperative businesses in black communities. some cooperative ventures made real money. \u201c in the fall of 1932 gary, indiana, was ravaged by the depression, the steel mills were closed and only one bank remained. black citizens came together and formed the consumers cooperative trading company, \u201d nembhard writes. \u201c starting with a buying club, the trading company came to operate a main grocery store, a branch store, a filling station and a credit union. by 1934 there were over 400 members and seven full - time employees in the grocery store. the credit union was organized in november 1934. in 1936, sales for the co - op store were at $ 160, 000, and dividends were paid to share owners. \u201d a foundation of hope but that was 70 - plus years ago. dr. h. viscount nelson, a professor in the afro - american studies department of ucla, believes that several strengths that helped blacks survive during the great depression no longer exist or have become weaker. in the 1930s, he asserts, the masses of the black population \u2014 not just a middle - class or well - off black minority \u2014 functioned on hope. many young blacks today have given up hope, nelson says. the idea that education is the key to upward mobility was more widely embraced by black youths then than it is now. there was also a greater respect for work, with blacks admiring people able to hold down any job. many young blacks today reject the concept of starting at a low level and working one \u2019 s way up, he says. author of the book, \u201c black leadership \u2019 s response to the great depression in philadelphia, \u201d nelson used 1930 - 1931 data to study philadelphia \u2019 s black 30th ward. \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42069739297515707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.369309"} {"text": "at a low level and working one \u2019 s way up, he says. author of the book, \u201c black leadership \u2019 s response to the great depression in philadelphia, \u201d nelson used 1930 - 1931 data to study philadelphia \u2019 s black 30th ward. \u201c what i discovered was that despite the economic reversals that people had suffered, life was relatively placid and calm, \u201d says nelson. crime was minimal, with no rapes, no murders and very few robberies or assaults and batteries. most 30th ward arrests during these prohibition years involved alcohol. nelson found all socioeconomic levels of blacks living within the same neighborhood \u2014 doctors, schoolteachers and businessmen residing on blocks also home to laborers and house cleaners. depression - era segregation and discrimination made life hard, but forced blacks to live together, pull together and have racial consciousness. demographic diversity within the black community kept hope high. this general optimism has been lost, nelson believes. while conrad disagrees with nelson that widespread hope remains lost, she does admit that upward - mobile blacks \u2019 departure from inner - city neighborhoods has reduced opportunities for young people to interact with social and employment networks. conrad remembers how her father, a dallas physician, helped steer the six children of the janitor next door toward all going to college. today, churches can perform some of those networking functions, she believes. but middle - class suburbanites commuting to old - neighborhood churches must consciously make an effort to make this happen, says conrad. \u201c they need to be there other than on sunday. \u201d sowing the seeds the image of first lady michelle obama planting a vegetable patch on the white house lawn is perhaps a signal to americans that taking down - to - earth self - help action is something everybody must do to make it through our current economic crisis. cultivation of that garden may bring to mind one of the most basic forms of commerce \u2014 bartering, where one farmer trades his beans for another farmer \u2019 s corn. bartering, however, can be more than the exchange of one product for another. it includes exchanges of services, caregiving and skills. \u201c if there is a particular kind of repair or construction skill you have, you can use that as a form of bartering within a community, \u201d says conrad. \u201c it goes back to a kind of cooperative venture notion, but here you exchange services with each other directly. \u201d voices of economic survival", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4265262764460773, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.370310"} {"text": "according to the us government, \" the strength and vitality of our economy, infrastructure, public safety and national security have been built on the foundation of cyberspace. \" the mckinsey global institute recently published a study that aimed to quantify the impact of the internet on the world economy. it found that the internet has become a significant and essential factor in national economies and in the global economy itself, allowing established industries to be more productive and creating new jobs. among advanced economies, it found that the internet accounts for around 6 % of gdp and is a critical element in economic growth, accounting for 21 % of gdp growth in those advanced countries over the past five years. the internet is also growing rapidly, both in terms of numbers of people connecting to it, including high levels of growth in emerging economies, and in terms of the numbers and types of devices connecting to it. according to cisco, there were about five billion devices connected to the internet at the end of 2011 and it predicts that number will rise to around 50 billion by 2020. contributing to that growth is the proliferation of mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets, in - vehicle computers, televisions, cameras, sensors, medical devices and smart machines used for supporting the high growth of machine - to - machine applications in a wide range of industries and consumer environments. every one of those devices needs an ip address to connect to the internet, but the current prevalent communications protocol for internet traffic, ipv4, has only 4. 3 billion ip addresses available and that stock has been exhausted. as of february 2011, the last ipv4 addresses were handed out to regional internet registries. we have known about this problem for a long time and a successor to ipv4 - ipv6 - has been available for many years, offering an infinitely larger number of addresses. in order for the growth of the internet to continue and the benefits of emerging technologies to be realised, the transition to ipv6 is critical. people have been fear - mongering about the forthcoming address depletion for some years now, but very little has been done in the way of ipv6 adoption. however, according to axel pawlik, managing director of europe ' s internet registry, ripe ncc, \" we are really running out now. by the end of this year, europe will not have any ipv4 addresses easily available. if you don ' t do ipv6 now, you will lose connectivity to the ipv6 network. there are solutions for limited connectivity, but they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49099832164593976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.374392"} {"text": "by the end of this year, europe will not have any ipv4 addresses easily available. if you don ' t do ipv6 now, you will lose connectivity to the ipv6 network. there are solutions for limited connectivity, but they are hard and costly. it will not be a big global crisis, but growth will slow. \" because ipv6 is not backwards compatible with ipv4, customers with ipv6 devices will not be able to reach ipv4 - only services, which could lead to lost sales to customers in high - growth emerging economies in particular. things are getting better. penetration is growing and the future is rosy. but it is still not good enough. according to pawlik, heads will begin to roll now amongst those who have not even started planning for the ipv6 migration. the situation is better than it was last year, and certainly better than five years ago, but some people will only move when they see the evidence of the address depletion by being unable to secure any further ipv4 addresses. to encourage adoption, the world ipv6 day was held in june 2011, which saw major content providers enabling ipv6 for their primary domains for 24 hours. tom coffeen, ip evangelist for technology vendor infoblox, states that the day was a great success, with no major operational issues encountered, and the volume of ipv6 traffic doubled during the event. coffeen also states that significant progress has been made with ipv6 adoption since then, with the percentage of zones under. com,. net and. org domains offering ipv6 support increasing by 1, 900 % in the past year and a growing number of enterprises have begun, or are continuing, substantial ipv6 adoption initiatives. however, after the 2011 ipv6 day, many organisations switched off ipv6 support and growth has not been seen at the levels expected. because of this, many organisations are continuing their efforts to raise awareness of the need for the switch to ipv6. among the initiatives was a second ipv6 day, held in june 2012 - this time entitled the world ipv6 launch, where organisations were encouraged to enable ipv6 on their networks and to keep ipv6 enabled after the day ended. according to scott iekel - johnson, product manager at arbor networks, the amount of native ipv6 traffic grew 20 % with the launch of world ipv6 launch day and this has remained steady since then. according to iekel - johnson, \" this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45798807220666055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.376428"} {"text": "copernicus is said to be the founder of modern astronomy. he was born in poland, 1 and eventually was sent off to cracow university, there to study mathematics and optics ; at bologna, canon law. returning from his studies in italy, copernicus, through the influence of his uncle, was appointed as a canon in the cathedral of frauenburg where he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days. because of his clerical position, copernicus moved in the highest circles of power ; but a student he remained. for relaxation copernicus painted and translated greek poetry into latin. his interest in astronomy gradually grew to be one in which he had a primary interest. his investigations were carried on quietly and alone, without help or consultation. he made his celestial observations from a turret situated on the protective wall around the cathedral, observations were made \" bare eyeball, \" so to speak, as a hundred more years were to pass before the invention of the telescope. in 1530, copernicus completed and gave to the world his great work de revolutionibus, which asserted that the earth rotated on its axis once daily and traveled around the sun once yearly : a fantastic concept for the times. up to the time of copernicus the thinkers of the western world believed in the ptolemiac theory that the universe was a closed space bounded by a spherical envelope beyond which there was nothing. claudius ptolemy, an egyptian living in alexandria, at about 150 a. d., gathered and organized the thoughts of the earlier thinkers. ( it is to be noted that one of the ancient greek astronomers, aristarchus, did have ideas similar to those more fully developed by copernicus but they were rejected in favour of the geocentric or earth - centered scheme as was espoused by aristotle. ) ptolemy ' s findings were that the earth was a fixed, inert, immovable mass, located at the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies, including the sun and the fixed stars, revolved around it. it was a theory that appealed to human nature. it fit with the casual observations that a person might want to make in the field ; and second, it fed man ' s ego. copernicus was in no hurry to publish his theory, though parts of his work were circulated among a few of the astronomers that were giving the matter some thought ; indeed, copernicus ' work might not have ever reached the printing press if it had not been for a young man who sought out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.526602553132205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.381565"} {"text": "theory, though parts of his work were circulated among a few of the astronomers that were giving the matter some thought ; indeed, copernicus ' work might not have ever reached the printing press if it had not been for a young man who sought out the master in 1539. george rheticus was a 25 year old german mathematics professor who was attracted to the 66 year old cleric, having read one of his papers. intending to spend a few weeks with copernicus, rheticus ended up staying as a house guest for two years, so fascinated was he with copernicus and his theories. now, up to this time, copernicus was reluctant to publish, - - not so much that he was concerned with what the church might say about his novel theory ( de revolutionibus was placed on the index in 1616 and only removed in 1835 ), but rather because he was a perfectionist and he never thought, even after working on it for thirty years, that his complete work was ready, - - there were, as far as copernicus was concerned, observations to be checked and rechecked. ( interestingly, copernicus ' original manuscript, lost to the world for 300 years, was located in prague in the middle of the 19th century ; it shows copernicus ' pen was, it would appear, continually in motion with revision after revision ; all in latin as was the vogue for scholarly writings in those days. ) copernicus died in 1543 and was never to know what a stir his work had caused. it went against the philosophical and religious beliefs that had been held during the medieval times. man, it was believed ( and still believed by some ) was made by god in his image, man was the next thing to god, and, as such, superior, especially in his best part, his soul, to all creatures, indeed this part was not even part of the natural world ( a philosophy which has proved disastrous to the earth ' s environment as any casual observer of the 20th century might confirm by simply looking about ). copernicus ' theories might well lead men to think that they are simply part of nature and not superior to it and that ran counter to the theories of the politically powerful churchmen of the time. two other italian scientists of the time, galileo and bruno, embraced the copernican theory unreservedly and as a result suffered much personal injury at the hands of the powerful church inquisitors. giordano bruno had the audacity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5511943736230819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.382681"} {"text": "italian scientists of the time, galileo and bruno, embraced the copernican theory unreservedly and as a result suffered much personal injury at the hands of the powerful church inquisitors. giordano bruno had the audacity to even go beyond copernicus, and, dared to suggest, that space was boundless and that the sun was and its planets were but one of any number of similar systems : why! - - there even might be other inhabited worlds with rational beings equal or possibly superior to ourselves. for such blasphemy, bruno was tried before the inquisition, condemned and burned at the stake in 1600. galileo was brought forward in 1633, and, there, in front of his \" betters, \" he was, under the threat of torture and death, forced to his knees to renounce all belief in copernican theories, and was thereafter sentenced to imprisonment for the remainder of his days. the most important aspect of copernicus ' work is that it forever changed the place of man in the cosmos ; no longer could man legitimately think his significance greater than his fellow creatures ; with copernicus ' work, man could now take his place among that which exists all about him, and not of necessity take that premier position which had been assigned immodestly to him by the theologians. \" of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of copernicus. the world had scarcely become known as round and complete in itself when it was asked to waive the tremendous privilege of being the center of the universe. never, perhaps, was a greater demand made on mankind - for by this admission so many things vanished in mist and smoke! what became of our eden, our world of innocence, piety and poetry ; the testimony of the senses ; the conviction of a poetic - religious faith? no wonder his contemporaries did not wish to let all this go and offered every possible resistance to a doctrine which in its converts authorized and demanded a freedom of view and greatness of thought so far unknown, indeed not even dreamed of. \" [ goethe. ] 1 i quote from chambers biographical dictionary : \" copernicus... was born at torun, poland. his father was a germanized slav, his mother a german ; and poland and germany both claim the honour of producing him. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5537673104314758, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.383577"} {"text": "history and acknowledgements smart pointers are objects which store pointers to dynamically allocated ( heap ) objects. they behave much like built - in c + + pointers except that they automatically delete the object pointed to at the appropriate time. smart pointers are particularly useful in the face of exceptions as they ensure proper destruction of dynamically allocated objects. they can also be used to keep track of dynamically allocated objects shared by multiple owners. conceptually, smart pointers are seen as owning the object pointed to, and thus responsible for deletion of the object when it is no longer needed. the smart pointer library provides five smart pointer class templates : | scoped _ ptr | | < boost / scoped _ ptr. hpp > | | simple sole ownership of single objects. noncopyable. | | scoped _ array | | < boost / scoped _ array. hpp > | | simple sole ownership of arrays. noncopyable. | | shared _ ptr | | < boost / shared _ ptr. hpp > | | object ownership shared among multiple pointers | | shared _ array | | < boost / shared _ array. hpp > | | array ownership shared among multiple pointers. | | weak _ ptr | | < boost / weak _ ptr. hpp > | | non - owning observers of an object owned by shared _ ptr. | | intrusive _ ptr | | < boost / intrusive _ ptr. hpp > | | shared ownership of objects with an embedded reference count. | these templates are designed to complement the std : : auto _ ptr template. they are examples of the \" resource acquisition is initialization \" idiom described in bjarne stroustrup ' s \" the c + + programming language \", 3rd edition, section 14. 4, resource management. a test program, smart _ ptr _ test. cpp, is provided to verify correct operation. a page on compatibility with older versions of the boost smart pointer library describes some of the changes since earlier versions of the smart pointer implementation. a page on smart pointer timings will be of interest to those curious about performance issues. a page on smart pointer programming techniques lists some advanced applications of these smart pointer class templates have a template parameter, t, which specifies the type of the object pointed to by the smart pointer. the behavior of the smart pointer templates is undefined if the destructor or operator del", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5523804096702996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.390657"} {"text": "some advanced applications of these smart pointer class templates have a template parameter, t, which specifies the type of the object pointed to by the smart pointer. the behavior of the smart pointer templates is undefined if the destructor or operator delete for objects of type t throw exceptions. t may be an incomplete type at the point of smart pointer declaration. unless otherwise specified, it is required that t be a complete type at points of smart pointer instantiation. implementations are required to diagnose ( treat as an error ) all violations of this requirement, including deletion of an incomplete type. see the description of the checked _ delete function template. note that shared _ ptr does not have this restriction, as most of its member functions do not require t to be a complete type. the requirements on t are carefully crafted to maximize safety yet allow handle - body ( also called pimpl ) and similar idioms. in these idioms a smart pointer may appear in translation units where t is an incomplete type. this separates interface from implementation and hides implementation from translation units which merely use the interface. examples described in the documentation for specific smart pointers illustrate use of smart pointers in these idioms. note that scoped _ ptr requires that t be a complete type at destruction time, but shared _ ptr does not. several functions in these smart pointer classes are specified as having \" no effect \" or \" no effect except such - and - such \" if an exception is thrown. this means that when an exception is thrown by an object of one of these classes, the entire program state remains the same as it was prior to the function call which resulted in the exception being thrown. this amounts to a guarantee that there are no detectable side effects. other functions never throw exceptions. the only exception ever thrown by functions which do throw ( assuming t meets the common requirements ) is std : : bad _ alloc, and that is thrown only by functions which are explicitly documented as possibly throwing std : : bad _ alloc. exception - specifications are not used ; see exception - specification rationale. all the smart pointer templates contain member functions which can never throw exceptions, because they neither throw exceptions themselves nor call other functions which may throw exceptions. these members are indicated by a comment : / / never throws. functions which destroy objects of the pointed to type are prohibited from throwing exceptions by the common requirements. january 2002. peter dimov reworked all four classes, adding features, fixing bugs, and splitting them into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.498014218593767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.391865"} {"text": "indicated by a comment : / / never throws. functions which destroy objects of the pointed to type are prohibited from throwing exceptions by the common requirements. january 2002. peter dimov reworked all four classes, adding features, fixing bugs, and splitting them into four separate headers, and added weak _ ptr. see the compatibility page for a summary of the changes. may 2001. vladimir prus suggested requiring a complete type on destruction. refinement evolved in discussions including dave abrahams, greg colvin, beman dawes, rainer deyke, peter dimov, john maddock, vladimir prus, shankar sai, and others. november 1999. darin adler provided operator = =, operator! =, and std : : swap and std : : less specializations for shared types. september 1999. luis coelho provided shared _ ptr : : swap and shared _ array : : swap may 1999. in april and may, 1999, valentin bonnard and david abrahams made a number of suggestions resulting in numerous improvements. october 1998. beman dawes proposed reviving the original semantics under the names safe _ ptr and counted _ ptr, meeting of per andersson, matt austern, greg colvin, sean corfield, pete becker, nico josuttis, dietmar kuhl, nathan myers, chichiang wan and judy ward. during the discussion, the four new class names were finalized, it was decided that there was no need to exactly follow the std : : auto _ ptr interface, and various function signatures and semantics were finalized. over the next three months, several implementations were considered for shared _ ptr, and discussed on the boost. org mailing list. the implementation questions revolved around the reference count which must be kept, either attached to the pointed to object, or detached elsewhere. each of those variants have themselves two major variants : each implementation technique has advantages and disadvantages. we went so far as to run various timings of the direct and indirect approaches, and found that at least on intel pentium chips there was very little measurable difference. kevlin henney provided a paper he wrote on \" counted body techniques. \" dietmar kuhl suggested an elegant partial template specialization technique to allow users to choose which implementation they preferred, and that was also experimented with. but greg colvin and jerry schwarz argued that \" parameterization will discourage users \", and in the end we choose to supply only the direct implementation. summer, 1994. greg colvin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5398263128987086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.395080"} {"text": "choose which implementation they preferred, and that was also experimented with. but greg colvin and jerry schwarz argued that \" parameterization will discourage users \", and in the end we choose to supply only the direct implementation. summer, 1994. greg colvin proposed to the c + + standards committee classes named auto _ ptr and counted _ ptr which were very similar to what we now call scoped _ ptr and shared _ ptr. [ col - 94 ] in one of the very few cases where the library working group ' s recommendations were not followed by the full committee, counted _ ptr was rejected and surprising transfer - of - ownership semantics were added to auto _ ptr. [ col - 94 ] gregory colvin, exception safe smart pointers, c + + committee document 94 - 168 / n0555, july, 1994. [ e & d - 94 ] john r. ellis & david l. detlefs, safe, efficient garbage collection for c + +, usenix proceedings, february, 1994. this paper includes an extensive discussion of weak pointers and an extensive bibliography. $ date : 2004 / 10 / 05 15 : 45 : 50 $ copyright 1999 greg colvin and beman dawes. copyright 2002 darin adler. permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. this document is provided \" as is \" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5334695976207365, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.395988"} {"text": "sleep disorders and traumatic brain injury when a person suffers from traumatic brain injury ( tbi ), one of the most common and significant side effects the patient can experience is a sleep disorder. tbi causes the biological and electrical rhythm of sleep to be interrupted. the patient may experience difficulty sleeping, an altered or changing sleep pattern, or even the need to sleep for unusually short or long periods after the injury has occurred. a traumatic brain injury also affects an individual \u2019 s ability to control their breathing, dreaming, and leg movements during sleep. recently, researchers have found that almost half of those who are suffering from a traumatic brain injury may have a sleep disorder, with the leading cause being obstructive sleep apnea. another study concluded that after a traumatic brain injury has occurred, especially a mild injury, individuals often experience sleep disturbance, complicating recovery from the injury as well as relief from the symptoms. currently, researchers are coming to the realization that mild traumatic brain injuries are more likely to result in sleep disorders than severe injuries. effects of sleep disorders when an individual does not receive the proper amount of sleep to allow the body to recharge, cognitive ability and function is decreased, while an increase in irritability becomes prevalent. patients with a sleep disorder experience symptoms very similar to a traumatic brain injury, complicating and possibly exacerbating the effects of the injury itself. traumatic brain injuries usually occur due to a fall or a collision. when these types of incidents occur, some part of the body is usually hurt or strained. sleep allows the body to rest and rebuild itself, repairing injured muscles. however, a sleep disorder does not allow this process to happen. increased fatigue also affects memory. those who experience traumatic brain injury and memory loss or impairment from lack of sleep may have increased memory problems. most individuals with sleeping disorders are able to take medication prescribed by their doctors to help them sleep. however, patients with tbi may find their doctors are reluctant to prescribe these types of medicines. if a prescription is necessary, a low - dose anti - depressant medication may help the individual fall asleep easier, stay asleep, and sleep more soundly. unfortunately, the medications may also make it harder for the patient to wake up. consistency is another way to help battle a sleeping disorder and the patient should go to bed and wake up at the same times every day. this helps to restore natural sleep rhythms. it is also wise to avoid caffeine and exercise later in the day. if you or someone you love has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46019276016878186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.398906"} {"text": "myocardial perfusion spect what is it? a myocardial perfusion spect ( single photon emission computed tomography ) study, also called a cardiac stress - rest test, helps your doctor evaluate your heart \u2019 s blood supply. two sets of images showing blood flow are obtained : the first following a period of rest, and the second following a period of stress ( i. e., exercise ). this is how it works : - the technologist injects a radiotracer into a vein. a radiotracer is a compound made of a radioactive isotope and a pharmaceutical agent. in the radiotracer used for myocardial perfusion spect, the pharmaceutical part keeps the tracer in the blood until it is filtered out by the kidneys. - the radioactive isotope releases energy, and a special camera creates an image from it. the image shows any area with abnormal blood flow indicating a problem in the heart or vessels. what is it for? myocardial perfusion spect is used to evaluate damage that might have been caused by a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) and to assess the presence and extent of myocardial ischemia ( reduced blood flow due to obstruction in the vessels ). your doctor will determine if a myocardial perfusion spect examination is necessary. how will the exam be scheduled? your doctor will schedule the examination. when the exam is scheduled, your doctor must send a written order for the test. you should also request a copy of this written order, and you should bring it with you to your appointment. according to massachusetts state law, the technologist cannot inject the radiotracer without a written order from your doctor. your examination will be delayed if we do not receive a written order. when your examination is scheduled, your doctor will be told the time for your injection, which is the time of your appointment. the length of the complete examination, however, is variable and depends on a number of factors that cannot be determined outside of the lab. you should plan to be in the lab for 3 - 4 hours. as you plan your visit to our lab, please remember that children under the age of 12 are not permitted within the nuclear medicine waiting room or laboratory areas. how should i prepare for the examination? you should not eat or drink anything after midnight on the night prior to your examination. if your stomach is empty, you are less likely to become nauseous during the stress portion of the examination. in addition, your cardiac images will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5229659244863452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.404634"} {"text": "the examination? you should not eat or drink anything after midnight on the night prior to your examination. if your stomach is empty, you are less likely to become nauseous during the stress portion of the examination. in addition, your cardiac images will be easier to interpret. it is especially important that you avoid coffee, tea, soda, chocolate, and any other caffeinated beverage or food for at least 12 - 24 hours before your examination. keep in mind that even decaffeinated beverages do contain some residual caffeine, so they should also be avoided. caffeine is a stimulant and may affect the results of your study. your doctor may ask you to stop taking certain medications for a specific period prior to the examination. discuss your medications with your doctor when the examination is scheduled to determine which, if any, you should temporarily discontinue. this examination does require exercise on a treadmill. you should wear ( or bring along ) comfortable, appropriate clothing and shoes. we recommend shorts or sweatpants and athletic shoes. what happens during the examination? prior to receiving her injection, any woman between the ages of 12 and 56 will be asked if she might be pregnant. if you think you might be pregnant you should talk to your doctor about it before having a nuclear medicine examination. a myocardial perfusion spect study occurs in two parts. the first part captures images while your heart is in a state of rest. the technologist will place an intravenous ( iv ) catheter in your arm, then inject the appropriate dose of radiotracer through the catheter. you will then be asked to wait in the waiting room for 45 minutes? 1 hour. when you return to the lab for imaging, the technologist will ask you to lie on your back on a bed positioned between a set of cameras. once you are comfortable on the bed, the imaging will begin. the bed will slide you into the correct position, and the cameras will rotate around your body. the cameras will come quite close you, but will not touch you. it takes about 20 minutes for the cameras to record a complete set of images. it is very important that you remain still during that time. the second part of the examination captures images while your heart is in a state of stress. the technologist will apply electrodes to your chest so that your heart rhythm can be monitored by electrocardiography ( ekg or ecg ). you will be asked to walk on a treadmill in order to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5064588025052594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.405825"} {"text": "is in a state of stress. the technologist will apply electrodes to your chest so that your heart rhythm can be monitored by electrocardiography ( ekg or ecg ). you will be asked to walk on a treadmill in order to increase your heart rate \u2014 in other words, to induce stress on your heart. as you walk, both speed and incline will increase every three minutes \u2014 increasing the intensity of your exercise. you will be asked to walk as long as you can in order to induce maximum stress. if you are unable to exercise, or if you are unable to exercise enough to produce the necessary stress on your heart, stress can be induced by injecting a drug. a drug may also be used in combination with exercise. shortly before you stop exercising, a second, small dose of radiotracer will be injected through the iv catheter. within approximately 30 minutes, you will be ready for the second set of images. this imaging portion will take about 20 minutes. it is important that you remain still while the images are obtained \u2014 movement can ruin the images, and the radiologist may have difficulty interpreting them accurately. after the examination is complete, you will be able to resume normal daily activities. there will be no further restrictions on eating or drinking. the radiotracers do not cause drowsiness, so you will be able to drive. how will i receive the results? a nuclear medicine physician will review and interpret the images obtained during your study. the results of your myocardial perfusion spect examination will be provided to your doctor within 48 hours. are there any side effects? most people do not experience any side effects from the radiotracer. is the radiation dangerous? nuclear medicine examinations do involve the use of a small amount of radiation. the tracer dose is calculated to minimize radiation exposure while providing accurate test results. nuclear medicine studies may not be appropriate for pregnant women or those who are breastfeeding. if you think you may be pregnant, discuss this with your doctor. of course, it is always important to consider the benefits of any diagnostic study along with the risks. in some cases, the importance of making the correct diagnosis outweighs the potential risk to the unborn baby. your doctor can explain your options. if you are breastfeeding, you should not nurse your baby for approximately 36 hours after the radiotracer injection, since radiation can be passed through the breast milk. prepare for your examination by pumping and saving milk for 24 - 48 hours before your examination, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5013318880713911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.406818"} {"text": "pocket gopherarticle free pass pocket gopher ( family geomyidae ), any of 38 species of predominantly north and central american rodents named for their large, fur - lined cheek pouches. the \u201c pockets \u201d open externally on each side of the mouth and extend from the face to the shoulders ; they can be everted for cleaning. the lips can be closed behind the protruding, chisel - like upper front teeth, which thereby allows the gopher to excavate soil without ingesting it. thickset and cylindrical, pocket gophers are 12 to 35 cm ( 4. 7 to 13. 8 inches ) in body length, with a short neck, small eyes and ears, and short legs. the five front digits on each muscular foreleg bear long and powerful digging claws. the short, sparsely haired tail is sensitive and well supplied with blood vessels and nerves. coat colour varies among species from almost white through tones of yellow and brown to black. pocket gophers excavate long shallow, winding tunnels to obtain roots and tubers. burrows for nesting and food storage, however, are deep and extensive and are marked by conspicuous mounds of earth near the entrances. pocket gophers dig primarily with their front claws and use their front teeth to cut roots and loosen soil or rocks. when moving backward through tunnels, they arch the tail so that its sensitive tip touches the tunnel wall. this allows the pocket gopher to run backward nearly as fast as it can forward. occasionally, gophers venture short distances from their burrows to collect succulent herbs, cutting the plants into short pieces and carrying them back in their cheek pouches. pocket gophers do not hibernate, and stems, roots, and tubers that they hoard in storage chambers enable them to survive the winter. these solitary, pugnacious animals tolerate company only during the breeding season in spring or early summer. about four weeks after mating, the female produces a litter of two to six, and she cares for her blind, hairless young for about six weeks. then the offspring begin to develop rapidly, and in several more weeks they leave the mother \u2019 s burrow to excavate their own shelters. pocket gophers range from southern canada and the united states ( mostly west of 90\u00b0 longitude and in florida ), south through mexico and central america, to northwestern colombia. they can be found from coastal areas to above the timberline in high mountains. between these extremes of elevation, they live in a great variety of habitats from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48413392494300744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.411057"} {"text": "90\u00b0 longitude and in florida ), south through mexico and central america, to northwestern colombia. they can be found from coastal areas to above the timberline in high mountains. between these extremes of elevation, they live in a great variety of habitats from tropical lowlands and grasslands to oak and coniferous forest to mountain meadows. classification and paleontology pocket gophers constitute the family geomyidae within the order rodentia ; their closest living relatives are kangaroo rats and pocket mice. the evolutionary history of geomyidae is based on fossils of nine extinct genera found only in north american sediments from the early oligocene epoch ( 33. 7 million to 28. 5 million years ago ). - family geomyidae ( pocket gophers ) - 38 species in 5 genera. - genus orthogeomys ( giant pocket gophers ) - 11 central and south american species. - genus thomomys ( western pocket gophers ) - 9 species. - genus pappogeomys ( mexican pocket gophers ) - 9 species. - genus geomys ( eastern pocket gophers ) - 8 species. - genus zygogeomys ( michoacan pocket gopher ) - 1 species. what made you want to look up \" pocket gopher \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42213435176757796, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.411542"} {"text": "virgilarticle free pass virgil, also spelled vergil, latin in full publius vergilius maro ( born october 15, 70 bc, andes, near mantua [ italy ] \u2014 died september 21, 19 bc, brundisium ), roman poet, best known for his national epic, the aeneid ( from c. 30 bc ; unfinished at his death ). virgil was regarded by the romans as their greatest poet, an estimation that subsequent generations have upheld. his fame rests chiefly upon the aeneid, which tells the story of rome \u2019 s legendary founder and proclaims the roman mission to civilize the world under divine guidance. his reputation as a poet endures not only for the music and diction of his verse and for his skill in constructing an intricate work on the grand scale but also because he embodied in his poetry aspects of experience and behaviour of permanent significance. virgil was born of peasant stock, and his love of the italian countryside and of the people who cultivated it colours all his poetry. he was educated at cremona, at milan, and finally at rome, acquiring a thorough knowledge of greek and roman authors, especially of the poets, and receiving a detailed training in rhetoric and philosophy. it is known that one of his teachers was the epicurean siro, and the epicurean philosophy is substantially reflected in his early poetry but gradually gives way to attitudes more akin to stoicism. during virgil \u2019 s youth, as the roman republic neared its end, the political and military situation in italy was confused and often calamitous. the civil war between marius and sulla had been succeeded by conflict between pompey and julius caesar for supreme power. when virgil was 20, caesar with his armies swooped south from gaul, crossed the rubicon, and began the series of civil wars that were not to end until augustus \u2019 victory at actium in 31 bc. hatred and fear of civil war is powerfully expressed by both virgil and his contemporary horace. the key to a proper understanding of the augustan age and its poets lies, indeed, in a proper understanding of the turmoil that had preceded the augustan peace. virgil \u2019 s life was devoted entirely to his poetry and to studies connected with it ; his health was never robust, and he played no part in military or political life. it is said that he spoke once in the lawcourts without distinction and that his shy and retiring nature caused him to give up any ideas he might have had of taking part in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3813977561814672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.414287"} {"text": "viewed in 2010, some of the early 20th century children \u2019 s books lissa paul is studying look a little surreal. there \u2019 s an abc for baby patriots, where b stands for battles and c stands for colonies. there \u2019 s an ad that encourages kids to dress up a male paper doll, pictured on a missile - firing battle ship, in navy regalia. in the years just before the first world war, the professor of education says, children \u2019 s books and popular culture promoted proud support of the british empire. so when war was declared in 1914, young boys were already primed to fight for their countries. as the 100th anniversary of the first world war approaches, the uk \u2019 s leverhulme trust is funding three international conferences to study children \u2019 s literature and culture in the years approaching the first world war. paul is organizing the canadian conference. from the boy scouts, formed in part to train boys for future military life, to books promoting the virtue of supporting king and country, children \u2019 s literature presented the glory of war strongly enough to suppress all instinctive, religious and cultural imperatives against killing, paul said. \u201c if you \u2019 re going to get young people to overcome those instincts, you have to work pretty hard to create a culture that makes it not only acceptable, but desirable, \u201d she said. by studying children \u2019 s literature and culture in the pre - war years, \u201c we \u2019 ll gain insights into how children were enculturated, \u201d she said. \u201c if we \u2019 re ever going to stop war, we have to understand what encourages people to fight. \u201d the conferences, part of the international research project approaching war, will take place in australia, canada and england in 2011, 2012 and 2013. the australian conference, located at the university of technology sydney, will be in november or early december of this year. a three - day conference is being tentatively constructed for may 9 to 12, 2012, in canada, starting at brock and moving to mccrae house in guelph, birthplace of in flanders fields author john mccrae. the third conference will be in newcastle, uk. newcastle university, the university of technology sydney and the toronto public library ( through its osborne collection ) are part of the research project. paul, who has been at brock since 2005, has a long - time interest in children \u2019 s literature. her new book, the children \u2019 s book business : lessons from the long eighteenth century, was published dec. 14 by routledge. she is an associate general editor of the norton anthology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42921247851571104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.417294"} {"text": "benefits of geocaching geocachers get a lot out of geocaching, not the least of which is that it allows them to enjoy the great outdoors. geocaching is an outdoor physical activity much like a modern, high - tech treasure hunting game. it is currently being played in more than 200 countries with about 5 million participants around the world by kids and adults alike. the objective of the game is to look for hidden caches or containers that may be buried or just hidden on ground level. the caches may be hidden deep in the forest, mountainous tracks, parks and even the city. in order to find the hidden caches, participants must have a gps receiver or web - enabled device or smartphone in order for them to download the coordinates of the cache. the coordinates will tell them where to look for the cache. just like any other sports or hobby, geocaching offers a variety of benefits. of course, the benefit each participant gets will depend on how involved he or she is in the sport. first, there \u2019 s the physical benefit. going outdoors and searching for hidden caches will definitely build your stamina and it will keep you physically active. it \u2019 s like exercising already, with all the walking and may be running that you will be doing. geocaching also benefits the participants socially. even though it \u2019 s considered an individual sport, you will still meet new friends along the way, not to mention there are different organizations or clubs for geocaching enthusiasts. these clubs aim to help each player to be better at the sport by sharing experiences and tips with one another. it will also give the participant a sense of belonging. geocaching can foster communication and build relationships. it is also beneficial for youth groups to engage in geocaching to build social skills and camaraderie. some schools even adapt the way geocaching works and apply it to group activities or workshops. geocaching also provides educational benefits. most caches are hidden near popular historical sites, and most of the caches will have information regarding that particular historical site. participants will also learn about geography and its significance. the sport will also teach you how to follow directions by using coordinates, compass and map. when geocaching is used for teaching, it can develop math and science skills and it will also make learning the course more interesting ; this, in turn will help the students become more inclined to learning. economic boon for locales there \u2019 s an economic benefit to geocaching as well. since this is a sport", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4777195311446791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.421270"} {"text": "book description : the essence of critical thinking concepts and tools distilled into a 20 - page pocket - size guide. it is a critical thinking supplement to any textbook or course. it is best used in conjunction with the analytic thinking guide. everyone thinks ; it is our nature to do so. but much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down - right prejudiced. yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our thought. shoddy thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. excellence in thought, however, must be systematically cultivated. critical thinking is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it. critical thinking is, self - directed, self - disciplined, self - monitored, and self - corrective thinking. it requires rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. it entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcoming our native egocentrism and sociocentrism. this miniature guide focuses on of the essence of critical thinking concepts and tools distilled into pocket size. for faculty it provides a shared concept of critical thinking. for students it is a critical thinking supplement to any textbook for any course. faculty can use it to design instruction, assignments, and tests in any subject. students can use it to improve their learning in any content area. its generic skills apply to all subjects. for example, critical thinkers are clear as to the purpose at hand and the question at issue. they question information, conclusions, and points of view. they strive to be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant. they seek to think beneath the surface, to be logical, and fair. they apply these skills to their reading and writing as well as to their speaking and listening. they apply them in history, science, math, philosophy, and the arts ; in professional and personal life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5784870508623403, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.423377"} {"text": "the information below is designed to help you understand what your latest blood pressure readings may mean for your health - - and to provide tips on what you can do to get or keep your blood pressure in a healthy zone. note : this information isn ' t a substitute for medical advice provided by your doctor. if you think you might have hypertension or pre - hypertension, be sure to discuss your blood pressure concerns with a doctor or nurse, who can help you factor in other important information, such as other medical problems you may have. in particular, the information below may not always apply to those who are very old, very frail, or have multiple chronic medical conditions. view the full blood pressure chart. what a blood pressure reading of 177 / 100 means readings between 160 / 110 and 180 / 110 usually indicate stage 2 hypertension, which puts you at high risk for life - threatening problems such as heart attack and stroke. high blood pressure in this range can cause symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, mental confusion, vision changes, chest pain, or shortness of breath. if you notice any of these symptoms, your high blood pressure is considered a hypertensive emergency and you need to call 911. during a hypertensive emergency, a medical team will work to bring your blood pressure down quickly. if you don ' t have these symptoms but your blood pressure remains high, doctors call this \" hypertensive urgency. \" it ' s important to seek medical attention for hypertensive urgency, so that doctors can help bring your blood pressure down over a period of hours to days. often people don ' t notice any symptoms, even when blood pressure is very high. over time, however, uncontrolled high blood pressure leads to chronic damage of the body ' s arteries and organs. common results of this damage include enlargement of the heart, which can cause heart failure, and chronic kidney damage, which can eventually require dialysis. what to do if your blood pressure reading is 177 / 100 don ' t make a decision based on one bp reading alone ; lie down and rest for a few minutes before getting additional readings when you ' re calm. watch for symptoms of hypertensive emergency, such as headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion, vision changes, chest pain, and / or shortness of breath. these could be signs of a life - threatening problem and require a call to 911. be sure you ' re taking all medications as prescribed. call your doctor if several bp readings are above 180 / 110. if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4610321782516622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.429636"} {"text": "/ or shortness of breath. these could be signs of a life - threatening problem and require a call to 911. be sure you ' re taking all medications as prescribed. call your doctor if several bp readings are above 180 / 110. if you haven ' t yet done so, purchase a home blood pressure monitor that uses an arm cuff and check your bp every few days. ( wrist and finger monitoring systems don ' t give accurate results. ) write down each reading, indicating the date and time, and bring this record to the doctor when you visit. talk with a doctor about adjusting dosage of medications to bring your bp readings down. ask the doctor to check for other conditions that can worsen high blood pressure, such as sleep apnea. ask your pharmacist or doctor if you ' re on any medications that can worsen high blood pressure ( these can include nsaids, as well as some antidepressants ). if you haven ' t yet done so, purchase a home blood pressure monitor that uses an arm cuff and check bp every few days. ( wrist and finger monitoring systems don ' t give accurate results. ) write down each reading, indicating the date and time, and bring this record to the doctor when you visit. once you ' re discussed your medical plan with your doctor, continue to pursue lifestyle modifications : lose weight or maintain healthy weight. increase physical activity. lower salt intake to less than 2g per day ( most americans get 5 to 10 grams a day ). notes from the geriatrician on the care of those ages 80 and over : very high blood pressure in this range should almost always be treated, even in very old and frail adults. however, as people get older, they often become more sensitive to quick drops in blood pressure. for this reason, if there are no symptoms of hypertensive emergency, the plan for bringing down blood pressure tends to be more gradual in very old adults ( above ages 80 to 85 ). leslie kernisan, md caring. com senior medical editor robert ostfeld, md, m. sc., facc associate professor of clinical medicine montefiore medical center carolyn strimike, rn, msn cardiac nurse - practitioner at women ' s heart center at st. joseph ' s medical center phoenix, arizona cofounder, heartsstrong, a website for education about heart health author : take charge : a man ' s road map to a healthy heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4351968614033018, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.430687"} {"text": "the qwerty effect, demonstrated in jasmin & casasanto, 2012, psychonomic bulletin and review, is a subtle but reliable association between the way words are typed on the qwerty keyboard and their emotional valence. across 3 experiments, jasmin and casasanto found that words spelled with more letters from the right side of the keyboard were, on average, more positive in meaning than words spelled with more letters from the left side ( i. e., there was a positive association between the words ' right side advantage ( rsa ) and their emotional valence ratings ). in his blog post on the language log ( march 8, 2012 ), mark liberman denounced our study, calling the reliability of the results into question. this is our reply. is the qwerty effect robust, or did the authors report a false positive result? replication is the best protection against false positives. in our paper, we replicated the effect 6 times, in 5 different corpora ( one of which we divided a priori into two parts ), in 3 languages and a large corpus of pseudowords. subsequently, we replicated the effect again in a 6th corpus, in a 4th language. [ note : scientists who are used to looking at graphs, you might want to skip straight to the plots of the permutation tests showing the reliability of these effects, below ( fig. 1a - j ). these plots show the frequencies of permuted r - values compared to the observed r - value for each of the tests mentioned above. these are simple regression analyses on raw data, controlling for nothing. they tell the whole story, and show that the observed effects are extremely unlikely to have occurred by chance, over and over and over and over... ] we ' ll add that we even find the qwerty effect in the dodds et al. corpus, which liberman posted as a \" failure to replicate \" our effect, when the analysis is controlled appropriately - showing that the effect still holds ( weakly but significantly ) for a peculiar corpus in which a \" word \" is defined as \" any contiguous set of characters bounded by white space and / or a small set of punctuation characters \" - demonstrating the qwerty effect in a 7th corpus, for an 8th time. 1. he ran a simple regression of valence on right hand advantage ( rha ) for one of the five corpora we used, and reported that the \" multiple adjusted r2 \" was not significant. 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5653804468009324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.453022"} {"text": ", for an 8th time. 1. he ran a simple regression of valence on right hand advantage ( rha ) for one of the five corpora we used, and reported that the \" multiple adjusted r2 \" was not significant. 2. he did a permutation test with three iterations, and showed that, in one of the three permutations, the permuted effect was almost as big as the real observed effect. 3. he said things that simply aren ' t true, like that he \" didn ' t have access \" to the corpora we analyzed, and he made groundless insinuations, suggesting that our experiments were susceptible to the problems discussed in the false positives paper by simmons et al. ( how? ) 4. he posted a \" failure to replicate \" the qwerty effect in a large but peculiar corpus of english \" words. \" we ' ll address each of these, as briefly and respectfully as possible. liberman reports that he ran a simple regression of valence on rha in english anew, and that the \" multiple adjusted r2 \" was not significant. why report a \" multiple adjusted r2 \" for a simple regression? the adjusted r2 is almost always smaller than plain - old r2, which is probably why liberman decided to report it. however, using \" multiple adjusted r2 \" only makes sense in multiple regression models - that is, in models with multiple explanatory variables. in a simple regression with one \" x \" and one \" y, \" however, there is only one explanatory variable, so the multiple adjusted r2 is virtually meaningless, and reporting it is highly non - standard. r2 ( the square of pearson ' s r ) is standard. what happens if you test for the significance of the effect of rsa on valence in a simple regression using an appropriate measure ( i. e., pearson ' s r )? well, that shows a significant positive association, just as we predicted ( see figure 1d, below ). liberman ran a permutation test with * three * iterations on one of the corpora we analyzed, and showed that, in one of the three permutations, the permuted effect was almost as big as the real effect. on the basis of this \" test, \" he concludes that our results are probably a fluke. we agree that permutation tests are an excellent way to test the reliability of an effect. however, to run", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5388909013351425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.454155"} {"text": "as big as the real effect. on the basis of this \" test, \" he concludes that our results are probably a fluke. we agree that permutation tests are an excellent way to test the reliability of an effect. however, to run a valid permutation test, one usually iterates the permutation 1, 000 or 10, 000 times. liberman iterated his 3 times. suppose you flip a coin 3 times, and it comes up \" tails \" 3 times in a row. can you conclude that the coin is weighted? of course not - you can ' t conclude anything. ironically, when liberman flipped his coin, the outcome supported the qwerty effect all three times. that is, he never found that the permuted effect was greater than the observed effect in the real data, which makes his conclusion even more nonsensical. if one were to compute the p - value based on these 3 permutations, all of which yielded effects smaller than the observed effect, the p - value would be p = 0. 0000000 ( to infinity ). of course, interpreting this \" test \" as evidence for the qwerty effect would be as silly as interpreting it as evidence against it. what happens if we run interpretable permutation tests - with 10, 000 iterations? below you can see the results of these tests, on all of the data that we reported in the paper, and also on some new data that will be reported in a follow - up paper. for people unfamiliar with permutation tests, all you do is randomly shuffle the dependent measure with respect to the predictor ( so, in this case, the valence for one word gets randomly paired with the rsa for another ), and you see how often the r - value for the randomly shuffled data comes out to be greater than the observed r - value for the real data. this proportion gives you a p - value for the observed r - value, in an intuitive way : a p - value of. 001 means that the randomly permuted test statistic came out to be greater than the real observed test statistic only 10 times out of 10, 000 ( i. e., 1 in 1000 ). here ' s what 10, 000 - iteration permutation tests show for simple regressions on the raw data, controlling for nothing : a. all anew words ( combining english, dutch, & spanish ) : observed r = 0. 053, p =. 001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5888390152171882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.455281"} {"text": ", 000 - iteration permutation tests show for simple regressions on the raw data, controlling for nothing : a. all anew words ( combining english, dutch, & spanish ) : observed r = 0. 053, p =. 001 b. dutch anew only : observed r = 0. 06, p =. 025 c. spanish anew only : observed r = 0. 041, p =. 099 d. english anew only : observed r = 0. 055, p =. 04 e. all afinn words ( pre - and post - qwerty ) : observed r = 0. 061, p =. 001 f. pre - qwerty words : observed r = 0. 05, p =. 009 g. post - qwerty words : observed r = 0. 35, p =. 002 h. all nonce words : observed r = 0. 079, p = 0. 000004 i. european portuguese anew : observed r = 0. 082, p =. 004 j. words unique to afinn ( n = 2178 ) : observed r = 0. 06, p =. 002 experiment 1 - permutation tests ( fig. 1a - d ) frequency of permuted r - scores for english, spanish and dutch anew, and their aggregate. dotted lines indicate observed values. frequency of permuted r - scores for all afinn words, pre - qwerty words alone, and post - qwerty words alone. dotted lines indicate observed values. frequency of permuted r - scores for pseudoword corpus. dotted line indicates observed value. frequency of permuted r - scores for european portuguese anew. dotted line indicates observed value. frequency of permuted r - scores for words in afinn corpus that are not in english anew. dotted line indicates observed value. again, these plots reflect simple regressions of valence on rsa for the * raw data *, controlling for nothing. most of these effects get stronger - sometimes much stronger - when you control for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction. ( lexical frequency data were not available for all of the words - we addressed this issue by running the nonce word experiment, in which all items had lexical frequencies of zero. ) these are 1 - tailed p - values. all of the omnibus analyses are highly significant by 2 - tailed tests. are we justified in interpreting 1 - tailed tests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5638773188683698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.456233"} {"text": "the nonce word experiment, in which all items had lexical frequencies of zero. ) these are 1 - tailed p - values. all of the omnibus analyses are highly significant by 2 - tailed tests. are we justified in interpreting 1 - tailed tests on the subordinate analyses? yes, in light of ( a ) the highly significant effect in the omnibus analyses, and ( b ) our a priori prediction about the direction of the qwerty effect, overall. besides, if you convert everything to 2 - tailed tests, there ' s only one change of consequence : english anew goes from p =. 04 to p =. 08. as reported in our paper, spanish anew showed a non - significant trend in the same direction as all of the other tests. the spanish pattern did not differ statistically from the other anew tests ( i. e., the interaction of language x rsa did not approach significance ), so it would be inappropriate to interpret this result as differing from the others ( see paper ). above we ' ve reported 2 tests that were not in the paper ( see figs 1i - j ). first, while our paper was in press, a european portuguese version of anew was published. as you can see from fig. 1i, above, the portuguese anew data replicate the pattern found in english, spanish, and dutch, and even produce a stronger qwerty effect than was found in the other 3 languages. second, we added an analysis to increase the independence of these various tests of the qwerty effect. in the anew tests that we reported in the paper, words and their translation equivalents were modeled as repeated observations - in this way we correctly accounted for the non - independence of the corresponding words in the three anew corpora. so, the model was \" informed \" that translation equivalents of the same words were being analyzed. still, arguably, the different versions of anew may not be not fully independent ( to be conservative, we reported the 3 anews as one experiment ). the nonce word corpus was clearly independent of anew, so the nonce results constitute an independent validation of the qwerty effect. afinn was mostly independent, but there were some words that overlapped with english anew. to make sure that the afinn results constitute another completely independent validation of the qwerty effect, here we report an analysis of just those words that were found in afinn but not in anew ( n = 2178 words ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5688295424410763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.457218"} {"text": "squared = 0. 23, df = 2, p =. 89 ], and the effect of rsa on valence remained significant when the effect of language and the interaction of language with rsa were controlled [ b = 0. 043, wald chi squared = 5. 19, df = 1, p = 0. 02 ]. since there was no significant difference in the strength of the qwerty effect across languages, an analysis of each separate language is neither required nor licensed. with that caveat, we note that the predicted relationship between rsa and valence was significant in english [ b =. 043, wald chi squared = 4. 61, df = 1, p =. 03 ] and in dutch [ b =. 051, wald chi squared = 5. 81, df = 1, p =. 02 ], and a trend in the same positive direction was found in spanish [ b =. 035, wald chi squared = 1. 04, p =. 31 ]. it would be inappropriate to interpret these patterns as differing between languages, given the lack of any statistical difference ( wald chi squared < 1 ), which cannot be attributed to a lack of power ( minimum n = 1, 031 items ). \" we note that, upon rereading the paper in the light of this uproar, we see something about the way we reported the tests of the individual languages that was not clear : these tests of the qwerty effect in the individual languages controlled for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction. thus, they correspond to the omnibus analysis in the paragraph that immediately follows them ( which, as stated, controls for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction ), and not to the omnibus analysis in the paragraph that immediately precedes them, on the uncontrolled data. we apologize for any confusion this may have caused. uncontrolled simple regression results for each language are reported here, above, in figs. 1b - d. the differences between the raw and controlled versions of these analyses are slight, and do not change how the results should be interpreted. to reiterate, both raw and controlled omnibus analyses on the aggregated anew data are reported in the paper ; controlled analyses of the individual languages were reported ( for uncontrolled analyses on individual languages, see figs 1b - d, above ). as noted in the paper, the omnibus analyses showed no difference in the magnitude of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5816009630390169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.460648"} {"text": "in the paper ; controlled analyses of the individual languages were reported ( for uncontrolled analyses on individual languages, see figs 1b - d, above ). as noted in the paper, the omnibus analyses showed no difference in the magnitude of the qwerty effect across languages. as such, separate analyses of the individual languages were not licensed by the omnibus test. we reported the most carefully controlled ( and therefore most clearly interpretable ) version of these tests anyway, because we had an a priori hypothesis about the direction of the effects, and for the sake of full disclosure. the simmons paper, useful in many ways, points to four \" researcher degrees of freedom \" that can lead to false positive results. from the simmons paper : situation a : two dependent variables. situation b : addition of 10 more observations per cell. situation c : controlling for gender or interaction of gender with treatment. situation d : dropping ( or not dropping ) one of three conditions. we ' ll address each of these briefly. sometimes, authors collect multiple dvs of interest, or potentially of interest, and only report the one ( s ) that come out to be significant. we didn ' t do this. since we only had one dependent variable of interest ( i. e., valence ) our study is immune to this problem. but wait, you might say, how was this dv chosen? how do skeptics know that valence was really the intended dv? we ask curious readers to please have a look at our previous research, some of which is cited in the qwerty paper : in the past 3 years, we ' ve published 5 other papers exploring how manual motor fluency and left - right space are related to valence in language and thought. it ' s worth noting that one of the commentators, steve kass, gets this point completely backwards. he wrote : \" the authors incidentally mention that the danew words were rated for several factors not addressed in the paper : arousal, concreteness, dominance, and imageability. the data is all in appendix b [... ] and it would be interesting to see if there ' s a qwerty effect for any of these factors. it ' s hard not to wonder if the authors looked for one. certainly the paper doesn ' t conform to all of the recommendations in the psychological science paper you mention. \" actually, we do exactly what simmons et al. ' s recommended ( not because of their recommendation, of course - - their paper was published after our manuscript", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5622044245833274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.461963"} {"text": "paper doesn ' t conform to all of the recommendations in the psychological science paper you mention. \" actually, we do exactly what simmons et al. ' s recommended ( not because of their recommendation, of course - - their paper was published after our manuscript was submitted ). from simmons, et al. ' s list of recommendations : \" authors must list all variables collected in a study. this requirement prevents researchers from reporting only a convenient subset of the many measures that were collected, allowing readers and reviewers to easily identify possible researcher degrees of freedom. because authors are required to just list those variables rather than describe them in detail, this requirement increases the length of an article by only a few words per otherwise shrouded variable. \" we never had any intention of analyzing words ' arousal, concreteness, dominance, or imageability as a function of their rsa. we collected these variables to make danew comparable to the anew corpora in other languages. if we had gone snooping around to see if there was some sort of \" qwerty effect \" for these other variables as mr. kass recommends - or if we had started throwing them into our models without justification, just to see what they do - this would be committing exactly the sin that simmons et al. are trying to warn researchers against. situation b : addition of 10 more observations per cell. this is probably the most common of the experimental sins that simmons et al. point out : adding more subjects ad hoc until your effect becomes significant. we didn ' t do that. note that 4 of the corpora analyzed above were already published - - we didn ' t collect data from * any * subjects! so, those results are completely immune to this problem. how about the 2 corpora we constructed ourselves, and collected ratings on? liberman was particularly suspicious of our pseudoword word corpus. maybe we just ran subjects until the effect became significant? well, let ' s see what the methods in the paper say : there were 1600 nonce words, and we ran exactly 800 subjects, each of whom was asked to rate 20 words, to yield a total of 16, 000 data points. wouldn ' t it be remarkable if we had ended up with exactly 10 times as many data points as items without having planned this ahead of time? sometimes, it ' s possible to make a non - significant effect appear significant by throwing irrelevant factors into the model until something comes out the way you predicted. we didn ' t do this. importantly, we began the results section for each experiment by reporting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5273500234713479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.462943"} {"text": "sometimes, it ' s possible to make a non - significant effect appear significant by throwing irrelevant factors into the model until something comes out the way you predicted. we didn ' t do this. importantly, we began the results section for each experiment by reporting the \" raw \" omnibus analysis, with one predictor variable ( rsa ) and one dependent measure ( valence ). these raw analyses show that the basic effect is significant, even without controlling for other factors. since this is true, the reader can be sure that our conclusions are not based on some strategic analysis. we went on to control for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction. controlling for length and frequency is easy to justify - these variables are controlled in nearly every psycholinguistic study ever run, and in this case, they are plausibly linked to both typing fluency and valence. ( imagine if we * hadn ' t * controlled for these variables - wouldn ' t any informed reviewer want to see at least some of these analyses with these controls added? otherwise, how could we be sure that the qwerty effect wasn ' t an artifact of words spelled with more letters on one side simply being longer or than words spelled with more letters on the other side, or having more frequent letters? ) we reported these controlled analyses, in addition to the raw uncontrolled analyses, in expts 1 and 2. we reported only the raw analysis in expt 3, due to reduce length and redundancy in this brief report. the predicted effect was highly significant in the raw analysis ( see paper ), and even stronger in the analysis controlling for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction ( [ b = 0. 056, wald chi squared = 37. 02, df = 1, p = 0. 0001 ]. situation d : dropping ( or not dropping ) one of [ three ] conditions. if you test for effects of 2 or more independent variables, and report only the ones that have a significant effect on the dv, this is a serious source of type i error. we didn ' t do that. there was only one predictor variable of interest across all of our studies : rsa, so our study is immune to this problem. for each experiment, before reporting any more controlled analyses, we reported the effect of rsa on valence with exactly one predictor in the model : rsa. for studies where handedness information was available, we reported effects of handedness, and effects of rsa controlling for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5570766784396933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.463913"} {"text": "any more controlled analyses, we reported the effect of rsa on valence with exactly one predictor in the model : rsa. for studies where handedness information was available, we reported effects of handedness, and effects of rsa controlling for handedness, even though this variable had no significant effect. so, to summarize this point : without offering any justification, liberman insinuated that we had committed some sin ( s ) of data analysis that simmons et al. were trying to raise researchers ' awareness of. this insinuation was not only unsupported, it is also unsupportable. the short version of our reply to this \" failure to replicate \" is : if you analyze the dodds corpus in a way that ' s comparable to the way we analyzed the corpora in our paper, it, too, shows a very small but significant qwerty effect. as such, it ' s hard to see how this could count as a \" failure to replicate \" the qwerty effect - in fact, the dodds corpus provides yet another replication! to back up for a moment, though, the dodds corpus is huge and very interesting - we ' re happy to learn about it. but it ' s also very strange. as we mentioned above, dodds et al. define a \" word \" as \" any contiguous set of characters bounded by white space and / or a small set of punctuation characters. \" this means that their participants were asked to rate \" how happy did you feel? \" while reading so - called words like \" - d = \", \" @ addthis \", \" # mm \", \" # p2 \", \" at ; t \", \" c1 \", etc. they were also asked to rate their emotional responses to closed class words like \" of \" and \" the, \" which seems quite different from rating the emotional content of a neutral - valence content word like \" table. \" how would you answer these questions?? is analysing responses to \" # ff \" the same as analyzing our \" textisms \" from the afinn corpus, like \" lol \" or \" wtf \"? no, arguably it ' s not - these expressions have conventional meanings. is it the same as asking people to guess the valence of pronounceable pseudowords like \" pleek, \" which have the form of english content words, and which participants were told to imagine were [ content ] words \" in an alien language \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5831230278811755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.465945"} {"text": "same as asking people to guess the valence of pronounceable pseudowords like \" pleek, \" which have the form of english content words, and which participants were told to imagine were [ content ] words \" in an alien language \"? arguably, our pseudoword rating task is considerably less strange. this is not intended as a critique of the dodds corpus ; our point is that the dodds corpus defines \" word \" in such an unusual way, and therefore asks participants to perform such an unusual task, that we ' re not sure whether we would even predict that a qwerty effect should be found for ratings on these \" words. \" ( e. g., we made no claims about the effects of non - letter characters on non - words ' valences, nor about the effects of characters that require combinations of keys to produce, etc. ) fortunately, there is a qwerty effect in the dodds corpus. although the relationship is not evident in the uncontrolled analysis that liberman reported, it is present when we use the same controls we used in our paper ( i. e., controlling for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction, and analyzing effects for words composed of letters only ( as liberman does ) : b =. 009, wald chi squared = 4. 52, p =. 03 ). so, is this the last word on how to analyse or interpret the qwerty effect in the dodds corpus? probably not - this is an unusual corpus, and it raises some complicated issues. moreover, any corpus is a sample from the population of all words, and even reliable effects are likely to be found more strongly in some samples than in others. but the fact is, when we analyze this enormous corpus in a way that ' s the comparable to the controlled analyses we conducted previously, we find a very small but significant qwerty effect. arguably, then, this corpus does not produce a failure to replicate - on the contrary, it provides yet another replication. let ' s summarize the tests of the qwerty effect so far. in our paper, we reported planned tests of the qwerty effect in six sets of words and in the relevant aggregate sets : english anew, spanish anew, dutch anew, 1600 pseudowords, afinn - old, and afinn - new. tests on the aggregate data all showed highly significant qwerty effects. 5 of the 6 tests on the individual corpora or subsets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5660912158281919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.467732"} {"text": "spanish anew, dutch anew, 1600 pseudowords, afinn - old, and afinn - new. tests on the aggregate data all showed highly significant qwerty effects. 5 of the 6 tests on the individual corpora or subsets also produced significant qwerty effects ; the 6th test showed a trend in the predicted direction. subsequent to publishing this paper, we have replicated the effect again decisively in a new corpus, portuguese anew, and also in our reanalysis of the 2178 unique words in afinn ( words that did not overlap with anew ). all of these effects - from 10 tests of the qwerty effect - are visible in simple regressions on raw data, controlling for nothing ( see fig. 1a - j, above ). 9 of the 10 tests yield significant p - values according to permutation tests ( 10, 000 iterations ). we also replicated the qwerty effect weakly but significantly in the dodds et al. corpus, with appropriate exclusions and controls. all told, these 11 tests of the qwerty effect reveal a subtle but reliable relationship between the way words are typed on the qwerty keyboard and their emotional valences. this relationship may be surprising ( and apparently upsetting ) to some people. it is less surprising to us, since our predictions regarding the overall right side advantage followed from numerous studies we have conducted in recent years exploring how motor fluency and left - right space are associated with emotional valence in language and thought. all of the materials needed to replicate or extend our experiments are available online. we hope that researchers will explore this effect further, as we are doing - not in the hasty and counterproductive way that we ' ve seen on the language log, but rather as scientists interested in contributing to the scientific record through careful analyses, vetted in peer review. we note that, as liberman pointed out, there was a typo in our paper : the letter \" y \" listed among the left - hand letters should have been a letter \" v. \" this typo occurred in the manuscript ( and in a published conference proceedings previously ), but did not affect our analyses or results. we will ask the journal to publish an erratum to correct this 1 - letter typo. what lesson should we take away from the frenzied activity this paper and liberman ' s post about it generated on the language log in the past week ( and on other linguistics blogs )? the lesson is certainly not that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5417193749175953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.468854"} {"text": "typo. what lesson should we take away from the frenzied activity this paper and liberman ' s post about it generated on the language log in the past week ( and on other linguistics blogs )? the lesson is certainly not that the qwerty effect is a fluke - the effects are small ( as expected ), but they are clearly reliable. rather, there seems to be an emerging lesson about the danger of attempting to engage in scientific discourse - and presenting new data or new analyses - in a forum with no oversight, and none of the measures of control that the publication process normally provides. peer review is far from perfect, but as the past week on the language log has demonstrated, it ' s a lot better than the alternative. hopefully, if submitted to peer review, a nonsensical analysis like liberman ' s 3 - iteration permutation test ( interpreted backwards ) would never have been published, in any form. the fact that this meaningless analysis was published in the form in which it appeared has had real consequences - other eminent scholars have taken liberman ' s analyses as being valid - in fact, they have apparently taken them to be more valid than the ones in the paper - they have reported his \" results \" on their blogs, and have condemned our study because of them ( e. g., see geoff pullum ' s post on lingua franca from march 14, 2012 ). we have demonstrated here that the claims we made in our paper are well supported by the data, and that hasty re - analyses of our data on language log are uninterpretable. yet, this does not change the fact that liberman ( and others who ' ve taken him at his word ) have published their critiques which, despite being almost totally unsupported, make potentially career - damaging allegations. we hope that scientist - bloggers like liberman will attempt to separate their roles of commentators on science from their roles as contributors to scientific discourse, and to the analysis of scientific data. commentary may be fast and loose, sensationalized for entertainment value, and at the discretion of the commentator. science should be more careful, and is not a solo act. if liberman had gone through ordinary scientific channels before publishing his \" findings \" ( e. g., contacting the authors to ask for materials, or to discuss an analysis that he believed to be at variance with their findings ; submitting a legitimate critique to the journal for peer review ), then this whole episode could have been avoided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5574766811191156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.469911"} {"text": "depositing and withdrawing money when you have a checking or savings account, you can deposit and withdraw money either in person at the bank or using an atm. - making a deposit : if you want to deposit money into your account, there are a few options. if you \u2019 ve received a check, you ' ll need to endorse the back of the check. this means signing your name, adding your account number, and writing \u201c for deposit only \u201d on the third line. whenever you receive a check, it ' s a good idea to endorse it immediately. that way, if it ' s lost or stolen, no one else can deposit the check into their account. then, use a deposit slip from the back of your checkbook and write in the amount of your deposit and date. remember to add the deposit to your check register and calculate your balance. - visiting a bank branch : the benefit of using a bank teller or drive - up window is that you have a record of your deposit or withdrawal. - using an atm : the benefits of using an atm are that they ' re convenient and open 24 / 7. - making a withdrawal : to withdraw money, you can write a check made out to \" cash \" and then date and sign it like a check you would deposit. endorse the check and give it to the bank teller, who will give you the cash. to withdraw money from an atm, put your atm card into the machine, enter your personal identification number ( pin ), and specify the amount of cash you ' d like back. - receiving cash back from a deposit : if you make a deposit and want cash back, there ' s a line on the deposit slip for \" less cash received. \" you can fill that in with the amount of money you ' d like to withdraw. after you ' ve made a deposit into or withdrawal of funds from your account, record the amount in your check register and tally the new balance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4079120031117851, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.471815"} {"text": "ancient see of viborg in denmark the ancient see of viborg, in denmark, comprised the province of viborg, the town of aalborg, and the hundreds of fleskum, hornum, hellum, hindsted, aars, gislum, and slet in the province of aalborg. the hundreds of gjerlev, onsild, norhald, and stovring in the province of randers also belonged to the diocese of viborg until 1396 when they were transferred to that of aarhus. the diocese was founded in 1065 after the death of bishop vale ( see ribe, ancient see of ). herbert was first bishop of viborg ( 1065 - 1100? ). in 1080 st. canute endowed the bishopric and chapter. the latter consisted of canons regular of st. augustine. bishop svend i ( 1106 - 1112 ) was drowned in the elbe by the count of stade, and eskild ( 1112 - 33 ), who began rebuilding the cathedral about 1130, was murdered during matins in the church of st. margaret by command of king eric emun. svend ii ( 1135 - 51 ) was succeeded as provost of the chapter by willo, and he by st. kjeld or ketil ( d. 27 sept., 1150 ). bishop niels i ( 1153 - 91 ) was very generous towards his chapter. he founded the hospital of st. michael, viborg, in 1159, and the cistercian nunnery of asmild in 1169, and finished the original romanesque cathedral, of which only the crypt now remains. it is also largely due to him that st. kjeld was beatified, and his body translated to the shrine, suspended from the vaulting of his chapel on 11 july, 1189. bishop gunner was one of the greatest men of his time. he was born in 1152 and educated at the university of paris, where he acquired a great knowledge of law. in 1208 he entered the cistercian abbey of om ( cara insula ), of which he was chosen abbot in 1216. in 1222 he was elected bishop of viborg by the chapter on the advice of cardinal gregory of crescentia. as bishop he devoted special care to the training of the clergy. he probably wrote out the law of jutland ( jydske lov ) and composed the original preface to it, and was present when it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.371422795138062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.479304"} {"text": "of cardinal gregory of crescentia. as bishop he devoted special care to the training of the clergy. he probably wrote out the law of jutland ( jydske lov ) and composed the original preface to it, and was present when it was published at vordingborg in 1241. he died at asmild, 25 aug., 1251, and was buried in front of the shrine of st. kjeld. thorleif olafsson ( 1438 - 50 ) was translated to bergen, and succeeded at viborg by canute mikkelsen ( 1451 - 78 ), dean of the church of our lady at copenhagen, and rector of the university of erfurt in 1434. a great diplomatist and jurist, he was author of the latin notes appended to the first two editions of the law of jutland and of a popular treatise on the plague. the last catholic bishop was jorgen friis ( 1521 - 36 ). he was a worldly - minded man and quite unable to cope with the movement to which the preaching of hans tausen at viborg ( 1525 ) gave rise. in 1530 the cathedral was in the possession of the protestants. friis retired to the castle of hald, where he was imprisoned in his own dungeon in 1536. two years later he was released on promising to submit to the new order of things. in 1540 he was endowed with the lands of the abbey of vrejlev and some of the property of the see, and though he never married, he led the life of a lay nobleman until his death in 1547. though the danish reformation began at viborg, certain catholic usages were kept up in its cathedral longer than anywhere else in denmark. the shrines of st. kjeld and st. willehad were removed to the choir of the cathedral in 1538, but lutheran ministers continued to recite daily the office of the dead for the soul of king eric glipping ( d. 1286 ) from 1560 to 1630. the protestant bishop hans wandal shortened and protestantized the service and entrusted its performance to the senior curate of the cathedral and twelve of the school boys. these all benefited by the endowment, and continued the service until 1684. of the twelfth - century cathedral nothing remains but the crypt. the upper church built in 1876 contains splendid frescoes by joachim skovgaard begun in 1895 and a seven - branched candlestick from 1494. the abbey church of grinderslev, the church of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3901574931934199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.480273"} {"text": "the twelfth - century cathedral nothing remains but the crypt. the upper church built in 1876 contains splendid frescoes by joachim skovgaard begun in 1895 and a seven - branched candlestick from 1494. the abbey church of grinderslev, the church of st. botolph, at aalborg, and numerous village churches are memorials of the catholic past. at karup there was a pilgrimage to our lady ' s well. the chapter of the cathedral of st. mary and st. kjeld was secularized in 1440, after which it consisted of a dean, an archdeacon, a precentor, and twelve secular canons. there were also at viborg the benedictine nunnery of st. botolph, a franciscan friary from 1235, and a dominican friary from 1246, as well as the hospitals of st. michael and of the holy ghost. at aalborg there were a benedictine nunnery and a franciscan friary. the cistercian abbey of vidskild ( vitae scola ) founded in 1158, the augustinian abbey at grinderslev founded before 1176, and the augustinian nunnery of asmild were all situated in the diocese, as were also the benedictine (? ) nunnery of sibber, and the hospitals at tesdrup and karup. in 1523 there were 236 churches in the diocese of viborg. now ( 1912 ) the camillians have a church and hospital at aalborg, while viborg is one of their out - stations. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42117183660992036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.481338"} {"text": "a titular see in crete, suffragan of gortyna, was probably a colony of tarrha. it was taken by storm and almost entirely destroyed by the romans. augustus restored it and in consideration of the aid rendered him in his struggle with m. antonius, he bestowed on the citizens their freedom, and with it the right of coinage. it has been identified with the modern small village of polis. the episcopal see is mentioned in the \" notitiae episcopatuum \" as late as the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. it was re - established by the greeks about the end of the nineteenth century ; the bishop resides in the monastery of preveli. lequien ( oriens christianus, ii, 268 ) mentions petrus, who attended the council of ephesus, 431 ; deneltius, at chalcedon, 451 ; prosdocius, in 458 ; john, who appealed to rome against his metropolitan paul, and attended the council of constantinople, 667 ; epiphanius at nicaea, 786. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright \u00a9 catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42981898074528224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.483995"} {"text": "| home astrology. love match. dating. wedding date. baby gender. baby name. marriage. lucky year. lucky bedroom menu | where does the yin yang symbol come from? is a well - known chinese yin yang symbol. sometimes it ' s called tai - chi symbol. the tai - chi is from i - ching. the i - ching is the greatest foundation of chinese philosophy. itis development is from the natural phenomena of our universe. because i - ching comes from nature, it should be easy. the chinese characters of i - ching are. the second character means a book, a profound book. the first character means ease or change. since i - ching is easy, some people call it as \" the book of ease \" or \" the book of changes \". the original chinese character of is, which is a symbol combining the sun ( top ) and moon ( bottom ). it ' s easy for people to understand the philosophy by talking about the sun ( yang ), moon ( yin ) and universe. after observing the universe, ancient chinese found that the universe is changing every day. although it changes easily every day, it also has seasonal and annual cycles. from these cycles the unchanging rules are created. however, it ' s not easy to use the method to find the unchanging rules from the universe and apply on human activities. that ' s why some people think i - ching is easy and some don ' t. by observing the sky, recording the dipper ' s positions and watching the shadow of the sun from an 8 - foot ( chinese measurement ) pole, ancient chinese determined the four directions. the direction of sunrise is the east ; the direction of sunset is the west ; the direction of the shortest shadow is the south and the direction of the longest shadow is the north. at night, the direction of the polaris star is the north. they noticed the seasonal changes. when the dipper points to the east, it ' s spring ; when the dipper points to the south, it ' s summer ; when the dipper points to the west, it ' s fall ; when the dipper points to the north, it ' s winter. when observing the cycle of the sun, ancient chinese simply used a pole about 8 feet long, posted at right angles to the ground and recorded positions of the shadow. then they found the length of a year is around 365. 25 days. they even divided the year ' s cycle into 24 segments, including the vernal equinox,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5218720204600951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.489252"} {"text": "posted at right angles to the ground and recorded positions of the shadow. then they found the length of a year is around 365. 25 days. they even divided the year ' s cycle into 24 segments, including the vernal equinox, autumnal equinox, summer solstice and winter solstice, using the sunrise and dipper positions. they used six concentric circles, marked the 24 - segment points, divided the circles into 24 sectors and recorded the length of shadow every day. the shortest shadow is found on the day of summer solstice. the longest shadow is found on the day of winter solstice. after connecting each lines and dimming yin part from summer solstice to winter solstice, the sun chart looks like below. the ecliptic angle 23 26 ' 19 ' ' of the earth can be seen in this chart. | the ecliptic is the sun ' s apparent path around the earth. it ' s tilted relative to the earth ' s equator. the value of obliquity of the ecliptic is around 23 26 ' 19 ' ' in year 2000. by rotating the sun chart and positioning the winter solstice at the bottom, it will look like this. the light color area which indicates more sunlight is called yang ( sun ). the dark color area has less sunlight ( more moonlight ) and is called yin ( moon ). yang is like man. yin is like woman. yang wouldn ' t grow without yin. yin couldn ' t give birth without yang. yin is born ( begins ) at summer solstice and yang is born ( begins ) at winter solstice. therefore one little circle yin is marked on the summer solstice position. another little circle yang is marked on the winter solstice position. these two little circles look like two fish eyes. in general, the yin yang symbol is a chinese representation of the entire celestial phenomenon. it contains the cycle of sun, four seasons, 24 - segment chi, the foundation of the i - ching and the chinese calendar. \u00a9 copyright 1999 - allen tsai translated language : serbo - croatian more yin yang symbols at yin yang mania world dr. stefan jaeger ' s yin - yang symbol : mathematical daylight model and video where is the chinese hell? where do 12 - branch symbols come from? fortune angel chinese astrology 2012 chinese astrology year of dragon chinese astrology for tiger woods marriage complete michael jackson chinese astrology home of chinese fortune calendar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5089864354467994, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.490243"} {"text": "wheezing is common in small children \u2014 around a third of all children will have an episode of wheezing before they are three years old. although it \u2019 s common, we still don \u2019 t quite know the best thing to do about it. the problem is that wheezing, like fever, is a symptom of a disease, not a disease itself. it \u2019 s not one thing. every physician who treats small children in the office, the emergency department, or the pediatric intensive care unit is often faced by the dilemma of what to do with a wheezing small child. in such children wheezing is often triggered by a viral illness. when it happens in infants it is often caused by a virus we call rsv ( short for respiratory syncytial virus ) and causes a disorder called bronchiolitis. for those children, we know that not much of anything helps the symptoms \u2014 all we can do is provide supportive care and wait for the illness to run its course. what about wheezing children who don \u2019 t have bronchiolitis? can anything help them? the problem facing the doctor is that all the treatments we \u2019 ve tried over the years for small children who wheeze are taken from how we handle older children who have chronic, frequent wheezing \u2014 what we call asthma. these treatments work for asthma, yet they often don \u2019 t for wheezing that isn \u2019 t. a certain number of children who have their first spell of wheezing will go on, over years, to develop true asthma. but most wheezing toddlers won \u2019 t progress to asthma \u2014 they will have an episode or two ( or three ) of wheezing and then \u201c grow out of it. \u201d if you bring your infant or toddler to the doctor for a first ( or second ) episode of wheezing, the doctor has no way of knowing which of these two things will happen. there are a few clues, such as a family history of asthma, which will increase the chances of future asthma, but there \u2019 s no good way to tell. how do most doctors handle this problem? most will try a dose or two of asthma medications ( inhaled albuterol and / or budesonide, or oral prednisolone are commonly used ) just to see if it helps. if the child gets better, they can be continued. my point is that you should understand that for this problem \u2014 wheezing in an infant or toddler \u2014 your doctor is handicapped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41352769088395835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.496724"} {"text": "##olone are commonly used ) just to see if it helps. if the child gets better, they can be continued. my point is that you should understand that for this problem \u2014 wheezing in an infant or toddler \u2014 your doctor is handicapped by not being able to predict the future. only time will tell. it \u2019 s a frustrating, but common medical scenario. 11 / 13 / 2010 \u2022 the winter virus season is fast approaching, bringing with it the old dilemma of what to do about infants and toddlers who wheeze. last year i noted that we had no specific treatment that worked. a... more 05 / 14 / 2010 \u2022 the traffic analysis of this blog tells me that wheezing - - what causes it and what we do about it - - is one of the most common search terms that bring people here. it ' s a... more 02 / 01 / 2011 \u2022 the traffic analysis of this blog tells me that wheezing - - what causes it and what we do about it - - is one of the most common search terms that bring people here. it ' s a... more 12 / 04 / 2011 \u2022 i generally put up a variant of this post every year or so because the traffic analysis of this blog tells me that wheezing - - what causes it and what we do about it - -... more - wheezing in infants and toddlers : we still don \u2019 t know what \u2019 s best to do | christopher johnson m. d. picu author - just what is wheezing, anyway? | christopher johnson m. d. picu author 11 / 08 / 2011 \u2022 my last post was about asthma. this one is about another very common breathing problem in children - - bronchiolitis. in some ways it is similar to asthma, but in other important ways it is very... more 01 / 28 / 2011 \u2022 i ' ve written before ( here, here, and here ) about rsv, one of the most common causes of respiratory illness in infants and toddlers, and the most common cause of illness severe enough to land them in... more 02 / 27 / 2010 \u2022 bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for very young children in the usa. you ' ll find various definitions of what bronchiolitis is, but a standard one is a viral illness that starts in the upper... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4640693277044037, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.497731"} {"text": "table of contents congestion management overview congestion management features allow you to control congestion by determining the order in which packets are sent out an interface based on priorities assigned to those packets. congestion management entails the creation of queues, assignment of packets to those queues based on the classification of the packet, and scheduling of the packets in a queue for transmission. the congestion management qos feature offers four types of queueing protocols, each of which allows you to specify creation of a different number of queues, affording greater or lesser degrees of differentiation of traffic, and to specify the order in which that traffic is sent. during periods with light traffic, that is, when no congestion exists, packets are sent out the interface as soon as they arrive. during periods of transmit congestion at the outgoing interface, packets arrive faster than the interface can send them. if you use congestion management features, packets accumulating at an interface are queued until the interface is free to send them ; they are then scheduled for transmission according to their assigned priority and the queueing mechanism configured for the interface. the router determines the order of packet transmission by controlling which packets are placed in which queue and how queues are serviced with respect to each other. this module discusses these four types of queueing, which constitute the congestion management qos features : \u2022 fifo ( first - in, first - out ). fifo entails no concept of priority or classes of traffic. with fifo, transmission of packets out the interface occurs in the order the packets arrive. \u2022 weighted fair queueing ( wfq ). wfq offers dynamic, fair queueing that divides bandwidth across queues of traffic based on weights. ( wfq ensures that all traffic is treated fairly, given its weight. ) to understand how wfq works, consider the queue for a series of file transfer protocol ( ftp ) packets as a queue for the collective and the queue for discrete interactive traffic packets as a queue for the individual. given the weight of the queues, wfq ensures that for all ftp packets sent as a collective an equal number of individual interactive traffic packets are sent. ) given this handling, wfq ensures satisfactory response time to critical applications, such as interactive, transaction - based applications, that are intolerant of performance degradation. for serial interfaces at e1 ( 2. 048 mbps ) and below, flow - based wfq is used by default. when no other queueing strategies are configured, all other interfaces use fifo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5305644202637385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.568022"} {"text": "intolerant of performance degradation. for serial interfaces at e1 ( 2. 048 mbps ) and below, flow - based wfq is used by default. when no other queueing strategies are configured, all other interfaces use fifo by default. there are four types of wfq : \u2013 flow - based wfq ( wfq ) \u2013 distributed wfq ( dwfq ) \u2013 class - based wfq ( cbwfq ) \u2013 distributed class - based wfq ( dcbwfq ) \u2022 custom queueing ( cq ). with cq, bandwidth is allocated proportionally for each different class of traffic. cq allows you to specify the number of bytes or packets to be drawn from the queue, which is especially useful on slow interfaces. \u2022 priority queueing ( pq ). with pq, packets belonging to one priority class of traffic are sent before all lower priority traffic to ensure timely delivery of those packets. note you can assign only one queueing mechanism type to an interface. note a variety of queueing mechanisms can be configured using multilink, for example, multichassis multilink ppp ( mmp ). however, if only ppp is used on a tunneled interface \u2014 for example, virtual private dialup network ( vpnd ), ppp over ethernet ( pppoe ), or ppp over frame relay ( pppofr ) \u2014 no queueing can be configured on the virtual interface. why use congestion management? heterogeneous networks include many different protocols used by applications, giving rise to the need to prioritize traffic in order to satisfy time - critical applications while still addressing the needs of less time - dependent applications, such as file transfer. different types of traffic sharing a data path through the network can interact with one another in ways that affect their application performance. if your network is designed to support different traffic types that share a single data path between routers, you should consider using congestion management techniques to ensure fairness of treatment across the various traffic types. here are some broad factors to consider in determining whether to configure congestion management qos : \u2022 traffic prioritization is especially important for delay - sensitive, interactive transaction - based applications \u2014 for instance, desktop video conferencing \u2014 that require higher priority than do file transfer applications. however, use of wfq ensures that all traffic is treated fairly, given its weight, and in a dynamic manner. for example, wfq addresses the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5202479083163302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.569140"} {"text": "desktop video conferencing \u2014 that require higher priority than do file transfer applications. however, use of wfq ensures that all traffic is treated fairly, given its weight, and in a dynamic manner. for example, wfq addresses the requirements of the interactive application without penalizing the ftp application. \u2022 prioritization is most effective on wan links where the combination of bursty traffic and relatively lower data rates can cause temporary congestion. \u2022 depending on the average packet size, prioritization is most effective when applied to links at t1 / e1 bandwidth speeds or lower. \u2022 if users of applications running across your network notice poor response time, you should consider using congestion management features. congestion management features are dynamic, tailoring themselves to the existing network conditions. however, consider that if a wan link is constantly congested, traffic prioritization may not resolve the problem. adding bandwidth might be the appropriate solution. \u2022 if there is no congestion on the wan link, there is no reason to implement traffic prioritization. the following list summarizes aspects you should consider in determining whether you should establish and implement a queueing policy for your network : \u2022 determine if the wan is congested \u2014 that is, whether users of certain applications perceive a performance degradation. \u2022 determine your goals and objectives based on the mix of traffic you need to manage and your network topology and design. in identifying what you want to achieve, consider whether your goal is among the following : \u2013 to establish fair distribution of bandwidth allocation across all of the types of traffic you identify. \u2013 to grant strict priority to traffic from special kinds of applications you service \u2014 for example, interactive multimedia applications \u2014 possibly at the expense of less - critical traffic you also support. \u2013 to customize bandwidth allocation so that network resources are shared among all of the applications you service, each having the specific bandwidth requirements you have identified. \u2013 to effectively configure queueing. you must analyze the types of traffic using the interface and determine how to distinguish them. see the \" classification overview \" module for a description of how packets are classified. after you assess your needs, review the available congestion management queueing mechanisms described in this module and determine which approach best addresses your requirements and goals. \u2022 configure the interface for the kind of queueing strategy you have chosen, and observe the results. traffic patterns change over time, so you should repeat the analysis process described in the second bullet periodically, and adapt the queueing configuration accordingly. see the following section \" deciding which queueing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5253419642007592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.570300"} {"text": "of queueing strategy you have chosen, and observe the results. traffic patterns change over time, so you should repeat the analysis process described in the second bullet periodically, and adapt the queueing configuration accordingly. see the following section \" deciding which queueing policy to use \" for elaboration of the differences among the various queueing mechanisms. deciding which queueing policy to use this section looks briefly at some of the differences between the types of queueing and includes a table that compares the main queueing strategies. fifo queueing performs no prioritization of data packets on user data traffic. it entails no concept of priority or classes of traffic. when fifo is used, ill - behaved sources can consume available bandwidth, bursty sources can cause delays in time - sensitive or important traffic, and important traffic may be dropped because less important traffic fills the queue. consider these differences in deciding whether to use cq or pq : \u2022 cq guarantees some level of service to all traffic because you can allocate bandwidth to all classes of traffic. you can define the size of the queue by determining its configured packet - count capacity, thereby controlling bandwidth access. \u2022 pq guarantees strict priority in that it ensures that one type of traffic will be sent, possibly at the expense of all others. for pq, a low priority queue can be detrimentally affected, and, in the worst case, never allowed to send its packets if a limited amount of bandwidth is available or if the transmission rate of critical traffic is high. in deciding whether to use wfq or one of the other two queueing types, consider these differences among wfq and pq and cq : \u2022 wfq does not require configuration of access lists to determine the preferred traffic on a serial interface. rather, the fair queue algorithm dynamically sorts traffic into messages that are part of a conversation. \u2022 low - volume, interactive traffic gets fair allocation of bandwidth with wfq, as does high - volume traffic such as file transfers. \u2022 strict priority queueing can be accomplished with wfq by using the ip rtp priority, frame relay ip rtp priority, low latency queueing ( llq ), distributed low latency queueing, low latency queueing for frame relay, or frame relay pvc interface priority queueing features. strict pq allows delay - sensitive data such as voice to be dequeued and sent before packets in other queues are dequeued. table 1 compares the salient features of flow -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5139205846225203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.571262"} {"text": "relay pvc interface priority queueing features. strict pq allows delay - sensitive data such as voice to be dequeued and sent before packets in other queues are dequeued. table 1 compares the salient features of flow - based wfq, cbwfq and dcbwfq, cq, and pq. in its simplest form, fifo queueing \u2014 also known as first - come, first - served ( fcfs ) queueing \u2014 involves buffering and forwarding of packets in the order of arrival. fifo embodies no concept of priority or classes of traffic and consequently makes no decision about packet priority. there is only one queue, and all packets are treated equally. packets are sent out an interface in the order in which they arrive. when fifo is used, ill - behaved sources can consume all the bandwidth, bursty sources can cause delays in time - sensitive or important traffic, and important traffic can be dropped because less important traffic fills the queue. when no other queueing strategies are configured, all interfaces except serial interfaces at e1 ( 2. 048 mbps ) and below use fifo by default. ( serial interfaces at e1 and below use wfq by default. ) fifo, which is the fastest method of queueing, is effective for large links that have little delay and minimal congestion. if your link has very little congestion, fifo queueing may be the only queueing you need to use. weighted fair queueing this section discusses the four types of wfq described in the following sections : this section also discusses the six related features described in the following sections : table 2 summarizes the differences among wfq, dwfq, cbwfq, and dcbwfq. for dwfq and dcbwfq, all queueing is transacted by the vip. on the vip, all packets are sent directly out the interface. a route switch processor ( rsp ) resides on the same platform as the vip. the rsp handles all tasks associated with system maintenance and routing. the vip and the rsp each handle some scheduling. the dual - processor support accounts for the faster speed of dwfq and dcbwfq over wfq running on standard cisco ios platforms. for information on how to configure wfq, dwfq, cbwfq, and dcbwfq, see the \" configur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.51420924942878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.572245"} {"text": "frame relay data - link connection identifier ( dlci ) value, and tos value. there are two categories of flows : high - bandwidth sessions and low - bandwidth sessions. low - bandwidth traffic has effective priority over high - bandwidth traffic, and high - bandwidth traffic shares the transmission service proportionally according to assigned weights. low - bandwidth traffic streams, which comprise the majority of traffic, receive preferential service, allowing their entire offered loads to be sent in a timely fashion. high - volume traffic streams share the remaining capacity proportionally among themselves. wfq places packets of the various conversations in the fair queues before transmission. the order of removal from the fair queues is determined by the virtual time of the delivery of the last bit of each arriving packet. new messages for high - bandwidth flows are discarded after the congestive - messages threshold has been met. however, low - bandwidth flows, which include control - message conversations, continue to enqueue data. as a result, the fair queue may occasionally contain more messages than are specified by the threshold number. wfq can manage duplex data streams, such as those between pairs of applications, and simplex data streams such as voice or video. the wfq algorithm also addresses the problem of round - trip delay variability. if multiple high - volume conversations are active, their transfer rates and interarrival periods are made much more predictable. wfq greatly enhances algorithms such as systems network architecture ( sna ) logical link control ( llc ) and tcp congestion control and slow start features. flow - based wfq is used as the default queueing mode on most serial interfaces configured to run at e1 speeds ( 2. 048 mbps ) or below. wfq provides the solution for situations in which it is desirable to provide consistent response time to heavy and light network users alike without adding excessive bandwidth. wfq automatically adapts to changing network traffic conditions. wfq is not supported with tunneling and encryption because these features modify the packet content information required by wfq for classification. although wfq automatically adapts to changing network traffic conditions, it does not offer the degree of precision control over bandwidth allocation that cq and cbwfq offer. wfq and ip precedence wfq is ip precedence - aware. it can detect higher priority packets marked with precedence by the ip forwarder and can schedule them faster, providing superior response time for this traffic. thus, as the precedence increases, wfq all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5605826609014246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.574388"} {"text": "ip precedence wfq is ip precedence - aware. it can detect higher priority packets marked with precedence by the ip forwarder and can schedule them faster, providing superior response time for this traffic. thus, as the precedence increases, wfq allocates more bandwidth to the conversation during periods of congestion. wfq assigns a weight to each flow, which determines the transmit order for queued packets. in this scheme, lower weights are served first. for standard cisco ios wfq, the ip precedence serves as a divisor to this weighting factor. like cq, wfq sends a certain number of bytes from each queue. with wfq, each queue corresponds to a different flow. for each cycle through all flows, wfq effectively sends a number of bytes equal to the precedence of the flow plus one. this number is only used as a ratio to determine how many bytes per packets to send. however, for the purposes of understanding wfq, using this number as the byte count is sufficient. for instance, traffic with an ip precedence value of 7 gets a lower weight than traffic with an ip precedence value of 3, thus, the priority in transmit order. the weights are inversely proportional to the ip precedence value. to determine the bandwidth allocation for each queue, divide the byte count for the flow by the total byte count for all flows. for example, if you have one flow at each precedence level, each flow will get precedence + 1 parts of the link : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 36 thus, precedence 0 traffic will get 1 / 36 of the bandwidth, precedence 1 traffic will get 2 / 36, and precedence 7 traffic will get 8 / 36. however, if you have 18 precedence 1 flows and one of each of the rest, the total is now : 1 + 2 ( 18 ) + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 70 precedence 0 traffic will get 1 / 70, each of the precedence 1 flows will get 2 / 70, and so on. as flows are added or ended, the actual allocated bandwidth will continuously change. wfq and rsvp rsvp uses wfq to allocate buffer space and schedule packets, and to guarantee bandwidth for reserved flows. wfq works with rsvp to help provide differentiated and guaranteed qos services. rsvp is the internet engineering task force ( ietf ) internet standard ( rfc 2205 ) protocol for allowing an application", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5014674046044536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.575453"} {"text": "to guarantee bandwidth for reserved flows. wfq works with rsvp to help provide differentiated and guaranteed qos services. rsvp is the internet engineering task force ( ietf ) internet standard ( rfc 2205 ) protocol for allowing an application to dynamically reserve network bandwidth. rsvp enables applications to request a specific qos for a data flow. the cisco implementation allows rsvp to be initiated within the network using configured proxy rsvp. rsvp is the only standard signalling protocol designed to guarantee network bandwidth from end to end for ip networks. hosts and routers use rsvp to deliver qos requests to the routers along the paths of the data stream and to maintain router and host state to provide the requested service, usually bandwidth and latency. rsvp uses a mean data rate, the largest amount of data the router will keep in queue, and minimum qos to determine bandwidth reservation. wfq or weighted random early detection ( wred ) acts as the preparer for rsvp, setting up the packet classification and scheduling required for the reserved flows. using wfq, rsvp can deliver an integrated services guaranteed service. distributed weighted fair queueing dwfq is a special high - speed version of wfq that runs on the vip. it is supported on the following routers with a vip2 - 40 or greater interface processor : \u2022 cisco 7000 series with rsp7000 \u2022 cisco 7500 series a vip2 - 50 interface processor is recommended when the aggregate line rate of the port adapters on the vip is greater than ds3. a vip2 - 50 card is required for oc - 3 rates. to use dwfq, distributed cisco express forwarding ( dcef ) switching must be enabled on the interface. for more information on cef, see the \" cisco express forwarding features roadmap \" module. note the vip - distributed wfq implementation differs from wfq that runs on all other platforms. there are two forms of distributed wfq : \u2022 flow - based. in this form, packets are classified by flow. packets with the same source ip address, destination ip address, source tcp or user datagram protocol ( udp ) port, destination tcp or udp port, protocol, and tos field belong to the same flow. ( all non - ip packets are treated as flow 0. ) each flow corresponds to a separate output queue. when a packet is assigned to a flow,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5437348834085243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.576392"} {"text": "tcp or udp port, protocol, and tos field belong to the same flow. ( all non - ip packets are treated as flow 0. ) each flow corresponds to a separate output queue. when a packet is assigned to a flow, it is placed in the queue for that flow. during periods of congestion, dwfq allocates an equal share of the bandwidth to each active queue. flow - based dwfq is also called fair queueing because all flows are equally weighted and allocated equal bandwidth. in the current implementation of dwfq, weights are not assigned to flows. with dwfq, well - behaved hosts are protected from ill - behaved hosts. \u2022 class - based. in this form, packets are assigned to different queues based on their qos group or the ip precedence in the tos field. qos groups allow you to customize your qos policy. a qos group is an internal classification of packets used by the router to determine how packets are treated by certain qos features, such as dwfq and committed access rate ( car ). use a car policy or the qos policy propagation via border gateway protocol ( bgp ) feature to assign packets to qos groups. if you want to classify packets based only on the two low - order ip precedence bits, use tos - based dwfq. specify a weight for each class. in periods of congestion, each group is allocated a percentage of the output bandwidth equal to the weight of the class. for example, if a class is assigned a weight of 50, packets from this class will be allocated at least 50 percent of the outgoing bandwidth during periods of congestion. when the interface is not congested, queues can use any available bandwidth. the \" drop policy \" section describes the drop policy used by both forms. dwfq keeps track of the number of packets in each queue and the total number of packets in all queues. when the total number of packets is below the aggregate limit, queues can buffer more packets than the individual queue limit. when the total number of packets reaches the aggregate limit, the interface starts enforcing the individual queue limits. any new packets that arrive for a queue that has exceeded its individual queue limit are dropped. packets that are already in the queue will not be dropped, even if the queue is over the individual limit. in some cases, the total number of packets in all queues put together may exceed the aggregate limit. use dwfq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5349097864232717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.578590"} {"text": "dropped. packets that are already in the queue will not be dropped, even if the queue is over the individual limit. in some cases, the total number of packets in all queues put together may exceed the aggregate limit. use dwfq with ip traffic. all non - ip traffic is treated as a single flow and, therefore, placed in the same queue. dwfq has the following restrictions : \u2022 can be configured on interfaces, but not subinterfaces. \u2022 is not supported with the atm encapsulations aal5 - mux and aal5 - nlpid. \u2022 is not supported on fast etherchannel, tunnel interfaces, or other logical ( virtual ) interfaces such as multilink ppp ( mlp ). \u2022 cannot be configured on the same interface as rsp - based pq, cq, or wfq. class - based weighted fair queueing cbwfq extends the standard wfq functionality to provide support for user - defined traffic classes. for cbwfq, you define traffic classes based on match criteria including protocols, access control lists ( acls ), and input interfaces. packets satisfying the match criteria for a class constitute the traffic for that class. a fifo queue is reserved for each class, and traffic belonging to a class is directed to the queue for that class. once a class has been defined according to its match criteria, you can assign it characteristics. to characterize a class, you assign it bandwidth, weight, and maximum packet limit. the bandwidth assigned to a class is the guaranteed bandwidth delivered to the class during congestion. to characterize a class, you also specify the queue limit for that class, which is the maximum number of packets allowed to accumulate in the queue for the class. packets belonging to a class are subject to the bandwidth and queue limits that characterize the class. after a queue has reached its configured queue limit, enqueueing of additional packets to the class causes tail drop or packet drop to take effect, depending on how class policy is configured. tail drop is used for cbwfq classes unless you explicitly configure policy for a class to use wred to drop packets as a means of avoiding congestion. note that if you use wred packet drop instead of tail drop for one or more classes comprising a policy map, you must ensure that wred is not configured for the interface to which you attach that service policy. if a default class is configured with the bandwidth policy - map class configuration command,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5013481372251648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.583352"} {"text": "instead of tail drop for one or more classes comprising a policy map, you must ensure that wred is not configured for the interface to which you attach that service policy. if a default class is configured with the bandwidth policy - map class configuration command, all unclassified traffic is put into a single fifo queue and given treatment according to the configured bandwidth. if a default class is configured with the fair - queue command, all unclassified traffic is flow classified and given best - effort treatment. if no default class is configured, then by default the traffic that does not match any of the configured classes is flow classified and given best - effort treatment. once a packet is classified, all of the standard mechanisms that can be used to differentiate service among the classes apply. flow classification is standard wfq treatment. that is, packets with the same source ip address, destination ip address, source tcp or udp port, or destination tcp or udp port are classified as belonging to the same flow. wfq allocates an equal share of bandwidth to each flow. flow - based wfq is also called fair queueing because all flows are equally weighted. for cbwfq, the weight specified for the class becomes the weight of each packet that meets the match criteria of the class. packets that arrive at the output interface are classified according to the match criteria filters you define, then each one is assigned the appropriate weight. the weight for a packet belonging to a specific class is derived from the bandwidth you assigned to the class when you configured it ; in this sense the weight for a class is user - configurable. after the weight for a packet is assigned, the packet is enqueued in the appropriate class queue. cbwfq uses the weights assigned to the queued packets to ensure that the class queue is serviced fairly. configuring a class policy \u2014 thus, configuring cbwfq \u2014 entails these three processes : \u2022 defining traffic classes to specify the classification policy ( class maps ). this process determines how many types of packets are to be differentiated from one another. \u2022 associating policies \u2014 that is, class characteristics \u2014 with each traffic class ( policy maps ). this process entails configuration of policies to be applied to packets belonging to one of the classes previously defined through a class map. for this process, you configure a policy map that specifies the policy for each traffic class. \u2022 attaching policies to interfaces ( service policies ). this process", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5258494643921992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.585452"} {"text": "applied to packets belonging to one of the classes previously defined through a class map. for this process, you configure a policy map that specifies the policy for each traffic class. \u2022 attaching policies to interfaces ( service policies ). this process requires that you associate an existing policy map, or service policy, with an interface to apply the particular set of policies for the map to that interface. cbwfq bandwidth allocation the sum of all bandwidth allocation on an interface cannot exceed 75 percent of the total available interface bandwidth. the remaining 25 percent is used for other overhead, including layer 2 overhead, routing traffic, and best - effort traffic. bandwidth for the cbwfq class - default class, for instance, is taken from the remaining 25 percent. however, under aggressive circumstances in which you want to configure more than 75 percent of the interface bandwidth to classes, you can override the 75 percent maximum sum allocated to all classes or flows. if you want to override the default 75 percent, exercise caution and ensure that you allow enough remaining bandwidth to support best - effort and control traffic, and layer 2 overhead. when atm is used you must account for the fact that atm cell tax overhead is not included. for example, consider the case where a class needs guaranteed bandwidth on an atm permanent virtual circuit ( pvc ). suppose the average packet size for the class is 256 bytes and the class needs 100 kbps ( which translates to 49 packets per second ) of guaranteed bandwidth. each 256 - byte packet would be split into six cells to be sent on a vc, giving a total of 6 * 53 = 318 bytes. in this case, the atm cell tax overhead would be 62 bytes or 49 * 62 * 8 = 24. 34 kbps. when configuring cbwfq in this example, ensure that the sum of all the configured class bandwidths is less than the vc bandwidth by at least 24. 34 kbps to ensure desired payload guarantee for the configured classes ( in this example, there is only one class ). if you have several classes, the sum of all the class overheads should be estimated and added to the sum of all the configured class bandwidths. this total should be less than the vc bandwidth to ensure the required payload guarantees. why use cbwfq? here are some general factors you should consider in determining whether you need to configure cbwfq : \u2022 bandwidth allocation. cbwfq allows you to specify the exact amount of bandwidth to be allocated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5172872222106653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.587199"} {"text": "why use cbwfq? here are some general factors you should consider in determining whether you need to configure cbwfq : \u2022 bandwidth allocation. cbwfq allows you to specify the exact amount of bandwidth to be allocated for a specific class of traffic. taking into account available bandwidth on the interface, you can configure up to 64 classes and control distribution among them, which is not the case with flow - based wfq. flow - based wfq applies weights to traffic to classify it into conversations and determine how much bandwidth each conversation is allowed relative to other conversations. for flow - based wfq, these weights, and traffic classification, are dependent on and limited to the seven ip precedence levels. \u2022 coarser granularity and scalability. cbwfq allows you to define what constitutes a class based on criteria that exceed the confines of flow. cbwfq allows you to use acls and protocols or input interface names to define how traffic will be classified, thereby providing coarser granularity. you need not maintain traffic classification on a flow basis. moreover, you can configure up to 64 discrete classes in a service policy. cbwfq and rsvp rsvp can be used in conjunction with cbwfq. when both rsvp and cbwfq are configured for an interface, rsvp and cbwfq act independently, exhibiting the same behavior that they would if each were running alone. rsvp continues to work as it does when cbwfq is not present, even in regard to bandwidth availability assessment and allocation. configuring cbwfq on a physical interface is only possible if the interface is in the default queueing mode. serial interfaces at e1 ( 2. 048 mbps ) and below use wfq by default \u2014 other interfaces use fifo by default. enabling cbwfq on a physical interface overrides the default interface queueing method. enabling cbwfq on an atm pvc does not override the default queueing method. if you configure a class in a policy map to use wred for packet drop instead of tail drop, you must ensure that wred is not configured on the interface to which you intend to attach that service policy. traffic shaping and policing are not currently supported with cbwfq. cbwfq is supported on variable bit rate ( vbr ) and available bit rate ( abr ) atm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47483137960935495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.588404"} {"text": "on the interface to which you intend to attach that service policy. traffic shaping and policing are not currently supported with cbwfq. cbwfq is supported on variable bit rate ( vbr ) and available bit rate ( abr ) atm connections. it is not supported on unspecified bit rate ( ubr ) connections. cbwfq is not supported on ethernet subinterfaces. distributed class - based weighted fair queueing as explained earlier, wfq offers dynamic, fair queueing that divides bandwidth across queues of traffic based on weights. wfq ensures that all traffic is treated fairly, given its weight. for more information about wfq, see the \" weighted fair queueing \" section of this module. the dcbwfq feature extends the standard wfq functionality to provide support for user - defined traffic classes on the vip. these user - defined traffic classes are configured in the modular quality of service command - line interface ( modular qos cli ) feature. for information on how to configure qos with the modular qos cli, see the \" applying qos features using the mqc \" module. the maximum number of packets allowed to accumulate in a traffic class queue is called the queue limit and is specified with the queue - limit command when you create a service policy with the policy - map command. packets belonging to a traffic class are subject to the guaranteed bandwidth allocation and the queue limits that characterize the traffic class. after a queue has reached its configured queue limit, enqueuing of additional packets to the traffic class causes tail drop or wred drop to take effect, depending on how the service policy is configured. ( tail drop is a means of avoiding congestion that treats all traffic equally and does not differentiate between classes of service. queues fill during periods of congestion. when the output queue is full and tail drop is in effect, packets are dropped until the congestion is eliminated and the queue is no longer full ). tail drop is used for dcbwfq traffic classes unless you explicitly configure a service policy to use wred to drop packets as a means of avoiding congestion. note that if you use wred packet drop instead of tail drop for one or more traffic classes making up a service policy, you must ensure that wred is not configured for the interface to which you attach that service policy. for information on how to configure dcbwfq, see the \" configuring weighted fair queueing \" module", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5063440324829127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.589666"} {"text": "policy, you must ensure that wred is not configured for the interface to which you attach that service policy. for information on how to configure dcbwfq, see the \" configuring weighted fair queueing \" module. rsvp interaction with dcbwfq when rsvp and dcbwfq are configured, rsvp and dcbwfq act independently of one another. rsvp and dcbwfq allocate bandwidth among their traffic classes and flows according to unallocated bandwidth available at the underlying point of congestion. when an rsvp flow is created, the vip queueing system reserves the unit of bandwidth allocation in an rsvp queue, similar to the way a traffic class queue is allotted to a dcbwfq traffic class. dcbwfq traffic classes are unaffected by the rsvp flows. dcbwfq allows you to specify the amount of guaranteed bandwidth to be allocated for a traffic class. taking into account available bandwidth on the interface, you can configure up to 64 traffic classes and control bandwidth allocation among them. if excess bandwidth is available, the excess bandwidth is divided among the traffic classes in proportion to their configured bandwidths. flow - based wfq allocates bandwidth equally among all flows. coarser granularity and scalability dcbwfq allows you to define what constitutes a traffic class based on criteria that exceed the confines of flow. dcbwfq allows you to use acls and protocols or input interface names to define how traffic is classified, thereby providing coarser granularity. you need not maintain traffic classification on a flow basis. moreover, you can configure up to 64 discrete traffic classes in a service policy. using the bandwidth command on vip default traffic class on a vip, all traffic that does not match a user - defined traffic class is classified as part of the default traffic class. the implicit bandwidth allocated to the default traffic class on a vip is equal to the link bandwidth minus all of the user - defined bandwidth given to the user - defined traffic classes ( with the bandwidth command ). at least 1 percent of the link bandwidth is always reserved for the default traffic class. because the bandwidth of the default traffic class for a vip is implicit ( the default traffic class receives all remaining bandwidth not given to the user - defined traffic classes ), the bandwidth command cannot be used with the default traffic class when you configure a vip.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4922225611357148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.590722"} {"text": "of the default traffic class for a vip is implicit ( the default traffic class receives all remaining bandwidth not given to the user - defined traffic classes ), the bandwidth command cannot be used with the default traffic class when you configure a vip. using the match protocol command on a vip do not use the match protocol command to create a traffic class with a non - ip protocol as a match criterion. the vip does not support matching of non - ip protocols. dcbwfq is not supported on cisco 7500 series routers with pa - a3 - 8t1ima modules. attaching a service policy to an interface disables wfq on that interface if wfq is configured for the interface. for this reason, you should ensure that wfq is not enabled on such an interface. for information on wfq, see the \" configuring weighted fair queueing \" module. you can specify a numbered access list as the match criterion for any traffic class that you create. for this reason, you should know how to configure access lists. modular qos cli you can configure dcbwfq using the modular qos cli. for information on configuring qos features with the modular qos cli, see the \" applying qos features using the mqc \" module. ip rtp priority the ip rtp priority feature provides a strict priority queueing scheme for delay - sensitive data such as voice. voice traffic can be identified by its real - time transport protocol ( rtp ) port numbers and classified into a priority queue configured by the ip rtp priority command. the result is that voice is serviced as strict priority in preference to other nonvoice traffic. note although this section focuses mainly on voice traffic, ip rtp priority is useful for any rtp traffic. the ip rtp priority feature extends and improves on the functionality offered by the ip rtp reserve command by allowing you to specify a range of udp / rtp ports whose traffic is guaranteed strict priority service over any other queues or classes using the same output interface. strict priority means that if packets exist in the priority queue, they are dequeued and before packets in other queues are dequeued. we recommend that you use the ip rtp priority command instead of the ip rtp reserve command for voice configurations. the ip rtp priority feature does not require that you know the port of a voice call. rather, the feature gives you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5045051286269142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.592194"} {"text": "the \" configuring weighted fair queueing \" module. ip rtp priority bandwidth allocation if you want to understand its behavior and properly use the ip rtp priority feature, it is important to consider its admission control and policing characteristics. when you use the ip rtp priority command to configure the priority queue for voice, you specify a strict bandwidth limitation. this amount of bandwidth is guaranteed to voice traffic enqueued in the priority queue. ( this is the case whether you use the ip rtp priority feature with cbwfq or wfq. ) note ip rtp priority does not have per - call admission control. the admission control is on an aggregate basis. for example, if configured for 96 kbps, ip rtp priority guarantees that 96 kbps is available for reservation. it does not ensure that only four calls of 24 kbps are admitted. a fifth call of 24 kbps could be admitted, but because the five calls will only get 96 kbps, the call quality will be deteriorated. ( each call would get 96 / 5 = 19. 2 kbps. ) in this example, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that only four calls are placed at one time. ip rtp priority closely polices use of bandwidth for the priority queue, ensuring that the allocated amount is not exceeded in the event of congestion. in fact, ip rtp priority polices the flow every second. ip rtp priority prohibits transmission of additional packets once the allocated bandwidth is consumed. if it discovers that the configured amount of bandwidth is exceeded, ip rtp priority drops packets, an event that is poorly tolerated by voice traffic. ( enable debugging to watch for this condition. ) close policing allows for fair treatment of other data packets enqueued in other cbwfq or wfq queues. to avoid packet drop, be certain to allocate to the priority queue the most optimum amount of bandwidth, taking into consideration the type of codec used and interface characteristics. ip rtp priority will not allow traffic beyond the allocated amount. it is always safest to allocate to the priority queue slightly more than the known required amount of bandwidth. for example, suppose you allocated 24 kbps bandwidth, the standard amount required for voice transmission, to the priority queue. this allocation seems safe because transmission of voice packets occurs at a constant bit rate. however, because the network and the router or switch can use some of the bandwidth and introduce jitter and delay,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4718724275069655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.595677"} {"text": "required for voice transmission, to the priority queue. this allocation seems safe because transmission of voice packets occurs at a constant bit rate. however, because the network and the router or switch can use some of the bandwidth and introduce jitter and delay, allocating slightly more than the required amount of bandwidth ( such as 25 kbps ) ensures constancy and availability. the ip rtp priority admission control policy takes rtp header compression into account. therefore, while configuring the bandwidth parameter of the ip rtp priority command you only need to configure for the bandwidth of the compressed call. for example, if a g. 729 voice call requires 24 kbps uncompressed bandwidth ( not including layer 2 payload ) but only 12 kbps compressed bandwidth, you only need to configure a bandwidth of 12 kbps. you need to allocate enough bandwidth for all calls if there will be more than one call. the sum of all bandwidth allocation for voice and data flows on the interface cannot exceed 75 percent of the total available bandwidth. bandwidth allocation for voice packets takes into account the payload plus the ip, rtp, and udp headers, but again, not the layer 2 header. allowing 25 percent bandwidth for other overhead is conservative and safe. on a ppp link, for instance, overhead for layer 2 headers assumes 4 kbps. if you know how much bandwidth is required for additional overhead on a link, under aggressive circumstances in which you want to give voice traffic as much bandwidth as possible, you can override the 75 percent maximum allocation for the bandwidth sum allocated to all classes or flows. if you want to override the fixed amount of bandwidth, exercise caution and ensure that you allow enough remaining bandwidth to support best - effort and control traffic, and layer 2 overhead. as another alternative, if the importance of voice traffic far exceeds that of data, you can allocate most of the 75 percent bandwidth used for flows and classes to the voice priority queue. unused bandwidth at any given point will be made available to the other flows or classes. because the ip rtp priority command gives absolute priority over other traffic, it should be used with care. in the event of congestion, if the traffic exceeds the configured bandwidth, then all the excess traffic is dropped. the ip rtp reserve and ip rtp priority commands cannot be configured on the same interface. frame relay ip rtp priority the frame relay ip rtp priority feature provides a strict priority queueing scheme on a frame relay pvc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45939746886584376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.597506"} {"text": "traffic is dropped. the ip rtp reserve and ip rtp priority commands cannot be configured on the same interface. frame relay ip rtp priority the frame relay ip rtp priority feature provides a strict priority queueing scheme on a frame relay pvc for delay - sensitive data such as voice. voice traffic can be identified by its rtp port numbers and classified into a priority queue configured by the frame - relay ip rtp priority command. the result of using this feature is that voice is serviced as strict priority in preference to other nonvoice traffic. this feature extends the functionality offered by the ip rtp priority command by supporting frame relay pvcs. this feature allows you to specify a range of udp ports whose voice traffic is guaranteed strict priority service over any other queues or classes using the same output interface. strict priority means that if packets exist in the priority queue, they are dequeued and sent before packets in other queues are dequeued. this process is performed on a per - pvc basis, rather than at the interface level. for information on how to configure frame relay ip rtp priority, see the \" configuring weighted fair queueing \" module. frame relay pvc interface priority queueing the frame relay pvc interface priority queueing ( pipq ) feature provides an interface - level priority queueing scheme in which prioritization is based on destination pvc rather than packet contents. for example, frame relay ( fr ) pipq allows you to configure a pvc transporting voice traffic to have absolute priority over a pvc transporting signalling traffic, and a pvc transporting signalling traffic to have absolute priority over a pvc transporting data. frame relay pipq provides four levels of priority : high, medium, normal, and low. the frame relay packet is examined at the interface for the data - link connection identifier ( dlci ) value. the packet is then sent to the correct priority queue based on the priority level configured for that dlci. note when using frame relay pipq, configure the network so that different types of traffic are transported on separate pvcs. frame relay pipq is not meant to be used when an individual pvc carries different traffic types that have different qos requirements. you assign priority to a pvc within a frame relay map class. all pvcs using or inheriting that map class will be classed according to the configured priority. if a pvc does not have a map class associated with it, or if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5315174110784859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.598690"} {"text": "you assign priority to a pvc within a frame relay map class. all pvcs using or inheriting that map class will be classed according to the configured priority. if a pvc does not have a map class associated with it, or if the map class associated with it does not have priority explicitly configured, then the packets on that pvc will be queued on the default \" normal \" priority queue. if you do not enable frame relay pipq on the interface using the frame - relay interface - queue priority command in interface configuration mode, configuring pvc priority within a map class will not be effective. at this time you have the option to also set the size ( in maximum number of packets ) of the four priority queues. frame relay pipq works with or without frame relay traffic shaping ( frts ) and frf. 12 ( or higher ). the interface - level priority queueing takes the place of the fifo queueing or dual fifo queueing normally used by frts and frf. 12 ( or higher ). pvc priority assigned within fr pipq takes precedence over frf. 12 priority, which means that all packets destined for the same pvc will be queued on the same interface queue whether they were fragmented or not. note although high priority pvcs most likely will transport only small packets of voice traffic, you may want to configure frf. 12 ( or higher ) on these pvcs anyway to guard against any unexpectedly large packets. the following restrictions apply to frame relay pipq : \u2022 it is not supported on loopback or tunnel interfaces, or interfaces that explicitly disallow priority queueing. \u2022 it is not supported with hardware compression. \u2022 it cannot be enabled on an interface that is already configured with queueing other than fifo queueing. fr pipq can be enabled if wfq is configured, as long as wfq is the default interface queueing method. the following prerequisites apply to frame relay pipq : \u2022 pvcs should be configured to carry a single type of traffic. \u2022 the network should be configured with adequate call admission control to prevent starvation of any of the priority queues. low latency queueing the llq feature brings strict pq to cbwfq. strict pq allows delay - sensitive data such as voice to be dequeued and sent before packets in other queues are dequeued. without llq, cbwfq provides wfq based on defined classes with no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49459705437143364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.599681"} {"text": ". strict pq allows delay - sensitive data such as voice to be dequeued and sent before packets in other queues are dequeued. without llq, cbwfq provides wfq based on defined classes with no strict priority queue available for real - time traffic. cbwfq allows you to define traffic classes and then assign characteristics to that class. for example, you can designate the minimum bandwidth delivered to the class during congestion. for cbwfq, the weight for a packet belonging to a specific class is derived from the bandwidth you assigned to the class when you configured it. therefore, the bandwidth assigned to the packets of a class determines the order in which packets are sent. all packets are serviced fairly based on weight ; no class of packets may be granted strict priority. this scheme poses problems for voice traffic that is largely intolerant of delay, especially variation in delay. for voice traffic, variations in delay introduce irregularities of transmission manifesting as jitter in the heard conversation. llq provides strict priority queueing for cbwfq, reducing jitter in voice conversations. configured by the priority command, llq enables use of a single, strict priority queue within cbwfq at the class level, allowing you to direct traffic belonging to a class to the cbwfq strict priority queue. to enqueue class traffic to the strict priority queue, you specify the named class within a policy map and then configure the priority command for the class. ( classes to which the priority command is applied are considered priority classes. ) within a policy map, you can give one or more classes priority status. when multiple classes within a single policy map are configured as priority classes, all traffic from these classes is enqueued to the same, single, strict priority queue. one of the ways in which the strict pq used within cbwfq differs from its use outside cbwfq is in the parameters it takes. outside cbwfq, you can use the ip rtp priority command to specify the range of udp ports whose voice traffic flows are to be given priority service. using the priority command, you are no longer limited to a udp port number to stipulate priority flows because you can configure the priority status for a class within cbwfq. instead, all of the valid match criteria used to specify traffic for a class now apply to priority traffic. these methods of specifying traffic for a class include matching on access lists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5379515094908209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.602277"} {"text": "##figure the priority status for a class within cbwfq. instead, all of the valid match criteria used to specify traffic for a class now apply to priority traffic. these methods of specifying traffic for a class include matching on access lists, protocols, and input interfaces. moreover, within an access list you can specify that traffic matches are allowed based on the ip differentiated services code point ( dscp ) value that is set using the first six bits of the tos byte in the ip header. although it is possible to enqueue various types of real - time traffic to the strict priority queue, we strongly recommend that you direct only voice traffic to it because voice traffic is well - behaved, whereas other types of real - time traffic are not. moreover, voice traffic requires that delay be nonvariable in order to avoid jitter. real - time traffic such as video could introduce variation in delay, thereby thwarting the steadiness of delay required for successful voice traffic transmission. for information on how to configure llq, see the \" configuring weighted fair queueing \" module. llq bandwidth allocation when you specify the priority command for a class, it takes a bandwidth argument that gives maximum bandwidth in kbps. you use this parameter to specify the maximum amount of bandwidth allocated for packets belonging to the class configured with the priority command. the bandwidth parameter both guarantees bandwidth to the priority class and restrains the flow of packets from the priority class. in the event of congestion, policing is used to drop packets when the bandwidth is exceeded. voice traffic enqueued to the priority queue is udp - based and therefore not adaptive to the early packet drop characteristic of wred. because wred is ineffective, you cannot use the wred random - detect command with the priority command. in addition, because policing is used to drop packets and a queue limit is not imposed, the queue - limit command cannot be used with the priority command. when congestion occurs, traffic destined for the priority queue is metered to ensure that the bandwidth allocation configured for the class to which the traffic belongs is not exceeded. priority traffic metering has the following qualities : \u2022 it is much like the rate - limiting feature of car, except that priority traffic metering is only performed under congestion conditions. when the device is not congested, the priority class traffic is allowed to exceed its allocated bandwidth. when the device is congested, the priority class traffic above the allocated bandwidth is discarded. \u2022 it is performed on a per -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4818740588841115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.603286"} {"text": "under congestion conditions. when the device is not congested, the priority class traffic is allowed to exceed its allocated bandwidth. when the device is congested, the priority class traffic above the allocated bandwidth is discarded. \u2022 it is performed on a per - packet basis, and tokens are replenished as packets are sent. if not enough tokens are available to send the packet, it is dropped. \u2022 it restrains priority traffic to its allocated bandwidth to ensure that nonpriority traffic, such as routing packets and other data, is not starved. with metering, the classes are policed and rate - limited individually. that is, although a single policy map might contain four priority classes, all of which are enqueued in a single priority queue, they are each treated as separate flows with separate bandwidth allocations and constraints. it is important to note that because bandwidth for the priority class is specified as a parameter to the priority command, you cannot also configure the bandwidth policy - map class configuration command for a priority class. to do so is a configuration violation that would only introduce confusion in relation to the amount of bandwidth to allocate. the bandwidth allocated for a priority queue always includes the layer 2 encapsulation header. however, it does not include other headers, such as atm cell tax overheads. when you calculate the amount of bandwidth to allocate for a given priority class, you must account for the fact that layer 2 headers are included. when atm is used, you must account for the fact that atm cell tax overhead is not included. you must also allow bandwidth for the possibility of jitter introduced by routers in the voice path. consider this case that uses atm. suppose a voice stream of 60 bytes emitting 50 packets per second is encoded using g. 729. prior to converting the voice stream to cells, the meter for the priority queue used for the voice stream assesses the length of the packet after the layer 2 logical link control ( llc ) headers have been added. given the 8 - byte layer 2 llc header, the meter will take into account a 68 - byte packet. because atm cells are a standard 53 bytes long, before the 68 - byte packet is emitted on the line, it is divided into two 53 - byte atm cells. thus, the bandwidth consumed by this flow is 106 bytes per packet. for this case, then, you must configure the bandwidth to be at least 27. 2 kbps ( 68 * 50 * 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49591458941014466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.604328"} {"text": "two 53 - byte atm cells. thus, the bandwidth consumed by this flow is 106 bytes per packet. for this case, then, you must configure the bandwidth to be at least 27. 2 kbps ( 68 * 50 * 8 = 27. 2 kbps ). however, recall that you must also allow for the atm cell tax overhead, which is not accounted for by the configured bandwidth. in other words, the sum of the bandwidths for all classes must be less than the interface bandwidth by at least 15. 2 kbps ( [ 106 - 68 ] * 50 * 8 = 15. 2 kbps ). you should also remember to allow bandwidth for router - introduced jitter. llq with ip rtp priority llq and ip rtp priority can be configured at the same time, but ip rtp priority takes precedence. to demonstrate how they work together, consider the following configuration : policy - map llqpolicyclass voicepriority 50ip rtp priority 16384 20000 40service - policy output llqpolicy in this example, packets that match the 16384 to 20000 port range will be given priority with 40 kbps bandwidth ; packets that match the voice class will be given priority with 50 kbps bandwidth. in the event of congestion, packets that match the 16384 to 20000 port range will receive no more than 40 kbps of bandwidth, and packets that match the voice class will receive no more than 50 kbps of bandwidth. if packets match both criteria ( ports 16384 to 20000 and class voice ), ip rtp priority takes precedence. in this example, the packets will be considered to match the 16384 to 20000 port range and will be accounted for in the 40 kbps bandwidth. llq and committed burst size the functionality of llq has been extended to allow you to specify the committed burst ( bc ) size in llq. this functionality is provided with the configuring burst size in low latency queueing feature. with this new functionality, the network can now accommodate temporary bursts of traffic and handle network traffic more efficiently. note the default bc size used by llq is intended to handle voice - like non - bursty traffic. if you want to configure llq to handle the traffic of non - voice applications, you may need to increase the burst size accordingly, based on the application in use on your network. llq and per - vc hold queue support for atm adapters by default, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4644146715173834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.606146"} {"text": "command instead of the priority command. ( the ip rtp priority command provides priority only for even port numbers. ) \u2022 the random - detect command, queue - limit command, and bandwidth policy - map class configuration command cannot be used while the priority command is configured. \u2022 the priority command can be configured in multiple classes, but it should only be used for voice - like, constant bit rate ( cbr ) traffic. distributed low latency queueing the distributed llq feature provides the ability to specify low latency behavior for a traffic class on a vip - based cisco 7500 series router except one with a pa - a3 - 8t1ima module. llq allows delay - sensitive data such as voice to be dequeued and sent before packets in other queues are dequeued. the distributed llq feature also introduces the ability to limit the depth of a device transmission ring. before the introduction of distributed llq, the maximum transmission ring depth was not a user - configurable parameter. therefore, particles could accumulate on a transmission ring without limitation, which could result in unavoidable high latencies. the distributed llq feature allows users to limit the number of particles that may exist on a transmission ring, effectively lowering the latency incurred by packets sitting on that transmission ring. the priority command is used to allow delay - sensitive data to be dequeued and sent first. llq enables use of a single priority queue within which individual classes of traffic can be placed. to enqueue class traffic to the priority queue, you configure the priority command for the class after you specify the named class within a policy map. the amount of bandwidth available for the priority queue can be specified either as a set amount of bandwidth in kbps or as a percentage of all available bandwidth ( beginning in cisco ios release 12. 1 ( 5 ) t ). within a policy map, you can give one or more classes priority status. when multiple classes within a single policy map are configured as priority classes, all traffic from these classes is enqueued to the same, single, priority queue. the tx - ring - limit command allows the user to specify the number of allowable particles on a transmission ring, effectively lowering the latency for that transmission ring. one packet can contain multiple particles, and a typical particle is 512 bytes in size ( the size depends on the interface types. for some interface types, a typical particle size is 256 bytes. ) these particles can no longer accumulate on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5508288677611759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.608653"} {"text": "transmission ring. one packet can contain multiple particles, and a typical particle is 512 bytes in size ( the size depends on the interface types. for some interface types, a typical particle size is 256 bytes. ) these particles can no longer accumulate on a transmission ring and cause unavoidable high latencies. distributed llq is supported on the cisco 7500 rsp series router with a vip except when a pa - a3 - 8t 1ima module is configured. this feature also supports the class - based quality of service mib. for information on how to configure distributed llq, see the \" configuring weighted fair queueing \" module. guaranteeing bandwidth with the priority command one method of using the priority command for a traffic class is to specify a bandwidth argument that gives the maximum bandwidth in kpbs. the other method of using the priority command for a traffic class, which was introduced in cisco ios release 12. 1 ( 5 ) t, is to specify a percentage of available bandwidth to be reserved for the priority queue. the bandwidth value or percentage guarantees the configured bandwidth to the priority class under worst - case congestion scenarios. if excess bandwidth is available, the priority class will be allowed to utilize the bandwidth. if no excess bandwidth is available, the priority traffic will be constrained to the configured rate via packet drops. each individual class that is configured to a bandwidth value will have its traffic constrained to its individual rate. when a class is constrained to its individual rate, the traffic is permitted a certain amount of burstiness because of the token bucket mechanism policing the stream. this amount of burstiness is controlled by the optional burst parameter in the priority command ( this burstiness cannot be specified when specifying a priority queue based on a percentage of available bandwidth ). the burst parameter specifies, in bytes, the amount of traffic allowed to pass through the token bucket as a one - time burst in excess of the token bucket drop parameters. the default burst value is 200 milliseconds of traffic at the configured token bucket drop parameters. it is important to note that because bandwidth for the priority class is specified as a parameter to the priority command, you cannot also configure the bandwidth command for a priority class. to do so is a configuration violation that introduces confusion in relation to the amount of bandwidth to allocate. the bandwidth allocated for a priority queue always includes the layer 2 encapsulation header. however, it does not include other headers, such as atm cell tax overheads. when you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5458543614234708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.610946"} {"text": "in relation to the amount of bandwidth to allocate. the bandwidth allocated for a priority queue always includes the layer 2 encapsulation header. however, it does not include other headers, such as atm cell tax overheads. when you calculate the amount of bandwidth to allocate for a given priority class, you must account for the fact that the layer 2 headers are included. when atm is used, you must account for the fact that atm cell tax overhead is not included. you must also allow bandwidth for the possibility of jitter introduced by routers in the voice path. consider this case that uses atm : suppose a voice stream of 60 bytes emitting 50 packets per second is encoded using g. 729. prior to converting the voice stream to cells, the meter for the priority queue used for the voice stream assesses the length of the packet after the layer logical link control ( llc ) headers have been added. given the 8 - byte layer 2 llc header, the meter will take into account a 68 - byte packet. because atm cells are a standard 53 bytes long, before the 68 - kbps packet is emitted on the line, it is divided into two 53 - byte atm cells. thus, the bandwidth consumed by this flow is 106 bytes per packet. for this case, then, you must configure the bandwidth to be at least 27. 2 kbps ( 68 * 50 * 8 = 27. 2 kbps ). however, recall that you must also allow for the atm cell tax overhead, which is not accounted for by the configured bandwidth. in other words, the sum of the bandwidths for all classes must be less than the interface bandwidth by at least 15. 2 kbps ( [ 106 - 68 ] * 50 * 8 = 15. 2 kbps ). you should also remember to allow bandwidth for router - introduced jitter. provides priority service on atm vcs and serial interface the pq scheme allows delay - sensitive data such as voice to be dequeued and sent before packets in other queues are dequeued. this feature provides pq on atm vcs. by configuring the maximum amount of bandwidth allocated for packets belonging to a class, you can avoid starving nonpriority traffic. limiting particles on a transmission ring the distributed llq feature also introduces particle limiting for transmission rings. before the introduction of distributed llq, the transmission ring depth was not user - configurable. therefore, a user could experience unavoida", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5047997413132186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.612402"} {"text": ". limiting particles on a transmission ring the distributed llq feature also introduces particle limiting for transmission rings. before the introduction of distributed llq, the transmission ring depth was not user - configurable. therefore, a user could experience unavoidable high latencies on a transmission ring. the distributed llq feature allows users to limit the number of particles on a transmission ring to a predefined limit, effectively lowering the latency on transmission rings. the following restrictions apply to the distributed llq feature : \u2022 if you use access lists to configure matching port numbers, this feature provides priority matching for all port numbers. because voice typically exists on even port numbers, and control packets are generated on odd port numbers, control packets are also given priority when using this feature. on very slow links, giving priority to both voice and control packets may produce degraded voice quality. \u2022 the priority command can be used in conjunction with the set command. the priority command cannot be used in conjunction with any other command, including the random - detect, queue - limit, and bandwidth commands. \u2022 the priority command can be configured in multiple traffic classes. if the traffic is not cbr traffic, you must configure a large enough bandwidth - kbps parameter to absorb the data bursts. \u2022 because 1 percent of the available bandwidth is reserved for the default traffic class, the sum of the percentage for the bandwidth percent and priority percent command reservations cannot exceed 99 percent. \u2022 priority queues can be reserved by either size or percentage values, but not both, in the same policy map. therefore, if the priority command is used without the percent option in a policy map, the bandwidth command, if used, must also be used without the percent option, and vice versa. similarly, if the priority percent command is used in a policy map, the bandwidth percent command must be used to specify bandwidth allocation for the class, and vice versa. the priority and priority percent commands also cannot be used in the same policy map. \u2022 the bandwidth and priority commands cannot be used in the same class map. these commands can be used together in the same policy map, however. the following commands cannot be used in the same class or policy map with the priority command : the following commands cannot be used in the same class or policy map with the priority percentage command : \u2013 priority ( without the percent option ) \u2013 bandwidth ( without the percent option ) \u2022 the tx - ring - limit command can only affect a vbr vc on a pa - a3 port adapter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5640362704772364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.614929"} {"text": "or policy map with the priority percentage command : \u2013 priority ( without the percent option ) \u2013 bandwidth ( without the percent option ) \u2022 the tx - ring - limit command can only affect a vbr vc on a pa - a3 port adapter. the tx - ring - limit command does not affect ubr vcs. \u2022 dllq is not supported on cisco 7500 series routers with pa - a3 - 8t1ima modules. to use this feature, you should be familiar with the following features : \u2022 virtual templates and virtual access interfaces low latency queueing for frame relay llq for frame relay provides a strict priority queue for voice traffic and weighted fair queues for other classes of traffic. with this feature, llq is available at the frame relay vc level when frts is configured. llq, also called pq / cbwfq, is a superset of and more flexible than previous frame relay qos offerings, in particular rtp prioritization and pq / wfq. with rtp prioritization and pq / wfq, traffic that matches a specified udp / rtp port range is considered high priority and allocated to the priority queue ( pq ). with llq for frame relay, you set up classes of traffic according to protocol, interface, or access lists, and then define policy maps to establish how the classes are handled in the priority queue and weighted fair queues. queues are set up on a per - pvc basis : each pvc has a pq and an assigned number of fair queues. the fair queues are assigned weights proportional to the bandwidth requirements of each class ; a class requiring twice the bandwidth of another will have half the weight. oversubscription of the bandwidth is not permitted. the cli will reject a change of configuration that would cause the total bandwidth to be exceeded. this functionality differs from that of wfq, in which flows are assigned a weight based on ip precedence. wfq allows higher precedence traffic to obtain proportionately more of the bandwidth, but the more flows there are, the less bandwidth is available to each flow. the pq is policed to ensure that the fair queues are not starved of bandwidth. when you configure the pq, you specify in kbps the maximum amount of bandwidth available to that queue. packets that exceed that maximum are dropped. there is no policing of the fair queues. llq for frame relay is configured using a combination of class", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5199641184535897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.615905"} {"text": "frf. 12 ) is to support voice and data packets on lower - speed links without causing excessive delay to the voice packets. large data packets are fragmented and interleaved with the voice packets. when frf. 12 is configured with llq, small packets classified for the pq pass through unfragmented onto both the llq pq and the high priority interface queue. large packets destined for pq are shaped and fragmented when dequeued. use the frame - relay fragment and service - policy map - class configuration commands to enable llq with frf. 12. ip cisco express forwarding switching ip cef switching is not affected by llq functionality. cq allows you to specify a certain number of bytes to forward from a queue each time the queue is serviced, thereby allowing you to share the network resources among applications with specific minimum bandwidth or latency requirements. you can also specify a maximum number of packets in each queue. for information on how to configure cq, see the \" configuring custom queueing \" module. how it works cq handles traffic by specifying the number of packets or bytes to be serviced for each class of traffic. it services the queues by cycling through them in round - robin fashion, sending the portion of allocated bandwidth for each queue before moving to the next queue. if one queue is empty, the router will send packets from the next queue that has packets ready to send. when cq is enabled on an interface, the system maintains 17 output queues for that interface. you can specify queues 1 through 16. associated with each output queue is a configurable byte count, which specifies how many bytes of data the system should deliver from the current queue before it moves on to the next queue. queue number 0 is a system queue ; it is emptied before any of the queues numbered 1 through 16 are processed. the system queues high priority packets, such as keepalive packets and signalling packets, to this queue. other traffic cannot be configured to use this queue. for queue numbers 1 through 16, the system cycles through the queues sequentially ( in a round - robin fashion ), dequeueing the configured byte count from each queue in each cycle, delivering packets in the current queue before moving on to the next one. when a particular queue is being processed, packets are sent until the number of bytes sent exceeds the queue byte count or the queue is empty. bandwidth used by a particular queue can be indirectly specified only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.504864644379501, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.619811"} {"text": "the current queue before moving on to the next one. when a particular queue is being processed, packets are sent until the number of bytes sent exceeds the queue byte count or the queue is empty. bandwidth used by a particular queue can be indirectly specified only in terms of byte count and queue length. figure 2 shows how cq behaves. figure 2 custom queueing cq ensures that no application or specified group of applications achieves more than a predetermined proportion of overall capacity when the line is under stress. like pq, cq is statically configured and does not automatically adapt to changing network conditions. on most platforms, all protocols are classified in the fast - switching path. determining byte count values for queues in order to allocate bandwidth to different queues, you must specify the byte count for each queue. how the byte count is used the router sends packets from a particular queue until the byte count is exceeded. once the byte count value is exceeded, the packet that is currently being sent will be completely sent. therefore, if you set the byte count to 100 bytes and the packet size of your protocol is 1024 bytes, then every time this queue is serviced, 1024 bytes will be sent, not 100 bytes. for example, suppose one protocol has 500 - byte packets, another has 300 - byte packets, and a third has 100 - byte packets. if you want to split the bandwidth evenly across all three protocols, you might choose to specify byte counts of 200, 200, and 200 for each queue. however, this configuration does not result in a 33 / 33 / 33 ratio. when the router services the first queue, it sends a single 500 - byte packet ; when it services the second queue, it sends a 300 - byte packet ; and when it services the third queue, it sends two 100 - byte packets. the effective ratio is 50 / 30 / 20. thus, setting the byte count too low can result in an unintended bandwidth allocation. however, very large byte counts will produce a \" jerky \" distribution. that is, if you assign 10 kb, 10 kb, and 10 kb to three queues in the example given, each protocol is serviced promptly when its queue is the one being serviced, but it may be a long time before the queue is serviced again. a better solution is to specify 500 - byte, 600 - byte, and 500 - byte counts for the queue. this configuration results in a ratio of 31 / 38 / 31, which may be acceptable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5408560775302605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.620907"} {"text": "long time before the queue is serviced again. a better solution is to specify 500 - byte, 600 - byte, and 500 - byte counts for the queue. this configuration results in a ratio of 31 / 38 / 31, which may be acceptable. in order to service queues in a timely manner and ensure that the configured bandwidth allocation is as close as possible to the required bandwidth allocation, you must determine the byte count based on the packet size of each protocol, otherwise your percentages may not match what you configure. note cq was modified in cisco ios release 12. 1. when the queue is depleted early, or the last packet from the queue does not exactly match the configured byte count, the amount of deficit is remembered and accounted for the next time the queue is serviced. beginning with cisco ios release 12. 1, you need not be as accurate in specifying byte counts as you did when using earlier cisco ios releases that did not take deficit into account. note some protocols, such as internetwork packet exchange ( ipx ), will negotiate the frame size at session startup time. determining the byte count to determine the correct byte counts, perform the following steps : step 1 for each queue, divide the percentage of bandwidth you want to allocate to the queue by the packet size, in bytes. for example, assume the packet size for protocol a is 1086 bytes, protocol b is 291 bytes, and protocol c is 831 bytes. we want to allocate 20 percent for a, 60 percent for b, and 20 percent for c. the ratios would be : 20 / 1086, 60 / 291, 20 / 831 or 0. 01842, 0. 20619, 0. 02407 step 2 normalize the numbers by dividing by the lowest number : 1, 11. 2, 1. 3 the result is the ratio of the number of packets that must be sent so that the percentage of bandwidth that each protocol uses is approximately 20, 60, and 20 percent. step 3 a fraction in any of the ratio values means that an additional packet will be sent. round up the numbers to the next whole number to obtain the actual packet count. in this example, the actual ratio will be 1 packet, 12 packets, and 2 packets. step 4 convert the packet number ratio into byte counts by multiplying each packet count by the corresponding packet size. in this example, the number of packets sent is one 1086 - byte packet, twelve 291 - byte packets, and two 831 - byte packets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4962119610758483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.621906"} {"text": "convert the packet number ratio into byte counts by multiplying each packet count by the corresponding packet size. in this example, the number of packets sent is one 1086 - byte packet, twelve 291 - byte packets, and two 831 - byte packets, or 1086, 3492, and 1662 bytes, respectively, from each queue. these are the byte counts you would specify in your cq configuration. step 5 to determine the bandwidth distribution this ratio represents, first determine the total number of bytes sent after all three queues are serviced : ( 1 * 1086 ) + ( 12 * 291 ) + ( 2 * 831 ) = 1086 + 3492 + 1662 = 6240 step 6 then determine the percentage of the total number of bytes sent from each queue : 1086 / 6240, 3492 / 6240, 1662 / 6240 = 17. 4, 56, and 26. 6 percent this result is close to the desired ratio of 20 / 60 / 20. step 7 if the actual bandwidth is not close enough to the desired bandwidth, multiply the original ratio of 1 : 11. 2 : 1. 3 by the best value, trying to get as close to three integer values as possible. note that the multiplier you use need not be an integer. for example, if we multiply the ratio by two, we get 2 : 22. 4 : 2. 6. we would now send two 1086 - byte packets, twenty - three 291 - byte packets, and three 831 - byte packets, or 2172 / 6693 / 2493, for a total of 11, 358 bytes. the resulting ratio is 19 / 59 / 22 percent, which is much closer to the desired ratio that we achieved. the bandwidth that a custom queue will receive is given by the following formula : ( queue byte count / total byte count of all queues ) * bandwidth capacity of the interface where bandwidth capacity is equal to the interface bandwidth minus the bandwidth for priority queues. window size also affects the bandwidth distribution. if the window size of a particular protocol is set to one, then that protocol will not place another packet into the queue until it receives an acknowledgment. the cq algorithm moves to the next queue if the byte count is exceeded or no packets are in that queue. therefore, with a window size of one, only one frame will be sent each time. if your frame count is set to 2 kilobytes, and your frame size is 256 bytes, then only 256", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5424692220261711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.624284"} {"text": "or no packets are in that queue. therefore, with a window size of one, only one frame will be sent each time. if your frame count is set to 2 kilobytes, and your frame size is 256 bytes, then only 256 bytes will be sent each time this queue is serviced. why use cq? you can use the cisco ios qos cq feature to provide specific traffic guaranteed bandwidth at a potential congestion point, assuring the traffic a fixed portion of available bandwidth and leaving the remaining bandwidth to other traffic. for example, you could reserve half of the bandwidth for sna data, allowing the remaining half to be used by other protocols. if a particular type of traffic is not using the bandwidth reserved for it, then unused bandwidth can be dynamically allocated to other traffic types. cq is statically configured and does not adapt to changing network conditions. with cq enabled, the system takes longer to switch packets than fifo because the packets are classified by the processor card. pq allows you to define how traffic is prioritized in the network. you configure four traffic priorities. you can define a series of filters based on packet characteristics to cause the router to place traffic into these four queues ; the queue with the highest priority is serviced first until it is empty, then the lower queues are serviced in sequence. for information on how to configure pq, see the \" configuring priority queueing \" module. how it works during transmission, pq gives priority queues absolute preferential treatment over low priority queues ; important traffic, given the highest priority, always takes precedence over less important traffic. packets are classified based on user - specified criteria and placed into one of the four output queues \u2014 high, medium, normal, and low \u2014 based on the assigned priority. packets that are not classified by priority fall into the normal queue. figure 3 illustrates this process. figure 3 priority queueing when a packet is to be sent out an interface, the priority queues on that interface are scanned for packets in descending order of priority. the high priority queue is scanned first, then the medium priority queue, and so on. the packet at the head of the highest queue is chosen for transmission. this procedure is repeated every time a packet is to be sent. the maximum length of a queue is defined by the length limit. when a queue is longer than the queue limit, all additional packets are dropped. note the priority output queueing mechanism can be used to manage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5121081458200187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.625359"} {"text": "every time a packet is to be sent. the maximum length of a queue is defined by the length limit. when a queue is longer than the queue limit, all additional packets are dropped. note the priority output queueing mechanism can be used to manage traffic from all networking protocols. additional fine - tuning is available for ip and for setting boundaries on the packet size. how packets are classified for priority queueing a priority list is a set of rules that describe how packets should be assigned to priority queues. a priority list might also describe a default priority or the queue size limits of the various priority queues. packets can be classified by the following criteria : \u2022 protocol or subprotocol type keepalives sourced by the network server are always assigned to the high priority queue ; all other management traffic ( such as interior gateway routing protocol ( igrp ) updates ) must be configured. packets that are not classified by the priority list mechanism are assigned to the normal queue. why use priority queueing? pq provides absolute preferential treatment to high priority traffic, ensuring that mission - critical traffic traversing various wan links gets priority treatment. in addition, pq provides a faster response time than do other methods of queueing. although you can enable priority output queueing for any interface, it is best used for low - bandwidth, congested serial interfaces. when choosing to use pq, consider that because lower priority traffic is often denied bandwidth in favor of higher priority traffic, use of pq could, in the worst case, result in lower priority traffic never being sent. to avoid inflicting these conditions on lower priority traffic, you can use traffic shaping or car to rate - limit the higher priority traffic. pq introduces extra overhead that is acceptable for slow interfaces, but may not be acceptable for higher speed interfaces such as ethernet. with pq enabled, the system takes longer to switch packets because the packets are classified by the processor card. pq uses a static configuration and does not adapt to changing network conditions. pq is not supported on any tunnels. rsvp, cbwfq, llq, ip rtp priority, frame relay ip rtp priority, and frame relay pipq can all reserve and consume bandwidth, up to a maximum of the reserved bandwidth on an interface. to allocate bandwidth, you can use one of the following commands : \u2022 for rsvp, use the ip rsvp bandwidth command. \u2022 for cbwfq, use the bandwidth policy - map class configuration command. for more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5339630420224676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.628746"} {"text": ". to allocate bandwidth, you can use one of the following commands : \u2022 for rsvp, use the ip rsvp bandwidth command. \u2022 for cbwfq, use the bandwidth policy - map class configuration command. for more information on cbwfq bandwidth allocation, see the section \" class - based weighted fair queueing \" in this module. for llq, you can allocate bandwidth using the priority command. for more information on llq bandwidth allocation, see the section \" frame relay pvc interface priority queueing \" in this module. \u2022 for ip rtp priority, use the ip rtp priority command. for more information on ip rtp priority bandwidth allocation, see the section \" ip rtp priority \" in this module. \u2022 for frame relay ip rtp priority, use the frame - relay ip rtp priority command. for more information on frame relay ip rtp priority, see the section \" frame relay ip rtp priority \" in this module. \u2022 for frame relay pvc interface priority queueing, use the frame - relay interface - queue priority command. for more information on frame relay pipq, see the section \" frame relay pvc interface priority queueing \" in this module. when you configure these commands, be aware of bandwidth limitations and configure bandwidth according to requirements in your network. remember, the sum of all bandwidths cannot exceed the maximum reserved bandwidth. the default maximum bandwidth is 75 percent of the total available bandwidth on the interface. the remaining 25 percent of bandwidth is used for overhead, including layer 2 overhead, routing traffic, and best - effort traffic. cisco and the cisco logo are trademarks of cisco systems, inc. and / or its affiliates in the u. s. and other countries. a listing of cisco ' s trademarks can be found at www. cisco. com / go / trademarks. third party trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. the use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between cisco and any other company. ( 1005r ) any internet protocol ( ip ) addresses and phone numbers used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses and phone numbers. any examples, command display output, network topology diagrams, and other figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. any use of actual ip addresses or phone numbers in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental. \u00a9 2011 cisco systems, inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46364501209516906, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.630119"} {"text": "in these days of extra large hard disks many try to copy large files from a dvd but find that can \u2019 t even though there is plenty of free space on the hard disk. why not? the most likely cause for this is not some sort of copy protection but that the file being copied is too large for the file system to handle. windows xp allows you to format a hard disk in two different file system formats : fat32 and ntfs. these file systems differ in the size of file they can handle. fat32, for example, can only handle files up to 4gb in size. when it was developed, that size file was almost unheard of but now, a dvd can have files that large or larger routinely. so, if you are trying to copy a movie from a dvd onto your fat32 - formatted hard drive it likely won \u2019 t copy as most full - length movies are files larger than 4gb. the original file allocation table ( fat ) file system was introduced in 1977 and generally applied to floppy disk storage. it was later modified to work with hard disks and other removable media. fat had a problem however ; it could only manage spaces up to 2gb in size. as windows came into being and programs became larger, the 2gb barrier became a serious problem. thus, in 1996, with the oem service release 2 ( osr2 ) of windows 95 ( also known as windows 95b ) came a fat enhancement known as fat32. the two major features of fat32 that improved upon the original fat ( or fat16 as it \u2019 s sometimes known ) are the disk efficiency and size of the disk supported. files are stored in clusters on the disk. the size of the clusters depends on the size of disk. under fat, drives over 1. 2gb used clusters that were 32k in size as the file allocation table itself could not track more clusters because of it \u2019 s 16 - bit structure. the 32 - bit structure in fat32 allows disks of that size to use 4k per sector. this improves efficiency as a file, no matter how small, will always use at least one cluster and the space in the cluster not used is wasted. fat32 doesn \u2019 t start to use 32k clusters until the disk goes over 60gb in size and can handle disks up to 2tb ( terabyte or trillion bytes ) ; though not all operating systems can deal with disks that size even if the file system can. there are many other features changed between the two but these are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46638862210056503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.655308"} {"text": "size and can handle disks up to 2tb ( terabyte or trillion bytes ) ; though not all operating systems can deal with disks that size even if the file system can. there are many other features changed between the two but these are the major ones to be concerned with. the problem that many encounter now is one of the limits of fat32 that \u2019 s being run into : file size. the original fat ( fat12 ) had a maximum file size of 32mb, fat16 has a maximum file size of 2gb, and despite the much larger hard disk size supported by fat32, the maximum file size only doubled to 4gb. this is largely why a movie file larger than 4gb in size might not be able to be copied to a hard disk with lots of space. the hard disk is probably formatted using fat32. there is no quick solution short of converting the hard disk to the ntfs file system. the new technology file system ( ntfs ) was introduced in windows nt ( mid - 1993 ) and is available in different forms in all following products : windows 2000, windows xp, windows server 2003, and vista. it replaces fat and fat32 although some operating systems allow you to format disks as either fat32 or ntfs. you can convert fat32 disks to ntfs with little problem however going back from ntfs to fat32 may not be possible due to fat32 limitations that ntfs does away with ( e. g., file size as seen above ). ntfs makes a number of improvements over fat - based file systems. it uses advanced data structures, has a b + tree directory structure, has improved reliability and use of disk space, allows for extensions such as security control, and has both a hard disk and file size of 16 eib ( eib = exbibyte ; a contraction of exa binary byte, and equaling 1, 152, 921, 504, 606, 846, 976 bytes ). so, if you need to copy files larger than 4gb, you need to make certain that the file system on the hard disk you are copying to is ntfs and not fat32. unfortunately, many portable usb hard disk drives come formatted as fat32 in order to interface with the maximum number of operating systems. [ added from comments ] you can use a windows command prompt command to convert a fat volume to ntfs. open a command prompt window ( start | type cmd and enter into the search dialog to open a window ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40524609124465844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.656486"} {"text": "of operating systems. [ added from comments ] you can use a windows command prompt command to convert a fat volume to ntfs. open a command prompt window ( start | type cmd and enter into the search dialog to open a window ). to see the full syntax of the command and to verify that the command is present in your version of windows type ( no quotes ) \u201c convert /? \u201d at the command prompt and hit enter. this should give you the help and if it comes up you have the command available to use. the command to convert any drive from fat to ntfs would then be : convert d : / fs : ntfs where d : is the drive letter of the disk / volume you wish to convert. if you want to watch the details add a / v ( for verbose ) to the command. also, to enable all users to access the drive, just in case you might want to also add / nosecurity to the command line. these latter two are optional and usually not needed. also, this procedure does not erase the disk so files should be safe. as in all things computer, having a backup of important files is critical no matter what and i \u2019 d be careful if the disk is almost full as fat and ntfs disks likely have different sector sizes and therefore hold different amounts of information. - microsoft description of fat32 - how to convert a fat16 volume or a fat32 volume to an ntfs file system - fat32 structure information - wikipedia fat entry - wikipedia ntfs entry comments from original article : said this on 2009 - 12 - 21 at 10 : 42 pm very nice article the command for converting fat32 to ntfs is as follows start > run > cmd convert d : / fs : ntfs where d : is the drive letter of the external disk. said this on 2010 - 01 - 02 at 09 : 00 am in reply to # 4 thanks anan, this info was extremely helpful. when i tried to do format it showed only fat32 option but with this command it converted to ntfs. now i can copy large files! said this on 2010 - 01 - 17 at 11 : 34 pm in reply to # 4 \u201c the command for converting fat32 to ntfs is as follows \u2026 \u201d thanks anand. worked perfectly, was trying to copy an 8gb movie to a 16gb usb stick and kept getting the disk is full ( brand new and freshly formated ). after i ran that it copied no problems. said this on 2010 - 04 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3679572555315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.657923"} {"text": ". worked perfectly, was trying to copy an 8gb movie to a 16gb usb stick and kept getting the disk is full ( brand new and freshly formated ). after i ran that it copied no problems. said this on 2010 - 04 - 26 at 12 : 08 am in reply to # 8 thats exactly the prob i was facing! though my usb was 8 gb. solved now after i stumbled upon the solution given here. said this on 2010 - 09 - 10 at 07 : 52 am in reply to # 4 legend. worked first time said this on 2010 - 01 - 14 at 03 : 50 am microsoft has provided the recommended solution for this issue here : http : / / support. microsoft. com / kb / 307881 said this on 2010 - 01 - 19 at 02 : 40 am thanks 1000 for your precious informations, very easy and understandable! you solved my problem with huge files. said this on 2010 - 01 - 23 at 12 : 02 pm that microsoft article didnt have my problem \u2018 the drive is not clean \u2019 so i couldnt convert it. i ran chkdsk like prompted ( it even ran it in the initial process ) and to no avail it was a - okay. so i just went ahead and opened up admin tools via control panel then formatted my terabyte portable hdd over night \u2026 its been seven hours and its at 89 % said this on 2010 - 01 - 23 at 02 : 42 pm in reply to # 11 sometimes a full format is the only way to change a drive but, frankly, i \u2019 m a bit surprised that a drive as large as that was fat formatted to begin with and not ntfs formatted. the world of computers constantly throws curveballs. said this on 2010 - 02 - 07 at 02 : 26 am hi, i think it is happening again. ms has win7 out and xp must go, so they do the same thing as with win98se, when it was at its end of life, and xp took over. it is the big file copy / delete etc that was then crippled. and now its the same with xp. said this on 2010 - 02 - 16 at 06 : 41 am thank you very much! by far the best answer on the internet! i was wondering if now my macor the ps3 at home will be able to read this file from the usb. said this on 2010 - 02 - 16 at 10 : 05 am in reply to # 14 afaik the ps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4113838784171372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.670211"} {"text": "the internet! i was wondering if now my macor the ps3 at home will be able to read this file from the usb. said this on 2010 - 02 - 16 at 10 : 05 am in reply to # 14 afaik the ps3 game system uses fat32 and cannot read ntfs disks. so, it is limited to files smaller that about 4gb. said this on 2010 - 12 - 04 at 03 : 12 pm in reply to # 15 hey u can use winrar it help u to convert your file to something like 5x700 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 said this on 2010 - 02 - 23 at 03 : 40 pm thanks i needed this information for an external disk which came with fat32 format, now i can move large files into it thanks again!! said this on 2010 - 03 - 10 at 11 : 19 am thnx man! u saved my life! cheers! said this on 2010 - 03 - 23 at 06 : 20 pm 1. how can i tell if my drive is fat32 or ntfs? is there a dos command? 2. if i convert from fat32 to ntfs do i loose the data on the drive >? txs in advance said this on 2010 - 03 - 23 at 08 : 54 pm in reply to # 21 right click on the drive and select properties. in that dialog it should tell you what the drive format is. in vista all you have to do is click on the drive in the my computer window and down at the bottom it should say what the file system is. in general, there won \u2019 t be any data loss when converting from fat32 to ntfs however a backup of critical data is always a prudent thing to do ; particularly when the disk is almost full. if the sector size changes and the disk is almost full with lots of small files then the spare space at the end of the sectors could add up to trouble. but, if you \u2019 re changing the file system to put on a large file then that situation is very unlikely. said this on 2010 - 05 - 06 at 10 : 24 pm excellent article! if you have to transform fat32 in ntfs, you may format the drive into ntfs! right cklick on the drive you want to convert in windows explorer, than format, on options you choose ntfs, and click quick format! but, you loose all the data on the formatted drive! said this on 2010 - 05 - 12 at 10 : 06 am supurb article! i am having", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39209898548260996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.671400"} {"text": ", than format, on options you choose ntfs, and click quick format! but, you loose all the data on the formatted drive! said this on 2010 - 05 - 12 at 10 : 06 am supurb article! i am having the same issue. my brand new 1tb drive is fat32 formatted and i can \u2019 t move my backups ( 17 + gb ) to it. the issue i am having is that i have created several \u201c manual \u201d backups where i copied the files / directories over manually as the backup file ( dna ) would not work with the drive. if i run the convert d : / fs : ntfs command, will it overwrite / destroy my \u201c manual \u201d backups that i already have on the drive or will it convert the files in the process of converting the drive? thanks in advance, said this on 2010 - 05 - 12 at 10 : 19 am in reply to # 26 the convert program will take care of moving the files into the ntfs structure with ( usually ) no data loss. i say usually because if the disk is quite full before the conversion strange things sometimes happen. but, if it \u2019 s not particularly full then all should be ok. i would not try the command if the disk is almost full. i \u2019 d move some things, do the command, and then move them back. said this on 2010 - 05 - 27 at 02 : 17 pm if i already have files on the portable drive will i lose those files when i convert it to ntfs? said this on 2010 - 05 - 27 at 04 : 31 pm in reply to # 29 no. at least not unless the drive is almost full. in that case it \u2019 s remotely possible that one or more files might not be converted properly but this usually happens more when going from ntfs back to fat rather than fat to ntfs. that said, it \u2019 s always good to have a backup when messing with the lower levels on a drive. said this on 2010 - 06 - 22 at 09 : 19 am very good article. i just bought a usb drive and i couldnt copy files larger than 4g and i didnt know why!! i searched google, found this article and in 2 minutes i made it work!! thank you said this on 2010 - 06 - 28 at 03 : 04 pm thanks for this post, i \u2019 ve learned a lot. however, i found the post whilst searching for an answer to a related problem. i have a mini cam on which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4012660730053012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.674552"} {"text": "thank you said this on 2010 - 06 - 28 at 03 : 04 pm thanks for this post, i \u2019 ve learned a lot. however, i found the post whilst searching for an answer to a related problem. i have a mini cam on which i filmed a long avi video \u2013 shows as just under 4 gb ( 4193258kb \u2013 maybe somehow the cam capped the file size? ) \u2013 however i am not able to open / play the movie. i converted the memory card to ntfs ( so i won \u2019 t have the issue again ) but am still unable to view this movie. any ideas what i can do to rescue my movie? said this on 2010 - 06 - 28 at 03 : 16 pm in reply to # 33 your theory about the camera capping the file size is likely correct. as to viewing the file, i \u2019 m sorry but i \u2019 m not a video file format expert. it \u2019 s possible that the file is simply not correctly terminated by the software in the camera. search for video recovery software ; there should be a free version of something out there ( be careful you don \u2019 t get any junkware with ads, etc. in it though ). btw, if you reformatted the memory card to ntfs it \u2019 s quite possible that the camera will not be able to write to it at all. most devices are programmed to write to the fat file system. you might want to try the card in the camera before you commit to filming anything important. you may just have to reformat the card again and content yourself to shooting shorter sequences and then edit them together. said this on 2010 - 06 - 29 at 10 : 56 pm thanks for the great write - up. i recently bought a 32gb usb flash drive to copy large pst files and couldn \u2019 t because the usb was fat32. read your article and ran the convert command to make the usb ntfs, and voilla, i can now copy the files. thanks! said this on 2010 - 07 - 06 at 02 : 53 am i have win xp and ntfs file system in the both drivers but when i try to copy big file whuch size ( 28 gb or more ) it gives me can \u2019 t copy, not enough space, despite having larger free space idont know why?? said this on 2010 - 07 - 06 at 04 : 59 pm in reply to # 37 28g should not be a problem ( other than the time it will take! ) for ntfs formatted media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40816665595744983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.675996"} {"text": "larger free space idont know why?? said this on 2010 - 07 - 06 at 04 : 59 pm in reply to # 37 28g should not be a problem ( other than the time it will take! ) for ntfs formatted media. the max file size allowed is just shy of 16 terrabytes. said this on 2010 - 07 - 21 at 01 : 27 pm i have the same problem. i wanted to copy a movie file that is aprox. 7gb to a external hd of 320 gb and it has a free space of 10 gb. so now my question is if i convert the hd file system, does my existing data be erased or it would remain as it is. please i am waiting for your response. [ previously answered. the conversion is supposed to keep your data intact. every now and again it might not. with so little space left on the drive i ' d likely back some of that up and take it off the drive during the conversion and then put it back so the conversion routines have enough free space to work with. there is no absolute answer to your question. - - daboss ] said this on 2010 - 08 - 21 at 01 : 11 am is there any way that a file greater than 4gb can be watched on the ps3? im trying to convert my dvd library, but i want the files to be the best quality they can be. if i cant move a file that is greater than 4gb, but i need my hard drive to be ntfs to move files to it, but the ps3 wont recognize ntfs \u2013 what do i do?? damien grant. said this on 2010 - 08 - 21 at 10 : 29 am in reply to # 42 the ps3 only recognizes fat32. you \u2019 ll have to break the movie up into smaller sections. said this on 2010 - 08 - 28 at 05 : 51 pm i have been using adobe photoshop elements 2 for many years now and have only recently found the following bug. i have no problem when saving a file from this program to a terabyte size hard drive ( which is really around 930 gbs ). but after attaching an external 2tb hard drive, i \u2019 ve found that this program will not save to this drive, because it is full \u2013 and according to my computer it has more than a terabyte of room (? ). apparently, this program has a maximum limit to saving files to a 1tb hard drive. if i save any file created to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39706775303667075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.677520"} {"text": "because it is full \u2013 and according to my computer it has more than a terabyte of room (? ). apparently, this program has a maximum limit to saving files to a 1tb hard drive. if i save any file created to any other drive ( equal to or less than a terabyte ) \u2013 no problem. then i can drag and drop it into the 2tb drive \u2013 no problem. i can only guess that the software people imagined that this early program would never save files to more than a terabyte \u2013 \u201c surprise \u2013 surprise \u2013 sgt carter \u201d!!!!! said this on 2010 - 08 - 28 at 05 : 58 pm in reply to # 45 actually, it \u2019 s probably not the program but the operating system. i \u2019 ll bet you are using windows xp. that \u2019 s a limit of xp. the larger than 1tb disks start writing data at a different location that requires multiple sectors to be read and written for each single sector call and vista and beyond can easily handle this this but xp cannot. i have an article in writing about this but it got delayed by my 99. 5 - year - old mother \u2019 s passing and my moving to a new city. i \u2019 ll be getting back to that shortly. note that some disk makers provide a program that can make xp work with the larger disk but it does so by moving data on the disk to a different series of locations and so the disk might not be able to be read if later moved to a different operating system. said this on 2011 - 11 - 05 at 04 : 37 pm in reply to # 46 hi \u2013 - daboss : wrongo! this is a problem with nearly all pse programs up to 7 or 8. they will not write to a terabyte sized hdd. once above 1tb, you \u2019 re cooked. you can open, but not save. adobe, in it \u2019 s vast wisdom, has only recently realized that the tb barrier would likely be broken with people still using pse - 2 thru 7. what we need is a crack to disable the remaining disk - space check. obtw \u2013 - i am running winblows vista ( which sux \u2013 shades of winme ). [ actually, righto as far as it goes. the terabyte limit ( and it ' s usually around 2t but can vary by device ) is something else having to do with 256 byte fat versus 4096 byte fat design ; not as easily solved as you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4039890034815003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.678586"} {"text": "as far as it goes. the terabyte limit ( and it ' s usually around 2t but can vary by device ) is something else having to do with 256 byte fat versus 4096 byte fat design ; not as easily solved as you ' ve found. vista and above won ' t be bothered but xp and outside devices will. there are workarounds for xp but these won ' t work with external devices like the playstation. - - daboss ] said this on 2010 - 09 - 07 at 08 : 48 pm if i convert my external hard disk to ntfs will this erase all my file in it??? also when i try on command prompt it says : \u201d acces denied as you do not have sufficient privileges. \u201d [ as answered before multiple times, generally no to the file loss. as to the privilege item, right click the command prompt icon and select run as administrator. if asked, give the proper password and then you should be able to continue. - - daboss ] said this on 2010 - 09 - 28 at 01 : 42 am there \u2019 s a lot of useful information in this article, but the original premise is flawed : \u201c if you are trying to copy a movie from a dvd onto your fat32 - formatted hard drive it likely won \u2019 t copy as most full - length movies are files larger than 4gb. \u201d that \u2019 s not correct, if you \u2019 re talking about the dvd video standard ( as in the movie dvds you buy or rent ), the maximum. vob file size is 1gb, which fat32 happily supports. the total amount of video data does, as you say, far exceed 4gb, but that is achieved by breaking the video data into multiple files. unless you \u2019 re creating a. iso image file, fat32 isn \u2019 t a problem. dealing with the dvd encryption is far more of a problem. said this on 2010 - 09 - 28 at 08 : 34 am in reply to # 50 most people try to get the iso file as they don \u2019 t know about the chapters and dvd encryption was broken a long time ago. even the master blue ray code was leaked not long ago so that will be less and less of a problem over time now. said this on 2010 - 10 - 20 at 12 : 59 pm hi. i have xp w / nero. i tried to copy a 2. 17 gb file to a 4. 7 gb dvd and received the message my file was too big for the disk, & was required to select", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44571454168648106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.679535"} {"text": "20 at 12 : 59 pm hi. i have xp w / nero. i tried to copy a 2. 17 gb file to a 4. 7 gb dvd and received the message my file was too big for the disk, & was required to select \u201c use 8. 3 file names for back - up. \u201d i tried your formula above \u2013 start > run > cmd convert d : / fs : ntfs & received the message \u201c cannot convert volume on this device. \u201d am i doing something wrong? i am backing up some large picture and music files and it seems wasteful to have to use 3 - 4 almost 5 gb disks for only 8 gb of files. thanks for your help. said this on 2010 - 10 - 20 at 01 : 14 pm in reply to # 52 i would contact nero. you can \u2019 t use the conversion on a disc but you should not have to. sounds like a program limitation to me ; particularly with the need for 8. 3 names. have not needed those for a long time now. there are special ( obscure ) rules for cd / dvd file naming but 8. 3 is not one of them. said this on 2010 - 11 - 20 at 10 : 29 am thanks for the article, very informative. 1 question though : if my external hard drive is 320gb in size, and only 28gb is free and i want to copy a 6gb file over without losing any of the data ; can you assure me that converting from fat32 - > ntfs that i will not lose any data? said this on 2010 - 11 - 20 at 01 : 24 pm in reply to # 56 absolutely assure? no. nothing in life is absolutely certain. but, under the conditions you describe i see no problems. you have enough space to spare so the conversion should leave you with pretty much what you have free and that \u2019 s plenty to do the copy you want to do. as always however it there are critical files on the drive they should be backed up somewhere and this is true even if you were not contemplating a conversion. drives fail. that \u2019 s a rule you can pretty much count on. said this on 2010 - 11 - 21 at 09 : 16 pm u dont have to use this method. there is an easy way. u just have to right click on your drive and click format and change the settings from fat into ntfs and click format and then u will be able to transfer large files easily. [ the point is that people want to keep what ' s already on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.427568010456865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.680450"} {"text": "just have to right click on your drive and click format and change the settings from fat into ntfs and click format and then u will be able to transfer large files easily. [ the point is that people want to keep what ' s already on the drive. formatting will erase all that stuff. but, yes, if you don ' t care about what ' s on the drive then by all means format it as it ' s faster. - - daboss ] said this on 2010 - 12 - 05 at 11 : 50 pm does the drive get formated by this method??????? [ not exactly but sort of. the drive is incrementally changed to ntfs format so that ' s the ultimate result but, in the process, the data is preserved where it ' s not when you format the drive. - - daboss ] wing tat chan said this on 2011 - 01 - 09 at 06 : 13 pm do i have to backup my files in my external drive while the windows is converting my external drive from fat32 to ntfs? [ the answer is in the article and following comments. i ' m tired of typing the same thing over and over so please read what ' s written. thank you. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 01 - 10 at 12 : 32 am by converting my external hard disk from fat32 to ntfs will my data stored be erased? [ the answer is in the article and following comments. i ' m tired of typing the same thing over and over so please read what ' s written. thank you. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 01 - 17 at 10 : 03 am nice article, but sadly it never tells you what to do if you want to see a movie via your extern harddrive. as far as i understand the only format that tv, soundbars etc can read is the fat32. so what to do if you want to watch a movie on your extern. the only way to get the movie to the extern is to make it ntfs, but then your tv wont be able to read it.. said this on 2011 - 01 - 17 at 12 : 04 pm in reply to # 68 while not explicitly stated the answer is implicit in the article. to play on an external device you basically need to make the file less than 4 gigabytes in size. use your favorite editor to either re compress the file to a smaller size or split the file into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.36390566518382284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.681329"} {"text": "the answer is implicit in the article. to play on an external device you basically need to make the file less than 4 gigabytes in size. use your favorite editor to either re compress the file to a smaller size or split the file into multiple files. said this on 2011 - 02 - 17 at 06 : 48 am is there anyway at all you could transfer files larger than 4gb on a wd my passport hard drive on a macbook? apparently people have problems using nfts on mac operating systems. [ sorry, i ' m not a mac person. anyone? - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 02 - 22 at 10 : 39 am i just tried this to an external hd and now it \u2019 s telling me my drive is unformatted and / or corrupted. any suggestions as to my next step in troubleshooting? [ without being there to see the situation and understand what happened simply trying now to format the drive would be my suggestion. if that doesn ' t work then i ' d contact the manufacturer and try to find out what makes their drive so special that it won ' t take simple windows commands. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 03 - 06 at 10 : 08 am hi this is common problem with win xp and win vista when transfering or copying files esp above 4 gb. i \u2019 ve simple solution attach pen drive or memory card to ur usb port open windows explorer / my computer.. now right click on the drive letter select open as \u201c portable media device \u201d.. this opens new window.. drag and drop or copy paste the huge files into this window. no need to format or change partition type!! note this is slow as now computer will treat as portable device instead of usb. [ this will work but pay attention to the last part. as a portable device the usb device will not look like a standard file system to windows or the mac and can only be used as a portable media device. if ntfs formatting is used then the device can store media and other files. the down side of either is that the computer or other device you plug the usb drive into must either support portable media devices in one case or ntfs in another. that ' s not always the case so know what your devices support. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 03 - 21 at 02 : 31 pm i did all the steps and then it was calculating the size for the conversion with a bunch of numbers \u2026 \u2026. then after waiting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4115542838500277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.682256"} {"text": "what your devices support. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 03 - 21 at 02 : 31 pm i did all the steps and then it was calculating the size for the conversion with a bunch of numbers \u2026 \u2026. then after waiting it gave me a message saying this. \u201d data error ( cyclic redundancy check ) \u201d [ sounds like maybe one or more sectors on the drive have become corrupted in some way. i ' d back everything up by copying to another disk and then after you know the backup is good ( test it ) i ' d just reformat the initial disk and start over with it. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 04 - 09 at 07 : 20 pm this does not fix the problem. cuz my tv cant read from ntfs structure, but it support h264 ( i flashed firmware on lg ). thats really sucks! fat32 sucks. [ that ' s what happens when you live at the convergence point of technology. often, the old isn ' t good enough and the new isn ' t well supported. until the tv maybe gets a new operating system update that does support ntfs best you can do is either reduce the resolution to fit everything into the proper size or break the video apart into properly - sized sections. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 06 - 10 at 02 : 17 pm i think this question come about in this scenario. you have a 20gb hard disk with only 500mb free, you try to copy or move a 3gb size file to another drive. the copy process is halted because you need a certain amount of caching area on the disk your copying from for the data to be written for the simple reason if the copy or move fails you already have a duplicate of the duplicate in a temp file form. i find depending on the file being moved you need an equal size amount of free space to produce the same temp file your copying. confused ok let me simplify i had a drive c : with only 20mb free so i though \u201c i know i will move a large video file say 700mb to get me more space wrong error says your don \u2019 t have free space on the drive your copying to ( seems weird ) even though you have gb \u2019 s free. solution move loads of lesser than 20mb files to create enough cache or temp space to copy the large file in my case only 2 lesser than 20mb then with now 60mb approx freed up moved 50mb files and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4342322297538598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.683198"} {"text": "have gb \u2019 s free. solution move loads of lesser than 20mb files to create enough cache or temp space to copy the large file in my case only 2 lesser than 20mb then with now 60mb approx freed up moved 50mb files and so on until i had 400mb then any size file was movable \u2026. phew \u2026 hope that helps if even a little. [ actually, a valid observation but it does not relate to the specific topic here which has more to do with the overall limits of the file system instead of quirks in how windows copies files. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 06 - 20 at 09 : 45 am my dba \u2019 s & server \u2019 s support team trying move one large sharepoint content db file ( around 100 gb ) backup file from prod to qa.. but they always recieve the error \u201c cannot copy the db : not enough storage is available to process this command \u201d. server : windows 2003 se sp2 please can you advice on how to avoid this error, and copy the file properly from one server to another.. [ sorry, no experience with this specific task. however, as a general comment, make certain there is at least double the size of the file you want to copy free on both drives. some network systems will, in order to prevent conflicts, make a temporary copy of the file, copy that and then delete the copy. likewise, on the receiving end, the file may be copied to a temporary file, copied over to the actual file name and then the temporary file deleted. these actions require the double free space. but, that ' s just a guess. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 07 - 13 at 09 : 58 am when i \u2019 ve done the above convert commands i get the message : the type of file system is fat32 and doesn \u2019 t go any further in the process. any ideas please? [ sounds like the conversion did not process correctly and so you still have fat32 instead of ntfs. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 07 - 18 at 04 : 29 am thanks for the info. you have resolved 75 % of my problem. i have to external disc driver both in nfts. and i cannot transfert big files from one to an other. error copying file or folder cannot copy file. [ sorry, no way knowing from that error message. could be one of a great many reasons. - - daboss ] said this on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4724603370210629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.684157"} {"text": "i cannot transfert big files from one to an other. error copying file or folder cannot copy file. [ sorry, no way knowing from that error message. could be one of a great many reasons. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 08 - 22 at 04 : 59 am a very good article. but no solution? [ please consider reading it again. solution is convert to ntfs. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 11 - 25 at 04 : 30 pm followed the instructions and it says is not available for raw drives, i have a 120 gb ipod hooked up, what am i doing wrong? [ you are trying to apply a windows command to a non - windows - formatted device. won ' t work on apple stuff. sorry. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 12 - 11 at 06 : 02 am don \u2019 t do this for memory card! u have to format all of ur data huh otherwise it will convert in to s * * *. [ yes. this is just for usb drives and not for things like sd cards that might fit into a camera. the memory cards carry their own fat - style formatting but it ' s a bit different than the disk fat. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 12 - 26 at 06 : 28 am your article is so helpfull for us, ut itz not complete \u2026 \u2026.. some file system type u didnt xpossed, eg : exfat, its a file sytem can u give the information about this??????? [ it ' s not really an article about file systems as such ; just a way to get more onto a removable device. but, i ' ll think about it. - - daboss ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45699083180752287, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.684798"} {"text": "with the increasing awareness of the importance of breast screening for early detection of cancer, breast imaging has found a place in today - - s diagnostic armamentarium. the common imaging modalities are mammography, ultrasound and mri. mammography is the investigation of choice and is an essential part of screening programmes in the west. mammography and ultrasound are corroborative and are generally done together. mri finds a place in the evaluation of dense breasts and in multi - centric cancer, said dr padmaja canumalla, specialist radiologist, zulekha hospital, dubai. the high risk factors in breast cancer are patients with mother / sister having cancer breast or cancer ovary, patients on hrt, patients over 60 years, late motherhood and short lactation. screening mammography has been proved to have a place in the early detection of breast cancer. the american cancer society recommendations are : - - physical exam regularly after 20 years age - - base line exam - - between 35 and 39 years - - annual / biannual exam - - between 40 and 49 years - - yearly after 50 years breast reporting has been standardised by the american college of radiologist so that there is good understanding between the reporting radiologist and the treating clinician. reporting is done based on the breast lexicon and every report is given a category of the birads ( breast imaging reporting and data system ). this allows a uniform standard interpretation of the report. according to the rcr guidelines, mammography is not recommended for generalised lumpiness, long standing nipple retraction and cyclical breast pain associated with periods. the factors which protect from breast cancer are : - - four or more hours of exercise per week results in about 40 per cent reduction in breast cancer risk. - - physical exercise in adolescence was associated with significantly delayed breast cancer onset. - - healthy weight at menarche and at 21 years significantly delayed breast cancer onset. - - women who average 1. 5 drinks per day have a 30 per cent increase in risk. - - radiation is dangerous for young women, especially if they have not completed breast development. - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49027637349410835, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.687247"} {"text": "how cpu ' s work ( was re : hi, i ' m new... ) ard at p850ug1. demon. co. uk sun aug 6 17 : 28 : 13 cdt 2006 > tony duell wrote : > > > hehe... abracadrabra. > > all i can say is that it ' s a wonderful feeling when you finally > > understand how a cpu works at this level. all the magic has gone away, > > everything makes sense again. > yeah, cpu ' s are really very simple. here ' s my half drunken rant about > them. skip this if you know how cpu ' s work. : - ) > basically, cpu ' s fetch opcodes ( instructions ) and data, then decode said > instruction, execute them, and increment their program counter register > ( or change it to a new value ), and repeat. the ones with microcode ( or > risc ) are easiest to understand, although you don ' t get to see the that very much depends on the cpu. if the cpu is many chips ( not a single package ) with microcode in proms, there ' s nothing to stop you desoldering said proms and reading them out. i ' ve done that, then written a disassembler for the microode instructions and worked out what was going on. and some cpus, the perq being probably the most common example, load their microcode from disk at power - on. in which case you might even get a mcirocode assembler and disassember as standard os tools. if not, you can > they all are pretty much similar in that they have a register called pc > ( or ir ) that point to the currently executing opcode. > risc ones and microcoded ones use the bits in the opcode to turn on > circuits that do what the opcode says. with some cpu ' s you can almost > \" see \" the circuitry that does this by looking at the opcode tables. this is rather a higher level tham i was considering it. i was thinking more along the lines of ' decoder u55 decodes the 3 - bit field consisting of micorocode bits 23 - 25. output 4 of this decoder enables or gate u27c which passes the delayed clock to the clock input of the d - type u71a. this stores the carry output of the alu, and acts as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5152544846146466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.690505"} {"text": "##code bits 23 - 25. output 4 of this decoder enables or gate u27c which passes the delayed clock to the clock input of the d - type u71a. this stores the carry output of the alu, and acts as a carry flag ' yes, i do often consider cpus at that level > granted, they can be complex if you ' re dealing with x86, but even so, if > you were able to see what the x86 ones really do underneath the the > layer that ' s masked, each piece is simple. it ' s just that there are > many, many, many pieces, which make for a complex device. the problem is that most books describe the simple parts ( gates, flip - flops ), then the final result ( cpu, at the level of ' fetch an instruction, decode it, increment pc ' ), but miss out the bit in between. exactly how you can link up gates and ffs to make a cpu. > a cpu is hooked up to a bunch of memory. the memory is addressable > linearly ( on most cpu ' s ) and some of it is rom because ram loses it ' s > data on power off. the perq has no rom in the memory map ( and no, there is no frontpanel where you toggle in a boot loader by hand ). what there is is a little microcode prom that overlays the bottom part of the microcode ram. this prom contains enough microode to read the boot sector from disk into the mcirocode store ( said boot sector of course contains microcode ), that then reads in some more microcode, which reads in the os into user ram. more information about the cctech", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5442534886800643, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.691132"} {"text": "cities across u. s. bore brunt of record - setting july heat preliminary climate data for july shows that many cities across the u. s. experienced record - setting months, with temperatures propelled upwards by a massive area of high pressure, more popularly known as a heat dome, that kept cooling rains at bay. for example, in st. louis, mo., where the year - to - date has been the warmest such period on record, the city has already exceeded its all - time record for the greatest number of days with high temperatures of 105\u00b0f or above, beating the 10 such days that occurred during the dust bowl in 1934. in wichita, kan., july was the fourth warmest month on record, tied with 1934. wichita recorded 21 100 - degree days during the month, which was the second greatest such tally ever recorded there during the month of july. july was also denver \u2019 s warmest month on record, with an average temperature of 78. 9\u00b0f, beating the previous record that was set in 1934 by more than a full degree. the \" mile high city \" had seven 100 - degree days, and there were 27 days with a high temperature of 90\u00b0f or higher. and for many in the lower 48 states, august is coming in the same way july ended \u2014 dangerously hot, with only sporadic rain showers. in oklahoma city, high temperatures on wednesday were forecast to \u201c flirt with \u201d the city \u2019 s all - time high temperature record of 113\u00b0f, according to the national weather service ( nws ). tulsa, okla., is likely to come close to its all - time record of 115\u00b0f as well. of all the areas that have been hammered by the intense heat, the mississippi ozarks and southeast kansas may take the prize for enduring the worst of it, at least during the past two weeks, when a brutal combination of high heat and a pronounced lack of rainfall took hold. in joplin, mo., the average high temperature during july was 99. 7\u00b0f, and the city only received a trace of rainfall. joplin \u2019 s average temperature during july was 6. 4\u00b0f above average, and the month ranked as the city \u2019 s fourth - warmest on record. july ' s heat also extended northward to chicago, where the \" windy city \" experienced its third - warmest july, with an average temperature of 81. 1\u00b0f, which was 7. 1\u00b0f above normal. in rockford, ill., july was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38291441317822683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.695723"} {"text": "also extended northward to chicago, where the \" windy city \" experienced its third - warmest july, with an average temperature of 81. 1\u00b0f, which was 7. 1\u00b0f above normal. in rockford, ill., july was the warmest such month on record, with an average temperature that was 7. 0\u00b0f above average. in oklahoma city, high temperatures in 2012 ( red line ) have been well above average. large grey background is the all - time temperature range. dashed lines are 15 day running mean temperature, and the small grey box shows daily norms. click on the image for a larger version. credit : patrick marsh. on the east coast, washington d. c. had its second - hottest july, exceeded only by july 2011, which was 0. 5\u00b0f warmer. this july, however, set new standards for the greatest number of 100 - degree days, with seven, and tied 1930 for the longest string of consecutive 100 - degree days, with four. according to the weather service, one - third of july days now have record high - minimum temperatures that were set in either 2010, 2011, or 2012, indicating that each of the past three julys have featured unusually warm overnight low temperatures. the record warm july comes in a year that has been extraordinarily warm, particularly in the u. s., where record daily high temperatures have been outnumbering record daily low temperatures by a nearly 9 - to - 1 ratio. as of june, the latest month for which figures are available, we ' ve experienced the 328th month in a row \u2014 that ' s more than 27 years \u2014 with global temperatures above the 20th century average. the last month to come in below average was february of 1985. for the u. s., the warm july follows a warmer - than - average june, which came on the heels of the warmest spring on record, which in turn was the culmination of the warmest march, third - warmest april, and second - warmest may. this year marked the first time that all three months during the spring season ranked among the 10 warmest, since records began in 1895. the heat has been accompanied by, and is also feeding off of, an expanding and intense drought, which is now covering a majority of the country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3990879512350183, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.696561"} {"text": "fused genes tackle deadly pierce \u2019 s disease in grapevines - a gene fusion research project led by a uc davis plant scientist delivers a one - two punch to pierce ' s disease, a deadly threat to california \u2019 s world - renowned wine industry. a gene fusion research project led by a uc davis plant scientist delivers a one - two punch to pierce ' s disease, a deadly threat to california \u2019 s world - renowned wine industry. the study was published in the early edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. \u201c many disease - causing microbes can evade one defensive action by a host plant, but we believe that most microbes would have difficulty overcoming a combination of two immune - system defenses, \u201d said uc davis plant sciences professor abhaya dandekar, the lead researcher. he and his colleagues tested this hypothesis on xylella fastidiosa, the bacteria responsible for pierce ' s disease in grapevines. strains of the bacteria also attack and damage other host plants, including citrus, stone fruits, almonds, oleander, and certain shade trees, such as oaks, elms, maples and sycamores. the findings further strengthen uc davis \u2019 standing as a world leader in the science of plant improvement through advances in genetics, genomics, plant breeding and biodiversity. first noted in california near anaheim around 1884, pierce ' s disease in grapevines is now known to exist in 28 california counties. from 1994 to 2000, the disease destroyed more than 1, 000 acres of northern california grapevines, causing $ 30 million in damages. there is currently no known cure for pierce \u2019 s disease. in grapevines, xylella fastidiosa is carried from plant to plant by half - inch - long insects known as sharpshooters. the bacteria infect and clog the plant \u2019 s water - transporting tissue, or xylem. grapevines with pierce ' s disease develop yellow and brown leaves and die within a few years. to block such infections, the researchers engineered a hybrid gene by fusing together two genes that are responsible for two key functions of the plant \u2019 s innate immune response : recognizing xylella fastidiosa as a bacterial invader and destroying its outer membranes, causing the bacteria to die. the researchers then inserted this hybrid gene into grapevines. they found that sap from plants genetically engineered with the hybrid gene effectively killed xylella fastidiosa in the laboratory. and grapevines engineered to carry the hybrid gene had significantly less leaf scorching and x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4651623898963718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.699277"} {"text": "ant hills are an unlikely source of inspiration, but some large organisations are developing biologically - based techniques in the drive to deliver a competitive edge to it systems in cut - throat markets. danny bradbury reports on how nature can supply some new answers to old problems you might wonder what it could gain from emulating nature. yet large corporations in the uk are already investing in research into biological computing to enhance their it systems. royal mail is looking at immune systems as a way to highlight anomalies and detect fraud, while bt sees studying the behaviour of ants as a source of routing algorithms. using biological characteristics found in the natural world as a means of enhancing software has existed as a concept since the 1940s, when neural networks were proposed as the basis for artificial intelligence. it is only in the last few years, however, that links between algorithms found in nature and computer software have fuelled commercial interest. most of these techniques exhibit similar traits at an abstract level, explains ken lodding, a scientist who is designing biological algorithms for fault - tolerant computing at nasa. \" in certain cases you need a mathematical calculation to the nth degree, but when you are doing searches or certain other actions you basically need a good enough answer, \" he says. \" that is what we do as human beings, and that is what i believe will come out of biological models. they are not hard - core logic. \" instead, the logic in biological computing systems is decidedly fuzzy. lodding hopes that one day he will be able to apply his software to the next generation of mars rovers, to avoid events such as the malfunction of the java - based operating software on the pathfinder mars rover. debugging a program on a machine 35 million miles away can cause major headaches. lodding wants to build machines that can correct their own faults, by dividing functions into cellular software components which can take on certain functions, guided by in - built software \" genomes \". the concept is similar to the development of an embryo, explains lodding. \" you start with a stem cell and then as the body grows your cells take on different tasks because they have the appropriate gene structure. we are emulating that in the software, \" he says. if one or more cells responsible for a particular function fail, others can take over, making the machine more autonomous. this approach resonates with developmental algorithms, which are richard tateson ' s core area. tateson, a senior researcher in bt ' s pervasive ict research laboratory and a doctor in developmental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5511254246772856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.708642"} {"text": "can take over, making the machine more autonomous. this approach resonates with developmental algorithms, which are richard tateson ' s core area. tateson, a senior researcher in bt ' s pervasive ict research laboratory and a doctor in developmental biology, says biological computing is finding real - world applications in commercial fields. ant algorithms are particularly promising, he says. also known as stigmergy, it works by letting agents affect their environment rather than communicating with each other directly. \" real ants leave a pheromone trail that can be followed by others. the more ants that follow it, the stronger the trail. they head directly back to the nest when they find it so the trail gets stronger, \" he explains. \" this is very interesting to telecoms companies because of the path - finding and routing algorithms that you can apply them to. \" likewise, evolutionary computing, at the simplest level, attempts to solve problems by testing many randomly - generated solutions and scoring them based on their success. the solutions that get the best scores stay in the game while those that fail are killed off, in a process similar to darwin ' s natural selection. solutions that survive are bred together, creating newer, stronger solutions, until a handful of final candidates remain. in this way, it progresses to quality output. this, along with other biological algorithms, lies at the heart of galapagos, the aptly - named optimisation tool from uk - based start - up codefarm. managing director jeremy mabbitt explains that the product is divided into two parts : a java 2 enterprise edition - based server set up to optimise a grid of client pcs ; and a workbench product designed to create evaluation scenarios. investment house kbc financial products has been using the evolutionary algorithm software to evaluate potential portfolio mixes of convertible and derivative financial products. previously it used a manual approach in which combinations of numbers were crunched in an excel spreadsheet. another promising area in which biological computing techniques are being applied is in the detection of fraud. visa has been using neural networks to identify credit card fraud since 1994, when it created its cardholder risk identification service. this service was replaced late last year with the falcon neural networking product from us company fair isaac, which offered a better neural networking model tailored for credit card fraud. rebranded as visor, the product is already proving three - and - a - half times more effective than its predecessor, says the credit card company. robert littas, senior vice - president in fraud management for visa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5385616565103215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.710682"} {"text": "model tailored for credit card fraud. rebranded as visor, the product is already proving three - and - a - half times more effective than its predecessor, says the credit card company. robert littas, senior vice - president in fraud management for visa, explains that neural networks train themselves using high - volume data to enhance accuracy, but it can only ever be used as an indicator for further investigation. \" for us, what is important is to identify a particular transaction. the neural network will not tell you that something is absolutely a fraud, \" he says. \" instead, it scores an input, and the higher the number the greater the chance. the banks receive the score and then take appropriate action. \" royal mail has taken a different approach to fraud detection, concentrating on a much newer biological computing theory called computational immunology pioneered by stephanie forrest, a professor in computer science at the university of new mexico. this uses software to mimic the characteristics of the human immune system. mary wilde, a security researcher at royal mail, has applied the techniques to sifting through the large amounts of transactional data from branch post offices to highlight anomalies using the software equivalent of white blood cells. richard overill, senior lecturer in computer science at king ' s college london, was heavily involved in building the system. the underlying concept focuses on the idea of self, he explains. the system has to learn what \" self \" is by analysing data that is known to be non - fraudulent. when a good stable representation of self is achieved, you can start introducing transactional data with a mixture of good and bad behaviour, and hope that the software agents programmed into the system will recognise that some of these events are not in its self profile. if anything, the trial of the system produced too many results, says wilde, and many of them are false positives. \" translating them into business - speak and business transactions is tricky. we have to do a lot of work on assessing the results so that the interesting ones float to the top. \" nevertheless, overill eschewed the neural network concept in favour of immunology because he wanted more detail in his results. \" we know that banks detect fraud with neural networks but they don ' t explain to you which transaction it was or what was wrong with it, \" he explains. \" neural networks are no good for auditing and forensic analysis. \" the biggest tension for it professionals lies in moving from formal computing, in which the steps leading up to a result are intimately prescribed and understood,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5304958390248418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.711848"} {"text": "wrong with it, \" he explains. \" neural networks are no good for auditing and forensic analysis. \" the biggest tension for it professionals lies in moving from formal computing, in which the steps leading up to a result are intimately prescribed and understood, to biological algorithms that work in the realm of logical \" fuzziness \" and probabilities. lodding dreams of a time when tiny computational cells built into the wing of an aeroplane can make localised decisions using developmental biological algorithms. nature ' s role in the world of it may be relatively limited now but the commercial world is always looking for something new to give it the competitive edge. autonomic computing - learning from the body to self - heal ibm ' s autonomic computing initiative is still in its early stages, but it takes some ideas from the natural world and puts them into hardware and software form. drawing on the idea of the central nervous system, which passes data about the condition of the body to the brain, autonomic systems will be self - healing, self - optimising and self - protecting, say ibm researchers. but it is unlikely that autonomic computing will do away with the need for human intervention. \" the autonomic idea comes from the body. there are certain things the body can take care of itself, but you have to go to the doctor for other things, \" says adel fahmy, programme director for autonomic computing core technologies at ibm. hackers find a natural source for viruses viruses and worms are at the centre of the map when it comes to biological algorithms. the concept of reproduction and replication that mirrors biological viruses has been a mainstay of computer viruses since the first one appeared for the apple ii in 1982. since then, virus writers have embraced the biological metaphor with increasing enthusiasm, creating polymorphic viruses that mutate their own code. pete simpson, threatlab manager of content security company clearswift, draws attention to serotonin, a type of worm written by a czech virus writer in late 2002 which uses genetic techniques. the worm uses a theoretical peer - to - peer network called \" wormnet \" to exchange code with other copies of itself online, mutating pairs of code into new, single forms. the worm, which is currently available as source code but has not yet been deployed in the wild, also evolves in new environments. copies of itself die out if their mutated code cannot spread, leaving survivors to replicate themselves onto new networks. this was first published in july 2004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5783914707922582, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.712893"} {"text": "writing homework one answers - student twelve music is a form of art. it has the capability of taking a variety of complex thoughts and forming them into a simple order of words. music has been apart of the world for centuries and has been able to inspire a multitude of people. for myself, it is an escape from all of the struggles the world throws my way. the song \u201c prodigal \u201d by casting crowns has had a huge impact on my life as of lately. it demonstrates the parable that is taught by jesus in the book of luke, about two sons who inherit their father \u2019 s wealth. the youngest son receives his portion and leaves home in order to pursue his sublunary desires. he sets off for a distant country and there squanders his wealth in wild living. after the son \u2019 s entire fortune was gone, a terrible famine hit the country leaving him with nothing. spending much of his time on hard and tiring work the son realized that he needed his fathers love and support in order to survive. embarrassed and ashamed the son started back home, hoping that his father would at least take him back as a servant. much to his surprise the father welcomed him home with open arms and a loving heart. the father was neither upset nor angry with his son, but instead he was thrilled to have him back in his presence once again. casting crowns song quotes - \u201c daddy here i am again, take me back tonight. i went and made the world my friend, and it left me high and dry. i dragged your name back through the mud that you first found me in, not worthy to be called your son, is this to be my end? daddy here i am. \u201d often times, we conform ourselves to what the world expects and not to what god wants. we live our lives, make stupid mistakes, and never really think about god as much as we should. in fact, we hardly think about him at all. most of the time we don \u2019 t turn to him until we need something, something that is too much for us to handle. it devastates god, but as shown in the parable, god does not hesitate one bit when it comes to forgiveness. every time i hear this song i am reminded of how great god \u2019 s love is. it doesn \u2019 t matter where you are with your faith, or what you \u2019 ve done, there is nothing you can do to make god stop loving you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4920052935441235, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.715523"} {"text": "boiling mad : crabs feel pain robert roy britt livescience. com robert roy britt livescience. com \u2013 fri mar 27, 10 : 48 am et a favored method of preparing fresh crabs is to simply boil them alive. a longstanding related question : do they feel pain? yes, researchers now say. not only do crabs suffer pain, a new study found, but they retain a memory of it ( assuming they aren ' t already dead on your dinner plate ). the scientists say its time for new laws to consider the suffering of all crustaceans. the study involved using wires to deliver shocks to the bellies of hermit crabs, which, being hermits, often take up residence in left - behind mollusc shells. the crabs that were shocked scampered out of their shells, \" indicating that the experience is unpleasant for them, \" the scientists concluded ; unshocked crabs stayed put. another test was run to see what would happen if a mild shock was delivered, one just below the threshold that would cause the crabs to leave home. these mildly shocked crabs, along with crabs that had not been shocked, were then offered a new home. the typical reaction : they ' d go inspect the new shell. significantly, those that had been shocked were more likely to pack up and move to the new residence compared to those that hadn ' t been shocked. \" there has been a long debate about whether crustaceans including crabs, prawns and lobsters feel pain, \" said study researcher bob elwood of queen ' s university belfast in the uk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39507205905888365, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.717061"} {"text": "residents reminded to be vigilant about mosquitoes colorado mosquito control reminds area residents to be vigilant about standing water. the threat of west nile virus increases when higher - than - average temperatures and monsoon rains become more frequent. it is important for montezuma district residents to be aware of standing water in and around their yard. any water that stands for five to 10 days can produce the species of mosquito that is the area \u2019 s most competent vector of west nile virus. district residents are encouraged to empty water out of rain barrels, children \u2019 s pools, boats, water troughs or anything that is capable of holding rain water for five days. an average rain barrel that has even 6 inches of standing water is capable of producing multiple broods and thousands of mosquitoes. west nile virus has historically been found throughout the montezuma area and people should use precautions when outdoors in the early morning and evening. it is recommended that long sleeve shirts and long pants be worn along with insect repellent containing the active ingredient deet. of the 28 different mosquito species identified in the montezuma district, only three are considered competent transmitters of the virus, and only one of those is common enough to cause concern. residents with mosquito - related concerns should call colorado mosquito control at 565 - 9134.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43366158785070674, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.718569"} {"text": "the creation wiki is now operating on a new and improved server. from creationwiki, the encyclopedia of creation science - for the korean creationwiki : click here korea is a geographic area, civilization, and a former state situated on the korean peninsula in east asia, which is currently divided into north korea and south korea. in spite of the modern - day split between north and south korea, the korean people share a common heritage. excavations have found pottery and stone tools from neolithic - age settlements ca. 4000 b. c. and evidence that by 2000 b. c. a pottery culture had spread to the peninsula from china. starting in about 1100 b. c., migration from china into the korean peninsula established the city of p \u2019 yongyang. by the fourth century b. c., a number of walled - town states had been noted in korea by chinese officials. the most illustrious site, known to historians as old choson, was located in what today is the southern part of northeastern china and northwestern korea. old choson civilization was based on bronze culture and consisted of a political federation of walled towns. korean : \u1112\u1161\u11ab\u1100\u116e\u11a8 in south korea or \u110c\u1169\u1109\u1165\u11ab in north korea. republic of korea ( taehan min \u2019 guk / \u1103\u1162\u1112\u1161\u11ab \u1106\u1175\u11ab\u1100\u116e\u11a8 ) is a republic governed by a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature, the national assembly. although today south korea is recognized as a democracy, for several decades following the korean war it was ruled by a succession of leaders who assumed office under less than democratic circumstances. just more than 50 percent of koreans profess religious affiliation. that affiliation is spread among a great variety of traditions, including buddhism ( 25 percent ), christianity ( 25 percent ), confucianism ( 2 percent ), and shamanism. these numbers should be treated with some caution, however, as ( with the exception of christianity ) there are few if any meaningful distinctions between believers and nonbelievers in buddhism and confucianism, which is more of a set of ethical values than a religion. the cultural impact of these movements is far more widespread than the number of formal adherents suggests. a variety of \u201c new religions \u201d have emerged since the mid - nineteenth century, including ch \u2019 ondogyo. a very small muslim minority also exists. the republic of korea occupies the southern half of the korean peninsula on the northeastern corner of the asian continent. north korea lies to the north, and japan is located to the southeast, across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5496686226426085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.723640"} {"text": "\u2019 ondogyo. a very small muslim minority also exists. the republic of korea occupies the southern half of the korean peninsula on the northeastern corner of the asian continent. north korea lies to the north, and japan is located to the southeast, across the korea strait. it occupies nearly 45 percent of the land area of the korean peninsula, or 98, 190 square kilometers of land area and 290 square kilometers of water area. in july 2004, south korea \u2019 s population was estimated to be 48, 598, 175. the official growth rate estimate is 0. 6 percent, and this rate is expected to decline to zero by 2028. in the twentieth century, there has been significant emigration to china ( 1. 9 million ) and the united states ( 1. 5 million ), and about 1 million koreans live in japan and the countries of the former soviet union. more than 80 percent of all south koreans live in urban areas. population density is very high, with approximately 480 persons per square kilometer. the democratic people \u2019 s republic of korea ( \u110c\u1169\u1109\u1165\u11ab \u1106\u1175\u11ab\u110c\u116e\u110c\u116e\u110b\u1174 \u110b\u1175\u11ab\u1106\u1175\u11ab \u1100\u1169\u11bc\u1112\u116a\u1100\u116e\u11a8 ) is a communist state under the one - man leadership of kim jong il, chairman of the national defense commission \u2014 the nation \u2019 s \u201c highest administrative authority, \u201d supreme commander of the korean people \u2019 s army ( kpa ), and general secretary of the korean workers \u2019 party ( kwp ). traditionally, koreans have practiced buddhism and observed the tenets of confucianism. besides a small number of practicing buddhists ( about 10, 000, under the auspices of the official korean buddhist federation ), north korea also has some christians ( about 10, 000 protestants and 4, 000 roman catholics, under the auspices of the korean christian federation ) and some 2. 7 million indigenous ch \u2019 ondogyo ( heavenly way ) adherents. however, religious activities are almost nonexistent. three hundred buddhist temples exist, but they are considered cultural relics rather than active places of worship. there are several schools for religious education, including three - year religious colleges for training protestant and buddhist clergy. in 1989 kim il sung university established a religious studies program, but its graduates usually go on to work in the foreign trade sector. although the constitution provides for freedom of religious belief, in practice the government severely discourages organized religious activity except as supervised by the aforementioned officially recognized groups. constitutional changes made in 1992 allow authorized religious gatherings and the construction of buildings for religious use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5185737821604142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.724683"} {"text": "trade sector. although the constitution provides for freedom of religious belief, in practice the government severely discourages organized religious activity except as supervised by the aforementioned officially recognized groups. constitutional changes made in 1992 allow authorized religious gatherings and the construction of buildings for religious use and deleted a clause about freedom of antireligious propaganda. the constitution also stipulates that religion \u201c should not be used for purposes of dragging in foreign powers or endangering public security. \u201d north korea is located in the northern half of the korean peninsula, which extends southward from the northeastern part of the asian continent and is surrounded on three sides by water. north korea is bordered by the republic of korea ( south korea ) to the south, china to the north and northwest, and russia to the northeast. north korea occupies about 55 percent of the total land area of the korean peninsula, or approximately 120, 410 square kilometer of land area and 130 square kilometers of water area. population : north korea \u2019 s population was estimated in july 2006 at 23, 113, 019. the annual population growth rate for the same year was 0. 8 percent. united nations ( un ) estimates for 2007 indicate that north korea \u2019 s population density stands at 188 persons per square kilometer ; 40 percent of the population lives in rural and 60 percent in urban areas. there is no legal migration from north korea, and after the korean war ( 1950 \u2013 53 ) only 5, 000 north koreans successfully reached south korea until the turn of the century. however, in 2003 and 2004 unprecedented numbers of north koreans \u2014 estimates range between 140, 000 and 300, 000 \u2014 fled to china with hopes of reaching south korea. only a relative few did reach south korea but, according to the south korean ministry of unification, as of february 2007, more than 10, 000 north koreans were living in the south. this number contrasts with only nine living there in 1990, 41 in 1995, and 312 in 2000. - country profile : south korea by the u. s. central intelligence agency - country profile : north korea by the u. s. central intelligence agency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48363261992644274, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.725848"} {"text": "big harp little harp sign the first known serial killers in american history were the harp boys. during the years of the revolutionary war, the two cousins went on an indiscriminate killing rampage, killing anyone who got in their way. they killed infants, including their own, children, women and numerous men. they killed for the sake of killing. by doris lane harp ' s hill is near the pond river in western muhlenberg county, ky., not far from highway 62. there is a crossing in the road near dixon named harp ' s head and one of the crossing roads is named harp ' s head road. some miles away, the precise location lost to time, there is a cave known as harp ' s house. to tell how these places earned their names is to tell the story of micajah ( big ) and wiley ( little ) harp, america ' s first known serial killers. they passed for brothers, but were cousins, sons of brothers john and william harpe, scottish immigrants to orange county, n. c. the boys were named william ( micajah / big ), son of john, and joshua ( wiley / little ), son of william. big harp and little harp left home as young men in 1775, aiming to become overseers of slaves in virginia. career plans diverted by the american revolution, the harps instead became tory outlaws in a gang that roved the north carolina countryside, raping farmers ' daughters, pillaging livestock and crops, and burning farmhouses. in the attempted kidnapping of one young girl by a tory rape gang, little harp was shot and wounded by local patriot captain james wood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40909172921734094, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.729467"} {"text": "profiles of great communicators : lincoln and roosevelt - thursday, june 06, 2002 lincoln teaches us to take your speech, not yourself, seriously. abraham lincoln ' s best known speech, the gettysburg address, took only a few moments to deliver. yet in it lincoln captured the spirit of the struggle and rallied people to the support of the union. lincoln was not an accomplished speaker. yet few politicians have ever established their reputation so quickly and thoroughly through speeches. in fact, some historians believe that lincoln ' s meteoric rise from obscurity to power resulted from just a few key addresses. first, lincoln spoke against compromise with pro - slavery forces before the illinois republican state convention in 1858 : \" a house divided against itself cannot stand. \" more decisive speeches occurred during lincoln ' s 1858 race for the u. s. senate against stephen a. douglas. lincoln faltered at first, but he recovered and gained tremendous respect among the voters of illinois. douglas ultimately won the election that year, but his response to lincoln ' s arguments alienated the southern states and, ironically, doomed his 1860 presidential bid against the very man he had defeated, abraham lincoln. another momentous speech took place in front of a new york abolition society. lincoln told them, \" let us have faith that right makes might. \" his carefully reasoned arguments and self - effacing humor helped him gain support for the republican nomination for the presidency. why do so few communicators today match lincoln ' s persuasive power? perhaps it is because they fail to organize for effective persuasion. in each speech, lincoln crafted the impression that he was worthy of being listened to not because of who he was, but because of the force of his arguments. lincoln often belittled his own abilities and conveyed the impression that he was open to reasonable persuasion. such calm, open - minded deliberation was a needed antidote to the hot - headed, angry rhetoric of that period, and it wouldn ' t hurt to have more of it today as well! roosevelt teaches us this : don ' t be afraid to persuade. t. r., as he was known by a generation of americans, lived every moment to its fullest. \" i don ' t think any president ever enjoyed himself more than i did, \" he said. indeed, teddy roosevelt and his family brought a rough - and - tumble attitude to the white house. his manly exploits set a precedent that most presidents since that time have attempted to follow, that of being aggressive and active. yet roosevelt is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3969184216314846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.733963"} {"text": "he said. indeed, teddy roosevelt and his family brought a rough - and - tumble attitude to the white house. his manly exploits set a precedent that most presidents since that time have attempted to follow, that of being aggressive and active. yet roosevelt is an unlikely choice when it comes to great communicators. he was animated and persuasive, but his high - pitched voice, nasal twang, and long - winded addresses could make his speeches tedious for the audience. in spite of this, roosevelt persevered over highly respected orators such as william jennings bryan, whom he defeated for the presidency. roosevelt used the presidency as a \" bully pulpit \" to initiate reforms ranging from a reduction of government debt to the building of the panama canal. in so doing, he gained the respect and admiration of a generation. what allowed teddy roosevelt to get away with such a \" preachy \" style? simply this : he knew the difference between being respected and being believed. people felt that they knew the real teddy roosevelt, but the fact is that he really understood them. he knew what people wanted in a president : honesty, consistency, tough - mindedness and fair - dealing. when roosevelt spoke, he cultivated the impression that he had the audience ' s best interests at heart. he could talk tough because people knew he was on their side. he willingly confronted what he considered to be bad ideas whether they were from friends or from foes. ultimately the perception that roosevelt was willing to expend himself for a good cause helped him reach the heart of his audience. on one occasion it paid for roosevelt to be long - winded. as he stood to speak that day, he was shot by an assassin. amazingly, the thick speech manuscript in his breast pocket slowed the bullet enough to save his life. apologizing for his weakened state, roosevelt proceeded to deliver his lengthy address as if nothing had happened, all the while with a bullet lodged in his chest. teddy roosevelt demonstrates that it is the ability to reach the heart of the audience, not one ' s skill as a presenter, that makes for powerful communication. dr. jeff myers teaches communication and leadership at bryan college. he directs the summit ministries program at bryan college, a two - week training program which helps christian young people learn how to defend their christian faith and develop outstanding leadership skills. he is the author of several books, including playpen to podium : how to give your children the communication advantage in every area of life. he has also produced several video - training series", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45179757186285996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.735079"} {"text": "- enter a word for the dictionary definition. from the collaborative international dictionary of english v. 0. 48 : mandarin \\ man ` da * rin \" \\, n. [ pg. mandarim, from malay mantr [ imac ] minister of state, prop. a hind. word, fr. skr. mantrin a counselor, manira a counsel, man to think. ] 1. a chinese public officer or nobleman ; a civil or military official in china and annam. [ 1913 webster ] 2. hence : a powerful government official or bureaucrat, especially one who is pedantic and has a strong sense of his own importance and privelege. [ pjc ] 3. hence : a member of an influential, powerful or elite group, espcially within artistic or intellectual circles ; - - used especially of elder members who are traditionalist or conservative about their specialties. [ pjc ] 5. the form of the chinese language spoken by members of the chinese imperial court an officials of the empire. [ pjc ] 6. any of several closely related dialects of the chinese language spoken by a mojority of the population of china, the standard variety of which is spoken in the region around beijing. [ pjc ] 7. ( bot. ) a small flattish reddish - orange loose - skinned orange, with an easily separable rind. it is thought to be of chinese origin, and is counted a distinct species ( citrus reticulata formerly citrus nobilis ) ; called also mandarin orange and tangerine. [ 1913 webster ] mandarin language, the spoken or colloquial language of educated people in china. mandarin yellow ( chem. ), an artificial aniline dyestuff used for coloring silk and wool, and regarded as a complex derivative of quinoline. [ 1913 webster ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.52157364386865, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.736874"} {"text": "last modified : 2009 - 08 - 08 by alex danes keywords : romania | szekely national council | star : 8 points ( yellow ) | links : fotw homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors the flag of the szekely national council can be found at it is a banner of arms, based on a blue shield, with a gold central horizontal stripe, and an 8 - pointed gold star and white crescent in the upper hoist. szekelys are ethnic hungarians who live in the center of romania in harghita, kovaszna, and maros counties. the szekelyfold ( szekely land ) contains all of hargita and kovaszna counties and the southern part of maros / mures county. molnar istvan, 1 december 2005 image by brian ellis, 22 february 2008 while i was perusing a yahoo! news image gallery, i came across a photo of a szekler man in romania holding the szekler flag. the fabric appears to be metallic so that explains the colors unusual hues ( light blue, brown, silver ), but i have rendered them in blue, yellow and white. brian ellis, 22 february 2008 concerning the flag ' s symbolism, the crescent and star do not denote any historical association with islam. the szeklers are mostly roman catholic or protestant. according to the szekely article at wikipedia \" the sun and moon are the symbols of the szekely, as can also be seen in the coat of arms of transylvania and on the romanian national coat of arms. the sun and moon symbols represented proto - hungarian gods, but after the hungarians became christians in the eleventh century, their importance became purely visual and symbolic. their religious significance was lost. \" ned smith, 23 february 2008 image by alex danes, 3 may 2008 colors are : or ( 255 - 204 - 51 ), argent ( 255 - 255 - 255 ) and light blue ( 51 - 153 - 255 ). the star and crescent are vertically centered in each blue - proportions of the flag : 2 : 3 - proportions of the stripes : 40 : 20 : 40 - width of the star and crescent : about 20 % of the flag ' s width - distance of the star and crescent from hoist : about 20 % of the flag ' s width alex danes, 3 may 2008 i found here a different szekely flag. it ' s a black and red flag, instead of blue and yellow. the source presents several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41588445047607653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.739399"} {"text": "broader identities will promote peace are men and women divided forever into little categories called ` ` nationalities ' ' or ` ` religions ' '? this question is crucial at a time when the aftershocks of soviet collapse are felt throughout eastern europe and central asia, and when pent - up historical forces are emerging everywhere on our planet. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor are hutus destined to fight tutsis forever, with no emergence of a common interest as rwandans? are serbs, croats, and bosnian muslims doomed to continue fighting for centuries to come? are tadjiks, uzbeks, and russians - or azeris and armenians - similarly doomed to eternal hostility? we must hope that all these answers are no, and that there are things the wielders of power in today ' s world can do to help de - escalate these sharp and damaging hatreds. a first step is to recognize that the national, cultural, or religious identities to which people cling, in all sincerity, are themselves always constructed. people are not born with an unalterable label attached : serb, hutu, tadjik. such identities are fluid. they have been constructed, for various reasons, in the past. and they will be subject to further change in the future. read the words of two women who have felt victimized by this process. jean makdisi, a lebanese - palestinian writer and professor, has lived in beirut through two decades of internal wars. ` ` i have felt repeatedly that religion has worked like the stamp with which cattle are branded, ' ' ms. makdisi ( who grew up christian ) writes in a 1991 collection of essays. slavenka drakulic is a croat journalist, formerly married to a serb. in 1992 she wrote, ` ` along with millions of other croats, i was pinned to the wall of nationhood - not only by outside pressure from serbia and the federal [ yugoslav ] army, but by national homogenization within croatia itself. ' ' group identities can also be reconstructed in more inclusive and less - polarizing ways. i write this from southern france. during the turmoil that followed europe ' s reformation, protestants and catholics fought without mercy in this idyllic region. in some areas, three - quarters of the population was killed. a unifying, secular french identity later helped to lessen older hatreds. but ` ` french - ness ' ' suppressed the provencal culture and was expressed in hostility to germans or other neighbors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46872017146954625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.744107"} {"text": ", three - quarters of the population was killed. a unifying, secular french identity later helped to lessen older hatreds. but ` ` french - ness ' ' suppressed the provencal culture and was expressed in hostility to germans or other neighbors. now a larger sense of ` ` european - ness ' ' is taking hold. germans, italians, and french vie for beach space along the coast. the provencal language has seen a small comeback. sectarian killings within french christendom are unimaginable. as provencals and their neighbors started to see themselves as part of a larger group, the smaller identities, while important, became less confrontational. americans have an identity that is one of the most transparently constructed in history. we are still trying to redefine ` ` american - ness ' ' in ways broader than the old wasp paradigm. with these experiences, and with the global power we wield, we can help parties to today ' s worst disputes think about identity in ways that involve reaching out to, rather than beating up on, other people. ideas alone are not enough. the idea of an inclusive yugoslavia may have been a good one. but as implemented over the years, it involved too much domination by one group, the serbs. so we also need to keep our active concern with justice. but let ' s not forget the power of ideas! and let ' s look for american policies that help people to think beyond the confines of narrow, polarizing identities. a policy that urges rwanda ' s new tutsi leaders to reach out to their hutu compatriots, despite past horrors, looks like one that can save lives over the decades ahead. people, being what we are, probably won ' t develop a strong sense of universal identity anytime soon. but as americans, we can at least try to push things in the right direction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4580993328480261, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.744807"} {"text": "as world population passes 7 billion, two strategies make for a sustainable future ensuring that women make their own choices about child - bearing and cutting waste are two important ways to ease the challenges of a more populous world. as the global population surpasses 7 billion people sometime around the end of october, addressing the challenges associated with a still - growing world population will require a two - pronged response. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor the combined measures of empowering women to make their own decisions about childbearing and significantly reducing global consumption of energy and natural resources would move humanity toward, rather than further away from, environmentally sustainable societies that meet human needs. roughly 4. 5 billion people have been added to the world population in just the last 60 years, according to united nations estimates, putting increased strain on the world \u2019 s ecosystems and resources. because humans interact with their surroundings far more intensely than any other species and use vast amounts of carbon, nitrogen, water, and other resources, we are on track not only to change the global climate and deplete essential energy and other natural resources, but to wipe out thousands of plant and animal species in the coming decades. to some extent, these outcomes are now unavoidable ; we \u2019 ll have to adapt to them. but in order to improve the likelihood they will not be catastrophic, we need to simultaneously work to influence the future path of population and to address the environmental and social impacts that continued population growth will have. earlier this year, the united nations population fund ( unfpa ) launched 7 billion actions, a campaign to highlight positive actions by individuals and organizations addressing global development challenges. by sharing these innovations in an open forum, the campaign aims to foster communication and collaboration as the planet becomes more populated and increasingly interdependent. addressing global population growth is not the same thing as \" controlling population. \" the most direct and immediate way to lower birth rates is to make sure that as high a proportion as possible of pregnancies are intended, by assuring that women can make their own choices about whether and when to bear a child. simultaneously, we need to rapidly transform our energy, water, and materials consumption through greater use of conservation, efficiency, and green technologies. we shouldn \u2019 t think of these as sequential efforts \u2013 dealing with consumption first, then waiting for population dynamics to turn around \u2013 but rather as simultaneous tasks on multiple fronts. worldwatch recommends two main approaches to mitigate the impacts of a soaring global population :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42035463240728366, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.747610"} {"text": "japanthe inventor of functional foods united statesa good system gone bad united kingdomchaos reigns supreme food processors are increasingly marketing so - called functional foods, i. e., foods with added ingredients that claim to provide a health benefit to consumers beyond the benefits provided by ordinary foods themselves. such products have also been referred to as nutraceuticals or designer foods. foods with ingredients added to support express health claims are already on the market in japan, europe, and the united states. for example, in the u. s., breakfast cereals with psyllium, a grain rich in soluble fiber, claim that they can help reduce cholesterol when consumed as part of a low fat, low cholesterol diet. in japan, however, cocoa - based products claim to provide the same benefit. there is no question that some foods with added components may offer particular health benefits. for example, the importance of adding vitamins and minerals to processed foods has long been recognized as vital to compensating for nutrient deficiencies and maintaining good health. iodized salt and vitamin - fortified milk were, in a sense, the first functional foods. however, in some ways, the term functional food may be misleading because almost all foods, regardless of whether they contain added ingredients, affect health by providing calories and nutrients. ( 1 ) furthermore, health authorities have recognized for decades that certain types of foods may be especially beneficial or detrimental to health. for example, authorities have recognized that diets rich in fruits and vegetables can help reduce the risk of heart disease while diets rich in meat, meat products, dairy products, cakes and cookies, which are high in saturated fat, can increase the risk of heart disease. thus, most foods have an effect on health and well being and can be considered functional. nonetheless, as more and more is learned about the relationship between diet and disease, researchers are trying to discover the precise substances in certain foods that seem to offer nutritive value and provide protection against a host of ailments and chronic diseases. ( 2 ) however, research in this area is still in its infancy, and in most cases, scientifically valid health claims cannot yet be made. ( 3 ) in brief, despite the growing popularity of functional foods, scientists have identified few specific substances, or combinations of substances, that can reduce the risk of disease. the food industry, however, is eager to market products that offer special benefits. the industry is betting that consumers, after years of being bombarded with negative health messages to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039531809573677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.751402"} {"text": "specific substances, or combinations of substances, that can reduce the risk of disease. the food industry, however, is eager to market products that offer special benefits. the industry is betting that consumers, after years of being bombarded with negative health messages to cut back on fat, cholesterol, and sodium, are ready to warm up to foods that emphasize the positive benefits of newly added ingredients, even if the scientific community has not yet concluded that they are truly beneficial. will consumers benefit from the development of functional foods? that depends. some products might lead to significant public health advances, and it makes sense to foster their development, marketing, and consumption. on the other hand, the absence of convincing scientific research, pent - up consumer demand, and inadequate regulatory controls may create a situation in which the marketplace is flooded with products of dubious benefit and exaggerated claims. in brief, if governments do not require functional ingredients to be proven effective ( and safe ) before they are added to the food supply, if claims are not required to be adequately substantiated, if functional ingredients are simply added to foods high in fat, cholesterol, sodium, or sugar, then dubious functional foods may merely amount to 21st century quackery. ( 4 ) this report examines current trends in the regulation and marketing of functional foods in japan, the united states ( u. s. ) and the united kingdom ( uk ), three of the largest markets for such products. ( table 1 ) the approaches taken by government and industry are different in each of these countries but share one common element all seem to be failing to protect consumers from dubious health claims and questionable ingredients. after reviewing regulatory requirements and marketing trends in each country, this report recommends steps that should be taken by governments to ensure that the development and promotion of functional foods truly benefits the public ' s health. copyright \u00a9 1998 by the center for science in the public interest. references available by request.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5320089233656511, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.752339"} {"text": "gauguin : maker of myth attempts to trace paul gauguin ' s ( 1848 - 1903 ) unique approach to storytelling. over 100 works from public and private collections from around the world are on view. a post - impressionist and a pioneer of modernism, gauguin \u2019 s powerful and bold images were seen as radical as he distanced himself from the influence of impressionism. eugene henri paul gauguin was born in paris and spent his early childhood in peru. joining the merchant navy at seventeen he travelled for six years, visiting south america, scandinavia and other parts of the globe. in 1871 he joined a paris stock broking firm and in 1873 married a danish woman, painting in his spare time. in 1883, with five children to support, he resigned from his job, determined to pursue an artistic career. from 1886, separated from his family, gauguin became increasingly disenchanted with paris and worked mainly in brittany, with influential spells in martinique and arles. after leaving europe for tahiti in 1891, apart from two further years in france, the remainder of his life was spent in the south seas. gauguin : maker of myth is organised in collaboration with the national gallery of art, washington where the exhibition will travel from 21 february \u2013 30 may 2011. tate modern website", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3994108540183456, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.753773"} {"text": "eating ; disorder ; anorexia ; nervosa ; bulimia ; compulsive ; overeating ; diet ; binge ; food ; before talking about what an eating disorder is, let ' s look more closely at what is and is not normal eating. then it will be easier to understand when something is a problem that needs help. what is normal eating? normal eating is not how much or what you eat, but your attitude towards food and eating. when you feel you can eat without feeling guilty, eat when you feel hungry and can stop when full, you have a positive and normal attitude to food. it is also normal to eat different amounts on different days, to eat more of the foods you like and less of what you don ' t like, and to overeat or restrict intake sometimes. what is not normal eating? eating that is not normal is not so much about what you do ( eg. skipping meals, restricting food, overeating ) but about the thinking behind it, how often it happens, and the feeling that you have to eat this way. what is, and is not normal eating can look very similar. - for example, you run out of the house without breakfast because you slept in and are worried about missing the bus. at school or work you feel hungry and grab a snack and eat a larger lunch than usual without even thinking about it. this is normal eating. - your friend skips breakfast because she feels fat and believes she is being strong and in control. this cheers her up. later, when she gets hungry she tries hard not to eat but when she can no longer resist she has a snack and feels ' bad ' for losing control and being weak. this is not normal eating. both of these look very similar but there is different thinking behind it. eating that is driven by this strange thinking is called disordered eating and can be quite common. what about dieting? many people have ' gone on a diet ' to lose weight at some time. dieting is so common some people see it as a normal part of eating. dieting is not the best way to lose weight. people often gain back all the weight they lost when they stop dieting, sometimes becoming heavier than they were before dieting. it can leave you feeling down and unsuccessful. for most young people dieting doesn ' t last long and they soon return to ' normal ' eating. this kind of dieting is not a problem, but it should never be encouraged. it is better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5110681674467209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.763370"} {"text": "it can leave you feeling down and unsuccessful. for most young people dieting doesn ' t last long and they soon return to ' normal ' eating. this kind of dieting is not a problem, but it should never be encouraged. it is better to encourage healthy eating and regular physical activity for long term healthy weight. for some vulnerable young people who feel anxious about their looks and body, dieting can be dangerous. they may feel they have failed if it is not successful. it can lead to more serious eating problems and increase their risk of developing an eating disorder. what is an eating disorder? an ' eating disorder ' is a clinical diagnosis that may be made when strange thinking about food and eating increases to the point where it affects your life. people with an eating disorder become intensely worried about their body and anxious about their weight. they can ' t see they are worrying about something that is not true and they may do dangerous things to try to lose weight. an eating disorder is a complex psychological condition and only a trained professional such as a doctor or mental health professional can diagnose it. some of the most well - known eating disorders are : - anorexia nervosa \u2013 where the young person believes she is fat, even when she is not and may have lost a lot of weight. - bulimia nervosa \u2013 where the young person eats very large amounts of food because she has been starving herself, and then makes herself vomit, takes laxatives to make herself poo to excess or exercises to extreme. - binge eating disorder \u2013 where the young person has times when she eats very large amounts of food but does not vomit, purge or exercise to ' work it off '. - compulsive overeating \u2013 where she is constantly overeating to make herself feel better. food is used as a replacement for what is missing. eating disorders can have serious physical, emotional and social impacts. they can take many years to resolve and may involve time in hospital. what an eating disorder looks like emotional and social changes could be : - not being as happy as usual - not wanting to mix with friends or family - being moody - being less confident - not wanting to do anything - doing poorly at school - sleeping a lot - being angry. there are many other symptoms of an eating disorder. these may not relate to everybody, and sometimes it can be difficult to notice any signs at all. some of these signs can relate to different problems and not to eating disorders. - thinking and talking about food and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4612073192683598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.764469"} {"text": "many other symptoms of an eating disorder. these may not relate to everybody, and sometimes it can be difficult to notice any signs at all. some of these signs can relate to different problems and not to eating disorders. - thinking and talking about food and dieting a lot of the time. - knowing about the amount of energy ( joules ) in every type of food. - eating very little, although the person may cook elaborate meals for others - or eating very large amounts of food sometimes. - going to the toilet often after meals and vomiting. - strenuous exercise routine, even exercising when she is injured or unwell. - severe weight changes : - looking very thin, and still losing weight - weight going up and down all the time or very large weight gains. - sudden mood changes, irritability, depression, sadness, anger, difficulty in expressing feelings. - poor concentration and being unusually tired. - intense shame about her body and fear of gaining weight. - constant pursuit of thinness. if there are several of these signs together, it could mean she has an eating problem. causes of eating disorders there is no clear cause for eating disorders. this makes it more upsetting for the person, family and friends, as they all try to think about what could have started it and what to do about it. however, the following factors may add to the risk that someone has of developing an eating disorder. - high personal expectations - always striving to be perfect in everything. - setting unrealistic goals that the person believes will bring love and respect from family and friends. - feeling the need to gain control over one ' s life. - overwhelming feelings of not being good enough, leading her to starve herself so that she gains a sense of being in control again, or following the binge - purge cycle. - having low self - esteem - this can be hard to see because some people seem to be really ' together ' on the outside, even when they are feeling bad inside. - depression ; being sad or irritable much of the time, avoiding doing things with friends. those who have difficulty expressing their own needs and feelings ( particularly negative feelings ) may be at risk. there are no typical family patterns, but problems with relationships and communication, or family conflict can make the person feel unvalued and alone. a family emphasis on being worthwhile only when you are very good at study or sport, very well behaved, thin and attractive can have an impact on some young people, who feel worthless if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4424235897652076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.765521"} {"text": "can make the person feel unvalued and alone. a family emphasis on being worthwhile only when you are very good at study or sport, very well behaved, thin and attractive can have an impact on some young people, who feel worthless if they do not match up to the family expectations. we are constantly bombarded with the message that you have to be thin to be beautiful or desirable. the media portrays happy, successful and feminine women as always thin. women who are required to be thin for their careers ( models, dancers and athletes ) are more frequently affected by eating disorders. research suggests more men are suffering from eating disorders because the muscular and lean image of men in the media is having an effect on men ' s health in the same way it does on women ' s. more men are over - exercising in the attempt to develop the ideal body shape. this can cause health problems too. what can trigger eating disorders? many things can trigger an eating disorder if someone is already vulnerable ( that is they have some of the problems listed above ). these include : - a life crisis or the death of a loved person - relationship breakdown - family changes - moving home or school - a change of job - school problems - a personal failure. an eating disorder may also develop when there is a gradual build - up of problems which on their own seem small. the person may interpret each small problem or failure as ' evidence ' that they are not worthy. do you or your friend have a problem with disordered eating? check this out : - do you avoid eating meals or snacks with others? - are you always counting kilojoules and working out how much fat there is in everything that you eat? - are you always weighing yourself and stressing about your weight? - do you only exercise to lose weight and do you exercise even if you are injured or unwell? - are you scared about putting on weight? - do you ever feel ' out of control ' when you are eating? - do you regularly diet then overeat? - do you have set ways of eating, like always having to have some foods, or you must eat different types of foods in a certain order? - is your day geared around control of food, weight loss and dieting? - do you feel ashamed, guilty or disgusted with yourself after eating? - do you constantly worry about the weight, size and shape of your body? - do you feel that no one will care about you or your opinions unless you have a certain size, shape and weight?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4804696740034977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.766537"} {"text": ", guilty or disgusted with yourself after eating? - do you constantly worry about the weight, size and shape of your body? - do you feel that no one will care about you or your opinions unless you have a certain size, shape and weight? - if you or your friend have answered yes to several of these questions, then your thinking could be too focused on your weight, food and eating. it ' s time to get some help. helping someone with an eating disorder the first thing to do is let the person know that you are worried and that you care about them. even if they deny that there is a problem, or get upset and not want to talk about it, it is worthwhile trying to encourage them to seek professional help. this could include encouraging them to see and talk to a general practitioner ( gp ), the school counsellor, a psychologist, or specialist mental health worker. if they are not ready to do this, don ' t force it ( unless they are significantly underweight and their health it at risk ). just try to be there for them as they might wish to talk soon. someone with an eating disorder needs expert help. there are several services in south australia listed below. once an eating disorder has been diagnosed, a range of health practitioners may be involved, because the illness affects people physically and mentally - this may include psychiatrists, psychologists, doctors, dietitians, social workers, occupational therapists and nurses. admission to hospital may be needed for people who are severely malnourished through lack of food. medication may be useful for depression and to correct hormonal and chemical imbalances. counselling and specific therapies are used to help change unhealthy thoughts about eating. being a friend or partner or family member of someone with an eating disorder can be very difficult at times, particularly if the person denies she has an eating problem and will not talk to you openly. be ready to go slowly. the problem will not be solved overnight. recognise that the eating disorder started with an emotional issue that may not be fully worked out yet. your friend may find dealing with the eating disorder stressful and have days when she does not want to change. accept your friend for who she is. do things together that you have enjoyed before. make comments about reasons why you like having her as a friend. don ' t talk about her eating disorder all the time. be honest with your friend, and by showing her your love and care she will feel supported and able to accept the help that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42040542867229885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.767605"} {"text": "what do kids think about the holiday season? for many, it ' s \" more, more, more! \" more sweets. more parties. more gifts. whether its chocolate coins, stuffed stockings, wish lists for little boys and girls ( and big ones ) or ubiquitous sales, promotions and temptations, the month of december can be a cacophony of consumerism. yet, notwithstanding the underlying reasons for celebrating each of the holidays, this time of year can be so much more meaningful. parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles : carpe diem! teach the children in your life about giving. children imitate what they see and hear. if they see their families demonstrating generosity, they are more likely to be generous themselves. if they know their elders are saving for the future, but also writing checks to support causes they believe in, they grow up understanding more about sgs money management ( save, give, spend. ). if they hear the people they trust talking about giving to their place of worship or to a scholarship fund, or to help save the environment, they understand that these things matter and the seeds of giving by the next generation have been sown. be proactive in teaching children to give well. here are a few conversation starters while you are enjoying these next few weeks : lesson 1 : reciprocity the concept of reciprocity is easy, right? action, reaction. get a gift / give a gift, or the reverse, give a gift / get a gift. but wait, do we really want our children to believe that if a gift is given, one be expected in return? isn ' t that teaching a sense of entitlement? talk about giving without getting. giving for the pleasure of it. giving anonymously. lesson 2 : getting what you want how many people feel disappointment when the gifts they get aren ' t what they want? this isn ' t about young children, ( \" yes, victoria, there is a santa claus \" ), but do we really want our older children to be disappointed if they can ' t have as much as they want, or exactly what they want? talk about gracious receiving and gratitude. lesson 3 : gifts aren ' t always wrapped in pretty paper those mountains of boxes and bows are exciting and are part of the festive season. but many of the most precious gifts are those we simply acknowledge : like security, abundance and health. talk about combining reciprocity with gratitude and how the combination can translate into deeper, more meaningful giving. lesson 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45278119139252593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.771599"} {"text": "part of the festive season. but many of the most precious gifts are those we simply acknowledge : like security, abundance and health. talk about combining reciprocity with gratitude and how the combination can translate into deeper, more meaningful giving. lesson 4 : brainstorm age - appropriate ways to give sometimes it takes a little creativity to get a conversation about giving going. make it a game. take turns coming up with ideas on how each of you can give, then commit to doing them. talk about some of the ideas below and let each person articulate what he or she could do in each category : give your talent or skill ( like volunteering, coaching or mentoring, shoveling a walk, walking a dog, etc. ) give \" stuff \" ( like gently used furniture, clothes, books, toys ; then deliver it ) give the gift of caring : show you are thinking of someone with a call, a text, an e - mail, a forwarded photo or article, a book recommendation, a funny comic strip or joke, or even a greeting card. better yet, send a handwritten letter ( they are so rare! ). give the gift of time and attention : invite someone for a walk or coffee, one - on one. then listen. give the gift of touch... if it is appropriate. a pat on the back, a hand placed on top of another ' s in a gesture of caring, a warm hug. give again. don ' t wait to get back. give blood or be an organ donor. give something you ' d rather keep ( like money ) because of what it can do if given well. erich fromm said, \" when we give, we get a heightened vitality of what it means to be human. \" this season, give well and pass it on. wishing you and your families the gifts of love, serenity and well - being. post script : while people don ' t give to get charitable donations, being tax wise gives pleasure, too. for those of you who itemize, following the rules is critical, especially at year ' s end. you can find the rules at : irs. gov. just look for publication - 526 on charitable contributions. enid ablowitz, cfre, cpgs, has been a non - profit leader and donor advocate for more than 20 years. she serves as the associate director for the university of colorado ' s coleman institute for cognitive disabilities and as vice president for strategic philanthropy for the university of colorado foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4595575254475769, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.772623"} {"text": "dental health begins in the womb. researchers have found that babies born to women who consume cheese and other dairy products during pregnancy are likely to have better dental health than babies born to non - dairy - consumers. a new study published in the nutrition journal went beyond previous studies examining the importance of calcium in the development of a fetus. researchers at the fukuoka university, university of tokyo and osaka city university took their study one step further ; they wanted to find the long - term effects of prenatal cheese and dairy consumption on an infant \u2019 s tooth development. researchers tracked 315 japanese mother - and - child pairs, recording prenatal diets and dental examinations of children between 41 and 50 months of age. the study, believed to be the first of its kind, found a strong connection between both cheese and total dairy consumption during pregnancy and decreased risk of childhood dental caries, such as tooth decay and cavities. the children of women who consumed more cheese during pregnancy had fewer dental problems than women who didn \u2019 t. similar findings were uncovered for prenatal dairy consumption. researchers believed that the link between prenatal dairy consumption and dental health in children was related to calcium, which might influence tooth mineralization during fetal development, increasing acid - resistance in tooth enamel. while cheese proved to be the best option for improved pediatric dental health, researchers had no immediate explanation for their finding. \u201c in the current study, the risk reduction associated with maternal intake of cheese during pregnancy did not appear to be confounded by calcium intake, \u201d researchers said in the report. \u201c thus, components of cheese other than calcium might be responsible for the protective effects of maternal cheese intake against dental caries in children. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4600963831596146, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.774450"} {"text": "news15 million in u. s. have copd, a lung disease breo ellipta approved for copd pediatric diseases and conditionsacute bronchitis in children lower respiratory disorders bronchitis is an inflammation of the breathing tubes ( airways ) that are called bronchi, which causes increased production of mucus and other changes. although there are several different types of bronchitis, the two most common are acute and chronic. acute bronchitis is usually caused by infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses. it may also be caused by physical or chemical agents - - dusts, allergens, and strong fumes, including those from chemical cleaning compounds or tobacco smoke. acute asthmatic bronchitis may happen as the result of an asthma attack, or it may be the cause of an asthma attack. acute bronchitis is usually a mild, and self - limiting condition with complete resolution of symptoms and return of normal lung function. acute bronchitis may follow the common cold or other viral infections in the upper respiratory tract. it may also occur in people with chronic sinusitis, allergies, or those with enlarged tonsils and adenoids. it can be serious in people with pulmonary or cardiac diseases. pneumonia is a complication that can follow bronchitis. the following are the most common symptoms for acute bronchitis. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : back and muscle pain early - - dry, nonproductive cough later - - abundant mucus - filled cough shortness of breath the symptoms of acute bronchitis may resemble other conditions or medical problems. consult your doctor for a diagnosis. acute bronchitis is usually diagnosed by completing a medical history and physical examination. many tests may be ordered to rule out other diseases, such as pneumonia or asthma. the following tests may be ordered to help confirm a diagnosis : chest x - rays. diagnostic tests that use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. arterial blood gas. this test is used to analyze the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. pulse oximetry. an oximeter is a small machine that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. to obtain this measurement, a small sensor ( like a band - aid ) is taped onto a finger or toe. when the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. the sensor is painless and the red light does not get hot. cultures of nasal discharge and sputum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.454206508208581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.778588"} {"text": "- aid ) is taped onto a finger or toe. when the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. the sensor is painless and the red light does not get hot. cultures of nasal discharge and sputum. tests used to find and identify the microorganism causing an infection. lung ( pulmonary function ) tests. diagnostic tests that help to measure the ability of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide appropriately. the tests are usually performed with special machines that a person must breathe into. specific treatment for acute bronchitis will be determined by your doctor based on : your age, overall health, and medical history extent of the disease your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies expectations for the course of the disease your opinion or preference in most cases, antibiotic treatment is not necessary to treat acute bronchitis, since most of the infections are caused by viruses. if the condition has progressed to pneumonia, then antibiotics may be appropriate. most of the treatment is designed to address the symptoms, and may include : analgesics, such as acetaminophen, for fever and discomfort increased fluid intake increase in humidity avoidance of exposure to secondhand smoke antihistamines should be avoided in most cases because they dry up the secretions and can make the cough worse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45259129467364473, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.779156"} {"text": "food allergies, hormonal issues, or other sources of chronic inflammation can cause these imbalances. she individualizes her patient \u2019 s protocols to meet their personal needs and to address their internal imbalances. a simple weight loss solution that is over looked by many people is food allergies. it is extremely difficult to lose weight when you are eating foods that cause your body to be inflamed and bloated all the time. these foods are different for everyone, and the only way to identify them is with a simple blood test. once these foods are removed from the diet, weight loss begins, as well as the disappearance of other symptoms patient \u2019 s thought were \u201c completely unrelated. \u201d food allergies, especially type iii food allergies ( delayed onset ), are a hidden source of inflammation that affects many people in the population. these delayed type food allergies can take anywhere from 24 to 72 hours before symptoms appear. common conditions that are related to food allergies / sensitivities / intolerances are : asthma, nasal congestion, irritable bowel syndrome, eczema, depression, anxiety, inability to lose weight, migraine headaches, fatigue, adhd, arthritis, fibromyalgia, autoimmune diseases, etc. many people suffer each day unaware that they are simply eating the wrong kinds of food. with a simple blood test at at derma health institute in paradise valley, az, these foods can be identified and then removed from a person \u2019 s diet. this allows their body to begin to heal, decrease inflammation, and treat the root cause of their problems versus just covering up symptoms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46516583841377024, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.780864"} {"text": "april 3, 2009 by blake harris using natural light to illuminate building interiors is a concept as old as the window itself. but with recent advances in lighting research and technology along with growing awareness of the vital need to reduce the carbon footprint of energy consumption, there are new horizons for daylighting. \" daylighting also represents the single largest ' new ' opportunity for energy savings in commercial lighting today and for the foreseeable future, \" explained dale brentrup, professor of architecture at the university of north carolina at charlotte. instead of just relying on a few windows or skylights, cutting - edge daylighting is shaped and delivered by the architecture itself. this is where the school of architecture ' s daylighting and energy performance laboratory comes in. equipped with a \" sun machine \" and \" sky machine, \" graduate students and faculty crunch numbers to determine which designs work best. the two instruments are used to assess the impact of sky luminance and solar radiation - the artificial sky, which allows simulates the average overcast conditions of the piedmont region, and a fixed sun movable earth heliodon, which simulates actual solar penetration. under brentrup ' s direction, lab staffers are working with the university, as well as with local industry and government, to figure out how current practices have impacted the region ' s carbon footprint. \" daylighting is directly related to the idea of carbon reduction, \" said graduate student lindsay frizzell, who is working on a project to quantify energy efficiency. \" for every kilowatt hour of energy we save, we ' re cutting approximately two and a half pounds of carbon dioxide emissions. \" while buildings can be retro - fitted to be more energy efficient, brentrup said the greatest amount of energy savings can be achieved by designing new buildings in accordance with environmentally responsible practices. in the last 15 - years, as director of the daylighting lab, brentrup also has developed numerous partnerships within mecklenburg county. local architects and government have consulted with the lab in the design of facilities including imaginon, freedom center ( 400, 000 square feet of county office space ), the health and social services building, and the renaissance recreational sports learning academy, a new project in the pipeline. this digital communities white paper highlights discussions with it officials in four counties that have adopted shared services models. our aim was to learn about the obstacles these governments have faced when it comes to shared services and what it takes to overcome those roadblocks. we also spoke with several members of the it industry who have thought long and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5263690683268288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.783728"} {"text": "fm broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by edwin howard armstrong which uses frequency modulation ( fm ) to provide high - fidelity sound over broadcast radio. the term \" fm band \" describes the \" frequency band in which fm is used for broadcasting \". this term is slightly misleading, since it equates a modulation method with a range of frequencies. broadcast bands - in the former soviet republics, and some former eastern bloc countries, the older 65 \u2013 74 mhz band is also used. assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 khz. this band, sometimes referred to as the oirt band, is slowly being phased out in many countries. in those countries the 87. 5 \u2013 108. 0 mhz band is referred to as the ccir band. - in japan, the band 76 \u2013 90 mhz is used. the frequency of an fm broadcast station ( more strictly its assigned nominal centre frequency ) is usually an exact multiple of 100 khz. in most of the americas and the caribbean, only odd multiples are used. in some parts of europe, greenland and africa, only even multiples are used. in italy, multiples of 50 khz are used. there are other unusual and obsolete standards in some countries, including 0. 001, 0. 01, 0. 03, 0. 074, 0. 5, and 0. 3 mhz. however, to minimise cross - channel interference, stations operating from the same or geographically close transmitters tend to keep to at least a 0. 5 mhz frequency separation even when closer spacing is technically permitted, with closer tunings reserved for more distantly spaced transmitters as potentially interfering signals are already more attenuated and so have less effect on neighbouring frequencies. modulation characteristics frequency modulation is a form of modulation which conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency ( contrast this with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant ). in analog applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. this form of modulation is commonly used in the fm broadcast band. pre - emphasis and de - emphasis random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an fm system, with the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the highest frequencies within the baseband. this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high - frequency noise. these processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.56523114544378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.802256"} {"text": "a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high - frequency noise. these processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre - emphasis and de - emphasis, respectively. the amount of pre - emphasis and de - emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple rc filter circuit. in most of the world a 50 \u00b5s time constant is used. in north america and south korea, 75 \u00b5s is used. this applies to both mono and stereo transmissions. for stereo, pre - emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. the amount of pre - emphasis that can be applied is limited by the fact that many forms of contemporary music contain more high - frequency energy than the musical styles which prevailed at the birth of fm broadcasting. they cannot be pre - emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the fm carrier. systems more modern than fm broadcasting tend to use either programme - dependent variable pre - emphasis ; e. g., dbx in the btsc tv sound system, or none at all. stereo fm in the late 1950s, several systems to add stereo to fm radio were considered by the fcc. included were systems from 14 proponents including crosley, halstead, electrical and musical industries, ltd ( emi ), zenith, and general electric. the individual systems were evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses during field tests in uniontown, pennsylvania using kdka - fm in pittsburgh as the originating station. the crosley system was rejected by the fcc because it degraded the signal - to - noise ratio of the main channel and did not perform well under multipath conditions. in addition, it did not allow for sca services because of its wide fm subcarrier bandwidth. the halstead system was rejected due to lack of high frequency stereo separation and reduction in the main channel signal - to - noise ratio. the ge and zenith systems, so similar that they were considered theoretically identical, were formally approved by the fcc in april 1961 as the standard stereo fm broadcasting method in the usa and later adopted by most other countries. it is important that stereo broadcasts be compatible with mono receivers. for this reason, the left ( l ) and right ( r ) channels are algebraically encoded into sum ( l + r ) and difference ( l\u2212r ) signals. a mono receiver will use just the l + r signal so the listener will hear both channels through the single loudsp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5735225431359386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.803403"} {"text": ") and right ( r ) channels are algebraically encoded into sum ( l + r ) and difference ( l\u2212r ) signals. a mono receiver will use just the l + r signal so the listener will hear both channels through the single loudspeaker. a stereo receiver will add the difference signal to the sum signal to recover the left channel, and subtract the difference signal from the sum to recover the right channel. the ( l + r ) main channel signal is transmitted as baseband audio in the range of 30 hz to 15 khz. the ( l\u2212r ) signal is modulated onto a 38 khz double - sideband suppressed - carrier ( dsb - sc ) signal occupying the baseband range of 23 to 53 khz. a 19 khz pilot tone, at exactly half the 38 khz sub - carrier frequency and with a precise phase relationship to it, as defined by the formula below, is also generated. this is transmitted at 8 \u2013 10 % of overall modulation level and used by the receiver to regenerate the 38 khz sub - carrier with the correct phase. the final multiplex signal from the stereo generator contains the main channel ( l + r ), the pilot tone, and the sub - channel ( l\u2212r ). this composite signal, along with any other sub - carriers, modulates the fm transmitter. the instantaneous deviation of the transmitter carrier frequency due to the stereo audio and pilot tone ( at 10 % modulation ) is where a and b are the pre - emphasized left and right audio signals and = 19 khz is the frequency of the pilot tone. slight variations in the peak deviation may occur in the presence of other subcarriers or because of local regulations. converting the multiplex signal back into left and right audio signals is performed by a decoder, built into stereo receivers. in order to preserve stereo separation and signal - to - noise parameters, it is normal practice to apply pre - emphasis to the left and right channels before encoding, and to apply de - emphasis at the receiver after decoding. in addition, for a given rf level at the receiver, the signal - to - noise ratio for the stereo signal will be worse than for the mono receiver. for this reason many stereo fm receivers include a stereo / mono switch to allow listening in mono when reception conditions are less than ideal, and most car radios are arranged to reduce the separation as the signal - to - noise ratio worsens, eventually going to mono while still indicating a stereo signal is being received. quadraphonic fm in 1969", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5020890045209003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.804398"} {"text": "mono when reception conditions are less than ideal, and most car radios are arranged to reduce the separation as the signal - to - noise ratio worsens, eventually going to mono while still indicating a stereo signal is being received. quadraphonic fm in 1969 louis dorren invented the quadraplex system of single station, discrete, compatible four - channel fm broadcasting. there are two additional subcarriers in the quadraplex system, supplementing the single one used in standard stereo fm. the baseband layout is as follows : - 50 hz to 15 khz main channel ( sum of all 4 channels ) ( lf + lr + rf + rr ) signal, for mono fm listening compatibility. - 23 to 53 khz ( cosine quadrature subcarrier ) ( lf + lr ) - ( rf + rr ) left minus right difference signal. this signal ' s modulation in algebraic sum and difference with the main channel was used for 2 channel stereo listener compatibility. - 23 to 53 khz ( sine quadrature 38 khz subcarrier ) ( lf + rf ) - ( lr + rr ) front minus back difference signal. this signal ' s modulation in algebraic sum and difference with the main channel and all the other subcarriers is used for the quadraphonic listener. - 61 to 91 khz ( cosine quadrature 76 khz subcarrier ) ( lf + rr ) - ( lr + rf ) diagonal difference signal. this signal ' s modulation in algebraic sum and difference with the main channel and all the other subcarriers is also used for the quadraphonic listener. - 95 khz sca subcarrier, phase - locked to 19 khz pilot, for reading services for the blind, background music, etc. there were several variations on this system submitted by ge, zenith, rca, and denon for testing and consideration during the national quadraphonic radio committee field trials for the fcc. the original dorren quadraplex system outperformed all the others and was chosen as the national standard for quadraphonic fm broadcasting in the united states. the first commercial fm station to broadcast quadraphonic program content was wiqb ( now called wwww - fm ) in ann arbor / saline, michigan under the guidance of chief engineer brian brown. other subcarrier services the subcarrier system has been further extended to add other services. initially these were private analog audio channels which could be used internally or rented out. radio reading services for the blind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248022086721134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.805370"} {"text": "under the guidance of chief engineer brian brown. other subcarrier services the subcarrier system has been further extended to add other services. initially these were private analog audio channels which could be used internally or rented out. radio reading services for the blind are also still common, and there were experiments with quadraphonic sound. if stereo is not on a station, everything from 23 khz on up can be used for other services. the guard band around 19 khz ( \u00b14 khz ) must still be maintained, so as not to trigger stereo decoders on receivers. if there is stereo, there will typically be a guard band between the upper limit of the dsbsc stereo signal ( 53 khz ) and the lower limit of any other subcarrier. digital services are now also available. a 57 khz subcarrier ( phase locked to the third harmonic of the stereo pilot tone ) is used to carry a low - bandwidth digital radio data system signal, providing extra features such as alternative frequency ( af ) and network ( nn ). this narrowband signal runs at only 1187. 5 bits per second, thus is only suitable for text. a few proprietary systems are used for private communications. a variant of rds is the north american rbds or \" smart radio \" system. in germany the analog ari system was used prior to rds for broadcasting traffic announcements to motorists ( without disturbing other listeners ). plans to use ari for other european countries led to the development of rds as a more powerful system. rds is designed to be capable of being used alongside ari despite using identical subcarrier frequencies. in the united states, digital radio services are being deployed within the fm band rather than using eureka 147 or the japanese standard isdb. this in - band on - channel approach, as do all digital radio techniques, makes use of advanced compressed audio. the proprietary ibiquity system, branded as \" hd radio \", currently is authorized for \" hybrid \" mode operation, wherein both the conventional analog fm carrier and digital sideband subcarriers are transmitted. eventually, presuming widespread deployment of hd radio receivers, the analog services could theoretically be discontinued and the fm band become all digital. in the usa services ( other than stereo, quad and rds ) using subcarriers are sometimes referred to as subsidiary communications authorization ( sca ) services. uses for such subcarriers include book / newspaper reading services for blind listeners, private data transmission services ( for example sending stock market information to stockbrokers or stolen credit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5109485653046378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.806428"} {"text": ", new jersey ( owned by edwin armstrong himself, closed down upon armstrong ' s death in 1954 ) ; w2xqr / wqxq / wqxr - fm, new york ( now wxny ) ; w47nv nashville, tennessee ( now wsm - fm ) ; w1xer / w39b / wmne mount washington, new hampshire ( closed down in 1948 ) ; w9xao milwaukee, wisconsin ( later wtmj - fm, off air in 1950, returning in 1959 on another frequency ). also of note are general electric stations w2xda schenectady and w2xoy new scotland, new york \u2014 two experimental frequency modulation transmitters on 48. 5 mhz \u2014 which signed on in 1939. the two were merged into one station using the w2xoy call letters on november 20, 1940, with the station taking the wgfm call letters a few years later, and moving to 99. 5 mhz when the fm band was relocated to the 88 - 108 mhz portion of the radio spectrum. general electric sold the station in the 1980s, and today the station is called wrve. on june 1, 1961, at 12 : 01 a. m. ( edt ), wgfm became the first fm station in the united states to broadcast in stereo. the first commercial fm broadcasting stations were in the united states, but initially they were primarily used to simulcast their am sister stations, to broadcast lush orchestral music for stores and offices, to broadcast classical music to an upmarket listenership in urban areas, or for educational programming. by the late 1960s fm had been adopted by fans of \" alternative rock \" music ( \" a. o. r. \u2014 ' album oriented rock ' format \" ), but it wasn ' t until 1978 that listenership to fm stations exceeded that of am stations in north america. during the 1980s and 1990s, top 40 music stations and later even country music stations largely abandoned am for fm. today am is mainly the preserve of talk radio, news, sports, religious programming, ethnic ( minority language ) broadcasting and some types of minority interest music. this shift has transformed am into the \" alternative band \" that fm once was. ( some am stations have begun to simulcast on, or switch to, fm signals to attract younger listeners and aid reception problems in buildings, during thunderstorms, and near high tension wires. some of these stations now emphasize their presence on the fm dial. ) the medium wave band ( known as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.423662495954986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.808730"} {"text": "or switch to, fm signals to attract younger listeners and aid reception problems in buildings, during thunderstorms, and near high tension wires. some of these stations now emphasize their presence on the fm dial. ) the medium wave band ( known as the am band because most stations using it employ amplitude modulation in north america ) is overcrowded in western europe, leading to interference problems and, as a result, many mw frequencies are suitable only for speech broadcasting. - the medium wave band in western europe became overcrowded after world war ii, mainly due to the best available medium wave frequencies being used at high power levels by the allied occupation forces, both for broadcasting entertainment to their troops and for broadcasting cold war propaganda across the iron curtain. - after world war ii, broadcasting frequencies were reorganized and reallocated by delegates of the victorious countries in the copenhagen frequency plan. german broadcasters were left with only two remaining am frequencies, and were forced to look to fm for expansion. fm started in australia in 1947 but did not catch on and was shut down in 1961 to expand the television band. it was not reopened until 1975. subsequently, it developed steadily until in the 1980s many am stations transferred to fm due to its superior sound quality. today, as elsewhere in the developed world, most urban australian broadcasting is on fm, although am talk stations are still very popular. regional broadcasters still commonly operate am stations due to the additional range the broadcasting method offers. some stations in major regional centres simulcast on am and fm bands. digital radio using the dab + standard has been rolled out to major cities. new zealand like australia, new zealand adopted the fm format relatively late. as was the case with privately owned am radio in the late 1960s, it took a spate of ' pirate ' broadcasters to persuade a control - oriented, technology adverse government to allow fm to be introduced after at least five years of consumer campaigning starting in the mid - 1970s, particularly in auckland. an experimental fm station, fm 90. 7, was broadcast in whakatane in early 1982. later that year, victoria university of wellington ' s radio active began full - time fm transmissions. commercial fm licences were finally approved in 1983, with auckland - based 91fm and 89fm being the first to take up the offer. and the radio in turkey, fm started broadcasting in 1960 broadcasting several shows from the one television network which was transferred from the am frequency ( also known as mw in turkey ). later on in the years more mw stations were slowly being transferred to fm and by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4669166940578613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.810609"} {"text": "radio in turkey, fm started broadcasting in 1960 broadcasting several shows from the one television network which was transferred from the am frequency ( also known as mw in turkey ). later on in the years more mw stations were slowly being transferred to fm and by the end of the 1960s, most radio stations that were previously on mw had now been moved to fm, though some talkback, news, sport and religious stations still remain on mw. united kingdom in the united kingdom, the bbc began fm broadcasting in 1955, with three national networks carrying the light programme, third programme and home service ( renamed radio 2, radio 3 and radio 4 respectively in 1967 ). these three networks used the sub - band 88. 0 \u2013 94. 6 mhz. the sub - band 94. 6 \u2013 97. 6 mhz was later used for bbc and local commercial services. only when commercial broadcasting was introduced to the uk in 1973 did the use of fm pick up in britain. with the gradual clearance of other users ( notably public services such as police, fire and ambulance ) and the extension of the fm band to 108. 0 mhz between 1980 and 1995, fm expanded rapidly throughout the british isles and effectively took over from lw and mw as the delivery platform of choice for fixed and portable domestic and vehicle - based receivers. in addition, ofcom ( previously the radio authority ) in the uk issues on demand restricted service licences on fm and also on am ( mw ) for short - term local - coverage broadcasting which is open to anyone who does not carry a prohibition and can put up the appropriate licensing and royalty fees. in 2010 around 450 such licences were issued. other countries most other countries expanded their use of fm through the 1990s. because it takes a large number of fm transmitting stations to cover a geographically large country, particularly where there are terrain difficulties, fm is more suited to local broadcasting than for national networks. in such countries, particularly where there are economic or infrastructural problems, \" rolling out \" a national fm broadcast network to reach the majority of the population can be a slow and expensive process. itu conferences about fm the frequencies available for fm were decided by some important conferences of itu. the milestone of those conferences is the stockholm agreement of 1961 among 38 countries. a 1984 conference in geneva made some modifications to the original stockholm agreement particularly in the frequency range above 100 mhz. small - scale use of the fm broadcast band consumer use of fm transmitters in some countries, small - scale ( part 15 in united states terms ) transmitters are available that can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46836775258661656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.811962"} {"text": "some modifications to the original stockholm agreement particularly in the frequency range above 100 mhz. small - scale use of the fm broadcast band consumer use of fm transmitters in some countries, small - scale ( part 15 in united states terms ) transmitters are available that can transmit a signal from an audio device ( usually an mp3 player or similar ) to a standard fm radio receiver ; such devices range from small units built to carry audio to a car radio with no audio - in capability ( often formerly provided by special adapters for audio cassette decks, which are becoming less common on car radio designs ) up to full - sized, near - professional - grade broadcasting systems that can be used to transmit audio throughout a property. most such units transmit in full stereo, though some models designed for beginner hobbyists may not. similar transmitters are often included in satellite radio receivers and some toys. legality of these devices varies by country. the u. s. federal communications commission and industry canada allow them. starting on 1 october 2006 these devices became legal in most countries in the european union. devices made to the harmonised european specification became legal in the uk on 8 december 2006. fm radio microphones the fm broadcast band can also be used by some inexpensive wireless microphones, but professional - grade wireless microphones generally use bands in the uhf region so they can run on dedicated equipment without broadcast interference. such inexpensive wireless microphones are generally sold as toys for karaoke or similar purposes, allowing the user to use an fm radio as an output rather than a dedicated amplifier and speaker. low - power transmitters such as those mentioned above are also sometimes used for neighborhood or campus radio stations, though campus radio stations are often run over carrier current. this is generally considered a form of microbroadcasting. as a general rule, enforcement towards low - power fm stations is stricter than am stations due to issues such as the capture effect, and as a result, fm microbroadcasters generally do not reach as far as their am competitors. clandestine use of fm transmitters fm transmitters have been used to construct miniature wireless microphones for espionage and surveillance purposes ( covert listening devices or so - called \" bugs \" ) ; the advantage to using the fm broadcast band for such operations is that the receiving equipment would not be considered particularly suspect. common practice is to tune the bug ' s transmitter off the ends of the broadcast band, into what in the united states would be tv channel 6 ( < 87. 9 mhz ) or aviation navigation frequencies ( > 107. 9 ) ; most fm radios with analog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5320242363146404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.813556"} {"text": "is to tune the bug ' s transmitter off the ends of the broadcast band, into what in the united states would be tv channel 6 ( < 87. 9 mhz ) or aviation navigation frequencies ( > 107. 9 ) ; most fm radios with analog tuners have sufficient overcoverage to pick up these slightly - beyond - outermost frequencies, although many digitally tuned radios do not. constructing a \" bug \" is a common early project for electronics hobbyists, and project kits to do so are available from a wide variety of sources. the devices constructed, however, are often too large and poorly shielded for use in clandestine activity. in addition, much pirate radio activity is broadcast in the fm range, because of the band ' s greater clarity and listenership, the smaller size and lower cost of equipment. see also fm broadcasting by country - fm broadcasting in australia - fm broadcasting in canada - fm broadcasting in egypt - fm broadcasting in india - fm broadcasting in japan - fm broadcasting in nz - fm broadcasting in pakistan - fm broadcasting in the uk - fm broadcasting in the usa fm broadcasting ( technical ) - am broadcasting - am stereo ( related technology ) - frequency modulation - fm broadcast band - long - distance fm reception ( fm dx ) - ripping music from fm broadcasts - rds ( radio data system ) - fm estereo ( catalan ) - fm estereo ( spanish ) - \" transmission standards for fm sound broadcasting at vhf \". itu rec. bs. 450. international telecommunications union. pp. 4 \u2013 5. - http : / / louise. hallikainen. org / broadcasthistory / uploads / fm _ stereo _ final _ rando. pdf fcc fm stereo final report and order - \" stereophonic broadcasting : technical details of pilot - tone system \", information sheet 1604 ( 4 ) ( bbc engineering information service ), june 1970 - \" fm reception guide : fm propagation \". wgbh. 2010. retrieved 9 may 2010. includes tips for multipath & fringe problems. - ann arbor news, ann arbor, michigan, january 3, 1973 - mielke, e. - j. ( 1977 ). einflu\u00df des dolby - b - verfahrens auf die ubertragungsqualitat im ukw - horrundfunk. rundfunktechnische mitteilungen, vol 21, pp 222 - 228. - irt ( 1981 - 12 - 30 ). irt technical report 55 / 81. prufung eines mod", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5217296564556017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.815806"} {"text": "an oxygen sensor converts the status of the engine ' s exhaust gas oxygen content into a corresponding voltage signal. the oxygen sensor is sometimes referred to as a lambda sensor on some european cars. changes in the amount of exhaust gas oxygen result in a voltage change that is monitored by the vehicle ' s powertrain control module. many oxygen sensors also have built - in heaters, to warm them to operating temperature more quickly. prior to 1996, most vehicles had one oxygen sensor. after 1996 vehicle are equipped with two to four oxygen sensors. the plymouth neon oxygen sensor supplies real time information about the engine ' s exhaust gas oxygen content to the powertrain control module. this information is used primarily to help calculate fuel delivery to the engine, which changes continuously while it is running. if the engine is running lean, the powertrain control module will sense this from the oxygen sensor ' s signal and increase the fuel supplied to the engine. conversely, just the opposite occurs when the engine begins to run rich. on obdii - ( 1996 and later ) equipped vehicles, the sensors are also used to help determine the efficiency of the catalytic converter. the powertrain control module does this by comparing the signal of the sensor located at the inlet of the catalytic converter with the signal of the sensor located at the outlet of the converter. plymouth neon oxygen sensors have a limited service period, replace as recommended in the owner ' s manual or when other conditions dictate, such as failing an emissions test or an oxygen sensor related diagnostic code from the powertrain control module indicating a faulty oxygen sensor. some pre 1996 vehicles have an oxygen sensor light that appears when oxygen sensor replacement is needed. some symptoms of a faulty plymouth neon oxygen sensor include poor gas mileage, a failed emissions test, \" rotten - eggs \" smell from the exhaust, poor engine performance. a faulty oxygen sensor will cause the service engine soon or check engine light to appear, it ' s best to have the cause checked out immediately by a neglecting these warning signs can cause expensive damage to the catalytic converter, requiring replacement. o2 sensor, lambda sensor, hego sensor, front ( upstream ) oxygen, rear ( downstream ) oxygen sensor on pre 1996 plymouth neon vehicles the oxygen is located in the exhaust manifold or front exhaust pipe near the exhaust manifold. four cylinder has one oxygen sensor and v6 and v8 may has two, one for each engine bank. on 1996 \u201c make model \u201d and later obdii equipped vehicles will have a least two oxygen sensors. an upstream or front oxygen sensor located in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5222052144432199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.818613"} {"text": "tree \" kickers \" are hardwood logs which are used to deflect stream flow away from an unstable bank area. one or more logs are anchored to the streambank on an outside curve and placed at an angle to \" kick \" stream flow away from the bank and toward the middle of the stream. brush is tied between the log and the bank to prevent scour erosion. kickers are often used with other practices such as evergreen revetments ( see guide no. 12 evergreen revetments ) which further protect streambanks from eroding forces, and with dormant cuttings and hardwood plantings which reestablish root systems in the bank. see guides no. 07 restoring streambanks with vegetation, no. 08 trees for ditches, and no. 13 forested buffer strips for detailed information on these practices. a kicker is one of several biotechnical practices described in the ohio stream management guides. these practices use vegetative or other natural materials to achieve stream management objectives, usually erosion control. one of the chief advantages of biotechnical practices is that they help restore natural stream features, like in - stream habitat and streambank vegetation. guide no. 10, biotechnical projects in ohio, provides an overview of biotechnical practices. it also maps over 50 project sites and lists contacts who can arrange for site visits. some site conditions and / or project objectives ( such as protecting existing structures on the streambank ) will require use of more traditional, structurally engineered solutions. this is particularly true where high velocity flows can be expected. in other situations, a combination of structural and biotechnical practices may provide both strength and habitat. no project should be undertaken without an understanding of the functions of stream energy and the source of any problem to be corrected. guide no. 03, stream management and the stream ' s natural processes, will provide an overview of stream dynamics and the impacts land and channel management practices have on streams. technical assistance about stream dynamics can also be obtained at your local soil & water conservation district. the phone numbers are listed under county government in your local phone directory. the purpose of this ohio stream management guide is to describe the generally suitable site conditions and the design, installation and maintenance steps for tree kickers. the guidelines provided are based on years of field experience in ohio, particularly on scenic rivers. as with any construction project in a stream, the ohio department of natural resources recommends you consult with the applicable local, state and federal authorities listed in guide no. 06, permit checklist for stream modification projects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45335228039576003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.829436"} {"text": "experience in ohio, particularly on scenic rivers. as with any construction project in a stream, the ohio department of natural resources recommends you consult with the applicable local, state and federal authorities listed in guide no. 06, permit checklist for stream modification projects, prior to construction. the extent of permit requirements will depend on the location and design of your project. where to use kickers tree kickers are most often used to correct bank undercutting, especially where the crest of the cut bank is five feet ( ft. ) or more above normal water levels. a kicker deflects the concentration of stream energy away from the bank. in addition, kickers help rebuild the bank by providing an area for sediments to deposit and provide underwater structure for fish and aquatic insects. the construction guidelines in this guide apply to this use of the kicker practice. tree kickers are occasionally used to deflect flows into a point bar on an opposite bank to erode sediment deposits. the sediments will then redeposit downstream where stream velocity slows. always look for the cause of erosion when considering how to solve it. if the bank is eroded from flow coming over the bank from adjacent land, kickers are not applicable. if the stream is just naturally meandering, protection measures should not be installed unless really necessary. tree kickers will not correct erosion due to lack of root structure. in that case, new vegetation should be planted. however, banks which lack vegetation and root structure are vulnerable to undercutting, so a kicker might be needed in addition to the new vegetation. channel depth at the construction site needs to be shallow enough for a person to safely stand and work during low flows. kickers work best where there are trees, preferably live ones, on the bank onto which one or more logs can be anchored. since the kicker practice alone does not include planting vegetation, it can be used in shady areas. kickers are most often installed in streams where the channel width is less than 100 ft. but wide enough so that deflected stream flows do not cause erosion on the opposite bank. design and construction guidelines choosing a kicker log - any available tree can be used for the deflecting log, including those found in the channel. in fact, woody debris found in stream channels can be put to good use in constructing kickers. excess debris ( that which is causing an obstruction ) should be removed from both the channel and the floodplain. the best species for kicker logs are hardwood trees, which deteriorate slowly, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4317194502066856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.830434"} {"text": "be put to good use in constructing kickers. excess debris ( that which is causing an obstruction ) should be removed from both the channel and the floodplain. the best species for kicker logs are hardwood trees, which deteriorate slowly, and / or trees with dense branches, which slow stream flow and catch sediments. the size of the log ( s ) should be compatible with the channel width and stream flow at the site. of course, the anchor trees should be as large or larger than the kicker log. brush or evergreen trees should be cabled to the kicker log in the area between the log and the bank ( see figure 1 ). small trees with crowns intact can also be used. this prevents bank scour and traps sediments in the slower, \" backwater \" area. if the kicker log still has its root wad attached, extra care should be taken to tie brush around the wad on the side toward the bank. root wads are excellent for in - stream habitat structure but increase the likelihood of bank scour. do not anchor the kicker log or the brush to the streambank. during high flows the log and attached brush need to be able to rise with the water. if high velocity flows occur before sediments have a chance to build up and \" attach \" the kicker log to the bed and bank, those flows may scour under the kicker structure. choosing logs with large and dense branches helps prevent this scour. repair or replacement may, however, be necessary. if this is a concern, and the stream size and project design allows the kicker log diameter to be about 6 inches or less, you can try anchoring the top end of the kicker log into the stream bed or bank to prevent it from floating. anchoring methods are discussed in guide no. 12, evergreen revetments. it is important to avoid hitting any utility lines during excavation and it is easy to be safe by using the \" call before you dig \" service ( 1 - 800 / 362 - 2764 ) 48 hours prior to digging. they will contact local utility companies and have them flag any lines located near your project. kicker construction - a four - wheel drive truck or small tractor can be used to pull the kicker logs into place. cable and two or three snatch block pulleys can be used to angle the logs without moving the truck more than necessary. a manual come - along can be used if the logs are not too large. at least two people should work together to safely place and angle the logs correctly. secure the logs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38850551002464395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.831424"} {"text": "can be used to angle the logs without moving the truck more than necessary. a manual come - along can be used if the logs are not too large. at least two people should work together to safely place and angle the logs correctly. secure the logs with cables and clamps as shown in figures 1 and 3. after construction, be sure to reseed any areas disturbed by the vehicle. equipment - in addition to the items mentioned above, you will need : - a first aid kit - chain saw and appropriate safety equipment : hard hat and goggles, chaps and gloves - saw or loppers for harvesting brush - steel aircraft cable, 3 / 8, 1 / 2 or 5 / 8 inch, depending on the kicker log ' s size. - clamps sized to match the cable ; bring extra to replace any lost in the water. some lost clamps can be recovered with a large magnet. - standard deep well 3 / 8 drive socket set with 9 / 16, 1 / 2, 5 / 8 inch extensions - or open end wrench set, 5 pieces including 9 / 16, 1 / 2, 5 / 8 inch sizes - wire and / or 1 / 4 inch cable to tie the brush together and secure it to the deflector log - pliers and wire cutters, if using wire - sledge hammer and sledge - type cable cutter - chest waders - a back hoe if excavating trench for a dead man anchor maintenance - during the first year or two after construction at least two people should inspect the kicker ( s ) after high water events and make any necessary repairs. check the angle of the kicker and adjust it as necessary. make sure the cable on the deflector logs and brush is wrapped tight, add more brush if you find evidence of scouring, and tighten any loose clamps. inspect and maintain the kicker annually after that. an important factor in every maintenance check is to make sure the cable around the live trees is not too tight. if the bark on the trunk is expanding beyond the cable, the tree is being girdled and its life is being threatened. use the extra cable which you left loose during the installation to ease the wrapped cable as the tree grows. use the wooden blocks, too, to ease pressure on the live trees. after several years it may be possible to eliminate the cable on the anchor trees altogether. this is only possible where enough new sediment has settled in to solidly reestablish the bank so that the kicker is secure without it being anchored", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42280307237142384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.832359"} {"text": "live trees. after several years it may be possible to eliminate the cable on the anchor trees altogether. this is only possible where enough new sediment has settled in to solidly reestablish the bank so that the kicker is secure without it being anchored to the trees. this guide is one of a series of ohio stream management guides covering a variety of watershed and stream management issues and methods of addressing stream related problems. the first several guides in the series are overview guides intended to give the reader an understanding of the functions and values of streams. for more information about stream management programs, issues and methodologies, see guide no. 05 index of titles or call the odnr division of water at 614 / 265 - 6740. paper copies of the guides are available from the ohio department of natural resources. single copies are available free of charge and may be reproduced. please contact one of the below for paper originals : the ohio department of natural resources division of water 2045 morse road, bldg. b columbus, ohio 43229 - 6693 phone : ( 614 ) 265 - 6740 fax : ( 614 ) 447 - 9503 this guide is also available on - line as a pdf file so you may print high quality originals at your location. download the pdf file of this fact sheet 147k", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4487612750032873, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.832886"} {"text": "thursday, oct. 4 ( healthday news ) - - an aerobic exercise program, consisting of stationary bike cycling to either music or an interactive video game, provides many psychological benefits for overweight and obese adolescents, according to a study published online sept. 30 in the journal of pediatric psychology. gary s. goldfield, ph. d., from the university of ottawa in canada, and colleagues randomized 30 obese adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years, to twice - weekly, laboratory - based sessions of either stationary cycling to music or stationary cycling to an interactive video game over a 10 - week trial. the researchers found no differences between exercise groups over time. but when collapsed across exercise modality, significant pre - post improvements were seen for body image, perceived scholastic competence, and social competence. psychosocial functioning was positively associated with changes in aerobic fitness but not body composition. \" aerobic exercise was associated with improvements in body image, perceived academic performance, and social competence in obese adolescents, and these psychological benefits were related to improved aerobic fitness but not changes in body composition, \" the authors write. copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. | previous : ehrs linked to improved care, outcomes in diabetes | | next : increased weight cuts death risk in rheumatoid arthritis | reader comments on this article are listed below. review our comments policy. submit your opinion : are you a doctor, pharmacist, pa or a nurse? join the doctors lounge online medical community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49873322096134015, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.834602"} {"text": "if you use a computer at work, you probably already know that a long day of staring at your screen can lead to eyestrain, tired eyes, headache, muscle aches and other symptoms of computer vision syndrome ( cvs ). but did you know that cvs can also cause more mistakes and lost productivity, too? cvs increases vision problems in the workplace according to the american optometric association ( aoa ), the most frequent health complaints among computer workers are vision - related. studies suggest 50 % to 90 % of computer users suffer from visual symptoms of computer vision syndrome. these symptoms include eyestrain, dry eyes or eye irritation, blurred vision and double vision. with increasing numbers of employees using a computer at work, cvs is becoming a major public health issue. the aoa reports that approximately 10 million eye exams are performed annually in the u. s. due to vision problems related to computer use. worker productivity and cvs a recent study conducted by the university of alabama at birmingham ( uab ) school of optometry examined the relationship between the vision of computer workers and their productivity in the workplace. the study found : - there is a direct correlation between proper vision correction and productivity. this relationship particularly is evident with complex and / or repetitive computer tasks such as data entry. - there is a direct correlation between proper vision correction and the time required for a computer worker to perform a task. computer - related tasks took much longer when the subjects wore glasses with less than the optimum correction for computer work. - reduced productivity from vision problems can occur even if the computer user is unaware they have a vision problem. performance on a specific task can suffer significantly \u2014 by as much as 20 % \u2014 from minor vision problems. \" our data strongly suggest that improving the visual status of workers using computers results in greater productivity in the workplace, as well as improved visual comfort, \" said kent daum, od, phd, the study ' s chief investigator. computer eyewear and the bottom line according to the uab study, employers who invest in computer eyewear for their employees can experience a positive impact on their bottom line from such a program. the authors of the study concluded : - providing computer vision care to all employees who use computers, even those who are not experiencing cvs symptoms, results in significant productivity gains and cost savings for employers. - musculoskeletal problems, which may be caused by computer - related vision problems, can potentially be minimized or eliminated by including computer vision care in a comprehensive ergonomics program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49205782181086843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.838805"} {"text": "though designed to attract wild birds, bird feeders also have the effect of attracting other wildlife species. the prospect of an easy meal is too alluring, so whenever you offer food to wild birds, sooner or later you will attract squirrels. with a single feeder, both birds and squirrels end up competing for the same resource. consequently, the larger, more active squirrels scare away birds and in the process bird feeders get damaged. most bird feeders simply are not designed to withstand the persistent and energetic activity of foraging squirrels. maintain backyard harmony and prevent costly damage to bird feeders by providing squirrels a feeder of their own \u2013 one designed to challenge them but at the same time resist damage. look for durable, squirrel - resistant materials such as metal or solid thick - cut hardwood construction to ensure lasting enjoyment. bird feeders are for the birds squirrels are just as fascinating and entertaining to watch as wild birds. also, squirrels are extremely cunning, and their problem - solving abilities seem uncanny. squirrel feeders that challenge and stimulate clever squirrel minds provide hours of interactive entertainment for both you and the squirrels. not only do squirrels relish the mental and physical exercise, they are rewarded generously for their efforts. use squirrel favorites such as corn, sunflower seeds, and squirrel food and place feeders at least 15 ft. away from your wild bird feeders. keep squirrel feeders well stocked at all times to prevent squirrels from straying from their designated feeder. occupied squirrels are less likely to be interested in bird feeders. recommended squirrel products", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42366648384776345, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.840537"} {"text": "diagnosing and treating osteoporosis 3 of 12 in series : the essentials of vitamin d benefits doctors diagnose osteoporosis by performing a bone densitometry test, which measures the amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. the areas studied in a bone densitometry study are usually the lumbar spine and the upper part of the hip. the test takes about ten minutes to complete. the bone density correlates fairly well with the tendency of a bone to fracture. measurements at the hip and spine can predict fractures at other sites. the following diagram shows dense, healthy bones on the left ; bones weakened by osteoporosis appear on the right. dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry ( dxa ) is the most common method for studying the density of your bones. in this study, you lie on a table ; then two x - ray beams \u2014 one of high energy and one of low energy \u2014 are aimed at your bones. the amount of radiation that passes through the bone is measured for each beam. this amount is determined by the thickness of the bone. the bone density is measured by a formula using the difference between the two beams. this procedure is painless and safe ; the amount of radiation is very small \u2014 about one - tenth the amount a patient receives during a routine chest x - ray. the test is limited by differences in testing methods and technicians. results are also affected by curvature of the spine, calcium in the abdominal aorta and blood vessels, arthritic changes in the spine, and multiple previous fractures. the test doesn \u2019 t identify the cause of low bone density. bone densitometry is recommended for the following groups : women age 65 or older men age 70 or older women age 60 to 64 if they \u2019 re at increased risk \u2014 mainly low in weight, but also smokers and heavy drinkers ( more than five drinks a week ) men between ages 50 and 70 who haven \u2019 t had sufficient testosterone anyone older than 50 who \u2019 s had a broken bone when osteoporosis is in full swing, a person will need medical help in the form of drugs. several drugs treat osteoporosis by slowing or stopping the bone loss. they don \u2019 t affect vitamin d. the current drugs of choice are the bisphosphonate class of drugs. these drugs work by binding to calcium in bone, thereby blocking the ability of osteoclasts to break down any more bone. the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.486302070644942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.846475"} {"text": "t affect vitamin d. the current drugs of choice are the bisphosphonate class of drugs. these drugs work by binding to calcium in bone, thereby blocking the ability of osteoclasts to break down any more bone. the most popular bisphosphonates currently are : alendronate ( fosamax ), taken once a day risedronate ( actonel ), taken once a week ibandronate ( boniva ), taken once a month zoledronic acid ( reclast or aclasta ), taken intravenously once yearly bisphosphonates aren \u2019 t completely free of side effects. some of the more serious ones include the following : atrial fibrillation : the atria of the heart lose their regular motion and develop rapid disorganized movement. inflammation of the stomach and erosion of the esophagus : the patient needs to be able to stand or sit upright for at least 30 minutes after taking a bisphosphonate. because all bisphosphonates are poorly absorbed, the patient must avoid food, drink, and all medications for 30 minutes. ( some bisphosphonates can be administered intravenously, and this doesn \u2019 t happen with that route of delivery. ) osteonecrosis of the jaw : in osteonecrosis, one of the jaw bones is exposed through the gums, and infection and pain occurs. this condition generally occurs after a dental extraction in patients treated with the intravenous forms ( ibandronate and zoledronic acid ). severe pain : the pain occurs in bones, joints, or muscles. physicians monitor the effect of the bisphosphonates by repeating the bone densitometry study every year or two. if the bone densitometry remains stable or improves, the patient may stop the bisphosphonates after five years. doctors continue to monitor bone density. lack of estrogen has been shown to be the reason women lose bone at an accelerated pace at menopause ; so, naturally, estrogen replacement had previously been the mainstay of osteoporosis therapy. it is quite effective at preventing spine and hip fractures. but estrogen also has been associated with cancer, especially breast cancer, as well as heart disease, so it \u2019 s not currently recommended as a primary treatment for osteoporosis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.428808762920859, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.847517"} {"text": "boulder daily camera file photo boulder daily camera file photo boulder ( ap ) \u2013 on sept. 14, 1954, president dwight d. eisenhower became the first sitting president to visit boulder when he toured the sparkling new lab facilities that had just been constructed for the bureau now known as the national institute of standards and technology. he delivered a dedication speech to an estimated 10, 000 \u2013 about half the size of boulder \u2019 s total population at the time. the content of eisenhower \u2019 s speech is well known \u2013 a transcript was published in the newspaper at the time and it is easy to find online today \u2013 but until recently, an audio recording of the speech was not so easy to come by. now, boulder \u2019 s carnegie branch library for local history has digitized a recording of the speech made by kbol radio. \u201c what he said has been known for a long time, \u201d said laura ost, director of media relations for the institute in boulder. \u201c something about hearing him say it is very powerful. \u201d ost \u2019 s research into the 1954 speech led to the uncovering of the recording. she was looking for historical material about the national institute of standards and technology, originally called the national bureau of standards, for an exhibit that the lab is developing. that led her to the carnegie library to sort through historic photos. but she also found an entry in the library \u2019 s catalog for the kbol radio collection. the entry noted that the collection was a box of reel - to - reel tapes, which mostly had not been listened to since the collection was donated. but many of the reel boxes had topics taped onto them, including one that read \u201c 1954 bureau of standards dedication. \u201d library archivist marti anderson helped ost get a first listen to the tape. \u201c years and years ago, somebody had donated to the library a reel - to - reel tape player, \u201d anderson said. \u201c i googled how to put the tape in the tape player. \u201d and it worked. \u201c she set it up and we listened to it \u2013 just enough to hear what was on it \u2013 it was so old, \u201d ost said. \u201c i got pretty excited. \u201d until this past april, when president barack obama made the first of two trips to the university of colorado this year, eisenhower was the only sitting president to visit boulder. in his speech, which can be heard at dailycamera. com, eisenhower calls science america \u2019 s next great frontier for discovery. \u201c... the frontier days when we could go out and discover new land \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4321295837909287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.851064"} {"text": "sitting president to visit boulder. in his speech, which can be heard at dailycamera. com, eisenhower calls science america \u2019 s next great frontier for discovery. \u201c... the frontier days when we could go out and discover new land \u2013 new wonders of geography and of nature \u2013 has seemed largely in the past. but here, inside this building, we have a frontier possibly of even greater romantic value as well as greater material value to us than were some of the discoveries of those days, \u201d he said. eisenhower also spent a large part of his speech talking about how science can be used both for good and for evil and challenging the audience and the people who would work in the lab to leverage scientific discoveries to make america better. \u201c... possibly each one of us is a laboratory to discover what we can contribute toward the growth of that kind of spirit among men that will make all of these discoveries of these dedicated scientists become assets to us, \u201d eisenhower said, \u201c as we try to develop for ourselves and our children a better life, a richer life \u2013 one that gives us more opportunity to grow intellectually and spiritually. \u201d anderson said helping ost find the recording was fun \u2013 but it \u2019 s just part of the job of being an archivist. \u201c that \u2019 s what carnegie is all about, is helping people on their quest, \u201d she said. \u201c it takes all sorts of different turns. it \u2019 s a fun experience to work at carnegie, and it \u2019 s really fun to watch people find what they thought they never could find. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45740327469683617, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.851665"} {"text": "residential fire deaths lead the total number of deaths caused by fire in the united states. according to statistics from the national fire protection association ( nfpa ), about 85 percent of all u. s. fire deaths in 2009 occurred in homes, and on average, eight people died in u. s. home fires every day. most victims of fires die from smoke or toxic gases and not from burns. it is interesting to note that the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) reports that most residential fires occur during the winter months. the statistic that may resound with the contractor is that almost all homes have at least one smoke alarm, but almost two - thirds of reported home fire deaths in 2003 \u2013 2007 resulted from fires in homes with no working smoke alarms. chapter 29 of nfpa 72 2010, the national fire alarm and signaling code, contains the requirements for residential smoke and heat alarms and residential fire - warning systems. note the chapter \u2019 s stated purpose : \u201c fire - warning equipment for residential occupancies shall provide a reliable means to notify the occupants of the presence of a threatening fire and the need to escape to a place of safety before such escape might be impeded by untenable conditions in the normal path of egress. \u201d the installation and application of residential fire alarm equipment \u2014 multiple \u2014 station smoke alarms or a complete fire alarm system \u2014 falls squarely on the shoulders of the contractor. there are required locations for smoke detectors or smoke alarms to ensure compliance with the code. for example, nfpa 72 2010 states, \u201c where required by other governing laws, codes, or standards for a specific type of occupancy, approved single and multiple - station smoke alarms shall be installed as follows : 1. \u201c in all sleeping rooms and guest rooms 2. \u201c outside of each separate dwelling unit sleeping area, within 21 ft. ( 6. 4 m ) of any door to a sleeping room, with the distance measured along a path of travel 3. \u201c on every level of a dwelling unit, including basements 4. \u201c on every level of a residential board and care occupancy ( small facility ), including basements and excluding crawl spaces and unfinished attics 5. \u201c in the living area ( s ) of a guest suite 6. \u201c in the living area ( s ) of a residential board and care occupancy ( small facility ) \u201d in addition, the code requires that all points on the ceiling have a smoke alarm within a 30 - foot travel distance or must have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4409132864847455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.856141"} {"text": ". \u201c in the living area ( s ) of a residential board and care occupancy ( small facility ) \u201d in addition, the code requires that all points on the ceiling have a smoke alarm within a 30 - foot travel distance or must have an equivalent of one smoke alarm per 500 square feet of floor area. a contractor evaluates this by dividing the total interior square footage of the floor area per level by 500 square feet. the annex clarifies this, stating the requirements do not preclude the installation of smoke alarms on walls in accordance with the code. it also states that \u201c some building configurations, such as division of rooms and open foyers or great rooms, dictate that alarms be located so that they do not cover distinctly separate 500 square foot areas but rather provide overlapping coverage relative to this spacing requirement. \u201d one of the new sections of the 2010 edition relates to residents with hearing impairments. the code states, \u201c since hearing deficits are often not apparent, the responsibility for advising the appropriate person ( s ) of the existence of this deficit shall be that of the party with hearing loss. \u201d while the contractor is not required to make the decision for hearing - impaired individuals in the residential environment, the code requires that you ensure those with this impairment will be notified in the event of a fire condition. the code covers two situations that you may encounter : individuals with a mild to severe hearing loss and those with profound hearing loss. the code now requires the use of a new, low - frequency notification appliance to notify those with mild to severe hearing loss. the appliance must comply with the following : a. the alarm signal shall be a square wave or provide equivalent awakening ability. b. the wave shall have a fundamental frequency of 520 hz + / - 10 percent. c. the minimum sound level at the pillow shall be 75 dba, 15 db above the average ambient sound level, or 5 db above the maximum sound level with a duration of at least 60 seconds, whichever is greatest. for those with a profound hearing loss, the code requires the use of tactile notification appliances. these appliances must meet the performance requirements of ansi / ul 1971, standard for signaling devices for the hearing impaired, or equivalent. as in the previous edition, signals from notification appliances are not required to be synchronized. in most jurisdictions, smoke alarms are required for all new construction based on the building code in force. there are also jurisdictions that require, through legislation, all existing homes to be protected. the above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4657936298862414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.857259"} {"text": "| zoological name : | | ficus benghalensis | | found in : | | ranthambore national park and corbett national park | other names : bargad, bor, ber, ala and pedda mari, nayagrodha, ala mara, bar, vad, vatnam, bahupada, peddamarri, al are the other names used for the banyan tree. indians call it a wish fulfilling tree. description : banyan tree is a huge tree with very extensive branches. it is said that at one time more than 10, 000 people can sit under its shade at one time. it is a evergreen tree. it branches spread out and send trunk like roots to the ground in order to support itself. it grows to a height of more than 21 meters and lives for many years. the leaves are 10 - 20 cm long and has many aerial roots. the leaves are broad, oval and glossy. white milky fluid oozes out of leaves, if broken. it can grow in to the gaint tree covering several hectares. other species : f. aurea, f. benghalensis, f. citrifolia, f. macrophylla, f. microcarpa, f. pertusa, f. rubiginosa are the other related species of the banyan tree. location : found in almost all the parts of india, banyan tree is the national tree of india. it is grown throughout the sub - himalayan region and in the deciduous forests. one can banyan tree in the botanical garden of calcutta. they are widely grown in the ranthambore national park and corbett national park in india. cultivation methods : banyan tree is easily propagated by root tip cuttings or the eye cuttings. cut apiece of the stem about half a inch below and above the leaf. insert the stem piece and a little of the leaf stalk into the rooting medium. to reduce evaporation from the leaf surface, you can roll the leaf and secure with a rubber band. in a couple weeks roots and a new shoot will start developing. it can grow in any type of soil. medicinal uses : the banyan tree also has several medicinal properties. its leaf, bark, seeds and fig are used for the variety of disorders like diarrhea, polyuria, dental, diabetes and urine disorders. the wood of the banyan tree is used in making door panels, boxes and the other items. its bark is used for making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42019822228390213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.861495"} {"text": "and fig are used for the variety of disorders like diarrhea, polyuria, dental, diabetes and urine disorders. the wood of the banyan tree is used in making door panels, boxes and the other items. its bark is used for making paper and ropes. the milky latex that comes from its leaves and stems is used in many ayurvedic medicines. other uses : in india its edible leaves are used as the plates. it is planted for the soil conservation. wood is used for well curbs, door panels, boxes, furniture etc. it is suitable for paper pulp. the wood of the aerial roots is stronger and is used for the tent poles and cart yokes. cultural importance : banyan tree is respected and is considered as sacred by the people in india. in the sacred hindu book ' bhagwad gita ' lord krishna has sung praises on the banyan tree. people in india grow banyan tree closer to the peepal tree. as banyan tree is considered as the male plant closely related to the peepal tree. it symbolize trimurti with vishnu as the barl, shiva as the branches and brahma as the roots. indians considered banyan tree as ' kalpa vriksha ' the tree that fulfill all your wishes. the mighty banyan tree is considered as immortal and has always been the focal point for the village communities in india. it is probably the biggest and friendliest of all trees. banyan tree is the tree of knowledge and tree of life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4101181299696822, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.862063"} {"text": "the north - east : politics, water and poverty blame its droughts \u2014 but still more its decades of misdirected public subsidy by mid - morning, the sun has burned off the early, misleading, puffs of cloud and starts to roast the caatinga, the spiny scrub that stretches, fawn - grey, without end across the backlands of north - east brazil. around ouricuri, a small town far inland in pernambuco state, farmers expect 500mm ( 20 inches ) of rain a year, spread from late december to march. this year, they got 250mm in january, half of it unhelpfully in one day ; and since then, nothing. underfoot, the dry caatinga crackles. maize and beans have failed, cattle risk running short of feed. as the sun relents towards evening, along country roads women and children trudge home, balancing on their heads cans of water drawn from muddy ponds, even they fast disappearing. every few years this scene repeats itself in the semi - arido, the dry lands at the heart of the north - east. each drought briefly concentrates national attention on the area \u2014 especially so this year, with a presidential election due. three months ago, incidents of looting of markets and food lorries, some by the simply hungry, some by brazil ' s radical landless movement, hurt the re - election prospects of president fernando henrique cardoso and jolted officials into action. in the past, drought meant starvation for people and animals alike, prompting a tragic exodus to coastal cities until rain returned. this year no one should die, officials say, thanks to a relief operation which, after a slow start, now brings monthly food baskets to 2. 6m families, and has enlisted 1m adults in make - work schemes. the government has also granted 450m reais ( $ 385m ) in cheap loans for wells, small dams and forage. traditionally such aid, when not pocketed by local mayors, was used by them as a tool to maintain political power. this year, the federal government has insisted that each mayor should set up a civic committee to administer aid. in some places \u2014 ouricuri is one \u2014 this has worked well ; in others the old evils persist. but the real test of the relief effort will come over the next four months, as water, forage and credit all run out. further unrest may break out. as soon as it rains, richer brazil will again lose interest in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3786565349645746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.870990"} {"text": ", foresees another $ 34 billion in private investment in the next four years. some will be drawn by an ambitious tourism plan. this includes brazil ' s first planned resort \u2014 in the style of mexico ' s cancun \u2014 at sauipe, on the coast 120 kilometres from salvador. the initial $ 215m, 3, 500 - bed stage is being built. since 1990, industry has also sprouted in ceara, with around $ 1 billion of new investment and 15, 000 new jobs each year. the state now has big textile and shoe industries, is building a deep - water port, and makes ( unconfirmed ) claims to have lured a steel works and oil refinery. with vigorous promotion and especially generous tax holidays, it has attracted firms from southern brazil. grendene, a shoemaker from rio grande do sul, is now ceara ' s largest private employer, with eight factories and 10, 000 workers there. despite much training, it finds productivity lower than in the south, but wages are 50 % lower. pernambuco, the region ' s third significant state, is the centre of a declining sugar industry, but also of some less advertised success stories, with flourishing medical and software industries in recife. and in the valley of the sao francisco around the fast - growing twin towns of petrolina and juazeiro, and in the small state of rio grande do norte, irrigated fruit farming thrives. the potential is huge. \u201c brazil has no awareness that it could be a world power in fruit. today, it ' s smaller than costa rica or ecuador, \u201d says voltaire medina, the chilean chief agronomist of fruit fort, a petrolina firm that grows and exports mangoes to the united states and europe. sun, water and careful technique allow it to harvest 34 tonnes of mangoes per hectare each year, double the average in rival countries such as mexico. now the firm is planning to export seedless grapes. such ventures offer some hope of bringing development to the interior of the north - east. hitherto, growth has been heavily concentrated in just three big cities, fortaleza, recife and salvador. between them, these three have had more than half of the private investment mobilised by tax breaks. now, that process is starting to be repeated in two or three fast - growing inland cities. in the past year petrolina, juazeiro and ( a different place ) juazeiro do norte have each acquired gleaming new american - style shopping malls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39480671373792753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.873033"} {"text": "now, that process is starting to be repeated in two or three fast - growing inland cities. in the past year petrolina, juazeiro and ( a different place ) juazeiro do norte have each acquired gleaming new american - style shopping malls \u2014 in brazil, always the symbol that a town has arrived and is developing a middle class. yet though the economic gap between the north - east and the rest of brazil has narrowed, this has been a slow and uneven process. indeed, some economists fear it may recently have been reversed, as technology - based industries have clustered in the south, close to brazil ' s main consumer markets and to its partners in the mercosur trade block. the figures here are ambiguous. a new analysis of the national accounts by ipea, a think - tank linked to the federal government, shows the north - east ' s share of national income broadly static at about 14 % from the mid - 1980s to 1996. yet sudene ' s data show its region growing handsomely in recent years. sudene ' s figures suggest two things. first, the north - east has gained greatly from the low inflation seen temporarily in 1986, and lastingly since 1994 ; high inflation hit it disproportionately, because the purchasing power of its many poor people was ill - protected by brazil ' s old indexation systems. but, second, periodic droughts, as in 1993, still drag the region down. worse, their economic impact is becoming more severe. the roots of the north - east ' s poverty lie in a highly unequal land - holding structure, exacerbated by the political power of the landowners. poor soil and pasture mean that cattle farms in the semi - arido need at least 100 hectares ( 250 acres ) to be economic. but most farmers have fewer than 30. and cotton, the main cash crop, has succumbed over the past decade to disease, credit shortages and cheaper imports. without it, farmers are obliged to sell part of their meagre crops of maize and beans, their diet has suffered, and they lack the savings or access to capital to bounce back after drought, argues tania bacelar, an economist at the federal university of pernambuco. regional policy supposedly aims to lessen inequalities. in practice it has done nothing for the subsistence farmers of the semi - arido. tax breaks and subsidies have indeed attracted jobs to a few lucky parts of the north - east. but many might have come anyway. and the revenues forgone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43219746811806986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.873943"} {"text": ". in practice it has done nothing for the subsistence farmers of the semi - arido. tax breaks and subsidies have indeed attracted jobs to a few lucky parts of the north - east. but many might have come anyway. and the revenues forgone could have been spent on education and other anti - poverty measures, or on better transport links to local and southern markets. nothing sums up these muddled priorities so much as water policy. half the irrigated land in the sao francisco valley is the product of public investment. in turn, rather more than half of that was awarded in six - hectare lots to subsistence farmers from the semi - arido. fine? well, it also both gives local politicians favours to hand out, and legitimises the provision of subsidised water to efficient commercial businesses that could afford to pay its full cost. commercial irrigated farming has bright prospects. but, unsurprisingly, many of the small farmers have got into difficulty and have had to sell up. \u201c the big irrigation projects are done in a way that assumes that an illiterate and poor dry - farmer will become a successful capitalist overnight, \u201d says hermes monteiro, of caatinga, a project that works with poor farmers near ouricuri. if a mere fraction of the public money spent on big irrigation projects were spent on small - scale works in the semi - arido, he argues, subsistence farmers could survive the drought with their animals and livelihoods intact \u2014 and with no need to beg for aid from the local political bosses. for example, a large concrete tank ( cost, 350 reais ) to store rain off farmhouse roofs can supply a family of six with drinking and cooking water for eight months. underground \u201c dams \u201d built in natural hollows can trap sub - soil water, allowing harvests of fruit, rice or maize even in a drought year ( cost, 400 reais for half a hectare ). some state governments are starting to support such works ; many politicians still find big, prestige schemes more profitable. the second big need of the semi - arido is decent education. a typical north - easterner has 3. 3 years of schooling, half the ( low ) national average. bahia and ceara, governed for more than a decade by allies of mr cardoso, are often held up as models of the new, modern north - east. yet in both states one adult in four is illiterate. just as lacking is technical and management training that could help to lift the region '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4196591419536433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.874876"} {"text": "allies of mr cardoso, are often held up as models of the new, modern north - east. yet in both states one adult in four is illiterate. just as lacking is technical and management training that could help to lift the region ' s dry - farmers out of poverty. yet there are small signs of change. the banco do nordeste, a public - sector regional development bank, has increased its lending to agro - industrial projects in the semi - arido. it has also turned 450 of its staff into \u201c development agents \u201d, giving them each a laptop computer and a mission to take credit and basic business skills to small towns and villages. prospects for education too are improving. a new law is channelling more federal aid to the poorest north - eastern schools. as part of drought relief, ceara has enrolled 200, 000 people in literacy classes and school - repair work. bahia ' s state government has declared education its top priority, and plans to lift enrolment rates in primary schools from 80 % to 98 % by 2002, and in secondary schools from 22 % to 40 %. new ideas are appearing in other fields. states are questioning the mutual throat - cutting of the tax - break war. one state, rio grande do norte, has even passed a law that envisages charging for private extraction of water by commercial users ; others, such as ceara, are starting to think that way. just maybe, next time drought hits the north - east, it will be better prepared.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38604952983823215, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.876449"} {"text": "new zealand v the toothfish pirates as the world ' s fish stocks become increasingly depleted, long - range fishing fleets sail to ever more remote areas. now new zealand is trying to stop the plunder of one of the last great fishing grounds. it has dispatched its newest frigate, the te kaha, to patrol the southern ocean off antarctica in a bid to prevent what it regards as \u201c pirates \u201d making off with the patagonian toothfish. new zealand is angry that fleets of longliners \u2014 ships with lines of baited hooks that may trail a couple of kilometres behind them \u2014 are moving east to the ross sea, new zealand ' s antarctic dependency. fishing in the region is supposed to be covered by the 23 - member convention for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources. some ships are breaking its rules ; others are putting themselves outside the convention by re - registering with countries that are not members. the patagonian toothfish ( dissostichus eleginoides ) is a deep - sea species that commands high prices in japan and america. the stocks in other fishing grounds are all but exhausted. last year some 60, 000 tonnes of patagonian toothfish worth about $ 100m were traded, say new zealand officials. some people reckon half the total catch is illegal. many of the fish are landed in mauritius. it is feared that not only will the southern ocean ground soon be fished out, but the depredations will have a devastating effect on local seabirds, which often die trying to take the longliners ' bait. the convention ' s officials fear that some thousands of birds, including albatrosses, will be killed in this way in the antarctic if the fishing is not regulated. not much is known about the patagonian toothfish. it can live at depths of 3, 500 metres ( 11, 400 feet ), reach the age of 50 and grow to 2. 2 metres, but no one can be confident about how fast it can recover from intensive fishing. denzil miller, of the south african sea research institute, believes that, if the harvesting goes on at current rates, it can be fished for only another two to three years. new zealand, which maintains a strict quota management system for its own fisheries, is determined to stop the pillage in its antarctic neighbourhood. the te kaha will be supported by long - range aircraft. she will carry inspectors with authority to board any fishing vessel flying the flag of one of the convention ' s member states. but what will happen if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4136579357150779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.923331"} {"text": "demonstrates how a third - party can harness strategic thinking to make inferences about player identities or motivations ; based on brams. 2003. biblical games : game theory and the hebrew bible. in chapter 3 of the first book of kings, two women stand before king solomon. both claim to be the mother of a baby boy ( one is the mother and one is the mother of a dead baby ; both women live in the same house ). king solomon proposes a solution : \" cut the live child in two, and give half to one and half to the other ( 1 kgs. 3 : 25 ). \" why is king solomon widely regarded as a wise man, rather than an insane despot? because he thought about the incentives the two women faced and structured a game that reveals the women ' s identities through their actions. the king assumes that the women care both about the baby and winning solomon ' s favor, but the real mother cares more about the baby and the imposter cares more about winning solomon ' s favor. both women can either oppose the king ' s solution or not oppose it. if both oppose the solution, the baby is surely saved. if the mother opposes the solution and the imposter does not oppose the solution, the baby may potentially be saved and given to the mother, but it may also be killed. the imposter, however, believes she will win the favor of the king. if the mother does not oppose the solution and the imposter does oppose the solution, the baby may potentially be saved and, if so, will go to the imposter. if neither the mother nor the imposter protests the solution, the baby will surely be killed. the following game matrix, which you saw in experiment 5, captures the essence of the situation. payoff values are : 4 = best ; 3 = next best, 2 = next worst, 1 = worst. the mother has a dominant strategy to oppose the solution and the imposter has a dominant strategy to not oppose the solution. thus their choice of strategies will likely reveal their identities. sure enough, \" [ t ] he woman whose son was the live one pleaded with the king, for she was overcome with compassion for her son. ' please, my lord, ' she cried, ' give her the live child ; only don ' t kill it! ' the other insisted, ' it shall be neither yours nor mine ; cut it in two! ' \" ( 1 kgs. 3 : 26 ). of course, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5725952576453057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.926539"} {"text": "the online de bono thinking skills course at last! a distributed on - line learning course designed by edward de bono. the course is divided into three parts or modules that teach the powerful thinking tools and creativity techniques developed by dr. de bono. the aim of this course is to train people in thinking and to give them ' self esteem ' in their ability to think. this leads to self confidence. this type of thinking is important to the entrepreneur and the emphasis is on this approach. \" thank you very much for this excellent course. to be honest i did not expect it to be as effective as it turned out to be. very useful in all areas of life and work. i would certainly recommend this course to others. i would definitely want to do some tutoring with material that is as good as this. i ' ve got a master ' s degree from the local business school majoring in information processing. it occurred to me that this course in effective thinking is probably much more beneficial for me than four years at the business school. the emphasis on perception nicely balances the analytical approach of academic university education. perhaps success in business depends more on perception than processing? \" - jukka ( finland ) the effective thinking course the course consists of three modules : - basic thinking tools - thinking situations - creativity and lateral thinking this module consists of sections on : 1. are you a thinker? this section looks at your self image as a thinker and at thinking skills 2. p. m. i. analysis of plus, minus and interesting points. this is a powerful tool for considering new ideas 3. a. g. o. the examination of aims, goals and objectives. a. g. o. is used to clarify thinking, for example, when considering new initiatives 4. caf. caf involves a structured process to the consideration of all factors. it is often used when considering situations prior to developing ideas. caf helps ensure that no possibilities have been overlooked. 5. o. p. v. o. p. v. is an extension of caf that gets you to consider other people ' s views. almost any thinking activity involves other people, at least indirectly : choices, decisions, plans, and so forth. o. p. v. tries to get the thinker inside the heads of those involved. 6. fip. fip is a basic tool like the others. it provides a deliberate instruction to you ( or to others ) to focus directly on priorities ( in general or at a particular moment ). fip stands for first important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4946159629365202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.936743"} {"text": "involved. 6. fip. fip is a basic tool like the others. it provides a deliberate instruction to you ( or to others ) to focus directly on priorities ( in general or at a particular moment ). fip stands for first important priorities. 7. a. p. c. a. p. c. is another of the convenience tools that we can use with ourselves or with others in order to direct our minds to carry out some task. a. p. c. involves looking for the alternatives, possibilities or choices ( whichever is appropriate ) in that situation. 8. c. & s. \" c \" stands for consequences, \" s \" stands for sequel. doing a \" c & s \" means focusing upon and spelling out the consequences that might arise from a decision, course of action or change of any sort. this module consists of sections on : 1. plan and action : getting things done, making something happen, implementation, carrying something out. thinking is involved not only in arriving at a decision but also in carrying it out. planning is usually an essential part of getting something done. 2. decision and evaluation : judging the value of an option. is this worth doing? making decisions and making choices. why decision making can be so difficult. decision - making as necessity and opportunity. 3. problem - solving and design : finding solutions to problems, and designing solutions to problems. in a sense any design task is also a problem - solving task because there is something to be achieved and no obvious way of achieving it 4. coping and organising : coping with confusion and mess. creating order out of chaos. organising different elements so that the whole works - a common enough real - life situation. 5. negotiation and conflict : two party situations. each side trying to get what it wants. this extends from win / win or mutual benefit negotiation to argument and conflict. 6. communication and persuasion : the transfer of information. the transfer of perceptions. getting other people to see what you want them to see. clarity of communication. opening up perceptions in persuasion. 7. exploration and discussion : making a map of the situation. getting as much information as possible. investigation, hypothesis and hypothesis testing. explanation : what is going on? discussion with the purpose of exploring a situation : different information and different views. 8. opportunity and initiative : \" greenfield \" thinking. much of our thinking is reactive : we are forced to think about something. in this section we look at initiatives : we set out to think about something because we want to.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5555084893089164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.937901"} {"text": "and different views. 8. opportunity and initiative : \" greenfield \" thinking. much of our thinking is reactive : we are forced to think about something. in this section we look at initiatives : we set out to think about something because we want to. looking for opportunities. this module consists of sections on : 1. the need for lateral thinking : realising the need to improve the quality of our thinking. application of thinking to different areas. 2. basic level creativity : the cure for arrogance and the deliberate search for alternatives : concepts and explorations. the mechanics of new routes. 3. judgement and movement : the difference between perception and processing. patterning systems, and the concept of idiom. humour, logic and lateral thinking. 4. escape : the first technique of lateral thinking. 5. stepping stone : the second technique. 6. random juxtaposition : the third technique. 7. the treatment of ideas : constraints, shaping, using and harvesting. 8. focus : how to define the creative thrust. the creation of idea sensitive areas for the generation of creative thinking. effective thinking : background in this course you will use basic thinking tools and develop skills in their use by practising them on the sort of problems that you might encounter in real life. you will then be able to apply the tools to scenarios that you may face in your studies, at home or in the workplace. this course is based on thirty years ' experience in the teaching of thinking to thousands of youngsters and adults. these have included top scientists, engineers, designers and architects and also senior executives of many of the largest corporations in the world ( shell, ibm, du pont and bank of america among others ). the course is on the cort thinking programme ( cort stands for cognitive research trust ) which is the most widely used programme for the teaching of thinking worldwide it has been developed by dr. edward de bono. effective thinking : for whom? the course is primarily designed for adults for their own use, and possibly for younger people, such as families. the depth to which the course goes for basic thinking and creativity ' tools ' makes it ideal for learning thinking skills and for providing a substantial foundation for the understanding and use of the rest of dr de bono ' s work. effective thinking - making the most of it the course promotes a \" systematic \" approach to the development of thinking skills. in other words it walks you through a step by step process, starting with the introduction of thinking tools and then systematically considering thinking situations before going on to explore creativity and lateral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5608272866654912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.939003"} {"text": "it the course promotes a \" systematic \" approach to the development of thinking skills. in other words it walks you through a step by step process, starting with the introduction of thinking tools and then systematically considering thinking situations before going on to explore creativity and lateral thinking. the result is a highly effective programme that will improve your thinking abilities. effective thinking - worked exercises in each section there is a number of exercises. some of the exercises are ' self - assessed ' and others are ' tutor - assessed '. in both cases the exercises need to be submitted. in both cases a sample answer will be sent to the participant and if the exercise happens to be the last exercise in a section then the next section will be sent together with the sample answer. this is only a sample answer and is by no means the only appropriate answer as in ' thinking situations ' there are many alternatives even when using similar tools. it is a condition that all exercises are worked in a proper and significant manner. all exercises must be worked and in the right order otherwise sample answers etc may be withheld. effective thinking - operational these modules are basic foundation modules and as such should be taken in sequence. a participant can take one or more modules. a personalised digital certificate will be given to each successful participant for each module. a physical certificate will be awarded to successful participants in all three modules. once a participant completes all three modules they will become ' de bono certified effective thinkers '. it is suggested that each module would take about 7 - 12 hours to complete. effective thinking - tutors the effective thinking course is administered by two master tutors that have been personally trained and certified by dr. edward de bono. all other tutors have been trained in the thinking tools and creativity techniques of dr. de bono using his style and training methods developed over years being the foremost expert on the direct teaching of thinking as a skill. visit effective thinking website", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5172776975173121, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.939855"} {"text": "description from flora of china herbs or shrubs. leaves petiolate, dentate. verticillasters 6 - to many flowered, in racemes or panicles ; bracts early deciduous or absent. flowers pedicellate. calyx ovoid - campanulate to campanulate, 5 - toothed or conspicuously 2 - lipped, posterior tooth larger ; fruiting calyx dilated, declinate or recurved, throat glabrous or villous. corolla much exserted, erect or recurved, 2 - lipped ; upper lip ( 3 - or ) 4 - lobed, strongly reflexed ; lower lip entire, elongated, navicular, narrowed at base. stamens 4, declinate, included within lower lip ; filaments connate or free, rarely adnate to corolla tube ; anther cells apex confluent. style apex equally 2 - cleft. nutlets ovoid to globose, smooth, tuberculate or not. about 90 ( - 150 ) species : tropics of e hemisphere, australia ; six species in china. many workers believe that the type species of coleus is congeneric with plectranthus s. str., a large predominantly african genus, but some of the asian species have never been formally transferred to that genus. there is much less agreement on the status of other segregate genera.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44958390698107575, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.941167"} {"text": "description from flora of china trees evergreen, monoecious ; branches whorled or irregularly so ; winter buds ovoid. leaves spirally arranged, sessile, lanceolate or linear - lanceolate, stomatal bands present on both surfaces but fewer adaxially, base attenuate, margin serrulate. pollen cones terminal, clustered ; microsporophylls many, spirally arranged, sessile, scalelike, distal margin serrulate ; pollen sacs 3, pendulous. seed cones 1 - 3 together, terminal, globose, ovoid, or cylindric - ovoid ; bracts and cone scales spirally arranged, sessile, connate proximally ; bracts persistent, broadly ovate or triangular - ovate, flat, large, leathery, base cordate, margin irregularly and finely serrulate, apex long acuminate, hard ; ovules 3 per bract axil, sessile ; cone scales of mature cones sessile on and fused to proximal middle part of abaxial side of bract, minute, distal part free, 3 - lobed, lobes irregularly serrulate at apex. seeds 3, sessile on adaxial side of cone scale, flat, with 2 narrow, lateral wings. cotyledons 2. germination epigeal. 2n = 22 *. one species :? cambodia, china, laos, n vietnam. the minute cone scales of cunninghamia have often been overlooked, and in much of the literature what is termed the cone scale is in fact the bract.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46473247370709014, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.944005"} {"text": "patent ductus arteriosus the ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel in a fetus that connects the pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lungs, and the aorta, which carries blood to the body, so that blood flow bypasses the lungs. normally, this blood vessel closes at birth as the baby starts breathing. but if the vessel does not close, it is known as a patent ( open ) ductus arteriosus ( pda ). a patent ductus arteriosus allows some oxygen - rich blood to flow from the aorta back into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs instead of to the rest of the body. because some of the blood intended for the body returns to the lungs, the left side of the heart has to pump harder to get enough blood to the body. this can enlarge and weaken the heart. some babies do not have symptoms from a patent ductus arteriosus. but this abnormality often causes symptoms, such as poor feeding and shortness of breath. an older child may develop heart failure or an infection of the heart ' s inner lining ( infective endocarditis ). how bad the symptoms get and whether complications develop depend on how much blood flows through the ductus. treatment for a patent ductus arteriosus might be medicine that helps close the blood vessel. or a doctor will insert a small closure device into the heart during a heart catheterization. this prevents blood from flowing into the lungs. if a heart catheterization can ' t be done, a surgeon might operate to close the pda. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. most popular topics pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46741802804272825, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.946123"} {"text": "this handful of resources provide about 100 different ideas for, and examples of, using twitter in the classroom. it \u2019 s been almost 8 months since i published the post, \u201c 6 examples of using twitter in the classroom \u201d, about uses of the popular micro - blogging tool in the instructional setting. this post generated a lot of traffic, and continues to attract hundreds of viewers every week. since that brief posting, i \u2019 ve come across a lot of articles containing examples and suggestions for using twitter in instructional applications. i \u2019 ve combed through many of these and tried to boil down the redundancies to create a rich set of idea - laden resources. while there \u2019 s still going to be some overlap in the concepts presented in these articles, they clearly meet the goal of providing a thorough set of ideas and examples for leveraging twitter in the educational process. ( i follow this new listing with the original set of articles cited in my june \u2019 09 post ). - here we have 25 ways to teach with twitter from sonja cole. - here \u2019 s 10 great ideas on how to use twitter in the classroom, from blogger steve wheeler. - this extensive list provides 50 ways to use twitter in the college classroom. - this twitter for academia post suggests 13 different ways to use twitter in the classroom. - lastly, this pdf file discusses the experience of teacher ana dominquez using twitter in the kindergarten classroom. i also want to mention these 100 serious twitter tips for academics, which are worth reviewing to learn more and plan your approach to using twitter in ( and out of ) the classroom. here are the original \u201c 6 examples \u201d from last june \u2019 s post : - i \u2019 ll start by providing links to two articles ( here is one, and here is the another ), about teacher monica rankin using twitter in instructional application at the university of texas at dallas. these are a few of many stories about professor rankin \u2019 s efforts ( this highly covered case is what really triggered my perception that there were a lot of articles about twitter in the classroom in recent weeks ). - here is a video about twitter ( and other technologies ) being used at roosevelt hs in minneapolis. - this article from the chronicle of higher education discusses instructor cole camplese \u2019 s use of twitter, streaming tweets from students on screen during lectures, as part of the instructional process. - in this vlog, christine morris explains how she experimented with the technology with her higher ed students, tapping into tweetdeck to get the most out twitter. - in this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48184380750031924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.948997"} {"text": "new rochelle, ny, january 9, 2013omore than 85, 000 synthetic chemicals are registered for commercial use with the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ), and only about half of those produced in large quantities are tested for their potential toxic effects on humans. children are particularly vulnerable to environmental toxins and a detailed look at how and why, and what can be done to protect children ' s health, is presented in a two - part article published in alternative and complementary therapies from mary ann liebert, inc., publishers. the articles are available free on the alternative and complementary therapies website at http : / / www. liebertpub. com / act. \" the effects of environmental toxins on our children ' s health could turn out to be one of the largest public health crises that we will ever have to face, \" says robert rountree, md, who practices family medicine in boulder, co, and is the author of the two - part roundoc rx article in alternative and complementary therapies entitled \" environmental toxins and children ' s health. \" \" part of the reason for this is that it may take 10 - 20 years to realize fully the health consequences of toxic exposures that are occurring right now, \" rountree says, citing similar examples such as exposure to cigarette smoke and to lead additives in gasoline or asbestos. exposure to environmental toxins may cause or exacerbate a variety of chronic health problems including respiratory, endocrine, reproductive, and neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer. unique risk factors for children include their small size, developmental status when exposure may occur, and the fact that young children crawl on the floor where dust and other particles may settle and they put things in their mouths. part 1 of dr. rountree ' s article, \" why children are at risk, \" reviews common toxic exposures and related health problems. part 2, \" reduce exposure and detoxify, \" offers suggestions for minimizing exposure, identifying unexpected sources, and learning about supportive foods and nutrients and sources of detoxifying foods and herbs. about the journal alternative and complementary therapies is a bimonthly journal that publishes original articles, reviews, and commentaries evaluating alternative therapies and how they can be integrated into clinical practice. topics include botanical medicine, vitamins and supplements, nutrition and diet, mind - body medicine, acupuncture and traditional chinese medicine, ayurveda, indigenous medicine systems, homeopathy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5004200614270368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.953396"} {"text": "and how they can be integrated into clinical practice. topics include botanical medicine, vitamins and supplements, nutrition and diet, mind - body medicine, acupuncture and traditional chinese medicine, ayurveda, indigenous medicine systems, homeopathy, naturopathy, yoga and meditation, manual therapies, energy medicine, and spirituality and health. complete tables of content and a sample issue may be viewed on the alternative and complementary therapies website at http : / / www. liebertpub. com / act. about the publisher mary ann liebert, inc., publishers is a privately held, fully integrated media company known for establishing authoritative peer - reviewed journals in many promising areas of science and biomedical research, including the journal of alternative and complementary medicine, medical acupuncture, and journal of medicinal food. its biotechnology trade magazine, genetic engineering & biotechnology news ( gen ), was the first in its field and is today the industry ' s most widely read publication worldwide. a complete list of the firm ' s 70 journals, books, and newsmagazines is available on the mary ann liebert, inc., publishers website at http : / / www. liebertpub. com. mary ann liebert, inc. 140 huguenot street, new rochelle, ny 10801 - 5215 www. liebertpub. com phone ( 914 ) 740 - 2100 ( 800 ) m - liebert fax ( 914 ) 740 - 2101 aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4835707613257143, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.954175"} {"text": "\" jury nullification of law, \" as it is sometimes called, is a traditional right that was rigorously defended by america ' s founding fathers. those great men, patriots all, intended the jury to serve as a final safeguard \u2013 a test that laws must pass before gaining sufficient popular authority for enforcement. thus the constitution provides five separate tribunals with veto power \u2013 representatives, senate, executive, judges \u2013 and finally juries. each enactment of law must pass all these hurdles before it gains the authority to punish those who may choose to violate it. thomas jefferson said, \" i consider trial by jury as the only anchor yet imagined by man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution. \" such was the case in the 1670 political trial of william penn, who was charged with preaching quakerism to an unlawful assembly. four of the twelve jurors voted to acquit \u2013 and continued to acquit even after being imprisoned and starved for four days. under such duress, most jurors paid the fines. however, one juror, edward bushell, refused to pay and brought his case before the court of common pleas. as a result, chief justice vaughan issued an historically - important ruling : that jurors could not be punished for their verdicts. bushell ' s case ( 1670 ) was one of the most important developments in the common - law history of the jury. earlier in america, jury nullification decided the celebrated seditious libel trial of john peter zenger. ( zenger ' s case, 1735 ) his newspaper had openly criticized the royal governor of new york. the current law made it a crime to publish any statement ( true or false ) criticizing public officials, laws or the government in general. the jury was only to decide if the material in question had been published ; the judge was to decide if the material was in violation of the statute. zenger ' s defense asked the jury to make use of their own consciences and, even though the judge ruled that the truth was no defense, they acquitted him. the jury ' s nullification in this case is praised in history textbooks as a hallmark of freedom of the press in the united states. at the time of the american revolution, the jury was known to have the power to be the judge of both law and fact. in a case involving the civil forfeiture of private property by the state of georgia, first supreme court justice john jay, instructed jurors that the jury has \" a right to determine the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5218454480349042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.956902"} {"text": "africa is inhabited by different ethnic groups, each with a musical tradition of its own. this is a rich traditional music heritage that has been orally transmitted from generation to generation for centuries. despite external influences, the majority of these ethnic groups continue to value and practice their respective traditional musical styles, which in turn have to establish strong musical and cultural identities and continue to do so. ugandan music is generally rhythmic, and the complexity of these rhythms varies due to the difference between the ethnic groups. these differences are also reflected in the varied instrumentation. some musical genres are played on simple instruments while others, especially the dance music, are played in ensembles of complex instrumental formation. african music is usually pentatonic, but a few tribes also use a hexatonic scale. most of the ugandan vocal music is accompanied by traditional instruments. the literature embedded in vocal music is purposely meant to transform the social communities, i. e. in their structural adjustment. although uganda is inhabited by a large variety of ethnic groups, a broad linguistic division is usually made between the bantu - speaking majority, who lives in the central, southern and western parts of the country and the non - bantu speakers, who occupy the eastern, northern and north - western portions of the country ( these may be sub - divided into nilotic and central sudanic peoples ). the first category includes the large and historically highly centralized kingdom of buganda, the smaller western ugandan kingdoms of bunyoro, nkore and batooro, and the busoga states to the east of buganda. the peoples in the second category ( they constitute less than one - tenth of the population ) include the iteso, langi, acholi, alur, karimojong, kakwa, jopadhola, kumam, sebei ( nilotic language groups ) and the metu, madi, lugbara and okebu ( central sudanic group ) in the north and a number of other smaller societies in the eastern part of the country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4584993282752586, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.963244"} {"text": "nsmc carries out activities of theoretical and experimental researches on radiation transmission in the atmosphere, the algorithm for meteorological satellite data processing as well as the application of meteorological satellite data. these researches have in turn supported the development of nsmc, promoted the meteorological satellite data application in china and also the international cooperation. the main functions of nsmc include : nsmc has facilities of satellite meteorology research, system design, computer system, satellite, operation control, and operational and service system support. the three ground stations of beijing, guangzhou, urumqi are also under the supervision of nsmc. the ground system consisted of three receiving stations and a data processing center has fulfilled the tasks of data receiving and processing. by using the ground system, nsmc receives and processes meteorological satellite data from both chinese and foreign satellites. these data have played an important role in the fields of weather forecasting, natural disaster monitoring and national economy. to help weather stations and various users to receive and use the meteorological satellite data directly, the nsmc is engaged in the researches of satellite data receiving and communication techniques and manufacture of both hardware and software for various meteorological satellite data applications systems. meteorological satellite operators coordinate their activities on a global scale through participation in the coordination group for meteorological satellites ( cgms ) which meets once a year. the china meteorological administration has participated in the cgms since 1989. other members include japan, russia, the usa and eumetsat. the world meteorological organization is also a member, representing the key user community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5059443874144742, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.966555"} {"text": "voyage of an italian this ethnic history paper, written in 2004, was done by my niece when she attended a college in northern illinois. her grandmother is italian and my niece did a lot of research in preparation for this paper. with her permission i am sharing it. about this page this page is locked. want to contribute to this page? contact carol l _ whitedaisy the voyage of an italian most of us never really take the time to find out how and why we are here in america today. i have always known where my ancestors are from, but i have never known how and why they decided to come here to america. having the time and ability to study my history in the past few weeks has taught me a lot of new things that i will now share with the world. the most major wave of italian immigrants that came here to america was during the 1880 ' s through the 1920 ' s. there were an estimated 4. 5 million italians in the process of getting to the states. it has been reported that no other ethnic group had sent so many immigrants in such little time. there were some italians who did migrate to areas such as europe or south america as well. most italians entering the states were males seeking to make money. many others focused on a future life with better opportunities. why did they choose to migrate away from home? this is very simple yet a painful answer : poverty. there were many horrible living conditions the italians faced. there were high rates of unemployment, underemployment, very little medicare, poor houses and poor schooling. there was also a big problem with starvation beginning to develop. taxes were beginning to increase, nobody was taking care of the land or the soil and therefore everyone began to grow poor. this is the time that malaria and cholera attacked thousands of italians giving them a reason to leave the country. this problem was more in the southern parts of italy than any other place. sharecroppers were most often tied to one plantation, working full - time to pay for all their debts. most of the time italians were wealthy only if they were born into a high class family. a large amount of immigrants were males from the ages of 24 - 45. they needed to fend for their family, many of which were left behind. this caused a great deal of emotional drain, isolation and alienation for these families. the average crossing over in the 1800 ' s was considered to be around forty days long. by the 1900 ' s crossings improved to only taking one week ' s worth of time. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4031886527727648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.981285"} {"text": "deal of emotional drain, isolation and alienation for these families. the average crossing over in the 1800 ' s was considered to be around forty days long. by the 1900 ' s crossings improved to only taking one week ' s worth of time. the average steerage fare was thirty dollars. most immigrants spent their journey crowded together with only the clothes on their backs because of the lack of room on the boats. while on the boat, they were served stew or soup and they had to bathe themselves with salt water, sometimes causing them infections and irritations. when the italians made it to new york, they had to go through an \" immigration station \" at ellis island. this is where the italians were able to enter america. this station was originally planned to be at liberty island but americans did not want the statue of liberty to be bothered by the immigrants. since some shipping companies made profit of carrying \" human cargo \", many italians were traded along with cotton, wood and crops, all of which was documented for inventory. if an immigrant needed to be sent back to their country the shipping company decided the cost. once at ellis island, they were checked medically for any physical problems, if they were found the immigrants were branded with a letter x. if they were lame, a letter l, ct for trachoma, s for senility, g for goiter, h for heart, and pg for pregnancy. some immigrants were sent back if they were not approved into the states. the italians that did make it into america tried to find jobs and money right away. some immigrants went straight to a place call little italy, which held a place like home for them. many of their customs and food were preserved there, giving them their own little ethnic community. most other immigrants were forced to live in a bad part of new york. there were reports of places with \" one room, 12x12, five families living in it, only two beds and no table. \" other conditions included no drinking water for days at a time, bedbugs, frozen pipes in the winter and morbid heat in the summer. mind you these are only some of the worst conditions some of these italians faced. not only did these immigrants face bad living and working conditions, they had to deal with the americans as well. many called the italians \" wops ' and \" dagos. \" the italian never learned enough standard english and the americans never learned to give enough respect to incoming people, causing a lot of mis communication and hate. italians were then soon deemed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.472821689513236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.984055"} {"text": "well. many called the italians \" wops ' and \" dagos. \" the italian never learned enough standard english and the americans never learned to give enough respect to incoming people, causing a lot of mis communication and hate. italians were then soon deemed members of the \" mafia \" and were looked down upon because of the trouble they brought to america. since a lot of court cases arose and violence occurred, the amount of immigrants allowed became an exact number. only 5, 802 italians a year were then allowed to enter america a year. this came about because people started to think that alien or foreign people were beginning to \" dilute their american blood. \" after the italians arrived here in the states, america began to notice the different cultures and customs of this new ethnic group. many of us today could simply state three or four common characteristics all italians have. their ways of life have become a part of our knowledge today. most of all italians have english as their second language. they are nearly all roman catholic and refer to one another by the city of where one is from. italians value punctuality, family, health, security, reliability, organization, success and most of all money. they consider social interaction very important and are very involved in social events. they tend to always be dressed up for any social occasion. italians often greet each other by handshakes or kisses on the cheeks. sometimes when a man and woman are introduced to each other the man bows his head and waits for the woman to extend her hand. they are known for their commom use of hand gestures while talking. italians believe to remove your shoes in the presence of others is very impolite. they enjoy visiting with family and friends and always have family dinner on sunday. if you are dining at an italian ' s house, you are supposed to bring a gift for the host, such as a bottle of wine or chocolates. if you visit an italian ' s home before dinner you are required to stay, it is then impolite to leave. one does not leave the table until everyone is done eating. most families eat dinner at 7 - 8p. m. and dinner may last up to four hours. guests are never volunteers when it comes to helping clean up. dancing and going out to movies are frequent activities for italians. women usually marry by the age of 26 years old and the average age for men is 29. men are most required to marry after they finish their education and have found a job. italians and their food ; here we go.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4676531599992583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.985165"} {"text": "frequent activities for italians. women usually marry by the age of 26 years old and the average age for men is 29. men are most required to marry after they finish their education and have found a job. italians and their food ; here we go. pasta, fish, meat and vegetables are the main things in main courses. there is always olive oil, vinegar, bread and wine served at the table. italians also enjoy literally hundreds of cheeses. many of the women are great dedicated cooks and are always preparing for the next big family meal. in addition, meals are traditionally eaten at midday. holidays the italians celebrate include : new years, easter, liberation day and labor day. quality accessories such as shoes and leather goods will make a good impression with the italians. women are advised to dress simply and with elegance. one other neat fact i came across was that if you give an italian a gift wrapped with gold and black paper it is a symbol of mourning and if you give a gift with purple wrapping it is a symbol of bad luck. after reviewing all this interesting information about italians, i decided to interview my grandmother to find out just how related i am to this situation. my grandmother, rosemary was born here in america. her father on the other hand was g. nargie, an immigrant from italy. my great - grandfather came to america during the biggest wave i mentioned before. grandmother was not sure of the exact time her father came here. great - grandfather came to america on a boat along with a lot of other immigrants. he faced a lot of the same conditions i mentioned. in italy he was a tailor and then came here to become something better. grandmother remembers her father telling her about how hard things were back in italy. the poverty, low - class education and low income was more than enough reason to move to the states for him. he came with his father and his three brothers. he came from a town called alveno in southern italy near naples. there are quite a few things that my grandmother rosemary remembers and some customs she still follows today. at easter her family always had a priest come and bless the house, this was a supposed big tradition back in italy. grandmother does not speak any italian and she has never been to italy. she remembers that on st. joseph day the whole family got together and ate a large dinner. christmas eve was also a huge family get together, which is a tradition we still follow today. whenever someone passed away, the whole family was to dress in black, which is still continued a little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4114711751552299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.986293"} {"text": "the whole family got together and ate a large dinner. christmas eve was also a huge family get together, which is a tradition we still follow today. whenever someone passed away, the whole family was to dress in black, which is still continued a little today. grandmother still cooks up the ideal meals of an italian as well. every time i eat at her house she has pasta or pizza, oil, vinegar and bread and dinner is always served at 3 : 00p. m. she remembers just one game that is a custom for italians which is bocci, it is like bowling. she did not follow the rules of marriage. she wed when she was only 19. she also remembers having to bring a gift to another italians house while visiting and they also had to stay for dinner if they arrived beforehand. there are so many things that amazed me about this whole project. my great - grandfather came over from italy and had to go to ellis island, going through all of the things i had previously read about. i never noticed how much italian is still left imprinted in our family even though a lot of the genuine people that brought it here, have passed on. i have never been to italy but this has interested me a lot and i am thinking about traveling with my cousins this upcoming summer. it is amazing how tradition sticks with you and i hope to keep my grandmothers ' traditions alive. there are many traditions and customs i came across that the italians value, these were just a few.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4418049965063449, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.986936"} {"text": "the galt museum and archives digs into the southern alberta landscape this fall in the new special exhibit \u201c uncovering secrets : archaeology in southern alberta. \u201d the exhibit features 15 local and area sites holding the secrets to stories of the past including the north west mounted police post at fort macleod, paleo - indian hunting sites more than 11, 000 years old, more recent aboriginal habitation and hunting locations, coal mining towns from the early 1900s, ranches in the porcupine hills and the original site of fort whoop - up. \u201c people have lived in southern alberta for thousands of years, \u201d curator wendy aitkens said. \u201c blackfoot oral tradition preserves ancient stories of their people ; written records tell us stories of native and non - native inhabitants from the last 200 years. but to discover unknown or forgotten stories, or to add to known stories, archaeologists dig under layers of soil sometimes to a depth of several metres, study artifacts stored in museums, analyze artwork created on stone, and compile previous research. their findings enrich our knowledge of people who lived in southern alberta. \u201d archaeologists, volunteers, and students methodically uncover artifacts using small trowels and fine brushes, record the location and relationship to one another, gather information about the soil in which the objects are found, analyze all of the data, and propose theories regarding their findings. archaeologists also study paintings and carvings left on stone, prehistoric rock configurations placed on the prairie, and movement patterns along ancient trails. \u201c archaeological sites are often found by land owners, hikers, and children who report their findings to the archaeological survey in edmonton, \u201d aitkens said. \u201c others are discovered when archaeologists are hired to conduct a survey of a road or pipeline route or proposed building location. in \u2018 uncovering secrets \u2019 we also examine who really owns what is found and highlight provincial laws and regulations to help people understand what they need to do when they locate an artifact. \u201d \u201c uncovering secrets : archaeology in southern alberta \u201d examines 15 sites, some well known to local and area residents and visitors, and others more obscure, including cluny fortified village, fincastle bison kill and processing site, fletcher bison kill site, fort macleod north west mounted police barracks, fort whoop - up, indian battle park, kajewski metis cabins, lille coal mine town, massacre butte, new oxley ranche, old north trail, stone features including the majorville medicine wheel and noble point effigy, wally \u2019 s beach, and writing - on - stone aisin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41597923979053497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:56.990662"} {"text": "the photon belt an article by virgil armstrong \u00a91995 at this point, i began to take this phenomenon seriously, and after considerable research and study, i was ready to step forward and begin speaking about the photon belt. i first introduced it to the public in columbus, ohio, in october 1994, followed immediately by an extensive speaking tour in europe. much to my surprise, the subject was enthusiastically received everywhere i went. the following is a discussion of the subject for you, the reader. the photon belt and the manasic radiation have a greater impact than one might imagine. from the scientific point of view, it is the procession of our solar system and its accompanying planets around the central sun, called alcione, located in the constellation of pleiades. this counter - clockwise cyclic procession around alcione requires 25, 860 years to make one complete orbit. our present - day sun, moon, and planets must twice pass through the photon belt during this time, that is, once to the north and once to the south. ( see diagram, below. ) during this cycle, there are two periods of darkness and two periods of light. the periods of darkness, which constitute the vast majority of the rotation around the central sun, consist of two periods of 10, 500 years each, plus an additional, seemingly optional 430 years for both of the 10, 500 - year periods. ( i. e., 10, 500 + 430 = 10, 930 years, times 2 = 21, 860 years ). following each period of 10, 500 years of darkness, we then emerge into 2000 years of total light, which actually constitutes the photon belt. in review, we then have 21, 860 years of darkness and 4, 000 years of light ( 21, 860 + 4, 000 = 25, 860 years, or one complete cycle / orbit ). again, please refer to the diagram below. another way of viewing this phenomenon is that in one complete orbit, we have five sixths darkness and approximately one - sixth light, or a 5 : 1 ratio, with darkness being predominant. surprisingly enough, we are now, as a solar system and planet, once again emerging from 10, 500 + years of darkness and preparing to merge into 2000 years of light, which we will begin to experience in the year 2000. the foregoing is a general scientific understanding of the photon belt phenomenon, but what about its spiritual significance? a question in your mind might be, \" why does the darkness, or negative aspect,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6028169320635874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.037584"} {"text": "which we will begin to experience in the year 2000. the foregoing is a general scientific understanding of the photon belt phenomenon, but what about its spiritual significance? a question in your mind might be, \" why does the darkness, or negative aspect, of our 26, ooo - yearjourney around the central sun predominate? why not more light? \" as in all things in the creators omni - universes, everything has divine purpose and reason. all aspects are in synchronicity with one another : the higher with the lower, the lower with the higher ; or, to quote kabalistic law, \" as it is above, so shall it be below ; as it is below, so shall it be above. \" it is important to understand that divine law has intent and purpose. what i am about to relate spiritually will lend greater individual understanding and acceptance of what would otherwise appear to be punitive and unreasonable. the reason we experience five - sixths more darkness in our journey around the central sun is because the divine powers, in concert with those of us who were chosen, agreed to create and experience a world of negativity ( darkness ), polarities, and illusion encrusted with fear, judgments, control, hate, greed, death, and much more. this was a contrived plan which facilitated the creator ' s desire to better understand the true nature of negativity, or its shadow self this explosive and unpredictable world, likened to a veritable mine field, is designed to test the mettle of all associated with this special planet, planet earth. we are the vehicle through which the divine can experience itself ; and through our individual and collective experiences, can master the intricacies and dangers of darkness. we have been selectively chosen to come here. many, upon hearing this, would venture to say this is insane, but nonetheless, it is true. we are unique, one of a kind. we are the chosen vehicle ( planet ) to collect, assimilate, and transform all negativity for our entire solar system. we are the dumping ground and refuse holding area for the whole solar system. through our thoughts, actions, and reactions, we serve as transformers for all negativity being thrust upon us. what a task! so you see that what might be adjudged as something totally negative and uncalled for is, in truth, endowed with spirit and its divine mission here on earth. that mission is to experience through us the ne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6137503514773761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.038836"} {"text": ". what a task! so you see that what might be adjudged as something totally negative and uncalled for is, in truth, endowed with spirit and its divine mission here on earth. that mission is to experience through us the negativity for self and in the process, learn how to dispense with it more expeditiously and permanently, making all else a better place to live and work. so, you see, we and our planet are unique and special. undoubtedly, the next question is, \" how does this relate to the photon belt? \" this is a complex question, but before getting into the intricacies of it, let us first establish that the photon belt and accompanying manasic radiation are in and of themselves vehicles of transformation and transmutation. they are the guardian barrier and vehicle to see that none of the negativity of earth escapes and contaminates the higher levels of consciousness. presiding over all of this is the christ, and upon knowing this, we can quickly see that the photon belt and the manasic radiation are the eminence of the christ and its christed energies. unless we are in accord with these energies, as we approach and enter the photon belt, we cannot hope to be a part of it and escape the negative influences of planet earth. in that sense, we would have to return to the third dimension and do it all over again. ironic as it may seem, before each of us came to planet earth, we were fully aware of the inherent dangers of coming to earth and living and experiencing its gross negativities. we were also informed that we could not escape the influence of negativity until we had mastered it, which, of course, was the divine intent all along, for how can the divine learn and experience self other than through us? unfortunately some are slower learners than others, and it takes repeated turns around the wheel ( the central sun ) before the lesson is learned. usually about one - third of the planet ' s then total population is successful in each 10, 500 - year period. reflect on some of what i have said, such as \" you are chosen ; you could not be here this time around without approval ; and you cannot leave, even though you volunteered, until you have completely mastered negativity. \" indeed, that is a big task but you will do it sooner or later. when you have accomplished this, the rewards on the other side are inestimable ; and because you have mastered and graduated from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.600007617751821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.040215"} {"text": "have completely mastered negativity. \" indeed, that is a big task but you will do it sooner or later. when you have accomplished this, the rewards on the other side are inestimable ; and because you have mastered and graduated from this toughest of learning schools in the creator ' s domain, you will jump grades ahead of your contemporaries on the other side. so don ' t despair for you are gods in amnesia, and you are not destined to fail for long! let ' s return to the subject of the christ and its relationship to the photon belt. the christ and its energies are repeatedly mentioned in ancient texts, indicating that unless we can become one with these christed energies, we cannot hope to survive the coming calamities and pass through the photon belt. the mayan prophecies clearly signal this in a profound statement which says, \" government, science and religion will collapse unless they are prepared to accept and facilitate the incoming christ consciousness. \" once again, this is an oblique reference to the photon belt and its christed energies ( the manasic radiation ). all things obsolete, archaic, and negative, including you, will break down in the face of the incoming christ energies unless you and it will accept and live these sacred truths. the great avatar, jesus, while on earth made this abundantly clear when he said, \" 1, through the christ, shall separate the wheat from the tares, the sheep from the goats. \" implied was that humanity, as it approaches the end days and the photon belt, will be divided into two camps, that is, those who can and will accept the incoming christ consciousness ( the wheat and the sheep ), and those who will not or cannot ( the tares and the goats ). as we near the entrance into the photon belt, which will take place in or about the year 2000, all of this will become abundantly clear. note that the year 2000 also marks our entrance into the fourth dimension as a peoples, planet, and consciousness. be reminded that it is destined that our planet be assured safe passage into and through the photon belt. the only question is, will you and i receive the same accord? the answer is yes, only if we, too, can accept, accommodate, and act out the incoming christ consciousness. in quick review, i hope that i have impressed upon your mind that the photon belt is something far greater than astronomical or scientific postulates as to how the solar system and its planets rotate around alcione, our central sun,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6147300244949386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.041578"} {"text": "incoming christ consciousness. in quick review, i hope that i have impressed upon your mind that the photon belt is something far greater than astronomical or scientific postulates as to how the solar system and its planets rotate around alcione, our central sun, and how, in this process, our solar system and planets experience 21, 860 years of darkness and 4, 000 years of light. i trust i have convinced you that the whole process is a profound sequential spiritual experience, dealing directly with the christ consciousness. let us now go into this spiritual experience more deeply. to begin with, the photon belt really is nothing new. in ancient history there are many references, particularly by the greeks and romans, to a golden age wherein there was nothing but light, love, peace and tranquility, a place where death, war, famine, disease, and poverty were unknown. these ancient philosophers were obviously alluding to the photon belt, that 2000 - year period of light. once again we are at that point where we are about to enter into this phenomenal period of light, the golden age of the past and the future. we are emerging from our oppressive cocoon of darkness and, like the butterfly, can emerge as something extremely beautiful, that is, our light bodies and our total communion with the christ. that cocoon of darkness, despite its oppressiveness and negativity, has been our teaching and learning vehicle to qualify us once again to return from whence we came, the photon belt. we are again being offered the opportunity to break the fetters of this world of illusion to turn the mirror around, and in its place perceive our true reality. with this, the restraints of negativity, illusion, polarities, judgments, control, hate, avarice and greed, jealously, killings and war will all fall away. our special earth assignment, which has been to experience and master negativity and illusion, will be fulfilled, and we can go home where we rightly belong. as we approach the photon belt and its eminence, the manasic radiation, we will become aware of the christ consciousness and the call to arms. the call to arms is a declaration by the christ that we have been in darkness long enough and now it is time to go home into the light. in the final analysis, however, the choice is our though our free will. the going - home process is not as simple as it would first seem, for we must first experience a tremendous transformational process which will enable us to eliminate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6104184719266385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.044801"} {"text": "the light. in the final analysis, however, the choice is our though our free will. the going - home process is not as simple as it would first seem, for we must first experience a tremendous transformational process which will enable us to eliminate our negativity and assume our bodies of light. this, in turn, will catapult us out of the enslaving energies of the third dimension into the fourth and fifth dimensions - the photon belt. this quantum leap into the future is not customary but is usually sequential in nature, encompassing one dimension at a time. however, due to our unexplained unwillingness to grow and mature with the dictates of the divine scenario, in contrast to the other planets, we must now play catch - up and attain the level of the other planets in order for the solar system to remain in keeping with divine intent and scheduled advancement. we must finally be brought to terms in order to insure safe passage by the entire federation of planets into the photon belt. we have just a few years until the year 2000 to do this. this is not only the entrance into the photon belt but also the fourth dimension. by the year 2005, five years into the photon belt, we will have reached our ultimate objective, the fifth dimension! an interesting fact : the lost books of the bible, that is, the original and unabridged version of our current bible, states that \" the second coming of the christ will occur in the year 2005. \" this then implies that we will witness and experience the second coming of the christ only after we have attained the fifth dimension of consciousness. we will by then have long abandoned our bodies of density and will be wearing our garments of light, just as the christ always has. before any of this can happen, we must first experience a complete transformational process here on earth. our planet, our bodies, and our consciousness all must achieve and resonate at a much higher and intense frequency in order to accommodate the incoming christ consciousness. let ' s begin with one aspect of our planet ' s transformation. our present speed as we as a planet fly through space is estimated to be about 18, 000 miles per hour. consider then the speculation that upon entering the photon belt, we will have reached a speed of 208, 000 miles per hour, or an increase of 190, 000 miles per hour. one does not have to speculate very long to realize this tremendous acceleration will compress time and space into realms of realizations, incomprehensible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6171725435680755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.046784"} {"text": "of 208, 000 miles per hour, or an increase of 190, 000 miles per hour. one does not have to speculate very long to realize this tremendous acceleration will compress time and space into realms of realizations, incomprehensible at this time. what can be assumed is that all things mundane and corporeal in nature will undergo tremendous transformation in order to be in harmony with the compression and accelerated speed. every cell in our body ' every molecule, every atom will be rearranged so as to ( hopefully ) transform our current bodies of density and morality into a vehicle of transformational light, capable of facilitating the incoming christ consciousness and its immortality. it is also said that in the transformational process, our dna system will be rearranged from a system of 2 strands to a system of 12 or 13 strands. our chakras will also be rearranged and increased, going from 7 to 12 or 13. our atoms will be increased and rearranged in order to facilitate the incoming light ( christ consciousness ). following through with the transformational theory, it seems reasonable that our beloved planet, a living organism, must also transform to receive the christ consciousness. this procedure will emerge in the much heralded earth changes, representing dissolution of the old and archaic illusionary concepts. today there is much discussion and conjecture about the earth changes and how they will affect us individually and collectively. for your information, the earth changes have already begun in the form of recent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and unpredictable and devastating weather patterns. to be honest, this is only the beginning and will become more intense and deadly, for how else can the purgation of the old and archaic be accomplished, whether it be the planet or the body? in the process nothing, i repeat, nothing will remain untouched. we can expect total chaos, dissolution, rearrangement and total destruction. nothing, unless they or it are in harmony with the divine christ consciousness, will be spared. sadly enough, the illuminati ( secret government ) as well as the world frontal governments, have discovered too late that their displacement to the moon and mars and inner earth in order to avoid the coming earth changes has been for naught because the moon and mars, as well as the other planets, must also reform in order to survive. this escapism policy, which says, \" to hell with the multitudes and hurrah for us, \" must bear a heavy price, and i wish them well. in summary, i can only say", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5807019567088862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.048720"} {"text": "also reform in order to survive. this escapism policy, which says, \" to hell with the multitudes and hurrah for us, \" must bear a heavy price, and i wish them well. in summary, i can only say that their celebrated egos have been dealt a mortal blow. i am sure, too, that this august body has alternatives in mind, such as riding out the catastrophic changes in their advanced space ships, but this will not succeed because the universal laws of retribution will prevail, and all things, large and small, must be held accountable. to explain further, unless all things mundane and physical are in harmony with the incoming christ energies ( fourth and fifth dimensions ), they will, despite their most zealous attempts to escape the reality of these super energies, be consigned to failure. hovering in space to escape the physical is no exception. perhaps, in the dialog above, i have created an element of fear among you readers. this, of course, was not my intention, but it does serve a point. mass chaos and destruction, although present for the many, need not affect you personally. repeatedly throughout these writings i have ventured that all will be spared if they will acknowledge the incoming christ energies and strive to walk and talk in love, light, balance, and forgiveness. in the process you will be creating your new and wondrous body of light. as you, \" through the above, \" build your body of light ' you will be resistant and ultimately impervious to all physical and archaic laws. remember that when you have a body of light, you are one with the christ and the fourth dimension. therefore, your physical being is not of density and matter, so how can you get hurt? fear is food for the darker and negative forces and is the vehicle through which they have controlled us over the millennia. without fear, they have no way to control us and so are impotent. remember this when you most need it. with this as an overview, i would now like to present in general some experiences which will occur upon entering the photon belt. keep in mind that these are some of what may be expected. many more will arise of which we are as yet unaware. some of these have already been mentioned but are equally important with the rest. 1. the photon belt and the manasic radiation are vehicles of transformation. the photon belt is the home of the christ ; the radiation is the emerging eminence of the christ. through these spiritual vehicles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5485749036187919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.049804"} {"text": "mentioned but are equally important with the rest. 1. the photon belt and the manasic radiation are vehicles of transformation. the photon belt is the home of the christ ; the radiation is the emerging eminence of the christ. through these spiritual vehicles, provided we work with them, we are being given the opportunity to break the current restraints of bondage and go home from whence we originally came. however, the choice is ours. free will will prevail. 2. the new moon solar eclipse on november 3, 1994, along with its predecessor, the lunar eclipse of the sun in 1991, amplified the love of our mother god. along with everything else, our consciousness is being restructured to a state of balance wherein we will become equal parts of the feminine and masculine energies, just as jesus did ; we will become androgynous, that is, 50 % male and 50 % female. the emphasis is being placed on the feminine because the male energies are now discordant, archaic, and too fixed. take a look around your world and see the insanity of man in yugoslavia, somalia, rwanda, haiti, russia, and yes, even the united states. the feminine must transcend and transform these old male patterns before the christed energies can be balanced here on earth. if we are to survive, look for the emergence of the soft male and the strong woman. women, remember this! your greatest and most sacred strength on earth is your femininity ; it is the future and the way. encompass and enjoy your newly found masculinity but keep it in balance with your femininity for it is the real power. in this transformational process ' all of us will become bluntly aware of problems in our self - esteem, our relationships, finances ' health, jobs, and in every facet of our physical reality. no longer are we able to suppress or hide our old patterns of denial. the subjective ( feminine ) will surface, bringing with it the hidden and useless to be dealt with in the now, which is the cause of the great percentage of malcontent at this time. pretending and illusion are over. the feminine ray is a transforming ray, offering love and acceptance of all things godly. 3. tweive major events will occur here on earth between now and the time we enter the photon belt. they are designed to destroy or reform the old and archaic third - dimensional energies, which include you and me. logic would indicate that one of these events would be the prosecution of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5797200226471646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.050761"} {"text": "occur here on earth between now and the time we enter the photon belt. they are designed to destroy or reform the old and archaic third - dimensional energies, which include you and me. logic would indicate that one of these events would be the prosecution of the last and final war, most probably in the middle east. this war will have a twofold objective : ( 1 ) to annihilate the old ' archaic male energies to make ready for the new and peaceful male, and ( 2 ) to facilitate into a position of leadership the new female energies. following this, there will be an integration of these two energies to give birth to the new male and female consciousness which will be attendant to the incoming christ energies, that is, the new embodiment of man and womankind. 4. in order to cope with the speeding up and compression of time and space, our physical bodies must be rearranged and realigned in order to facilitate the incoming christ consciousness. some of these rearrangements will have to do with the key elements of the physical and etheric bodies. expected are realignment of our current consciousness ; realignment of the chakras ( now seven ) to twelve or thirteen ; increasing the dna strands from the current two to twelve or thirteen ; balancing out the male and female energies in order to reach a state of androgyny ; and acceleration of our atoms in consistency with the degree of the incoming light and consciousness. in addition, our pineal gland, now about the size of a pea, will return to its original size, about the size of a quarter. all receptors will be reawakened. all persons experiencing this will become clairvoyant, clairaudient, clairsentient, and more. just as jesus did, we will become great seers, healers, and prophets. this will serve us well in the near future. now, of all times, we must turn our will over to the divine. in this statement there is a profound truth but also an inherent danger. now, of all times, we must unequivocaliy qualify our intentions, making sure that our arrow of intention goes to the target intended. the divine must be couched in certainty with such statements as, for example, \" to the one and only creator god \" : \" to my higher consciousness \" ; \" to mother mary \" ; or, \" to the one and only christ. \" otherwise, any statement issued in the form of an affirmation will be immediately picked up by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6133842221556162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.051668"} {"text": "one and only creator god \" : \" to my higher consciousness \" ; \" to mother mary \" ; or, \" to the one and only christ. \" otherwise, any statement issued in the form of an affirmation will be immediately picked up by the darker forces and used against us and mankind. remember : qualify. leave no doubts or uncertainties. note that thoughts are energy, more real than our physical bodies ; therefore they must be controlled and specifically directed. 5. as our bodies and consciousness reform into the light, thought, not physical action, will become our menu of the day. in this new mode, \" etheric in reality \" thoughts are more real than physical action - what you think is what you are for that moment. since we are in the consciousness of the fourth dimension, we are etheric and exposed to all. each of us will be like a television screen, projecting our thoughts for all to see and hear. no longer can you hide malice ' avarice and greed, hate, lust, deceit, or dishonesty. the minute you think it, you become it. you become an open book, free of letters other than those you create for the moment which must be rectified instantaneously with love, light, and forgiveness if you are not to be subject to the inherent penalties and possible expulsion from the fourth dimension reality back to the third dimension. third - dimensional frailties unequivocally will not be tolerated. conversely, if we are truly and firmly ensconced in the light of the christ and its golden age, then none of these aberrations should arise, and if they do, they must be dealt with quickly lest they become real and, as a result, banish us back to the third dimension. i wonder how many of us on the planet now have experienced this in the past. 6. our world of illusion and polarities will collapse. in due time, as we approach the null zone of the photon belt, these make - believe realities which have been thrust upon us by those who put us here, will disintegrate, leaving us naked, vulnerable and exposed. this will represent the turning around of the mirror causing you and me to look at the true side of reality. for a moment, we are totally vulnerable, defenseless and confused. nonetheless, it is at this moment that we must decide, do i want to give up the old and archaic, or do i want to step boldly into the light and regain that which has always been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5868988155004236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.052559"} {"text": "are totally vulnerable, defenseless and confused. nonetheless, it is at this moment that we must decide, do i want to give up the old and archaic, or do i want to step boldly into the light and regain that which has always been rightly mine, my christhood? if we should choose the continuation of the old and archaic ways, we can expect another 10, 500 + years of darkness. 7. in the past our planet has flipped its solar axis more than 330 times. this was not happenstance but contrived by those who put us here as an ultimate control. despite the intention of the forces of darkness to do it again, the wormwood people will not succeed this time around. however, there will be a reversal of the magnetic poles from a clockwise rotation to a counterclockwise rotation which will speed up the rotation of the planet to degrees unimaginable at this time. as an explanation for this change in rotation, one will recall my stating earlier that our planet had been chosen to be the collector and transformer of all negative energies in our solar system. to do this, our magnetic poles were rearranged in order to rotate in a clockwise direction, which was counter to its true and desired rotation. nonetheless, this alteration was necessary for us and our planet to serve as a collector vehicle for negativity. for 10, 500 years we have performed in this extremely unstable reality, serving both individually and collectively as vehicles of transformation. although extremely hazardous, we as the gods we are, chose to come here and master these volatile and suppressive energies. without a doubt, our assignment is one of ; if not the toughest in the creators universe. since we are nearing the photon belt and need to be in harmony with the rest of the solar system, our magnetic pole reversal is a must. the question sometimes arises as to whether or not we as a planet will come back and do it again. undoubtedly, we have in the past, but this time we will receive special dispensation and will not be requested to do so, for it would seem our planet has more than fulfilled its requirements for graduation into the higher realms. the planet will graduate, but will we individually? that, of course, is up to each one of us. only in time will we know. following this question is another most often asked : \" if our planet leaves our solar system, what then happens to those souls who cannot make it at this time? \" for these unfortunates, there is another planet,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5554688602624178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.053493"} {"text": "only in time will we know. following this question is another most often asked : \" if our planet leaves our solar system, what then happens to those souls who cannot make it at this time? \" for these unfortunates, there is another planet, a new planet earth, currently residing in the fourth dimension ( etheric ) ; and it is to this planet that the unfortunates will go in disembodiment to experience a deep sleep and rest before being prepared and reconditioned to come to earth again to experience another 10, 500 years of darkness. it should be noted that as our current planet ascends into the fourth dimension, the alternate planet correspondingly will descend into the third dimension, thus replacing us as the new planet earth.. ( please see drawing. ) 8. as all of this phenomena associated with entering the photon belt increases and precipitates dramatic physical, emotional and spiritual changes among us, look for mass landings of friendly extraterrestrials who will arrive to assist the needy and the worthy to survive the apocalyptic changes ahead. look for their arrival from late 1995 and early 1996 on. the year 1996 is predicted to be a horrendous year, expunging mass humanity consisting of those who will not or cannot accept the incoming christ consciousness. this incoming consciousness will tolerate no nonsense or measure of resistance for the old and archaic must go to make room for the new. this includes government, science and religion. all aspects of our third - dimensional life must return to the light and divinity if it is to survive. another aspect of the mass landings has to do with a declaration to world government that \" we are here ; we are in charge. we invite you to join us in the brotherhood of man. if you do not, then you must suffer the ultimate consequences. \" one more adjunct to the foregoing : it is speculated that as we near the photon belt, tremendous radiation will be experienced. this radiation, which lies near the null zone, will be so disruptive that it undoubtedly will adversely affect the worldwide nuclear stockpiles and reactors. should this happen, our planet would be totally annihilated and in the process derail the successful graduation of our planet and solar system into the fourth dimension. therefore, the mass landings, with their superior intelligence, will neutralize and / or dematerialize this monumental threat. 9. as we approach the photon belt, look for frequent encounters with the angelic host. perception of these exalted beings will become common for those who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5274833932902117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.054585"} {"text": "their superior intelligence, will neutralize and / or dematerialize this monumental threat. 9. as we approach the photon belt, look for frequent encounters with the angelic host. perception of these exalted beings will become common for those who are in concert with the incoming christ consciousness. among these mighty angelic forces look for lord michael, our mentor and guardian, to make an appearance. he will, with dispatch and clarity, excise all that must be removed to create a new world and a new order. 10. look for the animal kingdom to assume near - human qualities and understanding, and well it should, for as we vacate our realms of previous understanding and assume our godship, the animals will venture forth to fill the void, elevating them to near humanness. concurrent with this, expect the nether world of the elementals and nature spirits to develop into humanness. they are at this time near human and entitled to assume their full humanness. 11. expect massive decreases in our magnetic fields ( our gravity and our density ). as we become light, these elements will hold little or no sway over us for they lose the quality of constraint. 12. as sheldon nidel stated in his book, becoming a galactic human being, we will in the near future be expected to become fully conscious beings working with interdimensional energies and beings. not only will this consciousness allow us to be integrated into the fourth dimension but will also afford us the opportunity to access parallel dimensions which lie 90 degrees from our present reality. how exciting! maybe then those things that go \" bumpity bump \" in the night will take on form and shape. 13. expect to see avant - garde colors, shapes and sacred geometry configurations as we near the photon belt. look for the skies to appear to be totally consumed by fire. do not worry, however, as this phenomenon is a cold fire and will not harm you. it is merely a signal that we are approaching our final destiny, the photon belt and the consummate christ consciousness! 14. as our personal and earthly realms of reality and understanding are transformed, so will the higher realms adjacent to us be transformed. remember the kabalistic axiom, \" as it is above, so shall it be below, \" and vice versa. one of the most spectacular and heralded events is the possible changing of our current central sun from its birth in the pleiadian constellation to the constellation of sirius. it would appear that the sirian peoples are much more kindly disposed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5543380513044008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.055636"} {"text": "and vice versa. one of the most spectacular and heralded events is the possible changing of our current central sun from its birth in the pleiadian constellation to the constellation of sirius. it would appear that the sirian peoples are much more kindly disposed toward us than the pleiadians. this portends colossal changes in the future of our solar system. to return to the pleiadians and a personal comment : in 1988 i had occasion to personally regress myseif back to look at the ultimate sinking of that ancient continent atlantis. much to my dismay, i discovered an element of pleiadian origin, and the then rulers of atlantis were responsible for the catastrophic nuclear explosions which ultimately sank the great atlantis. therefore, it does not surprise me that considerations of sirius as the new location of our current central sun are in the making. clearly the gauntlet has been thrown down and the message is clear. indecisiveness is over. you must declare where you and your consciousness are. the admonition of the great teachers, \" 1 shall separate the wheat from the tares, \" is coming to pass. the honeymoon is over. the old and archaic must now bow to and facilitate the incoming christ consciousness, or it will break like a dry twig in the wind, to be no more. the transformational changes on all levels are irrevocable. nothing can escape the ceaseless and uncompromising cleansing of the earth, mind, body and soul. spirit will have its way ; its day has come. you and i are divine and as such have the great privilege to choose where we wish to be, with or without spirit or the christ consciousness. the ancients untiringly spoke of days gone by where man and beast dwelt in eternal love, light and peace ; a place where war, pestilence and disease were unknown and man was in constant communion with the divine. we are approaching that great era again, that is, the photon belt. preliminary energies of change are already among us. note the disharmony in relationships, governments, science and religion. look at the consistent failure and breakdown of financial institutions, the latest being the bank of england wherein even the monarchy, particularly the queen mother, lost of $ 500, 000 us. there is more to come as spirit transforms the illusion into spiritual reality. conclude in your own mind that planet earth is also in line for dramatic and reformational changes ( the coming earth calamities ), all in divine order, to ready planet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5347006328022743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.056640"} {"text": ". there is more to come as spirit transforms the illusion into spiritual reality. conclude in your own mind that planet earth is also in line for dramatic and reformational changes ( the coming earth calamities ), all in divine order, to ready planet earth for ascension into the higher realms of consciousness known as the fourth and fifth dimensions. for those of us who cannot accept the incoming christed energies, our planet, a living organism, will shake us off as a dog does water. a false conclusion which i often hear in europe and sometimes in america is that during the earth changes, earth ' s humanity will be lifted off the planet by ufos to safety. this conclusion is false and dangerous! the \" good \" ets will not interfere with our free will and will not lift us off the planet unless it is a dire emergency, and then only temporarily until the emergency is over, at which time we will be returned to finish out our destiny. moreover, everybody will not be lifted off ; only those who have earned it. does that include you? graduation from the third dimension to the fourth and fifth dimensions is simple if we follow god ' s rules : walk and talk your life in love and forgiveness, and acknowledge that supreme being, the creator, infinite intelligence, or whomsoever you deem it. divest yourself of fear for it is food for the forces of darkness and will continue to hold you captive if you do not. as we get nearer and nearer to the photon belt and the incoming christ consciousness, our bodies will undergo major transformational changes, \" hopefully with our cooperation, \" changing our bodies of physicality into bodies of light which can facilitate the photon belt and the incoming christ consciousness. love and forgiveness, ceasing to judge, and eliminating fear are the keys for doing this. in the near future, we can conclude that we terrestrials will bear witness to the conclusion of the control the forces of darkness have exercised over us for the past 10, 500 years. this will come about by open confrontations between the \" good \" ufos ( forces of light ), and the \" bad \" ufos ( forces of darkness ). we personally will observe this final struggle in the heavens. following this, the forces of light, appearing as ufos, will put in mass appearances here on earth, to be followed later by mass landings. monumental secrecy and control of the masses by world and local governments will be over, and they, like us, will be evaluated accordingly. one last item of interest is that the purpose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5525131442560101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.057972"} {"text": "mass appearances here on earth, to be followed later by mass landings. monumental secrecy and control of the masses by world and local governments will be over, and they, like us, will be evaluated accordingly. one last item of interest is that the purpose of the hubble telescope is not what we have been led to believe, that is, to detect and deflect incoming nuclear missiles, or the strategic defense initiative ( sdi ). instead, it is an early warning system for extraterrestrial incursion of a bad kind. repeatedly, world leaders, beginning with the early secretary general of the united nations, dag harnmerskild, and moving through retired general douglas mcarthur ; president reagan ; general nathan twining, former commanding general of the u. s. air force, and mikhail gorbachov, have obliquely warned the world of possible extraterrestrial intervention. most direct was gen. mcarthur who, in his retirement and farewell speech before the united states congress, declared : \" gentlemen, the next great war will not be terrestrial but extraterrestrial in nature. \" what did the general, even then in the 1950s, know that we did not? of note also was president ronald reagan ' s comment before the general assembly of the united nations when he stated ( paraphrased ), \" 1 often wonder, if we as a global community were faced with the prospect of an invasion, extraterrestrial in nature, would we not, as a family of nations, put aside our differences and come together in solidarity to deter this ominous extraterrestrial threat? \" this then brings us back to the hubble telescope which, as i have already stated, is an early warning system for that implied extraterrestrial intervention. the object of the et invasion is the wormwood planet, sometimes called niburnal, nibim, murdok, or phaeton. the wormwood planet put us here and has considered our planet to be their personal real estate and we their personal property. they have controlled and manipulated us for millennia. this planet of great magnitude is already in our solar system and is being observed through the hubble telescope. world government, of course, is aware of its presence but dares not to tell us for fear of mass panic. other than our greatest enemy ( ourselves and fear of the unknown ), the wormwood planet presents our last and greatest challenge before we as a people and planet can graduate into the higher realms and successfully enter into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5250258284470612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.061649"} {"text": "to tell us for fear of mass panic. other than our greatest enemy ( ourselves and fear of the unknown ), the wormwood planet presents our last and greatest challenge before we as a people and planet can graduate into the higher realms and successfully enter into the photon belt and the christ consciousness. inevitably, this nemesis returns approximately every 3, 600 years to terrorize us and bring us back under its control. to do this, they have in the past consistently caused the flipping of our polar axis, thus rendering us totally impotent and reducing us to total but repairable amnesia. this then leads us once again back to the mass ufo sightings and landings that will begin in mid - or late 1995. make note once again that world governments are fully aware of this phenomenon called the wormwood planet and its deadly intent and are prepared as best they can be to discourage or obviate its intended deleterious effects upon our planet. these defensive measures, however, would be inconsequential since the technology and capacity of the wormwood peoples is far superior to our most advanced technological inventions. again, there will be massive friendly extraterrestrial ufo intervention on our behalf since this time around, the forces of darkness cannot and will not be permitted to render us obsolete. if this were to happen this time around, the whole retinue of planets and our solar system would be prohibited from successfully entering the photon belt. entering into the photon belt ( christ consciousness ) as a planet is our unmitigated cause and objective. the only ponderable is whether you and i will be successful in doing so. our free will and individual choices will prevail. as previously stated, it is predicted that only about one - third of the world ' s population will successfully choose to advance into the realms of the photon belt. these two billion souls will once again enjoy, endure, and live in that golden age mentioned so often by the ancients. will you be among them? 1. in the year 2, 000, we enter the photon belt and the fourth dimension. 2. the photon belt is what the ancient greeks and romans referred to as the golden age - the era of peace. there were no wars, famine, pestilence, etc., only light. 3. spiritually the photon belt is the abode of the christ, the manasic radiation ( the radiation and eminence of the christ ). 4. the null zone is the pre - transformational area where the old and archaic will be transmuted or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.555641011827713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.062780"} {"text": "free trade agreement ignores colombian history of violence against trade unions on may 15, the united states and its traditionally close ally colombia took further measures to promote free trade in the region. the negotiations that took place in 2006 under the bush administration are finally being implemented, after more than five years of being held up in congress. the colombia free trade agreement ( fta ) is designed to lower tariffs, increase competition, and bolster trade mobility in both regions. bbc reports that \u201c the pact means a wide variety of goods, including machinery, raw materials and agricultural products, can be traded without import tariffs needing to be paid. \u201d the united states international trade commission in its report, u. s. - colombia trade promotion agreement : potential economy - wide and selected sectoral effects, touts the benefits of the new agreement, announcing \u201c u. s. exports to colombia may be higher by approximately $ 1. 1 billion, u. s. imports from colombia may be higher by $ 487 million, and u. s. gdp higher by about $ 2. 5 billion, representing an increase of less than 0. 05 percent of u. s. gdp. \u201d although this may seem like a step in the right direction for trade, the deal has attracted criticism from democratic congress - members, human rights activists, and latin america policy experts who have critiqued the policy for not addressing the \u201c record of violence against trade union leaders. \u201d these various parties are all concerned with colombia \u2019 s problematic relationship with trade unions. human rights activists and latin american policy experts have raised concerns over colombia \u2019 s ongoing hostility towards trade union leaders. with almost 3, 000 murders of trade unionists since 1986, colombia is widely regarded as the world \u2019 s most dangerous place to be a trade unionist. impunity for anti - union crimes is widespread and remains a tremendous concern for people who object to the fta. human rights watch report 2012 reports that trade union deaths in colombia are greater than in any other country in the world. according to the national labor school ( ens ), colombia \u2019 s leading ngo monitoring labor rights, 51 trade unionists were murdered in 2008, 47 in 2009, 51 in 2010, and 26 from january to november 15, 2011. when colombian vice - president angelino garzon was asked by al - jazeera about trade unions and worker rights, he rejected claims that colombia was anti - trade union, stating, \u201c in this country there is no institutional violence against workers. we protect workers and we protect people who own companies. we protect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3807618846086813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.067019"} {"text": "al - jazeera about trade unions and worker rights, he rejected claims that colombia was anti - trade union, stating, \u201c in this country there is no institutional violence against workers. we protect workers and we protect people who own companies. we protect unions and all the workers and the institutions of democracy, and we give people the right to get into the unions and organise collectively. \" gimena sanchez - garzoli at the washington office on latin america ( wola ) disagrees. \u201c what colombia has done is change the rhetoric, \u201d she writes. \u201c they don \u2019 t attack trade unions, accuse them of being terrorists anymore. they say wonderful things about them. however, what they say and what is actually happening on the ground is completely contradictory. \u201d although the majority of republican congress - members such as john boehner and mitch mcconnell support the fta, democratic party members nancy pelosi and harry reid are finding themselves at odds with the president \u2019 s new stance on latin american trade policy. both pelosi and reid expressed concern that the new fta would not encourage much - needed domestic job growth and does not address the human rights violations against colombian trade unionists. talking to the hill, pelosi \u201c added her skepticism about the number of jobs that could be created by the trade deals \u2026 pelosi called it \u2018 debatable \u2019 that the trade deals would have created jobs if passed when president george w. bush pressed congress to take them up several years ago. \u201d reid and pelosi have also been skeptical that the colombian government has taken effective measures to combat anti - union and anti - democratic labor positions with the country. in spite of the anti - union activity in colombia, the obama administration has decided to push forward with the trade agreement. in a joint speech delivered by presidents obama and santos in bogota a month before the fta \u2019 s implementation, the obama administration heralded the \u201c significant progress \u201d that had been made by the colombian legislature and executive toward more democratic activity, and affirmed that \u201c colombia will continue to have a strong partner in the united states. \u201d this democratic progress seems minimal if any, according to a study conducted by the washington office on latin america : \u201c since presidents santos and obama signed an action plan to ensure the protection of labor rights a year ago on april 7, 2011 over 28 trade unionist had been killed, 2 have been disappeared, and there have been more than 500 death threats. \u201d melissa moskowitz is an intern at foreign policy in focus. for more on the free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41698693814099236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.068009"} {"text": "opinion, by henri kerkdijk otten 27 - 01 - 2012 we know that bubalus murrensis, the wild european waterbuffalo, was present in europe during the pleistocene. osteological remains have been found from virtually all over europe, except scandinavia and the northeastern part of europe. remains have all been found near ( large ) rivers. riverine habitats and close surrounding areas, seems to have been the habitat of choice of the waterbuffalo. there is no doubt that the waterbuffalo formed an intricate part of the megafauna of europe. it is also noted that during the periods between the ice ages, the so called interglacials, bubalus murrensis seems to have migrated from asia to europe, with europe being nothing more than a peninsula of asia. during the ice ages, bubalus murrensis locally died out in europe or retreated to refugia in asia. this retreat and return pattern happened during every glacial and interglacial in the pleistocene. it is very important to note that the black sea did not exist at that time and that the sea was flooded as recent as somewhere around 6500 to 5500 bc. as we all know, the holocene presents a clear breach with former periods. the late pleistocene, but certainly the holocene, saw a very strong and growing anthropogene influence on animal species populations in europe and elsewhere. for the first time after the last ice age, the recolonization of europe by certain species failed or came to a halt somewhere in the course of time. as an example ; the european cave lion died out during the last ice age, but europe was recolonized by lions coming from asia from the subspecies pantherus leo persica ( sommer et al., 2005, bartosiewicz, 2009 ). lions mainly colonized the balkans and beyond. relatively quickly after the recolonization, a gradual dwindling of lion populations started. during the copper age, lions were still found in hungary and romania. lions were pushed back further and further and died out somewhere in the 1st or 2nd century ad. the bubalus murrensis died out in europe or retreated to asia, during the onset of the last ice age. normally, europe would have been recolonized by waterbuffalo after the last ice age. this happened with other species, such as the aforementioned lion. bokonyi ( 1957, 1974 ) concluded after research that bubal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4527623016222568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.072641"} {"text": "ice age. normally, europe would have been recolonized by waterbuffalo after the last ice age. this happened with other species, such as the aforementioned lion. bokonyi ( 1957, 1974 ) concluded after research that bubalus arnee, a very close asiatic relative of bubalus murrensis, was present in the carpathian basin ( hungary and romania ) during the so called atlanticum period, the period roughly between 8000 to 4000 bc. these findings are corroborated by osteological remains of bubalus, that were found near donnerskirchen in austria, in the neighborhood of the neusiedlersee and that are dated at the beginning of the atlantikum period that started around 7000 bc ( pucher, 1991 ). it has been confirmed that the aurochs did survive in refugia like the iberian and italian peninsulas, but that after the beginning of the holocene, central and northern europe were recolonized by aurochs coming from the east and not from the south ( canon et al., 2000, mona et al., 2010, caramelli et al., 2011 ). the same is true for wild horses ( warmuth et al., 2011 ). just like with bubalus murrensis in the pleistocene, and just like with lions, aurochs and horses in the holocene, europe was recolonized by waterbuffalo coming from the east, from asia. not only is the waterbuffalo part of a trend, but there are actual findings of wild waterbuffalo from the era confirming this. the fact that wild waterbuffalo are found in the carpathian basin and eastern austria should come as no surprise. waterbuffalo were present near, but also migrated along, large waterways. the danube delta and river and its tributaries seems to have been the highway whereby wild waterbuffalo reentered europe from asia. the observant reader will have noticed that the black sea as such did not exist before 6500 \u2013 5500 bc and that the possible migration route presented a continues path from the carpathian basin to the rest of asia, along which animals could migrate from east to west. it seems that wild waterbuffalo were not able to push further west than austria. this could ofcourse have to with the fact that more remains simply have not been unearthed yet. there also seems to be a trend to deny bubalus findings on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4345581271833949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.073557"} {"text": "wild waterbuffalo were not able to push further west than austria. this could ofcourse have to with the fact that more remains simply have not been unearthed yet. there also seems to be a trend to deny bubalus findings on the basis that wild waterbuffalo simply could not have been present in europe during the holocene. it is more important to note that migrations along large rivers presents a very narrow and limited path of migration. humans were overly present near big rivers and expansion of wild water buffalo was simply stopped in its tracks because of that. this is a clear difference with the recolonization by aurochs and wild horses and the importance of this difference cannot be stressed enough. without an ever stronger growing anthropogene pressure, there is no doubt that wild waterbuffalo coming from asia would have been able to recolonize the rest of europe, just like they did during every interglacial in the pleistocene. apart from the clear advantages of waterbuffalo in nature management in europe ( wiegleb and krawczynski, 2010 ) and apart from the fact that they occupy an ecological niche that cattle and horses cannot occupy, the archaeozoological story alone justifies the use of waterbuffalo in nature management and rewilding schemes in europe today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44352211761116356, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.074094"} {"text": "virtual file system part 1 virtual file system is an interface providing a clearly defined link between the operating system kernel and the different file systems. the vfs supplies the applications with the system calls for file management ( like \u201c open \u201d, \u201c read \u201d, \u201c write \u201d etc. ), maintains internal data structures ( the administrative data for maintaining the integrity of the file system ), and passes tasks onto the appropriate actual file system. another important job of the vfs is, performing standard actions. for example, as a rule, no file system implementation will actually provide an lseek ( ) function, as the functions of lseek ( ) are provided by a standard action of the vfs. kernel \u2019 s representation of the file systems the representation or layout of data on a floppy disk, hard disk or any other storage media may differ considerably from one implementation of file system to another. but the actual representation of this data in linux kernel \u2019 s memory is the same for all file system implementations. the linux management structures for the file systems are similar to the logical structure of a unix file system. the vfs calls the file - system - specific functions for various implementations to fill up these structures. these functions are provided by every file system implementation and are made known to the vfs via the function register _ filesystem ( ). this function sets up the file _ system _ type structure it has passed, in a singly linked list headed by the pointer \u201c file _ systems \u201d. the file _ system _ type structure gives information about a specific file system implementation. the structure is as follows : struct super _ block * ( * read _ super ) ( struct super _ block *, void *, int ) ; struct file _ system _ type * next ; \u00b7 the function \u201c read _ super (.. ) \u201d forms the mount interface, i. e. it is only via this function that further functions of the file system implementation will be made known to the vfs. it takes three parameters : * a super _ block structure in which the data relevant to this instance of file system implementation is filled up. * a character string ( in this case void * ), which contains further mount options for the file system. * a flag, which is used to indicate whether unsuccessful mounting should be reported. this flag is used only by the kernel function mount _ root ( ), as this calls all the read _ super ( ) functions present in the various file system implementations. * the \u201c name \u201d field contains the name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49929170783089727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.077550"} {"text": "on august 9, 2007, the bald eagle was removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered species. after nearly disappearing from most of the united states decades ago, the bald eagle is now flourishing across the nation and no longer needs the protection of the endangered species act. the two main factors that led to the recovery of the bald eagle were the banning of the pesticide ddt and habitat protection afforded by the endangered species act for nesting sites and important feeding and roost sites. this recovery could not have been accomplished without the support and cooperation of many private and public landowners. go here for more information about the recovery and delisting of the bald eagle. bald eagle post - delisting monitoring plan to ensure that eagles continue to thrive, the u. s. fish and wildlife service worked with state wildlife agencies to monitor eagles. if it appears that bald eagles again need the protection of the endangered species act, the service can propose to relist the species. the service opened a 90 - day public comment period on july 9, 2007 for the draft post - delisting monitoring plan. we evaluated comments on the plan and released the final bald eagle monitoring plan on june 3, 2010. current legal protections for bald eagles although they are delisted, bald eagles are still protected by the bald and golden eagle protection act, the migratory bird treaty act, and the lacey act. bald and golden eagle protection act this law, passed in 1940, provides for the protection of the bald eagle and the golden eagle by prohibiting the take, possession, sale, purchase, barter, offer to sell, purchase or barter, transport, export or import, of any bald or golden eagle, alive or dead, including any part, nest, or egg, unless allowed by permit. \" take \" includes pursue, shoot, shoot at, poison, wound, kill, capture, trap, collect, molest or disturb. read more > > bald and golden eagle permits there are a number of different types of activities and projects that are eligible for a permit under the bald and golden eagle protection act. see the midwest region ' s eagle permits website for information about the types of permits available, when a permit is necessary, and how to apply for a permit. migratory bird treaty act the migratory bird treaty act is a federal law that carries out the united states commitment to four international conventions with canada, japan, mexico and russia. those conventions protect birds that migrate across international borders. the take of all migratory birds, including bald eagles, is governed by the migratory birds treaty", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.403125795870676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.081155"} {"text": "federal law that carries out the united states commitment to four international conventions with canada, japan, mexico and russia. those conventions protect birds that migrate across international borders. the take of all migratory birds, including bald eagles, is governed by the migratory birds treaty acts regulations. the migratory bird treaty act ( mbta ) prohibits the taking, killing, possession, transportation, and importation of migratory birds, their eggs, parts, and nests except as authorized under a valid permit. read more > > by the lacey act will continue even though the bald eagle has been delisted under the endangered species act. this law, passed in 1900, protects bald eagles by making it a federal offense to take, possess, transport, sell, import, or export their nests, eggs and parts that are taken in violation of any state, tribal or u. s. law. read more > > bald eagle conservation you can help conserve bald eagles by protecting habitat around their nests and by keeping safe distance from their nests or winter roost sites. bald eagles are susceptible to harm by disturbance because of the prominence of their nests and communal roosts. bald eagles need continued conservation so that their population remains healthy. go here for further information on bald eagle natural history and sensitivity information. what you can do to avoid disturbing bald eagles and their young while observing eagles or hiking, camping, boating, snowmobiling, etc. additional measures to conserve and protect bald eagles. national bald eagle management guidelines ( 25 - page pdf ; 144kb ) if you have questions or for further assistance, please contact us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45364434675303256, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.081809"} {"text": "kittlitz \u2019 s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) this decline is thought to be related to the recession of glaciers and the associated loss of preferred prey that use glacially - influenced waters, perhaps due to climate change. alaska department of fish and game. 2006. a wealth maintained : a strategy for conserving alaska ' s diverse wildlife and fish resources. alaska department of fish and game, juneau, ak. retrieved june 2010 from http : / / www. sf. adfg. state. ak. us / statewide / ngplan / ng _ outline. cfm. birdlife international. 2010. species factsheet : brachyramphus brevirostris, kittlitz ' s murrelet. retrieved june 2010 from http : / / www. birdlife. org / datazone / species / index. html? action = day, r. h., k. j. kuletz, and d. a. nigro. 1999. kittlitz ' s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ). the birds of north america online ( a. poole, ed. ). ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology. retrieved june 2010 from http : / / bna. birds. cornell. edu / bna / species / 435. kittlitz \u2019 s murrelet - photo by gerald a sanger action plan in development return to focal species strategy december 2, 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41195601590278036, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.083116"} {"text": "any test on serum, but usually refers to the detection of antibodies as an aid to diagnosis, or for the detection of early infection or prior infection / immunity. ( in practice, although not strictly accurate, the term is also used, faute - de - mieux, to describe antibody level tests done on other samples including, for example, the oral fluid samples used to retrospectively confirm or refute the diagnosis of measles, rubella, and mumps following notification. ) in the virology / microbiology laboratory, serology is most often used to detect pathogen - specific antibodies, e. g. anti - hepatitis c antibodies. the most common antibody classes detected are igg and igm. serology can also be used to detect antigen e. g. hepatitis b surface antigen, cryptococcus neoformans antigen ( often abbreviated to crag ). there are several methods of detecting antibody levels : - enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) - latex agglutination - complement fixation test ( cft ) - neutralisation assays the results of an assay may be given as a number, but in some cases, the result will be in the form of a titre signifying the strength of the response. this article is a stub. please feel free to expand it and make it more encyclopaedic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5561134065631481, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.084466"} {"text": "register with us or sign in learn how to grow seed potatoes in a compost bag, in monty don ' s step - by - step video guide. springmore about growing potatoesread lila das gupta ' s blog on growing potatoeschitting potatoes video projectgrowing early potatoesgrowing potatoes in a bin watch monty don and chris beardshaw ' s video guide to harvesting potatoes grown in a bag. summermore advice on growing potatoesread lila das gupta ' s blog on growing potatoeschitting potatoesgrowing early potatoesgrowing potatoes in a bagearthing up potatoesadvice on dealing with gl... monty don demonstrates how to plant heritage variety shallots in a container, offering advice on drainage and planting depths. springmore advice on growing alliumshow to harvest garlicgrowing onions and garlicplanting out leekstips on growing garlic monty don demonstrates how to plant tomatoes in grow bags and pots in the greenhouse at berryfields, including advice on getting the most from grow bags, and when to put tomato plants outside. springmore advice on growing tomatoesgrowing tomatoes in a grow baggrowing tomatoes in p... you want too many leaves when it ' s the precious fruits you want to savour, so here are a few timely tips to keep your plants on track for a bumper harvest. tomato plantstomato foodwatering cancanes stringsummer30 minutesthe first job is to stake up any with a larger rooting area and stop them drying out in hot weather, which is better for the plants and means less watering for you. 2 - 3 tomato plants60 or 75 litre bag of multi - purpose compostknife or scissorshand forktroweljune ( or may in a greenhouse monty don demonstrates how to plant tomatoes in grow bags and pots in the greenhouse at berryfields, including advice on getting the most from grow bags, and when to put tomato plants outside. springmore advice on growing tomatoesread kate bradbury ' s blog on the dos and don ' ts of... of tomato. choose open - pollinated tomato varieties ( not f1 varieties as they may not come ' true ' ). it ' s also a good idea to save heritage, or rare varieties of tomato in this way, to preserve the seed for future generations. tomatoesknifeglass jar chris beardshaw demonstrates a method for training greenhouse tomatoes, intended to increase fruiting yield. summermore on growing tomatoesread kate bradbury ' s blog on the dos and don", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41746958058897804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.087080"} {"text": "systemic enzymes are amazing. in fact, you might call them extraordinary, since they provide systemic health benefits. for those of us starting a new health regimen for the new year, that \u2019 s exceptionally good news. as review, enzymes are proteins catalyzing every bodily chemical action. there are over 3, 000 bodily enzymes \u2014 most of them proteolytic, or protein - eating, enzymes \u2014 and fall into three kinds of enzymes : food, digestive and metabolic / systemic enzymes. food enzymes come from foods, particularly raw foods with their enzymes intact, while digestive enzymes help to digest food. metabolic / systemic enzymes \u2014 while they may have some enzymes in common with digestive enzymes \u2014 work differently, going beyond the stomach, into the bloodstream and cells to work their amazingly healthy outcomes. some systemic enzymes with particularly beneficial health effects are the pancreatic enzymes included in an important systemic enzyme called pancreatin. others include : - papain, a protein - cleaving enzyme from papaya and other plants. - bromelain, a protease enzyme derived from the pineapple plant. - trypsin, another noteworthy pancreatic enzyme. - chymotrypsin, a digestive enzyme synthesized in the pancreas. together, they constitute a force of systemic enzymes supporting cellular and immune health, healthy levels of inflammation and more. cellular health is tied to the function of enzymes because systemic enzymes devour fibrin, the sticky protein coating on unhealthy cells, viruses and bacteria in the body \u2014 making the immune system more efficient at protecting the body against these unhealthy cells and intruders. fibrin is tough, too \u2014 up to fifteen times thicker than the protective coating on some other cells \u2014 but these enzymes are tougher because they ingest and digest fibrin to support cellular and immune health. unfortunately, fibrin can also \u201c spider web \u201d throughout the body, leading to unhealthy inflammation and restriction of joint and muscle function \u2014 but systemic enzymes can tame fibrin and positively affect bodily inflammation levels. that \u2019 s a good thing, too, because unhealthy inflammation levels can adversely affect overall health. inflammation isn \u2019 t all bad, though. healthy inflammation is a natural immune system response which protects the body from infection or further injury. it \u2019 s when the body \u2019 s inflammation responses go overboard that trouble can begin. prolonged, systemic inflammation can cause bodily damage and adversely affect bones, joints, tissues, blood vessels, blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4791601973330352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.090717"} {"text": "response which protects the body from infection or further injury. it \u2019 s when the body \u2019 s inflammation responses go overboard that trouble can begin. prolonged, systemic inflammation can cause bodily damage and adversely affect bones, joints, tissues, blood vessels, blood sugar, cells and bodily organs. this kind of debilitating inflammation can go undetected, too, as many organs don \u2019 t have pain - sensitive nerves, and there are virtually no outward signs of the fires within. what adds fuel to the fire, so to speak, is that most people aren \u2019 t even aware that they \u2019 re walking around with unhealthy levels of inflammation. for example, dr. paul ridker of harvard - affiliated brigham and women ' s hospital, believes that 25 to 35 million seemingly healthy middle - aged americans are walking around unaware of the danger they are in due to above - average inflammation levels and the risks that surround those levels. not all inflammation goes unnoticed, however. sometimes we feel it because our body, particularly our muscles and joints, tells us when we \u2019 ve overdone a workout or have otherwise pushed the limits. fortunately, systemic enzymes also support healthy inflammation to promote muscle, joint and tendon health as well as flexibility and mobility \u2014 offering natural relief from everyday aches and pains from everyday life. additionally, enzymes break down and remove old, unhealthy cells and tissue from the body to support natural detoxification. but when enzyme stores are low, unhealthy cells and tissue can remain in the body and wreak havoc. the problem is that our enzyme levels begin to decrease by age 20 and continue to dwindle with each passing decade \u2014 so make sure you have an adequate supply of enzymes. you see? systemic enzymes really are extraordinary because they provide potent systemic benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4834698064267649, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.091429"} {"text": "- comprehensive sexual and reproductive health - family planning - women, girls, and hiv - maternal health - u. s. foreign policy & funding - watch : making u. s. foreign assistance work for women and girls in ethiopia - female condoms and u. s. foreign policy - family planning policy restrictions and hiv - u. s. global health initiative - global gag rule - helms amendment - foreign assistance budget - foreign assistance reform - kemp - kasten amendment - abstinence & fidelity - anti - prostitution pledge - advocacy and foreign assistance - why women and girls? family planning policy restrictions and hiv attacks on international family planning funding and policy hinder the progress of u. s. efforts to provide effective hiv prevention, care, and treatment through the president \u2019 s emergency plan for aids relief ( pepfar ) strategy. here are three big threats : reduced funding for international family planning : insufficient funding for voluntary family planning services reduces access to some of the most basic tools for hiv prevention and treatment. family planning providers are at the center of the hiv pandemic. they have the skills and the opportunity to provide quality, rights - based, comprehensive services that integrate and link hiv / aids, maternal health, and voluntary family planning ; address gender - based violence ; support comprehensive sex education ; and engage men and boys. how insufficient funding for family planning affects the fight against hiv / aids : - cuts to family planning funding would result in increased unintended pregnancies, abortions, and maternal deaths among women, including those living with hiv. - funding cuts to family planning would weaken global efforts to combat gender - based violence, stigma, and gender inequality, which drive the hiv / aids epidemic. - reproductive health programs ( including family planning ) are often the point of entry for those seeking testing and treatment for hiv. without sufficient funds, the reach of these programs is limited. - effective integration and linking of hiv / aids, maternal health, and voluntary family planning depends on robust funding for all three services. insufficient funding for one program area compromises overall health outcomes. eliminating the u. s. contribution to unfpa : unfpa ( united nations population fund ) is the largest multilateral provider of voluntary family planning and maternal health services globally. unfpa also provides critical hiv / aids services, such as promoting comprehensive female and male condom programming and integrating hiv services within reproductive health programming ( including family planning ). how eliminating the u. s. contribution to unfpa affects the fight against hiv / aids : - unfpa reaches countries that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4472993665748185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.097468"} {"text": "such as promoting comprehensive female and male condom programming and integrating hiv services within reproductive health programming ( including family planning ). how eliminating the u. s. contribution to unfpa affects the fight against hiv / aids : - unfpa reaches countries that u. s. family planning and pepfar funding do not. eliminating the u. s. contribution would decrease access to hiv / aids, family planning, and other reproductive health services worldwide. imposing the global gag rule ( or mexico city policy ) : the global gag rule prohibits foreign organizations receiving u. s. family planning funds from using their own non - u. s. funds to provide information about abortion, to offer referrals or services for legal abortion, or to advocate for the legalization or decriminalization of abortion. how imposing the global gag rule affects the fight against hiv / aids : - the global gag rule has resulted in reproductive health programs ( including family planning ) losing access to u. s. - donated contraceptives and significant financial resources, causing staff and service reductions. - the global gag rule puts the lives of women living with hiv at risk. women living with hiv who are seeking voluntary abortion services stake their lives on access to honest information from their health providers, including provision of or referral to safe, legal abortion services. - the new york times : high court weighs dispute over aids funding april 22, 2013 - huffington post : the right to fight aids april 22, 2013 - u. s. spends n450bn on nigeria \u2019 s health sector programmes in 10 yrs \u2013 envoy april 18, 2013 - alicia keys campaigns for hiv education april 16, 2013 - united states announces $ 10 million in support for g - 8 preventing sexual violence initiative april 11, 2013 - reuters : prostitution policy splits ngos in top court aids case april 10, 2013 - huffington post : why the global fund is a terrific investment april 8, 2013 - as anti - prostitution pledge heads to supreme court, public health leaders file brief against it april 4, 2013 - us strategy to prevent and respond to gender - based violence globally : what does it mean for srh? the 2012 united states strategy to prevent and respond to gender - based violence globally is the country \u2019 s first comprehensive, multi - sector approach to gender - based violence. what does it mean for sexual and reproductive health? - fact sheet : u. s. national action plan on women, peace, and security the united states national action plan on women, peace, and security ( nap ) was issued by executive order by president", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.440328283963219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.098493"} {"text": "does it mean for sexual and reproductive health? - fact sheet : u. s. national action plan on women, peace, and security the united states national action plan on women, peace, and security ( nap ) was issued by executive order by president barack obama in 2011. what does it say about sexual and reproductive health and rights? - u. s. global hiv policy : combination prevention this paper outlines why the u. s. must support a true combination prevention strategy, one that scales up proven biomedical tools, integrates sexual and reproductive health services into hiv prevention, and addresses social barriers to hiv prevention. - infographic : aids - free generation? not without women we can ' t create an aids - free generation without women : visualize the numbers. - ghi implementation and sexual and reproductive health in guatemala : a progress report a preliminary analysis of the u. s. global health initiative in guatemala finds that resource and policy constraints are a barrier to progress. - ghi implementation and sexual and reproductive health in ethiopia : a progress report a preliminary analysis of the implementation of the u. s. global health initiative in ethiopia finds that a focus on women and girls is already making a difference. - sexual and reproductive rights and the u. s. global health initiative the u. s. global health initiative ( ghi ) is a comprehensive policy approach that seeks to strengthen and increase the efficiency of existing u. s. global health programs. - what does family planning have to do with hiv? everything. voluntary family planning is an indispensible component of hiv prevention and treatment. - americans for unfpa - center for development and population activities ( cedpa ) - center for reproductive rights ( crr ) - international planned parenthood federation ( ippf ) - international women \u2019 s health coalition ( iwhc ) - pepfar watch - population action international ( pai ) - prevention now! - reproductive health matters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49526754607819545, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.099236"} {"text": "| geo health | breakfast - skipper kids develop health problems | updated at : 1423 pst, thursday, august 19, 2010 | london : almost a third of children regularly go without breakfast before school and are more likely than classmates to be inactive, unfit and obese, research shows. while 68 % of pupils eat before leaving home, 32 % do not. of the latter, 25 % only sometimes have a morning meal and 7 % never have breakfast on school days, according to findings which have raised fresh concern about children ' s eating habits and general health. the study of 4, 326 children, aged 10 - 16, in england was reported in the european journal of clinical nutrition and found that 26. 6 % of boys and 38. 6 % of girls skipped breakfast some or all of the time. boys often blame lack of time, while many girls missed breakfast because they believe doing so would help them lose weight. \" we found that children who skip breakfast either occasionally or routinely are less fit, less active and more likely to be overweight or obese than those who always eat breakfast, \" said lead author dr gavin sandercock, a lecturer in clinical physiology at the university of essex. \" children with the healthiest weight were always those who regularly had breakfast before heading to school. \" these findings are worrying because we found more obesity and lower levels of physical activity among skippers, which is of great concern because these children are more likely to develop chronic disease in adulthood like cancer, heart disease and diabetes, \" added sandercock. while girls who skipped breakfast are 92 % more likely to become obese than female classmates who regularly eat before school, the equivalent figure in boys was 62 %. but the boys were much likelier than female ones to have a sedentary lifestyle and, critically, have poor cardiorespiratory ( heart and lung ) fitness \u2013 the best predictor of chronic illness in later life, said sandercock. until now it has been thought that children who missed breakfast were more likely to be obese because they snacked during the day and ate late at night. but the study suggests that their inactive lifestyles may also play a key role. \" this research should concern parents because they are putting their children at a higher risk of being overweight unless they make sure they eat breakfast before leaving the house, and are also increasing their risk of being unfit and inactive, \" said sandercock. \" it ' s of great concern that 32 % of parents don ' t do that, especially as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4332194696997703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.102828"} {"text": "unless they make sure they eat breakfast before leaving the house, and are also increasing their risk of being unfit and inactive, \" said sandercock. \" it ' s of great concern that 32 % of parents don ' t do that, especially as we already know that kids ' concentration and ability to learn is worse when they miss breakfast. \" professor mitch blair of the royal college of paediatrics and child health said : \" this is yet another study that reinforces the need for regular mealtime routines. we know that children model their behaviour on their parents and it would be interesting if the parents of the children in this study had similar habits. \" tam fry, founder of the child growth foundation and spokesman for the national obesity forum, said the study underlined the importance of breakfast for everyone. \" although 68 % of the children studied always ate breakfast, there are areas of the country where, tragically, very few are given breakfast at home. that is why breakfast clubs at school are hugely important for them \u2013 not only for their physical fitness but also for their fitness to learn, \" said fry. but sandercock said that while breakfast clubs are a good idea, they take away from parents the responsibility of preparing food for their offspring. the most recent nhs figures show that 22. 8 % of children in england starting reception year at primary school at the age of four are overweight or obese, rising to 32. 6 % by the time they reach year six, the last year of primary school. previous research has also shown that children ' s fitness is declining worldwide, including in those who are at normal weight, and is going down faster in england than the national average.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4174276981393954, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.103508"} {"text": "the 156km hermannsweg trail in north rhine - westphalia runs along peaks of the teutoburg forest and is considered one of germany ' s most beautiful ridge walks. named after hermann the cheruscan, who defeated the romans in the battle of varus 2, 000 years ago, the trail follows his route across the ridge of the teutoburg forest from rheine to velmerstot near horn - bad meinberg. a monument to hermann the cheruscan commemorates these historic events and is one of many sights to visit en route. the trail is also dotted with dramatic natural monuments such as the dorenthe cliffs, a 4km - long sandstone formation, and the externsteine fissured rocks near horn - bad meinberg at the end of the route. an exceptional backdrop of half - timbered buildings is provided by the little medieval hill town of tecklenburg with its castle ruins. bad iburg ' s castle and ravensberg castle have been well preserved. the lure of the eight - stage trail lies in its geologically diverse scenery and historical villages offering plenty to see. berlebeck eagle sanctuary this sanctuary for birds of prey is the oldest in europe and has the widest variety of species. some of the eagles and falcons feel so at home here that they fly around freely yet always return. a highlight is provided by the flying demonstrations that take place here at various times during the day. at a glance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4023904332398448, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.105000"} {"text": "mission : to observe, understand and model the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes in the earth ' s atmosphere and at the surface. the global energy and water cycle exchanges project ( gewex ) is an integrated program of research, observations, and science activities that focuses on the atmospheric, terestrial, radiative, hydrological, coupled processes, and interactions that determine the global and regional hydrological cycle, radiation and energy transitions, and their involvement in climate change. the international gewex project office ( igpo ) is the focal point for the planning and implementation of all gewex activities. the goal of gewex is to reproduce and predict, by means of suitable models, the variations of the global hydrological regime, its impact on atmospheric and surface dynamics, and variations in regional hydrological processes and water resources and their response to changes in the environment, such as the increase in greenhouse gases. gewex will provide an order of magnitude improvement in the ability to model global precipitation and evaporation, as well as accurate assessment of the sensitivity of atmospheric radiation and clouds to climate change. gewex is the core project in the world climate research programme ( wcrp ) concerned with studying the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and interactions with the by virtue of this central role, gewex has links with all other wcrp projects, in particular, the climate variability and predictablity ( clivar ) project, the stratospheric processes and their role in climate ( sparc ) project, and the climate and cryosphere ( ciic ) project. gewex plays a central role in the interaction of wcrp with many international organizations and programs dealing with climate observations. as part of wcrp ' s input to the group on earth observations ( geo ) global earth observation system of systems ( geoss ), gewex brings its unique expertise in two specific societal benefit areas, climate and water. gewex is leading in the development of plans for the global data reprocessing effort and a observation strategy, and serves as a demonstration project for future climate observational networks in geoss. gewex supports the integrated global water cycle observations ( igwco ) theme developed under the integrated global observing strategy partnership ( igos - p ) and currently part of geo ( activities were merged in 2008 ). gewex research foci gewex also maintains close links to the international land ecosystem - atmospheric processes study ( ileaps ) of the international geosphere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5566506254375229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.109653"} {"text": "##gos - p ) and currently part of geo ( activities were merged in 2008 ). gewex research foci gewex also maintains close links to the international land ecosystem - atmospheric processes study ( ileaps ) of the international geosphere - biosphere program ( igbp ). gewex is composed of several components designed to address the elements of the scientific focus, the global energy and water cycle. - data and assessment - determine atmospheric and surface radiation fluxes and heating with the precision needed to predict transient climate variations and decadal - to - centennial climate trends. - demonstrate - in particular at the regional scale - skill in predicting changes in water resources and soil moisture on time scales up to seasonal and annual as an integral part of the climate system. and prediction - develop accurate global model formulation of the energy and water budget and demonstrate predictability of their variability and response to climate forcing. see the global atmospheric system studies ( gass ) panel and the global land / atmosphere system study ( glass ) panel. gewex cross - cutting themes : in the implementation of gewex, priority continues to be given to three main cross - cutting themes : - assembly of global climatological data sets based on merging in situ measurement and satellite observations in order to determine the atmospheric and surface fluxes that drive the climate system, to provide benchmark values for the present climate, to document interannual variability and climate change, and to validate models. - atmospheric and land surface process studies to improve understanding of the main thermodynamic forces driving the climate system of energy exchanges in the atmosphere, characterizing the regional global and water energy budgets, to evaluate the role of evaporation and precipitation processes in regional rainfall anomalies, to examine changes in soil moisture and ground water balance, and to improve paramertization of these processes in models. - application of gewex data and process studies in models as a basis for developing extended range precipitation forecasts, studying water resource variability, improving the realism of simulations of the climate response to anthropogenic forcing and global warming assessments, and for providing input to other wcrp activities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5236279162280392, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.110701"} {"text": "memory loss ( amnesia ) is unusual forgetfulness. you may not be able to remember new events, recall one or more memories of the past, or both. forgetfulness ; amnesia ; impaired memory ; loss of memory ; amnestic syndrome normal aging may cause some forgetfullness. it ' s normal to have some trouble learning new material, or needing more time to remember it. however, normal aging does not lead to dramatic memory loss. such memory loss is due to other diseases. sometimes, memory loss may be seen with depression. it can be hard to tell the difference between memory loss and confusion due to depression. some types of memory loss may cause you to forget recent or new events, past or remote events, or both. you may forget memories from a single event, or all events. memory loss may cause you to have trouble learning new information or forming new memories. the memory loss may be temporary ( transient ), or permanent. memory loss can be caused by many different things. to determine a cause, your doctor or nurse will ask if the problem came on suddenly or slowly. many areas of the brain help you create and retrieve memories. a problem in any of these areas can lead to memory loss. causes of memory loss include : - alcohol or use of illicit drugs - not enough oxygen to the brain ( heart stopped, stopped breathing, complications from anesthesia ) - brain growths ( caused by tumors or infection ) - brain infections such as lyme disease, syphilis, or hiv / aids - brain surgery, such as surgery to treat seizure disorders - cancer treatments, such as brain radiation, bone marrow transplant, or after chemotherapy - certain medications - certain types of seizures - depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia when symptoms have not been well controlled - dissociative disorder ( not being able to remember a major, traumatic event ; the memory loss may be short - term or long - term ) - drugs such as barbiturates or benzodiazepines - electroconvulsive therapy ( especially if it is long - term ) - encephalitis of any type ( infection, autoimmune disease, chemical / drug induced ) - epilepsy that is not well controlled with medications - head trauma or injury - heart bypass surgery - illness that results in the loss of, or damage to, nerve cells ( neurodegenerative illness ), such as parkinson ' s disease, huntington ' s disease, or multiple sclerosis - long - term alcohol abuse - migraine headache", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5481988246061729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.115625"} {"text": "illness that results in the loss of, or damage to, nerve cells ( neurodegenerative illness ), such as parkinson ' s disease, huntington ' s disease, or multiple sclerosis - long - term alcohol abuse - migraine headache - mild head injury or concussion - nutritional problems ( vitamin deficiencies such as low vitamin b12 ) - permanent damage or injuries to the brain - transient global amnesia - transient ischemic attack ( tia ) a person with memory loss needs a lot of support. it helps to show them familiar objects, music, or photos. write down when the person should take any medication or complete any other important tasks. it is important to write it down. if a person needs help with everyday tasks, or safety or nutrition is a concern, you may want to consider extended care facilities, such as a nursing home. what to expect at your office visit the doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam and ask questions about the person ' s medical history and symptoms. this will almost always include asking questions of family members and friends. they should come to the appointment. medical history questions may include : - can the person remember recent events ( is there impaired short - term memory )? - can the person remember events from further in the past ( is there impaired long - term memory )? - is there a loss of memory about events that occurred before a specific experience ( anterograde amnesia )? - is there a loss of memory about events that occurred soon after a specific experience ( retrograde amnesia )? - is there only a minimal loss of memory? - does the person make up stories to cover gaps in memory ( confabulation )? - is the person suffering from low moods that impair concentration? - time pattern - has the memory loss been getting worse over years? - has the memory loss been developing over weeks or months? - is the memory loss present all the time or are there distinct episodes of amnesia? - if there are amnesia episodes, how long do they last? - aggravating or triggering factors - has there been a head injury in the recent past? - has the person experienced an event that was emotionally traumatic? - has there been a surgery or procedure requiring general anesthesia? - does the person use alcohol? how much? - does the person use illegal / illicit drugs? how much? what type? - other symptoms - what other symptoms does the person have? - is the person confused or disoriented? - can they independently eat, dress, and perform similar self -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4608588390308369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.116726"} {"text": "the person use illegal / illicit drugs? how much? what type? - other symptoms - what other symptoms does the person have? - is the person confused or disoriented? - can they independently eat, dress, and perform similar self - care activities? - have they had seizures? tests that may be done include : cognitive therapy, usually through a speech / language therapist, may be helpful for mild to moderate memory loss. see : dementia - homecare for information about taking care of a loved one with dementia. kirshner hs. approaches to intellectual and memory impairments. in : gradley wg, daroff rb, fenichel gm, jankovic j, eds. neurology in clinical practice. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : butterworth - heinemann ; 2008 : chap 6. luc jasmin, md, phd, department of neurosurgery at cedars - sinai medical center, los angeles, and department of anatomy at ucsf, san francisco, ca. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4733016904278753, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.118632"} {"text": "to create a new project, first visit a file that you want to include in that project. if you have a hierarchy of directories, first visit a file in the topmost directory. from this buffer, type m - x ede - new, or click on the \u2018 create project \u2019 item in the \u2018 development \u2019 menu. the ede - new command prompts for the type of project you would like to create. each project type has its own benefits or language specific enhancements. not all projects that ede supports also allow creating a new project. projects such as linux are designed to recognize existing projects only. project types such as \u2018 make \u2019 and \u2018 automake \u2019 do support creating new project types with ede - new. a subproject is merely a project in a subdirectory of another project. you can create a subproject by using the ede - new command ( or the \u2018 create project \u2019 menu item ), while visiting a buffer in a subdirectory of the project root. this new project is automatically added to the parent project, and will be automatically loaded when ede reads the parent project. when using a project command that involves a makefile, ede uses the top - most project ' s makefile as a starting place for the build. how the toplevel project handles subprojects in the build process is dependent on that project ' s type.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45590760810999587, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.120240"} {"text": "underground drip irrigation serves two purposes dispose of wastewater and irrigate trees. water is plentiful in the fruit - growing area along lake michigan \u2019 s eastern shore, so it \u2019 s not scarcity that \u2019 s an issue. the problem is with some water that \u2019 s been made slightly dirty but is perfectly useful if handled right. that \u2019 s led some fruit growers and fruit processors to make double use of wastewater through subsurface trickle irrigation systems installed in fruit orchards. the system uses water that would otherwise be wasted, to irrigate. as beau shacklette tells it, a fruit - processing company approached the company he works for, trickl - eez company in st. joseph, michigan, wanting an onsite system for disposal of wastewater from their processing plant. trickl - eez, working with an environmental engineering company, developed the agricultural wastewater dispersal system that trickl - eez now sells and installs. shacklette, the regional sales manager for trickl - eez in traverse city, michigan, has installed systems at four fruit - processing companies and for a few growers since getting state department of natural resources approval for the system four years ago. the fruit - processing companies need to get rid of wastewater they have used to cool, wash, or handle fruit or vegetables, shacklette said. the water contains low levels of soluble solids and nutrients. the companies are located away from municipal sewage disposal systems and needed either to install their own waste treatment plants or come up with methods acceptable to the state. on - land disposal of such water through irrigation is legal, but in northwest michigan there is a long winter season when the land is frozen and won \u2019 t accept surface - applied water. putting the water into the ground below the frost layer solves that problem. the orchardists, mostly growers of tart cherries, use cold well water to cool fruit during harvest in july. while this water is not considered a waste requiring treatment, there is a lot of it leaving cooling pads and trying to find its way somewhere. \u201c growers know it \u2019 s just a matter of time until they have to contain and dispose of the water that runs off their cooling pads, \u201d shacklette said. trickle irrigation is growing as a practice, especially in young cherry orchards, so the water has a use. the system trickl - eez developed is a grid of underground drip irrigation tubing that runs down the rows and alleys of fruit orchards. some of the processing companies are growers themselves, so they have their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45026685699866104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.131626"} {"text": "so the water has a use. the system trickl - eez developed is a grid of underground drip irrigation tubing that runs down the rows and alleys of fruit orchards. some of the processing companies are growers themselves, so they have their own orchards, or there are orchards close by they can access. in some cases, they \u2019 ve installed the systems in open fields devoted to production of hay. \u201c one important requirement was that the disposal system be able to operate year round, \u201d shacklette said. \u201c a subsurface drip irrigation system was chosen as the best delivery system to move lagoon discharge water to adjacent fruit orchards where the trees can benefit from the nutrients in the water as well as receiving beneficial irrigation water. \u201d allen steimel, the plant general manager for leelanau fruit company near suttons bay, about 20 miles north of traverse city, said his company installed a four - acre system a year ago as an expansion for their on - land sprinkler irrigation disposal system. \u201c we process brined cherries for maraschinos, \u201d he said, \u201c so we work year around using stored cherries. we needed a way to dispose of water during the winter time. \u201d the water is only marginally dirty since it \u2019 s used to move cherries that contain some residual brine solution. the actual spent brine is disposed of by injection into deep wells. in the summer, water used in the pitting operation contains more nutrients, and that is spray irrigated since frozen ground is not an issue. the company needs to dispose of about 22 million gallons of water a year, and most of that is sprinkler irrigated onto land that grows hay for horses, steimel said. other systems shacklette has installed vary in size from 5 to 16 acres. when installed in existing orchards, he said, usually three lines are run down each alley. lines run on both sides of a tree row, about 30 inches from the trees, and one down the center of the alley. in the fruit area in northwest michigan, soil is often sandy to gravelly, and trees, especially young trees, benefit greatly from irrigation, and many growers use trickle irrigation in young orchards. to make the drip irrigation disposal system work, water has to be relatively free from solids or the emitters will clog. in the processing plant systems he designs, shacklette likes to have two lagoons, linked in series, that serve as settling ponds that remove much of the organic matter. then the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43665313570072434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.132655"} {"text": "to be relatively free from solids or the emitters will clog. in the processing plant systems he designs, shacklette likes to have two lagoons, linked in series, that serve as settling ponds that remove much of the organic matter. then the water is pumped through filters before getting into the drip lines. water from cooling pads does not contain enough solids to require filtration. shacklette, who originally came to michigan from colorado and is experienced in irrigation systems, thinks this system will work well for food processing plants in any environment anywhere. \u201c the agricultural wastewater dispersal system can be expanded to many other sites, \u201d he said. \u201c it provides a very practical, affordable, and common - sense solution to the previously very difficult problem of how to manage agricultural wastewater and put it to a beneficial use rather than create an environmental problem. \u201d there is also a food safety aspect to drip irrigation. since no effluent water is sprayed onto foliage or fruit, there are no contamination issues, shacklette said. unlike sprinkler application, where water slams the ground, compacting it and causing surface runoff, subsurface irrigation lets the soil act as a huge absorption system and biofilter, he said. growing plants and trees can benefit from the water and the nutrients it contains. the loading rate needs to be designed to fit the soil type, and the system is computer controlled to dispense the correct amount of water, shacklette said. trees must be able to absorb the nutrients in the water or they can leach down below the root zone. the dispersal system includes several components. first are the pretreatment lagoons, where oxygen is added to provide aerobic, odor - free conditions for breakdown of solids in the wastewater. next are the computer controls and pumps that move the water in a controlled dosing cycle. filters are very important, shacklette said, to keep the drip tubes from plugging. the drip system in the field or orchards is divided into zones, to which water entry is controlled by valves. the final part is the underground drip lines that are buried from one to two feet deep. the lines contain pressure - compensating emitters. \u201c one of the biggest advantages to the subsurface drip system is the ability to provide the dose and rest cycles that facilitate wastewater infiltration into the soil, \u201d shacklette said. \u201c timed doses allow for the even distribution of the liquid waste throughout the day or night. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45877579900680715, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.133646"} {"text": "san angelo, texas \u2014 there ' s nothing quite like a record - breaking heat wave and drought to show us what the truly tough plants are. we have seen some surprising results in landscapes this summer ; plants we thought were drought tolerant were scorched while others did well. with predictions that the drought will come back for another year, it ' s more important than ever to learn what the best plants and practices are to use in a west texas landscape. a good landscape is a very important part of a home because it affects the property value and gives a lot of enjoyment to the owners, but water conservation is certainly critical, and landscapes are understandably the first thing to go in a water shortage. the annual earth - kind landscape school that will be held this month will provide information and training necessary for homeowners to rejuvenate their landscapes in a way that will be both beautiful and drought tolerant. just because we are under irrigation restrictions doesn ' t mean the landscape has to be all rock or be a cactus garden. there are many beautiful, colorful, lush plants that are drought tolerant and attractive in the landscape and can also handle the heat. the landscape school is held in the fall because it ' s the best time of year to plant trees and shrubs and many of the perennials. it gives the plants a chance to get established and grow roots before the most stressful part of the year : summer. plus, it ' s much easier to get outside and work when it cools down a bit! this year ' s landscape school will feature topics on drought recovery, efficient irrigation, plant selection, water conservation and other ways to create a beautiful landscape that can survive west texas. steve george, horticulture specialist for texas agrilife extension, will teach landscape design and provide tips on best placement of trees and shrubs for energy conservation and cooling of the home as well as other basic design skills. the landscape school will be held from 6 : 30 to 9 p. m. sept. 19, 20, 26 and 27. call the extension office at 325 - 659 - 6528 for more information. registration includes a 30 - minute consultation with a horticulture expert to answer landscaping questions and help draw out a landscape plan for either the front or backyard. tuition is $ 65 per household, and the deadline to register is sept. 12, so call soon to reserve a spot! allison watkins is tom green county extension horticulturist. contact her at aewatkins @ ag. tamu. edu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.400180899563247, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.136654"} {"text": "in lower grades ( k - 4 ), art activities are integrated into academic lessons. two periods per week are allocated for art. students use various materials in their cross - curricular projects, which enhance their learning. grades five to eight students have art classes one or two times a week. students are introduced to pencil techniques of shading, sketching, 3 - dimensional perspectives from the view of a worm, a human and a bird, and tone values. then these techniques are repeated in color. this is followed by material exercises in paper, clay, acrylic, oil and canvas. students are encouraged to go outside and observe their surroundings ; they learn to draw pictures of still life. these techniques are taught at each grade level, and projects are assigned, the degree of sophistication depends on the age group. kindergarten through grade two students have p. e classes with their homeroom teachers, and a physical education instructor teaches students in grades three to eight. grades three to eight students are taught the same skills at appropriate age levels, twice a week. one period is devoted to games and the other to running. students learn how to prepare for p. e by stretching and doing \u201c warm up \u201d exercises. they learn group sports : kickball, volleyball, basketball, flag football, and relays ( running laps and passing a baton ). they work on building their stamina by running and tracking their time. the students work towards the presidential award. to qualify, students must do a set number of push - ups, sit - ups and a timed one - mile run. students are also taught leadership and sportsmanship skills. they take turns leading the warm - up exercises and being captain of a team during class. they learn to cooperate with each other and appreciate everyone \u2019 s efforts. gis computer classes apply the technology standards of the international society for technology in education ( iste ). iste ' s basic logic is that to live, learn and work successfully in an increasingly complex and information - rich society, students must be able to use technology effectively. during granada ' s computer classes, we strive to teach students to become : confident information technology users information seekers, analyzers, and evaluators problem solvers when using technology creative and effective users of technology tools for productivity communicators, collaborators, publishers, and producers students from 1st to 8th grade receive lessons in digital citizenship, are fully proficient in the entire ms office suite upon graduation, and are skillful web researchers and note takers. middle school students complete projects in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5042722447107435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.139370"} {"text": "windhunter is a project for hydrogen mass production based on electrolysis of the sea water. it consists of a platform that sustains some wind mills. they produce electricity following that electricity produces hydrogen and oxygen through the well - known electrolysis process. the wind turbines have a power of 2 megawatt. from the experiments presented in the \u201c hydrogen power \u201d category on cars - and - trees. com, it is required only a small amount of current ( abt 10amps ) to make enough hydrogen to run a car. imagine the possibilities of 2mw power in continuous run. anyway, some calculations have to be made, but it \u2019 s obvious it can generate in time great quantities of energy. for free. the platform can be put in the sea or oceans and doesn \u2019 t interfere with any human eyesight ( except maybe ships travelling across the sea ). the bad part is that its construction is not cheap at all. you can see the whole project on http : / / www. windhunter. org or if your want to see specific details directly, you can download a document presenting all the facts of this project here : http : / / www. windhunter. org / windhunter _ integrated _ info. doc more like this article not what you were looking for? search the green optimistic! join the discussion4033 total comments so far. what ' s your opinion? electrolysis of seawater produces hydrogen, for sure, but it also produces chlorine in aboundance. it might produce some oxyten as well. but what is to be done with the chlorine? the reason is that in electrolysis the most reactive elements are the most likely to be separated to the two electrodes. since seaware contains a lot of sodium chloride, nacl, these elements will react preferentially to hydrogen and oxygen. consequently, the sodium will be attracted to the negative electrode, where it reacts with the h2o to produce hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. the chlorine is attracted to the positive electrode where it is released. try it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5317285519937908, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.141459"} {"text": "end the nuclear age greenpeace has always fought - and will continue to fight - vigorously against nuclear power because it is an unacceptable risk to the environment and to humanity. the only solution is to halt the expansion of all nuclear power, and for the shutdown of existing plants. nastya, from belarus was only three years old when she was diagnosed with cancer of the uterus and lungs. according to local doctors the region has seen a huge increase in childhood cancer cases since the chernobyl disaster. we need an energy system that can fight climate change, based on renewable energy and energy efficiency. nuclear power already delivers less energy globally than renewable energy, and the share will continue to decrease in the coming years. despite what the nuclear industry tells us, building enough nuclear power stations to make a meaningful reduction in greenhouse gas emissions would cost trillions of dollars, create tens of thousands of tons of lethal high - level radioactive waste, contribute to further proliferation of nuclear weapons materials, and result in a chernobyl - scale accident once every decade. perhaps most significantly, it will squander the resources necessary to implement meaningful climate change solutions. ( briefing : climate change - nuclear not the answer. ) the nuclear age began in july 1945 when the us tested their first nuclear bomb near alamogordo, new mexico. a few years later, in 1953, president eisenhower launched his \" atoms for peace \" programme at the un amid a wave of unbridled atomic optimism. but as we know there is nothing \" peaceful \" about all things nuclear. more than half a century after eisenhower ' s speech the planet is left with the legacy of nuclear waste. this legacy is beginning to be recognised for what it truly is. things are moving slowly in the right direction. in november 2000 the world recognised nuclear power as a dirty, dangerous and unnecessary technology by refusing to give it greenhouse gas credits during the un climate change talks in the hague. nuclear power was dealt a further blow when a un sustainable development conference refused to label nuclear a sustainable technology in april 2001. the risks from nuclear energy are real, inherent and long - lasting.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4437453301019293, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.145679"} {"text": "tuna is one of the world ' s favourite fish. it provides a critical part of the diet of millions of people across the globe. it is also the core of the luxury sashimi markets. the five main commercially harvested tuna are : skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye, albacore and bluefin. want to help? tell chicken of the sea to stop trashing our oceans! tuna are incredible creatures. highly migratory, they travel thousands of miles over their lifetimes. despite weighing up to 700 kg, the majestic bluefin can accelerate faster than a porsche and can swim as fast as 43mph - some species travel from north american to european waters several times each year. yellowfin have been recorded travelling from the us pacific coast to japan, they travel at an average speed of ten miles per hour, but can reach up to 50mph. a bigeye tuna has been recorded diving 250 metres in less than one minute - see if you can do better! tuna are in trouble globally tuna populations are in trouble. every year there are more boats chasing fewer tuna as populations all around the world are declining. there simply aren ' t enough fish to sustain the world ' s voracious appetite for tuna. rampant overfishing and pirates stealing tuna are making these once abundant, ocean giants harder and harder to find. bigeye and yellowfin are fully exploited or over exploited in all oceans - they are in serious trouble in the western and central pacific ocean, where they were relatively healthy just a few years ago. stocks of the magnificent bluefin, the most iconic and valuable of all tuna species, are on the brink of collapse. in 1999, greenpeace recorded how mediterranean bluefin had declined by 80 percent. and it ' s getting worse. advances in technology mean large ships - floating factories - are now able to take as much tuna in 2 days as whole countries can take in a year. increasing practices of tuna ranching are also further aggravating the crisis. true cost of tuna the biggest tuna fishery in terms of volume is skipjack - the tuna most likely to end up in cans. while skipjack is not yet overfished, if fishing continues at current rates it won ' t be able to sustain itself. what ' s more, the methods used to net skipjack all too often catch young yellowfin and bigeye, threatening these species further. yellowfin, a much more commercially valuable species, makes up 35 percent of the world ' s catch. the majestic bluefin only represents 1. 5 percent of the landed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4562791261579601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.150529"} {"text": "all too often catch young yellowfin and bigeye, threatening these species further. yellowfin, a much more commercially valuable species, makes up 35 percent of the world ' s catch. the majestic bluefin only represents 1. 5 percent of the landed volume of tuna, but its dollar value is astronomical. in 2001, a single bluefin tuna set an all time record when it sold for us $ 173, 600 in japan. numerous other marine life are hooked and netted in the global tuna fisheries with 100 million sharks, and tens of thousands of turtles killed every year causing devastation to the entire marine ecosystems. pirate fishing is also rampant in high value tuna fisheries literally stealing tuna from the plates of some of the poorest people in the world. but even the legal tuna fisheries are partaking in the robbery. the so called \" sweetheart deals \" fishing nations and rich multinational corporations negotiate with coastal states for access to fish tuna in their waters are incredibly unfair. only around 5 percent of the value of the tuna is given to the resource owners, often denying coastal communities much - needed employment and neglecting the responsibilities to fish responsibly. we have the solution - marine reserves now! luckily, we have the solution - a network of marine reserves - national parks at sea ; areas closed to all extractive uses, such as fishing and mining. these protected areas need to cover forty percent of the world ' s oceans. marine reserves provide a safe haven for marine life. and if they are properly designed to cover crucial breeding and spawning grounds, they also work for tuna and species that migrate over vast distances. marine reserves can help save tuna, ecosystems, and ultimately the fishing industry. after all, the fishing industry has a pretty miserable future if there ' s no fish left to, well, fish... if we want tuna tomorrow, we need marine reserves today. greenpeace ' s tuna campaign is currently calling for the immediate closure of the mediterranean bluefin fishery, until stocks recover - and for 40 percent of the mediterranean to be designated as marine reserves. in the pacific, urgent measures including halving the amount of tuna taken, a ban on transferring fish at sea, and the creation of marine reserves in key areas of international waters must be taken to save the pacific tuna fisheries and the tuna populations themselves from collapse. retailers must ensure they only sell legal, sustainable tuna supermarket retailers across the world from norway to new zealand and usa to spain are being asked by greenpeace to answer the hard questions : where does our tuna come from? is it sustainable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43845403801978877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.151556"} {"text": "the title \" double - spaced, \" skinny ' s broken spacebar, and the fact the sentences are arranged in pairs are all clues to the mechanism of this puzzle : signmakers. however, there is a twist to these signmakers. one word from the first sentence in each pair is shifted to another location in the second sentence ( hence \" but at least the shift works. \" ) enumeration is the number of words in each sentence. form a [ synonym ] to rig in a lissome set. / format ; original is so mes [ sy, no ny m ] et. i saw hack on earth, [ and ] a truss ires single gal. / is a whacko near that russi [ an d ] ressing legal? banal [ anagram ] or rec. over time? / ban a lorre covert, i me [ an a gram ]. a son [ of ] eleanor dealing, and his insistence real. / as one lean ordeal in gandhi sins, i s [ of ] ten cereal. can [ only ] that chap resent a tire? / can ' t hatch a presentati [ on ly ] re. \" the red [ word ] is maybe, \" lie forgiven ogre engineers. / there dismay belief, or give no green gi ne [ w ord ] ers. outwit [ to ] have tabs or base narrow. / out with a vet, absorb a sena [ to ] r row. dea convened ; if i [ slide ], esters echo ruses. / deacon ' [ s lid e ] ven edifies terse choruses. scar lets [ left ] end of forgotten orchestra in. / scarlet sendoff, or got tenor c [ lef : t ] he strain! the shifted words are \" synonym and anagram of only word to slide left. \" ' slide ' is the only shifted word that moved toward the left in this puzzle, and the word that is its synonym and anagram is sidle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5478045010207665, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.153405"} {"text": "september is here, a time of transition! fresh waves of students have entered university, college, lower six, form one and let us not forget, first year. it seems as if everyone is starting a new phase in education. everyone is understandably a little anxious when beginning a new curriculum and a new system. first year students need their new \u2018 aunty \u2019 to be understanding and ease them into \u2018 big school \u2019. form one students have to get used to being at the bottom of the ladder again after being the big boys and girls in primary school. form six students are fresh from the triumphs of cxc and beginning to look ahead to tertiary education. and university and college students are tasting all kinds of new experiences and freedoms, pleasant and unpleasant. however, today, we want to focus on the form ones and form sixes. this is because it is at these points in the school system that the greatest leaps in learning are required. this is not simply because the complexity of the work has increased. it is also because the type of thinking required changes significantly. form one students come from a system where they have been drilled systematically for at least two years. they have practised so much that they are \u2018 over rehearsed \u2019 for the sea ( and the standards required, as we all know, are very high : over 95 % for a \u2018 first choice \u2019 school and over 90 % if you want any chance of being on its \u2018 20 percent list \u2019 ). so form one students enter secondary school with an unrealistic and inflated idea of what school marks should be. this is especially true for those who have been placed in the \u2018 prestige \u2019 schools, who are by now used to regularly scoring over 90 % in all tests. unfortunately, form one marks aren \u2019 t going to stay up in this rarefied air. there are several reasons for this. firstly, instead of focusing on maths and language arts, students now have to do 12 or 13 subjects, which means they are now using a much wider range of skills. as a neuropsychologist will tell you, in any normal brain, some skills are very good, some are average and some are poor. in the school environment, this translates into being good at some subjects and not good at others. parents need to be especially aware of this. like their children, they may expect to see the same kind of report card they did in primary school, with all marks in the nineties. they need to know that 90 % is now going to be a ra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44605627035956613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.157023"} {"text": "to be especially aware of this. like their children, they may expect to see the same kind of report card they did in primary school, with all marks in the nineties. they need to know that 90 % is now going to be a rarity. a much more realistic aim is for 70 % and over. in secondary school, that \u2019 s a good average. students are also not being given the opportunity to rehearse the material as exhaustively as they did in standards four and five. there won \u2019 t be any drilling or frequent repetition. teachers will also be moving at a much quicker rate. in a few schools, teachers have begun a trend of revising for end of term exams in class with the students, but this doesn \u2019 t seem to be widespread. so students have to do all their own revision, and for a much wider range of material. and finally, the skills needed in secondary school are so different. students have to learn how to analyse, make inferences, synthesise, apply principles across a wide range of situations and do intelligent research, that is, sifting through facts to select only the relevant information and then shaping this into a meaningful answer to the research question. none of this is typically part of the primary school experience. to summarise, secondary school requires that students use a much wider range of skills. these skills are fairly new for most students and they won \u2019 t be given much help to learn and develop them, but will be expected to start demonstrating them right away. students will also be faced with an extremely heavy load of new information to master. under these circumstances, parents and students must be realistic about the kinds of grades they expect. next week : form sixes!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43267276220998246, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.157659"} {"text": "technology is becoming increasingly personalised, with mobile phones and tablet computers being designed to meet the bespoke demands of each individual user. this is possible due to the increasing amount of information that we are able to collect, process and make accessible for others. through information technology, society has been given an opportunity to redefine the way individuals conduct their everyday lives. this same information can be leveraged on a much larger scale by radically changing the way healthcare, transport links and education services are provided in cities. communities are in a position to share data amongst themselves, and with the wider world, improve services and the lives of individuals. the way societies use this information will transform the economy, quality of life, and resource consumption. one core opportunity offered by information systems is the ability to manage utility networks within cities, such as the creation of a smart energy grid. if operators are able to collect detailed information about what is going on in the grid, they ' ll be able to manage it more efficiently, making the architecture increasingly robust, cost effective and ultimately provide better services to its citizens. sensors located throughout the network detect energy flows in the system and visualise it on one central screen, helping controllers pinpoint any issues. in the case of a sudden surge in energy usage in a particular area, or if power lines are damaged, electricity can be rerouted immediately to avoid blackouts. smart grid technology also enables individuals to feed electricity back into the grid from their own power supplies, such as solar panels. in rio de janeiro, this concept has been taken a step further with the building of a central, state of the art control room to bring together information from over 30 city departments. this move has combined quality weather data and emergency services information to keep disaster response teams updated with real time critical information, vital in a city that suffers from yearly fatalities from flooding. information can also be leveraged in cities to encourage behavioural change. for example the mushereib development in qatar ' s largest city doha aims to redefine the way people interact with ict systems by providing an array of services and tools, as part of the urban information architecture. on completion, this infrastructure will enable the occupants to make well - educated decisions about the way they conduct their personal and professional lives. but the implications of a data - rich world stretch far beyond the operational efficiency. the wide range of information at our fingertips is also driving a new competitive marketplace and transforming not only the economy, but also the way people, companies and governments choose to operate. global corporations are using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5074803315011521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.162475"} {"text": "data - rich world stretch far beyond the operational efficiency. the wide range of information at our fingertips is also driving a new competitive marketplace and transforming not only the economy, but also the way people, companies and governments choose to operate. global corporations are using information as a core asset, with companies like google and facebook building their whole business model around the availability of data and the public demand for information. city leaders have a similar opportunity to take advantage of the data available to ensure the welfare of their citizens. many cities, such as london and new york, are opening up their data to developers and other professionals. for instance, a new york company used subway information to create the journey - planning app embark nyc, which responds to delays by rerouting users in real time. this not only makes the transport network easier to navigate for citizens, but it also means that failures in the system do not lead to large backlogs of passengers. if information is opened up to the public, the possibilities for innovation and development are limitless. this change can drive resource efficiency and improve the lives of citizens. by 2050, 70 % of the population will live in urban areas. it ' s estimated that these communities will need to produce a tenth of current greenhouse emissions to avoid catastrophic climate change. cities can offer real benefits, including better economic opportunities and quality of life, but this growing population also brings with it complex challenges, forcing city authorities to rethink their transport, waste and water strategies and deal with the issue of overcrowding. information technology can enable whole communities to get involved in the decision making process and have a say in the way cities are designed. imagination is the often the biggest restraint when tackling global challenges. ellie cosgrave is a research engineer at arup", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5012524526167975, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.163291"} {"text": "it \u2019 s no secret that facebook is a huge distraction. for a lot of teens, it \u2019 s easy to become a little bit obsessed with checking their newsfeed and updating their statuses. how many times have you gone on the computer with good intentions to do your homework, and instead found yourself on the site? research has now found that using facebook at least once during a 15 - minute study period is linked to lower grades for students in middle school, high school and college. but that \u2019 s not all : the use of facebook is also linked to narcissism and psychological disorders such as mania and aggressive tendencies. also, teens who use media and technology every day are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. wth? according to researchers, the best way to continue using facebook and doing good in school is to allow one minute tech breaks every 15 minutes. it might sound crazy, but researchers say that when kids know they can go online for at least one minute, they \u2019 re less distracted and more focused on their work. wdyt, gurls? how often do you go on facebook? do you think it \u2019 s affected your grades at all? are you surprised that using technology so often can lead to depression and anxiety? will this new research make you think twice before you go online? discuss below! oh, and when you \u2019 re not studying, make sure to \u201c like \u201d gurl. com on facebook. k?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4695681957019222, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.164764"} {"text": "ms. jaclyn mccarty business plan final rubric : view this course will help you create and innovate your very own sole proprietorship! you business idea will evolve as you complete each component of the business plan, with the goal of having the \" bank \" approve your request for a small business loan to get this business started! assignment, create an autocollage of your own : click here for directions teens are entrepreneurs : watch parts 1 : 4 textbook link : http : / / glencoe. mcgraw - hill. com / sites / 0078613035 / the new knowledge @ wharton high school ( kwhs ) : http : / / kwhs. wharton. upenn. edu / terms of the day : http : / / www. entrepreneur. com / encyclopedia / index. html or http : / / entrepreneurs. about. com / cs / generalresources / a / glossaryindex. htm question of the week - every monday students will write a paragraph to answer the ' question of the week '. this will be typed in a document. classmates will reflect on one another ' s answers throughout the week to stimulate discussion and inspire one another. every friday, students will print out their discussion document and submit it to me for a grade. week 1 : what does it mean to you to be an entrepreneur? week 2 : what are the biggest challenges facing a small business owner in havertown? week 3 : do you need industry - specific experience in order to start a small business in a certain industry? week 4 : what business or entrepreneur do you admire the most and why? week 5 : how can facebook and twitter help a small business? week 6 : should a business owner monitor their employees ' email and internet usage? week 7 : how are you going to adapt to the changing economic climate and what is the key to business success in the 21st century? 1. going into business for yourself chapter 3 : opportunity 2. researching and planning your venture 3. managing market strategies : bp part 5 : the marketing plan template 4. managing your business processes 5. managing the finances of your business 6. growing your business 7. the business plan presentation to the ban the sevendeadly sins of investor presentations : http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = cnsfditsgp4 final ppt rubric : your slideshow should take the bank through the following parts of your business plan... click for directions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677923584725635, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.167192"} {"text": "i still have to give a little background for the current exhibit. since the opening of the gallery i \u2019 ve been lucky to acquire a half sheet poster from the original godzilla movie. that in itself is enough reason to write a bit more about the whys of the exhibit. godzilla \u2013 the catharsis fukushima mon amour is not just a collection of monsters. to start with the first godzilla movie made in 1954 by ishiro honda is not just another monster movie, but an important cultural phenomenon. it marks the coming to terms in japan with the outcome of the second world war. in the years after 1945 the dreadful consequences of the nuclear bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki were taboo in japanese society. the radiation victims and radiation in general were not talked about. japan had lost the war. an unacceptable fact in a culture where honour and code play such an important part. godzilla addressed the effects of radiation by us of a simple metaphor. mankind meddles with nature by using dangerous technology and nature strikes back with the creation of a radioactive monster. this fits in with the shinto - tradition of japanese culture. in shinto every aspect of life and nature has a spirit god. the spirit gods are linked together in some sort of supernatural force. this force exceeds human action and activity. this spiritual chain of life explains and celebrates the diversity of life. temples and warfare the original godzilla movie does look quite realistic or should i say credible. main reason for the credibility is the detailed miniature reconstruction of tokyo. the production took great care to replicate tokyo as it looked in the 1940 - 1950 \u2032 s. godzilla itself is a man in a rubber suit who thanks to the detailed mini - sets can rump and destroy quite convincingly as early animation techniques like stop - motion were not needed. temples, bridges and other big man - made structures are prominent. they are a key part of the theme of the movies, just like the military might that without any noticeable effect tries to destroy the monsters. they symbolize weak and fragile mankind. temples, tanks and planes also feature heavily in the poster art of a lot of titles whether they are of japanese, german, american, italian or of other origin, especially for titles with a central avenging monster, notably godzilla in his first movies and his flying nephew gappa. east meets west in many respects godzilla is the eastern counterpart of king kong. they are both nature \u2019 s reaction to mankind \u2019 s meddling with mother earth. both monsters are very photogenic due to their prehistoric quality and superhuman, primal force. they don \u2019 t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.496699638271413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.172622"} {"text": "in many respects godzilla is the eastern counterpart of king kong. they are both nature \u2019 s reaction to mankind \u2019 s meddling with mother earth. both monsters are very photogenic due to their prehistoric quality and superhuman, primal force. they don \u2019 t really fight with humans who are basically ignored and / or trampled. they do however like to have a round or two with other prehistoric - like animals. the identification with king kong is strongest when godzilla reaches tokyo tower after destroying half of tokyo as a bridge to the climactic conclusion of the film. the tokyo tower is for godzilla as the empire state building is for king kong. they both stand as symbols for man \u2019 s technological power. the only thing different with king kong is that the tokyo tower is wrecked before godzilla will meet his death. taken all this in account it is not surprising that godzilla was a hit in the west as well as in the east. it basically is japan \u2019 s first low - art blockbuster. the commercial success led to more movies, to more success, to more monsters and to more blending of western and eastern low culture. from kong to frankenstein and from earth to space to keep up the series godzilla needed to evolve and soon other monsters were born. the first batch of monsters were conceived to fight godzilla itself. these monsters still fit the shinto - tradition when nature calls other monsters to combat godzilla before he destroys earth itself. mothra the flying moth and rodan the flying reptile are nature \u2019 s jets and mothra \u2019 s larvae are nature \u2019 s tanks that succeed were man \u2019 s jets and tanks have failed. next to the godzilla series another series of monster movie is launched with gamera the flying tortoise. to keep the series interesting more monsters are needed. to this end the series gets more and more mixed with western culture. just like its counterpart kong, godzilla gets a son, minya, to add a comic note. new types of monsters are introduced, inspired by western horror and science fiction from the 1950 \u2032 s. one of the more original ones is hedorah ( see top ), the monster created by human pollution of the earth. unlike its japanese predecessors hedorah does not come from the sky, earth or sea. monsters suddenly come from outer space. three - headed dragon king ghedora is the first of them. with science - fiction robots are also introduced. to complete the east - west mashup the series introduces existing western icons. king kong and the monster of frankenstein ( furankenshutain ) appear as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49326252848767854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.173682"} {"text": "ghedora is the first of them. with science - fiction robots are also introduced. to complete the east - west mashup the series introduces existing western icons. king kong and the monster of frankenstein ( furankenshutain ) appear as themselves, albeit in a slightly, different form. japanese sf becomes a genre in itself, made for the western market, with an increasing amount of western actors, freely using western icons and themes where japanese ones simply don \u2019 t exist. for example atragon is clearly inspired by jules verne and a string of superhero movies are developed in the 1960 \u2032 s as well. this line of sf is interesting as the superhero will mix with the traditional japanese superhero, the samurai, ultimately developing in other japanese low - art icons like ultraman and providing a nurturing ground for modern japanese horror, suspense and anime. all this mixing and blending is not all good news as the central themes are traded in for harmless, colourful fun. production values get lower and lower until a cardboard level is reached that is beyond any credibility and the series has become a form of slapstick. this spirit of colourful fun does inspire more fun however, as can be witnessed in the poster art of the 1960 \u2032 s. especially in german and italian posters the mash - up is so complete that the names of the actual characters really are not something to be bothered about. king kong or godzilla? it does not matter, just add an outlandish tag line and the viewing public will know enough. frankenstein \u2019 s name is used idly most often. all this adds enormously to the fun of collecting japanese monster movie posters. limits to hybridization not all is permitted with these east - west movie cocktails. dracula and vampires in general are absent, as are zombies. obviously there is no place for \u201c the undead \u201d in the shinto - tradition that concerns itself only with the forces of life. another noted absentee in these films is sex. sex and lust are exclusive human attributes and therefore also excluded from the most powerful force in existence. when the series is fully mashed up \u201c pretty ladies \u201d do appear as characters, but then we already are in the cardboard phase of production values where nobody thinks of sex any more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4865195872073356, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.174546"} {"text": "dog ownership nearly doubles the amount of time spent healthily walking, according to an earlier study. that ' s the conclusion of a canadian study that found that dog ownership nearly doubles the amount of time spent healthily walking. \" there ' s this extra dog obligation that helps get people up and out for their exercise, \" study co - author shane brown, a physical education instructor and researcher at the university of victoria, said in a prepared statement. almost double the time spent walking as reported in the american journal of preventive medicine, the study of 351 adults in victoria, canada, found that dog owners walked an average of 300 minutes a week compared to 168 minutes for those without a dog. interestingly, other than walking, the dog owners in this study actually got less overall exercise than people without dogs. this suggests that when dog owners go for walks, they do it partly because they choose to be active with their pets, brown said. \" there ' s a lot of common sense around the idea that if people have dogs in an urban setting, they ' re going to walk a lot, \" sylvia moore, director of the division of medical education and public health at the university of wyoming, us, said in a prepared statement. infrastructure may make a difference community infrastructure - such as dog - walking parks - may help determine how active urban dog owners will be, moore and brown noted. despite the findings, brown said he ' s certainly not recommending people get a dog just to help them get exercise. \" we ' re definitely not saying, ' everyone go out and get a dog. ' we are saying that for those of us who have dogs, or those who are thinking of getting a dog, this is an added benefit, \" brown said. \u2013 ( healthday news, february 2006 ) visit our pet health centre for more information. - last updated : june 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44027618233941623, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.177504"} {"text": "lymphadenitis is the inflammation of lymph nodes. it is often a complication of bacterial infections, although it can also be caused by viruses or other disease agents. lymphadenitis may be either generalized, involving a number of lymph nodes, or limited to a few nodes in the area of a localized infection. lymphadenitis is sometimes accompanied by lymphangitis, which is the inflammation of the lymphatic vessels that connect the lymph nodes. the lymphatic system is a network of vessels ( channels ), nodes ( glands ), and organs. it is part of the immune system, which protects against and fights infections, inflammation, and cancers. the lymphatic system also participates in the transport of fluids, fats, proteins, and other substances throughout the body. the lymph nodes are small structures that filter the lymph fluid and contain many white blood cells to fight infections. lymphadenitis is marked by swollen lymph nodes that develop when the glands are overwhelmed by bacteria, virus, fungi, or other organisms. the nodes may be tender and hard or soft and \" rubbery \" if an abscess has formed. the skin over an inflamed node may be red and hot. the location of the affected nodes is usually associated with the site of an underlying infection, inflammation, or tumor. in most cases, the infectious organisms are streptococci or staphylococci. if the lymphatic vessels are also infected, in a condition referred to as lymphangitis, there will be red streaks extending from the wound in the direction of the lymph nodes, throbbing pain, and high fever and / or chills. the child will generally feel ill, with loss of appetite, headache, and muscle aches. the extensive network of lymphatic vessels throughout the body and their relation to the lymph lymphadenitis is also referred to as lymph node infection, lymph gland infection, or localized lymphadenopathy. lymphadenitis and lymphangitis are common complications of bacterial infections. causes and symptoms streptococcal and staphylococcal bacteria are the most common causes of lymphadenitis, although viruses, protozoa, rickettsiae, fungi, and the tuberculosis bacillus can also infect the lymph nodes. diseases or disorders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47210592948351604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.182720"} {"text": "to rule out a hernia in the groin that has failed to reduce ( incarcerated inguinal hernia ). hernias occur in 1 percent of the general population ; 85 percent of children with hernias are male. the most significant tests are a white blood cell count ( wbc ) and a blood culture to identify the organism. a high proportion of immature white blood cells indicates a bacterial infection. blood cultures may be positive, most often for a species of staphylococcus or streptococcus. in some cases, the doctor may order a biopsy of the lymph node to look for unusual infection or lymphoma. when to call the doctor the medications given for lymphadenitis vary according to the bacterium or virus that causes it. for bacterial infections, the child will be treated with antibiotics, usually a penicillin, clindamycin, a cephalosporin, or erythromycin. supportive care of lymphadenitis includes resting the affected area and applying hot moist compresses to reduce inflammation and pain. cellulitis associated with lymphadenitis should not be treated surgically because of the risk of spreading the infection. pus is drained only if there is an abscess and usually after the child has begun antibiotic treatment. in some cases, biopsy of an inflamed lymph node is necessary if no diagnosis has been made and no response to treatment has occurred. inflammation of lymph nodes due to other diseases requires treatment of the underlying causes. the prognosis for recovery is good if the child is treated promptly with antibiotics. in most cases, the infection can be brought under control in three or four days. however, in some cases it may take weeks or months for swelling to disappear ; the length of recovery depends on the underlying cause of the infection. children with untreated lymphadenitis may develop abscesses, cellulitis, or blood poisoning ( septicemia ), which is sometimes fatal. prevention of lymphadenitis depends on prompt treatment of bacterial and viral infections. parents may be concerned that enlarged lymph nodes in their child are malignant. they should seek immediate medical attention for the child so concerns can be addressed in a timely manner. hernia \u2014 a rupture in the wall of a body cavity, through which an organ may protrude. lymph nodes \u2014 small, bean - shaped collections of tissue located throughout the lympha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4310473432198617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.184699"} {"text": "blood typing procedure study links blood type and pancreatic cancer findings shed light on gene serving as marker for others involved in tumor development tuesday, march 10 ( healthday news ) - - - people with type o blood have a much lower risk of developing pancreatic cancer, a finding that might help explain the origins of the often fatal disease. the study, by researchers at the dana - farber cancer institute in boston, confirms a previously suggested tie between blood type and the disease, which is diagnosed in about 40, 000 people each year in the united states. the study found that the chances of developing pancreatic cancer were greater for people with a blood type other than o : 32 percent higher for those with type a blood, 51 percent greater for type ab and 72 percent higher for type b. however, because only a little more than 1 percent of the general population is at risk for the disease, the researchers said that blood type would not serve as a helpful screening method in the future. \" except for several rare familial syndromes, the genetic factors that raise or lower an individual ' s risk for pancreatic cancer are largely unknown, \" the study ' s lead author, dr. brian wolpin, said in a news release from the cancer institute. \" the association between blood type and pancreatic cancer risk provides a new avenue for getting at the biological mechanisms that underlie the disease, \" he said. \" understanding the biology will put us in a better position to intervene so the cancer doesn ' t develop or progress. \" glycoproteins, compounds of sugar and protein found on the surface of red blood cells and other cells, including those in the pancreas, help define the four major blood types. a gene called abo helps put these glycoproteins together by arranging sugar molecules on a protein \" backbone \" called the h antigen. in people with type o blood, the antigen has no sugars attached to it. previous studies have found that normal pancreas cells have blood - type antigen patterns that differ from those in pancreatic tumor cells, leading to speculation that the abo gene might have a role in determining whether cells become cancerous. the authors, whose study was published online in the journal of the national cancer institute, wrote that their findings do not necessarily prove a direct link between blood - type antigens and pancreatic cancer development, but they may show that the abo gene serves as a marker for other genes more directly involved in cancer development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5156907700330293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.188348"} {"text": "despite la nina, us sets 4 major heat records in first half of 2012 warmest u. s. spring on record : noaa planetark. org, june 8, 2012 so far, 2012 has been the warmest year the united states has ever seen, with the warmest spring and the second - warmest may since record - keeping began in 1895, the u. s. national oceanic and atmospheric administration reported on thursday. temperatures for the past 12 months and the year - to - date have been the warmest on record for the contiguous united states, noaa said. the average temperature for the contiguous 48 states for meteorological spring, which runs from march through may, was 57. 1 degrees f ( 13. 9 c ), 5. 2 degrees ( 2. 9 c ) above the 20th century long - term average and 2 degrees f ( 1. 1 c ) warmer than the previous warmest spring in 1910. record warmth and near - record warmth blanketed the eastern two - thirds of the country from this spring, with 31 states reporting record warmth for the season and 11 more with spring temperatures among their 10 warmest. \" the midwest and the upper midwest were the epicenters for this vast warmth, \" deke arndt of noaa ' s climatic data center said in an online video. that meant farming started earlier in the year, and so did pests and weeds, bringing higher costs earlier in the growing season, arndt said. \" this warmth is an example of what we would expect to see more often in a warming world, \" arndt said. more long - lasting heat waves, record - high daytime temperatures and record - high overnight low temperatures are to be expected in a warming world, said jake crouch of noaa ' s national climatic data center. carbon dioxide milestone \" and that ' s what we ' re seeing, \" crouch said by telephone. \" we ' ve seen it quite a bit over the last 12 months. \" alaska ' s spring months were 2. 7 degrees f ( 1. 5 c ) cooler than average and 10. 5 percent wetter and snowier, while drought spread over hawaii, though exceptional drought was eliminated across the island state. warmth was evident in parts of the arctic in may, where sea ice declined rapidly at first and then more slowly through the month, ending at below average levels for 1979 - 2000, according to the national snow and ice data center. however, there was more ice cover in the arctic in may 2012 than in may 2011, the center said on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41558842853750566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.196597"} {"text": "and then more slowly through the month, ending at below average levels for 1979 - 2000, according to the national snow and ice data center. however, there was more ice cover in the arctic in may 2012 than in may 2011, the center said on wednesday on its website nsidc. org / arcticseaicenews /. there was heavy ice in the bering sea, but unusually low ice extent in the barents and kara seas. another arctic measurement related to climate reached a milestone this spring, noaa reported : the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at barrow, alaska, reached 400 parts per million, the first time a monthly average for this greenhouse gas passed that level at a remote location. the level of 450 ppm is regarded by many scientists and environmental activists as the upper limit the planet can afford if global temperature rise is to be kept to within 3. 6 degrees f ( 2 c ) this century. some advocates suggest 350 ppm is a more appropriate target. the 400 ppm mark for carbon dioxide in less remote locations, such as cape may, new jersey, has been reached for several years in the springtime, noaa said in a statement. but measurements of carbon dioxide over 400 ppm at remote sites like barrow - and at six other remote arctic sites - reflect long - term human emissions of the climate - warming gas, rather than direct emissions from a nearby population center. the global monthly mean level of atmospheric carbon dioxide was about 394 ppm in april, compared to 336 ppm in 1979, pre - industrial levels of about 278 ppm and ice age levels of about 185 ppm. four major heat records fall in stunning noaa report climatecentral. org, june 8, 2012 four major heat records fell in a stunning new climate report from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) on thursday. the lower 48 states set temperature records for the warmest spring, largest seasonal departure from average, warmest year - to - date, and warmest 12 - month period, all new marks since records began in 1895. while the globe has been tracking slightly cooler than recent years \u2014 thanks in part to the influence of now dissipated la nina conditions in the tropical pacific \u2014 the u. s. has been sizzling. the average springtime temperature in the lower 48 was so far above the 1901 - 2000 average \u2014 5. 2\u00b0f, to be exact \u2014 that the country set a record for the largest temperature departure for any season on record since 1895. spring 2012 beat 1910, which had held the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4930105588406617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.197865"} {"text": "lower 48 was so far above the 1901 - 2000 average \u2014 5. 2\u00b0f, to be exact \u2014 that the country set a record for the largest temperature departure for any season on record since 1895. spring 2012 beat 1910, which had held the title for record warm spring, by a healthy margin of 2\u00b0f. no doubt much of this was driven by the massive heat wave that gripped the country during march, but unusual warmth continued during april and may, albeit not as intense. such warming trends are consistent with both the influence of manmade global warming, particularly the prevalence of record warm nighttime temperatures, and natural variability has also favored warmer - than - average conditions so far this year. studies show that as greenhouse gases continue to increase in the atmosphere, the odds of heat extremes are growing as well. according to noaa \u2019 s national climatic data center, the spring of 2012 \u201c was the culmination of the warmest march, third warmest april and second warmest may. this marks the first time that all three months during the spring season ranked among the 10 warmest, since records began in 1895. \u201d des moines, iowa offers a case study of just how warm it \u2019 s been. the year - to - date there has averaged a whopping 8 degrees f above average, with many other cities across the country tracking close to that figure as well. most of the states that experienced record or near - record warmth this spring were located east of the rocky mountains, with 31 states setting records for warmest spring temperatures. remarkably, not a single state in the lower 48 was cooler than average this spring, and only oregon and washington had spring temperatures that were close to average. although there were exceptions, much of the country had a drier - than - average spring with colorado, delaware, indiana, utah, and wyoming coming in with a top 10 driest spring. the record warmth helped propel the u. s. climate extremes index, which tracks the highest and lowest 10 percent of extremes in temperature, precipitation, drought and tropical storms and hurricanes across the contiguous u. s., to a record - large 44 percent during the march - may period, which was more than twice the average value. \u201c extremes in warm daytime temperatures ( 81 percent ) and warm nighttime temperatures ( 72 percent ) covered large areas of the nation \u201d were mainly responsible for this record. spring was unusual for the pre - season tropical weather, as two tropical storms developed before the official start of the atlantic hurricane season on june 1. tropical storm beryl made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4365638362841655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.198966"} {"text": "if you ' ve recently learned that your child has or might have an autism spectrum disorder, you ' re probably wondering and worrying about what comes next. no parent is ever prepared to hear that a child is anything other than happy and healthy, and a diagnosis of autism can be particularly frightening. you may be unsure about how to best help your child or confused by conflicting treatment advice. or you may have been told that autism is an incurable, lifelong condition, leaving you concerned that nothing you do will make a difference. while it is true that autism is not something a person simply \" grows out of, \" there are many treatments that can help children learn new skills and overcome a wide variety of developmental challenges. from free government services to in - home behavioral therapy and school - based programs, assistance is available to meet your child ' s special needs. with the right treatment plan, and a lot of love and support, your child can learn, grow, and thrive. don \u2019 t wait for a diagnosis as the parent of a child with autism or related developmental delays, the best thing you can do is to start treatment right away. seek help as soon as you suspect something \u2019 s wrong. don ' t wait to see if your child will catch up later or outgrow the problem. don ' t even wait for an official diagnosis. the earlier children with autism spectrum disorders get help, the greater their chance of treatment success. early intervention is the most effective way to speed up your child ' s development and reduce the symptoms of autism. when your child has autism : tips for parents - learn about autism. the more you know about autism spectrum disorders, the better equipped you \u2019 ll be to make informed decisions for your child. educate yourself about the treatment options, ask questions, and participate in all treatment decisions. - become an expert on your child. figure out what triggers your kid \u2019 s \u201c bad \u201d or disruptive behaviors and what elicits a positive response. what does your autistic child find stressful? calming? uncomfortable? enjoyable? if you understand what affects your child, you \u2019 ll be better at troubleshooting problems and preventing situations that cause difficulties. - accept your child, quirks and all. rather than focusing on how your autistic child is different from other children and what he or she is \u201c missing, \u201d practice acceptance. enjoy your kid \u2019 s special quirks, celebrate small successes, and stop comparing your child to others. feeling unconditionally loved and accepted will help your child more than anything", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4489022025646159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.212709"} {"text": "children and what he or she is \u201c missing, \u201d practice acceptance. enjoy your kid \u2019 s special quirks, celebrate small successes, and stop comparing your child to others. feeling unconditionally loved and accepted will help your child more than anything else. - don \u2019 t give up. it \u2019 s impossible to predict the course of an autism spectrum disorder. don \u2019 t jump to conclusions about what life is going to be like for your child. like everyone else, people with autism have an entire lifetime to grow and develop their abilities. learning all you can about autism and getting involved in treatment will go a long way toward helping your child. additionally, the following tips will make daily home life easier for both you and your autistic child : - be consistent. children with autism have a hard time adapting what they \u2019 ve learned in one setting ( such as the therapist \u2019 s office or school ) to others, including the home. for example, your child may use sign language at school to communicate, but never think to do so at home. creating consistency in your child \u2019 s environment is the best way to reinforce learning. find out what your child \u2019 s therapists are doing and continue their techniques at home. explore the possibility of having therapy take place in more than one place in order to encourage your child to transfer what he or she has learned from one environment to another. it \u2019 s also important to be consistent in the way you interact with your child and deal with challenging behaviors. - stick to a schedule. children with autism tend to do best when they have a highly - structured schedule or routine. again, this goes back to the consistency they both need and crave. set up a schedule for your child, with regular times for meals, therapy, school, and bedtime. try to keep disruptions to this routine to a minimum. if there is an unavoidable schedule change, prepare your child for it in advance. - reward good behavior. positive reinforcement can go a long way with children with autism, so make an effort to \u201c catch them doing something good. \u201d praise them when they act appropriately or learn a new skill, being very specific about what behavior they \u2019 re being praised for. also look for other ways to reward them for good behavior, such as giving them a sticker or letting them play with a favorite toy. - create a home safety zone. carve out a private space in your home where your child can relax, feel secure, and be safe. this will involve organizing and setting boundaries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4349623903911406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.213859"} {"text": "giving them a sticker or letting them play with a favorite toy. - create a home safety zone. carve out a private space in your home where your child can relax, feel secure, and be safe. this will involve organizing and setting boundaries in ways your child can understand. visual cues can be helpful ( colored tape marking areas that are off limits, labeling items in the house with pictures ). you may also need to safety proof the house, particularly if your child is prone to tantrums or other self - injurious behaviors. connecting with a child with autism can be challenging, but you don \u2019 t need to talk in order to communicate and bond. you communicate by the way you look at your child, the way you touch him or her, and by the tone of your voice and your body language. your child is also communicating with you, even if he or she never speaks. you just need to learn the language. - look for nonverbal cues. if you are observant and aware, you can learn to pick up on the nonverbal cues that children with autism use to communicate. pay attention to the kinds of sounds they make, their facial expressions, and the gestures they use when they \u2019 re tired, hungry, or want something. - figure out the need behind the tantrum. it \u2019 s only natural to feel upset when you are misunderstood or ignored, and it \u2019 s no different for children with autism. when children with autism act out, it \u2019 s often because you \u2019 re not picking up on their nonverbal cues. throwing a tantrum is their way communicating their frustration and getting your attention. - make time for fun. a child coping with autism is still a kid. for both children with autism and their parents, there needs to be more to life than therapy. schedule playtime when your child is most alert and awake. figure out ways to have fun together by thinking about the things that make your child smile, laugh, and come out of their shell. your child is likely to enjoy these activities most if they don \u2019 t seem therapeutic or educational. there are tremendous benefits that result from your enjoyment of your child \u2019 s company and from your child \u2019 s enjoyment of spending unpressured time with you. play is an essential part of learning and shouldn \u2019 t feel like work. - pay attention to your child \u2019 s sensory sensitivities. many children with autism are hypersensitive to light, sound, touch, taste, and smell. other children with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4311647146234854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.214840"} {"text": "essential part of learning and shouldn \u2019 t feel like work. - pay attention to your child \u2019 s sensory sensitivities. many children with autism are hypersensitive to light, sound, touch, taste, and smell. other children with autism are \u201c under - sensitive \u201d to sensory stimuli. figure out what sights, sounds, smells, movements, and tactile sensations trigger your kid \u2019 s \u201c bad \u201d or disruptive behaviors and what elicits a positive response. what does your autistic child find stressful? calming? uncomfortable? enjoyable? if you understand what affects your child, you \u2019 ll be better at troubleshooting problems, preventing situations that cause difficulties, and creating successful experiences. with so many different autism treatments available, and it can be tough to figure out which approach is right for your child. making things more complicated, you may hear different or even conflicting recommendations from parents and doctors. when putting together an autism treatment plan for your child, keep in mind that there is no single treatment that will work for everyone. each person on the autism spectrum is unique, with different strengths and weaknesses. your child \u2019 s treatment should be tailored according to his or her individual needs. you know your child best, so it \u2019 s up to you to make sure those needs are being met. you can do that by asking yourself the following questions : a good autism treatment plan will : - build on your child ' s interests. - offer a predictable schedule. - teach tasks as a series of simple steps. - actively engage your child ' s attention in highly structured activities. - provide regular reinforcement of behavior. involve the parents. source : national institute of mental health - what are my child \u2019 s strengths? - what are my child \u2019 s weaknesses? - what behaviors are causing the most problems? - what important skills is my child lacking? - how does my child learn best ( through seeing, listening, or doing )? - what does my child enjoy and how can those activities be used in treatment? finally, keep in mind that no matter what autism treatment plan is chosen, your involvement is vital to success. you can help your child get the most out of treatment by working hand - in - hand with the autism treatment team and following through with the therapy at home. choosing autism treatments when it comes to autism treatment, there are a dizzying variety of therapies and approaches. some autism therapies focus on reducing problematic behaviors and building communication and social skills, while others deal with sensory integration problems, motor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5013351901577968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.216066"} {"text": ". choosing autism treatments when it comes to autism treatment, there are a dizzying variety of therapies and approaches. some autism therapies focus on reducing problematic behaviors and building communication and social skills, while others deal with sensory integration problems, motor skills, emotional issues, and food sensitivities. with so many choices, it is extremely important to do your research, talk to autism treatment experts, and ask questions. but keep in mind that you don ' t have to choose just one type of therapy. the goal of autism treatment should be to treat all of your child ' s symptoms and needs. this often requires a combined treatment approach that takes advantage of many different types of therapy. common autism treatments include behavior therapy, speech - language therapy, play - based therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and nutritional therapy. caring for a child with an autism spectrum disorder can demand a lot of energy and time. there may be days when you feel overwhelmed, stressed, or discouraged. parenting isn \u2019 t ever easy, and raising a child with special needs is even more challenging. in order to be the best parent you can be, it \u2019 s essential that you take care of yourself. don \u2019 t try to do everything on your own. you don \u2019 t have to! there are many places that families of autistic kids can turn to for advice, a helping hand, advocacy, and support : - autism support groups \u2013 joining an autism support group is a great way to meet other families dealing with the same challenges you are. parents can share information, get advice, and lean on each other for emotional support. just being around others in the same boat and sharing their experience can go a long way toward reducing the isolation many parents feel after receiving a child \u2019 s autism diagnosis. - respite care \u2013 every parent needs a break now and again. and for parents coping with the added stress of autism, this is especially true. in respite care, another caregiver takes over temporarily, giving you a break for a few hours, days, or even weeks. to find respite care options in your area, see resources section below. - individual, marital, or family counseling \u2013 if stress, anxiety, or depression is getting to you, you may want to see a therapist of your own. therapy is a safe place where you can talk honestly about everything you \u2019 re feeling \u2014 the good, the bad, and the ugly. marriage or family therapy can also help you work out problems that the challenges of life with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4381372717535199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.217106"} {"text": "a therapist of your own. therapy is a safe place where you can talk honestly about everything you \u2019 re feeling \u2014 the good, the bad, and the ugly. marriage or family therapy can also help you work out problems that the challenges of life with an autistic child are causing in your spousal relationship or with other family members. for services for children with autism in other countries see links in resources & references section below. under the u. s. federal law known as the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ), children with disabilities \u2014 including those with autism spectrum disorders \u2014 are eligible for a range of free or low - cost services. under this provision, children in need and their families may receive medical evaluations, psychological services, speech therapy, physical therapy, parent counseling and training, assisted technology devices, and other specialized services. children under the age of 10 do not need an autism diagnosis to receive free services under idea. if they are experiencing a developmental delay ( including delays in communication or social development ), they are automatically eligible for early intervention and special education services. early intervention services ( birth through age two ) infants and toddlers through the age of two receive assistance through the early intervention program. in order to qualify, your child must first undergo a free evaluation. if the assessment reveals a developmental problem, you will work with early intervention treatment providers to develop an individualized family service plan ( ifsp ). an ifsp describes your child \u2019 s needs and the specific services he or she will receive. for autism, an ifsp would include a variety of behavior, physical, speech, and play therapies. it would focus on preparing autistic kids for the eventual transition to school. early intervention services are typically conducted in the home or at a child care center. to locate local early intervention services for your child, ask your pediatrician for a referral or use the resources listed in the box to the right. special education services ( age three and older ) children over the age of three receive assistance through school - based programs. as with early intervention, special education services are tailored to your child \u2019 s individual needs. children with autism spectrum disorders are often placed with other developmentally - delayed kids in small groups where they can receive more individual attention and specialized instruction. however, depending on their abilities, they may also spend at least part of the school day in a regular classroom. the goal is to place kids in the least restrictive environment possible where they are still able to learn. if you \u2019 d like to pursue special", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49078937356772634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.218144"} {"text": ", depending on their abilities, they may also spend at least part of the school day in a regular classroom. the goal is to place kids in the least restrictive environment possible where they are still able to learn. if you \u2019 d like to pursue special education services, your local school system will first need to evaluate your child. based on this assessment, an individualized education plan ( iep ) will be created. an iep outlines the educational goals for your child for the school year. additionally, it describes the special services or aids the school will provide your child in order to meet those goals. know your child \u2019 s rights as the parent of an autistic child, you have a legal right to : - be involved in developing your child \u2019 s iep from start to finish. - disagree with the school system \u2019 s recommendations. - seek an outside evaluation for your child. - invite anyone you want \u2014 from a relative to your child \u2019 s doctor \u2014 to be on the iep team. - request an iep meeting at any time if you feel your child \u2019 s needs are not being met. - free or low - cost legal representation if you can \u2019 t come to an agreement with the school. free toolkit program resources & references parenting tips for helping children with autism tips from parents of children with asds \u2013 advice from parents of children with autism, including home safety tips, school issues to watch for, and how to foster unique abilities. ( autism society canada ) living with autism \u2013 guide to successfully living with autism, including how to cope with stress on the family, make the home safe, and deal with sibling issues. ( autism society of america ) life journey through autism : a parent ' s guide to research ( pdf ) \u2013 in - depth guide teaches parents how to evaluate autism research and choose treatments for their children. ( organization for autism research ) early intervention and special education for children with autism finding help for young children with disabilities \u2013 parent \u2019 s guide to finding early intervention services for a child with autism or another disability. ( national dissemination center for children with disabilities ) your local school district \u2013 overview of special services for autistic children and advice for parents navigating the educational system. ( first signs ) individualized education plans ( ieps ) \u2013 learn all about ieps for kids with autism and other developmental issues. includes information about your child \u2019 s legal rights and a guide to the referral and evaluation process. ( kidshealth ) effective programming for young children with autism ( ages 3 - 5 ) \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4462485803206888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.219175"} {"text": "ieps for kids with autism and other developmental issues. includes information about your child \u2019 s legal rights and a guide to the referral and evaluation process. ( kidshealth ) effective programming for young children with autism ( ages 3 - 5 ) \u2013 describes how to put together a successful early intervention program for autistic children. ( cooperative educational service agency no. 7 ) your child ' s rights \u2013 learn about your child \u2019 s rights under the federal individuals with disabilities act ( idea ). ( autism speaks ) treatment and therapy for children with autism healing thresholds \u2013 organization dedicated to helping parents sift through the information about autism therapy. includes therapy fact sheets, research summaries, and an online forum. ( healing thresholds ) treatments for autism \u2013 explore treatment options for autism spectrum disorders, including applied behavioral analysis ( aba ), floortime, sensory integration therapy, and a gluten - free diet. ( autism speaks ) ask a therapist : a trained aba therapist answers a parent ' s most common questions \u2013 covers the basics of applied behavioral analysis and what parents need to know. ( autism speaks ) support and advocacy services for children with autism autism source \u2013 search a national directory of local autism resources, support groups, healthcare professionals, and service providers. ( autismsource. org ) family services \u2013 click on a u. s. state to find autism services in your area. ( autism speaks ) find a chapter \u2013 locate your local chapter of the autism society of america. ( autism society of america ) autism link \u2013 provides free autism information and support. includes a mentor program, discussion forums, and a reading room with news articles and research updates. ( autism link ) services for children with autism in other countries - in the uk : the national autistic society : services - in australia : australian government : helping children with autism - in canada : autism speaks : accessing services - in new zealand : autism new zealand inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4262990190423136, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.220045"} {"text": "scarlet fever, sometimes called scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called streptococcus pyogenes or group a streptococcus ( gas ). the same bacteria can also cause impetigo. these bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the throat, where they can live without causing problems. under some circumstances, however, these bacteria can cause disease. scarlet fever ( sometimes called scarlatina ) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called streptococcus pyogenes, or group a streptococcus ( gas ). the same bacteria can also cause impetigo. these bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the throat, where they can live without causing problems. however, under some circumstances, they can also cause diseases, like scarlet fever. scarlet fever is characterised by a rash, which usually accompanies a sore throat, and is sometimes confused with the measles ' rash. the bacteria which cause the infection produce toxins ( poisons ), which cause a rash, a red and swollen tongue and flushed cheeks. scarlet fever is mainly a childhood disease and is most common between the ages of two and eight years. it was once dangerous, but antibiotic treatment means it is now much less common and much less serious, although 2 - 4, 000 cases are diagnosed each year in england. it is still highly contagious. the bacteria are carried in the saliva and mucus in the nose. the disease is spread by sneezing, coughing, or breathing out. it can also be caught by direct contact with the mucus or saliva of an infected person. it takes around two to five days to develop symptoms after being infected. if you think your child has scarlet fever, you should consult your gp. the disease tends to be most common in the winter and spring and the usual treatment is a 10 - day course of antibiotics. scarlet fever is spread via the mucus and saliva of infected people. it can also be caught from any drinking glasses, plates or utensils they have used. to protect yourself from getting the illness you should : if you think you, or your child, have scarlet fever : it usually takes two to five days from infection before the first symptoms appear. however, the incubation period may be as short as one day and as long as seven days. scarlet fever usually clears up after a week, but it is advisable to visit your gp to get a full diagnosis and proper treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4665795383812152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.231532"} {"text": ". however, the incubation period may be as short as one day and as long as seven days. scarlet fever usually clears up after a week, but it is advisable to visit your gp to get a full diagnosis and proper treatment. scarlet fever is highly contagious. the bacteria are present in the mouth, throat and nose of the infected person and are spread by contact with that person ' s mucus or saliva. these might even be on cups, plates, pens, or surfaces, such as tables which might have been used or touched by someone carrying the bacteria. you can also catch the disease by breathing infected airborne droplets produced through an infected person ' s coughing or sneezing. scarlet fever is mainly a childhood disease, with around 80 % of cases occurring in children under 10 years old. it is most common in children between the ages of two and eight years, with four - year - olds most likely to develop the illness. occasionally, outbreaks of scarlet fever occur in nurseries and schools. adults of all ages can also catch scarlet fever, but the disease is much less common in adults. most mild cases of scarlet fever will clear up on their own, but it is still best to see your gp if you, or your child, are showing symptoms. having treatment for the illness speeds recovery and reduces the risk of complications. you will also become non - contagious more quickly. in most cases, doctors can diagnose scarlet fever from the symptoms alone. the diagnosis can be confirmed by taking a throat swab, which is then sent to a laboratory to identify the bacteria causing the infection. in some cases, a throat swab is not enough and a blood test may be needed. the usual treatment for scarlet fever is a 10 - day course of antibiotics. the fever will usually subside within 24 hours of starting this, but it is important to take the whole course to clear the infection. if scarlet fever is not treated with antibiotics, it can be infectious for two to three weeks after the symptoms appear. provided all prescribed antibiotics are taken as directed, most cases will not infect other people after 24 hours of treatment. current guidance advises that children should not return to nursery or school and adults to work until a minimum of 24 hours after starting treatment. if you have a high temperature you should drink plenty of fluids. you can also take paracetamol to bring down your temperature and relieve discomfort. once you have had scarlet fever you are unlikely to get it again. most cases of scarlet fever have no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4236418483025367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.232885"} {"text": "you have a high temperature you should drink plenty of fluids. you can also take paracetamol to bring down your temperature and relieve discomfort. once you have had scarlet fever you are unlikely to get it again. most cases of scarlet fever have no complications at all. however, in the early stages, there is a small risk that you might get one of the following : on rare occasions, at a later stage the disease could lead to : patients, or their parents, should keep an eye out for any symptoms which might suggest these complications in the first few weeks after the main infection has cleared up and, if concerned, seek medical help immediately. the health protection agency provides advice on controlling scarlet fever outbreaks and tries to reduce the number of people infected. the agency undertakes continuous monitoring to detect changes in the numbers and types of people diagnosed with scarlet fever, or changes in the characteristics of strains causing scarlet fever. the health protection agency is an independent organisation, set up by the government to protect the public from the effects of infectious diseases and other hazards to health. the agency identifies, researches and responds to these threats. it gives advice to the public on how to avoid harm, provides data and information to government, and advises people working in healthcare. if you have concerns about your health contact nhs direct on 0845 4647 or visit their website www. nhsdirect. nhs. uk, or see your family doctor. reviewed : 21 april 2010 did you know...? although scarlet fever is now a mild and uncommon disease, 100 years ago severe scarlet fever epidemics in which many people died were common. antibiotics have greatly reduced the severity of the disease, although it was already becoming less severe before they were available. we don ' t know why this is, but one theory is that the strain of bacteria that cause scarlet fever has become weaker over time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4170943504834298, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.233682"} {"text": "even though the monetary and health costs of obesity are substantial, intentional weight loss has not been advocated for older people, because a relationship between weight loss and increased rates of hip fractures and mortality has been demonstrated. however, intentional weight loss as opposed to unintentional weight loss has actually been shown to decrease total mortality in older adults. even small weight losses of 5 to 10 % have been shown to result in increased physical function and health - related quality of life, yet standard exercise programs for older adults often do not result in any weight loss. one example of this is cardiac rehabilitation ( cr ), which generally results in insignificant weight loss over a 3 - month time frame. however, even the highest - risk overweight patients can lose fat and overall weight, as well as achieve a more favorable cardiometabolic risk profile, when encouraged to participate in a high - calorie - expenditure ( hce ) exercise program rather than a standard cr protocol. recent evidence suggests that higher levels of exercise ( \u22652, 500 kcal / week ) may facilitate weight loss and maintenance when included as part of a behavioral weight control program. a commonly mentioned barrier to implementing such vigorous exercise programs for older adults is the belief that only extremely motivated patients will comply with a more time - consuming program. however, a study recently published in the journal of aging and physical activity found that participants in a high - calorie - expenditure ( hce ) exercise program actually grew to like exercise more than those who took part in a standard exercise program. participants in the hce program were asked to exercise more frequently than those in the standard program ( at least 5 days per week rather than 3 ) and to increase the length of each session by approximately 20 minutes ( 45 - 60 minutes vs. 25 - 40 minutes ). walking was the preferred exercise for those in the hce group, and those in the standard group followed a protocol of 25 minutes of treadmill walking and 8 minutes on an ergometer. both groups also took part in a behavioral weight - loss program. at the end of 5 months, the hce group had lost more than twice as much weight as those in the standard group, greatly reduced their cardiometabolic risk factors, and reported improved vitality and mood. what \u2019 s more, participants saw improvements regardless of their level of physical function when they entered the program, showing that older adults of varying abilities can be successful in a rigorous exercise program. noticeable weight loss helped participants to enjoy exercise more, so they stuck with the program. as they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.473259334506653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.239304"} {"text": "saw improvements regardless of their level of physical function when they entered the program, showing that older adults of varying abilities can be successful in a rigorous exercise program. noticeable weight loss helped participants to enjoy exercise more, so they stuck with the program. as they exercised more, they noticed improved mood, less pain, and better general health and physical functioning. most health care practitioners, when counseling patients, emphasize the importance of weight loss from a cardiometabolic perspective. the results of this study demonstrate that weight loss improves a patient \u2019 s perceived quality of life. an improvement in quality of life may be more of a motivating factor than improvements in specific cardiovascular risk factors. from a patient \u2019 s perspective, for example, an improvement in quality of life may be more meaningful than a reduction in triglyceride levels. therefore, as a means of increasing compliance, health care professionals may want to counsel patients that weight loss will not only lower cardiovascular risk but also improve quality of life. hce exercise led not only to more weight loss than a standard cr program but also to greater improvements in self - assessments of physical, social, and emotional functioning, as well as larger increases in exercise enjoyment, for at - risk older adults. improvements in several of these psychosocial variables were mediated by weight loss, which most likely resulted from a combination of the increased exercise of the hce group and participation in the behavioral weight - control program. furthermore, the study indicates that older adults in various mental and physical states can benefit from an exercise program. one of the most important conclusions of this study is that not only can older adults perform higher levels of exercise than are currently recommended, but also the higher exercise levels actually impart additional physical and mental benefits. find out more about the journal of aging and physical activity at www. japa - journal. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5076022657200625, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.240407"} {"text": "istanbul - anatolia news agency the ottomans \u2019 popular drink, sherbet, known for its healing effects, has been increasingly forgotten over time and is now largely consumed ceremonially in ramadan the restaurant prepares some 100 types of traditional ottoman sherbet and offers 15 - 20 types a day to its customers. aa photos sherbet, once the most popular ottoman drink, has been essentially relegated to symbolic consumption during the holy month of ramadan even though it is a healthier alternative to today \u2019 s soft drinks, according to one restaurant proprietor. \u201c people of all ages are drinking soft drinks which are very harmful. we are trying to keep the sherbet tradition alive in our restaurant, \u201d abdullah korun, general director of istanbul \u2019 s 123 - year - old restaurant hac\u0131 abdullah lokantas\u0131, recently old anatolia news agency. \u201c we prepare nearly 100 types of sherbet but we serve 15 to 20 types a day to our customers. restaurants should keep such natural drinks rather than soda drinks. \u201d during the time of the ottomans, there were roughly 300 types of sherbets made from various fresh flowers and fruits such as rose, lily, jasmine, silverberry, lotus, violet and others. today, this traditional drink is still kept alive in modern life but with fewer types. korun said sherbet was one of the most important products both in the kitchen of the palace and the public in the past. the director of the restaurant, which was opened during the era of abdulhamit ii, said sherbet, made from dried and cold stewed fruits, was a favorite and irreplaceable drink, particularly during the holy month of ramadan. \u201c in the past, there were no refrigeration systems like fridges and sherbet was prepared and consumed daily, \u201d he added. forgotten through time korun said the ottomans \u2019 sherbet began to be forgotten through time. \u201c almost all housewives in ottoman times used to prepare canned foods, pickles and sherbet in their house, but today, since women are involved in social and business life, this tradition is disappearing, \u201d he said. he said it was consumed both in winter and summer during ottoman times since it had a significant place in social life. \u201c people used to benefit from natural methods to avoid diseases in the past. but in ottoman times, people used to drink sherbet to protect themselves from diseases. of course, the medicine sector was not developed that much and there were not too many types of diseases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40112525964085066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.245111"} {"text": "- pet loss - music license - lot exchange sometimes people put a $ 10 plant in a $ 1 hole. what we say out here is you should put a $ 1 plant in a $ 10 hole. you need to create a hole ; it needs to be much wider than the root ball. it ' s sometimes good to enrich the soil. whenever you plant a tree, or any plant, you ' re damaging some of its roots, and you ' re going to have to give it a little tlc. you want to have a healthy root system that will expand. you want to provide some kind of inducement so that it will expand. roots are stupid, they ' re lazy, they ' ll take the path of least resistance. so if you have a tiny little hole, what are they going to do? they aren ' t going to try to push through hard dirt. they ' re just going to travel around and around, and around \u2014 until they stop working. if a plant is in a stress situation, it can take nutrients from its old growth and bring them to the new part. so if there ' s a nutrient deficiency, where you ' ll see it is in the older leaves, because the plant is kind of feeding on itself. if you see new green growth and old yellow growth, it ' s more than likely due to a nutrient deficiency. there are also a host of minor nutrients. if you ' re in a place that has high rainfall, molybdenum and sulphur can become deficient \u2014 they literally get washed out of the soil. molybdenum is necessary for plants to be able to use nitrogen. places in the southeast often have a molybdinum deficiency. you can replace nitrogen, but if you don ' t replace the micronutrients, you ' re not going to get full use of the fertilizer. ninety five percent or more of the problems you have in your landscape are going to be cultural. if you have good cultural practices you ' re not going to have these problems. trees : never be afraid to reject trees that come in. if you order them, you ' re the customer and you don ' t have to accept them. they grow a lot of junk out there. if the tree has a stake next to the trunk, get it off immediately. it ' s bad for the tree ; it ' s tree abuse. cutting off branches : unfortunately, in years past, we told people to cut them off against the trunk and we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4504717338391228, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.248003"} {"text": "born : 30 april 1916 died : 24 february 2001 claude elwood shannon \u2019 s realization that all information could be transmitted in a series of 1s and 0s laid the foundation for a revolution in the spread of information. he developed the mathematical theories and techniques that make possible the analysis of switching circuits, computers and communications. early life and education shannon was born 30 april 1916, in petoskey, michigan, but grew up in gaylord, michigan, where he worked as a western union messenger boy while in high school, an educational step he took in three years. at the university of michigan, he did work in both electrical engineering and mathematics and received bachelor of science degrees in both fields in 1936. during summers while in college, he repaired radio sets in a gaylord department store. at school, he joined the army signal corps reserve officers training corps and soon found himself busy developing new army instruments, including a modulation meter, a code speed meter, and networks having any desired frequency - impedance characteristic. when he was graduated, however, he was not yet 21 and had to wait to receive his signal corps reserve officer commission. the years 1936 to 1940 shannon spent at m. i. t., where, among other activities, he worked as a research assistant in the department of electrical engineering in charge of operating the bush mechanical differential analyzer, the precursor of modern analogue computers. in 1940, shannon took his s. m. degree in electrical engineering and his ph. d. degree in mathematics, both from m. i. t., both simultaneously again. in a master \u2019 s thesis which has proven critically important, he demonstrated that boolean logic could be worked with electrical switching circuits. this thesis was meant to help the telephone industry move from human operators to complex switching circuits. however, the theory it expressed has been foundational to modern computing. after receiving his ph. d., he spent the next year at the institute for advanced study at princeton, then joined bell telephone laboratories at murray hill, new jersey, in what became a most fruitful and dynamic association. while he was often solitary in performing his own work, he was an invaluable help to colleagues when they faced challenges. he remained at murray hill until 1956 when he returned to m. i. t., first as visiting professor and, a year later, as professor of communications science. he was a member of both the department of mathematics and the department of electrical engineering. his most significant piece of work was \" a mathematical theory of communication, \" published in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5957121775533571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.252163"} {"text": "first as visiting professor and, a year later, as professor of communications science. he was a member of both the department of mathematics and the department of electrical engineering. his most significant piece of work was \" a mathematical theory of communication, \" published in two parts in the bell system technical journal in 1947 - 48. with this paper, shannon laid down the theoretical foundation for communications engineering - a kind of \" thermodynamics of communications \" which, up to that time had been missing. in opening a new mathematical field for engineering applications, shannon ' s work compares only to that of norbert wiener in the theory of time series and to that of von neumann and morgenstern in the theory of games. of equal importance was the impact of shannon ' s definitions, his model of the communications process and his theory on scientists and engineers concerned with human communications. he was a principle pioneer in information theory and deserves much of the credit for the digital communication which is fundamentally important in our information age. wit and gadgetry this mathematical theorist also found joy in creating mechanical automata. \" i ' ve always pursued my interests without much regard for financial value or value to the world, \" shannon once told the ieee spectrum. \" i ' ve spent lots of time on totally useless things. \" his rambling home overlooking mystic lakes in winchester, massachusetts, abounded with the products of his gadgeteering, to the delight of young and old alike. in the living room was a player piano \" programmed \" with randomly - cut music and supervised by a fully - clothed department store mannequin. also there was the \" mouse that learns, \" a mechanical creature that, with the aid of a small computer, could find its way through a maze to a brass cheese. outside were a host of mechanical devices, gadgets and conveyances, including a camping bus, a complete bicycle shop, and a chair lift to carry visitors from the house down a steep embankment to the edge of the lake. shannon was married to mary elizabeth moore shannon. the couple had three children, two sons and a daughter. shannon passed away on 24 february 2001, after a struggle with alzheimer \u2019 s disease, not fully aware how far his work had been taken. he received the ieee medal of honor in 1966, \" for his development of a mathematical theory of communication which unified and significantly advanced the state of the art. \" george johnson, \" claude shannon, mathematician, dies at 84, \" new york times, feb. 27, 2001. kevin coughlin, \" bell labs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5396311899358105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.253202"} {"text": "- about ie - our expeditions - travel specials - prepare for your trip - travel agents - contact us see signs of asian and pygmy elephants in borneo many visitors to eastern africa see massive elephants on kenya and tanzania safaris, but those seeking nature travel, including guests on one of international expeditions \u2019 borneo tours, have an opportunity to enjoy an even more unique sighting. pygmy elephants, a type of asian elephant, are genetically distinct from other asian elephants, according to a 2003 study by the world wildlife fund ( wwf ) and columbia university. they are therefore a subspecies, but scientists are still trying to determine whether they are endemic to borneo. some believe that the animal originated from a herd of elephants from the island of java, where that variety of elephant is now extinct. they hypothesize that the herd was abandoned by the sultan of sulu in the 17th century. whatever their heritage, pygmy elephants are about three feet smaller than their african cousins, measuring only about eight feet high. they also have rounder faces, longer ears and longer tails. the species is unlike that of any elephant elsewhere on the planet. the 1, 600 individuals left in the wild are threatened by habitat loss and conflict with humans. travelers are most likely to see signs of the pygmy elephants at kinabatangan wildlife sanctuary, off the coast of the kinabatangan river. that is where asian elephants are most concentrated on the island. in fact, one recent group of ie travelers was lucky enough to spot a herd of pygmy elephants! for the latest travel trends and exciting discoveries, visit our travel news section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45030684125927073, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.254906"} {"text": "looking to save? check here for dealer specials. from tension headaches to migraines, there are many varieties of head - pounding pain. and although several different triggers may be to blame, like stress and allergies, some experts believe that certain foods can cause headaches in some people. \" it is not unusual at all for food to trigger migraines or other types of headaches, \" says noah rosen, md, director of the headache institute at north shore - lij health system in long island, new york. many migraine sufferers are willing to try an array of methods to get rid of the pain. in addition to other remedies, the mayo clinic suggests pinpointing foods that may be triggering the migraines. common culprits include the sulfites commonly found in alcohol ( especially beer and red wine ) and chocolate. while sometimes used as a migraine treatment, too much caffeine, and even caffeine withdrawal, can cause headaches in many people. the artificial sweetener aspartame can also bring on a migraine. dr. chris iliades, md, notes that aged cheese can cause your head to start hurting thanks to tyramine, a substance that forms as the proteins in cheese break down over time. the longer a cheese ages, the more tyramine it has. you may want to avoid blue cheese, swiss, cheddar, gouda and parmesan if you find you are among those sensitive to tyramine. while bananas are a healthy snack, people sensitive to tyramine may want to avoid them also. dr. iliades notes that, like aged cheese, banana peels contain a significant amount of tyramine, around 10 times more than does the banana pulp. if you don \u2019 t want to avoid bananas altogether, try weeding out those stringy pieces of inner peel. dr. iliades also points to monosodium glutamate ( msg ), which can be found in soy sauce and as an additive in many other foods. the mayo clinic notes that skipping meals can cause a headache or migraine, so if you want to avoid one of the above foods, try to find a better alternative rather than missing out on a snack or meal. the best way to tell if specific foods are causing you headaches is to keep a food and headache diary. keeping track of what you eat and when you suffer from headaches can help you and your doctor detect possible food reactions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41450551337639113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.257678"} {"text": "how it works? the immune system has two parts \u2013 ' innate ' and ' adaptive ' the ' innate ' ( meaning : \" present from birth \" ) part of the immune system is so - called because it has a number of set strategies for recognising and dealing with certain kinds of infection, without needing to be \" trained \" to identify them. this generally involves certain immune cells \" sniffing - out \" germs, via signs in the bloodstream, following the trail to the site of infection, and neutralising the invaders with special chemicals before swallowing them ( a process known as ' phagocytosis ' ). such cells are generally called white blood cells \u2013 ( but specifically known as ' macrophages ' and ' neutrophils ' ). this approach is very effective for many infections, but certain germs have developed ways of avoiding detection. for instance, viruses can be particularly difficult to detect and target because they are much smaller, even than bacteria, and can actually hide and multiply within body cells. during infections, signs such as the swelling and inflammation of the skin are often indications of immune activity, as they help the immune system by allowing blood carrying immune elements to flow more easily to the site of infection. however, if uncontrolled, inflammation can itself cause damage, so it has to be carefully controlled. the other part of the immune response is called the ' adaptive ' immune system. unlike the innate immune system, it isn ' t able to respond instantly to infections, as it needs time to adapt ( or learn ) to recognise them. once it has learned, however, it is extremely effective and is also able to ' remember ' particular germs that have previously infected the body, so that when ( or if ) they try to infect the body again, the next response is rapid, accurate, and effective. doctors can trick the body into producing a memory to a particular infection by using vaccines ( harmless versions of germs ) to create immune ' memory '. this gives you protection without having to experience the dangers of a real infection. an advantage of the adaptive immune response, once it has developed, is that it utilises further specialised types of white cell, called lymphocytes, that coordinate and focus the immune system ' s response, and also produce specialised molecules to target the infection. these include an incredibly elegant molecule, called the ' antibody ', that is produced in huge numbers during an adaptive response, and moves through the bloodstream during an infection, targeting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5068930163946349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.265704"} {"text": "system ' s response, and also produce specialised molecules to target the infection. these include an incredibly elegant molecule, called the ' antibody ', that is produced in huge numbers during an adaptive response, and moves through the bloodstream during an infection, targeting germs with incredible accuracy. it is thought that the human body can create enough different antibodies to recognise a total of 1 billion different targets ( that ' s 1, 000, 000, 000 or ' one thousand million ' ). as we have mentioned, the only drawback with the adaptive response is that it takes time to develop initially, and it can take several days for the primary response to be detectable, and longer still for it to become effective. the innate response is therefore still extremely important for controlling infection whilst the adaptive response builds up. on patrol for signs of trouble \u2026 a further aspect of the adaptive immune system worth mentioning is its role in monitoring body cells to check that they aren ' t infected by viruses or bacteria, for instance, or in order to make sure that they haven ' t become cancerous. cancer occurs when certain body cells ' go wrong ' and start dividing in an uncontrolled way ( body cells usually divide in an extremely regulated way ), often spreading to other parts of the body. it is an extremely dangerous disease, so it is important to catch it before it develops. certain lymphocytes patrol the body, checking cells for signs that something is wrong, and so the immune system plays an important role in preventing tumours from developing. to get a grip on just how small the world we are describing really is, click here immunity in the gut : an important balancing act as we mentioned earlier, certain areas of the body, such as the lung and the gut, can be more difficult to ' police ' because they have to be more open to certain elements in the environment. the gut, in particular, because of its role in absorbing food, has an enormous surface area. the small intestine alone ( a part of the gut ) has a surface area some 200 times that of the skin. for the immune system, this represents a big challenge to police just in terms of area. in addition, it must also be remembered that the food that we eat could be a potential target for the immune system, because it is foreign to the body. that ' s not to mention the other considerations we deal with below. for instance, the gut also has nutrient - rich fluid, derived from the things we eat, continuously flowing through it, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5052567886658144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.266716"} {"text": "immune system, because it is foreign to the body. that ' s not to mention the other considerations we deal with below. for instance, the gut also has nutrient - rich fluid, derived from the things we eat, continuously flowing through it, as part of the food absorption process. due to the food - rich environment, this makes the gut a particularly attractive environment for bacteria \u2013 it is estimated that over 500 microbial species live in the human gut, contributing some two pounds ( about one kilogram ) to the body ' s overall weight. it is estimated that over 90 % of exposure to microorganisms occurs within the gut. many of these bacteria ( known as ' commensals ' ) are a perfectly normal part of the gut population and do not cause disease \u2013 in fact they often perform some very useful roles such as aiding in the digestion of food. if the immune system were simply to treat all of the many gut microorganisms as ' targets ', especially in such a delicate environment, the immune response itself could cause more harm than good by producing excessive inflammation and damaging the gut surface. instead the immune system does an extremely clever job of regulating itself so that it doesn ' t react to harmless food, or overreact to commensals \u2013 whilst still performing the vitally important role of targeting really harmful germs when they infect. this is a remarkable feat about which there is still much to learn, and there is much research into how it achieves this remarkable balancing act. we do know that perhaps around 75 % of the immune system ' s lymphocyte cells are found in association with the body ' s ' mucosal ' tissues, of which the gut forms a large part, so gut immunity is obviously an important area of immune function. we also know that the process is further helped by the fact that a healthy population of commensals in the gut can help to prevent colonisation by harmful bacteria \u2013 by crowding them out and not allowing them take hold. certain commensals have even developed particular substances, called colicins, that neutralise other bacteria. due to certain differences in the way commensal ' behave ', compared to disease - causing species, it seems that the immune system is able to tell the difference between the two. evidence for the importance of commensal bacteria is found when oral antibiotics are taken by people to counter harmful bacterial infections. these can also drastically reduce the population of commensal bacteria in the gut. although the population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4754380123084764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.267795"} {"text": "tell the difference between the two. evidence for the importance of commensal bacteria is found when oral antibiotics are taken by people to counter harmful bacterial infections. these can also drastically reduce the population of commensal bacteria in the gut. although the population grows back again, it has been noted that the gut is temporarily more vulnerable to infection with harmful bacteria, due to the breaking of the ' commensal barrier '. it seems that in the gut, as in other aspects of life, it pays to cultivate a healthy group of friends to protect you from your enemies \u2026 the immune system is a network of cells, tissues and organs, found throughout the body that combats infectious disease and cancers. it is divided into ' innate ' and ' adaptive ' immune responses. ' innate ' immunity is quick to respond to certain general signs of infection, and includes certain specialised cells ( phagocytes ) able to track and ' eat ' infective germs. ' adaptive ' immunity is used to develop a more specific response to particular germs that are more difficult to target by innate immunity. this takes time to develop \u2013 but the adaptive immune system ' remembers ' germs that it has previously encountered and responds immediately the next time they try to infect. the ' antibody ' is a key molecule in the adaptive immune response and is incredibly specific in targeting particular germs \u2013 millions of different antibodies can be made, each with unique targets. vaccines use adaptive immunity to ' trick ' the body into creating an adaptive response, without the danger of a real infection. millions of lives have been saved as a result. the ' father of vaccination ' is edward jenner, and his development of a smallpox vaccine led to an effective treatment for this terrible disease and, eventually, its eradication ( in 1979 ). the lungs and the gut are key areas for the body to protect, as they are vulnerable to infection. in these areas, the immune response has to be effective, but controlled ( to prevent damage ) \u2013 this is an important balancing act for the immune system. people born without immune systems are extremely vulnerable to infection, and people infected with hiv / aids can experience similar symptoms because the virus targets the immune system. this illustrates the importance of a functioning immune system. many immunologists are involved in research into important diseases such as asthma, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, hiv / aids and tuberculosis \u2013 effective therapies and cures are their goals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4759206070227686, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.268865"} {"text": "nobody gonna turn me ' round : stories and songs of the civil rights movement by doreen rappaport, illustrated by shane w. evans candlewick press ; $ 19. 99 63 pp. ; isbn 978 - 0763619275 review by amy brozio - andrews recounting civil rights experiences and milestones between the montgomery bus boycott of 1955 and the passage of the voting rights act in 1965, doreen rappaport and shane w. evans make history come to life, especially in regard to presenting the experiences of young people who lived and breathed history as it happened. nobody gonna turn me ' round is the final book in an award - winning trilogy ( no more! stories and songs of slave resistance and free at last! stories and songs of emancipation ) by the author and illustrator. rappaport frames the people and events described within the fabric of a social and cultural history that stretches from the first slave ship rebellions to the present day, providing readers far too young to have any personal memory of the civil rights era with critical context. blending narrative with re - tellings based on the first - person narratives of rosa parks, sheyann webb, mose wright, elizabeth eckford, and fannie lou hamer, among others, plus songs, and quotes from people who were there, the book covers major events in the civil rights movement and black history, such as the creation of the sclc ( the southern christian leadership conference ), core ( congress of racial equality ), and the sncc ( student nonviolent coordinating committee ), the murder of emmitt till and the subsequent trial, the montgomery bus boycott, lunch counter sit - ins, the desegregation of little rock, arkansas schools, voter registration efforts, freedom schools, and finally, the voting rights bill of 1965. rappaport concludes her book by affirming that the work of the civil rights era continues, listing figures from the book and their current projects and civil rights efforts. a detailed timeline of the period 1955 - 1965 plus extensive source notes, a bibliography, and reading list offer readers who want to know more a broad variety of leads for further learning. rappaport ' s retelling of history is far from dry ; her reliance on the stories of young people - - children, teenagers, and young adults - - demonstrates that anyone can work to make a difference in the world around them. the importance of story and song are also conveyed through the inclusion of several bars of well - known civil rights era songs and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4637728940635474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.272649"} {"text": "- - children, teenagers, and young adults - - demonstrates that anyone can work to make a difference in the world around them. the importance of story and song are also conveyed through the inclusion of several bars of well - known civil rights era songs and their lyrics. no candy - coating here ; one of evans ' images is that of a black man surrounded by white fists holding handguns ; the narrative tells of police responding to protesters with clubs and dogs. evans ' oil paintings convey deep emotion and power, the perfect complement to the book ' s pull - no - punches prose. a comprehensive introduction to the civil rights era of the late 1950s and early 1960s, nobody gonna turn me ' round is a great choice for older elementary school aged readers, especially during the month of february, black history month. the strong narrative is engaging and for some kids may be a little shocking that these things really did happen. but rappaport ' s focus on the efforts of young black americans is inspiring, her reliance on the words of the people who were there to tell their own stories is powerful, and her faith in the idea that america truly can \" live up to its promise of equality for all \" is ever - evident, on every page and in every brushstroke of evans ' illustrations. doctor, heal thyself the ip bookshelf the ip bookshelf all original content \u00a9 2002 - 2013 imperfect parent\u00ae. imperfect parent and mominatrix are registered trademarks. the views, opinions and information expressed in articles and blog posts published on imperfectparent. com and all subdomains are those of the authors alone. they do not represent the views or opinions of the imperfect parent or its staff, nor do they represent the views or opinions of any entity of, or affiliated with, imperfect parent. the imperfect parent is designed for entertainment purposes only and is not meant to be a substitute for medical, health, legal, or financial advice from a professional. reproduction of material from any of imperfect parent ' s pages without written permission is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48139754975999144, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.273581"} {"text": "iceland volcano has spewed 250 million cubic metres of ash iceland ' s eyjafjoell volcano, which continued causing flight chaos in europe monday, has emitted massive amounts of ash since it began erupting a month ago and there is no end in sight, experts said. \" since the beginning of the eruption, we estimate that 250 million cubic metres ( 8. 8 billion cubic feet ) of tephra ( ash and other fragmental material ) has been produced, \" icelandic geophysicist magnus tumi gudmundsson told afp. the eruption, which began on april 14, had peaked three times, he said : \" in the first four days of the eruption, then on may 5 and 6, and again last friday. \" on sunday, icelandic volcanologist bjoern oddsson, said volcanic activity had increased slightly since friday. \" the column ( of smoke ) has increased and rises up to eight kilometres, \" he told afp, as opposed to six kilometres in previous days. gudmundsson stressed that the ongoing eyjafjoell blast \" is a big eruption, \" adding that for iceland it was \" the biggest since the notorious eruption at ( the neighbouring and much larger volcano ) katla in 1918. \" \" there is really no way of telling when it will stop. there has been quite a bit of earthquake activity underneath eyjafjallajoekull ( the glacier covering the volcano ), which means that magma is still emerging, \" gudmundsson said. his comments came as authorities cautioned the volcanic ash cloud would ground 1, 000 flights in europe on monday with airports in britain and the netherlands hit. domestic flights in iceland were also disrupted monday morning and international flights could be impacted later in the day, aviation officials said. \" the domestic airport in reykjavik is closed, but those in akureyri and egilsstadir are still open, \" hjoerdis gudmundsdottir, a spokeswoman for icelandic aviation authority isavia, told afp. \" the international airport in keflavik is open at the moment but i expect it to close later today as the forecast says the ash will move further north, thus in the way of air traffic routes over iceland, \" she said, adding that international flights so far were operating without disruptions. from the blogs when i was first in talks about this job, i was surprised to hear we were planning to open on the we... i \u2019 ve not heard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.361677648544527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.277560"} {"text": "\" she said, adding that international flights so far were operating without disruptions. from the blogs when i was first in talks about this job, i was surprised to hear we were planning to open on the we... i \u2019 ve not heard many bands that had quite the same kick as pendulum did. their unbelievable fusion of... the episode begins with finn ( cory monteith ) at college, partying and accidentally participating in... dr ron schultz, professor and chair of pathological sciences at the university of wisconsin, joined... - 1 notes from a small island : is sealand an independent ' micronation ' or an illegal fortress? - 2 british business : we need to stay in the european union - or risk losing up to \u00a392bn a year - 3 the moral case on tax avoidance is overwhelming - and we all know google wants to do the right thing - 4 sam wallace : the second coming of jose mourinho at chelsea will be a reunion that can only end in tears - 5 it \u2019 s official : thanks to stephen hawking ' s israel boycott, anti - semitism is no more bmf is the uk \u2019 s biggest and best loved outdoor fitness classes find out what the independent ' s resident travel expert has to say about one of the most beautiful small cities in the world win anything from gadgets to five - star holidays on our competitions and offers page. negotiable : randstad education chelmsford : randstad education is the market le... \u00a324000 - \u00a328000 per annum : randstad education london : a leading further educat... \u00a3500 - \u00a3680 per day : orgtel : quantitative risk analyst, front office / risk bank... \u00a318000 - \u00a325500 per annum : randstad education cambridge : randstad education ar...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37136052208481607, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.278482"} {"text": "cotton, the most important fibre crop of india plays a dominant role in its agrarian and industrial economy. it is the backbone of our textile industry, accounting for 70 % of total fibre consumption in textile sector, and 38 % of the country ' s export, fetching over rs. 42, 000 crores. area under cotton cultivation in india ( 8. 9 million ha ) is the highest in the world, i. e., 25 % of the world area and employs seven million people for their living. cotton productivity in india is quite low as compared to world standards. the modern cotton production technology relies heavily on the use of fertilisers and on chemicals to control insect pests, diseases, weeds and growth regulators. cotton cultivated on 5 % cultivable land consumes 54 % of total pesticides used in indian agriculture, and in some pockets, the rates are higher than this, leaving immense ecological and human hazards as reported by world health organisation. use of chemicals at such scale causes a lot of hazards to man, i. e., environmental pollution, soil health, and agro - ecology and poor profitability in cotton farming. this has basically prompted the demand of organically cultivated, eco - friendly or green cotton. scope for organic cotton cultivation the preamble of organic farming has been aimed at conservation and optimised utilisation of all natural resources for a reasonable profitability under the guiding factors of sustainability of the farm. in order to keep a certain threshold of profit from the farms, all the farming practices have to be redesigned to undo the ill - effects that have crept in the current agricultural scenario while attempting to increase cotton production in the prevalent cropping systems. a sense of balancing act to moderate the resource utilisation with anticipation for suspected damage to mother earth is the essence of organic farming. the organic protocols of farming could accentuate and aid in imparting improved momentum to the bio - dynamism of crop fields. lesser stable and poor bio - dynamism that has caused less - productive farms has alerted farmers on the question of long - term sustainance. at the end of this decade, it is quite satisfying to find that the above thoughts paved the way for increased adoption of non - chemical farming options. the happy marriage of conventional wisdom and rationalised modern agricultural technology has instilled sense optimism and hope to growers, especially in rain grown crops. the balancing act seems to be quite deft, but could have considerable impact on developing a better cause of modern indian agriculture. five to seven decades", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4636579005044488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.294171"} {"text": "modern agricultural technology has instilled sense optimism and hope to growers, especially in rain grown crops. the balancing act seems to be quite deft, but could have considerable impact on developing a better cause of modern indian agriculture. five to seven decades ago, most of the cotton cultivated in the country was eco - friendly with little or no use of toxic chemicals in its production. even today, there are many pockets in india, where it is produced without the use of agrochemicals, e. g., areas growing wagad cotton in gujarat, y - 1 desi cotton of khandesh region of maharashtra, maljari in madhya pradesh, part of areas growing jayadhar and suyodhar in karnataka, nandicum in andhra pradesh and parts of cotton areas in north eastern hill region. in the rainfed tract of central india, cotton is grown on three million hectare ( i. e., 43 % of total area ) of marginal lands where production is low due to poorly distributed rainfall, and eroded undulating nature of lands and low resources investment by farmers. such soils require low - cost and low external input production systems to minimise cost on fertiliser and pesticides for imparting stability in production. cultivation of cotton with organic methods has helped farmers to improve sustainable productivity. the message on non - chemical and sustainable agriculture has pervaded to many parts of india and is hopefully making inroads into some of the southern cotton growing indian states. merits of organic cotton cultivation ( a ) environmentally friendly technology i ] due to excessive use of fertilisers and insecticides, all the elements of the agro - eco system gets polluted by the conventional method. organic cotton production relies on non - chemical inputs and will decrease pollution hazards. ii ] pesticides residues in fibre may cause carcinogenic damage to users. the use of bio - rational products and biocontrol agents for pest management in organic farming will cause no such effects. iii ] large scale discharge of untreated and unprocessed effluents by textile industry and dyeing units has not only caused health problems to man, cattle and fish in the rivers and canals, but yields of cotton are reported to be affected due to polluted water that is used for irrigation. iv ] destruction of beneficial soil organisms may cause damage to soil health creating imbalance in the natural population of predators / parasitoids of cotton pests. organic farming helps to restore or preserve the natural equilibrium between different components of the ecosystem. (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45763663064641347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.295432"} {"text": ". iv ] destruction of beneficial soil organisms may cause damage to soil health creating imbalance in the natural population of predators / parasitoids of cotton pests. organic farming helps to restore or preserve the natural equilibrium between different components of the ecosystem. ( b ) reduction in cost of cultivation modern production technology has lowered the cost - benefit ratio of cotton production. farmers in andhra pradesh, punjab, maharashtra etc. are reported to have committed suicide due to escalation of production cost without occurring commensurate profit from cotton cultivation. on the other hand, organic farming creates rural employments and uses of on - farm resources to make it more cost - effective. ( c ) management of insecticide resistance due to indiscriminate use of hazardous insecticides for controlling cotton pests, the resistance of insects against the insecticide hiked up and in turn compelled the use of more number of sprays, and thus a vicious cycle is created, escalating cost of cultivation. organic farming will help in reversing this trend. evidences on poorer choice of multiplication rate of pests on organically grown cotton are encouraging factors to pursue this protocol. approaches for farming of organic cotton since organic cotton production warrants the cultivation in the absence of agro - chemicals, it involves a careful selection of components of farming system keeping the local resources, agro - climatic features and socio - economic structure for the formation of a suitable package as follows : 1 ] selection of site fields with high degree of soil erosion and heavily infested with perennial weeds should not be put under organic farming. organic farming is not a farming by neglect or arm - chair cultivation and so, fertility levels of less fertile soils should be improved through organic means before opting for this type of cultivation. 2 ] varietal selection high yielding varieties, which respond well to chemical inputs, may not always be suitable for organic farming. instead, varieties which are hardy and capable of giving acceptable farming especially in the early phase of conversion are ideal. varieties, which are jassid - tolerant, can be preferred over susceptible ones. early maturing varieties are less exhaustive and will also help the crop to escape heavy bollworm damage. 3 ] seed rate and sowing acid delinted seeds cannot be used according to international norms [ e. g. ifoam ] for organic cultivation for the purpose of certification of the fibre. however, those farmers who pursue organic farming for reducing the cost of cultivation and to increase the profitability could use acid - delinted seeds in order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4456427341034845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.296610"} {"text": "e. g. ifoam ] for organic cultivation for the purpose of certification of the fibre. however, those farmers who pursue organic farming for reducing the cost of cultivation and to increase the profitability could use acid - delinted seeds in order to avoid seed borne pathogenic infections and achieve optimum plant stand. if fuzzy seeds are used, however, higher seed rate is to be used in order to achieve the same goal. about 25 kg / ha of seeds at 75x15 cm spacing ensures a final plant population of 85 - 90 thousand plants / ha. one row of fodder cowpea ( vigna unguiculata ) should be drilled between two rows of cotton. this crop could be ploughed down and buried in soil just before its flowering. to realise economical production, soil fertility has to be maintained and gradually improved. improvement and maintenance of organic matter of the soil is important in organic cotton production, as this would increase physical parameters of soil, improve soil structure and enhance nutrient supply. since huge amounts of fym to meet nutrient requirement of the cotton crop is not generally available, a combination of sources with different biological properties should be preferably used. organic manures ( fym, compost, vermicompost ), in situ green manuring, cowpea and biofertilisers along with fertility restoring crop rotations form the components for maintaining soil fertility. a ] farm yard manuring [ fym ] fym @ 15 t / ha must be added before preparatory tillage and mixed thoroughly. fym should be well decomposed and should be preferably treated with composting organisms such as trichoderma viride. the rate may gradually be brought down 5 - 10 t / ha, once the farm yield stabilises over a few years. b ] fodder cowpea in situ green manuring with fodder cowpea and its burying at 40 days after sowing [ das ] will ensure a steady n supply during the grand - growth phase and flowering period, when the n demand peaks up in the crop. it hastens microbial activity in soil, reduces weed growth and enhances natural enemy build up. this provides around 400 - 500 kg dry matter per hectare with 2. 5 % n and contributes 10 - 12 kg n / ha during squaring. its additional benefits include smothering of weeds, controlling seasonal soil erosion and nurturing natural enemies of cotton pests. c ] dhaincha ( sesbania aculeata", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4799716223527034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.297691"} {"text": "and contributes 10 - 12 kg n / ha during squaring. its additional benefits include smothering of weeds, controlling seasonal soil erosion and nurturing natural enemies of cotton pests. c ] dhaincha ( sesbania aculeata ) dense stand of this legume can be raised around cotton field at a width of 2 m ; its lopping cut and spread between cotton rows at 65 - 70 das. its fast decomposing leaves provide n during early boll development period and stalks act as temporary mulch, preventing soil moisture evaporation. vermicompost @ 1 - 2 t / ha should be added supplementing fym on the furrow lines on which sowing is done. its nutrient composition varies with substrate that is verrmicomposted, but generally contains several diverse microflora that aid in good plant growth. it offers good scope for recycling of farm waste. seed inoculation of azatobactor or azospirillum @ 200 g / seed required for sowing one acre is recommended. 5 ) technology for composting reliance on green biomass and farmyard manure is a sure method of increasing soil organic content. however, under the existing conditions, these requirements are not fully met with. enormous quantity of farm wastes and organic residues are simply burnt. in order to utilise farm wastes and organic residue for being recycled into compost, the modern thoughts are for utilising earthworms and fungus that are habituated to such conversion. promising indian species, eisenia foetida can convert organic wastes into vermicompost in about one month ' s time and convert anything except plastic into compost. since preparation of vermicompost utilising any of the above species can be a very promising endeavour in rural areas, in addition to meeting the compost requirement of one ' s own farm, it is desirable to take this up as part of organic farming. the brief details regarding vermicomposting techniques is as follows. vermicompost can be made in raised beds of 15 - 25 cm height. the length and width can vary according to the quantum of wastes available for composing. beds of 6x2 m are ideal. these beds should be made slightly raised at the centre and sloping towards the sides ( to facilitate effective drainage ), preferably under shade. as earthworms do not relish light, it is advisable to keep the pits covered. darkness also reduces the composting time. a soft", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439734602068889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.298645"} {"text": "centre and sloping towards the sides ( to facilitate effective drainage ), preferably under shade. as earthworms do not relish light, it is advisable to keep the pits covered. darkness also reduces the composting time. a soft bedding material with wheat / soybean straw is added as the first layer. this should be followed by a thin layer of cow dung slurry. earthworm culture @ 1 kg / 10m length of bed ( 2m wide ) is then added. earthworm cocoons or starter inoculant worms from vermi compost can also be used. weeds, leaves chopping, farm wastes, household wastes and other degradable materials can be continuously added on the top. water should be sprinkled periodically to keep the beds slightly moist, but never wet. under ideal moist and temperature conditions ( 27 - 33\u00b0 c ) the composting time would be 40 - 50 days. earthworm castings contain approximately 2. 0 - 2. 5 % n, 2. 5 - 2. 9 per cent p2o5 and 1. 2 - 1. 4 % k2o, the exact composition varies according to the substrate and composting conditions. the excreta of organisms contain more n content over their level of consumption of n as in vermi castings too. ( ii ) composting of cotton stalks through trichoderma viride cotton stalks are burnt as fuel after picking of seed cotton is over. this residue together with farm wastes from other crops and weeds can effectively be utilised for preparing compost, through the use of beneficial fungi like trichoderma viride. the technique, as developed at cicr, nagpur is briefly described. in a pit of 10 x 2 x 1m in size, dried cotton stalks from 2 hectare area are filled in four layers interspersed with other soft farm waste, such as sorghum stubble, linseed straw and soybean pod - haulms ( to fill the gaps in between cotton stalks ) and 50 kg of cow dung ( to provide a soft substrate for initial multiplication of the fungus ). each layer was sprinkle inoculated with 2. 5 kg t. viride wettable powder in 60 litre water mixed with half - kilogram jaggery and 15 g yeast. the pit is finally covered with one foot layer of sunhemp stalks for checking water loss. periodic watering is made to maintain sufficient moisture in the pit and turning of the top layer at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44875028440645687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.299562"} {"text": "mixed with half - kilogram jaggery and 15 g yeast. the pit is finally covered with one foot layer of sunhemp stalks for checking water loss. periodic watering is made to maintain sufficient moisture in the pit and turning of the top layer at least once during the decomposition process. in the span of four months, most of the cotton stalks are converted into compost, the rest ( 20 % ) being black, brittle, semi - decomposed stalks. this compost is comparable to well - decomposed vermicompost. it could be used for nutrient recycling, antagonistic fungus against certain soil - borne pathogens, viz., fusarium spp., rhizoctonia spp. etc. 6 ) weed management fields not infested with perennial weeds such as cyperus sp. ( motha ), cyanodon dactylon ( doob ) and sachharum sp. ( kans ) are preferred for organic farming as these are difficult to control. however, if such weeds occur in patches, their underground propagatory structures ( stolons, rhizomes etc. ) must be exposed by summer cultivation and manually removed. mechanical / manual weeding as per existing practice may be adopted. composting can recycle the weeds removed. it must be ensured that the fym, compost added is completely decomposed, otherwise many seeds of annual weeds, introduced through fym, will germinate and aggravate the weed problem. growing a crop of cowpea between 2 rows of cotton will also suppress the early emerging weeds. 7 ) selection of rotations crop rotations play a very important role in restoring soil fertility and minimising damage due to insect pests and weeds. high nutrient - exhaustive rotations must be avoided and instead rotations with a legume that is recommended for the locality may be adopted. 8 ) ipm strategies for crop protection the crop protection to reduce the damage due to insect pests to organically cultivated cotton revolves around the use of bioagents such as predators such as chrysoperla sp. or apertochrysa spp., egg parasitoids such as trichogramma, larval parasitoids such as habrobracon spp. or insect pathogens such as helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhydrosis virus [ npv ] and a bacterium, bacillus thuringuiensis var. kurstaki ( b. t. k. ) formulations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4376873962210317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.300502"} {"text": ". or insect pathogens such as helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhydrosis virus [ npv ] and a bacterium, bacillus thuringuiensis var. kurstaki ( b. t. k. ) formulations along with utilisation of bird perches and botanical insecticides like neem products. avoidance of pesticide application by introducing biocontrol agents, either by natural augmentation processes or by artificial releases increased the stability of cotton cultivation. the basic concept of conserving natural mortality agents of pests can be achieved in organic cotton cultivation, primarily by reducing insecticide application. these toxicants destroy both, pests and their natural enemies, and so, are not desirable for common use. to sum up, the following pest suppression strategies are recommended for organic cotton cultivation. from the studies conducted at central institute for cotton research, nagpur on the technology generation for sustainable organic cotton production and its evaluation with conventional farming with use of chemicals ( fertilisers and insecticides ), the following facts have emerged for careful consideration. ( a ) in a span of 3 - 4 years, there was gradual build up in soil productivity and seed cotton yield in organic farming was at par to non - organic farming ( fig 1 ). ( b ) in the initial year, the yield realisation through organic system was about 40 % of that of conventional ( non - organic ) system, with comparable or slightly higher ( 7 - 10 % ) production costs. this situation improves in subsequent years ( c ) there was also a gradual improvement in soil fertility parameters such as organic carbon content and available p ( fig 2a & b ). the organic carbon content stabilised at 0. 50 - 0. 55 % after 4 - 5 years. ( d ) one interesting observation was that even jassid susceptible cultivator such as lra. 5166 showed good tolerance to jassid infestation under organic environment. there was a good build up of natural enemies, such as egg, larval and pupal parasitoids, and also of various predators of cotton pests ( fig 3 ). under continuous cultivation of cotton in organic environment, its stability situation for better performance was achieved over a period of time. capability of cotton plant to withstand pest infestation was found to be highly remarkable ( fig 4 ). according to the estimates of cotton corporation of india, mumbai 14 - 15 lakh bales of organic cotton is produced in india and used for making textile products. a few thousand bales of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4710214470441831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.301515"} {"text": "x and y can do a piece of work in 20 days and 12 days respectively. x started the work alone and then after 4 days y joined him till the completion of the work. how long did the work last? answer : option b hence, total time taken = ( 6 + 4 ) days = 10 days. a is 30 % more efficient than b. how much time will they, working together, take to complete a job which a alone could have done in 23 days? ratio of times taken by a and b = 100 : 130 = 10 : 13. suppose b takes x days to do the work. therefore, a and b together can complete the work in 13 days. ravi and kumar are working on an assignment. ravi takes 6 hours to type 32 pages on a computer, while kumar takes 5 hours to type 40 pages. how much time will they take, working together on two different computers to type an assignment of 110 pages? answer : option d a, b and c can complete a piece of work in 24, 6 and 12 days respectively. working together, they will complete the same work in : sakshi can do a piece of work in 20 days. tanya is 25 % more efficient than sakshi. the number of days taken by tanya to do the same piece of work is : ratio of times taken by sakshi and tanya = 125 : 100 = 5 : 4. suppose tanya takes x days to do the work. x = 16 days. hence, tanya takes 16 days to complete the work. < prev 123456next > contact us : email @ example. com follow us on twitter!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49535741762640173, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.304389"} {"text": "history | black athletes and sports in the 20th century a200 | 26648 | waite above class open to undergraduates only become a more effective learner of history! enroll in educ x101 : learning strategies for history in the same semester as any history course. x101 is being offered 2 : 30 - 3 : 45, mw or 2 : 30 - 3 : 45, tr for 2 this course will examine the involvement of african - americans in us history from 1865 - present through the lens of sporting culture / competition. we will explore overall patterns of racial exclusion / inclusion of african - americans in american sports. we will also mesh historical sporting achievements with social advancements off the field, as demonstrated throughout the civil rights era through the end of the century. in addition, we will gain a better understanding of the sports, individuals, and competitions that helped shape american racial history in the past, and that continue to influence american society today. emphasis will be placed on specific events / people ( i. e. the desegregation of baseball, the success of the harlem globetrotters, jesse owens \u2019 berlin olympics, and tiger woods groundbreaking win at augusta national ) and we will explore a number of different popular sports, including boxing, football, baseball, basketball, track and field, tennis, and golf. required and supplemental texts will help students identify how sporting culture contributed to, as well as helped change racial stereotypes regarding black athletes. the textbook for the course is based around short, primary sources. in addition we will read 4 - 5 supplemental texts on different athletes \u2019 experiences. the course should help students improve their analytical skills as well as gain practical experience in doing history. the course requires an average of 50 - 75 pages of reading per week. class time will involve informal lectures, a film, as well as regular group discussions based on assigned readings. discussions will include problem solving and other activities. students will be evaluated through their participation in class discussions, through in - class quizzes, and two exams ( mid - term and final ). each student will also present a short ( 8 - 10 minute ) in - class oral presentation and subsequent written analysis ( 4 - 5 pages ) of a topic of their choice, covering an aspect of 20th century american sporting history that fits into the themes of our class. there is no pre - requisite for this course.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46243105920186967, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.306947"} {"text": "message from the executive director the federal law concerning indian and alaska native lands has long been unworkable and extremely unfair by american standards of justice. we are working with indian and alaska native nations in our native land law project to spell out what a fair framework of law would be. for example, it is often incorrectly said that the \u201c doctrine of discovery \u201d gave ownership of all the land in this country, particularly all native lands, to the european nation that \u201c discovered \u201d the area. the unfairness of this concept is obvious, and this \u201c doctrine \u201d has never, in fact, been the law. nevertheless, courts and government officials routinely apply this mistaken and unfair rule. another example is the supreme court \u2019 s ruling that the federal government may take aboriginal native lands without compensation or due process of law. congress frequently deals with native property by enacting legislation that would be forbidden by the u. s. constitution if it affected anyone else \u2019 s property. this legal framework is not only in consistent with our constitution and with human rights standards world - wide, but it has terrible consequences for indian and alaska native tribes. native leaders have for generations struggled to correct the enormous problems created by these unfair legal rules. this framework of law has made it practically impossible for native peoples of this country to correct the social and economic injustices that they suffer. this legal framework, more than any other factor, is responsible for the longstanding poverty, political marginalization, and social ills that are so common in indian country. changing, clarifying, and improving the laws affecting native lands and resources are necessary if tribes are to gain effective control of their homelands and improve their economic and social well - being. the native landowners themselves, the many tribes, nations, and individuals with rights to lands and resources, must be the ones to make the decisions about changing the law. we look forward to assisting indian and alaska native nations in achieving change in the law. improving the law about native lands is one way we are using the united nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. after some 30 years of work to win adoption of the declaration, it is wonderful to see that the declaration is being embraced and implemented by millions of indigenous peoples in countries all over the world. it is enormously gratifying that the declaration is being used by indigenous peoples in every quarter of the globe to improve their lives. i thank again our many good friends and generous supporters. foundations such as lannan foundation, indian land tenure foundation, ford foundation, libra foundation, oak foundation, fan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.500851366270236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.312585"} {"text": "the presented book disaster management is abundant with the facts beginning from the meaning of disaster management its management how to tackle with natural calamities, its preventions and the steps taken by the government and many more. the book is of tremendous significance for the students, teachers, scholars and researchers. about author : bk singh is an academic and scholar in his own rights and a profilic writer. he was obtained his all higher qualifications from reputed universities of india. he is totally devoted to serious writings. having attended a number of seminars and workshops, he has written hundreds of articles on the subject. 2. occurrence of disasters 3. study programme in disaster management 4. types of disaster 5. disaster management : asean 6. policy of disaster risk management 7. first aid and patient care 8. rescue methods in disaster 9. losses of natural disasters | title : | | handbook of disaster management : techniques and guidelines hb | * the book summary and image may be of a different edition or binding of the same title. * book reviews are added by registered customers. they need not necessarily buy book. * these books are not available for reading online or for free download in pdf or ebook format. * price can change due to reprinting, price change by publisher or sourcing cost change for imported books. www. infibeam. com / books is the biggest online bookstore in india for sale of books at best price - fiction, literature, audiobooks, study guides, novels, story books, rare books, textbooks and books by popular authors. these are available in various editions and bindings e. g. paperback and at best discount. safe & secure shopping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48565829670295874, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.314286"} {"text": "francis, 1554 \u2013 84, french prince, duke of alencon and anjou ; youngest son of king henry ii of france and catherine de ' medici. although ill - shapen, pockmarked, and endowed with a curiously formed nose, he was considered ( 1572 \u2013 73 ) as a possible husband for queen elizabeth i of england. during the wars of religion ( see religion, wars of ), he opposed the anti - protestant policy of his mother and conspired with huguenots and moderate catholics against his mother and his brother, king charles ix. by the peace of 1576, which ended the fifth war of religion, he obtained the appanages of anjou, touraine, and berry. he led ( 1578 ) an expedition into the netherlands, which was then in rebellion against spain. in the same year, he was again prominent as elizabeth ' s suitor. offered ( 1580 ) the rule of the low countries by william the silent, leader of the rebellious states, he led a new invasion and was for a time the ruler of several provinces, but in 1583 was compelled to withdraw. his death opened the french succession to henry of navarre ( later king henry iv ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. see more encyclopedia articles on : french history : biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4167212056135261, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.315708"} {"text": "katharine, the shrew, was the eldest daughter of baptista, a rich gentleman of padua. she was a lady of such an ungovernable spirit and fiery temper, such a loud - tongued scold, that she was known in padua by no other name than katharine the shrew. it seemed very unlikely, indeed impossible, that any gentleman would ever be found who would venture to marry this lady, and therefore baptista was much blamed for deferring his consent to many excellent offers that were made to her gentle sister bianca, putting off all bianca ' s suitors with this excuse, that when the eldest sister was fairly off his bands they should have free leave to address young bianca. it happened, however, that a gentleman, named petruchio, came to padua purposely to look out for a wife, who, nothing discouraged by these reports of katharine ' s temper, and hearing she was rich and handsome, resolved upon marrying this famous termagant, and taming her into a meek and manageable wife. and truly none was so fit to set about this herculean labor as petruchio, whose spirit was as high as katharine ' s, and he was a witty and most happy - tempered humorist, and withal so wise, and of such a true judgment, that he well knew how to feign a passionate and furious deportment when his spirits were so calm that himself could have laughed merrily at his own angry feigning, for his natural temper was careless and easy ; the boisterous airs he assumed when he became the husband of katharine being but in sport, or, more properly speaking, affected by his excellent discernment, as the only means to overcome, in her own way, the passionate ways of the furious katharine. a - courting, then, petruchio went to katharine the shrew ; and first of all he applied to baptista, her father, for leave to woo his gentle daughter katharine, as petruchio called her, saying, archly, that, having heard of her bashful modesty and mild behavior, he had come from verona to solicit her love. her father, though he wished her married, was forced to confess katharine would ill answer this character, it being soon apparent of what manner of gentleness she was composed, for her music - master rushed into the room to complain that the gentle katharine, his pupil, had broken his head with her lute for presuming to find fault with her performance ; which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3665369498186667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.333106"} {"text": "apparent of what manner of gentleness she was composed, for her music - master rushed into the room to complain that the gentle katharine, his pupil, had broken his head with her lute for presuming to find fault with her performance ; which, when petruchio heard, he said : \u201c it is a brave wench. i love her more than ever, and long to have some chat with her. \u201d and hurrying the old gentleman for a positive answer, he said : \u201c my business is in haste, signor baptista. i cannot come every day to woo. you knew my father. he is dead, and has left me heir to all his lands and goods. then tell me, if i get your daughter ' s love, what dowry you will give with her. \u201d baptista thought his manner was somewhat blunt for a lover ; but, being glad to get katharine married, he answered that he would give her twenty thousand crowns for her dowry, and half his estate at his death. so this odd match was quickly agreed on and baptista went to apprise his shrewish daughter of her lover ' s addresses, and sent her in to petruchio to listen to his suit. in the mean time petruchio was settling with himself the mode of courtship be should pursue ; and he said : \u201c i will woo her with some spirit when she comes. if she rails at me, why, then i will tell her she sings as sweetly as a nightingale ; and if she frowns, i will say she looks as clear as roses newly washed with dew. if she will not speak a word, i will praise the eloquence of her language ; and if she bids me leave her, i will give her thanks as if she bid me stay with her a week. \u201d now the stately katharine entered, and petruchio first addressed her with : \u201c good morrow, kate, for that is your name, i hear. \u201d katharine, not liking this plain salutation, said, disdainfully, \u201c they call me katharine who do speak to me. \u201d \u201c you lie, \u201d replied the lover ; \u201c for you are called plain kate, and bonny kate, and sometimes kate the shrew ; but, kate, you are the prettiest kate in christendom, and therefore, kate, hearing your mildness praised in every town, i am come to woo you for my wife. \u201d a strange courtship they made of it. she in loud and angry terms showing him how justly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4029399325271179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.334027"} {"text": "kate in christendom, and therefore, kate, hearing your mildness praised in every town, i am come to woo you for my wife. \u201d a strange courtship they made of it. she in loud and angry terms showing him how justly she had gained the name of shrew, while he still praised her sweet and courteous words, till at length, hearing her father coming, he said ( intending to make as quick a wooing as possible ) : \u201c sweet katharine, let us set this idle chat aside, for your father has consented that you shall be my wife, your dowry is agreed on, and whether you will or no i will marry you. \u201d and now baptista entering, petruchio told him his daughter had received him kindly and that she had promised to be married the next sunday. this katharine denied, saying she would rather see him hanged on sunday, and reproached her father for wishing to wed her to such a madcap ruffian as petruchio. petruchio desired her father not to regard her angry words, for they had agreed she should seem reluctant before him, but that when they were alone he had found her very fond and loving ; and he said to her : \u201c give me your hand, kate. i will go to venice to buy you apparel against our wedding - day. provide the feast, father, bid the wedding guests. i will be sure to bring rings, fine array, and rich clothes, that my katharine may be fine. and kiss me, kate, for we will be married on sunday. \u201d on the sunday all the wedding guests were assembled, but they waited long before petruchio came, and katharine wept for vexation to think that petruchio had only been making a jest of her. at last, however, he appeared ; but he brought none of the bridal finery be had promised katharine, nor was he dressed himself like a bridegroom, but in strange, disordered attire, as if he meant to make a sport of the serious business he came about ; and his servant and the very horses on which they rode were in like manner in mean and fantastic fashion habited. petruchio could not be persuaded to change his dress. he said katharine was to be married to him, and not to his clothes. and, finding it was in vain to argue with him, to the church they went, he still behaving in the same mad way, for when the priest asked petruchio if katharine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41855130104970895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.334999"} {"text": "be married to him, and not to his clothes. and, finding it was in vain to argue with him, to the church they went, he still behaving in the same mad way, for when the priest asked petruchio if katharine should be his wife, he swore so loud that she should, that, all amazed, the priest let fall his book, and as he stooped to take it up this mad - brained bridegroom gave him such a cuff that down fell the priest and his book again. and all the while they were being married he stamped and swore so that the high - spirited katharine trembled and shook with fear. after the ceremony was over, while they were yet in the church, he called for wine, and drank a loud health to the company, and threw a sop which was at the bottom of the glass full in the sexton ' s face, giving no other reason for this strange act than that the sexton ' s beard grew thin and hungerly, and seemed to ask the sop as he was drinking. never sure was there such a mad marriage ; but petruchio did but put this wildness on the better to succeed in the plot he had formed to tame his shrewish wife. baptista had provided a sumptuous marriage feast, but when they returned from church, petruchio, taking hold of katharine, declared his intention of carrying his wife home instantly, and no remonstrance of his father - in - law, or angry words of the enraged katharine, could make him change his purpose. he claimed a husband ' s right to dispose of his wife as he pleased, and away he hurried katharine off ; he seeming so daring and resolute that no one dared attempt to stop him. petruchio mounted his wife upon a miserable horse, lean and lank, which he had picked out for the purpose, and, himself and his servant no better mounted, they journeyed on through rough and miry ways, and ever when this horse of katharine ' s stumbled he would storm and swear at the poor jaded beast, who could scarce crawl under his burthen, as if he had been the most passionate man alive. at length, after a weary journey, during which katharine had heard nothing but the wild ravings of petruchio at the servant and the horses, they arrived at his house. petruchio welcomed her kindly to her home, but he resolved she should have neither rest nor food that night. the tables were spread", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4033210304505699, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.336348"} {"text": "but the wild ravings of petruchio at the servant and the horses, they arrived at his house. petruchio welcomed her kindly to her home, but he resolved she should have neither rest nor food that night. the tables were spread, and supper soon served ; but petruchio, pretending to find fault with every dish, threw the meat about the floor, and ordered the servants to remove it away ; and all this he did, as he said, in love for his katharine, that she might not eat meat that was not well dressed. and when katharine, weary and supperless, retired to rest, he found the same fault with the bed, throwing the pillows and bedclothes about the room, so that she was forced to sit down in a chair, where, if, she chanced to drop asleep, she was presently awakened by the loud voice of her husband storming at the servants for the ill - making of his wife ' s bridal - bed. the next day petruchio pursued the same course, still speaking kind words to katharine, but, when she attempted to eat, finding fault with everything that was set before her, throwing the breakfast on the floor as he had done the supper ; and katharine, the haughty katharine, was fain to beg the servants would bring her secretly a morsel of food ; but they, being instructed by petruchio, replied they dared not give her anything unknown to their master. \u201c ah, \u201d said she, \u201c did he marry me to famish me? beggars that come to my father ' s door have food given them. but i, who never knew what it was to entreat for anything, am starved for want of food, giddy for want of sleep, with oaths kept waking, and with brawling fed ; and that which vexes me more than all, he does it under the name of perfect love, pretending that if i sleep or eat, it were present death to me. \u201d here the soliloquy was interrupted by the entrance of petruchio. he, not meaning she should be quite starved, had brought her a small portion of meat, and he said to her : \u201c how fares my sweet kate? here, love, you see how diligent i am. i have dressed your meat myself. i am sure this kindness merits thanks. what, not a word? nay, then you love not the meat, and all the pains i have taken is to no purpose.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4123156018999887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.337270"} {"text": "see how diligent i am. i have dressed your meat myself. i am sure this kindness merits thanks. what, not a word? nay, then you love not the meat, and all the pains i have taken is to no purpose. \u201d he then ordered the servant to take the dish away. extreme hunger, which had abated the pride of katharine, made her say, though angered to the heart, \u201c i pray you let it stand. \u201d but this was not all petruchio intended to bring her to, and he replied, \u201c the poorest service is repaid with thanks, and so shall mine before you touch the meat. \u201d on this katharine brought out a reluctant \u201c i thank you, sir. \u201d and now he suffered her to make a slender meal, saying : \u201c much good may it do your gentle heart, kate. eat apace! and now, my honey love, we will return to your father ' s house and revel it as bravely as the best, with silken coats and caps and golden rings, with ruffs and scarfs and fans and double change of finery. \u201d and to make her believe be really intended to give her these gay things, he called in a tailor and a haberdasher, who brought some new clothes he had ordered for her, and then, giving her plate to the servant to take away, before she had half satisfied her hunger, he said : \u201c what, have you dined? \u201d the haberdasher presented a cap, saying, \u201c here is the cap your worship bespoke. \u201d on which petruchio began to storm afresh, saying the cap was molded in a porringer and that it was no bigger than a cockle or walnut shell, desiring the haberdasher to take it away and make it bigger. katharine said, \u201c i will have this ; all gentlewomen wear such caps as these. \u201d \u201c when you are gentle, \u201d replied petruchio, \u201c you shall have one, too, and not till then. \u201d the meat katharine had eaten had a little revived her fallen spirits, and she said : \u201c why, sir, i trust i may have leave to speak, and speak i will. i am no child, no babe. your betters have endured to hear me say my mind ; and if you cannot, you had better stop your ears. \u201d petruchio would not hear these angry words, for he had happily discovered a better way of managing his wife", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4191354590619926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.338169"} {"text": "no babe. your betters have endured to hear me say my mind ; and if you cannot, you had better stop your ears. \u201d petruchio would not hear these angry words, for he had happily discovered a better way of managing his wife than keeping up a jangling argument with her ; therefore his answer was : \u201c why, you say true ; it is a paltry cap, and i love you for not liking it. \u201d \u201c love me, or love me not, \u201d said katharine, \u201c i like the cap, and i will have this cap or none. \u201d \u201c you say you wish to see the gown, \u201d said petruchio, still affecting to misunderstand her. the tailor then came forward and showed her a fine gown he had made for her. petruchio, whose intent was that she should have neither cap nor gown, found as much fault with that. \u201c oh, mercy, heaven! \u201d said he, \u201c what stuff is here! what, do you call this a sleeve? it is like a demi - cannon, carved up and down like an apple tart. \u201d the tailor said, \u201c you bid me make it according to the fashion of the times \u201d ; and katharine said she never saw a better - fashioned gown. this was enough for petruchio, and privately desiring these people might be paid for their goods, and excuses made to them for the seemingly strange treatment he bestowed upon them, he with fierce words and furious gestures drove the tailor and the haberdasher out of the room ; and then, turning to katharine, he said : \u201c well, come, my kate, we will go to your father ' s even in these mean garments we now wear. \u201d and then he ordered his horses, affirming they should reach baptista ' s house by dinner - time, for that it was but seven o ' clock. now it was not early morning, but the very middle of the day, when he spoke this ; therefore katharine ventured to say, though modestly, being almost overcome by the vehemence of his manner : \u201c i dare assure you, sir, it is two o ' clock, and will be suppertime before we get there. \u201d but petruchio meant that she should be so completely subdued that she should assent to everything he said before he carried her to her father ; and therefore, as if he were lord even of the sun and could command the hours, he said it. should be what time he pleased to have it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41947720554418066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.339085"} {"text": "completely subdued that she should assent to everything he said before he carried her to her father ; and therefore, as if he were lord even of the sun and could command the hours, he said it. should be what time he pleased to have it, before beset forward. \u201c for, \u201d he said, \u201c whatever i say or do, you still are crossing it. i will not go to - day, and when i go, it shall be what o ' clock i say it is. \u201d another day katharine was forced to practise her newly found obedience, and not till he had brought her proud spirit to such a perfect subjection that she dared not remember there was such a word as contradiction would petruchio allow her to go to her father ' s house ; and even while they were upon their journey thither she was in danger of being turned back again, only because she happened to hint it was the sun when he affirmed the moon shone brightly at noonday. \u201c now, by my mother ' s son, \u201d said be, \u201c and that is myself, it shall be the moon, or stars, or what i list, before i journey to your father ' s house. \u201d he then made as if he were going back again. but katharine, no longer katharine the shrew, but the obedient wife, said, \u201c let us go forward, i pray, now we have come so far, and it shall be the sun, or moon, or what you please ; and if you please to call it a rush candle henceforth, i vow it shall be so for me. \u201d this he was resolved to prove, therefore he said again, \u201c i say it is the moon. \u201d \u201c i know it is the moon, \u201d replied katharine. \u201c you lie. it is the blessed sun, \u201d said petruchio. \u201c then it is the blessed sun, \u201d replied katharine ; \u201c but sun it is not when you say it is not. what you will have it named, even so it is, and so it ever shall be for katharine. \u201d now then he suffered her to proceed on her journey ; but further to try if this yielding humor would last, he addressed an old gentleman they met on the road as if he had been a young woman, saying to him, \u201c good morrow, gentle mistress \u201d ; and asked katharine if she had ever beheld a fairer gentlewoman, praising the red and white of the old man ' s cheeks, and comparing his eyes to two bright", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47720192399197936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.339978"} {"text": "young woman, saying to him, \u201c good morrow, gentle mistress \u201d ; and asked katharine if she had ever beheld a fairer gentlewoman, praising the red and white of the old man ' s cheeks, and comparing his eyes to two bright stars ; and again he addressed him, saying, \u201c fair, lovely maid, once more good day to you! \u201d and said to his wife, \u201c sweet kate, embrace her for her beauty ' s sake. \u201d the now completely vanquished katharine quickly adopted her husband ' s opinion, and made her speech in like sort to the old gentleman, saying to him : \u201c young budding virgin, you are fair and fresh and sweet. whither are you going, and where is your dwelling? happy are the parents of so fair a child. \u201d \u201c why, how now, kate, \u201d said petruchio. \u201c i hope you are not mad. this is a man, old and wrinkled, faded and withered, and not a maiden, as you say he is. \u201d on this katharine said, \u201c pardon me, old gentleman ; the sun has so dazzled my eyes that everything i look on seemeth green. now i perceive you are a reverend father. i hope you will pardon me for my sad mistake. \u201d \u201c do, good old grandsire, \u201d said petruchio, \u201c and tell us which way you are traveling. we shall be glad of your good company, if you are going our way. \u201d the old gentleman replied : \u201c fair sir, and you, my merry mistress, your strange encounter has much amazed me. my name is vincentio, and i am going to visit a son of mine who lives at padua. \u201d then petruchio knew the old gentleman to be the father of lucentio, a young gentleman who was to be married to baptista ' s younger daughter, bianca, and he made vincentio very happy by telling him the rich marriage his son was about to make ; and they all journeyed on pleasantly together till they came to baptista ' s house, where there was a large company assembled to celebrate the wedding of bianca and lucentio, baptista having willingly consented to the marriage of bianca when he had got katharine off his hands. when they entered, baptista welcomed them to the wedding feast, and there was present also another newly married pair. lucentio, bianca ' s husband, and hortensio, the other new - married man, could not forbear sly je", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44290255558816866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.340838"} {"text": "entered, baptista welcomed them to the wedding feast, and there was present also another newly married pair. lucentio, bianca ' s husband, and hortensio, the other new - married man, could not forbear sly jests, which seemed to hint at the shrewish disposition of petruchio ' s wife, and these fond bridegrooms seemed highly pleased with the mild tempers of the ladies they had chosen, laughing at petruchio for his less fortunate choice. petruchio took little notice of their jokes till the ladies were retired after dinner, and then he perceived baptista himself joined in the laugh against him, for when petruchio affirmed that his wife would prove more obedient than theirs, the father of katharine said, \u201c now, in good sadness, son petruchio, i fear you have got the veriest shrew of all. \u201d \u201c well, \u201d said petruchio, \u201c i say no, and therefore, for assurance that i speak the truth, let us each one send for his wife, and he whose wife is most obedient to come at first when she is sent for shall win a wager which we will propose. \u201d to this the other two husbands willingly consented, for they were confident that their gentle wives would prove more obedient than the headstrong katharine, and they proposed a wager of twenty crowns. but petruchio merrily said he would lay as much as that upon his hawk or hound, but twenty times as much upon his wife. lucentio and hortensio raised the wager to a hundred crowns, and lucentio first sent his servant to desire bianca would come to him. but the servant returned, and said : \u201c sir, my mistress sends you word she is busy and cannot come. \u201d \u201c how, \u201d said petruchio, \u201c does she say she is busy and cannot come? is that an answer for a wife? \u201d then they laughed at him, and said it would be well if katharine did not send him a worse answer. and now it was hortensio ' s turn to send for his wife ; and be said to his servant, \u201c go, and entreat my wife to come to me. \u201d \u201c oh ho! entreat her! \u201d said petruchio. \u201c nay, then, she needs must come. \u201d \u201c i am afraid, sir, \u201d said hortensio, \u201c your wife will not be en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3898269963000486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.341799"} {"text": "me. \u201d \u201c oh ho! entreat her! \u201d said petruchio. \u201c nay, then, she needs must come. \u201d \u201c i am afraid, sir, \u201d said hortensio, \u201c your wife will not be entreated. \u201d but presently this civil husband looked a little blank when the servant returned without his mistress ; and he said to him : \u201c how now? where is my wife? \u201d \u201c sir, \u201d said the servant, \u201c my mistress says you have some goodly jest in hand, and therefore she will not come. she bids you come to her. \u201d \u201c worse and worse! \u201d said petruchio. and then he sent his servant, saying, \u201c sirrah, go to your mistress and tell her i command her to come to me. \u201d the company had scarcely time to think she would not obey this summons when baptista, all in amaze, exclaimed : \u201c now, by my holidame, here comes katharine! \u201d and she entered, saying meekly to petruchio, \u201c what is your will, sir, that you send for me? \u201d \u201c where is your sister and hortensio ' s wife? \u201d said he. katharine replied, \u201c they sit conferring by the parlor fire. \u201d \u201c go, fetch them hither! \u201d said petruchio. away went katharine without reply to perform her husband ' s command. \u201c here is a wonder, \u201d said lucentio, \u201c if you talk of a wonder. \u201d \u201c and so it is, \u201d said hortensio. \u201c i marvel what it bodes. \u201d \u201c marry, peace it bodes, \u201d said petruchio, \u201c and love, and quiet life, and right supremacy ; and, to be short, everything that is sweet and happy. \u201d katharine ' s father, overjoyed to see this reformation in his daughter, said : \u201c now, fair befall thee, son petruchio! you have won the wager, and i will add another twenty thousand crowns to her dowry, as if she were another daughter, for she is changed as if she had never been. \u201d \u201c nay, \u201d said petruchio, \u201c i will win the wager better yet, and show more signs of her new - built virtue and obedience. \u201d katharine now entering with the two ladies, he continued : \u201c see where she comes, and brings your froward wives as prisoners to her womanly persuasion. katharine, that cap of yours", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42569717597206347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.343587"} {"text": "more signs of her new - built virtue and obedience. \u201d katharine now entering with the two ladies, he continued : \u201c see where she comes, and brings your froward wives as prisoners to her womanly persuasion. katharine, that cap of yours does not become you ; off with that bauble, and throw it underfoot. \u201d katharine instantly took off her cap and threw it down. \u201c lord! \u201d said hortensio ' s wife, \u201c may i never have a cause to sigh till i am brought to such a silly pass! \u201d and bianca, she, too, said, \u201c fie! what foolish duty call you this? \u201d on this bianca ' s husband said to her, \u201c i wish your duty were as foolish, too! the wisdom of your duty, fair bianca, has cost me a hundred crowns since dinner - time. \u201d \u201c the more fool you, \u201d said bianca, \u201c for laying on my duty. \u201d \u201c katharine, \u201d said petruchio, \u201c i charge you tell these headstrong women what duty they owe their lords and husbands. \u201d and to the wonder of all present, the reformed shrewish lady spoke as eloquently in praise of the wifelike duty of obedience as she had practised it implicitly in a ready submission to petruchio ' s will. and katharine once more became famous in padua, not as heretofore as katharine the shrew, but as katharine the most obedient and duteous wife in padua.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3867848039338859, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.344207"} {"text": "get those emergency supplies ready. caltech scientists working with the united states geological survey have modeled the next big quake based on last week \u2019 s temblor in china. here \u2019 s their scenario for a 7. 8 magnitude event along the san andreas fault in southern california : _ 10 a. m. : the san andreas fault ruptures, sending shock waves racing at 2 miles per second. _ 30 seconds later : the agricultural coachella valley shakes first. older buildings crumble. fires start. sections of interstate 10, one of the nation \u2019 s major east - west corridors, break apart. _ 1 minute later : interstate 15, a key north - south route, is severed in places. rail lines break ; a train derails. tremors hit burgeoning riverside and san bernardino counties east of los angeles. _ 1 minute, 30 seconds later : shock waves advance toward the los angeles basin, shaking it violently for 55 seconds. _ 2 minutes later : the rupture stops near palmdale, but waves march north toward coastal santa barbara and into the central valley city of bakersfield. _ 30 minutes later : emergency responders begin to fan across the region. a magnitude - 7 aftershock hits, but sends its energy south into mexico. several more big aftershocks will hit in following days and months. major fires following the quake would cause the most damage, said keith porter, of the university of colorado. here \u2019 s the latest quake map depicting western china", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45227724863153906, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.345682"} {"text": "for the past 7 years, this instructable will cover the technique of making masks using this method : from plastilin to plaster, as well as explain some of the artistic thinking behind the process. as well as providing a general approach for anyone wanting to do their own project using this method, we provide 2 examples ( our own work of halloween 2009 ) of masks made using this process, detailing the differences in approach that were taken. the masks we created this year : dainiusgb : the joker thug mask aurimasmb : the ogre mask so - get out your trusty vaseline, and get ready to create your own high - quality halloween mask! step 1 : preparation using a base mass for support, we created a mold from plastilin ( a high - end modeling dough ) for the shape of the mask. next, we applied wet plaster of paris gauze / bandage in strips over the mold. once dry, we removed this plaster shape, trimmed it, pierced eye, nose, and strap attachment holes, smoothed the surface and painted it. for some final touches, hair or other details are applied to the mask, as well as any padding for comfort. here are some materials that you ' ll be needing : base mass - this could be anything from a head - shaped rock to a bowl - its purpose is to provide the basic shape on which to apply plastiline and mold the face of your mask. instead of using wollops of plastiline to fill in empty skull space, use this to do the work for you. fortunately for us this year, we had access to life - sized, perfectly proportionately correct models of the human heads, complete with nice stands to work on ( a plaster head used for academic drawing ). previously i have used whatever i could find lying around the house - bowls, vases, even lobster buoys from the beach. the point is - it has to be about the size of your head. a plastic bag / wrap / sheet - this is very useful when dealing with getting your plastiline off your base mass and keeping your art teacher ' s plaster head clean. tape - use this to tape the plastic to your base mass. 2 or more kg of plastiline - this is one of the most precious artistic materials in existence. it does not need to cure, is infinitely reusable, and actually becomes more malleable when being used because of heat generated by your hands. plaster of paris bandages / gauze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4540531470583206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.348773"} {"text": "this is one of the most precious artistic materials in existence. it does not need to cure, is infinitely reusable, and actually becomes more malleable when being used because of heat generated by your hands. plaster of paris bandages / gauze or ( not recommended ) newspapers and papier mache liquid ( flour, water. ) plaster bandages can be found at the trusty art store. paints or markers for painting and detailing your mask. its up to you how you want to paint or color your mask - we used acrylic paints. a bowl of water to dip the plaster bandages into when plastering. some tools to work the plastiline ( my personal favorite is a butter knife, knicked from the kitchen ) hair dryer - used to help the wet plaster dry. handtowel or cloth of some kind - used to soak up excess moisture during plaster process. clear laquer - for making a shiny smooth effect on the mask. the unsmoothed plaster surface can be very rough and bumpy, making it difficult to paint well. also, if you want a metallic effect, if you spray paint the smoothed mask silver or gold it can look almost like metal. hot glue gun - to attach softeners on the inside of the mask or for attaching the bicycle helmet strap.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4580722164601036, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.349310"} {"text": "| | | what your doctor is reading | | | update from the medical journals : december 2012 december 31, 2012 by mary pickett, m. d. harvard medical school what ' s the latest news in the medical journals this month? find out what your doctor is reading. longer tamoxifen use reduces breast cancer deaths breast cancer is divided into types based on whether the cells have receptors for the female hormone estrogen. receptors are proteins on the surface of cells. if the cancer has estrogen receptors, estrogen can stimulate the cells to grow and divide, resulting in more cancer. these cancers are known as er - positive. tamoxifen is a common breast - cancer drug that blocks estrogen receptors on cells. it prevents breast cancer from growing or spreading. women who take tamoxifen for 10 years instead of 5 years can further reduce their chance of dying from breast cancer, a new study says. researchers focused on a group of 6, 846 women with er - positive breast cancer. when the study began, they already had taken the drug tamoxifen for 5 years. this is the standard length of treatment. in the study, the women were randomly assigned to the standard treatment or to take tamoxifen for 5 more years. by the end of the study, cancer had returned in 25 % of women who took the drug for 5 years and 21 % of those who took it for 10 years. about 12 % of the women who took the drug for 10 years died of breast cancer, compared with 15 % of the women who stopped taking tamoxifen after 5 years. these were important differences. the journal lancet published the study online on december 6. another drug that is used for er - positive cancer is letrozole ( femara ). it is only effective after menopause. compared to tamoxifen, letrozole is more effective against breast cancer. taking both drugs is no better than taking letrozole alone. letrozole is commonly chosen over tamoxifen for women after menopause. this study did not look at whether longer treatment with letrozole lowered cancer deaths ; it only looked at tamoxifen. breast cancer treatment involves some complicated decisions. if you have er - positive cancer, you need to decide whether tamoxifen or letrozole is the appropriate drug to take. if you choose tamoxifen, then you have to decide for how long to take it. it is likely that 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46621768076279857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.357934"} {"text": "- positive cancer, you need to decide whether tamoxifen or letrozole is the appropriate drug to take. if you choose tamoxifen, then you have to decide for how long to take it. it is likely that 10 years will become the new standard treatment plan. but tamoxifen does cause serious side effects that women need to consider. for example, tamoxifen triples the risk of blood clots and doubles the risk for uterine cancer. tamoxifen also increases stroke risk by about 50 %. other side effects are hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal discharge. back to top weight may affect drug treatment for high blood pressure your weight may predict the best combination of drugs for treating your high blood pressure, according to a study published online in the lancet december 6. researchers looked at data from more than 11, 000 people who needed two drugs to treat their high blood pressure. they were randomly divided into 2 groups. both groups took benazepril ( lotensin ). this is a type of blood pressure drug known as an ace inhibitor. half of the people also took hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic. the other half took amlodipine ( norvasc ) in addition to the benazepril. amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker. people in the diuretic group whose weight was normal had worse health outcomes compared with overweight people in the same group. they were 68 % more likely to die or have a heart attack or stroke than obese people taking a diuretic. people with normal weight did just fine in the calcium channel blocker group. compared with similarly thin people in the diuretic group, those who took a calcium channel blocker had a 43 % lower rate of death, stroke and heart attack. for people who were obese, both drug combinations worked equally well. doctors are going to have to carefully think about this study. diuretics are trusted drugs for treating high blood pressure. they are often used alone. they are also the most commonly used medicine when a person needs more than one drug to treat high blood pressure. this study raises specific concerns about combining diuretics with ace inhibitors for people with normal body mass index ( \" bmi, \" calculated from weight and height ). based on this study, doctors should advise thin people that calcium channel blockers, like amlodipine, work better when combined with ace inhibitors, and are preferred. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42856792159563717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.359084"} {"text": "( \" bmi, \" calculated from weight and height ). based on this study, doctors should advise thin people that calcium channel blockers, like amlodipine, work better when combined with ace inhibitors, and are preferred. back to top patients with deep vein thrombosis may benefit from longer treatment it ' s common for blood clots to form in the deep veins of the legs. this is called a deep venous thrombosis or dvt. doctors treat dvt with blood - thinning drugs ( anticoagulants ). they make the clot stop growing. the most commonly used drug is warfarin ( coumadin ). normally, people take it for three to six months, sometimes longer. bleeding can be a frequent complication. a dvt can cause pain, leg swelling and complications. the most dangerous complication is a pulmonary embolus. this is a blockage of blood flow to one or more areas of your lungs. it occurs when a clot in the leg breaks off or dislodges, sending solid debris through your bloodstream and into the lung arteries. a new study suggests that people with a dvt might benefit from taking a blood - thinning drug for longer than usual. and we may soon have a new drug called apixaban ( eliquis ) to use. the new england journal of medicine published the study december 8. the study included nearly 2, 500 people who had completed standard treatment with warfarin after having a clot. there was no obvious reason for the clot, so doctors suspected they had a hereditary tendency to form clots. the people were randomly assigned to receive either apixaban or placebo pills twice a day. during the next year, 9 % of those taking the placebo had a new blood clot. but only 1. 7 % of those taking apixaban had one. people taking the drug also had lower rates of stroke and death. there was no increase of major bleeding for people who took apixaban. is it important to extend the treatment time for dvt? i would say, stay tuned. do not draw conclusions from this study. it suggests that new blood clots are quite common after treatment stops. but the study was designed to identify as many clots as possible even clots that had slight symptoms. patients were interviewed monthly, and they received ultrasound tests for even minor symptoms. we don ' t know what risk, if any, they carried relative to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3804593893380409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.360826"} {"text": "the study was designed to identify as many clots as possible even clots that had slight symptoms. patients were interviewed monthly, and they received ultrasound tests for even minor symptoms. we don ' t know what risk, if any, they carried relative to large, symptomatic clots. if it turns out that longer treatment is beneficial, new drugs like apixaban may be a good choice. warfarin is a tricky drug to use. it requires close monitoring with blood tests at least every three weeks to make sure the dose is correct. certain drugs and foods can interact with it, which can hinder its effectiveness, or be dangerous. unlike warfarin, patients taking apixaban do not need frequent blood tests for monitoring. but it is not clear that it will be a better therapy. and doctors will need to consider drug costs before deciding whether long - term treatment with this drug is appropriate. apixaban is likely to be a very expensive drug about $ 10 per day judging from the cost of two similar drugs, rivaroxaban ( xarelto ) and dabigatran ( pradaxa ). also, we still need to make sure it ' s a safe drug. this current study was designed and funded by the makers of the drug. they were careful to include people in the study who had a low risk for complications. this could make the drug look more safe than is fair. a related drug, dabigatran, has recently been linked to higher heart attack rates. some patients who were at high risk for heart attack, including people who had daily full - dose aspirin on their medication list, were not allowed to participate in the apixaban study. more news in brief - common diabetes drug may help treat ovarian cancer. a small new study suggests that the common diabetes medication metformin ( glucophage ) might be useful to prevent or treat ovarian cancer. the study was published online december 3 by the journal cancer. it included 239 patients with ovarian cancer. it found that patients who took the drug tended to live longer than patients who did not take it. about one - fourth of the patients took metformin ; 67 % of those who took metformin were still living 5 years later, despite having ovarian cancer. by contrast, 47 % of those who did not take metformin were alive 5 years after the start of the study. after adjusting for cancer severity, researchers estimated that patients taking metformin were 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3943217175918423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.361863"} {"text": "later, despite having ovarian cancer. by contrast, 47 % of those who did not take metformin were alive 5 years after the start of the study. after adjusting for cancer severity, researchers estimated that patients taking metformin were 3. 7 times more likely to survive the next 5 years compared with those not taking it. it is not known why metformin might help cancer. - kids should limit milk to two cups a day. cow ' s milk can irritate an infant ' s intestines before age one year. after this age, it can prevent children from eating foods with more complete nutrition. what is the result? iron deficiency. but milk also has vitamin d, which is an important nutrient. a new study tried to find out how much milk should children drink. researchers surveyed parents about how many cups of milk their young children drank in an average day. then they did blood tests to measure vitamin d and iron levels. the study included more than 1, 300 healthy children between the ages of 2 years and 5 years. the study ' s conclusion was that 2 cups a day was the best amount of milk for a child to drink. the study results were published online in the journal pediatrics on december 17. kids who drank more than 2 cups were at risk for iron deficiency. for each additional cup of milk that a child drank in a typical day, iron levels were about 4 % lower than those of children who drank 2 cups. kids who drank less milk than this were at risk for vitamin d deficiency : if 1 cup was consumed in a typical day instead of 2, vitamin d levels were about 7 % lower. ) the exception was children with darker skin. in the winter, they needed to drink 3 to 4 cups of milk to get enough vitamin d. back to top mary pickett, m. d. is an associate professor at oregon health & science university where she is a primary care doctor for adults. she supervises and educates residents in the field of internal medicine, for outpatient and hospital care. she is a lecturer for harvard medical school and a senior medical editor for harvard health publications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41183388233602064, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.362754"} {"text": "the weather in ireland has few extremes. overall, ireland has a mild but changeable oceanic climate. the warmest recorded temperature was 33. 3 celsius ( 91. 94 fahrenheit ) at kilkenny castle, county kilkenny on june 26, 1887. the lowest recorded temperature was \u221219. 1 celsius ( \u22122. 38 fahrenheit ) at markree castle, county sligo on january 16, 1881. ireland weather can be rainy. statistics show that the greatest recorded annual rainfall was 3, 964. 9 mm ( 156. 1 inches ) in the ballaghbeena gap in 1960. 1887 was the driest year on record, with only 356. 6 mm ( 14. 0 inches ) of rain recorded at glasnevin. the longest period of drought was in limerick, where there was no recorded rainfall over 38 days during april and may 1938. weather in ireland is typically insular, and as a result of the moderating moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the southwestern atlantic, it is temperate, avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitudes. ireland weather does feature precipitation throughout the year, but it is light overall, particularly in the east. ireland weather in the west, however, tends to be wetter on average and more prone to atlantic storms, especially in the late autumn and winter months, which sometimes bring destructive winds and high rainfall totals to these areas. snow and hail can also result from these storms. weather in ireland can be dangerous. the regions of north galway and east mayo have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually ( five to ten days per year ). in the southern regions, ireland weather is less likely to include snow. munster in the south records the least snow with ulster in the north more prone to snow. some areas along the south and southwest coasts have not had any snow since february 1991. weather in ireland has more extremes in inland areas, which are warmer in summer and colder in winter. they usually have around 40 days of below - freezing temperatures at inland weather stations, but only ten days at coastal stations. ireland weather occasionally includes heat waves, most recently in 1995, 2003 and 2006.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4095908263291919, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.365131"} {"text": "at first glance, the norman monastery in yangon \u2019 s mingalar taung nyunt township is a sight to behold. supported by more than a hundred teak pillars and made almost entirely of the coveted, carefully oil - treated lumber, the 124 - year - old structure sprawls along a plot of land nearly 200 feet ( 61 meters ) long and 100 feet wide. its facade is partly embellished with a traditional myanmar motif of entwined tendrils, while its tiered roof is decorated with pinnacles and its gables are adorned with exquisite wooden carvings. step inside, however, and this first impression of dignified solidity quickly vanishes. when it rains, the roof leaks. the floors creak under the slightest pressure, and through a louver window with a missing hinge, you can see a pinnacle dangling like a fractured lance. the early evening light penetrates broken panes of stained glass, painting abstract patterns on the rust - colored robes of the monks who move through the gloom inside. called the norman monastery after a school that originally occupied the land where it now stands, this stilted building became a pongyi kyaung, or place of learning for buddhist monks, in 1888, two years after britain established colonial rule over the whole of myanmar. although it remains a proud reminder of the enduring devotion of the people of this overwhelmingly buddhist nation to their native faith, it also attests to the buddha \u2019 s teaching of anicca, or impermanence. while there has been a growing movement in yangon to preserve the unique architectural legacy of the colonial era, so far precious little has been done to protect the monasteries that for centuries have served as repositories of traditional craftsmanship. all over the former capital, age - old monasteries housing hundreds of monks are left to face the elements and the depredations of time, defended only by the efforts of their inhabitants and the generosity of donors. this is not to say, however, that the need to do something for these noble structures has gone entirely unnoticed. \u201c old monasteries are also on our protection list, and we are currently making an inventory of them, \u201d said daw moe moe lwin, an acting director from yangon heritage trust, a newly founded ngo trying to preserve the best architectural remnants of myanmar \u2019 s past. but monasteries are not a top priority for the group \u2014 ironically, because they are already entrusted to the care of the communities that have long supported them. \u201c generally, religious buildings have trustees to take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4124473313265679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.371961"} {"text": "preserve the best architectural remnants of myanmar \u2019 s past. but monasteries are not a top priority for the group \u2014 ironically, because they are already entrusted to the care of the communities that have long supported them. \u201c generally, religious buildings have trustees to take care of their maintenance, so they are somewhat safe from serious deterioration or demolition, unlike some other ancient buildings, \u201d said daw moe moe lwin. those who must manage the upkeep of monasteries know, however, that there are limits to what can be done with the resources their supporters provide. \u201c we \u2019 ve been struggling on our own to maintain the monastery little by little, \u201d said u tezita, the caretaker monk of the norman monastery. \u201c given to the huge size of the building, we don \u2019 t dare to think about an overall restoration. it would be a herculean task! \u201d for years, the 60 - year - old monk and u vicittasara, the abbot of the monastery, have managed to preserve their building with tiny cash donations from well - wishers. \u201c we can only do it once a year because we don \u2019 t have many donors to pay for repairs, \u201d said the 84 - year - old abbot. every year, they have to make a list of priorities. \u201c we have to decide what to repair and what to neglect, depending on the amount of money we receive, \u201d he said. \u201c if our budget is only enough to replace a sheet of corrugated tin, that \u2019 s what we do, \u201d the monk explained. yangon \u2019 s exceptionally wet climate makes the the job of maintenance much more difficult. the city receives on average of 103 inches ( 261. 6 cm ) of rain a year \u2014 far more than the roughly 40 inches ( 101. 6 cm ) that fall on more arid parts of the country. \u201c rain is a big problem for this building as the roof is now very ramshackle, \u201d said u tezita. \u201c the water streams down from the ridge pole, causing rafters and other parts of the building to fall into decay over time. \u201d maha mingalar bon kyaw monastery, located near the famous reclining buddha of the chauk htet gyi pagoda in bahan township, is another fine example of traditional monastery architecture, but sadly, it is also much diminished compared to its former glory. still popularly known as the \u201c hundred pillar monastery, \u201d the 124 - year - old structure no longer lives up to that name. \u201c i had no choice. i had to get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4026183235476074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.373175"} {"text": "but sadly, it is also much diminished compared to its former glory. still popularly known as the \u201c hundred pillar monastery, \u201d the 124 - year - old structure no longer lives up to that name. \u201c i had no choice. i had to get government permission to have some of the pillars removed. the only alternative was to pull down the whole building, \u201d said u ottara, the abbot of the monastery, explaining why its southern wing and dozens of supporting pillars were removed for safety reasons. last year, the annex, which had begun to lean dangerously, was declared unfit for human habitation. in 1998, myanmar \u2019 s then ruling junta issued the protection and preservation of cultural heritage regions law, which makes it a serious crime \u2014 punishable by up to five years in prison \u2014 to structurally alter ancient monuments and other historically and culturally important edifices. so far, however, the government has done little in the way of actively preserving old monasteries. \u201c we have been entirely donor - reliant for ages, \u201d said the 76 - year - old u ottara, echoing a refrain heard at monasteries around the city. technically, at least, monasteries that are 100 or more years old are entitled to the same status and protection as other heritage sites. in practice, however, they are not usually given the recognition they deserve. \u201c yes, they should be listed, and as a matter of fact, we are collecting data on old monasteries. but even if we do recognize them, we \u2019 re not sure if we will be able to support the preservation of all of them, because we just don \u2019 t have the funds, \u201d said a senior official from the archeology department in yangon. \u201c the best we can do is educate people living nearby about the cultural value of these sites, and ask them to cooperate with conservation efforts, \u201d he added. while the situation in yangon is particularly severe, it is far from unique. most of the country \u2019 s monasteries built in the late 19th or early 20th century are falling into disrepair, often resulting in a decision to tear down old buildings and replace them with cheaper, easier to maintain structures. \u201c the abbots and donors say it \u2019 s just too expensive to pay for the upkeep of older monasteries. that \u2019 s why they feel it \u2019 s better to just build new ones, \u201d says hsu nget, a well - known writer who has called on myanmar \u2019 s media to highlight the need to reverse this growing trend. as a native of mandalay, myanmar \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39081509819194016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.374195"} {"text": "it \u2019 s better to just build new ones, \u201d says hsu nget, a well - known writer who has called on myanmar \u2019 s media to highlight the need to reverse this growing trend. as a native of mandalay, myanmar \u2019 s second - largest city and home to some of the handful of old monasteries that have been carefully preserved for posterity, hsu nget believes that much more can be done to ensure that these unique examples of traditional myanmar architecture aren \u2019 t lost forever. \u201c we need to let people know that these monasteries are in urgent need of conservation. we could learn a lot from countries like cambodia about how to preserve our national heritage. \u201d in the end, myanmar buddhists \u2019 reverence for their religion and traditions will not be enough to save their places of worship. indeed, in some ways, buddhist customs could even hasten the decline of monasteries from a bygone era. according to u silacara, a 33 - year - old monk from the norman monastery, many donors are reluctant to give money to maintain monasteries built by an earlier generation of merit - makers. \u201c most would rather build a new one that they can put their names on. it \u2019 s no wonder that our monastery is in a sorry state. \u201d but even monks who feel duty - bound to do everything possible to spare their monasteries from preventable deterioration feel that it \u2019 s best not to cling too much to vestiges of the past. \u201c i would feel bad if something happened to the monastery, \u201d said u vicittasara, the norman monastery abbot. \u201c but at the same, if it deteriorates beyond repair, i know i will have to let it go, because all things are impermanent. \u201d this story first appeared in the december 2012 print issue of the irrawaddy magazine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.37874906238772943, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.375008"} {"text": "explosion protection for optical radiation in hazardous locations three protection schemes are under consideration. industry uses optical equipment for surveying, communications, sensing, and measurement. often the installation is inside or close to potentially explosive atmospheres, and radiation from this equipment may pass through these atmospheres, exposing them to a potential ignition source. the explosive mixture may absorb the radiation, leading to a local temperature increase or photochemical process, and ignition or focused laser radiation may cause formation of plasma capable of causing ignition. in practice, the greatest danger is absorption of the radiation by a solid target ( surfaces or particles ), causing the heated surface to become an ignition source. the international electrotechnical commission ( iec ) has set up working group 8 to develop requirements for optical equipment used in hazardous atmospheres. continuous wave radiation several publications, including a european standard, deal with ignition of explosive fuel / air mixtures by optical radiation. the most likely ignition hazard is a local temperature rise caused by light falling on radiation - absorbing materials. in view of this mechanism, the european commission has sponsored a research project to determine limiting values for continuous - wave radiation sources intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. researchers investigated various radiation sources, target materials, and explosive mixtures to obtain minimum values for the radiant power and irradiance capable of causing ignition ; 50 milliwatts ( mw ) has been found to be the lowest igniting radiant power, including explosive mixtures with very low minimum ignition energies and autoignition temperatures. we consider radiation an ignition source if the radiated power is greater than 35 mw or the peak radiation flux is more than 5 mw per square millimeter ( mm2 ). we have completed additional research, including pulsed optical sources and a combustible target. the findings affirmed the results of the initial research, even when the targets were combustible. unfortunately, the results show no clear structure similar to the explosion group / temperature class system of iec / cenelec ( en50014 ) or cen standards ( pren 13 463 ). on the other hand, ignition of gases in explosion group iia in combination with temperature classes t1, t2, or t3a requires a minimum of 200 mw for flammable liquids. as this combination covers the majority of flammable gases and vapors, a power limit based on these findings would help considerably in practice. in the special case of methane, recent research has shown a linear relationship between fiber diameter and minimum igniting power for diameters greater than 100 micrometers ( \u00b5m )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6033864973010302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.382774"} {"text": "where sensitive substances ( explosives, pyrotechnic, and unstable compositions, etc. ) are present one of the questions addressed by the second european research project was classification of gases and vapors. the results have shown there is no direct relationship between the established gas groups and temperature classes and the safe levels of optical power or irradiance. however, all gases and vapors belonging to group iia ( iec ), group d ( national electric code ), and temperature classes t1, t2, and t3 ( with autoignition temperatures above 200\u00b0c ) could not be ignited with an optical power below 200 mw, even with small fiber diameters. when deducing safe limit values from these results by applying a safety margin, engineers must consider the absorptivity and combustibility of the target material, as well as the mixture temperature. a power limit of 150 mw, representing a safety margin of about 2 compared with the lowest igniting power value, is appropriate for fiber - optic instrumentation used in mines, where explosive methane / air mixtures ( and coal dust / air mixtures ) may occur. meeting safety needs two cases have to be evaluated for the safety assessment of electrical / optical equipment : - the optical radiation source is part of a piece of electrical equipment for use in the hazardous ( classified ) location. examples are bar - code readers, scanners, data transmission links, and laser pointers to mark measuring points. the electrical equipment must comply with the relevant standards requirements for equipment used in explosive atmospheres. - the radiation source is located in the safe area. only the optical radiation, in a free beam or an optical fiber, enters the explosion hazardous location. examples are spectroscopic analysis of chemical substances and counting systems using optical fibers or level gauging. here, the source of optical radiation is assessed similarly to an \" associated apparatus \" in type of protection intrinsic safety \" i. \" researchers installed a test setup that allows computer - controlled measurement of the radiant power and pulsed energy of optical sources. specially designed programmable power sources control semiconductor laser diodes and infrared light - emitting diodes. further, researchers may vary the enclosure temperature of the diode. among the most important results is that semiconductor laser diodes are quite capable of emitting a higher radiant power than the maximum radiant power specified in the data sheets. the data sheet values refer to \" kink - free \" operation, a nonlinear path for the plot of the radiant power vs. the dc current above the maximum rated power. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5761046235536256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.384939"} {"text": "higher radiant power than the maximum radiant power specified in the data sheets. the data sheet values refer to \" kink - free \" operation, a nonlinear path for the plot of the radiant power vs. the dc current above the maximum rated power. for the safety assessment, however, engineers must consider a failure in the supply circuit. because the maximum emitted radiant power depends on the individual sample, the maximum value derived from 10 samples of the same laser diode type is used. engineers must perform a practical test if they can ' t directly observe the threshold values of radiant power or peak radiation flux. key parameters for the procedure are shape and volume of the test vessel, target materials, power measurement, test mixtures, mixture temperature and pressure, and ignition criteria. engineers must provide a safety factor, too, because ignition by a small hot surface contains considerable statistical deviations. the second concept, \" inherently safe optical radiation, \" covers a lot of optical - beam applications and relies on ignition of gases and vapors by particles or surfaces heated by irradiating beams. an explosion occurs only if all the following are present simultaneously : - flammable gas or vapor cloud - radiating source of the duration and intensity needed to cause ignition - appropriate target particle or surface complying with the threshold values for the radiated power or the peak radiation flux assumes that all other conditions for an ignition are optimal. when radiation is inside optical fibers or some other medium, however, and there is no possibility of mechanical damage or breakage, there will be no ignition. if a fiber run is in a zone 1 hazardous location with the protection required for electrical cables with nonintrinsically safe voltages / currents, then the installation is safe regardless of the irradiance values. the coupling devices and radiation source are located in the safe area in this case or are otherwise protected. another possibility is to keep the optical radiation inside an enclosure that is protected similarly to electrical equipment. a third way to prevent critical radiation from becoming an ignition source is the use of cutoff systems that switch off the radiation source at the transmitter if reception at the receiver is lost. the designers must consider the operating delay of interlocks and the reliability and period between inspections that would detect failed elements. the thermal time constant of the target must be compared with the operating delay of the cutoff system. if the latter is higher than the reaction time of the interlock, ignition risk is low. in case of fiber breakage or other failures, designers should assume at the first instant there is no target at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5917633888831224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.385966"} {"text": "easily distinguishable from other species of sea turtles because they have a single pair of prefrontal scales, ( scales in front of its eyes ), rather than the normal two pairs found on other sea turtles. the head is small and blunt with a serrated jaw. the carapace or shell is smooth without ridges and has large, non - overlapping bony scales or ` scutes ' - four lateral. the body is almost oval in shape and depressed whilst the flippers have a single visible claw. the shell colour varies from pale to very dark green, plain to very brilliant yellow with brown and green tones of radiating stripes. the plastron, ( under shell ) varies from white, dirty white or yellowish. hatchlings are easily recognised by their dark - brown or nearly black shell and white bellies with white flipper margins. adult green turtles grow to as much as four feet in length and are the largest of the cheloniidae, ( hawksbill turtle ), family. the largest recorded green turtle is six feet in length weighing nine hundred pounds. the diet of the green turtle changes during its life, it is the only sea turtle that is strictly herbivorous or plant feeding when adult. young turtles less than eight to ten inches in length will eat worms, young crustaceans, aquatic insects, grasses and algae. however, once they reach eight to ten inches they mostly eat sea grass and algae. their jaws are finely serrated which aids them in tearing vegetation. their habitat is mainly waters close to the coastline and around islands, they live in bays and protected shores, especially in areas with sea grass beds. the green turtle is rarely seen in the open ocean. green turtles nest two or three times a year or more, with wide year - to - year fluctuations in numbers of nesting females. the turtle lays an average of 115 eggs in each nest, with the eggs incubating for about 60 days. green turtles are found in all temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. | the leatherback turtle - dermochelys coriacea | | turtle data | | the olive ridley | | turtle conservation | | saving turtles | | hawksbill turtle - eretmochelys imbricata | | the loggerhead turtle : caretta caretta | | turtle hatchery |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4132955307055494, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.388358"} {"text": "i first became aware of the work of professor ted fujita in early 1970. likely, my first exposure to his work came from his summary in the january 1970 issue of monthly weather review of the 1965 palm sunday tornadoes ( pdf format ), ( i had an intimate association of one of the tornado families that day : those that struck crystal lake, illinois where my uncle and his family lived. the event would ultimately lead me to meeting my future wife. ) at around the same time i read that article by fujita, i studied his landmark report mesoanalysis that had been published in 1956 by the us weather bureau ( research paper number 39 ). the concepts put forward by fujita fascinated me, but by then i was leaning more toward the microscale aspects of weather than the synoptic or severe storm disciplines, and never scientifically pursued the topic further. of course, soon fujita would be a common name for anyone enthralled or affected by tornadoes. who was this man who would become one of the greatest minds in severe storm research? surely, someone born or raised in the american heartland, tornado alley. but that was not the case, for ted fujita was foreign born in a land where tornadoes are infrequent. tetsuya fujita was born in kitakyushu city, on the island of kyushu, the southwestern - most island in japan, on october 23, 1920. a practical youth, it is said that upon viewing the ao - no - domon tunnel at yabakei, he remarked that the monk who had dug the tunnel by hand over 30 years had wasted his time. fujita felt he should have thought about it more and invented a mechanical digger, thus giving the world the tunnel and a useful machine. fujita attended the meiji college of technology ( in 1949, this institution became the kyushu institute of technology ) and graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering in 1943. in september of 1943, fujita was appointed assistant professor of physics at meiji college, teaching basic physics and leading the laboratory courses. in his memoirs, fujita recalled that the last words of his father likely saved his life. tetsuya had wanted to attend hiroshima college, but his father insisted he attend meiji college. accepted at both schools, he chose meiji to honour his father ' s request. had he not heeded his father ' s words, tetsuya feels he likely would have perished in the atomic blast that levelled hiroshima. the second atomic detonation might also have taken fujita ' s life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5797225754219222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.399778"} {"text": "his father ' s request. had he not heeded his father ' s words, tetsuya feels he likely would have perished in the atomic blast that levelled hiroshima. the second atomic detonation might also have taken fujita ' s life, but again fate stepped in. that bomb was initially targeted for kokura terminal, about three miles from where he was staying. fujita recalled seeking shelter in the bunker next to the physics building. but evidently, the weather over kokura did not meet the mission specifications, and the bomber changed course for their secondary target : nagasaki. in september 1945, the japanese government sent him to both hiroshima and nagasaki to determine the number of bombs dropped and the heights of their detonation. to determine the latter, he used the bombs ' unique starburst damage patterns to calculate the height. years later, fujita would see a form of this pattern again during severe thunderstorm research. his education was in physics and engineering, but fujita ' s interests were wide including maps and geology specifically volcanoes and caves and the weather. ( these interests were passed down. his son is currently professor of geology at michigan state university. ) he was an amateur spelunker. in early 1946, fujita applied for a department of education grant under the topic weather science proposing to instruct teachers about the weather. his research work in meteorology began in 1947 when he studied downflow winds in thunderstorms using data from seburiyama. by chance, fujita had been on a nearby mountain near the local weather station when the thunderstorm struck. using data from that station along with his observations, fujita concluded that thunderstorms produced a downward current of cooler air. he did not know at the time that similar conclusions had been drawn in the united states through the thunderstorm project which had measured such downdrafts. fujita ' s first survey of a tornado strike came on 26 september 1948 following the enoura tornado near saga on kyushu island. fascinated by the damage, he followed the entire six - mile ( 9. 6 km ) damage path over hillsides and rice fields. the tornado initially formed as a waterspout in ariake bay then moved onshore where it blew off roofs and flattening crops. around this time, someone gave fujita a copy of horace byers ' report on nonfrontal thunderstorms which had been found it the trash. with the realization that someone else was working on similar storm investigations, fujita began a correspondence with byers, sending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5148197413653555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.400958"} {"text": "someone gave fujita a copy of horace byers ' report on nonfrontal thunderstorms which had been found it the trash. with the realization that someone else was working on similar storm investigations, fujita began a correspondence with byers, sending him a translated copy of his thunderstorm research. byers responded with a copy of the thunderstorm project book. fujita had now become focused on meteorology and began work on his doctoral degree at the university of tokyo. his thesis research investigated damage caused by typhoons that struck had kyushu over three consecutive years. his thesis analytical study of typhoons was approved in 1953. to the united states in 1953 dr byers invited fujita to come to the department of meteorology at the university of chicago for a two - year research appointment. there, the work of dr morris tepper at the us weather bureau caught fujita ' s interest. soon, he began applying his microanalysis techniques to the analysis of a tornado outbreak across kansas and oklahoma on 25 june 1953. in that study, mesoanalysis was born as fujita revealed features in the storm ' s structure he would call mesolows, mesohighs, wake depressions, and pressure jump lines. in 1955, byers suggested fujita could have a permanent position with the research group if he obtained the proper visas. fujita returned to japan to complete his contract obligations there and to apply for an immigrant visa. while in japan, fujita worked on the report mesoanalysis. in july 1956, fujita returned to illinois to take the position of research professor and senior meteorologist at the university of chicago where he established the severe local storms project ( slsp ). the event that would springboard fujita to the highest ranks of tornado researchers struck fargo, north dakota on 20 june 1957. the slow - moving tornado killed ten and injured 103 people while destroying or damaging over 1300 homes. because the storm ambled across fargo at 19 mph ( 30 km / h ) and was highly visible, the fargo tornado became a widely photographed tornado. damage from june 1957 fargo tornado courtesy noaa national weather service, grand forks, nd weather forecast office byers asked fujita if he would undertake a photogrammetric study of the tornado. fujita, through the assistance of the local media, collected 150 photographs of the storm from 53 different locations. analysing those photos over the next two years, fujita was able to plot the tornado ' s path and cloud features at one - minute intervals. his paper a detailed analysis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.501789850649611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.401980"} {"text": "local media, collected 150 photographs of the storm from 53 different locations. analysing those photos over the next two years, fujita was able to plot the tornado ' s path and cloud features at one - minute intervals. his paper a detailed analysis of the fargo tornado of june 20, 1957 published in 1960 introduced such terms now common to storm watchers as wall cloud and tail cloud. damage from june 1957 fargo tornado courtesy noaa national weather service, grand forks, nd weather forecast office his analysis of the 1965 palm sunday tornadoes redefined how meteorologists looked at tornado outbreaks. from the thousands of aerial photographs, he mapped the entire outbreak in terms of tornado families and deduced the existence of multiple vortex tornadoes from the aerial views of damage patterns. twin funnels strike elkhart, indiana during april 1965 palm sunday tornado outbreak courtesy noaa historic nws collection, photographer : mr. paul huffman the severe local storms project was renamed mesometeorology research project ( mrp ) in 1961, and with the advent of satellite coverage mrp became the satellite and mesometeorology research project ( smrp ) in 1964. during this period fujita was appointed associate professor of meteorology at the university of chicago in 1962 and full professor in 1965. the project ' s research during the 1950s and 1960s focused on severe storms and then included the use of satellites to study storm developments, movements, and global circulation. in 1968, fujita became an american citizen and added \" theodore \" as his middle name, his colleagues knew him as \" ted \". the scale and the downburst the 1970s would see fujita ' s research coin several concepts and terms that will live forever in severe storm meteorology. the first concept was his scale for rating tornado intensity and damage known as the f - scale or fujita scale which i have documented elsewhere in the website. another term is the downburst which later spawned the microburst. ( more on these storm aspects can be found here. ) fujita identified the downburst during his study of the crash of eastern airlines flight 66 on 24 june 1975. the aircraft was landing during severe weather when it suddenly \" fell. \" fujita postulated that the aircraft had been hit by a sudden, strong downrush of air that forced it to the ground. further investigations of weather - related aircraft accidents and a series of field studies that lasted into the 1980s confirmed the existence of the downburst and the microburst. damage caused by a downburst ( fujita,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5066668628577021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.403023"} {"text": "forced it to the ground. further investigations of weather - related aircraft accidents and a series of field studies that lasted into the 1980s confirmed the existence of the downburst and the microburst. damage caused by a downburst ( fujita, 1978 ) in 1971, fujita also coined suction vortex / vortices to described the mechanism for creating unique tornadic damage patterns cycloidal marks first identified by john park finley in the nineteenth century. these circular patterns are produced by smaller tornadoes or suction vortices which rotated around the periphery of the larger circulation. aerial photograph of typical suction and drift marks. source : fujita et al, monthly weather review, 1970. the final term i will mention here ( there are numerous others ) is the bow echo which is a particular bow - shaped pattern seen on radar images of severe convective storms. the region of the storm exhibiting bow echoes had a propensity for forming downbursts, some of which occur over very long swaths. radar image of bow echo over southeast lower michigan 31 may 1998 courtesy us national weather service, noaa the smrp continued its groundbreaking work through the 1980s. in addition to analyses of tornadoes and their damage patterns, the group did pioneer research in cloud tracking using satellite imagery from polar orbiters and from geostationary satellites. it is ironic that many of america ' s tornado researchers never witnessed a tornado \" live and in person \" until later in their careers. fujita was one of these, and his first tornado sighting came near denver ' s stapleton airport on 12 june 1982 ; it was also the only one he would witness. in 1988, to better reflect the wider range of fujita ' s research, the smrp was renamed the wind research laboratory ( wrl ). the laboratory housed a tornado machine that was dismantled in the early 1990s. professor ted fujita and the tornado machine courtesy university of chicago ted fujita formally retired from his research work in september 1990, but he did not stop working until poor health took its final toll. in these last years, he surveyed hurricane damage including hurricane andrew. he also looked into the effect of el nino regimes on storm tracks. his memoirs, the mystery of severe storms was published in 1992. tetsuya \" ted \" fujita had rightly earned the nickname mr tornado ( bestowed on him in a 1972 national geographic article ) when he died in his sleep on 19 november 1998 at the age of 78. his work was a quantum leap in our knowledge of tornadoes and their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5578548628464625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.404002"} {"text": "architecture - based security & trust traditional security research has focused on how to provide assurance of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. however, most security vulnerabilities result from poor software design and implementation : for a whole system to be secure, all relevant components must collaborate to ensure the security of the system. thus, approaches to designing secure software are needed, not just from a traditional cryptology viewpoint, but from a software engineering perspective. \u2014 jie ren most security vulnerabilities result from poor software design and implementation. a more disciplined approaches to utilizing existing technologies may significantly improve the security of a complex, componentized, and networked software systems. security is an emergent property, so it is insufficient for a component to be secure. for the whole system to be secure, all relevant components must collaborate to ensure the security of the system. decentralized systems have no central authority, parties ( or peers ) making up the system must make local, autonomous decisions based on their individual goals. this introduces a need for determining trust between peers in a system. trust in decentralized architectures are discussed further on our decentralized software architectures page. explicitly model security at the architectural level. modeling security of systems can be done explicitly, at the architectural level, using a secure architecture description language. connectors provide a suitable vehicle to model, capture, and enforce security policies. explicitly model security in the architecture. by incorporating access control model concepts into an architecture description, it is possible to determine whether access to a particular resource should be granted through analysis of the architecture topology and privileges of its constituent elements. use architecture styles to create trust enabled, decentralized applications. a trust - enabled architectural style for decentralized systems can identify and support common functionalities intrinsic to every peer : communication, information, trust, and application allowing decentralized applications to be built without reinventing the wheel. - secure xadl - an extension to xadl that describes security properties of software architectures using xacml. - pace - practical architectural approach for composing egocentric trust - an architectural style that provides comprehensive guidance on addressing many different decentralized security threats. it supports different trust models, which determine trust based on different categories of information. - architecture access control - an extension to archstudio 3. 0 that edits, checks, and executes architectures described with access control policies. - pace reference architecture - used to implement decentralized auctioning, file - sharing, and common - operational picture prototypes - our work on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5966650629351182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.406849"} {"text": "esri international user conference 14 august 2012 | news story iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) director - general julia marton - lefevre gave a keynote presentation at the esri user conference held in july 2012 in san diego, california. attended by 15, 000 people from 130 countries, this conference showcased innovative applications and the power of geographic information systems ( gis ). in her keynote speech, julia marton - lefevre discussed the importance of geographic science in understanding the world \u2019 s threatened species. cutting - edge gis technology provided by esri has already helped iucn capture distribution information for about 40, 000 species on the iucn red list of threatened species\u2122. for example, we now know where to find all the known mammals, birds, amphibians, reef - building corals, sharks, tuna and a quarter of the world \u2019 s reptiles. gis also helps us locate areas of high biodiversity importance and thereby guide decisions about conservation action and policy. \u201c thanks to our collaboration with esri, iucn has built strong gis capacity, \u201d said iucn director - general julia marton - lefevre. \u201c eight thousand experts from the iucn species survival commission have access to gis software and training, for the iucn red list and for their field work. \u201d the new iucn red list map browser was also showcased during the keynote speech. built on arcgis 10. 1, the map browser accesses data for 30, 000 species - visualizing their location and habitat. these maps can be explored now at maps. iucnredlist. org. the keynote speech was illustrated with breathtaking images prepared with the help of esri. the speech can be viewed on esri \u2019 s site : http : / / www. esri. com / events / user - conference / agenda / plenary - videos. html afternoon session, which starts with the iucn video at 82 : 30 minutes. following the speech participants visited the iucn booth, which was located at the centre of a large exhibit hall and which attracted a large number of people interested in conservation and in working with iucn. iucn aims to integrate the spatial information in the iucn red list and the world database on protected areas with two new knowledge products currently being worked on : key biodiversity areas and the red list of ecosystems. this is but one area where iucn can provide important inputs to government, corporate, and ngo use of geodesign and help them make decisions to avoid further species and habitat loss and its consequences for human wellbeing. gis also allows businesses to access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.39012609761183215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.410968"} {"text": "i had a hard time painting the picture of what a server really is. it ' s so simple it ' s confusing. a server, low and behold, is a computer. your desktop pc or laptop can function as a server - what does that mean \" function as a server \". it means that your computer of choice is connected to a network ( for example, the internet ) and that a program is run on that computer that listens for incoming connections ( like a java application you ' ve built ). that ' s it. it doesn ' t even have to be connected to a network, you can run a server locally and have programs on the same computer talk to each other. ( which is where 99 % of the debugging occurs during development. ). so what are \" webservers \"? what does a server that hosts a website look like?? simple. it ' s a computer that listens for incoming data, just like all servers. what makes it \" different \" from other servers is how it interprets the data it is being sent and how it responds. ie, the protocol. you might have heard of http before. it stands for hypertext transfer protocol. a protocol is just a fancy word for a set of agreed upon rules people came up with. these rules are vital, because everything you send is in bytes, ie, ones 1 and zeroes 0. the above bits can be interpreted in lots of ways. it can represent the character ' @ ' or the number ' 64 ' for instance, or perhaps a color. or perhaps the 2 first bits are supposed to represent the x coordinate, the following 2 bits the y coordinate, and the last 4 bits the player score. if we don ' t know what the bytes are supposed to represent ( what is agreed before - hand ), we have no chance of making sense of it. what happens when you open up your music player and you try to play an image file? most likely the music player would complain that it can ' t make sense of the bytes, or that it needs a codec ( ie, a set of rules of how bytes are supposed to be read in order to convert it into music ). this is why files are littered with \" suffixes \" like. mp3 or. gif etc. they ' re clues for the operating system to know which program should be opened to interpret the data. suffixes have nothing to do with the contents itself. the content in reality is just a bunch of 1 ' s and 0 '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5604153475818124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.414957"} {"text": "222. 644. 01 nutritional biochemistry students learn biochemical processes, such as dna, rna and protein synthesis with particular emphasis on the function of essential nutrients in these processes. covers nutritionally important aspects of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, mineral and vitamin function, and introduces essential concepts of molecular biology, such as pcr reactions and nucleic acid restriction enzymes and their use in biochemistry and molecular biology. also includes concepts of gene knockin and knockout and their consequences. these are compared to the consequences of nutrient deficiency and excess to give the nutrition student a full appreciation of the relevance of nutritional biochemistry studies and approaches to those of molecular biology. emphasizes the importance of nutritional management and prevention of different diseases like cardiovascular, obesity, osteoporosis, etc. also teaches the important interplay between essential nutrients and the synthesis of various hormones. upon successfully completing this course, students will : ( 1 ) have a working knowledge of the most important biochemical processes, such as dna, rna and protein synthesis ; ( 2 ) appreciate the role that different essential nutrients play in these and other life processes in higher organism with special emphasis on the human organism ; ( 3 ) understand fundamental processes that permit the maintenance or nutrient homeostasis in higher organisms ; ( 4 ) know how essential nutrients govern the utilization of other nutrients and how they may control hormone synthesis and function ; ( 5 ) understand pathological observations in the field on the basis of our instructions on essential nutrient deficiency manifestations. - tuesday 1 : 30 - 2 : 50 - thursday 1 : 30 - 2 : 50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5497289903955048, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.416772"} {"text": "' world ' s most useful tree ' provides new low - cost water purification method for developing world sciencedaily ( mar. 3, 2010 ) \u2014 a low - cost water purification technique published in current protocols in microbiology could help drastically reduce the incidence of waterborne disease in the developing world. the procedure, which uses seeds from the moringa oleifera tree, can produce a 90. 00 % to 99. 99 % bacterial reduction in previously untreated water, and has been made free to download as part of access programs under john wiley & sons ' corporate citizenship initiative. a billion people across asia, africa, and latin america are estimated to rely on untreated surface water sources for their daily water needs. of these, some two million are thought to die from diseases caught from contaminated water every year, with the majority of these deaths occurring among children under five years of age. michael lea, a current protocols author, and a researcher at clearinghouse, a canadian organisation dedicated to investigating and implementing low - cost water purification technologies, believes the moringa oleifera tree could go a long way to providing a solution. \" moringa oleifera is a vegetable tree which is grown in africa, central and south america, the indian subcontinent, and south east asia. it could be considered to be one of the world ' s most useful trees, \" said lea. \" not only is it drought resistant, it also yields cooking and lighting oil, soil fertilizer, as well as highly nutritious food in the form of its pods, leaves, seeds and flowers. perhaps most importantly, its seeds can be used to purify drinking water at virtually no cost. \" moringa tree seeds, when crushed into powder, can be used as a water - soluble extract in suspension, resulting in an effective natural clarification agent for highly turbid and untreated pathogenic surface water. as well as improving drinkability, this technique reduces water turbidity ( cloudiness ) making the result aesthetically as well as microbiologically more acceptable for human consumption. despite its live - saving potential, the technique is still not widely known, even in areas where the moringa is routinely cultivated. it is therefore lea ' s hope that the publication of this technique in a freely available protocol format, a first, will make it easier to disseminate the procedure to the communities that need it. \" this technique does not represent a total solution to the threat of waterborne disease, \" concluded lea. \" however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5109425395176737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.420660"} {"text": "august 01, 2011 when it comes to magnetic fields, jupiter is the ultimate muscle car. it ' s endowed with the biggest, brawniest magnetic field of any planet in the solar system, powered by a monster engine under the hood. figuring out how this mighty engine, or dynamo, works is one goal of nasa ' s juno mission, which is scheduled to begin its five - year, 400 - million - mile ( 643, 737, 600 - kilometer - mile ) voyage to jupiter this month. juno will orbit the planet for about a year, investigating its origin and evolution. juno has eight instruments to probe its internal structure and gravity field, measure water and ammonia in its atmosphere, map its powerful magnetic field and observe its intense auroras. the magnetic field studies will be the job of juno ' s twin magnetometers, designed and built at nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. they will measure the field ' s magnitude and direction with greater accuracy than any previous instrument, revealing it for the first time in high - definition. read the full story at http : / / www. nasa. gov / mission _ pages / juno / news / juno20110801. html. dc agle 818 - 393 - 9011 jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5312196493309409, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.421983"} {"text": "chemotherapy is the use of drugs to treat cancer. the drugs often are called \" anticancer \" drugs. why is chemotherapy given to cancer patients? - to cure cancer - to keep the cancer from spreading - to slow the cancer ' s growth - to kill cancer cells which may have spread to other parts of the body from the original tumor - to relieve symptoms that may be caused by the cancer why are there side effects when someone receives chemotherapy? cancer cells grow and divide rapidly. chemotherapy drugs are made to kill fast - growing cells. certain healthy cells multiply quickly so the chemotherapy can affect these cells also. the fast - growing normal cells most likely to be affected are cells in the following areas : - bone marrow - digestive tract - hair follicles - reproductive system what are the most common side effects of chemotherapy? because normal cells are affected during chemotherapy, there are certain side effects that are more common than others. these include : - alopecia ( hair loss ) - anemia ( a decrease in the red blood cell count that can cause fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath ) - fatigue ( most commonly reported side effect ) - nausea, vomiting and / or decreased appetite - neutropenia ( a decrease in the white blood cell count that increases your risk for infection ) - thrombocytopenia ( a decrease in platelets that can cause bleeding and easy bruising ) if you will be receiving chemotherapy, here are few tips to review before you come in for treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.477083615285683, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.423660"} {"text": "help us save thymelaea hirsuta - known in arabic as ' mitnan ' ' mitnan ' ( thymelaena hirsuta ) is a perennial evergreen shrub that grows in the mediterranean coastal plain, the sinai and various other saharo - arabian deserts. it has been used for centuries for rope - making. you can help kew safeguard this plant for our future by adopting a seed for yourself, or as a gift for \u00a325. in ideal conditions the roots of ' mitnan ' ( thymelaea hirsuta ) can descend to a depth of about 3. 5 m, while the plant may grow to 2 m with an average height of 120 cm. ' mitnan ' produces clusters of yellow flowers at the ends of young twigs from march through july. its branches are used for making rope by braiding them into a kind of cable. conserving ' mitnan ' in jordon most examples of ' mitnan ' that we found during our collecting trip to jordon were growing in the vicinity of the international heritage site of petra. as ' mitnan ' is dioecious ( male and female flowers are borne on separate plants ), enough pollinators must be available to secure fruit set and seed formation. both sexes of these plants produce clusters of yellow flowers at the end of young twigs from march to july. one concern for the future of this species is that its habitat in jordon is constantly disturbed by the large number of tourists visiting the site. this could hinder the growth of newly formed seedlings needed to replenish the population. ' mitnan ' is suitable for cultivation in rock gardens and alpine glasshouses. it requires full sun, well - drained soil and protection from winter rain. this species is not currently grown at kew gardens, but specimens of wood and string made from it are held in kew ' s economic botany collection, located behind - the - scenes. collecting ' mitnan ' in jordan when you walk out of wadi moussa, the village built at the entrance to petra, there are some signs of the local marvels lying on the other side of the rocks. walking down a rocky canyon, or siq as it is called locally, there is the hint of what appears to be a head in the face of the cliffs. it is only when you reach the end of the siq that you can make out the facade of a building hewn out of the rocks. it looks like a beautiful lady wearing a chador. from this magnificent place you can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3982399278711779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.432938"} {"text": "of the cliffs. it is only when you reach the end of the siq that you can make out the facade of a building hewn out of the rocks. it looks like a beautiful lady wearing a chador. from this magnificent place you can turn right and walk past more facades including a theatre and tombs on the higher rocks. an easy climb takes you up the hill to the high place of sacrifice, with open views across the region. going down into the valley, where it is impossible to hide from the sun, a sparse collection of desert vegetation offers another impressive aspect to the site. many plant species that are adapted to the harsh conditions of the very hot sandy desert flourish in the loessial wadi beds. making rope and other useful things with ' mitnan ' ' mitnan ' ( thymelaea hirsuta ) is primarily used for making rope, a craft that is practiced by local inhabitants, especially older people who still retain this skill. the most direct method is simply to braid branches into a kind of cable. this ' cable ' may been used to anchor tents during sandstorms. finished ' mitnan ' rope is strong enough to haul a man out of a well, secure a tent, hobble an animal, saddle a donkey, yoke a camel and carry water buckets or jugs on a camel \u2019 s back. the camel yoke represents an uncommon use of ' mitnan ' rope - row upon row of twisted and braided white inner bark is sewn onto a padded pillow. this rests on a ' mitnan ' support, made of an entire young shrub whose branches have been parted and bound into a wishbone shape by strips of rag. ' mitnan ' serves the bedouins in a variety of other ways as well, such as making a partridge trap. the moist roots of the plant are used for parts of the trap that must be both flexible and strong. when sowing summer crops they also affix a branch of ' mitnan ' to the back of a plough where it sweeps sand over the furrow to shield freshly - sown seeds from the sun ' s direct rays. women too, often use ' mitnan ' when watering their flocks, using fibres to make a bucket - rope with which they can draw water from the well. ibn - al bitar ( 12th century c. e. ) attributed medicinal properties to the leaves as an antidote to pinworms, as well as a ' powerful hydragogue, cathartic and expectorant '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4516353145607612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.434064"} {"text": "from the well. ibn - al bitar ( 12th century c. e. ) attributed medicinal properties to the leaves as an antidote to pinworms, as well as a ' powerful hydragogue, cathartic and expectorant '. dried and powdered leaves were also used to treat inflammation of the skin and the bark for healing wounds. it was further reported that in order to remove flies from their tents, arabs would dip ' mitnan ' ( thymelaea hirsuta ) in sugared water and then hang it in the tent. the formation of the numerous, crowded small leaves and flowers on the branch provided a large landing area for flies attracted to the sweet sugar. at night, bedouin people would cover the plant with a dress or cloak and remove both the ' mitnan ' and the flies from the tent. ' mitnan ' is still used for medicinal purposes. as a method for removing rotten teeth for instance, which doesn \u2019 t seem to have been reported in much detail in the literature. to do this, the plant leaves are boiled in water and the resulting brew swished around the mouth and spat out along with the dead tooth. other medicinal uses include an eye curative and a treatment for paralysis. ' mitnan ' is also used to prevent abortion in camels. the leaves of the plant are pounded and mixed with a little salt, made into a poultice, and then applied to the camel ' s cervix after impregnation in the hope that the cervix will contract, preventing the camel from aborting its foetus ( bailey and danin 1981 : 153 ; also cited by schmidt and stavisky 1983 ). later, researchers managed to isolate stigmasterol from ' mitnan '. stigmasterol is a steroid used to synthesise progesterone, a hormone used in the treatment of recurrent abortion in humans ( schmidt and stavisky 1983 : 318 ). you can adopt this seed for yourself, or as a gift for \u00a325. when you adopt a seed, you ' ll receive a personalised certificate, featuring your plant species, as a downloadable pdf document you can print off, and regular updates over the year from the millennium seed bank. for an additional \u00a32, you can have an adoption pack posted ( either to you, or direct to a gift recipient ) featuring a certificate and a full colour picture of your species ( uk only ). keep up to date with events and news from kew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41191522197733904, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.435392"} {"text": "ask the doctor questions about kidney disease? risk factors? signs and symptoms? are you concerned about yourself, a friend or family member? ask dr. spry. the kidneys perform many functions that are vital to good health. it is not unusual, however, to have only one kidney to do the work that two kidneys ordinarily do. many people are born with a single kidney. this occurs in about one out of 750 people. being born with a single kidney is more common in males, and the left kidney is the one more often absent. the ureter ( the tube that takes urine from the kidney to the bladder ) on the affected side is usually abnormal or absent. an abnormality of the reproductive tract may also be seen on the same side. this occurs more often in females than in males. in other cases, one kidney may need to be surgically removed, leaving a single remaining kidney. a kidney may need to be removed because of an anatomic abnormality such as obstruction, or because of a tumor, or from a severe traumatic injury after an accident. one kidney may be donated to a loved one with kidney failure. the single normal kidney will grow faster and get larger than a normally paired kidney. for this reason, the single kidney is larger and heavier than normal, and it is, therefore, more vulnerable to injury. it is important to be aware of the increased risk for injury with certain heavy contact sports, so that careful decisions may be made regarding participation in various physical activities. the american academy of pediatrics, american academy of family physicians and the medical society of sports medicine have suggested that people with one kidney avoid sports that involve higher risks of heavy contact or collision. this includes boxing, field hockey, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, martial arts, rodeo, soccer and wrestling. anyone with a single kidney who decides to participate in these sports should be extra careful and wear protective padding. he or she should understand that the consequences of losing a single kidney are very serious. in general, most people with a single normal kidney have few or no problems, particularly in the first few years. however, some longer - term problems have been recognized. most doctors believe that people with a single kidney, particularly from birth or during early childhood, should be followed more closely than people with two normal kidneys. children who have had a kidney surgically removed may have a slightly increased chance of developing abnormal amounts of protein in the urine and some abnormality in kidney function by 25 years later. similar abnormalities have been found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46511685803993924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.439389"} {"text": "closely than people with two normal kidneys. children who have had a kidney surgically removed may have a slightly increased chance of developing abnormal amounts of protein in the urine and some abnormality in kidney function by 25 years later. similar abnormalities have been found in individuals born with a single kidney. in addition, there is greater chance of developing high blood pressure. the decrease in kidney function is usually mild, and life span is normal. in general, special diets are not needed by individuals who have one healthy kidney. speak to your doctor or a registered dietitian if you have questions about the basic ingredients of a healthy diet. a urinalysis ( urine test ) and blood pressure check should be done yearly, and kidney function should be checked every few years, or more often if an abnormal urinalysis or blood pressure is found. because the transplanted kidney is usually placed into the pelvis, these kidneys are in a location providing less protection and, therefore, are more easily injured. consequently, the same recommendations of avoiding heavy contact and collision sports apply to the people who have had a kidney transplant. careful testing has shown that the transplanted kidney can increase its function as in other situations resulting in a single kidney, reaching a level of function that is about 40 percent greater than a normal level for a single kidney. if you have more questions, you should speak to your doctor. if you would like more information, please contact us. \u00a92013 national kidney foundation. all rights reserved. this material does not constitute medical advice. it is intended for informational purposes only. no one associated with the national kidney foundation will answer medical questions via e - mail. please consult a physician for specific treatment recommendations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4511999829354895, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.440170"} {"text": "not long ago i had the chance to visit yamanashi prefecture ( \u5c71 ) for the first time. most of the land of this prefecture is a big plain located north from mount fuji. yamanashi is known for its delicious peaches, for its beautiful landscapes, for having the fastest train in the world ( still under tests ) and for being the territory once ruled by takeda shingen, one of the most respected daimyo ( general, feudal lord ) in the history of japan. i will write today about things that i learned about takeda shingen during my visit to yamanashi, specially thanks to the nice taxi drivers that explained me the history of the area. takeda shingen \u2013 \u6b66 \u7530 \u4fe1 takeda shingen armor takeda shingen never ruled over a big part of japan, and neither had a great army, but he was feared even by hideyoshi toyotomi, oda nobunaga and tokugawa ieyasu, being ieyasu the one that took control over all japan at the end of the 16th century. on of the keys to takeda \u2019 s power was the location of his territory, a big plain protected by huge mountains. in the foreground of the picture, the forests where scouts spotted the enemy incursions. in second plane the plains where the inhabitants of the former kai province, controlled by takeda shingen, lived ( yamanashi nowadays ). in the horizon more mountains and the imposing mount fuji overlooking the territory. apart from the great location of his territories, takeda was a calm and extremely intelligent man. according to historians, takeda was not able to control all japan because he died young ( when he was 49 years old ) and because he persisted stubbornly on fighting only one rival : uesugi kenshin, the daimyo of echigo province. manga based on the rivalry of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin sengoku basara anime, on the right takeda shingen using a tessen ( japanese war fan ) kagemusha, the most ambitious and expensive movie by akira kurosawa, is partly based on the life of takeda shingen ( in the center of the shot ) there are many facts that are still not known, but it is known that the armies of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin fought against each other dozens of times, the last time in the battle of kawanakajima. the details of the last battle are not well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4590894441445599, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.449005"} {"text": "known, but it is known that the armies of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin fought against each other dozens of times, the last time in the battle of kawanakajima. the details of the last battle are not well known but both sides lost around 4, 000 soldiers and at the end of the battle takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin fought one on one. takeda shingen got a deep wound made by the katana of uesugi kenshin, but he could defend himself with his tessen ( japanese war fan ) and could escape alive. takeda shingen, on the left, fighting in the battle of kawanakajima against uesugi kenshin. the armies of takeda and kenshin fighting each other in a battle in the coast of izu. the army of takeda, on the right, in one of the battles against kenshin the favorite weapon of takeda shingen was his tessen ( japanese war fan ) even tough they were eternal rivals, takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin had a lot of respect for each other. they gave presents and sent letters to each other frequently. for example, takeda shingen gave his best katana to uesugi kenshin as a present! who would give his best weapon to his worst enemy? according to the samurai honor code and the personality of japanese generals ( also the culture and the japanese society ) in a situation of rivalry it is more important the mutual respect than winning, you can always disagree with somebody but you have to maintain the respect. in the case of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin, they considered themselves lucky to have themselves as enemies. one of the original letters written by takeda shingen to his enemy uesugi kenshin. another example of the respect they had for each other was when kai province ( yamanashi nowadays ) ran out of salt and the armies of takeda shingen started to weaken ( it was not easy to get salt in that time in the interior of japan ). uesugi kenshin could have taken advantage of the situation and try to defeat his enemy ; but he did the opposite, he gave takeda several shipments of salt and waited for the armies of takeda to recover before starting the next battle. uesugi kenshin wrote in one of his letters to takeda shingen : \u201c peace is achieved with rice and salt, not with katanas and arrows \u201d \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43477449869935625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.450952"} {"text": "waited for the armies of takeda to recover before starting the next battle. uesugi kenshin wrote in one of his letters to takeda shingen : \u201c peace is achieved with rice and salt, not with katanas and arrows \u201d \u2013 uesugi kenshin takeda shingen died prematurely at the age of 49, just when he was becoming very powerful by invading his neighboring provinces ( except the province of uesugi kenshin, that he could never invade ) and winning several battles to tokugawa ieyasu ( the future shogun and unifier of japan ). the cause of his death is still not very clear, some say he died of pneumonia, but the most popular legend says that he was assassinated with an arrow thrown by a ninja during the night without nobody noticing until the morning. when uesugi kenshin had news of his rival death instead of being happy it seems that he cried and ordered all the people in his territories to mourn the death of takeda shingen to respect his honor. he also decided to never attack again the territories of takeda, now controlled by his son. in fact, three years after the death of takeda shingen, the provinces of takeda shingen and uesugi kenshin formed an alliance to fight against ieyasu tokugawa. however, they couldn \u2019 t do much against the unstoppable power of ieyasu tokugawa. ieyasu tokugawa, who unified japan and started the tokugawa shogunate that lasted from the 16th century until the end of the 19th century, was a big admirer of the battle style of takeda shingen, and he copied and assimilated many of his techniques and strategies. also the initial government of tokugawa was based on the government of takeda : most of the laws, the structure of the government, tax administration, etc. were copied by ieyasu tokugawa and applied all over japan. many consider that the foundations of the japan of today were initiated by the governing style of takeda shingen. takeda shingen grave in a temple near kofu station in yamanashi. takeda shingen statue at the exit of kofu station. most of the sightseeing spots in yamanashi are near kofu station. you can get there in an hour and a half with the \u201c kaiji \u201d train from shinjuku station in tokyo. if you visit kofu or the province of yamanashi you have to try \u201c shingen mochi \u201d, the typical sweet from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4353448179349965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.456592"} {"text": "there in an hour and a half with the \u201c kaiji \u201d train from shinjuku station in tokyo. if you visit kofu or the province of yamanashi you have to try \u201c shingen mochi \u201d, the typical sweet from the area, that according to locals it is eaten there since the times of takeda shingen. shingen mochi box. one of the four shingen mochi that were inside the box. it was delicious! takeda shingen family symbol. it seems that the family of the founder of mitsubishi are direct descendants of the family of takeda shingen and the logo of mitsubishi is an evolution of the symbol used by takeda shingen in his armors and flags almost 500 years ago. would takeda shingen be surprised to see mitsubishi cars with his clan symbol ( somewhat modified ) all around the world? \u98a8 \u6797 \u706b \u5c71 furin kazan, is literally translated as \u201c wind, forest, fire and mountain \u201d. it is not a philosophy of battle created originally by takeda shingen, but he was the first to introduce it in japan. it is a strategy of the book the art of war by sun tzu and can be interpreted as follows : \u201c move fast like the wind \u98a8, remain compact like a forest \u6797, attack as furiously as fire \u706b, defend yourself as if you were a mountain \u5c71 \u201c. a coffee can with a picture of takeda shingen. if you still want to know more about takeda shingen you can read the samurai archives other japanese samurai and heroes :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49010337755631284, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.466491"} {"text": "there are two major ingredient labeling standards \u2014 the cosmetic, toiletry, and fragrance association ( ctfa ) standard, which is used in the united states, and the international nomenclature for cosmetic ingredients ( inci ) standard, which is used in the rest of the world, including canada. european laws require the use of the inci labeling standard on beauty products. inci listings show the full \" scientific \" name of a product and may be a little more difficult to comprehend. for instance : aloe barbadensis extract is aloe vera extract. also, the word fragrance is used to describe essential oils as well as synthetic fragrance ingredients. labels can show + - to indicate that an ingredient may or may not be present. for instance, the same label can be used across multiple lipsticks, with all the various color ingredients shown with + - indicators. numerous ingredients can be omitted from the label : any processing aid added and removed or converted to a declared ingredient, or any ingredient of another ingredient or processing aid present at an insignificant level and having no technical or functional effect. - 1. a substance added during manufacture and removed from the cosmetic in accordance with good manufacturing practices before the cosmetic is packaged in finished form. example : filter aid. - 2. a substance that is added during manufacture of a cosmetic, is converted to an ingredient declared on the label, and does not significantly increase the concentration of the declared ingredient. example : sodium hydroxide added to a sodium stearate and stearic acid - containing cosmetic. - 3. a substance added to a cosmetic during manufacture for its technical effect in processing but present in the finished cosmetic at an insignificant level and not having any technical or functional effect in that cosmetic. example : de - foaming agent. - 4. a substance added to a cosmetic as a component of a cosmetic ingredient and having no technical or functional effect in the finished cosmetic. example : preservative of a raw material added to a cosmetic as an ingredient at a concentration which reduces the preservative to a level at which it is no longer effective. ingredients deemed trade secret this is typically a blend of fragrance ingredients to create a \" signature scent \" for a line of products. for products, this is listed as \" fragrance ( parfum ) \" and is a unique blend of natural essential oils. to read more, check out the fda guidelines. also, check out the european union ' s cosmetic directive and in particular, note the section annex ii, which lists all banned cosmetic ingredients, and the remaining annexes that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5229482025194085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.505112"} {"text": "blend of natural essential oils. to read more, check out the fda guidelines. also, check out the european union ' s cosmetic directive and in particular, note the section annex ii, which lists all banned cosmetic ingredients, and the remaining annexes that are permitted with limits and conditions. with the above listed exceptions, many fragrances can be listed as \" other ingredients \" in the us. in the eu, these are listed as \" parfum \" or \" fragrance \". the list is very long of fragrance ingredients that can trigger allergies and otherwise irritate the skin. the eu amended their rules to mandate listing of 26 problematic fragrance ingredients. according to the ewg, \" phthalates are often used in cosmetics and personal care products to carry fragrances. under current law, they can then simply be labeled \u201c fragrance, \u201d even though they may make up 20 % or more of the product. \" contaminants such as lead and other heavy metals are not listed. certification labels help to provide added protection that the cosmetic you buy does not contain undesired ingredients. both bdih and usda organic certification labels require a higher standard from the manufacturer - bdih ensures that your cosmetic is completely free of synthetic ingredients and petrochemicals, while usda ensures that the ingredients are at least 95 % certified organic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4697334826115385, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.510579"} {"text": "getting kids started early on oral care is very important in maintaining their overall health. and we all know that good habits start young. but with so many toothpastes lining the shelves today it can seem impossible to muddle your way through them. it seems each label promises whitening, tartar control, cavity prevention, and the list goes on, when all we really want is a safe and gentle toothpaste for our tots. most conventional toothpaste contains a range of unhealthy ingredients that you really do not need for healthy teeth and gums. flouride is added to everything from toothpaste and mouthwash, to soda and drinking water. this practice began in the 1950 ' s in an effort to decrease the frequency of dental decay, but it comes with unwanted negative effects. fluoride is a toxic substance which accumulates in the bones over time. fluoride is thought to possibly aggravate acne and other skin conditions, weaken the bones, and has been linked to certain forms of cancer. sodium lauryl sulfate ( sls ) is also commonly used in conventional toothpaste to cause the foaming action, which manufacturers believe gives that extra clean feeling. you actually do not need this foam to get teeth and gums clean, and you certainly do not need the sls. sls is not only a skin irritant, but is absorbed into the body and certain organs, causing possible health risks. scientists believe it is especially concerning when used by children. many toothpastes contain artificial colors and fragrance to entice children into using them. go to the dentist and your child will most likely come home with a tube of bright blue, bubblegum flavored toothpaste with sparkles. sparkles?! these pretty colors and fancy flavors are made up of synthetic ingredients and sugars, are completely unhealthy and unnecessary, and most children don ' t really even care to use them once the novelty wears off. would you want to start your day with a mouthful of bubblegum flavored goop? the good news is - you don ' t need all of those nasty chemicals to keep your children ' s teeth and gums healthy. and you don ' t need the silly colors or flavors to get them to use it. once they taste the mild berry flavor in lavera strawberry / raspberry toothpaste, they will be hooked and the healthy ingredients can do their job. we make lavera strawberry / raspberry toothpaste, designed especially for babies and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4292826735192381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.522733"} {"text": "astronomy bio... gerard kuiper gerard peter kuiper was born on december 7, 1905, in harenkarspel, the netherlands. in 1933 he immigrated to the united states and in 1937 became a naturalized american citizen. he joined the staff of the yerkes observatory, affiliated with the university of chicago. he was director of the observatory from 1947 to 1949 and again, for a second term, from 1957 to 1960. from 1960 until his death in 1973 he held similar positions at the lunar and planetary laboratory at the university of arizona, and he was closely linked with the american space program. he worked on the origin of the planets because there were theoretical discrepancies arising from the new twentieth century hypotheses on galactic evolution. the most favored of these theories is that stars, and probably planets, are formed from the condensation products of interstellar gas clouds. for this condensation to occur, the gravitational effects forcing the cloud together must exceed the expansive effect of the gas pressure of the cloud. nonetheless, calculations of this hypothetical process indicated that under certain conditions of temperature and density, there was a lower limit to the size of the condensation products. as a matter of fact, it was found that this condensation theory was insufficient to account for the temperature or the amount of material that make up the bulk of the planets in the solar system. to make up for this, kuiper and his colleagues suggested that the mass of the cloud from which the planets were formed was much greater than the present mass of the planets. they indicated that the mass of the original interstellar gas cloud was approximately one - tenth the mass of the sun, or 70 times the total mass of the planets. this condensation, according to these new conditions, would produce \" protoplanets \". but the idea of the formation of protoplanets appears to be unworkable, partly because it involves the condensation of only 1. 5 per cent of the original interstellar gas cloud, and could not account for the balance of the material. his work on planetary features was far more fruitful. in 1948 he predicted that carbon dioxide was one of the chief constituents of the martian atmosphere. in 1965, with the mariner space probes to mars, his theory was confirmed. in 1948 he discovered the fifth moon of uranus, which he called miranda. in 1949 he discovered the second moon of neptune, nereid. when compared with neptune ' s first moon, triton, whose diameter is 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4926512636137743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.531294"} {"text": "post health care jobs. what cytotechnologists do : a cytotechnologist is an expert in the study the formation, structure and function of cells. a cytotechnologist is trained to detect changes in cellular activity in the early diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. cytotechnologists supply information to physicians, who then make a diagnosis. cytotechnologists can work in hospitals and private laboratories, always under the supervision of a registered pathologist. the main duties of a cytotechnologist include : \u2013 working with pathologists to detect abnormalities in cellular material \u2013 preparing slides of body cells \u2013 examining cells microscopically to detect possible malignancy \u2013 working with a wide variety of laboratory specimens \u2013 reporting findings to the supervising pathologist or physician education & qualifications : to apply for an entry position in cytotechnology, you will need to have completed a relevant bachelor \u2019 s degree program, plus one year of special instruction in cytotechnology. typical subjects studied in a cytotechnology program include : embryology, cytology, clinical medicine, human anatomy, cytophysiology, endocrinology, cytochemistry, parasitology, microbiology, histology, and inflammatory diseases. certification is available by completing an exam administered by the american society for clinical pathologists board of registry ( ascp bor ). salary & job prospects : salaries for cytotechnologists vary from $ 60, 000 to $ 75, 000 depending on educational qualifications, position held, experience and location. the demand for cytotechnologists is predicted to grow rapidly over the coming years. this is mainly due to new screening procedures for cancer detection. find an allied health school near you : use the further your career zip code search box to find schools and colleges in your area that offer alliedhealth / medical technology programs. below is a list of some of the various types of allied health careers / professions : | links to types of allied health careers | anesthesiologist assistant \u00bb medical technologist \u00bb allied health school nyc :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4628515261616817, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.540765"} {"text": "| here are some quizzes and pre - tests that are useful when beginning and / or ending a unit on energy. please not that these are available in two formats : ms word 97 and html. the word format can be downloaded and saved to your computer so you can use them at any time ( you can only open these if you have ms word 97 ). if you do not have word 97 then you might choose the html format. it is formatted the same as the other document but you cannot save it. when you click on the link it will open it in the browser window. from there you can print it out and then make copies to give out. you can also use the html format as a way to preview the test or quiz before downloading it. in the future, these documents will available in different formats. * to save these quizzes in word format : 1. find the link named ' word format ' next to the quiz / test you want. 2. right click the link text. 3. choose ' save target as... ' 4. then choose a location that you can remember. 5. click the ' save ' button in the dialog box! * to view these files in html format simply click the link labeled ' html format ' next to the quiz / test you want to pre test ( word format, html format ) this is not a test. it is a pre - poll. it can be used to determine how much the kids know before starting an energy unit. it asks questions about energy conservation, renewable energy and where energy comes from. post test ( word format, html format ) this is a test. it was taken straight from the 1998 ohio energy project workshop. it is an effective way to test your students knowledge of subjects after they have been taught the information. more tests and quizzes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5232431886382705, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.548259"} {"text": "this page is to provide information about homeschooling in new zealand. in new zealand, homeschooling is perfectly legal, as long as you have applied for and received an exemption. these are available through the ministry of education and consist of an application form and the provision of certain information e. g. what you intend to cover, how you intend to measure progress etc. click here to see an outline of the process invovled in applying for a homeschooling exemption. there are approximately 6000 homeschooled students spread throughout the country with the biggest homeschooling population based in auckland. people homeschool for a number of different reasons including but not limited to the * religious and philoshophical reasons * peer pressure or bullying * dyslexia and / or gifted child * desire for more individual attention * special interest or talent that requires a lot of extra practice e. g. gymnastics, ballet, swimming * family unity * timetable flexibility * higher academic standards * small class size * family travel just as there are many reasons for homeschooling ( or home educating as it is often known ), there are also a number of methods or philosophies. below are listed some of the most popular approaches - the descriptions are not exhaustive, just designed to give a \" snapshot overview \". ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ unschooling - this is where there is no set curriculum and children learn based on the opportunities that are around them. classical - based on ancient methods of learning, dating back to greco roman times. the belief is that learning occurs in three main stages. classical education tends to be an academically rigorous curriculum which is heavy on literature, languages ( including latin ), logic and rhetoric ( speaking / writing ) eclectic - a mixture of different topics and / or styles a. c. e. ( accelerated christian education ) - a structured curriculum which is self paced and self marked. predominantly consists of a set text and questions relating to that text. unit studies - topic based studies which tend to be discovery based ( often including hands - on activities ). often topics integrate several or many subject areas. charlotte mason - literature & discussion based curriculum similar in some ways to classical education but based on the methods of charlotte mason, a 19th century educator. often includes the techniques narration and dictation. click here to return to the home page contact us today to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4772309552698146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.553524"} {"text": "spitok gompa : was built about 550 years ago by gyalpo bumlde, although one temple, dedicated to mahakala was built about 900 years ago. spitok gompa contains both old temples and those built in the 1970s. ancient thankhas are preserved here, some having been taken from the potala palace and lhasa after the chinese invaded. the gompa also has a statue of kali whose face is covered all year but displayed to the public for one day during spitok ' s festival. some 125 yellow - hat sect lamas are considered spitok lamas, but at least half of them live and pray at spitok ' s dependent gompas at sankar, stok and sabu. all the lamas gather at spitok in mid - winter, on the 28th and 29th days of the 11th month of the tibetan calendar for a major festival - the spitok gurstor, - when masked dances take place, ending with the sacrificial destruction of a cake. the festival is known as the spitok festival of the sacrifice of the 29th day. the name spitok is probably derived from the central tibetan language and means \" effective as an example \", referring to the fact that this was the tibetans ' first monastery in ladakh. the head lama of spitok is also the head lama for ladakh and represents ladakh as a member of parliament, spending much of his time in delhi. after ascending and descending several flights of stairs, one is in the main courtyard. it is here that spitok ' s main festival takes place. steep steps leading from the main courtyard approach the dukhang or main temple. the walls both inside and outside the entryway have pictures of fierce protecting deities. inside the dukhang are five rows of low seats for the lamas and a high throne at the far end, reserved for the dalai lama, although he has only made one visit here since leaving tibet in 1959. behind the throne are manifestations of lord buddha. on both side walls of the dukhang are the buddhist canonical texts. beside the central throne doors lead to a low dark chapel behind. in a central position are images of tsong - kha - pa, founder of the yellow - hat sect of buddhism and his two chief disciples as well as an image of the buddha. on the left is an image of tara the saviouress and consort of avalokitesvara, and on the right are statues of previous head lamas. from the main courtyard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4309579728959979, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.570989"} {"text": "his two chief disciples as well as an image of the buddha. on the left is an image of tara the saviouress and consort of avalokitesvara, and on the right are statues of previous head lamas. from the main courtyard, one can reach another smaller courtyard which is in front of the chikhang temple, another assembly hall similar to the dukhang. this temple was built around 1960 and contains beautiful murals on all the walls. the room is dominated by a statue of sakyamuni, the historical buddha. to the right of the buddha is a statue of the eleven - headed avalokitesvara, the \" lord of all he surveys \" and analogous to the hindu god shiva. a small room behind the buddha statue is dedicated to a guardian divinity whose image remains covered all year, except for one day during the winter festival. the new chokhang temple is several levels above the dukhang courtyard. it is here that funeral ceremonies take place. the central large statue in this temple is of sakyamuni. to the left of the buddha is a statue of padme sambhava, an 8th century indian buddhist scholar who translated the buddhist texts into tibetan from their original languages of pali and sanskrit. to the right is the goddess tara. the temple also contains many thankhas, some quite new. diagonally opposite the chokhang and on the same level is a small temple called dolma lokhang which is devoted to tara ( dolma in ladakhi ). it has 21 beautiful statues of tara, representing her different forms. the gilded clay figure on a horse represents the king of ladakh, shukdan. next to temple is the head lama ' s private apartment. the largest temple, standing above the other temples near the crest of the rocks, is called the gonkhang. although another name for this temple is kali mater, the temple is not dedicated to the hindu goddess kali, but rather to mahakala, the fiercest buddhist guardian divinity. together with the image of mahakala are the images of other fierce guardians : the \" six - armed one \" ( a form of mahakala ), the \" white guardian \", \" the brother and sister \", khyitra on his dog and the goddess on her horse. the last one is derived from the hindu goddess kali who entered the buddhist pantheon of gods in a minor capacity. the images of mahakala and the six - armed form of mahakala are carved from black stone and are very old. in order to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47347078981858604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.574645"} {"text": "women \u2019 s education \u2013 women \u2019 s empowerment : celebrating women \u2019 s history month march 1, 2012 - march 31, 2012 women \u2019 s education \u2013 women \u2019 s empowerment women \u2019 s history month raises awareness of the essential and influential roles women play in the development of our shared history. women \u2019 s history week was recognized by congress in 1981, and in 1987, congress designated the month of march to the celebration of women \u2019 s history in perpetuity. each year, the national women \u2019 s history project identifies a theme that highlights the myriad ways in which women have contributed to community \u2013 building and nation \u2013 building. the theme for 2012 is \u201c women \u2019 s education \u2013 women \u2019 s empowerment, \u201d which recognizes the essential role higher education has played in granting women political, economic, and social agency \u2013 and the biases, stereotypes, and pseudoscience women have faced to be educated equally with men. once considered too fragile of mind and body for intense intellectual pursuits, women now outnumber men in many colleges and universities around the united states. many opponents of women \u2019 s education saw higher education as unfeminine and diminished women \u2019 s chances for marriage. women \u2019 s colleges began opening in the nineteenth century and offered women educational opportunities previously unimagined. co \u2013 education was considered controversial by many, and courses of study for women were often restricted to a few fields, particularly in the humanities and areas that would be considered most useful for the domestic sphere. sex stereotyping in male \u2013 dominated fields such as the sciences also prevented many women from undertaking such courses of study. many american colleges and universities did not become co \u2013 educational until the mid \u2013 twentieth century, and educational opportunities offered to men were not extended to women until the passage of title ix of the education codes of the higher education act amendments in 1972 ( enacted in 1977 ), which prohibits gender discrimination by federally funded institutions. bylaws, constitution, and amendments, 1876 \u2013 1886 delaware college admitted its first female students in september 1872. during this first period of co \u2013 education, a group of nine women students formed a literary club in 1876 called the pestalozzi literary society, named in honor of swiss educational reformer johann heinrich pestalozzi ( 1746 \u2013 1827 ). the society \u2019 s stated purposes were to encourage companionship and advance literary pursuits among the college \u2019 s female students. the pestalozzians promoted social and political causes on campus and in delaware, particularly women \u2019 s rights ; the group brought women \u2019 s rights activist belva lockwood ( 1830 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4550474371572949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.581193"} {"text": "##hip and advance literary pursuits among the college \u2019 s female students. the pestalozzians promoted social and political causes on campus and in delaware, particularly women \u2019 s rights ; the group brought women \u2019 s rights activist belva lockwood ( 1830 \u2013 1917 ) to speak on campus and sponsored a lecture by susan b. anthony ( 1820 \u2013 1906 ). shown here is a volume containing the pestalozzi literary society \u2019 s constitution, bylaws, amendments, membership roster, and presidential oath. beneath thy guiding hand : a history of women at the university of delaware. newark, delaware : university of delaware press, 1994. from the first period of co \u2013 education in the nineteenth century to the opening of the women \u2019 s college of delaware in 1914 to full co \u2013 education in 1945, the history of women at the university of delaware has been neither simple nor straightforward. hoffecker \u2019 s book recounts the roles female students, faculty and administrators have occupied and held throughout the university \u2019 s history, as well as the contributions these women have made to the development of the university as an institution of higher education. members of tassel, 1951 tassel was an all \u2013 female honorary society established at the newly co \u2013 educational university of delaware in the early 1950s. women from the junior class were chosen each year for outstanding scholarship, leadership, and service. in 1960, tassel joined mortar board, the national honors society for women, which later included male members after the passage of the civil rights act. history of the women \u2019 s college of the university of delaware, 1914 \u2013 1938. reprinted from delaware notes, 1947. winifred robinson ( 1867 \u2013 1962 ) acquired a ph. d. in botany in 1912 and held teaching and administrative positions at vassar and the university of wisconsin summer school before becoming the first dean of the women \u2019 s college. she served as dean from the school \u2019 s opening in 1914 until her retirement at the age of 70 in 1938. dean robinson was a powerful force in shaping the new and experimental enterprise of women \u2019 s public higher education in delaware.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43857649083015643, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.582302"} {"text": "revision as of 15 : 42, 18 may 2010 by ngraham - a chain is a unit of measurement, equivalent to 66 ft. a chain consists of four poles. contours or contour lines - contour lines designate changes in elevation. elevation numbers are given at intervals, with the lines appearing concentrically in order to show the changes in elevation in a given area. contours are not limited to the mountainous western parts of the state, and are often used to show elevation in low - lying areas in the east. - abbreviation for \" ditto. \" this is often used in map legends to save space. english statute miles - \" the international mile ( and before 1959, the statute mile ) is the distance typically meant when the word mile is used without other qualifying words ( e. g. nautical mile, see below ). the international and statute miles are both equal to 5, 280 feet, but the international mile is defined in terms of the international foot ( 0. 3048 m ), while the statute miles of the various english - speaking countries were based on the national foot of each country. the ( mostly obsolete ) u. s. statute mile is based on the u. s. survey foot ( which is exactly 1200 / 3937 m ) and differs from the international mile by about 3 mm. - the name statute mile originates from a statute of the parliament of england in 1592 during the reign of elizabeth i. this defined the statute mile as 5, 280 ft or 1, 760 yards ; or 63, 360 inches. both statute and international miles are divided into eight furlongs ( the length generally that a furrow was ploughed before the horses were turned, furlong = furrow - long ). in turn a furlong is ten chains ( a surveyor ' s chain, used as such until laser range finders took over ) ; a chain is 22 yards and a yard is three feet, making up 5, 280 ft. \" - http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / mile - hachures, defined as \" short lines following the direction of maximum slope \" ( aacr2 cartographic materials, 2002 ) are probably the most common method for showing relief on historic maps of north carolina. hachures often designate specific mountains or hills, and are effective at showing variations in elevation, but they still do not convey as much information as numbered relief methods, such as contours and spot heights. longitude west from... - the prime meridian we use today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5390878188832742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.597011"} {"text": "specific mountains or hills, and are effective at showing variations in elevation, but they still do not convey as much information as numbered relief methods, such as contours and spot heights. longitude west from... - the prime meridian we use today ( zero degrees longitude ), was not formally established at the royal observatory in greenwich, england until 1884. for a long time, the location of zero longitude varied from country to country and sometimes even from one mapmaker to the next. many early north carolina maps show two different longitudes, one at the top of the map, and one at the bottom. in the united states, mapmakers frequently measured longitude from washington, d. c. or from philadelphia, while french mapmakers measured longitude from paris. while this can be confusing, mapmakers were usually careful to note where they were measuring from ( for example, \" longitude west from london. \" ). however, because this was not always specificed, modern viewers of historic maps who are relying on a longitude measurement for comparison with current maps should keep in mind that an older map that appears to be \" off \" may simply be measuring longitude from a different location. - a pole is a unit of measurement, equivalent to 5. 5 yards / 16. 5 feet. also called a \" rod \" or a \" perch. \" a pole is one - quarter of the distance of a \" chain. \" - quaker meeting house. quaker meeting houses are often shown on early north carolina maps, especially in the western piedmont region. - also rhumb lines or rumb lines, or loxodrome. \" this line of constant bearing is called a rhumb line. the word ' rhumb ' ( or sometimes rumb and it is the same in french though not very well known ) comes from the name of angle measurement representing the ' point ' on the old fashioned compass cards. there are 32 ' rhumbs ' in 360 degrees, hence a rhumb is 11 1 / 4 degrees. \" ( source : http : / / jacq. istos. com. au / sundry / navrhumb. html ) sculp. ( also sc., sculpt., or sculpsit ) - variations of this term ( from the latin word sculpsit, meaning to carve or engrave ) are used to denote the name of the engraver of the map. the name of the engraver is often listed at the bottom of the map.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.521213864670732, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.600023"} {"text": "what is general practice? general practice covers all age ranges \u2013 children, adults and adolescents and is usually the patient \u2019 s first consultation before being referred to other specialists, if necessary. a general practitioner conducts annual physical examinations to monitor patients \u2019 blood pressure, cholesterol levels and glucose levels, and ensures other baseline tests are within normal levels for the patient \u2019 s age and gender. this specialist also treats acute and chronic illnesses, and provides health education and preventative care for all ages and genders. part of the skill set of the general practitioner includes treating patients with multiple health problems. general practitioners are also called family doctors, internists, or family practitioners. when do i see a general practitioner? when a patient is an infant or child, he or she might see a general practitioner who specializes in pediatric care. when the young patient transitions from childhood to adulthood during adolescence, he or she can see a general practice doctor specializing in adolescent medicine or a regular general practitioner, also known as adult - care physician. around the ages 18 - 21, patients typically transition to an adult - care general practitioner who is better suited to their health - care needs. what should i expect when i visit a general practitioner? a general practitioner \u2019 s scope of practice varies, but this health - care provider typically gives basic diagnoses and non - surgical treatment of common medical conditions and illnesses. doctors will collect a patient history and review it to help in the decision - making process when making a diagnosis. doctors review prior medical history, ailments and other health information. a physical examination helps them reach diagnoses. sometimes they will order basic medical tests, such as blood tests, electrocardiograms or x - rays. tests of a more complex and lengthy nature are typically handled by specialists. in this case, the general practitioner will make a referral. together with the patient, the health care provider forms a plan that can include additional testing if needed, a referral to see a specialist, medication prescriptions, therapies, changes to diet or lifestyle, additional patient education or follow - up treatment. patients also may receive advice or education on improving health behaviors, self - care and treatment, screening tests and immunizations. what are the most common conditions general practitioners treat? related articles : shopping for a new docdecoding your health test resultspatient types : which one are you? questions to ask when looking for a new doctor - common cold - gastrointestinal complaint - gynecological complaint - high blood pressure - infectious diseases -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46759783027745006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.602839"} {"text": "plant or animal person, or thing adopted by a group as a representative symbol terrestrial - living on or in the ground ; not aquatic - any fresh, marine, or terrestrial crustacean of the order isopoda, having seven pairs of legs adapted for crawling and has a flattened body - any marine or fresh water crustaceans of the subclass copepoda that has an elongated body and a forked tail troglobites, troglophiles, trogloxenes a copepod in trogloxenes, troglophiles!! this is not gibberish. these are names of different categories of terrestrial cave animals and bacteria. then we have stygobites, stygophilies, and stygloxenes. these animals and bacteria are a bit different, they live in water. they are aquatic. there are a lot more, like extremophiles. these little organisms live in harsh environments like glaciers, swamps, and volcanoes. they can not be seen with the naked eye so you need a microscope. you might think that living in a cave habitat can be rather difficult, and indeed it is. trogloxenes that you might know are : bats, bears, foxes, and raccoons. bats are the most common trogloxenes, and have become a cave mascot. trogloxenes can live above ground, or below ground. they are cave visitors. troglophiles are animals that can go either way, they can live in a cave or outside of a cave. many of these will be insects like : crickets, centipedes, and some salamanders. these can be called cave lovers. troglobites are true cave dwellers. most troglobites have special adaptations that help them adjust to life in complete darkness. some troglobites have poor eye sight or have no eyes at all. they can sense vibrations or moving objects with their very long and sensitive antennas. they are also able to hear, smell, and feel as well. troglobites are pale, white, or transparent. because of this, troglobites can not come in contact with sunlight because the results can prove to be fatal. some examples of troglobites are blind flatworms, eyeless shrimp, isopods, and copepods. a cave can be a habitat for many interesting life forms. these life forms have adapted to their lives below or above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5439800031132673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.605561"} {"text": "a new and better way to restore knee function and relieve the pain of kneecap arthritis and wear pain and loss of function from kneecap ( patella ) arthritis and cartilage wear is a common problem afflicting up to 10 % of the population. often patients undergo multiple operations only to end up with severe disability. this is because many of the traditional solutions have been shown to have fairly high failure rates averaging 30 %. ( table 1. ) see our further discussion on the surgical alternatives to patellofemoral pain. in addition, establishing the correct cause of kneecap pain and knowing when to perform any one operation and as importantly knowing what operation not to do is critical to successful treatment. table 1. operative approaches for patellofemoral arthritis - arthroscopic debridement - microfracture articular restoration - lateral release - soft - tissue realignment of the extensor mechanism - osteotomies of the tibial tubercle - mosiacplasty / autologous chondrocyte implantation - lateral patella partial facetectomy - patellectomy ( removal of the kneecap ) - total knee replacement what does arthritis of the kneecap look like? articular cartilage is that tissue covering the ends of bones where they meet to form a joint ( think of the knuckle of a chicken drumstick ). that precious layer must remain intact, smooth, and of a proper thickness or your body weight will not be cushioned and the bending of the joint will feel rough with increased mechanical friction. degenerative arthritis ( also known as osteoarthritis ) is the type of knee arthritis resulting from accumulative wear and tear or direct trauma damage to that joint surface. knee cap cartilage damage is also called chondromalacia patella ( chondro = cartilage ; malacia = softening ; patella = kneecap ). whatever the reason, once the joint surface deteriorates, the underlying bone is exposed and pain increases due to the overloading of the many underlying nerves. if the joint surface cannot be fixed or repaired, then the force of the joint must be reduced or the surface artificially protected ( replacement ). normal kneecap x - rayarthritic kneecap x - ray what are the indications for patellofemoral replacement? the indications for patellofemoral replacement are summarized in table 2. while operative replacement of any portion of the knee joint is one of the last options, it is often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4218990378555135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.614396"} {"text": "kneecap x - ray what are the indications for patellofemoral replacement? the indications for patellofemoral replacement are summarized in table 2. while operative replacement of any portion of the knee joint is one of the last options, it is often the only good choice left when other treatments fail of result in increased pain. we have found a definite trend of more rapid recovery, better function, more predictable return to work, and decreased dependency on pain medication with this operation. patients can become very depressed and socially drained by the stress of constant pain and ineffectual prior treatment. patellofemoral replacement offers more predictable relief from these problems in our experience. table 2. indications for patellofemoral replacement - degenerative osteoarthritis ( ie. loss of joint space with osseous deformation ) limited to the patellofemoral joint - severe symptoms affecting daily activity referrable to patellofemoral joint degeneration unresponsive to lengthy ( 3 to 6 months ) nonsurgical options and / or failed prior conservative procedures ( eg. lateral release, arthroscopic debridement, cartilage transplantation ) - post traumatic osteoarthritis - extensive grade 3 chondrosis ( ie. loss of joint space without osseous deformation of the patellofemoral, joint space, particularly pantrochlear, medial facet, or proximal half of patella - failed extensor unloading procedure ( eg. maquet, fulkerson ) - patellofemoral malalignment / dysplasia induced degeneration with or without instability are there any contraindications to patellofemoral replacement surgery? yes, some patients cannot have this operation either because they wait too long and their knee is too damaged or they have one of the conditions listed in table 3. however, most patients should consider this procedure as a possible option for their patella arthritis and get evaluated before choosing a final solution. it is important to seek a surgeon who has experience with patellofemoral replacement, since opinions vary greatly depending upon the individual surgeon ' s own preferences. table 3. contraindications to patellofemoral arthroplasty - no attempt at nonoperative care or to rule out other sources of pain - arthritis involving the tibiofemoral articulation greater than kellgren grade i / ii - systemic inflammatory arthropathy - osteoarthritis / chondrosis less than grade", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40303831599171136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.615361"} {"text": "care or to rule out other sources of pain - arthritis involving the tibiofemoral articulation greater than kellgren grade i / ii - systemic inflammatory arthropathy - osteoarthritis / chondrosis less than grade 3 / 4 - patella infera - uncorrected patellofemoral instability / malalignment - uncorrected tibiofemoral mechanical malalignment ( valgus > 80 ; varus > 50 ) - active infection - evidence of chronic regional pain syndrome - fixed knee range of motion loss ( - 100 ext. - 1100 flex. minimum ) - psychogenic pain what other factors can adversely influence the success of patellofemoral replacement? several other factors have been identifies by our research to affect the success of kneecap surgery and particularly patellofemoral replacement. these are summarized in table 4. table 4. additional factors that may adversely effect patellofemoral arthroplasty outcome - multiple antecedent procedures or extensive soft - tissue trauma associated with residual quadriceps atrophy - history of prior arthrofibrosis in the same joint or other operative site - ligamentous tibiofemoral instability - a post menisectomy knee - high patient activity or bent knee use - age under 40 - unrealistic patient expectations - a surgeon with lack of experience in arthroplasty or extensor mechanism realignment - obesity ( bmi > 30 ) - patella alta - primary osteoarthritis - male gender what can i do if i have been told i have a bad, wornout, or arthritic kneecap and i have to either live with my pain or accept a total knee replacement? patients are often told that there is nothing more that can be done for them and they must live with the pain or worse accept a must larger and potentially complicated total knee procedure. many patients are younger than 50 and to live with the pain and disability of kneecap arthritis is not an option. these patients are very intimidated by the choices offered to them especially if their surgeon seems to throw up his hands over their problem. fortunately, our experience and the overall technological progress with patellofemoral replacement, now provides a better answer. what does a patellofemoral replacement look like? patellofemoral replacement ( \" kneecap replacement \", patellofemoral arthroplasty ) is one type of minimally invasive knee surgery. the parts ( components ) are very small compared to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4143197103789895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.616338"} {"text": "##lofemoral replacement look like? patellofemoral replacement ( \" kneecap replacement \", patellofemoral arthroplasty ) is one type of minimally invasive knee surgery. the parts ( components ) are very small compared to a standard total knee replacement. standard total knee replacement note : the much greater size of the components which means a larger portion of the normal knee is sacrificed with greater operative risks and a less natural feeling function. if a total knee operation fails or you experience a complication, the solutions in most cases are more complicated than with a patellofemoral replacement. steps you should take to obtain additional opinion about your kneecap problem : at the center, patients come from across the united states and the world to seek additional opinions. to get the most out of your visit and achieve proper treatment, you must do the following : - request a copy of your operative reports and medical records from your previous physician. - bring copies of any x - rays or mri ' s - write a concise history of your problem and it ' s treatment - you may contact dr. leadbetter at 1 - 410 - 601 - 8500 ( see appointment section on this web site for further details ) or go to our parent web site at www. lifebridgehealth. org - when you call for your appointment, our staff will obtain your insurance information and give you additional help. - directions to the center for joint preservation and replacement at sinai hospital, baltimore can be found at www. lifebridgehealth. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42845733904466665, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.617005"} {"text": "centos uses both font systems and they use different folders : http : / / www. centos. org / docs / 5 / html / deployment _ guide - en - us / s1 - x - fonts. html red hat enterprise linux uses two subsystems to manage and display fonts under x : fontconfig and xfs. the newer fontconfig font subsystem simplifies font management and provides advanced display features, such as anti - aliasing. this system is used automatically for applications programmed using the qt 3 or gtk + 2 graphical toolkit. for compatibility, red hat enterprise linux includes the original font subsystem, called the core x font subsystem. this system, which is over 15 years old, is based around the x font server ( xfs ). on centos5 / redhat it seems that xfs gets its fonts from the x config file / etc / x11 / fs / config which points to / usr / share / x11 / fonts, and fontconfig gets its config from / etc / fonts / font. conf which points to / usr / share / fonts. by default neither font system sees the fonts from the other system. seems that rh wants to move to fontconfig but still has some things that use xfs. why they didnt just put all the fonts in 1 folder and pointed everything there so that both font systems had all the same fonts is a mystery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3941501772800171, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.618431"} {"text": "about the artwork louis - jacques - mande daguerre is perhaps best known for his contribution to the history of photography. he invented the first photographic process, the daguerreotype in 1839. daguerre was apprenticed to an architect at the age of sixteen while also training as a draughtsman. he also worked in the studio of the stage designer for the paris opera, ignace - eugene - marie degotti as well as assisting pierre prevost in designing panorama paintings for public entertainment. daguerre established his reputation as a stage designer for parisian theatres, especially with the development of dioramas. these were buildings designed by daguerre for displaying his and charles - marie bouton ' s huge paintings. most of the themes of the paintings were landscapes, chapel interiors and volcanoes. the paintings were executed on thin linen. often real props were added to enhance spectators ' experience. lighting from the front and the back of the picture was used to suggest gradual passage from day to evening light as well the appearance and disappearance of actors and actresses. when one scene of the play was completed the auditorium was rotated to bring another view or picture on stage. these dioramas were in an early form of cinema and were very popular. the first diorama was opened in paris in 1822. its success was such that daguerre was asked to design another one in london, which opened in park square east, regent ' s park in 1823. daguerre ' s fascination with dioramas stemmed from his interest in finding appropriate ways of capturing light and atmospheric effects in painting, as well as making perspective an expressive and dramatic medium. the increasing taste for travelling and particularly visiting ruins and picturesque sites in the 18th century made daguerre ' s dioramas particularly popular among the people of his time. for those who did not have the chance to travel, dioramas offered an experience close to a real visit, while for the privileged it helped revive their memories and emotions. ' the ruins of holyrood chapel ' relates to the painting with the same title, which daguerre exhibited at the paris salon in 1824. the only difference between the two was that the paris salon work included the figure of a comtess, who was visiting the tomb of her former friend, the duchesse de grammont. she died in exile at holyrood in 1803 and was buried in the royal vault in the south - east corner of holyrood chapel. daguerre exhibited dioramas of the same subject in paris from 1823 until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4896248396931772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.623935"} {"text": "rbldnsd is a small dns - protocol daemon which is designed to handle queries to dns - based ip - listing or name - listing services. such services are a simple way to share / publish a list of ip addresses or ( domain ) names which are \" listed \" for for some reason, for example in order to be able to refuse a service to a client which is \" listed \" in some blocklist. rbldnsd is not a general - purpose nameserver. it will answer to a and txt ( and soa and ns if such rrs are specified ) queries, and has limited ability to answer to some other types of queries. rbldnsd tries to handle data from two different perspectives : given a set ( or several ) of \" listed entries \" ( e. g. ip address ranges or domain names ), it builds and serves a dns zone. note the two are not the same : list of spammer ' s ips is not a dns zone, but may be represented and used as such, provided that some additional information necessary to build complete dns zone ( e. g. ns and soa records, maybe a records necessary for http to work ) is available. in this context, rbldnsd is very different from other general - purpose nameservers such as bind or nsd : rbldnsd operates with datasets ( sets of entries - ip addresses or domain names, logically grouped together ), while other general - purpose nameservers operates with zones. the way how rbldnsd operates may be somewhat confusing to bind experts. for rbldnsd, a building block is a dataset : e. g., set of insecure / abuseable hosts ( ip addresses ), set of network ranges that belongs to various spam operations ( ip ranges ), domain names that belong to spammers ( rhsbl ) and so on. usually, different kind of information is placed into separate file, for easy maintenance. from a number of such datasets, rbldnsd constructs a number of dns zones as specified on command line. a single dataset may be used for several zones, and a single zone may be constructed from several datasets. rbldnsd will answer queries to dns zones specified on the command line as a set of zone specifications. each zone specification consists of zone basename, dataset type and a comma - separated list of files that forms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46078326379535134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.652689"} {"text": "( see below ), to indicate the points where the counters are starting back from zero. by default, rbldnsd writes absolute counter values into statsfile ( number of packets ( bytes ) since startup or last reset ). statsfile may be prefixed with plus sign ( + ), in which case rbldnsd will write delta values, that is, number of packets or bytes since last write, or number of packets ( bytes ) per unit of time ( \" incremental \" mode, hence the \" + \" sign ). dataset files are text files which are interpreted depending on type specified in command line. empty lines and lines starting with hash character ( # ) or semicolon ( ; ) are ignored, except for a special case outlined below in section titled \" special entries \". a ( comma - separated ) list of files in dataset specification ( in type : file, file,... ) is interpreted as if all files where logically combined into one single file. when compiled with zlib support, rbldnsd is able to read gzip - compressed data files. so, every file in dataset specification can be compressed with gzip ( 1 ), and rbldnsd will read such a file decompressing it on - the - fly. this feature may be turned off by specifying - c option. rbldnsd is designed to service a dnsbl, where each entry have single a record and optional txt record assotiated with it. rbldnsd allows to specify a value and txt template either for each entry individually, or to use default a value and txt template pair for a group of entries. see section \" resulting a values and txt templates \" below for a way to specify them. if a line starts with a dollar sign ( $ ), hash character and a dollar sign ( # $ ), semicolon and dollar sign ( ; # ) or colon and a dollar sign ( : $ ), it is interpreted in a special way, regardless of dataset type ( this is one exception where a line starting with hash character is not ignored - to be able to use zone files for both rbldnsd and for djb ' s rbldns ). the following keywords, following a dollar sign, are recognized : $ maxrange4 / 24 $ maxrange4 256this constraint is active for a dataset it is specified in, and can be owerwritten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5275035196809663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.654949"} {"text": ": this entry is listed ). if a value does not start with a colon, it is interpreted as txt template only, with a record defaulting to the default a value in current scope. ip address range may be followed by a comment char ( either hash character ( # ) or semicolon ( ; ) ), e. g. : 127 / 8 ; loopback networkin this case all characters up to the end of line are ignored, and default a and txt values will be used for this ip range. every ip address that fits within any of specified ranges is \" listed \", and rbldnsd will respond to reverse queries against it within specified zone with positive results. in contrast, if an entry starts with an exclamation sign (! ), this is an exclusion entry, i. e. corresponding address range is excluded from being listed ( and any value for this record is ignored ). this may be used to specify large range except some individual addresses, in a compact form. if a line starts with a colon ( : ), this line specifies the default a value and txt template to return ( see below ) for all subsequent entries up to end of current file. if no default entry specified, and no value specified for a given record, rbldnsd will return 127. 0. 0. 2 for matching a queries and no record for matching txt queries. if txt record template is specified and contains occurences of of dollar sign ( $ ), every such occurence is replaced with an ip address in question, so singe txt template may be used to e. g. refer to a webpage for an additional information for a specific ip address. set of ip4 cidr ranges with corresponding ( a, txt ) values. similar to ip4set, but uses different internal representation ( implemented as a patricia trie ), accepts cidr ranges only ( not a. b. c. d - e. f. g. h ), allows to specify only one value per cidr range, and returns only one, most close matching, entry on queries. exclusions are supported too. this dataset is not memory - efficient to store many single ip addresses, but it is ok to use it to store many possible wide cidr ranges. \" trivial \" ip4set : a set of single ip addresses ( one per line ), with the same a + txt template. this dataset type is more efficient than ip4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46903953933399434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.656985"} {"text": "to use it to store many possible wide cidr ranges. \" trivial \" ip4set : a set of single ip addresses ( one per line ), with the same a + txt template. this dataset type is more efficient than ip4set ( in both memory usage and access times ), but have obvious limitation. it is intended for dnsbls like dsbl. org, ordb. org and similar, where each entry uses the same default a + txt template. this dataset uses only half a memory for the same list of ip addresses compared to ip4set. set of ( possible wildcarded ) domain names with associated a and txt values. similar to ip4set, but instead of ip addresses, data consists of domain names ( not in reverse form ). one domain name per line, possible starting with wildcard ( either with star - dot ( *. ) or just a dot ). entry starting with exclamation sign is exclusion. default value for all subsequent lines may be specified by a line starting with a colon. wildcards are interpreted as follows : this dataset type may be used instead of ip4set, provided all cidr ranges are expanded and reversed ( but in this case, txt template will be expanded differently ). generic type, simplified bind - style format. every record should be on one line ( line continuations are not supported ), and should be specified completely ( i. e. all domain names in values should be fully - qualified, entry name may not be omitted ). no wildcards are accepted. only a, txt, and mx records are recognized. ttl value may be specified before record type. examples : # bl. ex. com # specify some values for current zone $ ns 0 ns1. ex. com ns2. ex. com # record with ttl www 3000 a 127. 0. 0. 1 about txt \" ex. com combined blocklist \" this is a special dataset that stores no data by itself but acts like a container for several other datasets of any type except of combined type itself. the data file contains an optional common section, where various specials are recognized like $ ns, $ soa, $ ttl ( see above ), and a series of sections, each of which defines one ( nested ) dataset and several subzones of the base zone, for which this dataset should be consulted. new ( nested ) dataset starts with a line $ data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5008058425167033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.657956"} {"text": ", and a series of sections, each of which defines one ( nested ) dataset and several subzones of the base zone, for which this dataset should be consulted. new ( nested ) dataset starts with a line $ dataset type [ : name ] subzone subzone... and all subsequent lines up to the end of current file or to next $ dataset line are interpreted as a part of dataset of type type, with optional name ( name is used for logging purposes only, and the whole \" : name \" ( without quotes or square brackets ) part is optional ). note that combined datasets cannot be nested. every subzone will always be relative to the base zone name specified on command line. if subzone specified as single character \" @ \", dataset will be connected to the base zone itself. this dataset type aims to simplify subzone maintenance, in order to be able to include several subzones in one file for easy data transfer, atomic operations and to be able to modify list of subzones on remote secondary nameservers. example of a complete dataset that contains subzone ` proxies ' with a list of open proxies, subzone ` relays ' with a list of open relays, subzone ` multihop ' with output ips of multihop open relays, and the base zone itself includes proxies and relays but not multihops : # common section $ ns 1w ns1. ex. com ns2. ex. com $ soa 1w ns1. ex. com admin. ex. com 0 2h 2h 1w 1h # list of open proxies, # in ` proxies ' subzone and in base zone $ dataset ip4set : proxy proxies @ : 2 : open proxy, see http : / / bl. ex. com / proxy / $ 127. 0. 0. 2 127. 0. 0. 10 # list of open relays, # in ` relays ' subzone and in base zone $ dataset ip4set : relay relays @ : 3 : open relay, see http : / / bl. ex. com / relay / $ 127. 0. 0. 2 127. 0. 2. 10 # list of optputs of multistage relays, # in ` multihop ' subzone only $ dataset ip4set : multihop - relay multihop :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5404920445937869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.659153"} {"text": "127. 0. 0. 2 127. 0. 2. 10 # list of optputs of multistage relays, # in ` multihop ' subzone only $ dataset ip4set : multihop - relay multihop : 4 : multihop open relay, see http : / / bl. ex. com / relay / $ 127. 0. 0. 2 127. 0. 9. 12 # for the base zone and all subzones, # include several additional records $ dataset generic : common proxies relays multihop @ @ a 127. 0. 0. 8 www a 127. 0. 0. 8 @ mx 10 mx. ex. com # the above results in having the following records # ( provided that the base zone specified is bl. ex. com ) : # proxies. bl. ex. com a 127. 0. 0. 8 # www. proxies. bl. ex. com 127. 0. 0. 8 # relays. bl. ex. com a 127. 0. 0. 8 # www. relays. bl. ex. com 127. 0. 0. 8 # multihop. bl. ex. com a 127. 0. 0. 8 # www. multihop. bl. ex. com 127. 0. 0. 8 # bl. ex. com a 127. 0. 0. 8 # www. bl. ex. com 127. 0. 0. 8 note that $ ns and $ soa values applies to the base zone only, regardless of the placement in the file. unlike the $ ttl values and $ n substitutions, which may be both global and local for a given ( sub - ) dataset. in all zone file types except generic, a values and txt templates are specified as following : : 127. 0. 0. 2 : blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ if a line starts with a colon, it specifies default a and txt for all subsequent entries in this dataset. similar format is used to specify values for individual records, with the a value ( enclosed by colons ) being optional : 127. 0. 0. 2 : 127. 0. 0. 2 : blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ or, without specific a value : 127. 0. 0. 2 blacklisted : http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.519813037314736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.661996"} {"text": "0. 2 : 127. 0. 0. 2 : blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ or, without specific a value : 127. 0. 0. 2 blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ two parts of a line, delimited by second colon, specifies a and txt record values. both are optional. by default ( either if no default line specified, or no ip address within that line ), rbldnsd will return 127. 0. 0. 2 as a record. 127. 0. 0 prefix for a value may be omitted, so the above example may be simplified to : : 2 : blacklisted : http : / / example. com / bl? $ there is no default txt value, so rbldnsd will not return anything for txt queries it txt isn ' t specified. when a value is specified for a given entry, but txt template is omitted, there may be two cases interpreted differently, namely, whenever there ' s a second semicolon ( : ) after the a value. if there ' s no second semicolon, default txt value for this scope will be used. in contrast, when second semicolon is present, no txt template will be generated at all. all possible cases are outlined in the following example : # default a value and txt template : 127. 0. 0. 2 : ip address $ is listed # 127. 0. 0. 4 will use default a and txt 127. 0. 0. 4 # 127. 0. 0. 5 will use specific a and default txt 127. 0. 0. 5 : 5 # 127. 0. 0. 6 will use specific a and no txt 127. 0. 0. 6 : 6 : # 127. 0. 0. 7 will use default a and specific txt 127. 0. 0. 7 ip address $ running an open relay in a txt template, references to substitution variables are replaced with values of that variables. in particular, single dollar sign ( $ ) is replaced by a listed entry ( an ip address in question for ip - based datasets and the domain name for domain - based datasets ). $ n - style constructs, where n is a single digit, are replaced by a substitution variable $ n defined for this dataset in current scope ( see section \" special entries \" above ). to specify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5086825826043218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.663142"} {"text": "domain - based datasets ). $ n - style constructs, where n is a single digit, are replaced by a substitution variable $ n defined for this dataset in current scope ( see section \" special entries \" above ). to specify a dollar sign as - is, use $ $. for example, the following lines : $ 1 see http : / / www. example. com / bl $ 2 for details 127. 0. 0. 2 $ 1 / spammer / $ $ 2 127. 0. 0. 3 $ 1 / relay / $ $ 2 127. 0. 0. 4 this spammer wants some $ $ $ $. $ 1 / $ will result in the following text to be generated : see http : / / www. example. com / bl / spammer / 127. 0. 0. 2 for details see http : / / www. example. com / bl / relay / 127. 0. 0. 3 for details this spammer wants some $ $. see http : / / www. example. com / bl / 127. 0. 0. 4 if the \" base template \" ( $ = variable ) is defined, this template is used for expansion, instead of the one specified for an entry being queried. inside the base template, $ = construct is substituted with the text given for individual entries. in order to stop usage of base template $ = for a single record, start it with = ( which will be omitted from the resulting txt value ). for example, $ 0 see http : / / www. example. com / bl? $ = ( $ ) for details 127. 0. 0. 2 r123 127. 0. 0. 3 127. 0. 0. 4 = see other blocklists for details about $ produces the following txt records : see http : / / www. example. com / bl? r123 ( 127. 0. 0. 2 ) for details see http : / / www. example. com / bl? 127. 0. 0. 3 ( 127. 0. 0. 3 ) for details see other blocklists for details about 127. 0. 0. 4 this is not a real dataset, while the syntax and usage is the same as with other datasets. instead of defining which records exists in a given zone and which does not, acl dataset specifies which client hosts ( peers ) are allowed to query the given zone. the dataset", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5256961702156828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.664038"} {"text": "syntax and usage is the same as with other datasets. instead of defining which records exists in a given zone and which does not, acl dataset specifies which client hosts ( peers ) are allowed to query the given zone. the dataset specifies a set of ipv4 address ranges ( currently, ipv6 addresses are not supported ) in a form of cidrs ( with the syntax exactly the same as understood by ip4trie dataset ), together with action specifiers. when a query is made from an ip address listed ( not for the ip address ), specified action changes rules used to construct the reply. possible actions and their meanings are : only one acl dataset can be specified for a given zone, and each zone must have at least one non - acl dataset. it is also possible to specify one global acl dataset, by specifying empty zone name ( which is not allowed for other dataset types ), like rbldnsd... : acl : filename... for this dataset type, only a few $ - style specials are recognized. in particular, $ soa and $ ns keywords are not allowed. when rbldnsd performs $ substitution in the txt template returned from acl dataset, it will use client ip address to substitute for a single $ character, instead of the ip address or domain name found in the original query. rbldnsd handles the following signals : some unsorted usage notes follows. when creating a data file for rbldnsd ( and for anything else, it is a general advise ), it is a good idea to create the data in temporary file and rename the temp file when all is done. never try to write to the main file directly, it is possible that at the same time, rbldnsd will try to read it and will get incomplete data as the result. the same applies to copying data using cp ( 1 ) utility and similar ( including scp ( 1 ) ), that performs copying over existing data. even if you ' re sure noone is reading the data while you ' re copying or generating it, imagine what will happen if you will not be able to complete the process for whatever reason ( interrupt, filesystem full, endless number of other reasons... ). in most cases is better to keep older but correct data instead of leaving incomplete / corrupt data in place. scp remote : data target. tmp & & mv target", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48557237388604657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.665109"} {"text": ", filesystem full, endless number of other reasons... ). in most cases is better to keep older but correct data instead of leaving incomplete / corrupt data in place. scp remote : data target. tmp & & mv target. tmp targetwrong : scp remote : data targetright :. / generate. pl > target. tmp & & mv target. tmp targetwrong :. / generate. pl > target from this point of view, rsync ( 1 ) command seems to be safe, as it always creates temporary file and renames it to the destination only when all is ok ( but note the - - partial option, which is good for downloading something but may be wrong to transfer data files - - usually you don ' t want partial files to be loaded ). in contrast, scp ( 1 ) command is not safe, as it performs direct copying. you may still use scp ( 1 ) in a safe manner, as shown in the example above. also try to eliminate a case when two ( or more ) processes performs data copying / generation at the same time to the same destination. when your data is generated by a cron job, use file locking ( create separate lock file ( which should never be removed ) and flock / fcntl it in exclusive mode without waiting, exiting if lock fails ) before attempting to do other file manipulation. all keys specified in dataset files are always relative to the zone base dn. in contrast, all the values ( ns and soa records, mx records in generic dataset ) are absolute. this is different from bind behaviour, where trailing dot indicates whenever this is an absolute or relative dn. trailing dots in domain names are ignored by rbldnsd. several zones may be served by rbldnsd, every zone may consist of several datasets. there are numerous ways to combine several data files into several zones. for example, suppose you have a list of dialup ranges in file named ` dialups ', and a list of spammer ' s ip addresses in file named ` spammers ', and want to serve 3 zones with rbldnsd : dialups. bl. ex. com, spam. bl. ex. com and bl. ex. com which is a combination of the two. there are two ways to do this : rbldnsd options... \\ dialups. bl. ex. com : ip4set :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5101423516219952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.666179"} {"text": ". ex. com and bl. ex. com which is a combination of the two. there are two ways to do this : rbldnsd options... \\ dialups. bl. ex. com : ip4set : dialups \\ spam. bl. ex. com : ip4set : spammers \\ bl. ex. com : ip4set : dialups, spammers rbldnsd options... \\ dialups. bl. ex. com : ip4set : dialups \\ spam. bl. ex. com : ip4set : spammers \\ bl. ex. com : ip4set : dialups \\ bl. ex. com : ip4set : spammers ( note you should specify combined bl. ex. com zone after all its subzones in a command line, or else subzones will not be consulted at all ). in the first form, there will be 3 independent data sets, and every record will be stored 2 times in memory, but only one search in internal data structures will be needed to resolve queries for aggregate bl. ex. com. in second form, there will be only 2 data sets, every record will be stored only once ( both datasets will be reused ), but 2 searches will be performed by rbldnsd to answer queries against aggregate zone ( but difference in speed is almost unnoticeable ). note that when aggregating several data files into one dataset, an exclusion entry in one file becomes exclusion entry in the whole dataset ( which may be a problem when aggregating dialups, where exclusions are common, with open relays / proxies, where exclusions are rare if at all used ). similar effect may be achieved by using combined dataset type, sometimes more easily. combined dataset results in every nested dataset to be used independantly, like in second form above. combined dataset requires rbldnsd to be the authoritative nameserver for the whole base zone. most important, one may specify soa and ns records for the base zone only. so, some dnsbls which does not use a common subzone for the data, cannot use this dataset. an example being dsbl. org dnsbl, where each of list. dsbl. org, multihop. dsbl. org and unconfirmed. dsbl. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4908667549147935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.667242"} {"text": "common subzone for the data, cannot use this dataset. an example being dsbl. org dnsbl, where each of list. dsbl. org, multihop. dsbl. org and unconfirmed. dsbl. org zones are separate, independant zones with different set of nameservers. but for dsbl. org, where each dataset is really independant and used only once ( there ' s no ( sub ) zone that is as a combinations of other zones ), combined dataset isn ' t necessary. in contrast, sorbs. net zones, where several subzones used and main zone is a combination of several subzones, combined dataset is a way to go. when you have several nameservers for your zone, set them all in a similar way. namely, if one is set up using combined dataset, all the rest should be too, or else dns meta - data will be broken. this is because metadata ( soa and ns ) records returned by nameservers using combined and other datasets will have different origin. with combined dataset, rbldnsd return ns and soa records for the base zone, not for any subzone defined inside the dataset. given the above example with dialups. bl. ex. com, spammers. bl. ex. com and aggregate bl. ex. com zones, and two nameservers, first is set up in any ways described above ( using individual datasets for every of the 3 zones ), and second is set up for the whole bl. ex. com zone using combined dataset. in this case, for queries against dialups. bl. ex. com, first nameserver will return ns records like dialups. bl. ex. com. in ns a. ns. ex. com. while second will always use base zone, and ns records will look like bl. ex. com. in ns a. ns. ex. com. all authoritative nameservers for a zone must have consistent metadata records. the only way to achieve this is to use similar configuration ( combined or not ) on all nameservers. have this in mind when using other software for a nameserver. generic dataset type is very rudimentary. it ' s purpose is to complement all the other type to form complete nameserver that may answer to a, txt and mx queries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4624013673854319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.668085"} {"text": "when using other software for a nameserver. generic dataset type is very rudimentary. it ' s purpose is to complement all the other type to form complete nameserver that may answer to a, txt and mx queries. this is useful mostly to define a records for http access ( relays. bl. example. com a, www. bl. example. com a just in case ), and maybe descriptive texts as a txt record. since rbldnsd only searches one, most closely matching ( sub ) zone for every request, one cannot specify a single e. g. generic dataset in form proxies txt list of open proxies www. proxies a 127. 0. 0. 8 relays txt list of open relays www. relays a 127. 0. 0. 9for several ( sub ) zones, each of which are represented as a zone too ( either in command line or as combined dataset ). instead, several generic datasets should be specified, separate one for every ( sub ) zone. if the data for every subzone is the same, the same, single dataset may be used, but it should be specified for every zone it should apply to ( see combined dataset usage example above ). most of the bugs outlined in this section aren ' t really bugs, but present due to non - standartized and thus unknown expected behaviour of a nameserver that serves a dnsbl zone. rbldnsd matches bind runtime behaviour where appropriate, but not always. rbldnsd lowercases some domain names ( the ones that are lookup keys, e. g. in ` generic ' and ` dnset ' datasets ) when loading, to speed up lookup operations. this isn ' t a problem in most cases. there is no tcp mode. if a resource record does not fit in udp packet ( 512 bytes ), it will be silently ignored. for most usages, this isn ' t a problem, because there should be only a few rrs in an answer, and because one record is usually sufficient to decide whenever a given entry is \" listed \" or not. rbldnsd isn ' t a full - featured nameserver, after all. rbldnsd will not always return a list of nameserver records in the authority section of every positive answer : ns records will be provided ( if given ) only if there ' s a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48569079241047763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.668953"} {"text": "a full - featured nameserver, after all. rbldnsd will not always return a list of nameserver records in the authority section of every positive answer : ns records will be provided ( if given ) only if there ' s a room for them in single udp packet. if records does not fit, authority section will be empty. rbldnsd does not allow axfr operations. for dnsbls, axfr is the stupidiest yet common thing to do - use rsync for zone transfers instead. this isn ' t a bug in rbldnsd itself, but in common practice of using axfr and the like to transfer huge zones in a format which isn ' t suitable for such a task. perhaps in the future, if there will be some real demand, i ' ll implement axfr \" server \" support ( so that rbldnsd will be able to act as master for bind nameservers, but not as secondary ), but the note remains : use rsync. rbldnsd truncates all txt records to be at most 255 bytes. dns specs allows longer txts, but long txts is something that should be avoided as much as possible - txt record is used as smtp rejection string. note that dns udp packet is limited to 512 bytes. rbldnsd will log a warning when such truncation occurs. this manpage corresponds to rbldnsd version 0. 996a. the rbldnsd daemon written by michael tokarev < email @ example. com >, based on ideas by dan bernstein and his djbdns package.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45468611702588446, "token_count": 341, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.669547"} {"text": "what does the future hold for the fight against malaria in africa? if we limit ourselves to the conventional approaches to fighting malaria - drugs, bednets and biocides - the future looks bleak. it looks like an endless war. the war started about 1950 when ddt and chloroquine looked like perfect weapons. but since then the development of resistance has shown us how ephemeral they were. the mosquitoes began to eat ddt for breakfast, and the malaria parasites learned to swim in chloroquine. historians are showing us that malaria has incredible tenacity in africa. we long for a solution to this horrible problem - an exit strategy. unfortunately who, usaid and the un agencies offer us nothing but more of the same - and with declining budgets. for the past few decades there has been an implicit but mythical exit strategy for the fight against malaria - the development of a vaccine. this implied weapon has been the stimulus for enormous amounts of immunological research, and has also given solace to field workers who see the disastrous brick wall of drug and biocide resistance coming again soon. the repeat of this historic disaster will mean that once again indoor spraying of biocides becomes exceedingly expensive, that treated bednets will no longer give protection, and that the current drugs will be useless. it is a grim picture, unless one has an exit strategy. but relying on the mythical vaccine is simply an exercise in fantasy. fortunately there is a practical exit strategy available, using proven methods that require little technology. perhaps the lack of technology is the reason why these weapons have not been pursued by our scientific and medical elite ; they are too mundane and we all want to be modern scientists. this realistic exit strategy features ( 1 ) shovels for digging drainage ditches and filling swampy sites of mosquito breeding, ( 2 ) window screens and ( 3 ) affordable electricity for fans that make sleeping bearable in screened houses. unlike the current vaccines being studied, shovels, window screens and affordable electricity are durable, and do not require re - application every few years. and we already have them all over the world. farmers all over africa know how to drain swamps with shovels. carpenters all over africa know how to screen in houses, after blocking the eaves with heavy paper or papyrus. affordable electricity is growing at the rate of 4. 1 % per year in africa, as new fuel and hydropower sources are developed faster than anyplace in the world ( christian science monitor 2013. ) it is important to note that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47127265929090223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.683249"} {"text": "or papyrus. affordable electricity is growing at the rate of 4. 1 % per year in africa, as new fuel and hydropower sources are developed faster than anyplace in the world ( christian science monitor 2013. ) it is important to note that affordable electricity is available already in many african cities. as the majority of africans move to urban areas, they will find affordable electricity already there. extending it to rural areas will get us to the end. what basis is there for confidence in this practical exit strategy? simply the experience in all the northern countries where physicians no longer know what malaria looks like. the historian snowden documented the gradual disappearance of malaria from italy after the second world war ; largely before the advent of ddt and chloroquine ( snowden 2006, and jobin 2010 ). these cheap chemicals used to be thought of as the exit strategy in the who eradication program \u2013 until they hit the brick wall of chemical and drug resistance the first time, about 50 years ago. another important feature of this practical exit strategy is that it has multiple benefits, while a vaccine would be highly specific not only for one disease, but even for only one strain of that disease. a vaccine against plasmodium falciparum, the most prevalent killer in africa, would not protect against plasmodium vivax, a common killer in most of the tropical world. the multiple benefits of eliminating swamps and breeding sites has been shown in tanzania to also control some other species of mosquitoes which transmit filariasis ( castro 2010 ). screening of houses also keeps out houseflies which are important in transmission of cholera and other severe diarrheal diseases. screening of houses also increases the resale value of houses, in a way that biocide spraying could never do. buying shovels and picks to drain a swamp gives you tools to use in growing crops as well. this exit strategy has multiple benefits, always a winner. what about costs of this practical exit strategy? it is hard to compare anything with the cost of a mythical vaccine because none exists yet, except a recent one that gives protection to only one - third of the people injected, and would probably have to be boosted every 1 - 3 years. the short - term impact of this vaccine almost seals its fate as an impractical tool in africa, but in any event it would be incredibly expensive. the cost of digging a ditch or installing screens on your house is low, especially if you do it yourself. for comparison, we would want it to be cheaper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.480830121123141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.686382"} {"text": "an impractical tool in africa, but in any event it would be incredibly expensive. the cost of digging a ditch or installing screens on your house is low, especially if you do it yourself. for comparison, we would want it to be cheaper than the current chemically - based strategy of who and the us pmi, based on drugs, bednets and biocides. the most recent data from pmi indicate that spraying a house in africa costs at least $ 7 per person protected, by a spray that was effective for about 3 months ( jobin 2012 ). to give year - round protection in a house with a family of 6 would cost $ 168 per year. if screens were installed to last 10 years and they cost less than $ 1, 680 they would be competitive with spraying. and this comparison neglects the cost of drugs and bednets. so screens look pretty good, especially if you do the work yourself and only have to buy the metallic screen material, some light lumber, and heavy paper to seal the eaves. likewise if you drain the swamps and depressions around your house, you could get some pretty good picks, hoes and shovels for $ 1, 680. this is where community efforts make the practical exit strategy even more feasible, as you could share these tools with your neighbors. so i have a suggestion. let us focus on communities in the midst of the malaria battle, and offer them an exit strategy that they can implement themselves. then when who and the global fund fail, when mosquitoes learn to coexist with pyrethroids, and when act is no longer effective, the communities can continue the fight. castro et al 2010 the importance of drains for the larval development of lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors in dar es salaam, united republic of tanzania. plos negl trop dis. 2010 may 25 ; 4 ( 5 ) christian science monitor 2013, mike pflanz, january 1. boston, usa jobin 2010 a realistic strategy for fighting malaria in africa, boston harbor publishers, massachusetts, usa jobin 2012 improving the us presidential malaria initiative, boston harbor publishers, massachusetts, usa snowden 2006 the conquest of malaria, yale university press, new haven, usa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4463628199818128, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.689300"} {"text": "wireless sensors are applicable for a variety of applications, whether it be smart cities ( smart parking, smart lighting, waste management ), industrial control ( m2m applications, indoor air quality, temperature monitoring ), ehealth ( fall detection, patient surveillance, ultraviolet radiation ) and many more. for each application, the sensor needs to function effectively, be small in size and low in cost. sensors enable engineers to establish wireless techniques that will ensure the reliability of data transmission, eliminate disturbance by other wireless devices, ensure data security ( and safety ), and lower the power consumption and price. sensors are becoming more commonplace and technologically advanced as it relates to the wireless industry. just recently a home security representative came to the house of a good friend of mine who was having some work done. the installer fully intended to take the old wires and re - connect them on the sensors and turn the system on. as it turns out, it was quicker and more cost effective ( no incremental cost ) to simply install a new wireless receiver and install wireless sensors on each door / window instead of re - connecting the existing wires. sensor technology has come a long way from being ahead of its time and expensive, to being cost effective and practical. we talked with some industry icons about the current state of wireless sensors in the industry, and what they think the technology has in store for the future. what are the high - growth segments within the sensor industry? bruce ulrich, wireless product line director, ams : one of the most exciting trends in the sensing industry is the move to energy harvesting and, in particular, passive sensing. coupled with wireless networks, passive sensing enables freedom of implementation for autonomous sensing. karthi gopalan, sensor afe marketing manager, sensor signal path products, texas instruments : environment sensing is growing exponentially with increasing pull from markets that are demanding greener, smarter and safer infrastructure. to alleviate the energy crisis and government regulations about safety, the building automation and air quality markets are demanding more and more sensing and control expertise. how are you altering your sensor designs to address the needs for industrial applications? bruce ulrich, wireless product line director, ams : we have developed optimized semiconductor processes that enable low - power products. we will continue to focus on improving our unique semiconductor processes to achieve the highest performance at the lowest power. these processes need to support the power, operating temperature, and reliability needs of the industrial market while achieving best - in - class performance. karthi gopalan, sensor afe marketing manager", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.525332543487778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.700679"} {"text": "processes to achieve the highest performance at the lowest power. these processes need to support the power, operating temperature, and reliability needs of the industrial market while achieving best - in - class performance. karthi gopalan, sensor afe marketing manager, sensor signal path products, texas instruments : the world is analog and the ability to precisely capture these diverse vectors is critical for energy efficiency, better decision making and safety. the variety of real world sensors are typically voltage output types such as temperature, rtd, load cell, and pressure sensors as well as current output types such as gas, thermopiles, photo diodes and electro - chemical sensors just to name a few. the analog technical challenges and sources of errors that affect a precision design such as sensor impedance, bias currents, noise, voltage offsets and drift, grounding and guarding are ubiquitous. for even the most experienced analog designer, this is a very time consuming task. ti recognizes this and wants to help the system designer develop hardware solutions as quickly as possible so that time can be spent on differentiating the end product from the competition. ti \u2019 s sensor afe devices process and convert these signals with great precision and less effort on the part of the design engineer. the integrated solutions incorporate the right application features that enable, for example : - longer battery life. - more time between calibrations. - compensation over temperature. - less interference with hand radios. are you finding that you need to customize sensors for different applications? if so, how? bruce ulrich, wireless product line director, ams : we have seen a migration of sensors from the industrial to the consumer space. similar to how dsp migrated from defense to consumer, we are seeing sensor technologies that were refined in industrial applications find new homes in portable devices. these new applications increase the need for low power as well as no load on the microcontroller. this requires sensors designed for each application to include the unique microcode required to operate independently in that application. in other words, smart sensors. karthi gopalan, sensor afe marketing manager, sensor signal path products, texas instruments : let \u2019 s take the toxic gas detection. for these multi - sensing applications the sensor afes offer advantages over traditional custom designs where multiple gases need to be sensed with the same instrument. the detectors have varying dynamic range of the currents to be detected depending on the end application and type of toxic gas ( 30 + gases ) being detected. some toxic gas sensors have a full - scale range of 600", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5381614353181903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.702477"} {"text": "to be sensed with the same instrument. the detectors have varying dynamic range of the currents to be detected depending on the end application and type of toxic gas ( 30 + gases ) being detected. some toxic gas sensors have a full - scale range of 600 \u00b5a and a sensitivity of 10 na / ppm, while others have a full - scale range of 10 \u00b5a and a sensitivity of 1 na / ppm. another example is the fixed safety instruments that are wall powered and wireless, which are very different from the personal safety portable gas detectors that are never fully powered down due to the long turn - on time constants of the sensors. it is critical to provide multiples modes of operation for the later. during normal operation, the gas sensor is being monitored and power consumption is 10 \u00b5a. in standby mode, where the sensor is still being biased to allow for a quick recovery time ( seconds vs. hours ) but no actual measurements are made, the power consumption is 6 \u00b5a. with the configurable sensor afes, the system designer is able to dynamically adjust the vectors of the signal path depending on the end application needs. wireless sensing is a new, promising field in sensor technology. measuring data using wireless transmission is by no means new to the industry, but does have enormous potential that has recently become very apparent. for both, industrial and consumer industries, the applications are endless. the benefits do however bring a number of challenges, which is why adoption has developed slowly up to now. with continuous developments in this area, however, many challenges have been faced and overcome. one example in particular is lack of reliability. end users are increasingly accepting new applications, and are beginning to put much more trust in sensor - enabled systems. sensors have exploded into new application spaces and are continuously proving their ability to solve real everyday problems. sensor technologies, hand - in - hand with new applications, are advancing at a rapid rate, and have infinite opportunities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5265518974003477, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.703275"} {"text": "anemia can affect anyone, but women are at greater risk for this condition. in women, iron and red blood cells are lost when bleeding occurs from very heavy or long periods ( menstruation ). anemia is common in pregnancy because a woman needs to have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen around her body and to her baby. so it ' s important for women to prevent anemia before, during and after pregnancy. women will probably be tested for anemia at least twice during pregnancy : during the first prenatal visit and then again between 24 and 28 weeks. causes of anemia usually, a woman becomes anemic ( has anemia ) because her body isn \u2019 t getting enough iron. iron is a mineral that helps to create red blood cells. about half of all pregnant women don \u2019 t have enough iron in their body ( iron deficiency ). in pregnancy, iron deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of preterm birth and low birthweight. illness or disease some women may have an illness that causes anemia. diseases such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia affect the quality and number of red blood cells the body produces. if you have a disease that causes anemia, talk with your health provider about how to treat anemia. signs of anemia anemia takes some time to develop. in the beginning, you may not have any signs or they may be mild. but as it gets worse, you may have these symptoms : - fatigue ( very common ) - weakness ( very common ) - numbness or coldness in your hands and feet - low body temperature - pale skin - rapid or irregular heartbeat - shortness of breath - chest pain - not doing well at work or in school because your heart has to work harder to pump more oxygen - rich blood through the body, all of these signs and symptoms can occur. getting enough iron before getting pregnant, women should get about 18 milligrams ( mg ) of iron per day. during pregnancy, the amount of iron you need jumps to 27 mg per day. most pregnant women get this amount from eating foods that contain iron and taking prenatal vitamins that contain iron. some women need to take iron supplements to prevent iron deficiency. you can help lower your risk of anemia by eating foods that contain iron during your entire pregnancy. these foods include : - poultry ( dark meat ) - dried fruits ( apricots, prunes, figs, raisins, dates ) - iron - fortified cereals, breads", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45567025938362843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.707377"} {"text": "by eating foods that contain iron during your entire pregnancy. these foods include : - poultry ( dark meat ) - dried fruits ( apricots, prunes, figs, raisins, dates ) - iron - fortified cereals, breads and pastas - whole grains - blackstrap molasses - liver and other meats - seafood ( learn about the safe kinds of seafood you can eat during pregnancy ) - spinach, broccoli, kale and other dark green leafy vegetables - baked potato with skin - beans and peas - nuts and seeds foods containing vitamin c can increase the amount of iron your body absorbs. so it ' s a good idea to eat foods like orange juice, tomatoes, strawberries and grapefruit every day. coffee, tea, egg yolks, milk, fiber and soy protein can block your body from absorbing iron. try to avoid these when eating iron - rich foods. if you are anemic, your health care provider may prescribe an iron supplement. some iron supplements may cause heartburn, constipation or nausea. here are some tips to avoid or reduce these problems : - take the pills with meals. - start with small doses and work your way up to the full dose slowly. for example, try taking one pill a day for a few days, then two pills until you aren ' t bothered by that amount. increase the number of pills until you ' re taking the amount your health care provider recommends. - try different brands to see which works best for you. be sure to discuss any changes with your health care provider ahead of time. - avoid taking iron pills at bedtime. reduce constipation by drinking more water and by eating more fiber. fiber is found in whole grain foods, breakfast cereals, fruits and vegetables. april 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3985092402583684, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.708071"} {"text": "perhaps the most overlooked aspect of gardening is ph. ph is very important in hydroponic as well as regular \" soil \" gardening. ph is measured on a scale of 1 - 14 with 7 being \" neutral \". acids are lower than 7 and alkalis ( bases ) are above 7. a plant grown in a hydroponic or soil garden must have a ph balance to the specific plant ' s optimal ph range or the plant will suffer. at best, if the ph range is not compatible with the plant, the plant will grow poorly, be more susceptible to disease, have lower yields or have blossoms that aren ' t as brilliant or fragrant. at worst, if the ph range is not compatible with the plant, \" the death penalty \" is the verdict. an unbalanced ph will cause a condition known as \" nutrient lockout \". this is a condition where the plant loses its ability to absorb some of the essential elements required for healthy growth. when the ph of a plant is unbalanced and nutrient lockout occurs the plant mimics classic plant guide deficiencies or excesses due to certain elements being deprived from the plant. a good example is where a suffering plant has an unbalanced ph and is showing classic signs of a nitrogen deficiency ; the leaves at the bottom of the plant are yellowed and falling off. so what do you do? naturally you increase the amount of nitrogen in your nutrient solution even though it already has an adequate level. the problem is that your plant has nutrient lockout and can ' t absorb that nitrogen because of the unbalanced ph of the nutrient solution. the result is that your plant dies from nitrogen deficiency or is extremely stunted or stressed. all plants have a particular ph level that produces optimum results. this ph level varies from plant to plant, but generally most plants prefer slightly acidic growing conditions ( between 6. 0 - 6. 5 ), although most plants can still survive in an environment with a ph of 5. 0 to 7. 5. pure water has a balance of hydrogen ( h + ) and hydroxyl ( oh - ) ions and is therefore ph neutral ( ph of 7. 0 ). when the water is less than pure it can have a ph either higher or lower than 7. 0. when you are growing hydroponically checking and adjusting ph is a simple matter. checking and adjusting ph when growing in soil is more complicated and involves other procedures not covered in this article. there are several ways to check the ph of the nutrient solution in your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4821749816365195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.715110"} {"text": "you are growing hydroponically checking and adjusting ph is a simple matter. checking and adjusting ph when growing in soil is more complicated and involves other procedures not covered in this article. there are several ways to check the ph of the nutrient solution in your hydroponic system. paper test strips are the most inexpensive way to check the ph of a nutrient solution with liquid ph test kits costing a little more. both of these products rely on a ph sensitive dye that changes color when dipped into or mixed with nutrient solution. the resultant color is then compared to a color chart to determine the ph range of the solution being checked. both of these products are relatively inexpensive, but can be hard to read, because the differences in colors can be subtle thus making them somewhat inaccurate and are more for ' ball parking \" your ph level. other issues for color comparisons are affected by the nutrient solution being checked already being colored from the various nutrients and supplements added to the solution. the most accurate way to check ph is to use a digital meter. digital meters come in a huge array of sizes and prices and are very handy and easy to use. you simply dip the electrode into the nutrient solution for a few moments and the ph value is displayed on a lcd display. digital ph meters are very accurate and fast. they need to be cared for properly or they will quit working. the glass bulb electrode must be kept clean and wet at all times. to ensure accuracy ph meters should be calibrated on a regular basis, as the meters can \" drift \". the tip needs to be stored in an electrode storage solution or in a buffer solution. the tip should never be allowed to dry out. several products used by the hobby gardener to adjust ph can be found at your local hydroponic supply store. the ph adjusters are diluted to a level that is reasonably safe and easy to use. many of the products have phosphoric acid ( to lower ph ), and potassium hydroxide ( to raise ph ). both of these chemicals are relatively safe, although they can cause burns and should never come in contact with the eyes. always add the nutrients and supplements to the water before checking and adjusting the ph of your nutrient solution. the nutrients lower the ph of the water due to its elemental makeup. after adding nutrients and supplements and mixing the solution, check the ph using. if the ph needs to be adjusted, add the appropriate adjuster. use small amounts of ph adjuster until you get familiar with the process. recheck the ph and repeat the above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45144992655957483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.716363"} {"text": "- join over 1. 2 million students every month - accelerate your learning by 29 % - unlimited access for just \u00a34. 99 per month personality and motivation in sport are you in the right place? jump to physical education and see how teachers think you should prepare in : the first 200 words of this essay... personality is a mixture of a person ' s traits and characteristics which make them different from everyone else. sports performers personalities ' may widely vary or be very similar. when describing their personality, just listing characteristics is not always 100 % accurate. this is because their characteristics may be different when not playing sports. for example, eric cantona may only be aggressive when on the football pitch and not in his everyday life. because of this, hollander then designed a structure of personality which was split into 3 layers : 1. psychological core - true beliefs and values 2. typical responses - normal response to a situation. 3. role - related behaviour - response is affected by the social environment the person is in. these can also be shown on a diagram like this : structure of personality example - theo walcott. another way in which sports psychologists differentiate between sports personalities is with the trait approach. two psychologists, cattell and eyesnck, found what you ' re looking for? - start learning 29 % faster today - over 150, 000 essays available - just \u00a34. 99 a month not the one? we have 100 ' s more acquiring, developing & performance skill ( view all ) - btec sport 6 week training program - skill acquisition laboratory report 1 : \" open and closed... - describe ' fitts and posner ' s ' phases of learning and explain... - analysing my rugby skills and elite players. - accurate identification of weaknesses - football. - define personality and how personality affects performance - a self - reflective evaluation of a paired coaching performanc... - aerobic endurance and strength training programmes - in this task i am going to name one method of training which... - part practice can beneficial for cognitive learners, the ski... \" \" dean hil. l media, business, ict, history and sciences. university student. \" \" jacqueline. modern studies and english. gcse student", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5408565018030054, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.722450"} {"text": "heparin ( intravenous route, subcutaneous route ) original article : http : / / www. mayoclinic. com / health / drug - information / dr601931 heparin injection is an anticoagulant. it is used to decrease the clotting ability of the blood and help prevent harmful clots from forming in blood vessels. this medicine is sometimes called a blood thinner, although it does not actually thin the blood. heparin will not dissolve blood clots that have already formed, but it may prevent the clots from becoming larger and causing more serious problems. heparin is used to prevent or treat certain blood vessel, heart, and lung conditions. heparin is also used to prevent blood clotting during open - heart surgery, bypass surgery, kidney dialysis, and blood transfusions. it is used in low doses to prevent the formation of blood clots in certain patients, especially those who must have certain types of surgery or who must remain in bed for a long time. heparin may also be used to diagnose and treat a serious blood condition called disseminated intravascular coagulation. this medicine is available only with your doctor ' s prescription. in deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. this is a decision you and your doctor will make. for this medicine, the following should be considered : tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. for non - prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully. appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated pediatric - specific problems that would limit the usefulness of heparin injection in children. however, because heparin contains benzyl alcohol, use in newborn babies is not recommended. appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric - specific problems that would limit the usefulness of heparin injection in the elderly. however, elderly patients are more likely to develop bleeding problems, which may require an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving heparin injection. | all trimesters | | c | | animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women or no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women. | studies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43051432097943737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.750266"} {"text": "heparin injection. | all trimesters | | c | | animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women or no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women. | studies in women suggest that this medication poses minimal risk to the infant when used during breastfeeding. although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. in these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. when you are receiving this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. the following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all - inclusive. using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. if both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines. - alteplase, recombinant - antithrombin, recombinant - dabigatran etexilate - drotrecogin alfa - ibuprofen lysine - magnesium salicylate - mefenamic acid - reteplase, recombinant - st john ' s wort using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. if both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines. - coenzyme q10 - dong quai - green tea - vitamin a certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco. other medical problems the presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially : - bacterial endocarditis ( heart infection ) or - bleeding problems ( eg, hemophilia ) or - hypertension ( high blood pressure ), severe or - liver disease or - major surgery ( eg, eye, brain, or spine ) or - menstrual bleeding ( periods ), heavy or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.435283335621512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.754979"} {"text": "closed container that the needles cannot poke through. keep this container away from children and pets. it is very important that your doctor check you at regular visits after you leave the hospital for any problems or unwanted effects that may be caused by this medicine. if you are using the medicine at home, blood tests will be needed to check for unwanted effects. be sure to keep all appointments. do not take aspirin, ibuprofen, or other anti - inflammatory medicines ( eg, nsaids ) while you are using heparin. many nonprescription ( over - the - counter [ otc ] ) medicines and some prescription medicines contain these ingredients. check the labels of all medicines you take. there are many other medicines that may change the way heparin works or increase the chance of bleeding if they are used together with heparin. it is best to check with your doctor before taking any other medicine while you are using heparin. you may bleed and bruise more easily while you are using this medicine. stay away from rough sports or other situations where you could be bruised, cut, or injured. tell your doctor about any falls, blows to the body or head, or other injuries, since serious bleeding may occur inside the body with this medicine. be careful when using sharp objects, including razors and fingernail clippers. avoid picking your nose. if you need to blow your nose, blow it gently. check with your doctor right away if you notice any unusual bleeding or bruising ; black, tarry stools ; blood in the urine or stools ; or pinpoint red spots on your skin. be careful when using a regular toothbrush, dental floss, or toothpick. your medical doctor, dentist, or nurse may recommend other ways to clean your teeth and gums. check with your medical doctor before having any dental work done. this medicine may cause a serious type of allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. anaphylaxis can be life - threatening and requires immediate medical attention. tell your doctor right away if you have a rash ; itching ; swelling of the face, tongue, and throat ; trouble breathing ; or chest pain after you receive this medicine. this medicine may cause new blood clots to form in some people while they are receiving the medicine or after it is stopped. stop using this medicine and check with your doctor right away if you have pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves ; difficulty with breathing ; a sudden, severe headache ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42231536686469173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.767558"} {"text": "while they are receiving the medicine or after it is stopped. stop using this medicine and check with your doctor right away if you have pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves ; difficulty with breathing ; a sudden, severe headache ; slurred speech ; a sudden, unexplained shortness of breath ; a sudden loss of coordination ; or vision changes while using this medicine. make sure any doctor or dentist who treats you knows that you are using this medicine. you may need to stop using this medicine several days before having surgery or medical tests. along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. check with your doctor or nurse immediately if any of the following side effects occur : less common - abdominal or stomach pain or swelling - back pain or backaches - bleeding from the gums when brushing teeth - blood in the urine - coughing up blood - headaches, severe or continuing - heavy bleeding or oozing from cuts or wounds - joint pain, stiffness, or swelling - menstrual bleeding, unexpected or unusually heavy - unexplained bruising or purplish areas on the skin - unexplained nosebleeds - vomiting of blood or material that looks like coffee grounds - blood under the skin ( blood blister ) at the place of injection - chest pain - chills or fever - fast or irregular breathing - irritation, pain, redness, or ulcers at the place of injection - itching and burning feeling, especially on the bottom of the feet - nausea or vomiting - numbness or tingling in the hands or feet - pain, coldness, or blue color of the skin on the arms or legs - peeling of the skin - puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes - shortness of breath - skin color change, especially near the place of injection or in the fingers, toes, arms, or legs - skin rash, hives, or itching - tearing of the eyes - tightness in the chest - trouble with breathing after you stop using this medicine, it may still produce some side effects that need attention. during this period of time, check with your doctor immediately if you notice the following side effects : - black, tarry stools - bleeding gums - blood in the urine or stools - pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially calves of legs - pinpoint red spots on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44539863586413025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.770958"} {"text": "depression is a mental illness characterized by feelings of profound sadness and lack of interest in enjoyable activities. it may cause a wide range of symptoms, both physical and emotional. unlike a blue mood, depression can last for weeks, months, or years, and rarely subsides without treatment. find answers in our in - depth report on depression : living with depression here \u2019 s what you need to know about how to prevent and treat depression while you or your child is in college. depression in men is often overlooked, but it is a very serious problem. read here to find out how to recognize when an employee might have a problem with depression and what you can do to help. read one woman ' s account of her more than 40 - year struggle with depression. folic acid, the b - vitamin that is famous for its role in preventing birth defects, is now under scrutiny for its effects on another devastating condition \u2014 depression. perhaps you have a chronic or difficult problem, or maybe you feel depressed or sad. before you jump into therapy, there are important issues that you need to consider. by making the distinction between \u201c the blues \u201d and clinical depression, you can take the appropriate actions that may help improve your mood and quality of life. whether you or someone you love needs therapy, it helps to know the difference between the types of mental health professionals. treating depression ( continued ) support groups : how do they help? find out how a support group may help you and how to find the right one. after two weeks of taking accutane, an acne medication, 19 - year - old joe began experiencing fatigue, lack of motivation, sleep problems, and crying spells. he was diagnosed with depression \u2014 something his healthcare provider eventually believed was related to his use of accutane. history is filled with writers, poets, artists, musicians, composers, and other creative people who wrestled with mood disorders. but is this portrayal just a stereotype, or is there really a link between creativity and depression? which comes first \u2014 depression or chronic illness? while the connection works both ways, one thing ' s for sure : treatment can make a difference. soon your doctor may start asking more questions about your mental health. prompting these changes are innovative new recommendations from the us preventive services task force on screening for depression in adults. several medical studies have found an association between depression and a higher risk for heart complications including death. about 5 % of children and adolescents in the unites states suffer from depression. could this put them at increased risk for obesity? a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5477145246516107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.782345"} {"text": "pronounced : brain an - your - ih - sym an aneurysm is an outpouching of a blood vessel wall. this can occur anywhere there are blood vessels, including in the brain. the bulging, blood - filled pocket can put pressure on parts of the brain, potentially causing symptoms. in addition, the blood vessel can rupture ( hemorrhage ). early detection and diagnosis may help prevent severe or fatal complications in some patients. many aneurysms go unnoticed for a lifetime and cause no symptoms. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. aneurysms form in areas where the artery wall becomes thin or weak. thinning artery walls and resulting aneurysms can be caused by a number of factors. common causes include : these factors increase your chance of developing a brain aneurysm. these risk factors also increase your chance of a rupture. adults are more likely to develop an aneurysm than children. females are at slightly higher risk. tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors : if you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to a brain aneurysm. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. tell your doctor if you have any of these : most aneurysms do not cause symptoms until they leak or rupture. a leaking or ruptured aneurysm may cause : your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. tests may include the following : talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. other medical conditions ; lifestyle factors ; as well as the type, size, and location of the aneurysm will direct treatment. for a known aneurysm that is not leaking or ruptured, treatment options include the following : your doctor may need to monitor you to see if the aneurysm gets larger or begins to leak. medicines are not used to fix an aneurysm. medicines may be used to help lower blood pressure, treat pain, or stop side effects of the aneurysm, like seizures. during this procedure, a catheter is thread up to the aneurysm. coils, a special liquid, or balloons are used to fill the aneurysm and stop circulation, causing it to clot. this may need to be done more than once. surgical options include microvascular clipping or occlusion. in many cases, there is no known way to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5376246298061738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.800085"} {"text": "to fill the aneurysm and stop circulation, causing it to clot. this may need to be done more than once. surgical options include microvascular clipping or occlusion. in many cases, there is no known way to prevent an aneurysm from forming. to help reduce your chances of getting a brain aneurysm or having it burst, take the following steps : the brain aneurysm foundation national institute of neurological disorders and stroke brain injury association of alberta heart and stroke foundation canada brain aneurysm foundation information website. available at : http : / / www. bafound. org / info / factors. php. accessed may 10, 2010. cerebral aneurysm. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed /. updated may 2011. accessed may 29, 2011 kirchheimer s. subarachnoid hemorrhage. ebsco patient education reference center. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / thistopic. php? marketid = 16 & topicid = 1034. published march 1, 2010. accessed april 26, 2010. mayo clinic. brain aneurysm. mayo clinic website. available at : http : / / www. mayoclinic. com / health / brain - aneurysm / ds00582. accessed october 28, 2010. national institute of neurological disorders and stroke. cerebral aneurysm fact sheet. national institute of neurological disorders and stroke website. available at : http : / / www. ninds. nih. gov / disorders / cerebral _ aneurysm / detail _ cerebral _ aneurysm. htm. updated february 3, 2010. accessed april 26, 2010. vlak m, rinkel, gabriel j, et al. trigger factors and their attributable risk for rupture of intracranial aneurysms : a case - crossover study. stroke. 2011 may 5. last reviewed june 2012 by rimas lukas, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4358203003615848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.801223"} {"text": "intown soccer game guidelines the purpose of intown soccer is for the children to have fun and learn how to play soccer. please remember to de - emphasize winning / losing / the score. field size - 45 yards x 30 yards goal size - 3 yards games will be \" 4 versus 4 \" without goalkeepers for the 1st graders and \" 6 versus 6 \" with goalkeepers for the 2nd graders. two offensive players / two defensive players rotating every four to five minutes with equal playing time for all children - no exceptions. games are two 20 - minute halves with a 5 - minute halftime. no score is kept. shin guards and appropriate socks must be worn for all games - no exceptions. players wear soccer cleats or sneakers - no shoes / platform sneakers / or boots. players must remove all jewelry, chains, etc., before playing. no slide tackling due to the potential of injury. if a slide tackle occurs, the coaches should counsel the players to prevent further slide tackling. players will not kick the ball when someone has fallen near the ball. intown soccer is instructional. keep the emphasis on having fun and learning the game, not on winning, losing, or keeping score. each team ' s coach will referee one - half of the field. the coach will start and stop the game and assist the players in lining up for goal kicks, corner kicks, throw - ins, etc. 1st graders : no more than two adults on the field at a time. one is preferred. 2nd graders : no coaches allowed on the field. \" goal kicks \" are taken at the goal line after the ball has gone over the end line, and last touched by the offensive player. all players must be back approximately ten yards. the opposite team ' s defensive player takes the goal kick. the coach / referee should assist the children with where to stand and how to perform the goal kick properly. \" throw - ins \" are taken when the ball goes over the sideline. the opposing team ' s defensive player takes the throw - in. incorrect throw - ins will be retaken after the children have been shown how to do it correctly. \" corner kicks \" are taken when the ball goes out over the end line and is last touched by the defensive player. the opposite team ' s defensive player takes the corner kick. the coaches / referees should assist the children with where to stand and how to do it correctly. all players and coaches must line up and shake hands with the opposing team at the end of each game. parents should not coach from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.446607987451041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.805283"} {"text": "trying to understand the cause of diabetes is like peeling an onion. not only do both activities tend to make us cry, but also as soon as we reach one layer, there ' s another one to cut through. only recently have we begun to glimpse the core. in the case of diabetes the core consists of both some little things called genes and a huge thing called the environment. finding the genes is quite a challenge on the surface, all types of diabetes have one thing in common. our bodies can ' t do a good job of using the food we eat. this is because of a disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism. below the surface of this disturbance is an insulin problem. for glucose to get into our cells, it needs insulin, which is a hormone that the beta cells in our pancreases produce. those of us who have type 1 diabetes aren ' t producing any insulin and require supplemental shots. type 2 diabetes results from two problems. our pancreases may be fatigued but they are still producing some insulin. at the same time our cells are resistant to the insulin that the beta cells are pumping out. this leads to too much glucose in our blood. but what is causing these problems with insulin? the answers are beginning to appear from genetic studies around the world. these studies show that some \u2014 but not all \u2014 of the fault lies in our genes. in fact, \" diabetes is probably the most common genetic disease that we have, \" says jerrold m. olefsky, m. d., of the university of california, san diego. our environment also plays a role. in other words, it ' s nature and nurture. contrary to the expectations of most researchers, genetics is more of a problem with type 2 diabetes than it is with type 1. some of the best evidence for this comes from studies of identical twins. if one identical twin has type 2 diabetes, the chance of the other twin having it is 60 to 90 percent. in contrast, if one identical twin has type 1 diabetes, the chance of the other twin developing it is about 50 percent, according to alan shuldiner, m. d., of the university of maryland school of medicine. if both of your parents have type 2 diabetes, you have about a 40 percent chance of getting it yourself, dr. shuldiner says. and if one parent has it you have about a 20 percent chance. that ' s a bit higher than the 10 to 15 cited by the genetic health web site at what is type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5026353701570969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.810919"} {"text": "percent chance of getting it yourself, dr. shuldiner says. and if one parent has it you have about a 20 percent chance. that ' s a bit higher than the 10 to 15 cited by the genetic health web site at what is type 2 diabetes? for a parent or sibling with the disease. for people with type 1 the risk is about two percent if your mother has diabetes and six percent if your father or siblings have type 1 diabetes, according to what is type 1 diabetes? finally, genetic differences explain different prevalence rates for type 2 diabetes. these rates range from 5 to 8 percent for caucasians to 50 percent for pima indians in arizona, dr. shuldiner says. with all the research on genes now underway, finding the diabetes gene should be easy \u2014 if there were just one. that ' s true for only 2 to 5 percent of people with type 2 diabetes, mostly those with maturity onset diabetes of the young ( mody ) and maternally inherited diabetes and deafness ( midd ), according to m. alan permutt and andrew t. hattersley, \" searching for type 2 diabetes genes in the post - genome era, \" in the november issue of trends in endocrinology and metabolism. for the rest of us diabetes seems to result not only from the combined working of several genes but also from a variety of environmental factors. finding the genes is quite a challenge, as they point out. \" considering that perhaps 50, 000 to 100, 000 genes might exist, their multiple forms and the fact that genetic variation in the disease might be due to many genes, each with modest effect, illustrates the magnitude of the problem in the search for t2dm genes, \" they write. more and more type 2 diabetes genes are coming to light. perhaps 20 have been identified. dna sciences lists about half of these. the american diabetes association originally published this article on its web site as one of my \u201c about the internet \u201d columns. go back to home page go back to diabetes directory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42841226920889525, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.813390"} {"text": "woody plants of the southeastern united states, a field botany course on cd ver. 2. 0 ( wpseus ) is a computer based visual training program that helps students become experts in plant identification. it is the best way to learn plant identification. it can be used as a stand - alone learning tool, or can provide a significant boost to any course that involves plant identification. it allows students to learn plant identification in a fraction of the time that is normally required. the program does this by adapting active learning techniques from the cognitive psychology literature. wpseus uses active learning to promote holistic visual processing, the visual processing mode used by experts. active learning coupled with holistic visual processing has been shown to result in statistically significant improvement in test performance over more traditional study techniques. active learning engages the brain areas associated with visual expertise, while passive learning does not. this is the update to our award winning program woody plants of the southeastern united states : a field botany course on cd. you can watch short introductory videos of the product in use on youtube this version of the software entitles you to free downloads of tutorial scripts that teach plant identification. when loaded ( see file menus / load script ), a script puts the program in automatic mode, leading you through learning sessions designed by our experts. the mac version requires os 10. 5 or later.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48765545762534934, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.817044"} {"text": "central asian tapestry - weaving techniques and indo - himalayan imagery are here combined to stunning effect in this spectacular mandala, which was most likely used during an initiation ceremony at court. the donors at the bottom left are identified by tibetan inscriptions as two of khubilai khan ' s great - grandsons : tugh temur, who reigned twice as emperor between 1328 and 1332, and his brother khoshila, who reigned briefly in 1329. their respective spouses are shown at the far right. this combination of individuals helps date the work to the period between 1330 and 1332. the tapestry belongs to an indo - himalayan tradition of palace - architecture mandalas in which the principal deity, in this case yamantaka - vajrabhairava, stands in a circle within a square with gateways at the four cardinal directions and further enclosed by three additional rings. yamantaka, shown with the head of a bull, conquers yama, the lord of death, and by extension transcends death entirely. like all terrifying protectors, yamantaka takes many manifestations, a reflection of his enormous power. in this manifestation, he also embodies the powers of vajrabhairava, who has the ability to spur destruction and thereby renewal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46430321706309047, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.818571"} {"text": "page 3 of 18 download applet play online a word on notation | congo, invented by a seven year old in 1982, in little more than an hour, went on to become the second most popular chess variant at the games club ' fanatic ' at twente university, the netherlands. | congo takes pride of place on the cover of david pritchard ' s ' the encyclopedia of chess variants ' ( g & p publications, p. o. box 20, godalming, surrey gu8 4yp, uk. - isbn 0 - 9524142 - 0 - 1 ). you can download this mindsports applet, which is tailored to save games played in the pit, offline. the applet shows the board with the pieces in initial position. there are two players, black and white. white begins. players move - and must move - in turn. - the object of congo is to capture the opponent ' s lion. there ' s no rule against a lion moving into check : it is simply captured. since players must move on their turn, this effectively makes stalemate a win. - the lion is the proverbial king of this jungle. with one exception he may not leave his 3x3 castle. inside he moves and captures as the king in chess. the mutual check rule : if lions face one another along an open file or diagonal, both are in check and the player whose turn it is can capture his opponent ' s lion and win. this is the exception mentioned above. with the exception of the crocodile, that cannot drown, and the lion, that cannot enter the river, pieces are subject to the following : - a piece that ends its move in the river must leave it next turn or drown. a drowned piece is removed at the end of the turn. the piece may not have moved at all, for instance because its lion had to move out of check (! ), or may have moved within the river, or even, in the monkey ' s case, out of and back into the river. in the latter cases any captures made are legal. | in the diagram the white lion cannot move to the d - file because it will be captured. anticipating that the zebra moves as the knight in chess, white must not move b2 - c4 +, because the black lion would move to the c - file, pinning it in the river where it would drown, and thus drawing the game. as it is, the game is won : in congo a lion and any piece", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5126020998835381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.835440"} {"text": "##2 - c4 +, because the black lion would move to the c - file, pinning it in the river where it would drown, and thus drawing the game. as it is, the game is won : in congo a lion and any piece, including a pawn, always wins against a bare lion. | in the diagram the elephant can capture the black pawn. - the zebra moves as the knight in chess. - the elephant moves one or two squares along ranks and files. the two - square move is a jump to the target - square, unaffected by intervening pieces of either color. two elephants leapfrogging a file, are known as the elephant roll. - the giraffe may move and capture jumping to the second square along ranks, files and diagonals. the move is not affected by intervening pieces of either color. in addition the giraffe may move, but not capture, using the king ' s move in chess. the circled squares are the ones onto which the giraffe may move, but not capture. - the crocodile moves as the king in chess. when on land it also controls the file towards the river, including the river square. - inside the river the crocodile controls the whole length of it. crocodiles cannot drown. - the monkey moves like the king in chess and captures a piece by jumping over it along rank, file or diagonal to the square immediately beyond, which must be vacant for the capture to take place. a monkey may - but is not obliged to - make multiple captures in the same turn. during a multiple capture it may visit a square, including river squares, more than once, but it may not jump the same piece more than once. the drowning rule only applies if it ends its move in the river. the monkey jumping the lion terminates both the move and the game, as illustrated in the diagram. congo pawns are very logical in their forward movement, less so in their abilities of retreat. yet, here it is : - a pawn moves and captures one square straight or diagonally forward. across the river it may retreat one or two squares straight backward, but it may neither capture nor jump a piece in doing so. - a pawn promotes to superpawn upon reaching the back rank. a superpawn has the additional power to move & capture one square sideways. it may now also retreat in a diagonal direction, and this ability no longer depends on its position with regard to the river. congo \u00a9 demian freeling java applet \u00a9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5052894413240409, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.836879"} {"text": "diskless ( 8 ) bsd system manager ' s manual diskless ( 8 ) diskless - booting a system over the network the ability to boot a machine over the network is useful for diskless or dataless machines, or as a temporary measure while repairing or re - installing filesystems on a local disk. this file provides a general description of the interactions between a client and its server when a client is booting over the network. the general description is followed by specific instructions for configuring a server for diskless sun clients. when booting a system over the network, there are three phases of in - teraction between client and server : 1. the prom ( or stage - 1 bootstrap ) loads a boot program. 2. the boot program loads a kernel. 3. the kernel does nfs mounts for root and swap. each of these phases are described in further detail below. in phase 1, the prom loads a boot program. prom designs vary widely, so this phase is inherently machine - specific. sun and motorola machines use rarp to determine the client ' s ip address and then use tftp to download a boot program from whoever sent the rarp reply. hp 300 - series machines use the hp remote maintenance protocol to download a boot program. other machines may load a network boot program either from diskette or using a special prom on the network card. in phase 2, the boot program loads a kernel. operation in this phase depends on the design of the boot program. the boot program : 2. 1 gets the client ip address using rarp. 2. 2 gets the client name and server ip address by broadcasting an rpc / bootparams / whoami request with the client ip address. 2. 3 gets the server path for this client ' s root using an rpc / bootparams / getfile request with the client name. 2. 4 gets the root file handle by calling mountd ( 8 ) with the server path for the client root. 2. 5 gets the kernel file handle by calling nfs lookup on the root file handle. 2. 6 loads the kernel using nfs read calls on the kernel file handle. 2. 7 transfers control to the kernel entry point. in phase 3, the kernel does nfs mounts for root and swap. the kernel re - peats much of the work done by the boot program because there is no stan - dard way for the boot program to pass the information it gathered on to the kernel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5170095545767808, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.846063"} {"text": "the kernel does nfs mounts for root and swap. the kernel re - peats much of the work done by the boot program because there is no stan - dard way for the boot program to pass the information it gathered on to the kernel. the procedure used by the kernel is as follows : 3. 1 the kernel finds a boot server using the same procedure as described in steps 2. 1 and 2. 2 above. 3. 2 the kernel gets the nfs file handle for root using the same pro - cedure as described in steps 2. 3 through 2. 5 above. 3. 3 the kernel calls the nfs getattr function to get the last - modified time of the root directory, and uses it to check the system clock. 3. 4 if the kernel is configured for swap on nfs, it uses the same mechanism as for root, but uses the nfs getattr function to deter - mine the size of the swap area. before a client can boot over the network, its server must be configured correctly. this example will demonstrate how a sun client might be con - figured - - other clients should be similar. assuming the client ' s hostname is to be \" myclient \", 1. add an entry to / etc / ethers corresponding to the client ' s ethernet address : 8 : 0 : 20 : 7 : c5 : c7 myclient this will be used by rarpd ( 8 ). 2. assign an ip address for myclient in your / etc / hosts or dns data - base : 220. 127. 116. 11 myclient 3. if booting a sun or motorola client, ensure that / etc / inetd. conf is configured to run tftpd ( 8 ) in the directory / tftpboot. if booting an hp 300 - series machine, ensure that / etc / rbootd. conf is configured properly to transfer the boot program to the client. an entry might look like this : 08 : 00 : 09 : 01 : 23 : e6 sys _ uboot # myclient see the rbootd ( 8 ) manual page for more information. 4. if booting a sun or motorola client, install a copy of the appropri - ate diskless boot loader ( such as boot from the root directory of the miros sparc tree ) in the / tftpboot directory. make a link such that the boot program is accessible by a file name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4725185238262508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.847059"} {"text": "the appropri - ate diskless boot loader ( such as boot from the root directory of the miros sparc tree ) in the / tftpboot directory. make a link such that the boot program is accessible by a file name composed of the client ' s ip address in hex, a dot, and the architecture name ( all upper case ). for example : # cd / tftpboot # ln - s boot c0c5600c. sun4 some architectures, such as the sun3 and ultrasparc machines, do not append the architecture name. it this case, the name would be just c0c5600c. the name used is architecture dependent, it simply has to match what the booting client ' s prom wishes to it to be. if the client ' s prom fails to fetch the expected file, tcpdump ( 8 ) can be used to discover which filename the client is trying to read. if booting an hp 300 - series machine, ensure that the general purpose boot program sys _ uboot ( which may be called netboot. lif before in - stallation ) is installed in the directory / usr / mdec / rbootd. 5. add myclient to the bootparams database / etc / bootparams : myclient root = server : / export / myclient / root \\ swap = server : / export / myclient / swap note that some bootparam servers are somewhat sensitive. some re - quire fully qualified hostnames or partially qualified hostnames ( which can be solved by having both fully and partially qualified entries ). other servers are case sensitive. 6. build the swap file for myclient : # mkdir / export / myclient # cd / export / myclient # dd if = / dev / zero of = swap bs = 1m count = 120 this creates a 120 megabyte swap file. 7. populate myclient ' s / filesystem on the server. how this is done depends on the client architecture and the version of the openbsd distribution. it can be as simple as copying and modifying the server ' s root filesystem, or perhaps you need to get those files out of the standard binary distribution. 8. export the required filesystems in / etc / exports : / usr - ro myclient # for sunos : # / export / myclient - rw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5016058126093179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.848143"} {"text": "need to get those files out of the standard binary distribution. 8. export the required filesystems in / etc / exports : / usr - ro myclient # for sunos : # / export / myclient - rw = myclient, root = myclient # for openbsd : / export / myclient - maproot = root - alldirs myclient if the server and client are of the same architecture, then the client can share the server ' s / usr filesystem ( as is done above ). if not, you must build a properly fleshed out / usr partition for the client in some other place. if your server was a sparc, and your client a sun3, you might create and fill / export / usr. sun3 and then use the following / etc / exports lines : / export / usr. sun3 - ro myclient / export / myclient - rw = myclient, root = myclient 9. copy and customize at least the following files in / export / myclient / root : # cd / export / myclient / root / etc # cp fstab. nfs fstab # cp / etc / hosts hosts # echo myclient > myname # echo inet 18. 104. 22. 168 > hostname. le0 note that \" le0 \" above should be replaced with the name of the net - work interface that the client will use for booting. 10. correct the critical mount points in the client ' s / etc / fstab ( which will be / export / myclient / root / etc / fstab ) i. e., myserver : / export / myclient / root / nfs rw 0 0 myserver : / usr / usr nfs rw 0 0 / etc / ethers ethernet addresses of known clients / etc / bootparams client root and swap pathnames / etc / exports exported nfs mount points / etc / rbootd. conf configuration file for hp remote boot daemon / tftpboot location of boot programs loaded by the sun prom / usr / mdec / rbootd location of boot programs loaded by the hp boot rom bootparams ( 5 ), ethers ( 5 ), exports ( 5 ), mountd ( 8 ), nfsd ( 8 ), rarpd ( 8 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45790129414366887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.849002"} {"text": "putting a course online john usher, julie pester, and ritchie boyd burns telecom center montana state university if you are an instructor these days, you ' ve no doubt noticed that the \" traditional \" educational experience is becoming somewhat atypical. many individuals seeking to further their education are expressing a wish to participate in authentic learning opportunities - but only on their own terms. to meet the demands of this constituency, many universities and colleges are adjusting and developing programs in an attempt to promote true flexibility for both the institution and student. changes in pedagogical strategies and the advent of robust technological tools enable today ' s educators to successfully shape this vision. more than ever before, higher - education institutions are offering courses ( and degree programs ) that utilize online resources to deliver distance education. what is distance education? distance education is a method of instruction that does not require students to be in the same physical location as the instructor or other students in order to participate in a course. numerous methods of delivery are used in distance education including ( but not limited to ) video tutorials, correspondence, audio / video - teleconferencing, and online internet - based courses delivered by a course management system. the attraction of this educational method lies primarily in the ability for educators to create better access for their students by building flexibility into the time and place of the teaching and assessment of students ( waits & lewis, 2003 ). the phenomenon of distance education continues to display rapid growth. lewis, alexander and farris report that in 1995 one - third of higher - education institutions provided distance education ( 1997 ). five years later, during the 2000 - 2001 academic year, waits and lewis ( 2003 ) report that 56 percent of national two - and four - year colleges and universities offered some type of distance learning and \" the majority of these institutions ( 90 % ) reported that they offered internet courses using asynchronous computer - based instruction as a primary mode of instructional delivery \" ( p. 11 ). technological advances in computer devices, more ubiquitous connectivity and a more technologically savvy constituency is driving the surge. additionally, the concept of distance education itself speaks directly to current student needs, where working individuals and traditional student learners look for ways to access and continue their education through less traditional means. distance education, primarily in the form of online computer - based instruction, is in the process of transforming modern educational paradigms and has become a central tenet of models designed to meet the needs of post - secondary education ' s evolving student base. two common models of online resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5311146141411555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.868849"} {"text": "the form of online computer - based instruction, is in the process of transforming modern educational paradigms and has become a central tenet of models designed to meet the needs of post - secondary education ' s evolving student base. two common models of online resources. there is an entire continuum of online resources available to instructors who decide to participate in distance education. these resources are applied in various different combinations that range from a course that references single images ( or single web pages ) to full courses delivered and supported by a combination of technological tools. this paper will focus on asynchronous online computer - based instruction ( also known as \" web - based \" or \" internet \" ) in two common modes : purely online courses, and hybrid ( or blended ) courses. purely online courses : purely online courses place student and instructor at different locations ( often thousands of miles apart ) and these participants only interact using virtual means - online, phone, video, and so on. the class never meets in a face - to - face environment. student and instructor typically work from his or her own computer in an asynchronous manner and use synchronous ( real time ) communication only during pre - arranged and agreed upon times. teaching purely online raises interesting logistical and pedagogical issues associated with the successful or unsuccessful delivery of a course. hybrid courses are those that have both a face - to - face and an online component involved. some courses may meet physically on a regular schedule but have access to some readings, syllabus, or other materials online. there are versions of hybrid courses that actually supplant physical face - to - face meeting time with time spent on tasks and assessment that take place in the online environment. other courses may meet only occasionally in person and most all of the course materials and much of the interaction exist only online. examining needs - - do i need to put a course online? it all depends. in a typical face - to - face classroom the instructor does not need to put a course online. many successful traditional face - to - face courses have no online component. but let ' s say, for the sake of argument, that you have been getting some nudges from precocious students, or maybe you have been experiencing some of the \" oedipal aggression \" that green ( 2003 ) describes as arising out of the \" new computing \". perhaps students have approached you recently saying \" you should put your notes and supplemental content online - then i can access whatever i need whenever i want! \" or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5083990319560736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.870945"} {"text": "of teaching in which instructors shift roles from that of content provider to content facilitator ( smith, ferguson & caris, 2001 ). in a pure distance course there are no classroom meetings so the instructor is not able to deal with students face - to - face. body language, verbal tone and a regularly scheduled timeframe for class meetings are effectively eliminated from the equation. clear and articulate communication of instructions becomes critical and online interactions need to be timely, steady, and sure - handed. moore ' s 1993 research indicates that successful distance education courses need to encourage and promote meaningful interactions between student and instructor, student and student, and ultimately, student and content in order for learning to take place. in addition to clarity and interaction concerns, instructors must also watch out for technological issues relating to the use of the course management system. technical problems experienced by students may serve to compound any problematic educational issues that the student ( s ) might encounter, making the learning of course content more difficult ( hara & kling, 2001 ). hybrid course offerings combine regular classroom meetings with internet or other technology mediated instruction and support. in some cases, a hybrid course is used to reduce the number of times a class meets on - campus each week during the semester. usually, an attempt is made to combine the best elements of face - to - face with the best that a distance - learning course has to offer ( kaleta, 2003 ). instructors may find that their pedagogical techniques change with the advent of an online supplement that can provide such benefits as : - 24 / 7 grade management options - student - to - instructor and student - to - student communication options ( both asynchronous and synchronous ) - the ability for students to turn in assignments electronically - quiz / test / survey functions. many instructors report anecdotally that after an initial investment of time to get their various documents and course content made available electronically they are freed up to concentrate more on the pure pedagogical concerns of the classroom. technological limitations or problems in a hybrid course situation are often mitigated by the ability of instructor and student to discuss these issues in a face - to - face situation. where do i begin? once you have decided you want to utilize online learning resources, you must look at what the course offering needs to do. a basic first step is to determine whether you need a pure distance offering or a hybrid offering. care must be taken to consider the constituency to which the course will be delivered, how long the course will run", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47797495607945806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.879800"} {"text": "at what the course offering needs to do. a basic first step is to determine whether you need a pure distance offering or a hybrid offering. care must be taken to consider the constituency to which the course will be delivered, how long the course will run, and how the course content will be used to most effectively teach the objectives of the class. it is also necessary to determine the timeframe needed and available to design and construct the course and materials. factors that affect the actual design and build phase of the course include whether content is already available but not in an electronic format ; content is already available and is in some form of electronic format ; or whether it will be necessary to develop the content and the electronic format of the content from the ground up. after determining what type of course offering is needed and to what extent development of content needs to take place, instructors must ask questions of themselves in regards to distance learning. is the instructor an experienced instructor with a solid set of fundamental teaching abilities? has the instructor ever taught an online course? is the instructor computer savvy or computer illiterate? does the instructor have access to associates or students who possess computer skills and are willing ( or can be coerced ) to help develop online course materials and design? what general support avenues are available? all of these considerations have repercussions on timeframe and effectiveness of the course development cycle. obviously, the instructors who are well versed in distance education and comfortable with course management technology might have an easier time developing and delivering an online course of some fashion. but this is not to say that a novice will not be able to design and complete an effective offering, it ' s just that the learning curve ( conversion of traditional content for an online course offering, learning a course management tool and pedagogical paradigm ) is a bit more protracted, serving to prolong the period it takes to develop and implement a course. all the hard work will pay off. all the up - front and during - the - course work that goes into the creation and running of an online course does pay dividends eventually. for instance, after an initial offering, instructors walk away from the experience with, at the very least, an \" electronic course \" of some sort. this collection of electronically enabled content and teaching experience may lead to reflection on the part of the instructor as he or she starts to refine what has already been developed. as with all teaching, this reflective aspect becomes essential as each successive offering renders the process more familiar, less daunting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43804003513367584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.883914"} {"text": "experience may lead to reflection on the part of the instructor as he or she starts to refine what has already been developed. as with all teaching, this reflective aspect becomes essential as each successive offering renders the process more familiar, less daunting and ( hopefully ) more effective. additionally, if an instructor is utilizing a course management system, the opportunity is there to use the established framework ( course organization schemes ; student management techniques ; appropriate tool selection and use ) of the initial offering to create not only the same course again, but other different courses. having a \" template \" to work from is clearly advantageous in terms of course development time and course effectiveness for those instructors utilizing online resources. each successive pass through a design cycle ( envision the objective ; create the material ; apply the appropriate tool ; reflect, adjust and revise ) can help to refine course content and methodology of delivery. with a course management system, instructors can make a backup of a good course and begin a new semester with a solid framework intact and ready to go. and in the end. finally, instructors must look to the school to see what course management system is being used and get in touch with the support staff of that system. the administrators of a course management system typically understand the system and offer training on the use of the technology. as soon as possible, instructors should request a course, attend some training seminars and begin to work in the system - there is absolutely no substitute for time spent in front of the screen learning how the course management system works. instructors should take care to avoid waiting until the last second to begin to develop a course offering because technology ( computers in particular ) sense urgency and unfailingly pick that exact moment to begin to behave \" unpredictably \". generally speaking, instructors that work one semester ahead are giving themselves enough time to actually deliver a cohesive, well thought out course offering. * note : presently montana state university is using webct. msu webct gives instructors a gated ( password protected ) course management resource that shares data with the msu banner system to provide consistently updated rosters of registered msu students. webct features a plethora of \" tools \" that enable content, communication, and assessment. waits, t., & lewis, l. ( 2003 ) distance education at degree - granting postsecondary institutions : 2000 - 2001, u. s department of education, national center for educational statistics, nces 2003 - 017, project officer : bernard greene. washington, dc lewis,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4639625769122827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.891925"} {"text": "( 2003 ) distance education at degree - granting postsecondary institutions : 2000 - 2001, u. s department of education, national center for educational statistics, nces 2003 - 017, project officer : bernard greene. washington, dc lewis, l., alexander, d., & farris, e. ( 1997 ) distance education in higher education institutions, u. s department of education, national center for educational statistics, nces 98 - 062, project officer : bernard greene. washington, dc green, k. c. ( 2003 ) the new computing revisited, educause review retrieved march 8, 2004 from www. educause. edu / ir / library / pdf / erm0312. pdf smith, g. s., ferguson, d., & caris m. ( 2001 ) teaching college courses online vs. face - to - face, the journal online 28, 9, 4 moore, m. ( 1993 ) three types of interaction, distance education : new perspectives, eds. k. harry and d. keegan. london : routledge hara, n. & kling, r. ( 2001 ) student distress in web - based distance education, educause quarterly retrieved february 19, 2004 from www. educause. edu / ir / library / pdf / eqm01312. pdf kale, r. ( 2003 ) uws board of regents meeting, march 6, 2003, learning technology center, university of wisconsin - milwaukee. retrieved february 16, 2004 from www. wisconsin. edu / news / 2003 / bor _ 03 _ mar2003 / borhybrid030603 _ 3 _ 1. pdf shea, p. j., pelz, w., fredericksen, e. e., & pickett, a. m. ( 2001 ) online teaching as a catalyst for classroom - based instructional transformation, elements of quality online education, sloan - c series, volume 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157363427725086, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.894947"} {"text": "asian collections : plants from the far east asia has some of the most floristically diverse regions in the temperate northern hemisphere. for this reason, and because of similarities to our climate, asian plants are very well represented at the arboretum. the asian collections include plants from the floristically rich regions of central and western asia, china, japan, and korea. the latter three countries are especially rich in plant life because they escaped the effects of glaciations, which swept through much of europe and the northern parts of north america about ten to fifteen thousand years ago, decimating many plant species on these continents. this species richness has been attracting plant explorers throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. numerous species have already been collected, documented, and introduced into western culture. the pagoda tree ( sophora japonica ) was growing in the elgin botanical garden in manhattan as early as 1811! there are many other species that have been in cultivation in the united states for many years and it is inconceivable to think of today ' s gardens without some asian plants. some examples are the ginkgo or maidenhair tree ( ginkgo biloba ), tree peony ( paeonia suffruticosa ), golden larch ( pseudolarix amabilis ), viburnum ( viburnum ), forsythia ( forsythia ), and rhododendron ( rhododendron ). the arboretum has participated in numerous collecting expeditions to china and the russian far east, bringing back new and exciting species. the asian collections display plants collected from past explorations, and from seed exchanges with other explorers. the collections are organized on the arboretum grounds to take advantage of the landscape and environmental features appropriate for these asian plants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41706271992013727, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.901519"} {"text": "remember apple \u2019 s \u201c think different \u201d ad campaign? it ran from 1997 to 2002. now, that kind of run may happen often on broadway but not in the ad world. however, we still easily remember the 10 - year - old campaign. that certainly attests to its sticking power! so, why were the apple ads so successful? yes, they featured portraits of famous people, but so have lots of short - run campaigns. the difference is that apple \u2019 s ads connected with us emotionally. using a simple yet inspiring design that featured a world - famous change - maker, each ad communicated deeply felt beliefs that resonated with \u201c the rest of us. \u201d it \u2019 s emotion, not reason, that powers our decisions to act. the science behind this is where we move beyond creative agency backrooms into the realm of biology, of brain science. the brain, emotion, and buying connection meanwhile, all our emotions are rooted in the limbic system. the limbic brain is where we sense our emotional attachments, such as trust and loyalty. it \u2019 s the part of our brain that knows whether something is important to us. and it \u2019 s the place that motivates us to take action or not. as communicators, we can benefit from knowing that. now, we know where we need to connect to reach our audience in a meaningful way. but here \u2019 s the catch : the limbic brain has no capacity for language. that means no amount of information can motivate someone to buy. the rational neo - cortex and the emotional limbic system do communicate with each other. but in the end, reasoning does not drive behavior. it \u2019 s the limbic brain that initiates the human \u201c call to action. \u201d how \u2019 s this for a shocker : we were never designed to listen to reason. for years, neuroscientists have studied people \u2019 s brain activation patterns to understand how our brains work. scientists all agree : when taking action, people quickly reach conclusions based on emotional reactions, then find facts later to support what they \u2019 ve decided. touching emotional chords in b2b content when we create business content, a certain amount of professionalism is called for. but to be persuasive, emotional connection is an absolute necessity. let \u2019 s use the \u201c think different \u201d campaign as an example. apple used the metaphor of positive change - makers to communicate its brand. those of us who identified with the values that those change - makers represented felt an emotional connection to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5073246551067239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.918455"} {"text": "absolute necessity. let \u2019 s use the \u201c think different \u201d campaign as an example. apple used the metaphor of positive change - makers to communicate its brand. those of us who identified with the values that those change - makers represented felt an emotional connection to those ads. and, by association, we felt more positively about apple for being a company that associated itself with those positive people. that concept is well - supported by study after study. whether we \u2019 re even conscious of it, we all organize our cognitive world into stories and use metaphors to understand situations, generate predictions, solve problems, anticipate events, and make plans. one of the many neuroscientists studying the brain and decision - making is mit professor gary klein. like his colleagues, he uses brain scanners to pinpoint where decisions are made in the brain. his research concurs with other researchers : the source of decisions is not in the analytical regions of the brain. it \u2019 s in the limbic region, where intuition, metaphor, and storytelling are the real drivers of decisions. want to generate more clicks and calls? use stories and metaphors to connect with your audience. start \u201c thinking different \u201d about your content and create emotional attachments with your audience. whenever you use words to communicate, create image - rich stories and metaphors that are authentic to your brand and have emotional meaning to your audience. don \u2019 t let your b2b category get in the way. no matter what you \u2019 re selling, your audience is not made up of \u201c business professional buyers. \u201d your customers are \u2014 regardless of their job title \u2014 still very human.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5319369241183223, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.922393"} {"text": "traditional welsh foods what are the traditional foods of wales? unlike england where a number of culinary traditions filtered down from the upper levels of society, the traditional dishes of wales literally grew from the land. reports from 1896 show that farmers and tenants survived on home - cured meat of domestic animals, home grown vegetables, dairy products and cereal - based dishes. farmers and cottagers would fatten and slaughter at least one pig a year to provide a constant supply of salted bacon. on larger farms, a bullock or cow was killed and the meat shared between neighbouring farms. meat and vegetables cattle provided milk to produce butter and cheese, and vegetables such as leeks, carrots, cabbages, herbs and, from the 18th century onwards, potatoes were grown. wild fruits, plants, animals and birds were used when in season. communities living close to coastal regions were able to vary their diet by collecting shellfish and seaweed to make laverbread. the harsh landscape meant that oats and barley were the most common cereal crops, with wheat confined to the fertile lowlands. oatmeal was one of the basic elements in the diet of the welsh. among the everyday foods served in most rural districts until the early 20th century were llymru ( flummery ) and sucan ( sowans ), consisting of oatmeal steeped in cold water and buttermilk, boiled until thickened and served cool with milk or treacle, bwdram ( thin flummery ), uwd ( porridge ) and griwel blawd ceirch ( oatmeal gruel ). oat - bread was the most common bread to be eaten in wales until the late 19th century. it was used in north wales as a basic ingredient in cereal pottages such as picws mali ( shot ) or siot ( shot ) ; a popular light meal consisting of crushed oat - bread soaked in buttermilk. br? es ( brose ) was a common dish in the agricultural areas of the north and was regularly prepared as a breakfast dish for the men - servants. it was made from crushed oat - bread steeped in meat stock and sprinkled with crushed oat - bread before serving. welsh rural society was largely self - supporting with the exception of sugar, salt, tea, rice and currants, which had to be purchased. very little fresh fruit was bought and eggs were only eaten on very rare occasions. the open hearth the open fire was central to cooking throughout the 18th and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3777818541417065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.962750"} {"text": "the exception of sugar, salt, tea, rice and currants, which had to be purchased. very little fresh fruit was bought and eggs were only eaten on very rare occasions. the open hearth the open fire was central to cooking throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, and in many rural homes well into the 20th century. such limited cooking facilities also governed what could be prepared. stews, joints of meat and puddings were boiled in a cooking pot or cauldron. pot ovens were used for roasting meat and baking cakes. bakestones were widely used to bake oatcakes, drop scones, soda bread, pancakes and griddlecakes ( such as welsh cakes ). although the tradition of living off the land survived until a later period in the rural areas, change came with improved roads and modern shopping facilities, not to mention the arrival of fridges and home freezers. today, the majority of these dishes are mostly eaten on special occasions as ' traditional food '. domestic life in wales by minwel s. tibbott. published by university of wales press and the national museums & galleries of wales ( 2002 ). first catch your peacock : a book of welsh food by bobby freeman. published by image imprint ( 1980 ). article date : 23 april 2007 leave a comment a small tinplate screen, found in the industrial communities of both north and south wales. small pieces of meat were suspended from the hooks inside the curved, reflecting hood and the whole oven would sit on a trivet ( an iron bracket ) in front of the fire. it was also possible to bake tea - time favourites such as round cakes, or teisen lap in the shallow drip - tray.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45745691035999797, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.964861"} {"text": "one of the two spies who reported positively about the land of israel. reprinted with permission from who ' s who in the hebrew bible ( the jewish publication society ). caleb son of jephunneh, of the tribe of judah, was one of the twelve men sent by moses to spy the land of canaan and report back about its cities and its inhabitants ; to find out if they were strong or weak, few or many ; and to bring back the fruit of the land. the spies went and scouted the land - - from the wilderness of zin to rehob, near the entrance to hamath. forty days later they returned to the camp carrying pomegranates, figs, and a branch that had a bunch of grapes on it so heavy that it took two men to carry it on a pole between them. their report turned out to be disheartening and defeatist. \" we came to the land you sent us to ; it does indeed flow with milk and honey, and this is its fruit. however, the people who inhabit the country are powerful, and the cities are fortified and very large ; moreover, we saw the anakites there. amalekites dwell in the negeb region ; hittites, jebusites, and amorites inhabit the hill country ; and canaanites dwell by the sea and along the jordan ( numbers 13 : 27 \u2013 29 ). \" and they added, \" the country that we traversed and scouted is one that devours its settlers. all the people that we saw in it are men of great size ; we saw the nephilim there - - the anakites are part of the nephilim - - and we looked like grasshoppers to ourselves, and so we must have looked to them ( numbers 13 : 32 \u2013 33 ). \" only caleb, who was 40 years old, and joshua son of nun disagreed. they said ( numbers 14 : 7 \u2013 9 ) : \" the land that we traversed and scouted is an exceedingly good land. if the lord is pleased with us, he will bring us into that land, a land that flows with milk and honey, and give it to us ; only you must not rebel against the lord. have no fear then of the people of the country, for they are our prey : their protection has departed from them, but the lord is with us. have no fear of them! \" the israelites refused to listen to the encouraging words of joshua and caleb.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44620785487557046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:57.990668"} {"text": "dm is the easiest type of myositis to diagnose because of the skin rash which is often seen before any muscle weakness is felt. the dm rash looks patchy, dusky, and reddish or purple. it is found on the eyelids, cheeks, nose, back, upper chest, elbows, knees and knuckles. some people also have hardened bumps under the skin, called calcinosis. the skin rash and weak muscles are caused by inflammation, or swelling, in the blood vessels under the skin and in the muscles, also called vasculitis. patients who have the skin rash but feel no muscle weakness have amyopathic dm, or dm sine myositis. the weakness begins with muscles that are closest to and within the trunk of the body. neck, hip, back and shoulder muscles are examples. some dm patients have muscle pain. signs and symptoms - appearance of a rash on the eyelids, cheeks, nose, back, upper chest, elbows, knees and knuckles - scaly, dry or rough skin - trouble rising from a seated position, or getting up after a fall - general tiredness - inflamed or swollen area around fingernails - painful and / or itchy rash caused by inflammation of blood vessels under the skin and in the muscles - sudden or progressive weakness in muscles in neck, hip, back and shoulder muscles - difficulty swallowing ( dysphagia ), a feeling of choking - hardened lumps or sheets of calcium, called calcinosis, under the skin - changes in voice ( dysphonia ), especially hoarseness updated march 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4769237896326651, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.023399"} {"text": "( ara ) - it is time to make history by changing history. for more than 40 years - and through eight presidents - the united states has been dependent on foreign oil to power the nation. today, energy independence is a realistic goal, one founded on american innovation, technology and hard work. the organization of the petroleum exporting countries - opec - has a stranglehold on the united states ' fuel supply. in fact, the united states spends more than $ 1 million per minute on foreign oil - adding up to more than $ 450 billion per year, making this the largest wealth transfer in history. this situation is not only unsustainable ; it leaves the u. s. indebted to the 12 opec member nations, including iran, saudi arabia and venezuela. for the first time in decades, the united states has the resources for energy independence. the discovery of abundant reserves of shale - based oil and natural gas, combined with new drilling technology needed to produce those resources, has given the united states a long - term source of homegrown energy. the u. s. has enough oil and natural gas to power 65 million cars for 60 years and heat 60 million households for 160 years, according to the american petroleum institute ( api ). by 2030, 100 percent of u. s. liquid fuel needs could be met by resources found in north america. energy independence is within reach, and its benefits extend beyond enhanced national security. increasing domestic oil and natural gas production does the following : * creates jobs : oil and natural gas companies currently support 9. 2 million u. s. jobs and are among the nation ' s largest employers, according to api. increasing domestic oil and natural gas development could create more than 1. 4 million additional jobs. these jobs are both direct - energy company employees - and indirect - vendors and others who support the energy industry. the increase in domestic oil and natural gas development boosts other industries as well, including steel and manufacturing. * revitalizes communities : in 2010, the industry contributed $ 476 billion in direct support to a struggling economy. domestic oil and natural gas are produced across the country, and wherever drilling takes place, local residents benefit from royalty payments and good - paying jobs. in fact, in 2010 oil and natural gas companies paid more than $ 176 billion in wages and benefits and payments to oil and natural gas leaseholders. the oil and natural gas industry also provides an influx of tax dollars, paying $ 86 million per day to the federal government. county and state taxes paid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48995802038773917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.149620"} {"text": "micro - supercapacitors set for future use \u201c just think how often your fancy new mobile phone or computer has become little more than a paperweight because the battery lost its zeal for doing its job, \u201d says john chmiola, a chemist with the lawrence berkeley national laboratory ( berkeley lab ). \u201c at a time when cellphones can do more than computers could do at the beginning of the clinton presidency, it would be an understatement to say that batteries have not been holding up their end of the mobile device bargain. \u201d chmiola is a staff scientist in the advanced energy technologies department of berkeley lab \u2019 s environmental energy technologies division. his research is aimed at addressing this problem of relatively short - lived portable energy storage devices. chmiola believes he has found a solution in electrochemical capacitors, which are commonly referred to as \u201c supercapacitors \u201d because of their higher energy storage densities than conventional dielectric capacitors and higher abuse tolerance than batteries. in a paper published in the april 23, 2010 issue of the journal science, titled \u201c monolithic carbide - derived carbon films for micro - supercapacitors, \u201d chmiola and yury gogotsi of drexel university, along with other co - authors, describe a unique new technique for integrating high performance micro - sized supercapacitors into a variety of portable electronic devices through common microfabrication techniques. by etching electrodes made of monolithic carbon film into a conducting substrate of titanium carbide, chmiola and gogotsi were able to create micro - supercapacitors featuring an energy storage density that was at least double that of the best supercapacitors now available. when used in combination with microbatteries, the power densities and rapid - fire cycle times of these micro - supercapacitors should substantially boost the performance and longevity of portable electric energy storage devices. \u201c the prospect of integrating batteries and supercapacitors with the micro - electromechanical systems ( mems ) they power represents a conceptual leap forward over existing methods for powering such devices, \u201d chmiola says. \u201c furthermore, since the same fabrication processes that produced the devices needing the electrical energy also produced the devices storing that energy, we provide a framework for potentially increasing the density of microelectronic devices and allowing improved functionality, reduced complexity, and enhanced redundancy. \u201d the two principal systems today for storing electrical energy are batteries and supercapacitors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5112895591194485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.173243"} {"text": "energy, we provide a framework for potentially increasing the density of microelectronic devices and allowing improved functionality, reduced complexity, and enhanced redundancy. \u201d the two principal systems today for storing electrical energy are batteries and supercapacitors. batteries store electrical energy in the form of chemical reactants and generally display even higher energy storage densities than supercapacitors. however, the charging and discharging of a battery exact a physical toll on electrodes that eventually ends the battery \u2019 s life after several thousand charge - discharge cycles. in supercapacitors, energy is stored as electrical charge, which does not impact electrodes during operation. this allows supercapacitors to be charged and discharged millions of times. \u201c we have known for some time that supercapacitors are faster and longer - lasting alternatives to conventional batteries, \u201d gogotsi says, \u201c so we decided to see if it would be possible to incorporate them into microelectronic devices and if there would be any advantage to doing so. \u201d chmiola and gogotsi chose titanium carbide as the substrate in this study because while all metal carbides can be selectively etched with halogens so that a monolithic carbon film is left behind, titanium carbide is readily available, relatively inexpensive and can be used at the same temperatures as other microfabrication processes. \u201c plus, we have a body of work on titanium carbide precursor carbons that provided us with a lot of data to draw from for understanding the underlying science, \u201d chmiola says. the process started with titanium carbide ceramic plates being cut to size and polished to a thinness of approximately 300 micrometers. the titanium was then selectively etched from one face of the plate using chlorine at elevated temperatures, a process that is similar to current dry - etching techniques for mems and microchip fabrications. chlorinating the titanium removed the metal atoms and left in place a monolithic carbon film, a material with a proven track record in supercapacitors produced via the traditional \u201c sandwich construction \u201d technique. \u201c by using microfabrication techniques to produce our supercapacitors we avoided many of the pitfalls of the traditional method, \u201d says chmiola, \u201c namely poor contact between electro - active particles in the electrode, large void spaces between particles that don \u2019 t store charge, and poor contact between the electro - active materials and the external circuitry. \u201d the electrical charge storage densities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5384546598042462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.178669"} {"text": "hi.... to my understanding.... nanoscale au can be produced by various techniques... to name a few vcldi, eew, chemical route, phyiscal methods etc.... all these techniques doesnt yield nanoparticles of same size, shape, purity etc.... generally depending on the applications the synthesizing techniques is chosen... and each technique has its own temp requirements.... and finally one technique which most widely used for nano colloid preparation is thru reduction of au ( cn ) 3.. and this process is room temperature.... on the other hand plasma process will require higher end temperature.... do correct me if i am wrong... sorry for the delayed reply... i was suffering from chicken pox and was nt in the lab for couple of weeks... by the way... as for as mechnical grinding is concern... we have nt tried in the my lab.. i mean gold mech. grinding.. bt then.. as such there is no much important is given to temperature... furthermore since gold is very very ductile metal... mech grinding will and should be done in cryo condition in order have significant size reduction... i am working on interaction of gold nanoparticles with microtubules which are one of the cytoskeletal protein that have important role in some disease. we purified this protein from the brain and hope to find a way to improve memory. if you are interested contact me welcome! nanopaprika was cooked up by hungarian chemistry phd student in 2007. the main idea was to create something more personal than the other nano networks already on the internet. community is open to everyone from post - doctorial researchers and professors to students everywhere. there is only one important assumption : you have to be interested in nano! the invertion of 10g optical transceiver has greatly increase the networking speed, for the science behind the transceiver, please check website and learn about cwdm sfp transceiver, www. fiberoptictransceiver. net the xfp ( 10 gigabit small form factor pluggable ) is a standard for transceivers for high - speed computer network and telecommunication links that use optical fiber. please visit www. xfptransceiver. com for more info", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5298666850943383, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.184465"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. management and disposition of excess weapons plutonium : reactor - related options by this material. as long as this material remains in readily weapon - usable form, it will : continue to be vulnerable to theft ( by parties other than the possessor state ) and diversion ( by the possessor state ) for use in nuclear weapons ( which we call the direct risks ) ; send the signal that a reversal of current arms reductions remains possible, with negative consequences for arms reduction and nonproliferation efforts ( the indirect risks ). the timing of disposition options is crucial to minimizing both types of risks. minimizing the time until the start of operations to transform the surplus wpu into forms less easily used for weapons, and minimizing the time until this transformation is completed, are of obvious value in reducing the direct risks of theft and diversion. an expeditious approach reduces the indirect risks, moreover, by signaling commitment to irreversible arms reductions and seriousness in addressing proliferation hazards. while the direct risks are significantly greater in the former soviet union, under current economic and political circumstances, than in the united states, the indirect risks apply equally to both countries. to reduce the risks in both categories, the two countries should proceed expeditiously, and more or less in parallel, with programs of wpu disposition that move beyond the status quo \u2014 guarded interim storage of plutonium \" pits \" in the form in which they emerge from weapon dismantlement \u2014 to make it significantly more difficult for this plutonium to be reused in weapons by the original possessor state or by others. in considering the options for using irradiation in nuclear reactors or immobilization with reactor wastes to provide such barriers, the panel has addressed, on a comparative basis, technological readiness, institutional requirements, economics, and environment, safety, and health. we have given the greatest weight, however, to the security characteristics of the various options \u2014 their capacity to reduce rapidly the direct and indirect security risks posed by prolonged storage of the plutonium as pits, while minimizing any new security risks arising from the disposition options themselves. ( the task of comparing those long - term disposition options within the panel ' s purview with other options, as well as the task of comparing all these options with indefinite storage, was left to the parent committee. ) the spent fuel standard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5553325639629129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.195554"} {"text": "curious ed goes from \" gearhead \" to scientist | who are nasa ' s space science explorers? who are nasa ' s space science explorers? the scientist studying black holes in space. the teacher talking about the secrets of the cosmos. and the student asking if there is life away from earth. all of these people are space science explorers. they are all curious about our solar system and space. this is a story about a nasa space science explorer. growing up, ed prather dreamed of racing cars and motorcycles. now, as an adult, he \u2019 s a scientist and a teacher. one thing has stayed the same the whole time. ed has always been curious. \" i was always curious about machines, \" said ed. in high school, he was more interested in learning about cars than in science or math. ed calls himself a \u201c gearhead \u201d because he ' s so interested in the gears that make cars go. after high school, ed worked at places where cars and cranes were put together. he was really curious about cranes and decided to learn more about how they work. then he was able to teach others at work what he had learned. he liked finding simple ways to explain something so hard. \" the idea of helping someone understand was fascinating and fun, \" he said. before long, ed was becoming an expert in the science of how things work. for a time, he used his knowledge to study how the universe works. but what he really wanted to do was teach science. ed now teaches nasa science to students at the university of arizona. he ' s always thinking up ways to help them understand tough subjects. working with students is the best part of his job, ed said. he ' s glad he stayed curious about the world around him. he tells his students to do the same. and he still finds time to something else he likes : racing cars and motorcycles. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory center for astronomy education \u2192 prachi patel, institute for global environmental strategies adapted for grades k - 4 audience by dan stillman, institute for global environmental strategies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5318709126756691, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.200209"} {"text": "equal opportunity in employment means opportunity not just for some but for all. nasa provides equal opportunity in federal employment regardless of race, color, gender, national origin, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, or status as a parent. eeo covers all human capital and employment programs, management practices, and decisions including, but not limited to, recruitment, hiring, merit promotion, transfer, reassignments, training and career development, benefits, and separation. nasa supports employee exercise of rights under eeo law. reprisal against individuals who engage in protected activity will not be tolerated. nasa supports the rights of employees to exercise all available rights under the civil rights statutes. http : / / www. hq. nasa. gov / office / codee / policy. html to ensure the effective implementation of the nasa and jsc equal opportunity policy, which is to provide equal employment opportunity for all employees and applicants for employment, regardless of their race, religion, color, sex, national origin, age, disability, sexual orientation, or status as a parent ; to help reduce and to ensure against discrimination ; and to promote the full realization of equal opportunity through a continuing affirmative employment program and diversity management the federal laws prohibiting job discrimination enforced by eeoc are : title vii of the civil rights act of 1964 ( title vii ), which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin ; the equal pay act of 1963 ( epa ), which protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex - based wage discrimination ; the age discrimination in employment act of 1967 ( adea ), which protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older ; title i and title v of the americans with disabilities act of 1990 ( ada ), which prohibit employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments. sections 501 and 505 of the rehabilitation act of 1973, which prohibit discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities who work in the federal government ; and the civil rights act of 1991, which, among other things, provides monetary damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination. in addition to the above laws which are enforced by the eeoc the civil service reform act of 1978 ( csra ) prohibits discrimination and reprisal against federal employees. the csra contains a number of prohibitions, known as prohibited personnel practices, which are designed to promote overall fairness in federal personnel actions. the csra prohibits any employee who has authority to take certain personnel actions from discriminating for or against employees", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4974806502970067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.217932"} {"text": "the csra contains a number of prohibitions, known as prohibited personnel practices, which are designed to promote overall fairness in federal personnel actions. the csra prohibits any employee who has authority to take certain personnel actions from discriminating for or against employees or applicants for employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age or disability. it also provides that certain personnel actions cannot be based on attributes or conduct that do not adversely affect employee performance, such as marital status and political affiliation. the csra also prohibits reprisal against federal employees or applicants for whistle - blowing, or for exercising an appeal, complaint, or grievance right. the csra is enforced by both the office of special counsel ( osc ) and the merit systems protection board ( mspb ). how are whistleblowers protected? in addition to the discrimination prohibitions covered by the above laws, executive order ( eo ) 11478 as amended by eo 13087 and 13152 states that it is the policy of the government of the united states to prohibit discrimination in employment because of sexual orientation, or status as a parent. assuring that all employees or applicants for employment are provided the needed resources ( within reason ) to perform the task of the job. yes, we can handle the complaint through the informal process towards resolution but the complaint will not continue through the formal process. the eeo counselor will discuss other grievance avenues such as merit systems protection board, union, and office of special counsel. anyone who feels they have been discriminated against because of their age, race, gender, color, national origin, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or status as a parent, should contact oeod as soon as possible. employees are encouraged to review the, complaint process, prior to contacting oeod. contractor employees can file a discrimination complaint with jsc if certain criteria are met. they may also file with their company or directly with the u. s. equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ). to determine if you meet the criteria to file a complaint with jsc, please contact oeod at 281 - 483 - 0607. generally you have 45 days to contact oeod from the day of the incident. the eeo counselor can provide additional information. it is filed against the current agency administrator. after the incident is reported to oeod, you will be assigned a counselor who will explain the entire complaints process and your rights and responsibilities. the processing of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44878410519898915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.220068"} {"text": "the eeo counselor can provide additional information. it is filed against the current agency administrator. after the incident is reported to oeod, you will be assigned a counselor who will explain the entire complaints process and your rights and responsibilities. the processing of an eeo discrimination complaint dealing with the employment practices of a federal government organization begins with what is called the informal complaint process ( also called the pre - complaint process ). during the informal process, an eeo counselor will meet with you to discuss your concerns and will provide you with information concerning your rights and responsibilities with regard to the eeo discrimination complaint process. during the informal process there will be opportunities to explore and possibly achieve resolution to the eeo issue ( s ) through either counseling or possibly \u201c adr. \u201d there are time constraints placed on the length of the informal process. if no resolution of your issue ( s ) is achieved during the informal process, you will be advised of your right to file a formal eeo discrimination complaint with the agency. the formal complaint process begins once you send your complaint to the agency at nasa headquarters complaints division. you will first receive notification that the agency received your complaint, then the agency will perform a jurisdictional * review of your complaint and inform you if your complaint is accepted or dismissed by the agency. if your complaint is accepted, an investigation will begin and you may be offered \u201c adr \u201d in an effort to resolve your issue ( s ). you will receive a copy of the investigation report once it is completed. at that point you may request a hearing before an eeoc administrative judge or request a final decision from the agency. in either case, you should receive some type of final action notification from the agency. if you disagree with the final agency action you may file an appeal to the eeoc or file a civil action. there are time restrictions associated with different parts of the formal process, and both you and the agency have appeal rights along the way. a flow chart of the eeo discrimination complaint process may be found at this link * jurisdictional \u2013 within the timeframes dictated by eeoc guidelines. yes, in most cases you have the right to remain anonymous during the initial phase of the discrimination complaints process. in certain cases, such as harassment where prompt and effective action is required by the center, your anonymity will be protected to the extent possible and information will be shared only on a need to know basis. the eeo counselor can provide more information on this subject. also, if the complaint is not resolved at the informal phase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4590306649305934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.222395"} {"text": "center, your anonymity will be protected to the extent possible and information will be shared only on a need to know basis. the eeo counselor can provide more information on this subject. also, if the complaint is not resolved at the informal phase, it can proceed to the formal phase if you choose to file a formal complaint. if it proceeds to the final phase, you will send your complaint to the nasa headquarters office of diversity and equal opportunity, where your identity can no longer be kept confidential. yes, in most cases ( see question above for exceptions ) complaints brought to the oeod will be kept confidential between you, the eeo counselor, eo director and if you elect adr counseling, the adr program manager. adr refers to a variety of approaches used to resolve conflict outside of some formal administrative or legal forum. many of these approaches involve the use of a neutral individual such as a mediator who can assist disputing parties in resolving their disagreements. the techniques or methods used in adr include approaches such as arbitration ( binding or non - binding ), conciliation, cooperative problem - solving, dispute panels, facilitation, fact - finding, mediated arbitration, mediation, mini - trials, ombuds, peer review, and settlement conferences. adr increases the disputing parties ' opportunities to resolve their issues prior to or during some formal administrative procedure or litigation ( which can be very costly and time - consuming ). in the eeo complaints arena at nasa, the term adr is normally used to mean mediation. mediation is a process entered into voluntarily by each of the parties to a dispute. this process involves the disputing parties and an impartial and neutral \u201c third party \u201d ( the mediator ) who is acceptable to each of the disputing parties. the objective of mediation is to assist the parties in voluntarily reaching an acceptable resolution to the issues in dispute. yes, any time during the formal process nasa headquarters can offer adr again and will arrange for adr. if you decide to elect adr during the formal stage, the formal investigation will continue unless a resolution is reached. yes, you have appeal rights during the formal stage. initially after your complaint and the counselor \u2019 s report are reviewed, headquarters will notify you in regards to whether your complaint was accepted or rejected. if accepted, the formal investigation process will begin. if the complaint is rejected, headquarters will send a letter explaining the reasons the complaint was denied and will inform you of your appeal rights should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48870035869814366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.224728"} {"text": "| home earth british virgin islands _ _ _ british virgin islandsdestination british virgin islands, short bvi. this page aims to give you a broad overview of the islands ' art, culture, people, environment, geography, history, economy and government. beside a country profile with facts and figures, the page contains links to sources which provide you with all the information you need to know about this caribbean island, e. g. : official web sites of british virgin islands, domestic airlines, islands guides with travel and tourism information on accommodation, tourist attractions, events and more like weather information, maps, statistics and local newspapers from british virgin islands. tortola - road town \u00a9 bvitourism. com british virgin islands flag of british virgin islands the british virgin islands comprise more than 40 caribbean islands and islets, 16 of them are inhabited. first settled by the dutch in 1648, the islands were annexed in 1672 by the english. during the 17th century, the archipelago was divided into two territorial units, one english and the other danish. sugarcane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands ' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. in 1917, the us purchased the danish portion, which had been in economic decline since the abolition of slavery in 1848. the economy of bvi is closely tied to the larger and more populous us virgin islands to the west ; the us dollar is the legal currency. there are lots of deals online to help save on last minute trips to the islands as well as a number of all inclusive resorts. related countries : uk neighboring islands : antigua and barbuda, montserrat, st. kitts and nevis, us virgin islands british virgin islands iso country code : vg local time = utc - 4h actual time : mon - may - 20 07 : 47 country calling code : + 1 284 capital city : road town ( on tortola ) other towns : spanish town ( on virgin gorda ) government : overseas territory of the uk with internal self - governing. location : caribbean, east of puerto rico. area : 153 sq km ( 59 sq miles ) terrain : coral islands are relatively flat ; the volcanic islands steep and hilly. climate : subtropical ; humid ; temperatures moderated by trade winds. nationality : british virgin islander ( s ) population : 28, 000 ( 2012 ) ethnic groups : black 83 %, white, indian, asian and mixed. languages : english, spanish natural resources : sun, sand, sea, surf. agriculture products : fruits, vegetables ; livestock, poultry ; fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3813678862875618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.240058"} {"text": ": 28, 000 ( 2012 ) ethnic groups : black 83 %, white, indian, asian and mixed. languages : english, spanish natural resources : sun, sand, sea, surf. agriculture products : fruits, vegetables ; livestock, poultry ; fish. industries : tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore financial sevice. exports partners : virgin islands ( us ), puerto rico, usa imports partners : virgin islands ( us ), puerto rico, usa currency : us dollar ( usd ) note : external links will open in a new browser window. bvi government information service british virgin islands gateway to the government, the site provides a broad spectrum of information related to the bvi. british virgin islands useful information information you need to know when visiting bvi. foreign & commonwealth office ( fco ) the british government department responsible for overseas relations and foreign affairs. uk embassies overseas address list of uk embassies abroad. map of puerto rico and and the u. s. virgin islands map of the virgin islands political map of the virgin islands. virgin islands maps map based virgin islands website. google earth virgin islands searchable satellite view of virgin islands. map of central america and the caribbean reference map of central america and the caribbean. british virgin islands news. bvi stand point the weekly authoritative guide to what ' s happening in the british virgin islands, features the islands ' best clubs, top bands and most popular community events. the development planning unit governmental department for development planning. trade and investment promotion department governmental department for trade and investment promotion. bvi air charter service. bvi ports authority ports authority of the british virgin islands. accommodation, hotels, attractions, festivals, events, tourist boards, fishing, sailing, horseback riding, hiking, boating, cruising, kayaking, scuba diving, yachting and much more. the british virgin island the official site of the bvi tourist board. british virgin islands welcome tourist guide published in collaboration with the the british virgin islands islands internet index. guide to british virgin islands an extensive online travel guide for the british virgin islands. bvi tourist board ' s guide to tortola. bvi tourist board ' s guide to virgin gorda. jost van dyke bvi tourist board ' s guide to jost van dyke. bvi tourist board ' s guide to anegada. the weekly updated bvi event guide. travel and tour consumer information sunset on virgin gorda \u00a9 bvi tourist board h. lavity stoutt community college - hlscc institution for higher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42637162958418473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.243178"} {"text": "bvi tourist board ' s guide to anegada. the weekly updated bvi event guide. travel and tour consumer information sunset on virgin gorda \u00a9 bvi tourist board h. lavity stoutt community college - hlscc institution for higher education in the bvi. association of reef keepers ark is dedicated to protect the bvi ' s marine environment. island resources foundation environmental planning for island development. national parks trust of the british virgin islands site about the trust and the national parks of bvi. the british virgin islands - history history of the virgin islands. virgin islands digital collection sources of information on virgin islands ' history and culture at uvi libraries. virgin islands history danish national archives ' website on the history of the danish west indies, 1671 - 1917. additional information on british virgin islandsbbc news country profile : british virgin islands governments on the www : british virgin islands open directory project : british virgin islands wikipedia : british virgin islands the world factbook - - british virgin islands search nations online | bookmark / share this page : other countries and territories in the caribbean anguilla | antigua and barbuda | aruba | bahamas | barbados | cuba | dominica dominican republic | grenada | guadeloupe | haiti | jamaica | martinique | montserrat | netherlands antilles puerto rico | saint kitts and nevis | saint lucia | saint vincent and the grenadines trinidad and tobago | u. s. virgin islands countries of the world : a - c | d - g | h - l | m - p | q - t | u - z continents : africa | the americas | asia | australia / oceania | europe one world - nations online. :. let ' s care for this planet actually, freedom can not be simulated... or? nations online project is made to improve cross - cultural understanding and global awareness. stop attempts to suppress freedom of expression. don ' t let the u. s. or anyone else regulate the internet of the world. the net is ours because we ' ve created it!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40446472398863254, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.324697"} {"text": "from natural wellbeing methylisothiazolinone or simply called mit is classified as a preservative. it belongs to a group of isothiazolinones which are used in many personal care products such as shampoos and soaps. these chemicals have the amazing ability to control the growth of microbes in a solution. it may also be added to products to preserve its smell. methylisothiazolinone is used in many industries such as paper, fuels as well as in the mining industry. although the chemicals that belong to the isothiazolinones are perfect in preserving products and in keeping them microbe free, they are however toxic to fish and the environment as well. methylisothiazolinone is found to have caused many occupational illnesses and researchers have found this product to be an allergenic and a cytotoxic as well. history and origin the use of isothiazolinones especially methylisothiazolinone in many industries is definitely indispensable. its use has been widely accredited especially in the field of preservation and anti - fouling. the major setback with the use of this chemical is the effect of its use for environment and at the same time to humans who come in contact with isothiazolinones in many industries. there are also trace non - occupational hazards of isothiazolinones in the many products that we use in our homes, such as in air conditioning units, paper, adhesives and also in leave - on personal products and cosmetics. the use of methylisothiazolinone was unheard of during the ancient times. preservation of food however was already done to make harvested foods last throughout the season. salt was the main preserving agent and it was usually used to preserve fish, meat, game, fruits and also some vegetables. methylisothiazolinone is used in industries where microbial growth must be controlled over a water - containing solution. in personal care products, it has been effectively used in shampoos, soaps, liquid detergents and in cleaning solutions for the home. methylisothiazolinone is also used for the production of paper ; it is used to control slime development on production. it is found in adhesives that we use in the home and in industrial settings ; it controls microbial development in these products. there are still leave - on cosmetics that use methylisothiazolinone such as hand creams, moisturizing lotions and even make - up. food labels and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5171261264257032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.336885"} {"text": "climate change might have helped bring about the fall of the ancient khmer civilization in angkor, cambodia, nearly 600 years ago, new research suggests. historians have given various explanations for the fall of the empire that stretched across much of southeast asia between the ninth and 14th centuries ( 801 to 1400 ), from land overexploitation to conflict with rival kingdoms. but the new study offers strong evidence that two severe droughts, punctuated by bouts of heavy monsoon rain, could have weakened the empire by shrinking water supplies for drinking and agriculture, and damaging angkor ' s vast irrigation system, which was central to its economy. the kingdom, one of the greatest civilizations of all time, is thought to have collapsed in 1431 after a raid by the siamese from present - day thailand. \" angkor at that time faced a number of problems \u2014 social, political and cultural. environmental change pushed the ancient khmers to the limit and they weren ' t able to adapt, \" said study author brendan buckley, a climate scientist at columbia university ' s lamont - doherty earth observatory in new york. \" i wouldn ' t say climate caused the collapse, but a 30 - year drought had to have had an impact. \" the researchers were able to reconstruct 759 years of past climate in the region surrounding angkor by studying the annual growth rings of cypress trees in a nearby national park. the tree rings revealed evidence of a mega - drought lasting three decades \u2014 from the 1330s to 1360s \u2014 followed by a more severe but shorter drought from the 1400s to 1420s, right before the empire collapse. the droughts could have led to crop failure and a rise in infectious disease, and both problems would have been exacerbated by the density of the population, buckley said. they also found evidence for intense rainy seasons that might have damaged angkor ' s hydraulic system. during a normal monsoon season, angkor ' s vast network of canals, embankments and reservoirs could have handled heavy downpours, but after extended droughts, the system may have been vulnerable to clogging. the researchers suspect that el nino, a cyclical warming of the tropical pacific ocean, might have played an important role in shutting down the monsoon rains in this region, leading to droughts. \" the evidence from monsoon asia should remind us that complex civilizations are still quite vulnerable to climate variability and change, \" said study researcher kevin anchukaitis, also of columbia university. similar studies suggest that abrupt environmental changes may have pushed other ancient civilizations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4074977465142283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.342808"} {"text": "an ultra - fast u. s. military drone that streaked across the sky at 13, 000 mph and met its demise in the pacific was doomed by the excessive heat of hypersonic travel, which literally peeled away the drone ' s metal skin, military officials have revealed. a seven - month study by the military ' s defense advanced research projects agency, or darpa, has found that the so - calledhypersonic technology vehicle 2 ( htv - 2 ) amazingly recovered from shockwaves that forced it to roll while traveling at mach 20 ( about 20 times the speed of sound ) in an august 2011 test. but the unmanned aircraft was unable to cope with damage to its exterior caused by its extreme speed, darpa officials said. according to darpa, \" a gradual wearing away of the vehicle ' s skin as it reached stress tolerance limits was expected. however, larger than anticipated portions of the vehicle \u2019 s skin peeled from the aerostructure. \" [ photos : darpa hypersonic mach 20 test ] the entire htv - 2 test flight lasted nine minutes, with htv - 2 actually flying in a controlled manner for three minutes, darpa officials said. darpa launched the arrowhead - shaped htv - 2 flight on aug. 11 in the second of two tests of a prototype for a hypersonic glider as part of the advanced conventional prompt global strike weapons program, which is aimed at developing a bomber capable of reaching any target on earth within an hour. the first test occurred in 2010. space news from nbcnews. com teen ' s space mission fueled by social media science editor alan boyle ' s blog : \" astronaut abby \" is at the controls of a social - media machine that is launching the 15 - year - old from minnesota to kazakhstan this month for the liftoff of the international space station ' s next crew. - buzz aldrin ' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media \" the initial shockwave disturbances experienced during second flight, from which the vehicle was able to recover and continue controlled flight, exceeded by more than 100 times what the vehicle was designed to withstand, \" darpa acting director kaigham j. gabrielsaid in a statement. \" that ' s a major validation that we \u2019 re advancing our understanding of aerodynamic control for hypersonic flight. \" the htv - 2 launched atop a rocket from california ' s vandenberg air force base", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4933141295443051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.348619"} {"text": ". gabrielsaid in a statement. \" that ' s a major validation that we \u2019 re advancing our understanding of aerodynamic control for hypersonic flight. \" the htv - 2 launched atop a rocket from california ' s vandenberg air force base, then came streaking back to earth at hypersonic speeds. hypersonic flight is typically defined as any flight that surpasses the speed of mach 5. when htv - 2 reached mach 20, it experienced temperatures of nearly 3, 500 degrees fahrenheit. nasa ' s space shuttles, for comparison, flew at speeds of up to mach 25 when they re - entered earth ' s atmosphere. a darpa engineering review board found \" most probable cause of the htv - 2 flight 2 premature flight termination was unexpected aeroshell degradation, creating multiple upsets of increasing severity that ultimately activated the flight safety system. \" that safety system, once it realized the htv - 2 was in an unrecoverable situation, destroyed the vehicle by pitching it into the ocean. \" the result of these findings is a profound advancement in understanding the areas we need to focus on to advance aerothermal structures for future hypersonic vehicles. only actual flight data could have revealed this to us, \" said air force maj. chris schulz, darpa program manager. darpa officials said that more analysis on the htv - 2 test flight will continue via ground tests and will be used as a resource for future conventional prompt global strike weapons technology efforts. 7 sci - fi weapons of tomorrow here todayhow darpa ' s htv - 2 hypersonic bomber test worksphotos : breaking the sound barriercopyright 2012 space. com, a techmedianetwork company. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. \u00a9 2013 space. com. all rights reserved. more from space. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5374835671225738, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.349459"} {"text": "long beach, calif. \u2014 nasa ' s 23 - year - old hubble space telescope is still going strong, and agency officials said tuesday they plan to operate it until its instruments finally give out, potentially for another six years at least. after its final overhaul in 2009, the hubble telescope was expected to last until at least 2015. now, nasa officials say they are committed to keeping the iconic space observatory going as long as possible. \" hubble will continue to operate as long as its systems are running well, \" paul hertz, director of the astrophysics division in nasa ' s science mission directorate, said here at the 221st meeting of the american astronomical society. hubble, like other long - running nasa missions such as the spitzer space telescope, will be reviewed every two years to ensure that the mission is continuing to provide science worth the cost of operating it, hertz added. in fact, hubble supporters hope it will continue to run even after its successor, the james webb space telescope ( jwst ), is launched \u2014 an event planned for 2018. \" we are not planning to arbitrarily end the operation of hubble when jwst is launched, \" hertz said during a nasa town hall meeting at the aas conference. \" it may be great if we get at least one year of overlap between jwst and hubble. \" [ building the james webb space telescope ( photos ) ] the hubble space telescope was launched in april 1990, and has since been upgraded five times by astronauts in orbit. its last space shuttle servicing mission in may 2009 left the scope with two new instruments, including a wide - field camera and a high - precision spectrograph to spread out light into its constituent wavelengths. the space telescope is named after the late astronomer edwin hubble ( 1889 - 1953 ), who proved that the universe is expanding. \" it ' s working better than ever, 23 years in, \" dan coe, an astronomer working with hubble at the space telescope science institute in baltimore, md., told space. com. \" we ' re still pushing the frontier. \" coe agreed that overlap time with both hubble and james webb operating simultaneously would be ideal. such a plan would allow the observatories to work on complementary projects and provide crosschecks between the two telescopes ' measurements. how long hubble can run also depends on nasa ' s budget, which, like funding for all federal agencies, is uncertain given the economic challenges in the united states. \" it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4458473890752931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.356596"} {"text": "friends of wildlife : every animal has a right to humane medical care. it is heart breaking when there are \u201d no more beds \u201d in our hospital for wildlife in dire need. there are millions of common wildlife injured or orphaned every year in massachusetts. the center can treat approximately 2, 000 patients a year. this is a drop in the bucket! we do not have the funding for staff to treat more. there is no government funding or publicly funded entity to care for suffering wildlife. less than 1 % of the center \u2019 s resources come from folks that bring us wild patients. by law, we cannot charge anyone, including municipalities, state agencies, and organizations that bring us ailing wildlife. read more \u2026 find a wild animal? orphaned animals \u2013 many baby animals that are found alone are not truly orphaned. please first consult these guidelines to attempt to reunite the baby with its mother. injured animals \u2013 any animal that is found with obvious injuries should be brought to a wildlife rehabilitator or veterinarian for assessment and care. be careful not to confuse a juvenile animal learning to be on its one with an injured adult. these aging charts for birds and mammals will help you tell the difference. nuisance animals \u2013 as advocates for wildlife we always recommend that native wildlife be left undisturbed unless it is injured or truly orphaned. relocating wildlife is illegal in massachusetts and often leads to orphaned babies that soon die. here is a link to why moving wildlife is harmful. also, here is a great link to learn how to live comfortably with wildlife. wildlife facts \u2014 massachusetts department of game and fish is a great resource for facts about native wildlife. here is the link to their wildlife facts. visiting wild patients \u2014 because all of our patients are wild, they are extremely stressed by being in captivity. our goal is to minimize the animal \u2019 s stress by limiting their exposure to humans while in the hospital. for this reason we do not allow the public to visit any animals that they bring to us. however, our center is open 7 days a week and the hospital is windowed. updates on wild patients \u2013 due to our limited staffing we are unable to give updates on wildlife patients by phone or email. staff time is best spent caring for the animals. at this point, our only means to update you is to send a postcard to let you know ultimately what happened with the animal. if you did not fill out a postcard address label when the animal was admitted, you can call the wildlife center and give us your name, mailing address and the type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44406553762810447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.361842"} {"text": "ames, iowa \u2013 there are several risk factors that influence whether an offender walks out of prison for good or one day returns to the correctional system. states make a significant investment in treatment programs with the goal of reducing the rate of recidivism, and researchers at iowa state university say that investment is paying off. \u201c it goes back to the big question : does treatment work? and we show pretty powerful effects overall that it does. there \u2019 s nobody that can look at that kind of reduction and say dollars spent on treatment are not worth it, \u201d said andy hochstetler, a professor of sociology. researchers expected most of the benefits to appear in the short - term, but found that treatment was still effective even two years after the initial investment. the research also uncovered a significant disparity between urban and rural parolees that hochstetler and david peters, an assistant professor of sociology, cannot yet explain. \u201c we found that treatment only works for people paroled to urban areas, not for people in rural areas, \u201d peters said. \u201c we found that treatment has no effect for rural parolees. the spatial concentration of parolees in urban areas however, means that treatment works overall. \u201d treatment for urban parolees reduced the recidivism rate by 40 percent. hochstetler and peters can only speculate about reasons for the differences for rural parolees. they believe access and distance to treatment programs could be contributing factors. in their study, they controlled for factors such as severity of the original crime, time spent in prison and community structural issues. \u201c it \u2019 s not the community poverty rate, it \u2019 s not the labor economy and it \u2019 s not all those other things, \u201d hochstetler said. alcohol and drug issues substance abuse treatment is the most common type of assistance for offenders, followed by programs that help improve cognitive and decision - making skills. although researchers can show that treatment works, 65 percent of offenders in iowa do not complete any treatment program while they are incarcerated or during the first year after they are granted parole. \u201c the average sentence is pretty short, so a lot of the inmates are paroled before their treatment is complete, \u201d hochstetler said. \u201c a lot of inmates don \u2019 t have to do treatment, a lot of them refuse treatment, and a lot of them have psychiatric problems that prevent the standardized kinds of treatment that the department of corrections can offer. \u201d researchers know that drug and alcohol problems increase the risk of recidivism and that rural parolees continue to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4276805032155196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.367329"} {"text": "them refuse treatment, and a lot of them have psychiatric problems that prevent the standardized kinds of treatment that the department of corrections can offer. \u201d researchers know that drug and alcohol problems increase the risk of recidivism and that rural parolees continue to struggle with substance abuse, even if they have received treatment. \u201c with substance abuse, some would argue that you can never really treat that, it \u2019 s always going to be an ongoing problem. you \u2019 re never cured, \u201d said peters. \u201c it \u2019 s always something that you have to keep under control. \u201d urban parolees typically face fewer barriers to accessing treatment because there are more substance abuse programs available and they have greater access to public transportation. peters and hochstetler want to know if limited access and distance to programs in rural areas may increase the chances that parolees will relapse and violate the terms of their parole. ongoing research efforts for the first phase of this research project, hochstetler and peters analyzed data about treatment programs and recidivism rates from the iowa department of corrections and community - based corrections programs. they presented their findings to the iowa board of corrections in january. the research is funded through a grant from the national institutes of justice. now they hope the second phase of their study \u2013 which includes interviews with probation officers and community corrections officials \u2013 will help them understand why treatment doesn \u2019 t work for rural parolees. \u201c clearly, there is a difference in how you engage rural and urban parolees. we don \u2019 t know why, but we \u2019 re hoping to say that for rural parolees there are certain strategies that work best and for urban parolees a different set, \u201d peters said. \u201c we \u2019 re hoping to find a set of tools or best practices and strategies that we know will have an effect given the risks of the offenders. \u201d identifying those best practices can help reduce the rate of recidivism and provide a cost savings for states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4250019293310119, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.368509"} {"text": "north broad a street of dreams during short - lived golden age november 20, 2012by shai ben - yaacov \" i ' m told this street is respectable, \" says one character in edith wharton ' s novel the age of innocence. \" it ' s not fashionable, \" comes the reply. that ' s pretty much how it was on north broad street in the late 19th century. the industrial revolution had begun, and philadelphia was known as the \" workshop of the world, \" making textiles, locomotives and beer. on whyy - fm, newsworks tonight ' s nov. 20 show is devoted to north broad street \" after the civil war, philadelphia was really going full blast, \" said robert morris skaler, forensic architect and author of philadelphia ' s broad street south and north. \" they were making all kinds of things. north broad street was a great place for people to live, because it hadn ' t been developed yet. \" skaler ' s book is filled with images from this golden age of north broad, an age capped by the construction of the grand lorraine apartments, which are now the abandoned divine lorraine hotel. he describes what made the area so desirable. \" it was big and wide, \" he said. \" about six carriages could go side - by - side, so it was a great street to jump on your carriage and go all the way out, perhaps to diamond, and then make a left and head out to the park \u2014 and also the fact that there were so many churches on the street that, on a nice sunday afternoon, it was packed. people walking back and forth \u2014 it ' s almost like a boardwalk kind of thing going on. \" the rise of new money so the street became populated by the so - called nouveau riche \u2014 those who made, rather than inherited their money. skaler says some of them included michael bouvier, the ancestor of jacquelyn bouvier kennedy, department store owners, alice gimble, and industrialist henry disston and his son, along with p. a. b. widener and william elkins. \" you get these huge houses built along there, \" said skaler. \" their stables were in the back streets unlike rittenhouse square, where the stables and the houses were all mixed up together. \" rittenhouse square, of course, was where old money lived in philadelphia. a passage from a book called north of broad, published by an anonymous author during the time period, is telling. \" by the way,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3877304774281325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.373713"} {"text": "all mixed up together. \" rittenhouse square, of course, was where old money lived in philadelphia. a passage from a book called north of broad, published by an anonymous author during the time period, is telling. \" by the way, what ' s your locality? is it north or south of market? \" he asked anxiously. \" i don ' t know, \" answered helen. \" it ' s on grafton street, about a mile from girard college. \" \" oh dear, dear, \" said he, in a distressed tone. \" that is all wrong. it should be two miles or two miles and a fraction at least, if my memory serves. an inch or more makes all the difference in the world your social position in philadelphia. \" a north - south rivalry nowhere does this conflict play out more succinctly than in the battle for cultural superiority of the day. what south broad street had in the academy of music, north broad emulated in the metropolitan opera house, built by the famous oscar hammerstein. in the 2000 whyy - tv documentary a walk up broad street, architect hy myers said the met represented efforts to one - up the establishment. \" the academy of music had 3, 100 seats, \" said myers. \" the met, 4, 100 \u2014 a thousand more. the proscenium of the academy, 50 feet wide. [ hammerstein ] made his a hundred feet wide. the academy was made of brownstone on the front. he decided to make his white, marble and white brick, because he wanted his to be bigger in appearance, more glamorous in appearance. \" on the met ' s opening night, nov. 17, 1907, the two venues had a showdown. \" hammerstein ' s metropolitan opera house opened with carmen and a cast of 700, \" skaler said. \" that same night, the academy of music opened its season with the great tenor enrico caruso. \" \" now philadelphia society doesn ' t know where to go, \" said myers. \" ' shall i go to the academy? shall i go to the met? ' they do both! \" at intermission, the audience left the academy, rushed to the waiting carriages and cars, and headed north on broad street to arrive at the met in time to see the second half of carmen. hammerstein purposely delayed the opera ' s intermission, thus filling all his 4, 000 seats. however, skaler said, it was a hollow victory. within five years, the met", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42501611000034223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.374958"} {"text": "biodiversity of new hampshire what is biodiversity? biodiversity is the variety and variability of all living organisms. it includes whole organisms, their genes, the natural communities in which they live, and the complex interactions among and between organisms and their physical environment. natural levels of biodiversity may be very high, as in tropical regions with favorable growing conditions and high species counts per unit area. biodiversity can also be very low in places like deserts and arctic regions, where conditions are harsh and few species can survive. the biodiversity in a given area decreases when species suffer local extinctions, when invasive species form monocultures that displace native species, and when the natural habitats that support the local species are fragmented or destroyed. on a landscape scale, unique components of biodiversity, such as species or natural communities with limited distributions, are focal points for conservation efforts. biodiversity has important value. direct use values include recreation, medicine, and forest products. indirect use values derive from important ecosystem services, such as soil building, erosion control, fire prevention, water quality improvement, contaminant absorption, flood reduction, crop pollination, and pest control. finally, biodiversity has important non - use values. people apply value to species or places simply by knowing of their existence, even if they may never see or experience these resources firsthand. protecting biodiversity in new hampshire in 1998, the nh ecological reserves system project concluded : though conservation lands comprise approximately 20 % of the land area in new hampshire, the current system of conservation lands in new hampshire does not appear to provide comprehensive, long - term protection of biodiversity at the species, natural community, or landscape levels ( nh ecological reserve system project 1998a ). the nh natural heritage bureau facilitates protection of the state ' s biodiversity by providing information about key areas that support rare species, rare types of natural communities, and high quality examples of common natural community types. exemplary natural communities are particularly important because we assume that if we protect an adequate number of viable examples of each natural community type, we can protect the majority of new hampshire ' s species. this is sometimes referred to as a \" coarse filter \" approach to protecting biodiversity. the coarse filter can miss important species, however, so it needs to be augmented with a finer filter. the fine filter approach generally focuses on individual rare species that are not tied to specific natural community types. for example, the rare, federally threatened small whorled pogonia ( isotria medeoloides ) occurs in common forest communities in southern new hampshire, but only in a few places. existing populations may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5692889248572864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.380598"} {"text": "tied to specific natural community types. for example, the rare, federally threatened small whorled pogonia ( isotria medeoloides ) occurs in common forest communities in southern new hampshire, but only in a few places. existing populations may not be captured by the coarse filter approach, so we need to employ a fine filter, by conducting surveys for the plant itself, to ensure that the species is protected. long - term protection of new hampshire ' s species, natural communities, and ecological processes requires a variety of conservation approaches. the goal of nh heritage ' s coarse and fine - filter approaches is to inform management decisions by identifying those sites that have a relatively greater potential for maintaining the natural diversity within the state. the foundation for successful biodiversity protection is maintaining a series of representative examples of all the state ' s natural community types, with their constituent species and underlying ecological processes. a good strategy for this kind of protection would be to conserve a series of connected, high quality natural community types ; this series would ensure that ecological processes that connect natural communities remain functionally intact within a broader landscape context. in short, there is a need for reserve areas with natural communities protected within a diverse landscape, not just in isolation. nh natural heritage strives to connect the state ' s residents and visitors with its native biodiversity. the visiting nh ' s biodiversity program offers a series of interpretive trail guides and descriptive profiles for a variety of sites with exemplary natural communities and rare plant species.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.509060649696292, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.381401"} {"text": "- views japan \u2019 s robots : becoming more human - the dolls that sparked japan \u2019 s love of robots : \u201c karakuri ningyo \u201d - [ 2012. 07. 31 ] read in : \u65e5 \u672c \u8a9e | | | francais | espanol | the mechanical dolls of the edo period, called karakuri ningyo, were the starting point of japan \u2019 s love affair with robots. the intricate clockwork motors inside dolls create playful, realistic movements that capture the imagination and inspire affection. a must - have product in the edo period clockwork - powered mechanical dolls, called karakuri ningyo, first became popular in japan during the edo period ( 1603 \u2013 1868 ). perhaps the best - known type of mechanical doll is the chahakobi ningyo ( tea - serving doll ). it stands at the ready, holding a tea saucer in both hands, and when a teacup is placed on the saucer, the doll bows its head and begins to shuffle forward on its feet, delivering the tea to the customer. once the teacup is removed, and the doll stops moving. when the emptied teacup is returned to the saucer, the doll turns around and dutifully shuffles back to its original position. another well - known mechanical doll is the dangaeri ningyo ( stair - walking doll ) ; it can make its way a down series of steps by doing back handsprings. the doll \u2019 s center of gravity shifts as mercury moves around an interior chamber. this causes the doll to flip end over end. meanwhile, the shinatama ningyo ( magician doll ) was designed to perform a simple parlor trick : a young child dressed in chinese - style clothing lifts and lowers a box, each time revealing a different surprise within. these mechanical dolls are grouped under the category of zashiki ( tatami room ) karakuri \u2014 small mechanical dolls often used in the home as a popular amusement at parties or during festivals. this type of doll won admiration from people across every layer of edo society, from daimyos and members of the imperial court to the merchant class and even commoners. the dolls began to fall out of fashion, however, around the time of the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) and thereafter. in recent years, though, there has been a revival of zashiki karakuri dolls. stories about the dolls have appeared in science magazines and other publications, helping to spark interest among a new generation encountering them for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45698588458274836, "token_count": 506, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.388950"} {"text": "1868 ) and thereafter. in recent years, though, there has been a revival of zashiki karakuri dolls. stories about the dolls have appeared in science magazines and other publications, helping to spark interest among a new generation encountering them for the first time. han \u2019 ya harumitsu, who has dedicated himself to building and restoring these mechanical dolls, sees a fundamental link between the edo period dolls and contemporary japanese technologies, as he explains : \u201c the way that these dolls employ gears and other clever techniques to control and redirect the clockwork motion has something in common with how modern robots are directed by computer programs. \u201d the brains behind edo period devices the gears of the clockwork inside karakuri ningyo are carved from wood, rather than using metal. if the grain on the wooden gears is aligned poorly, the teeth can break off, so instead of carving the teeth directly into the gears, tiny wooden triangles are affixed to the wooden wheels \u2014 a technique adapted from traditional japanese handicrafts. the clockwork that powers karakuri ningyo and japanese clocks was based on the time pieces that arrived on western ships near the end of the muromachi period ( 1333 \u2013 1568 ), alongside other foreign technologies such as steel cannons. after japan closed itself off from the outside world during the edo period, the country developed and refined its own homegrown mechanical technologies through the imagination and technical artistry of successive generations of craftsmen. the original tea - serving doll was one of the many mechanical dolls built by seventeenth century watch - maker takeda kiyofusa. the techniques he and his contemporaries used were closely guarded secrets, passed on from master to apprentice like ancient mysteries. many of those secrets were revealed in 1796 when hosokawa hanzo, better known as \u201c karakuri hanzo, \u201d published his book karakuri zui ( illustrated compendium of clever machines ), which can be described as japan \u2019 s first text on mechanical engineering. hosokawa was skilled engineer and prolific inventor, dreaming up a whole range of new machines and tools. based on his belief that the seeds for new ideas are planted by sharing techniques for making things, he dedicated himself to explaining mechanical devices in a simple and accessible way, as han \u2019 ya explains : \u201c hosokawa \u2019 s book was the impteus for the popularization of mechanical devices during the edo period. and it is also thanks to the detailed explanations in his book that we have been able to revive those devices in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5009417098795237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.391185"} {"text": "ya explains : \u201c hosokawa \u2019 s book was the impteus for the popularization of mechanical devices during the edo period. and it is also thanks to the detailed explanations in his book that we have been able to revive those devices in the modern era. it seems to me that the publication of his book is the point of departure for the journey that has led up to japan \u2019 s status today as a pioneer in robotics, fueled by the cutting - edge technologies the country has assimilated since around the time of the meiji restoration. \u201d japan \u2019 s affinity for robots a harukoma ningyo ( toy - horse rider doll ) ; as the rider moves, it pulls the reins, swinging the horse \u2019 s head from side to side, creating a realistic impression of horse riding. expressive faces and fluid, natural movements are the hallmark of karakuri ningyo. the humanity of the dolls and their placid dedication to service, whether offering tea or performing some other function, makes it almost second nature to speak to them directly like a child or pet. \u201c they aren \u2019 t simply dolls with moving parts, \u201d han \u2019 ya notes, \u201c but rather constructed in line with a sensibility particular to japan, making them quite different from the european automata to which they are often compared. \u201d in contrast to the cold, mechanical impression of an automaton, karakuri ningyo inspire in many people an emotional affinity or even a feeling of love. the dolls seem less like a decoration or toy than something with a heart and life force of its own. the life - like appearance is enhanced by the painstaking work of the craftsmen who paint the faces or make the kimono used to dress the dolls. all of this contributes to the power of the dolls to attract human affection. in japan, mechanical dolls were originally religious or spiritual objects, thought to be sacred. but thanks to their broad popularity, the dolls became a source of amusement for the common people. there is a historical connection between the fondness derived from the gentle faces and amenable service of edo period mechanical dolls, and the attraction that modern japanese have had for robots in human and animal forms. indeed, japan has had a love affair with robots for over two centuries, stretching from the karakuri ningyo to today \u2019 s cutting edge technologies. han \u2019 ya harumitsu, a karakuri ningyo artisan. after discovering mechanical dolls, he left his job as an industrial technology researcher to dedicate himself to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4999413961626364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.393909"} {"text": "##kuri ningyo to today \u2019 s cutting edge technologies. han \u2019 ya harumitsu, a karakuri ningyo artisan. after discovering mechanical dolls, he left his job as an industrial technology researcher to dedicate himself to their revival. recently he has created a complete dramatic production using mechanical dolls. ( originally written in japanese by sato narumi. photographs by kodera kei. ) - other articles in this report - japan \u2019 s first robotgakutensoku was a humanoid robot built in 1928 by nishimura makoto, an editorial writer for the osaka mainichi shimbun. this is thought to be the first robot ever built in east asia. in it, we can see the roots of modern humanoid robotics. - fukushima \u2019 s radioactivity - proof cleanup robot \u201c quince \u201d is a disaster response robot that has been playing a crucial part in efforts to repair the damage at the nuclear power station in fukushima. - robot soccerrobotics developers have a dream : that one day their robot athletes will defeat the world cup winners and be crowned as the best soccer team in the world. this year \u2019 s \u201c robocup \u2013 japan open \u201d pitted 73 teams of robots against one another for a place in the robot world cup. - building a bear of a robotfujitsu laboratories ltd. has unveiled an interactive robot teddy bear that can express emotions and respond to people \u2019 s input. the robot is expected to provide companionship for the elderly in care and other facilities and facilitate communication among young children.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4715073579873882, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.395180"} {"text": "in 1939 the department of information was established to \u2018 undertake the large publicity campaign necessary to support australia \u2019 s war effort \u2019. this campaign was centred principally on increasing and sustaining the people \u2019 s faith in the cause for which they were fighting, and sought to gain support for the government \u2019 s security and fundraising activities and distribute \u2018 sound \u2019 facts on the war and its progress. the activities of the department were extensive and various, and when, in 1981, two packets of \u2018 historical \u2019 photographs of a rural victorian town were returned to australia by the new york office of the australian information service, a small but fascinating example of those activities came to light. the photographs were taken by jim fitzpatrick, an official war photographer with the a. i. s., who was sent in 1944 to document the impact of the war on the population of the dairying town of drouin. now held by the national library of australia and recently digitised, the 88 photographs that comprise the drouin collection focus on the towns \u2019 people as a community and also on a more personal level. there are portraits of individuals and family groups, photographs of people working and socialising and images of the town going about its business. we learn from the extended captions still attached to most of the photographs people \u2019 s names, ages, occupations, their fathers \u2019 occupations, whether they are married or not, and what their hopes are for the future. the social standing of those photographed is plotted with precision and humour, and the wealth of sociological information revealed is quite remarkable. the people of drouin are portrayed with an unusual degree of freedom and candour made possible, perhaps, because fitzpatrick knew that his portrait of the town was not intended for australian eyes. for fitzpatrick \u2019 s assignment was part of an extensive publicity campaign to convince our allies, particularly the americans, that we were \u2018 shouldering our full share of the burdens of war \u2019. a few months after he took them, twenty seven of fitzpatrick \u2019 s photographs, accompanied by an essay and captions by dave stevens, appeared in the bi - monthly south west pacific magazine, under the title \u2018 a small town at war \u2019. south west pacific was produced by the department of information as an information and copy resource and provided free of charge to overseas press and radio editors who needed no further permissions to use the articles it contained. then, as now, the federal government was preoccupied with issues of national defence and greater trade opportunities. with the end of the war in sight, the curtin government wished to improve australia \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.454158611072095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.402027"} {"text": "no further permissions to use the articles it contained. then, as now, the federal government was preoccupied with issues of national defence and greater trade opportunities. with the end of the war in sight, the curtin government wished to improve australia \u2019 s bargaining position in post - war negotiations and establish the grounds for a closer economic relationship. to do this, australia needed to be recognised abroad for more than our highly improbable flora and fauna, and south west pacific was one way to \u2018 re - brand \u2019 the country by emphasising the values and strong cultural bonds we shared with our allies, and the sacrifices made by the australian people in support of the war, placing the contributions and sacrifices to the forefront, \u2018 a small town at war \u2019 bristles with facts and statistics on the town \u2019 s war effort. the first two sentences inform the reader that out of a population of only 1100, 150 of drouin \u2019 s men are away fighting the war. most families would have been affected, having to manage without their fathers or sons, brothers or husbands. those few younger men who do appear in fitzpatrick \u2019 s photographs are either on leave from the armed forces, working in essential industries, or too young to join up yet. the town \u2019 s patriotism is matched by financial generosity, for drouin has always exceeded its war loan quota of \u00a320, 000, and donates generously to the red cross and to the spitfire fund. steven \u2019 s goes on to provide information on drouin \u2019 s other contributions to the war through it \u2019 s local produce \u2013 flax, butter and cheese \u2013 and the shortages and restrictions faced by residents due to the rationing of butter, meat, sugar, spices, bacon, tea and petrol, and the suspension of normal manufacturing in favour of war production. but readers of \u2018 a small town at war were being appealed to on much more than a factual basis. the detailed descriptions of people \u2019 s lives \u2014 so detailed one can almost hear the town gossip dictating them \u2014 are intended to convey a sense of small town intimacy, and serve to make the people of drouin real to us. stevens \u2019 text constantly articulates the parallels between australian and american society and values and makes an emotional claim that, at heart, we are the same people. similarly, the freshness and candour fitzpatrick achieves in many of his images reinforces the impression that drouin is a rather quaint, unworldly place, but they are also testament to his charm in dealing with his subjects, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4510708549183491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.403713"} {"text": "the large - scale public sculptures of american artist luis jimenez ( 1940 \u2013 2006 ) \u2014 mythical, violent, political, garish, sexy, fun, and often profound \u2014 reflected their maker ' s vision of mexican - american culture and his often critical views of the wider southwestern and american cultures in which mexican americans live. jimenez worked in the industrial, unabashedly commercial medium of fiberglass, and he drew on such commonplace art traditions as mexican wall calendar prints, cowboy imagery, and \" lowrider \" truck decoration. yet his work reflected a detailed knowledge of mexican and european artistic traditions. he made sculptures for public places, intended to be seen and understood by the thousands of ordinary people, in many cases of latino descent, who would pass by them every day, yet he also had a strong following among sophisticated art collectors. jimenez ' s art had many aspects, but perhaps its most distinctive characteristic was the way it was structured to appeal to a variety of audiences. \" my working - class roots have a lot to do with it ; i want to create a popular art that ordinary people can relate to as well as people who have degrees in art, \" jimenez explained to chiori santiago of smithsonian. \" that doesn ' t mean it has to be watered down. my philosophy is to create a multilayered piece, like [ novelist ernest ] hemingway ' s old man and the sea. the first time i read it, it was an exciting adventure story about fishing. the last time, i was deeply moved. \" raised by signmaker and frustrated artist luis alfonso jimenez jr. was born in el paso, texas, on july 30, 1940, and grew up in the city ' s segundo barrio neighborhood. his grandfather had been a glassblower in mexico, and his undocumented immigrant father, luis sr., ran a sign shop and had hoped to become a professional artist himself. he had won a nationwide art competition in the 1930s, but the promised prize money fell victim to depression - era cutbacks at the sponsoring organization and was never delivered. instead, he poured his creativity into signs that appeared around el paso. \" right here was the fiesta drive - in, \" jimenez told santiago as he showed her around el paso. \" it had a neon sign that he made of a woman dancing in a flamenco skirt in front of two guys sitting on the ground wearing sombreros. with each flash of light in the circuit, her dress would appear to go higher and higher, until at the end the guys ' hats would fly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4004332999058265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.417262"} {"text": "woman dancing in a flamenco skirt in front of two guys sitting on the ground wearing sombreros. with each flash of light in the circuit, her dress would appear to go higher and higher, until at the end the guys ' hats would fly up in the air. that was typical of my dad ' s signs \u2014 lots of action and color. \" jimenez started working in the shop at age six, becoming familiar with industrial materials such as fiberglass and the paints that could be used on them. the family appreciated art where they found it. sometimes on trips to mexico they would visit museums or public buildings bearing giant historical paintings by jose orozco or one of the country ' s other great muralists. jimenez, however, saw few prospects for himself in el paso, whose atmosphere for mexicans he likened to that of apartheid - era south africa for blacks. he jumped at the chance to attend the university of texas at austin in 1960. \" college was really a great experience for me, because had i not gone to austin, i would never have had the kind of exposure to the world that i ended up having, \" he said in a texas alcalde interview quoted in the austin american - statesman. his father was furious when he switched his major from architecture to art, but he persisted and received a fine arts degree in 1964. after two years spent studying art in mexico city, jimenez headed for new york. he felt a new sense of freedom there \u2014 in a city with people and artists from all over the world, his chicano ethnicity did not stand out. as an unknown artist competing against hundreds or thousands of others, however, he faced long odds. he got a job as an assistant to sculptor seymour lipton and also worked from 1966 to 1969 for the city of new york as an arts program coordinator. his marriage to his wife, vicky, which had begun in 1961 and produced a daughter, elisa, broke up in 1966. he was married again the following year to mary wynn, but that marriage, too, ended in divorce after three years. jimenez visited numerous galleries, trying to interest them in his work, but he got nowhere. finally, in 1969, jimenez parked his truck in front of the prestigious leo castelli gallery, which he had heard featured works by up - and - coming artists. this time, instead of relying on verbal salesmanship, he dragged three large sculptures through the front door. gallery director ivan karp was outraged at first, but then impressed. he sent jimenez to the graham gallery, which mounted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511107936319845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.418389"} {"text": "and - coming artists. this time, instead of relying on verbal salesmanship, he dragged three large sculptures through the front door. gallery director ivan karp was outraged at first, but then impressed. he sent jimenez to the graham gallery, which mounted the artist ' s first solo show. the staff there expressed surprise when jimenez ' s sculptures found a ready market among art buyers, and jimenez ' s career accelerated when the powerful and notoriously cranky new york times art critic hilton kramer praised the jimenez works displayed in a second graham gallery show. worked in fiberglass by that time, jimenez had begun to create works with the characteristic cross - cultural imagination that made him famous. \" man on fire \" ( 1969 ) was a sculpture of a burning man that suggested both the buddhist monks who set themselves on fire in protest against the vietnam war and the story of the aztec emperor cuauhtemoc, who underwent fire torture at the hands of spanish conquistadors. jimenez ' s american dream ( 1967 ), now housed a the hirshhorn museum in washington, d. c., depicted a sexual coupling between a woman and a volkswagen beetle. more controversial was barfly ( 1969 ), a portrayal of the statue of liberty as an overweight beer drinker. jimenez worked in fiberglass, which for him carried a more popular touch than marble or bronze. it was also a material he had been working with since childhood, but at the time it was used by just a handful of artists. jimenez ' s art was rooted in those early experiences. \" perhaps because of the experience of working in the sign shop, i realized early on that i wanted to do it all \u2014 paint, draw, work with wood, metal, clay, \" he told santiago. although his career was flying high, he felt disconnected from his roots. he returned temporarily to el paso in the early 1970s, and then in 1972 drove to roswell, new mexico, and showed his works to art collector donald anderson, who offered jimenez a job in his private museum. jimenez moved there, and would live in new mexico for the rest of his life. he later moved to the rural town of hondo, living in a converted schoolhouse and hunting small animals in the dry surrounding valleys, always eating his kill. in 1985 jimenez married susan brockman and had one more child, a son. jimenez continued to create small sculptures, paintings, and drawings, some of which were purchased by such institutions as the museum of modern art and metropolitan museum of art in new york, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4353332755989868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.419509"} {"text": "jimenez married susan brockman and had one more child, a son. jimenez continued to create small sculptures, paintings, and drawings, some of which were purchased by such institutions as the museum of modern art and metropolitan museum of art in new york, and the art institute of chicago. living in the southwest, he began to concentrate on western and southwestern themes. his progress series of 1974, along with other works, explored the violent reality behind conventional western stories ; progress i showed an indian hunter piercing a buffalo with an arrow as bloody saliva drips from the animal ' s mouth. because of his growing prestige and his new regional focus, jimenez began to win commissions for large sculptures to be mounted in public spaces in the expanding cities of the southwest. his first public commission was for a sculpture called vaquero, to be installed in houston ' s tranquility park, next to the city hall. works stirred controversy public sculptures, with their large audiences, often become lightning rods for controversy, and jimenez ' s works, with their rough realism and sharp social agendas, were perhaps more controversial than most. the cowboy shown in vaquero was mexican, and he was also waving a pistol while riding on horseback. both images were accurate historically ; jimenez meant the sculpture as a correction to traditional cowboy imagery that generally depicted cowboys as anglo - american and sanitized the violence inherent in western life. but city officials balked at installing the sculpture in its original location and instead suggested a location in moody park, in a predominantly latino neighborhood. there, too, the sculpture encountered criticism. jimenez met with local activists to discuss the work, however, and the result was strong community support for keeping the sculpture. the pattern of official disapproval followed by grassroots support would be repeated several times over the course of jimenez ' s career. a cast of vaquero was later installed in front of the smithsonian institution ' s museum of american art in washington, d. c. among jimenez ' s most famous sculptures was southwest pieta ( 1984 ), which fused christian and native american imagery. it showed the mythological lovers popocatepetl and ixtacihuatl after whom the two large volcanoes near mexico city are named ; the deceased ixtacihuatl lies on her lover ' s lap, in a pose reminiscent of michelangelo ' s famous sculpture of the virgin mary holding the lifeless body of jesus. the figures are embedded in the back of a bald eagle. this sculpture too encountered criticism from activists. \" critics, who say it depicts the aftermath of the rape of an indian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44101697400752093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.420802"} {"text": "' s famous sculpture of the virgin mary holding the lifeless body of jesus. the figures are embedded in the back of a bald eagle. this sculpture too encountered criticism from activists. \" critics, who say it depicts the aftermath of the rape of an indian maiden by a spanish conquistador, say it is offensive to those of spanish heritage, \" noted an albuquerque journal article quoted by santiago. the sculpture was moved to albuquerque ' s martineztown neighborhood. some of jimenez ' s sculptures addressed mexican - american experiences directly, such as border crossing ( 1989 ), which showed a man carrying his family on his shoulders as he crossed the rio grande ( ri bravo del norte ) into the united states. but as jimenez ' s renown grew, he began to receive commissions in parts of the country with small hispanic populations. sodbuster, which was mounted for many years in fargo, north dakota, showed a muscled farmer behind two massive oxen. a pittsburgh, pennsylvania, sculpture called hunky \u2014 steel worker once again stirred controversy after some objected to the term \" hunky \" as an ethnic slur on those of eastern european descent. jimenez had his supporters in pittsburgh as well, but he eventually agreed to grind the word off the sculpture, which was later moved to the university of massachusetts at boston. jimenez presented a rich look at country music and its culture with honky tonk, a large, part - plywood rendition of a bar and the interactions among its patrons. despite the controversies that attended his sculptures, jimenez became widely recognized in his later years as one of america ' s most important sculptors. his various honors included an invitation to dinner at the white house with president george w. bush, who reportedly admired his work. jimenez showed up in a pair of red cowboy boots. personal unhappiness dogged the artist ' s last years, however ; his third marriage was dissolving, and he suffered from health problems. an eye injured in a childhood bb - gun accident had to be replaced with a glass one. jimenez struggled to finish an enormous fiberglass - and - steel horse sculpture called mustang that had been commissioned in 1992 by the city of denver for its new airport ; it was behind schedule and had been the subject of legal wrangling. on june 14, 2006, the sculpture slipped off a hoist and swung out of control, pinning jimenez against a beam and severing a major artery. twenty - eight miles from the nearest hospital, he died in the ambulance from the resultant blood loss. \" to know luis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4191389356313425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.421918"} {"text": "the sculpture slipped off a hoist and swung out of control, pinning jimenez against a beam and severing a major artery. twenty - eight miles from the nearest hospital, he died in the ambulance from the resultant blood loss. \" to know luis is to know that, for him, work was life, \" his estranged wife, susan, told the rocky mountain news. \" someone said he couldn ' t have gone out any other way. this was the rearing mustang ; luis died in battle, the battle of creating. \" contemporary artists, 5th ed., st. james, 2001. sullivan, edward j., ed, latin american art in the twentieth century, phaidon, 1996. art in america, november 1994 ; march 1999. austin american - statesman, june 15, 2006. houston chronicle, june 15, 2006. pittsburgh post - gazette, june 21, 2006. rocky mountain news ( denver, co ), june 24, 2006. san francisco chronicle, june 27, 2006. smithsonian, march 1993. \" in memoriam, \" arizona state university art museum, http : / / www. asuartmuseum. asu. edu / jimenez / index. html ( december 20, 2006 ). \" luis jimenez : sodbuster, \" plains art museum, http : / / www. plainsart. org / collections / luis. jimenez / shtml ( december 20, 2006 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.364068221019053, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.422465"} {"text": "- shiloh, tn - landmark and namesake of the battle of shiloh - national park, national register of historic places the original \" shiloh meeting house \" - a one - room log structure with rude handmade furnishings - was built by the southern methodists about 1853, nine years after the church had split over the slavery issue. it is from this unassuming structure, whose name ironically translates to \" place of peace, \" that the battle would derive its name. when the union army moved upon the field, general william t. sherman encamped his division along the ridge on either side of the church. it was along this same ridge that he formed his first line of battle on the morning of april 6, 1862, and where he was first attacked by the confederates. he succeeded in holding the ridge for about two hours before he was forced to withdraw. as soon as sherman withdrew, confederate general p. g. t. beauregard established his headquarters at the church. he held the position until the confederates began their retreat on the second day. after the battle, the church was reportedly torn down by the union troops and the logs used to build bridges when the movement upon corinth began. the modern church, completed in 1949, stands on the site of the original church. the reconstructed log church was built in 2001.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3910649198632801, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.423855"} {"text": "| food and nutrition bulletin volume 01, number 2, 1979 ( unu, 1979, 48 pages ) | recommendations submitted to the world food council by the acc six priority areas are listed below, the first five relating to developing countries and the sixth to countries in a position to co - operate with them. they should be considered as supplementary to improved food production and conservation. a. appraisal of current information about the state of nutrition ; of the impact of current policies and programmes ; and of the opportunities for action. this would include the following elements. 1. a simple review can be made of current information about the state of nutrition among the lower income groups, and especially that of young children, infants, and pregnant and nursing mothers. this may suggest : ( a ) a need for strengthening the current system of surveillance of nutritional problems and / or ( b ) areas where actions to improve nutrition are required. 2. a review of the impact of current policies could cover the main factors influencing nutrition - either directly or indirectly - ranging from those affecting the reduction of poverty to services directed more specifically to the prevention or treatment of malnutrition. in particular, it should review the distribution of government assistance and privileges among different socio - economic groups of urban and rural populations. 3. a review of the possibilities for action deserves even more attention than the review suggested in 1 above. it must be made in the light of political, budgetary, organizational, and personnel constraints and opportunities. frequently it will happen that the possibilities for action are limited, but they still need review within the framework of the complex set of factors determining the nutrition status of the population. many opportunities are currently overlooked, e. g., building nutrition components into development projects, or incorporating concepts of nutrition into various training programmes and services that influence nutrition indirectly. national institutes or departments dealing with development planning and administration, as well as nutrition and health, can be drawn on to prepare material for a policy review of these possibilities. food and nutrition should be a part of all sector and overall planning. help is also available from the un system of agencies and organizations at country, regional, and headquarters levels. b. supplementary action in the area of food production, storage, and marketing. considerations of nutrition are important in agricultural planning. attention needs to be given to the composition of the food basket, for example by the encouragement of production of food legumes ; to the support of food production and marketing by small cultivators ; to more direct producer - consumer links ; to the reorientation of extension", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46539706927764957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.434770"} {"text": "to the composition of the food basket, for example by the encouragement of production of food legumes ; to the support of food production and marketing by small cultivators ; to more direct producer - consumer links ; to the reorientation of extension services to family and community food production and storage ; to the extent that women are important family - food producers and involved in the processing and marketing of foods ; to the control of food quality and safety ; and to the consideration that agricultural extension services should also deal with women ' s needs and problems. in addition, action at the farm and rural community level to reduce post - harvest food losses due to rodents, insects, moulds, and spoilage is needed in all developing countries. c. support for ideals of nutrition by all relevant sectors. in addition to general actions for the reduction of poverty - e. g., agrarian reform and rural development programmes ; increase of income - earning opportunities in rural areas and the peri - urban sector - it is advisable to review policies and services in all sectors with a potential for influencing the state of nutrition. actions more specifically directed to the improvement of nutrition could include : access to safe water for household use ; nutrition education and the promotion of good infant and child feeding practices through schools at appropriate levels, health centres, and available information media ; access to maternal - and child - health and family - planning services ; surveillance of the nutrition of young children through the health services, e. g., by regular weighing ; fortification of staple foods or other vehicles ; and legislation concerning the provision for the nutritional needs of workers and their families. d. nutrition interventions targeted to groups at risk the steps listed under a and b will reduce malnutrition, but will leave groups that can only be dealt with by specifically targeted programmes. these programmes may be considered in the order of their recurring costs in relation to benefits. they will require the training of personnel at management and other levels. certain deficiency diseases can be effectively controlled through specific interventions, e. g., iodization of salt for the prevention of endemic goiter, distribution of iron / folate tablets to pregnant women to prevent anemia, or limited vitamin - a distribution to children at risk of eye damage from avitaminosis a and who are within reach of existing services, are financially feasible in almost any country where they are needed, and should be provided. nutrient supplementation or fortification of foods can often be used to reduce the occurrence of deficiency disease. the next step could be to build on existing services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4917387044167782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.435792"} {"text": "of existing services, are financially feasible in almost any country where they are needed, and should be provided. nutrient supplementation or fortification of foods can often be used to reduce the occurrence of deficiency disease. the next step could be to build on existing services for nutrition activities, e. g., the local network of health and extension services and existing organizations such as cooperatives, and women ' s organizations ; and to mobilize community resources, e. g., by the use of local foods supplied by the community for supplementary feeding of poorly nourished children. in using existing services, the main recurring cost will be for short in - service training of existing staff and for some additional personnel. a following step is to extend such services to underserved or unserved populations and areas since in most developing countries a considerable proportion of the population is not reached by existing services. communities are usually ready to participate in the extension of services, but there must also be provision for increased government support. a fourth type of intervention would be addressed to groups of landless and to people working in the informal peri - urban sector whose nutritional needs cannot be met by extension of the above services, and where more costly national support is required. this applies to programmes such as selective food distribution, low - price food shops, or price subsidies. how far a country can go with such measures depends on its social policy, the level of its resources, and the amount of external co - operation provided on a long - term basis. e. involvement of the family and community in the improvement of nutrition. this is particularly recommended because nutrition at the point of end - use of food is first an individual and family affair and then a community concern. the organization of primary health care ', as recommended by who and unicef, offers examples of promoting and organizing community participation. similar approaches can be made through agricultural extension agents and home economists to promote family food production and use, and to create awareness of the nutritional needs of family members, with special concern for young children. f. external co - operation and assistance. the un system of agencies draws the attention of the world community to the fact that least - developed countries, and probably most of those with a per capita income below $ 300 ( at 1975 prices ) cannot by themselves finance targeted nutrition interventions on a sufficient scale. 2 the implementation of the new international economic order ( nieo ) could improve the situation of the low - income countries in a major way. further, external co - operation in paying part of the recurring costs in such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023379724399886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.437095"} {"text": "nutrition interventions on a sufficient scale. 2 the implementation of the new international economic order ( nieo ) could improve the situation of the low - income countries in a major way. further, external co - operation in paying part of the recurring costs in such countries is desirable on an assured long - term basis, during which the country ' s own financial base can be expected to grow. the need for long - term arrangements applies to financial support and to food aid, and is analogous to government support of poorer regions within a country. the above five steps ( b - f ) open to developing countries have necessarily been described in general, abstract terms. description of the possibilities in more practical terms can only be illustrative, and not fully applicable to any country. the un agencies believe that a typical set of policies and actions resulting from the above steps would be as follows. a. the increase in food production would be adapted to nutritional needs, in order to derive full nutritional benefits from the overriding priority accorded to increasing food production. attention needs to be given to producing appropriate food as close as possible to the consumers, not only in terms of regions, but extending down to community and family food production and storage, especially by small farmers. processing and distribution of food must parallel food production increases and take into account the nutritional needs of populations at risk of malnutrition. in this context, a government may wish to examine the possibilities of re - deploying its agricultural extension staff to devote more of their services to small farm units, and / or to serve as a delivery system for nutrition education to encourage on - farm production, conservation, and consumption of nutritious foods. it may be possible to make garden lots available to the rural landless and to urban dwellers for supplementing family food production. b. food production would be supported by other aspects of rural development, e g., by strengthening the infrastructure such as dikes, drainage, irrigation, and other works ; by providing safe water for household use ; by income - generating activities such as rural handicrafts and industry ; and by other anti - poverty policies. \" food for work \" may be used for creating some of these assets. c. specific deficiency diseases such as goitre, vitamin - a deficiency, and anemia would be fought through fortification of food or distribution of supplements, and by means of encouraging production and consumption of foods rich in the needed nutrients. d. all available means would be used for nutrition and health education, e. g., the schools, health services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518154334337622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.438141"} {"text": "fought through fortification of food or distribution of supplements, and by means of encouraging production and consumption of foods rich in the needed nutrients. d. all available means would be used for nutrition and health education, e. g., the schools, health services, cooperatives, women ' s organizations, and the social use of the information media, including traditional media. this would begin with a few simple messages directed at specific problems relating, for example, to the consumption of low - cost traditional foods of good nutritional value, the importance of breast - feeding, the need for introduction of supplementary foods between four and six months of age, and the proper feeding and care of young children. there is also a need for education and training programmes aimed at producing teachers of nutrition at the many different levels required. e. the health services would be used to deal with individual cases where prevention or treatment of malnutrition is required. this will usually require : ( i ) community health workers supported by some reorientation of the health services, in order, for example, to introduce regular child weighing and to demonstrate use of local foods for supplementary feeding of infants and young children over four to six months of age ; and ( ii ) priority for the progressive extension of primary - health care and preventive medical services into unserved and underserved areas. health services may also be used to provide access to family planning services. f. local governments, communities, and women ' s organizations would be involved. many experiences show how this can be done. the contribution of these groups to local services will permit wider extension of services within budgetary constraints. local day - care centres for young children can meet an urgent need of working mothers, improve child feeding, and provide parents with information about nutrition. g. selective food distribution or low - price shops where supplies either from national or external sources can be assured for long periods would be set up. this approach may have particular application in poor urban areas. the fair - price shops in india, mexico, and pakistan and the programmes in brazil and colombia illustrate possibilities. h. required policy studies would be initiated through government and university research organizations on the implications for nutrition of cropping patterns, agricultural subsidies, food - export policies, economic development plans, etc. many of the foregoing steps can be initiated on a limited basis, e. g., for a specific geographic area or age group, in order to test operational feasibility and to obtain cost - effectiveness data in order to facilitate government judgements with respect to expanding or dropping the proposed service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5336586974645023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.439155"} {"text": "lyndon johnson on foreign policy he also tried to get the best brains available to help settle any problem. he likes to remain in personal control of most situations. he had little respect for american relations with other nations after the truman administration. the basic trouble, pres. johnson believed was that the us is a nation easily misunderstood by foreign leaders, and that it had failed to make itself clear. of the latin american regional group, the organization of american states, lbj said on an occasion when he knew his words would be repeated, \" it couldn ' t pour piss out of a boot if the instructions were written on the heel. \" the oas had been notoriously indecisive and ineffective, but one oas diplomat remarked that it \" made us think that your president does not consider us too important. \" the un mekong project \" would make tva look like a minor operation. \" the mekong project seized johnson ' s mind and emotions. here was a chance to build something. while in southeast asia, the vice president saw to it that he learned everything he could about the mekong development program. meeting with its planning committee in bangkok, he let them know, \" i am a river man. all my life i ' ve been interested in rivers and their development. \" \" there ' s been talk years, planning for years. when do we get some action? \" the mekong project was just the sort of program to fill out and underline the emerging lines of lbj ' s thinking about the world. the law of history marched with his phrases. what do \" the ordinary men and women of north vietnam and south vietnam - - of china and india - - of russia and america \" - - want? \" they want what their neighbors also desire : food for their hunger ; health for their bodies ; a chance to learn ; progress for their country ; and an end to the bondage of material misery. \" johnson was with them, he wanted them to know. he intended to expand and speed up the sending of american farm surpluses to \" the needy in asia. \" he proposed a \" greatly expanded \" co - operative program for social up - building in southeast asia, with the aid of the us, the un, and the ussr. nothing was happening to bear out the prediction made in the 1954 campaign that election of a democratic congress would give birth to a regressive \" cold war \" between the executive and legislative branches of the government. \" the objectives of foreign policy should be to promote and preserve the security", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4733644789774823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.441970"} {"text": "media contact : ron walli communications and media relations ornl tool puts spotlight on nation ' s electricity generation capacity or - sage results for advanced coal plants. ( hi - res image ) oak ridge siting analysis for power generation expansion, or or - sage, divides the united states into nearly 700 million 2. 5 - acre cells that can be studied to determine if they are candidates for one or more types of electric power plant. this tool was used to produce results presented in a 152 - page report prepared by the department of energy ' s ornl for the electric power research institute and allows for quick screening and characterization of potential sites. \" or - sage is a dynamic visualization database that allows us to look at the entire country through a lens, \" said olufemi omitaomu, a researcher in ornl ' s computational sciences and engineering division. \" the technology provides assistance working with real - world constraints. \" omitaomu and colleagues gary mays and randy belles emphasized that or - sage is not a substitute for a \" boots on the ground \" detailed inspection of a given site, but the tool provides much information regarding numerous screening factors and considerations without having to visit a site. \" or - sage takes into account availability of water, identifies sufficient land areas that are suitable to meet nominal requirements for the footprint of the various types of plants and impacts on siting future plants in terms of increases in population and demand for water, \" said mays, project manager and a member of ornl ' s reactor and nuclear systems division. \" ultimately, the tool allows for the flexible use of screening criteria for candidate site comparisons and enhances the ability to assess energy needs. \" a previous project that ornl completed for doe ' s office of nuclear energy focused on siting nuclear power plants and provided the basis for developing the or - sage methodology. for this epri study, or - sage also was used to examine advanced coal with carbon capture and storage, solar and compressed air energy power plants. together, these studies are helping to identify hundreds of potential areas for power generation in the united states. a key driver for this work is the fact that by 2035, 4, 775 billion kilowatt hours of electricity generation will be needed to meet annual energy demand in the united states, according to doe ' s energy information administration. this represents an annual increase in demand of 0. 8 percent. experts expect the additional electricity to be provided by a mix of power generation plants, and this report provides epri and other research groups with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4874038659115053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.447637"} {"text": ", according to doe ' s energy information administration. this represents an annual increase in demand of 0. 8 percent. experts expect the additional electricity to be provided by a mix of power generation plants, and this report provides epri and other research groups with a tool to inform their analyses. or - sage, which utilizes geographic information system data in addition to ornl ' s landscan, the world ' s most advanced population database, examines millions of cells and simultaneously determines their suitability for the various types of power generation. \" with this study and resulting tool we are able to identify candidate sites for a variety of electrical generation plants and further characterization of these sites, \" belles said. \" we can evaluate for any given prospective site which type of plant is best suited, how far it is to transmission assets and the distance to underground geological formations suitable for carbon sequestration. \" the researchers noted that nuclear power plants share some of the same siting considerations as advanced coal. for example, both need to be within about 20 miles of a large body of water to meet cooling needs. in making siting decisions, or - sage also takes into account population density, protected lands, seismic activity, terrain, proximity to airports, military bases, oil pipelines, refineries and a number of other factors. the attached map presents one result characterizing areas that are suitable or have some number of siting challenges for advanced coal plants using geologic storage for carbon emissions. siting challenges are relative to the selected screening criteria and values. the siting process is complicated by the fact that the generation source identified as being the best is not always located near load demand, mays said. such situations necessitate a coordinated energy policy to generate and deliver power where it is needed. results of the study show potential electric generation capacity of 158 gigawatts for advanced coal, 60 gigawatts / 18 gigawatts for dry - cooled and water - cooled concentrated solar, respectively, and 515 gigawatts for large reactor plants. other contributors to the report were stan hadley, thomas harrison, bradley neish and amy rose. the report, titled \" application of spatial data modeling and geographical information systems for identification of potential siting options for various electrical generation sources, \" was published in december. the epri lead on this project is francisco de la chesnaye, program manager, energy and climate analysis group. epri conducts research and development relating to the generation, delivery and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. epri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47284321596528667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.448618"} {"text": "the epri lead on this project is francisco de la chesnaye, program manager, energy and climate analysis group. epri conducts research and development relating to the generation, delivery and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. epri, an independent, nonprofit organization, brings together its scientists and engineers as well as experts from academia and industry to help address challenges in electricity, including reliability, efficiency, health, safety and the environment. epri also provides technology, policy and economic analyses to drive long - range research and development planning, and supports research in emerging technologies. epri ' s members represent more than 90 percent of the electricity generated and delivered in the united states, and international participation extends to 40 countries. epri ' s principal offices and laboratories are located in palo alto, calif. ; charlotte, n. c. ; lenox, mass. ; and knoxville. ut - battelle manages ornl for doe ' s office of science. the office of science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the united states, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. for more information, please visit http : / / science. energy. gov /. the report is publically available at www. osti. gov / servlets / purl / 1032036 /. note to editors : you may read other press releases from oak ridge national laboratory or learn more about the lab at http : / / www. ornl. gov / news. additional information about ornl is available at the sites below : twitter - http : / / twitter. com / oakridgelabnews rss feeds - http : / / www. ornl. gov / ornlhome / rss _ feeds. shtml", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5319276294045682, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.449256"} {"text": "ouro preto, brazil location and site - after the first false hopes of a gold rush at the end of the 17th century, the region of ouro preto ( black gold ) was the site of a mining exploration movement in 1698. - in 1712, the dispersed encampments joined to form vila rica ( now known as ouro preto ). after having been part of the regional government of s o paulo and minais gerais, the state of minas gerais broke away in 1720. vila rica became its capital, and retained this status until 1897. - although the great period of gold exploitation was around 1730, it wasn ' t until 1740 that vila rica began to look like a real city. - during the second half of the 18th century, the city enjoyed a heyday and was the site of a great deal of architectural activity. the s o francisco de assis church, the work of the well - known brazilian artist aleijadihno, was erected. at that time, ouro preto rapidly became a centre for intellectual and artistic activity ; by the end of the century, it was the breeding ground of the \" inconfidencia \" revolt movement, which eventually led to the independence of brazil. the spontaneous urban layout of ouro preto, with its irregular shape, is the result of the city ' s hilly topography. its elongated form is made up of sinuous streets which become denser around the central square, where the main artery is crossed by a secondary street. the homogeneous architectural ensemble is composed of one - and two - storey dwellings with reddish tile roofs and whitewashed walls ; their wooden structural elements and ornaments are painted bright colours. the more monumental architecture includes dressed stone churches inspired by the late baroque ( second half of the 18th century ) and a number of civic buildings constructed of pis \u201a and mud brick. chapels and ways of the cross, bridges and gardens complete the ensemble. criteria i and iii are cited without details. | mr. angelo oswaldo de araujo santos | mayor of ouro preto | prefeitura municipal de ouro preto | praca barao do rio branco 156 centro ouro preto, m. g., brazil | mr. rodrigo mencioni | | instituto do patrimonio historico e artistico nacional ( iphan ) | ouro preto, mina gerais, brazil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4067464503772071, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.451564"} {"text": "the ascent of jesus into heaven ( acts 1 : 2 \u2013 11 ; a shorter version is in luke 24 : 50 \u2013 3 ). there are two ot stories and also ps. 110 which form the background of the accounts. when enoch had attained 365 years, he \u2018 walked with god \u2019 ; then he was no more, because god took him ( gen. 5 : 24 ) ; the prophet elijah was taken to heaven by a whirlwind ( 2 kgs. 2 : 11 ). ascension stories ( e. g. of heracles ) also circulated in the pagan hellenistic world. the character of jesus ' appearances after easter as recorded by luke have a more \u2018 solid \u2019 \u2018 corporeal \u2019 and evidential nature than elsewhere in the nt, even though the risen body could pass through doors. it was necessary for luke to explain that the appearances would cease and be replaced by the presence in the church of the holy spirit, and his solution was to use the ot notion of ascension after forty days ( cf. elijah ' s journey of forty days and nights to horeb the mount of god, 1 kgs. 19 : 8 ) to signify the termination of resurrection appearances and the completion of jesus ' work of redemption and his ascendancy in a messianic kingdom over all things. traditionally, the ascension has been regarded as a physical elevation and many famous pictures, e. g. by tintoretto in venice, show jesus moving upwards in a cloud, even leaving behind a footprint on the ground. however, given the ot background the ascension should be regarded as luke ' s way of expressing his understanding of the completion of one era and the inauguration of another, that of the church, which at pentecost would shortly be endowed with the holy spirit which the heavenly christ would send for the completion of his mission ( john 20 : 21 ). although the ascension has often been understood in the past in a literal way, there is a valid symbolical interpretation, for the spatial metaphor of height expresses the idea of transcendence.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.494172408607599, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.453517"} {"text": "defense expenditures are a significant cost for most large countries around the world. in 2011, the u. s. defense budget is estimated to be a whopping $ 895 billion. some nations have spent much less on defense than other industrialized countries, relatively speaking. japan, for instance, spent $ 51. 81 billion in 2009. this low defense spending has historically served them well, as more money was available to fund productive projects enabling the japanese to prosper since world war ii. however, the risk of decreased defense spending cannot be overstated. freedom, liberty, democracy and human rights are protected by military might. defense spending is not productive economically. money spent on fighter jets and bullets is not available for housing and food for the needy. so, aside from the diplomatic and moral issues surrounding an act of war, leaders should consider how much they could afford to spend in an actual military operation before jumping into it. during the past 10 years, u. s. defense expenditures coupled with separate appropriations for two wars have contributed greatly to the national deficit, as well as to cutbacks in social programs and infrastructure projects. while the generals spend our tax dollars, people are starving and our bridges crumble from neglect. lawmakers on both sides of the aisle are petrified about being labeled \u201c weak on defense \u201d and continue to vote for new defense appropriations. unfortunately, the oversight of these expenditures is such that overruns and padded invoices have become a serious drain. defense, without a doubt, is an area of the budget that needs to be carefully reassessed. eliminating waste, not important weapons systems, could contribute greatly to reducing deficits down the road. the u. s. is at a crossroads. our government must decide whether it will continue to intervene with human and monetary assets in every new conflict even if it stretches our financial capabilities. other large military nations know that america always responds, and so it is not necessary for them to contribute to military actions. ironically, these same countries often make it very difficult for us to obtain global support as we try to keep the peace. to make matters worse, intervention too often morphs into a nation building that can easily span a decade or longer and involve vastly greater resources. and yet, should americans turn a blind eye towards genocide and human rights violations as we did during ww ii, in the balkans and in a number of places in asia and africa over the years? it is a gargantuan moral dilemma. apparently, other members of the global community have a much higher tolerance for e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.425129458733639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.465376"} {"text": "as we did during ww ii, in the balkans and in a number of places in asia and africa over the years? it is a gargantuan moral dilemma. apparently, other members of the global community have a much higher tolerance for egregious social behavior than america. how should the u. s. move forward in iraq and afghanistan? these situations are very much alike in some regards and different in other ways. in both situations, the u. s. is mistakenly committed to building de novo democracies. it does not take a foreign relations expert to see that neither country will ever become a true democracy. neither country has an electorate or an electoral system that is capable of selecting leaders fairly. both countries are plagued by age - old internal strife, be it religious and / or tribal in nature. former iraqi dictator saddam hussein ruled iraq for many years and maintained order and a semblance of peace with an iron hand and by brutalizing his adversaries. it is doubtful that order will prevail in this country without the emergence of another strong despotic leader. afghanistan consists of numerous tribes and the fanatically religious taliban ; both are major impediments to centralized democratic rule. the main reason why neither of these countries has fallen into total civil chaos to this point is the presence of u. s. forces. if we stay and spend more money and lives, the violence can be controlled. however, the moment we withdraw, anarchy will prevail. two presidents have been sucked into these lose - lose imbroglios. they are follies that will be derided by historians for decades to come. the lives and money spent have reached criminal proportions. president barack obama should immediately cease all hostilities and bring our brave soldiers home. it is unacceptable that one more american dies in the region. our presence is a ruse and the expectations foisted upon us are fraudulent. there will be no peace in these violent places, ever. national security excuses for continued occupation no longer have any basis. the two million soldiers and reservists who are sacrificing for the rest of america are all volunteers, generally from poor backgrounds. being in combat for so long is ruining their lives while the rest of us go about our daily routines. additionally, we continue to treat veterans just as horribly as we always have in this country. unemployment and suicide are rampant among veterans. please, mr. president, end these terrible conflicts now. photo credit : mrmonkee88", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41393426630195435, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.466385"} {"text": "a dog can accurately detect the early presence of lung cancer by sniffing patients \u2019 breath, doctors in germany say. while researchers have known for some time that dogs can sniff out the telltale signs of other forms of cancer, this is the first study that proves dogs can reliably smell this particular kind. this is a breakthrough for lung cancer researchers who have been trying to figure out if there are specific volatile organic compounds associated with the presence of the disease. the dog study suggests that there are. researchers at schillerhoehe hospital in germany worked with specially trained dogs who were asked to smell the breath of 220 volunteers. the group included healthy patients, as well as people with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the dogs correctly identified 71 positive lung cancer samples out of a possible 100, the researchers write in the european respiratory journal. they also correctly identified 372 non - cancerous samples out of a possible 400. what \u2019 s interesting about this is that the dogs were able to detect cancer even in the presence of other factors, like tobacco smoke and copd. current lab tests for lung cancer can ' t do this. this suggests that there is indeed a voc associated directly with lung cancer, which can be detected \u2014 at least by a dog \u2014 even in the presence of other compounds. vocs are emitted from the surface of cells as they undergo tumor - induced gene and protein changes. identifying the vocs that certain cells make can go a long way toward early diagnosis, when a scan might not be able to detect anything. other researchers have been working on lab chips that can make the same diagnosis, without using dogs. israeli researchers reported last year that their gold nanoparticle e - nose could differentiate among lung, breast, prostate and colon cancer \u2014 by differentiating among the vocs. but as we \u2019 ve seen before, sometimes dogs are simply the best sniffing technology out there. the defense department figured this out after spending billions of dollars on research. this new study suggests that doctors may be learning the same thing. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4807606764477137, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.468971"} {"text": "the impregnation resulted in seven identical piglets born in the summer of 2007. three months later, an autopsy on one piglet showed that the alzheimer \u2019 s gene was indeed active in its brain. the researchers will now watch the remaining pigs age, with the hope that the disease will progress in the same way it does in humans. the heritable form of the disease, also known as early - onset alzheimer \u2019 s, is the result of a genetic mutation passed down in families. it is the cause of between 5 and 10 percent of cases. late - onset alzheimer \u2019 s, which appears after age 60 in people who usually don \u2019 t have a family history of the disease, accounts for the rest. both forms lead to the destruction of nerve cells and neural connections in the cerebral cortex of the brain. the condition destroys memory and causes confusion, disorientation and, eventually, death. despite intensive research, alzheimer \u2019 s disease is poorly understood, and doctors still lack medical treatments to prevent the brain damage it causes. the process of neurodegeneration begins when enzymes snip a component of nerve cells into small pieces. the resulting protein, called beta - amyloid, accumulates in clumps between the cells. some of these clumps eventually become large plaques. according to samuel gandy, a professor of alzheimer \u2019 s - disease research at the mount sinai school of medicine in new york city, amyloid protein outside the nerve cells causes the formation of what are called neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons. here, a normal component called tau protein accumulates in the twisted fiber proteins. as the disease progresses, brain cells die and the brain itself shrinks, although it \u2019 s unknown exactly how the two proteins influence cell death. the disease starts in the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in learning and memory, and later spreads to the rest of the brain. although these major steps have been mapped through brain scans and autopsies, scientists need to study how the disease progresses. that \u2019 s where the pigs come into play. if all goes as planned, the pigs should show signs of brain pathology at age two, which in pig years corresponds to the age when people with early - onset alzheimer \u2019 s begin to exhibit symptoms. single page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4762362840286096, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.471130"} {"text": "bald open prairie john j. lynch was a story - teller who loved a good joke, including one at his own expense. he also is a folk - hero on the northern plains, at least among wildlife biologists. he was the guy who, in 1951, said, in plain words, just how important the northern plains are to waterfowl populations. his ideas are directly related to things that are important to owners of browning shotguns and labrador retrievers across the land : the seasons and bag limits for waterfowl hunting. beginning in the 1930s, but especially in the years following the second world war, when there were a lot of pilots, such as johnny lynch, available for hire, the fish and wildlife services of the united states and canada refined their techniques for estimating waterfowl populations through aerial surveys. most of the pioneering work along these lines took place on the canadian prairies. this led federal officials to believe they could calibrate bag limits in order to harvest just the right numbers of just the right species so as not to deplete the breeding population. some of you, like me, remember the complicated point systems of years past. how you could shoot 100 points worth of ducks, and greenheads counted 20 points, except on tuesdays with a full moon, when they counted 40 points, or on the saturday when und played ndsu, when nobody went hunting anyway. ok, i \u2019 m exaggerating a little bit, but the arrogant positivism of federal wildlife officials was exasperating, and the limits were hard to memorize, and game wardens felt bad about issuing citations to guys who maybe just weren \u2019 t very good at math.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.452974916283853, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.472667"} {"text": "by understanding how they learn september 21, 2011. milwaukie, oregon. smart, intelligent, intuitive, creative, brainy? absolutely. due to the reality of school budget cuts today, it has become increasingly important for parents to continue the learning process at home. with that, parents have become more challenged to understand how their children learn and how to best help them learn. develop brain cells with a homegrown tag program who doesn \u2019 t want to think of their child as a tag ( talented and gifted ) candidate? yet these programs are not available to every child. \u201c when teachers teach to groups instead of the individual, parents must take on the responsibility of becoming a tag educator. for children not as gifted, self - pacing allows them to learn at a highly accelerated rate. if a parent is to inspire a child with accelerated learning, it has to be done at home, \u201d says marilynne eichinger, educator, former museum president and current president of informal education products ( d / b / a museum tour catalog ). enrichment and accelerated learning every parent knows what garrison keillor says is true \u2026 \u201d nothing you do for children is ever wasted. they seem not to notice us \u2026. and they seldom offer thanks, but what we do for them is never wasted. individual attention from parents gives meaning to learning and teaches a child to think outside the box. this provides children with the understanding that there are different ways of thinking, making life much more interesting. museum tour offers parental assistance identifying learning styles is museum tour \u2019 s objective. museum tour \u2019 s role is to provide enrichment and accelerated learning tools to parents who are dedicated to continuing the educational experience at home. the company \u2019 s educators guide them through the selection of enrichment items, educational toys, developmental books, and learning games that are appropriate for the different ages and learning styles of their child ( ren ). the company \u2019 s philosophy is great toys teach, entertain, surprise, inspire and invite inquiry. the just released 15th annual issue of museum tour catalog is based on howard gardner \u2019 s theory of multiple intelligences and piaget \u2019 s ideas about developmental learning. all of the products in the catalog are categorized by theme and attributes of each product are identified. learning style assistance is also available on the museum tour website, museumtour. com twenty two museums nationwide joined museum tour in its endeavor to extend the museum experience into homes and provide educational aids for parents. museum members also share in the company \u2019 s year - end profits. to date, museum tour has donated $ 300", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5060288377052955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.476651"} {"text": "rna ligation - ( dec / 03 / 2001 ) i ' m not sure if you can do single stranded rna ligation, but i have another idea. what if you did first strand synthesis on the rna. then, do a second strand synthesis ( protocol in maniatis or current protocols ). next, blunt the ends of the double stranded cdna you produced ( just to be sure ). next, make double stranded linker dna that has a specific primer site in it and do a ligation with your double stranded dna. finally, do a pcr reaction with this ligation as a template and the primer you designed into the linker dna, and a specific primer you choose from sequence you already know. you will probably get several bands, but hopefully you can estimate the size of the band you want. gel purify that band and sequence it directly or subclone it. there are protocols in maniatis and current protocols on how to do each of these steps. in theory, i think this should work - any thoughts from anyone else? is there such thing as rna ligation? i have a rna virus genome to sequence but being not circular, i have problem getting the ends of the genome. i was thinking if there is a possible way of circularizing the rna genome then i will be able to do rt using random primers followed by outward pcr using the primers from the known region. thanks for your suggestion. looks very feasible. just to clarify something. do i do 1st strand synthesis using random primer or oligodt primer? btw the genome size of the viral rna is about 7kb, is it possible to stretch rt to that length? i think optimally, oligo dt could go that far, but i would stick with random primers. whenever i am cloning things from rtpcr, i consistently have had more success with random primed cdna compared to oligodt. good luck!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4947146296980308, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.479057"} {"text": "nevers ( n\u0259ver\u00b4 ), city ( 1991 pop. 43, 889 ), capital of nievre dept., central france, on the loire and nievre rivers. it is noted for its pottery and china industries. other manufactures include metal products, mechanical and electrical equipment, chemicals, textiles, and printed matter. nevers became the seat of a bishopric in the 6th cent. and was long the capital of the duchy and province of nivernais. among the points of interest are the ducal palace ( 15th \u2013 16th cent. ), now a courthouse ; the church of st. etienne ( 11th cent. ), a gem of romanesque architecture ; the cathedral ( 13th \u2013 16th cent. ) ; and the church of st. bernadette - du - banlay ( 1966 ). in the convent of st. gildard are the remains of st. bernadette, who lived there from 1860 to 1879. questia, a part of gale, cengage learning. www. questia. com publication information : article title : nevers. encyclopedia title : the columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed.. \u00a9 2012 the columbia electronic encyclopedia \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. licensed from columbia university press. used with the permission of columbia university press. all rights reserved. publisher : the columbia university press. place of publication : not available. publication year : 2013. this material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41191032861143984, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.480608"} {"text": "can successful entrepreneurship be learned? dr. markus perkmann is a senior research fellow at imperial college business school, where he researches innovation management, technology development and organisation theory. we recently sat down to talk to him about his views on how entrepreneurship is developed. how would you define entrepreneurship? entrepreneurship involves some kind of high impact activity that does something new \u2013 not just a sole trader. it often is unsuccessful, but has the potential to lead to success and strong growth. that \u2019 s what makes entrepreneurship really valuable : doing something new and taking a risk. the risk is an interesting thing \u2013 it \u2019 s about who takes the risk. the question is really what kind of risks entrepreneurs are taking. good entrepreneurs are good at taking risks with other people \u2019 s money because that allows them to scale others \u2019 resources. the other people trust them with their money because they think they \u2019 re more likely to be successful than the average person. there are very few entrepreneurs who will have the money to do it by themselves. it necessarily involves pooling resources from different resource providers, and those resources are at risk. it \u2019 s not just about personal risk ; it \u2019 s about constituting a good risk for a potential resource provider. can entrepreneurs be created? can entrepreneurship be learned in terms of students going through entrepreneurial societies? \u2013 i \u2019 m going to do a research project asking that very question. with entrepreneurial societies at universities, for example, does going through such a socialisation process make entrepreneurs? from a sociological standpoint, it \u2019 s a question of identity and role models. if in your social context there are people who will provide an entrepreneurial role model, i would think that people looking at these role models would be more inclined to consider entrepreneurship as a legitimate identity to adopt. you can see a similar phenomenon in the dot com boom. there were groups like first tuesday, bringing in people and trying to convey that entrepreneurship is an option, that it \u2019 s something that \u2019 s there to be learned and studied in a certain way. think of retail nowadays : no one would think of having one shop or restaurant \u2013 everyone thinks of having a chain. but that had to be learned, built. in this sense being an entrepreneur is a constructed model that people take on. the other thing you could say here is that a lot of entrepreneurship actually comes out of existing organisations. you talk about university spin - outs, but the more likely case is company spin - outs. a lot of silicon valley foundings essentially came out of other companies, like intel which came", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4709776527082423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.483286"} {"text": "lawrence livermore national laboratory researchers have discovered a new method to independently control ionic and electronic conductivities in certain solids. the method, which uses tailored acceptor - donor co - doping to bind charged native vacancies and selectively modulate ionic but not electronic conductivity, was developed by using first - principles materials simulations. conventional face capturing is well established and widely utilized in the entertainment industry to capture a 3d model of an actor ' s face. however, up to now, no method was capable of reconstructing facial hair or even handling it appropriately. a new method developed at disney research in switzerland captures individual strands of facial hair and stores them separately from the actual human face until added. or \u201c shaved \u201d away. scientists have yet to fully unravel the mysteries of rainbows, but an international team of scientists have used simulations of these natural wonders to unlock the secret to a rare optical phenomenon known as the twinned rainbow. unlike the more common double - rainbow, which consists of two separate and concentric rainbow arcs, the elusive twinned rainbow appears as two rainbows arcs that split from a single base rainbow. using just an upgraded desktop computer equipped with a relatively inexpensive graphics processing card, a team of computer scientists and biochemists at the university of california, san diego has developed advanced gpu accelerated software and demonstrated, for the first time, that this approach can sample biological events that occur on the millisecond timescale. while bipeds and quadrupeds have reigned supreme in cg animation, attempts to create and control their skeleton - free cousins using similar techniques has proved time - consuming and laborious. georgia institute of technology researchers have found a possible solution to this challenge by developing a way to simulate and control movement of computer - generated characters without a skeletal structure, anything from starfish and earthworms to an elephant \u2019 s trunk or the human tongue. for decades it has been thought that a shock wave from a supernova explosion triggered the formation of our solar system. material from the exploding star generated cloud of dust and gas, which collapsed to form the sun and its surrounding planets. new work from the carnegie institution provides the first fully 3d models for how this process could have happened. scientists in europe have recently completed a study of global pollution levels by simulating the atmosphere using the chemical atmospheric model emac. the research is the first include all five major air pollutants known to negatively impact human health : nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter smaller than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6087529959396316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.490082"} {"text": "the atmosphere using the chemical atmospheric model emac. the research is the first include all five major air pollutants known to negatively impact human health : nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter smaller than 2. 5 -? m. china, india, and the middle east are shown to be especially at risk. researchers trying to herd tiny particles into useful ordered formations have found an unlikely ally : entropy, a tendency generally described as \" disorder. \" computer simulations by university of michigan scientists and engineers show that the property can nudge particles to form organized structures. by analyzing the shapes of the particles beforehand, they can even predict what kinds of structures will form. a research team at the georgia tech research institute has developed a software tool that enables users to perform in - depth analysis of modeling and simulation data, then visualize the results on screen. the new data analysis and visualization tool offers improved ease of use compared to similar tools, the researchers say, and could be readily adapted for use with existing data sets in a variety of disciplines. university of melbourne researchers are now simulating in 3d the motion of the complete human rhinovirus, the most frequent cause of the common cold, on australia ' s fastest supercomputer, paving the way for new drug development. computer simulations are indispensable, but standard finite element technology requires designers to carry out a time - consuming and often error - prone mesh generation step that transfers the computer - aided design ( cad ) model into the simulation model. a student in germany has just accelerated this process by directly integrating the cad geometry into the finite element analysis, circumventing any mesh generation. using computer simulations, researchers from the california institute of technology have determined that if the interior of a dying star is spinning rapidly just before it explodes in a magnificent supernova, two different types of signals emanating from that stellar core will oscillate together at the same frequency. this could be a piece of \" smoking - gun evidence \" that would lead to a better understanding of supernovae. scientists at princeton university are composing the complex codes designed to instruct a new class of powerful computers that will allow researchers to tackle problems that were previously too difficult to solve. these supercomputers, operating at a speed called the \" exascale, \" will produce realistic simulations of complex phenomena in nature such as fusion reactions, earthquakes, and climate change. an oak ridge national laboratory and university of tennessee team has used the jaguar supercomputer to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5867343241012523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.491116"} {"text": "a speed called the \" exascale, \" will produce realistic simulations of complex phenomena in nature such as fusion reactions, earthquakes, and climate change. an oak ridge national laboratory and university of tennessee team has used the jaguar supercomputer to calculate the number of isotopes allowed by the laws of physics. the team used a quantum approach known as density functional theory, applying it independently to six models of the nuclear interaction to determine that there are about 7, 000 possible combinations of protons and neutrons allowed in bound nuclei with up to 120 protons. researchers at slac national accelerator laboratory have captured the most detailed images to date of airborne soot particles, a key contributor to global warming and a health hazard. the discovery reveals the particles ' surprisingly complex nanostructures and could ultimately aid the understanding of atmospheric processes important to climate change, as well as the design of cleaner combustion sources, from car engines to power plants. an international team led by stony brook university has established the structure of a new form of carbon. the team used a novel computational method to demonstrate that the properties of what had previously been thought to be only a hypothetical structure of a superhard form of carbon called \" m - carbon \" matched perfectly the experimental data on \" superhard graphite. \" a new computational model developed by a team of virginia tech researchers provides a framework to better understand responses of macrophage cells of the human immune system. the virginia tech team used the metropolis algorithm, a computer simulation technique widely used in physics and chemistry, to enumerate possible molecular mechanisms giving rise to priming and tolerance. a multidisciplinary team of researchers at massachusetts institute of technology and in spain has found a new mathematical approach to simulating the electronic behavior of noncrystalline materials, which may eventually play an important part in new devices including solar cells ; organic led lights ; and printable, flexible electronic circuits. complex systems inhabit a \" gray world \" of partial failures, massachusetts institute of technology ' s olivier de weck says : while a system may continue to operate as a whole, bits and pieces inevitably degrade. over time, these small failures can add up to a single catastrophic failure, incapacitating the system. however, de weck and his colleagues have created a design approach that tailors planes to fly in the face of likely failures. life would be a lot easier if the surfaces of window panes, corrosion coatings or microfluidic systems in medical labs could keep themselves free of water and other liquids. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6452728618565167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.492975"} {"text": "that tailors planes to fly in the face of likely failures. life would be a lot easier if the surfaces of window panes, corrosion coatings or microfluidic systems in medical labs could keep themselves free of water and other liquids. a new simulation program developed by researchers in germany can now work out just how such surfaces have to look for a variety of applications. lawrence livermore national laboratory researchers have for the first time identified a precise measurement of the amount of radiation damage that will occur in any given material. with a full understanding of the early stages of the radiation damage process, researchers are provided with better knowledge and tools to manipulate materials to our advantage. u. s. researchers are perfecting simulations that show a nuclear weapon ' s performance in precise molecular detail. because international treaties forbid the detonation of nuclear test weapons, tools that can accurately depict an explosion are becoming critical for national defense. quantum computers are still years away, but a trio of theorists has already figured out at least one talent they may have. according to the theorists, physicists might one day use quantum computers to study the inner workings of the universe in ways that are far beyond the reach of even the most powerful conventional supercomputers. ion bombardment of metal surfaces is an important, but poorly understood, nanomanufacturing technique. new research using sophisticated supercomputer simulations has shown what goes on in trillionths of a second. the advance could lead to better ways to predict the phenomenon and more uses of the technique to make new nanoscale products. multiphysics, comsol \u2019 s software environment for modeling and simulating any physics - based system, recently received a major update. new capabilities in version 4. 3 include three new discipline - specific add - on modules, fast and powerful meshing, a new \" double dogleg \" solver for mechanical contact and highly nonlinear simulations, and numerous user - inspired enhancements.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6576859883779722, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.493852"} {"text": "verizon thinkfinity offers thousands of free k - 12 educational resources across seven disciplines for use in and out of school. our lesson plans are written and reviewed by educators using current research and the best instructional practices and are aligned to state and national standards. choose from hundreds of topics and strategies. find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals. teacher resources by grade | 1st - 2nd | | 3rd - 4th | | 5th - 6th | | 7th - 8th | | 9th - 10th | | 11th - 12th | | grades | | k \u2013 12 | san diego, california | strategy guide series | | teaching writing | young and / or poor writers need to observe experienced writers at work in ways that will actually help them to write more effectively themselves. write - aloud lessons, known as modeled writing, will help you to provide authentic explanations for your students, demonstrating how writers actually go about constructing various kinds of texts. readers use metacognitive processes to comprehend text : adjusting reading to purpose, self - monitoring and questioning, and reflecting on an author ' s purpose. think - aloud, in which a teacher verbalizes his thinking for students while reading a text, improves students ' understanding of these processes. writing is also a complex cognitive activity. research has demonstrated that students improve their writing ability when cognitive strategies are demonstrated for them in clear and explicit ways. students learn the forms and functions of writing as they observe and participate in writing events directed by knowledgeable writers, particularly when these events are followed by opportunities for independent writing. instruction that makes writing processes visible to students is key to improving their writing skills. several excellent instructional frameworks for writing, including modeled, shared, interactive, guided or independent writing, can provide strong support for students ' successful writing based on the level and type of teacher support that is provided for students. during write - aloud, like think - aloud, teachers verbalize the internal dialog they use as they write a particular type of text, explicitly demonstrating metacognitive processes. strategy in practice write - aloud is taught to small groups or a whole class in briskly paced, 10 - to 15 - minute lessons. model your own writing of a short text, generally choosing one particular aspect of a genre to write - aloud ( such as an opening or closing paragraph of a longer essay or a dialogue between characters ). plan write - aloud lessons for types of writing that present particular challenges to your students. prepare for the lesson by writing your own short texts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5062567578769319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.498499"} {"text": "to write - aloud ( such as an opening or closing paragraph of a longer essay or a dialogue between characters ). plan write - aloud lessons for types of writing that present particular challenges to your students. prepare for the lesson by writing your own short texts and developing awareness of your own decision - making while you write. tell students that you will be verbalizing your own thinking for them as you write. ask students to pay attention to the decisions you make as you write, and remind them that they will be producing this same type of text themselves. explain to students what kind of text you will be writing and what you want to accomplish as you write this text. if you are writing a persuasive essay, for example, remind students very briefly that you will need to convince readers of your own point of view. for narrative dialogue, point out that characters ' talk should explain the main problem of the story. as you write ( using chart paper or document viewer ), make verbal statements that describe your own decision - making processes : now i need to summarize my main points. i think i should look back at my outline of points that i made in the rest of the essay. hmm, what can i have this character say now in order to show how upset she is? how can i spell this word? it will help if i say the word slowly to myself first. after you have completed the write - aloud for a short text, ask students to comment on what they noticed about your thinking during the activity. you may want to ask students to talk about what seemed to be most important to accomplish as you were writing. you might also ask students to describe what you were thinking about as you wrote a challenging part of the writing. it may also be useful to ask students to talk about their own thinking and decision - making used while they are writing this same kind of text or to work with a partner to write their own example. | lesson plans | | student interactives | | calendar activities | | printouts | | other strategy guides | | professional library | | games & tools | grades 3 \u2013 5 | lesson plan | standard lesson it \u2019 s not easy surviving fourth grade ( or third or fifth )! in this lesson, students brainstorm survival tips for future fourth graders and incorporate those tips into an essay. grades 3 \u2013 5 | lesson plan | standard lesson students will walk a mile in the shoes of solomon singer as they learn how to use flashbacks, flash - aheads, and internal dialogue to develop realistic characters. grades 3 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4506545407944268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.499595"} {"text": "new world record efficiency for thin film silicon solar cells a 10. 7 percent conversion rate has been achieved using less than 2 micrometers of raw material the photovoltaics - laboratory ( pv - lab ) of epfl \u2019 s insitute of microengineering ( imt ), founded in 1984 by prof. arvind shah and now headed by prof. christophe ballif, is well known as a pioneer in the development of thin - film silicon solar cells, and as a precursor in the use of microcrystalline silicon as a photoactive material in thin - film silicon photovoltaic ( tf - si pv ) devices. a remarkable step was achieved by the team led by dr. fanny meillaud and dr. matthieu despeisse with a new world record efficiency of 10. 7 % for a single - junction microcrystalline silicon solar cell, independently confirmed at fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ( ise callab pv cells ) in freiburg ( germany ). \u201c deep understanding has been gained these last years in material quality, efficient light - trapping and cell design, which in combination with careful process optimization led to this remarkable world - record efficiency \u201d says simon hanni, phd student at imt neuchatel. importantly, the employed processes can be up - scaled to the module level. while standard wafer - based crystalline silicon pv technology implements absorber layers with a thickness of about 180 micrometers for module conversion efficiency of 15 to 20 %, 10. 7 % efficiency was reached here with only 1. 8 micrometers of silicon material, i. e. 100 times less material than for conventional technologies, and with cell fabrication temperature never exceeding 200\u00b0c. thin - film silicon technology indeed offers the advantages of saving up on raw material and offering low energy payback time, thus allowing module production prices as low as 35 \u20ac / m2, reaching the price level of standard roof tiles. the reported progress is of paramount importance for increasing further tf - si pv devices efficiency and potential, as at least one microcrystalline silicon junction is systematically used in combination with an amorphous silicon junction to form multiple junction devices for a broader use of the solar spectrum. the reported record efficiency clearly indicates that the potential of tf - si multi - junction devices can be extended to > 13. 5 % conversion efficiency with a minimum usage of abundant and non - toxic raw material at low costs ( tf - si pv modules implementing in their simplest form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5181079169669526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.504900"} {"text": "the reptiles of nauru1 by buden, donald w abstract : eleven species of reptiles are reported from nauru in the first systematic treatment of the herpetofauna. four of the species are marine ; the seven others include six lizards ( four geckos, two skinks ) and one snake. gehyra mutilata ( wiegman ), g. oceanica ( lesson ), pelamis platura ( linnaeus ), and ramphotyphlops braminus ( daudin ) are recorded on nauru for the first time. with the exception of emoia arnoensis brown & marshall, which is endemic to eastern micronesia, the herpetofauna consists of species that range widely among the west - central pacific ocean islands. the only known record of e. arnoensis from chuuk possibly is based on a misassigned locality, in which case the range of the species would be limited to the marshall islands, nauru, and kosrae. there is no evidence to suggest that habitat modification on nauru stemming largely from more than a century of phosphate mining has reduced the number of reptile species. little is known of the fauna of the island republic of nauru. the island \u2019 s small size, remote location, and ecological impoverishment all doubtlessly have contributed to the paucity of zoological investigations, leaving a gap in our knowledge of the biodiversity of this area of the pacific. information on the reptiles is especially scanty ; the herpetofauna has never been reviewed systematically. waite \u2019 s ( 1903 ) list of reptiles from nauru included only two species ( both skinks ) : lygosoma cyanurum [ = emoia cyanura ( lesson ) ] and l. atrocostatum ( = e. arnoensis brown & marshall ). much later, brown ( 1991 ) described e. arnoensis nauru based largely on material collected by h. cogger in 1983. in addition, bauer and henle ( 1994 ) included nauru in a list of locality records for the geckos hemidactylus frenatus dumeril & bibron and lepidodactylus lugubris ( dumeril & bibron ), and webb ( 1994 ) reported on the unusual occurrence of a crocodile. reports on sea turtles from nauru consist only of a few passing remarks largely lacking in substantive detail. in this study i include an annotated list of all the species of reptiles recorded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4490109181924674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.531030"} {"text": "webb ( 1994 ) reported on the unusual occurrence of a crocodile. reports on sea turtles from nauru consist only of a few passing remarks largely lacking in substantive detail. in this study i include an annotated list of all the species of reptiles recorded on nauru, and it is based on personal observations, specimens i recently collected, data from museum specimens and catalogs, gleanings from the literature, and information provided by local residents. nauru ( 0 [ degrees ] 30 \u2032 s, 166 [ degrees ] 56 \u2032 e ) is a small ( 21 km ^ sup 2 ^ ) raised atoll island in the west - central pacific ocean ( figure 1 ). it is approximately 2, 100 km northeast of new guinea ; the nearest island is banaba ( = ocean island ) 300 km to the east. the climate is equatorial ; the average monthly temperature ranges from 27 to 29 [ degrees ] c, and the average annual rainfall is 2, 098 mm, with the wettest months being december to april. a narrow, coastal belt roughly 100 to 300 m wide abuts a scarp that rises to approximately 30 - 40 m in most areas to form the edge of a central plateau ; the maximum elevation is 72 m at command ridge. approximately 10, 000 islanders reside mainly along the coast and in a small settlement centered about a brackish lake ( buada lagoon ) in a low area of the plateau in the southwestern part of the island. the coastal vegetation consists largely of strand, scrub, scattered coconut trees, and a variety of ornamentals and fruit trees. much of the original vegetation of the central plateau was stripped away during a century of phosphate mining, leaving behind a skeletal landscape of limestone pinnacles about 4 - 8 m high from around which the topsoil and phosphate deposits were removed. many areas have since regenerated to a karstic scrubland with small pockets of residual forest dominated by tomano trees, calophyllum inophyllum l., and strangler fig, ficus prolixa g. forst. the most extensive remnant forest areas are on the gentler slopes of the scarp and at its base. in describing the impact of human activities on the environment of nauru, thaman ( 1992 : 153 ) stated \u201d long habitation ; almost a century of open - cast phosphate mining ; continuous bombing, destruction, and displacement of the people during world war ii ; rapid urbanization ; and the abandonment of agriculture and subsistence activities on nauru have arguably produced one of the most severely modified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4693407827038762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.532057"} {"text": "; almost a century of open - cast phosphate mining ; continuous bombing, destruction, and displacement of the people during world war ii ; rapid urbanization ; and the abandonment of agriculture and subsistence activities on nauru have arguably produced one of the most severely modified natural and cultural floras on earth. \u201d further descriptions of the physiognomy and vegetation of nauru are provided by manner et al. ( 1984 ), thaman et al. ( 1994 ), and morrison and manner ( 2005 ). materials and methods i visited nauru during 12 - 25 december 2006 and 29 march - 5 april 2007 to conduct surveys of birds, reptiles, butterflies, and dragonflies ; the 81 specimens of reptiles collected ( by hand ) were fixed in 10 % formalin, washed, transferred to 35 % isopropanol, and deposited in the bishop museum, honolulu ( bpbm ) ; the museum of comparative zoology, harvard university ( mcz ) ; the national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution ( usnm ) ; and the natural history museum, london ( nhm ). terms of abundance used to appraise overall status are based largely on my visual surveys : common ( at least 30, but often many more, sightings per day under optimum conditions ), fairly common ( approximately 10 - 30 encounters per day ), uncommon ( up to 10 per day, and unrecorded on some days ), scarce ( usually no more than five per day and may be unrecorded on many days ), vagrant ( unexpected on geographic grounds and known only from one or two records ). surveys were conducted during different times of the day under a variety of sunny and cloudy conditions but not during rain. snout - vent length in emoia arnoensis was measured with a millimeter rule to the nearest whole millimeter. values in table 1 are rounded to the nearest tenth resulting in some totals greater than 100 %. crocodylus cf. porosus schneider a \u201d small \u201d and presumably young crocodile first observed by swimmers at a beach on nauru on 18 september 1994 was captured and brought to the local police station where it was observed by many people ( webb 1994 : 13 ) ; the specimen was not saved. webb ( 1994 ) indicated that the animal was photographed, but no photograph was examined by him nor by any other members of the crocodile specialist group in australia ( c. manolis, pers. comm. ). the nearest population of crocodiles, and the most likely source of the nauru record,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48237867718126026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.533113"} {"text": "no photograph was examined by him nor by any other members of the crocodile specialist group in australia ( c. manolis, pers. comm. ). the nearest population of crocodiles, and the most likely source of the nauru record, is c. porosus in the solomon islands, over 1, 000 km to the southwest. chelonia mydas linnaeus and eretmochelys imbricata linnaeus there are no well - documented specimen records of turtles on nauru. several reports that mention turtles in passing lack substantive detail, but some refer to at least two species, the green turtle, chelonia mydas, and the hawksbill turtle, eretmochelys imbricata. hambruch ( 1915 : 197 ), for example, included \u201d gru en schildkro te \u201d ( green turtle ) and \u201d echte schildkro te \u201d ( true turtle? = hawksbill? ) in a list of animals recorded on nauru ; his accompanying illustrations ( hambruch 1915 : figs. 281 and 282 ) are unidentifiable as to species. ernest stephen was marooned on nauru sometime during the 1870s at the age of 14 and spent most of his life on the island. in his recollections of naruan customs and beliefs ( written around 1902 or 1903 : wedgwood in stephen 1936 ), he remarked that \u201d turtles rarely visit the island ; [ and that ] at first the natives would not eat them, for they thought that they were spirits of their departed \u201d ( stephen 1936 : 57 ). thaman and hassall ( 1998 : 24 ) stated that \u201d both the hawksbill and green turtles... are occasionally present... [ and that ] some beaches were reportedly once nesting areas although this is no longer the case. \u201d in addition, fiji customs reported the importation of a small amount of worked tortoiseshell [ presumably from e. imbricata ] from nauru in 1978 ( groombridge and luxmoore 1989 ). i saw no turtles on nauru, but several residents told me that turtles occasionally visited the island, and that one had been captured not too long before as it was crossing the circumferential road ; the species was unidentified. gehyra mutilata ( weigmann ) the stump - toed or mutilating gecko occurs naturally from india and sri lanka through southeast asia to china, papua new guinea, and the indo -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43528407866163765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.534092"} {"text": "road ; the species was unidentified. gehyra mutilata ( weigmann ) the stump - toed or mutilating gecko occurs naturally from india and sri lanka through southeast asia to china, papua new guinea, and the indo - australian archipelago ( lever 2003 ). it is widespread in the pacific ( mccoy 1980, zug 1991 ). the absence of allozyme protein variation between the pacific basin populations and those in the ancestral home of the species in southern asia supports a hypothesis of a relatively recent and probable human - assisted dispersal into oceania ( fisher 1997 ). gehyra mutilata is scarce on nauru ; one collected under flaking bark of a calophyllum tree in a small patch of forest on 17 december and another on a tree trunk at night in the buada lagoon settlement on 18 december 2006 are the only records. it was the only gecko not encountered in edificarian habitats, including buildings, walls, and other such structures constructed by humans ( table 1 ), but is usually found in such habits elsewhere in micronesia ( pers. obs. ). gehyra oceanica ( lesson ) the oceanic gecko is widespread in the pacific and is common on nauru. it was observed in edificarian and ruderal habitats as well as in remnant forest and often in small colonies occupying a building or a single tree. seven were collected from the outside walls of a house and adjacent buildings in nibok district, all within a 15 - min span shortly after sunset on 13 december. hemidactylus frenatus dumeril & bibron native to asia, the house gecko has colonized much of oceania since world war ii, often outcompeting or otherwise displacing other species ( hunsaker 1966, petren et al. 1993, case et al. 1994 ). it is common on nauru, especially on the cement walls of buildings, where it was regularly observed feeding on insects drawn to lights. it was frequently encountered also on tree trunks in the settlements as well as in more remote areas of the island. the time of its introduction to nauru is unknown. the earliest specimen record i found is usnm 200470, collected by r. v. wood on 18 april 1976 and accompanied by the annotation that the species was \u201d common everywhere in forest, \u201d which indicates that it was already well established. the record mentioned in bauer and henle ( 1994 ) is based on this specimen ( a. bauer, pers. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433433813630264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.535042"} {"text": "by the annotation that the species was \u201d common everywhere in forest, \u201d which indicates that it was already well established. the record mentioned in bauer and henle ( 1994 ) is based on this specimen ( a. bauer, pers. comm. ). lepidodactylus lugubris ( dumeril & bibron ) the mourning gecko is widespread in the pacific ( gibbons 1985 ). it is common on nauru, being especially numerous in edificarian habitats and less frequently encountered in forest patches on tree trunks at night and under flaking bark during the day. bauer and henle ( 1994 ) and bauer ( pers. comm. ) recorded it first on nauru based on a specimen in the australian museum ( ams r - 7109 ). the collector and collection date are unknown, but the specimen was presented by a. h. s. lucas and registered into the ams collection in 1919 and could have been collected any time before that date ( r. sadlier, pers. comm. ). emoia arnoensis brown & marshall the arno atoll skink is endemic to eastern micronesia : the nominate form in the marshall islands and eastern caroline islands, and e. a. nauru on nauru. cogger ( in brown 1991 ) found e. a. nauru only in a small forest of ficus trees and in the dense surrounding shrub growth, and mainly on the aerial roots of trees. i saw no more than 20 during a total of 3 weeks on nauru and no more than six in one day. they were most frequently encountered on cement and stone walls that were bordered by dense thickets of shrubs, vines, and weeds alongside a road in a semiresidential area on the southwestern rim of the plateau. others were seen among limestone pinnacles, on aerial roots of ficus trees, and on the trunks of fallen trees throughout the island. the majority of those i encountered were extremely wary and typically sought refuge in abundantly available holes in the ground, or rock faces, which were always close by. in contrast, n. and b. vander velde ( pers. comm. ) stated that examples of the nominate subspecies they encountered in the marshall islands were readily approached and could be easily captured by hand. in snout - vent length, the 23 adults of the nominate subspecies from the caroline and marshall islands that brown ( 1991 ) examined ranged from 73. 0 to 85. 5 mm, and the 13 e. a. na", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43574063775463995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.535953"} {"text": "be easily captured by hand. in snout - vent length, the 23 adults of the nominate subspecies from the caroline and marshall islands that brown ( 1991 ) examined ranged from 73. 0 to 85. 5 mm, and the 13 e. a. nauru ranged from 69. 8 to 91. 0 mm. the six specimens i collected on nauru are larger than any reported by brown ( 1991 ) and ranged from 92 to 101 mm ( ave. 95. 2 mm ). most of the others i saw were of similar size, with only two or three that might have been considered juveniles. emoia cyanura ( lesson ) this is the most common lizard on nauru, being especially numerous in the coastal belt, along stone walls, and in leaf litter under shady forest trees. on two separate occasions, individuals i observed foraging along the waterline at the beach ran into tide pools at my approach and swam several meters to the opposite side. pelamis platura ( linnaeus ) the yellow - bellied sea snake is the most widely distributed of all sea snakes, ranging from the east coast of africa through the indian and pacific oceans to the west coast of the americas ( pickwell and culotta 1980, heatwole 1999 ). it is pelagic and seldom encountered along shorelines. collection data for the only two ( and previously unreported ) records for nauru are incomplete. one fluid - preserved specimen in the nauru hospital laboratory was said by current hospital staff to have been found in driftwood that was washing ashore sometime during the early to mid - 1990s. several islanders, including hospital staff, told me of another sea snake ( presumably another p. platura ) that was found on or near the shore approximately 2 - 3 yr before but was not saved. ramphotyphlops braminus ( daudin ) the brahminy blind snake, native to southeast asia, is considered \u201d the most successful disperser in the snake world... [ and ] the most probable [ dispersal ] mechanism is in the root balls of ornamental ( more recently ) or food ( historically ) plants transported by humans \u201d ( crombie and pregill 1999 : 66 ). it is established in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including various pacific islands ( gibbons 1985 ). the flattened, mummified remains of a brahminy blind snake i found approximately 150 m east of the odn aiwo hotel, on the road to buada lagoon, 31 march 2007, is the only record for nauru", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44662321244054104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.537434"} {"text": "). the flattened, mummified remains of a brahminy blind snake i found approximately 150 m east of the odn aiwo hotel, on the road to buada lagoon, 31 march 2007, is the only record for nauru. the specimen ( mcz r - 185647 ) is in very poor condition but identifiable on the basis of size, coloration, and scutellation ( 20 scale rows and shape of rostral, with ca. 330 middorsal scales ) ; identification was confirmed by van wallach ( museum of comparative zoology, harvard university ). two resident islanders told me of seeing what are almost certainly ( based on their descriptions ) additional examples of this species, referring to small, shiny black, wormlike animals, with a pointed or spine - tipped tail. with the exception of the occasional yellowbellied sea snake ( pelamis platura ), at least two species of sea turtles, and a vagrant crocodile ( crocodylus cf. porosus ), all of which are marine, the herpetofauna of nauru consists of six species of lizards ( four geckos, two skinks ) and one blind snake, ramphotyphlops braminus ( table 2 ). the crocodile represents an unusual extralimital record. the only other extralimital records, and presumed examples of long - distance dispersal of salt water crocodiles in micronesia, include one c. porosus adult captured in pohnpei on 21 march 1971 ( allen 1974 ) and another near ailinglaplap atoll in the marshall islands in october 2004 ( manolis 2005 ; n. vander velde, pers. comm. ). the nearest population of crocodiles is roughly 1, 500 km and 2, 000 km to the south and southwest ( in the papua new guinea / solomon islands region ) of pohnpei and the marshall islands, respectively. amphibians do not occur on nauru, although the hospital laboratory has two fluidpreserved cane toads, bufo marinus ( linnaeus ). these are without accompanying data but were said by hospital staff to have been found at the airport in cargo arriving on a flight from saipan or kosrae sometime around the mid - 1990s. the blind snake is known definitely from only one salvaged road - killed specimen but is probably more numerous than the single record indicates ; its cryptic habits make assessment difficult. five of the six species of lizards on nauru are widespread in oceania. the four ge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44060053040136565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.538487"} {"text": "blind snake is known definitely from only one salvaged road - killed specimen but is probably more numerous than the single record indicates ; its cryptic habits make assessment difficult. five of the six species of lizards on nauru are widespread in oceania. the four geckos live to different degrees commensally with humans, and all may have reached nauru with human assistance. fisher ( 1997 ) presented molecular evidence supporting a hypothesis of natural dispersal of gehyra oceanica in the southern pacific but not to the exclusion of human - assisted transport. three of the geckos are common, but gehyra mutilata is scarce ; its low numbers are possibly due to a negative impact of the presence of hemidactylus frenatus ( see, for example, buden and references cited therein ). of the two species of skinks on nauru, emoia cyanura has a very broad distribution in the pacific and has been recorded on more different island groups in the pacific basin than any other skink ( adler et al. 1995 ). emoia arnoensis, on the other hand, is the only reptile on nauru that has a relatively limited distribution, being endemic to eastern micronesia and with an endemic subspecies on nauru. both e. cyanura and e. arnoensis are the only species mentioned in the first report of reptiles on nauru ( waite 1903 ). emoia arnoensis has a limited distribution in eastern micronesia, where it is possibly confined to the marshall islands, nauru, and kosrae ; i consider the single record from chuuk as questionable. brown ( 1991 ) recorded the nominate subspecies in the marshall islands only on arno atoll, whence he examined 16 specimens collected mainly by ross kiester, who recorded it on 15 of the 33 islands that he surveyed in 1968 ( kiester 1983 ). elsewhere in the marshalls, gressitt ( 1961 ) recorded it on jaluit atoll, and a specimen that brown reported as from lae atoll in the caroline islands ( usnm 132258 ) was collected on lae islet, lae atoll, in the marshall islands by r. fosberg in 1952 ( g. zug, pers. comm. ). in addition, a juvenile e. cf. arnoensis collected on maloelap atoll by nancy vander velde on 11 april 2006 is in the bishop museum ( bpbm 23974 ). emoia arnoensis has been recorded in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4402600931865491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.539394"} {"text": "addition, a juvenile e. cf. arnoensis collected on maloelap atoll by nancy vander velde on 11 april 2006 is in the bishop museum ( bpbm 23974 ). emoia arnoensis has been recorded in the caroline islands only on kosrae and rug island ( brown 1991 ). i saw it on kosrae occasionally, usually on the forest floor and in rocky areas near streams, during june and july 2002. the rug island record is based on one specimen ( cas - su 7541 ) collected by a. p. lundin, undated but cataloged ( in stanford university collections ) in 1938. rug [ = also ruc or ruk ] is an old and disused name for chuuk islands ( formerly truk ) and, in some usage, may refer specifically to fefan ( = fefen ) island. kiester ( 1983 ) remarked that he did not encounter e. arnoensis in chuuk, and i did not observe it during several hours on fefan in june 2003 and for about an hour in july 2007 nor on any of the other chuuk lagoon islands that i visited occasionally over the past several years. inasmuch as the specimen was examined by brown, it is unlikely to be a misidentified dark ( melanistic ) form of lamprolepis smaragdina. black or nearly black l. smaragdina have been recorded on several of the low coralline islands of chuuk ( kepler 1994 ), and i have observed several also on fefan and other high islands in the lagoon. the cas herpetological collection contains no other specimens collected by lundin, but the cas fish collection has specimens that lundin collected from both chuuk ( rug i. ) and kosrae ( d. catania, pers. comm. ). possibly lundin \u2019 s specimen of e. arnoensis may be mislabeled as to locality and may have originated from kosrae, not rug. emoia arnoensis ranges from the marshall islands and nauru westward to kosrae, then apparently skips pohnpei, and is known from chuuk only from the lundin record. a search of stanford university archives produced no additional information on the specimen or on a. p. lundin ( p. white, pers. comm. ). the status of e. arnoensis on chuuk is somewhat equivocal, and the record is in need of confirmation. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44760287751245065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.540283"} {"text": "specimen or on a. p. lundin ( p. white, pers. comm. ). the status of e. arnoensis on chuuk is somewhat equivocal, and the record is in need of confirmation. to what extent the more than 100 yr of continuing habitat degradation, largely by mining operations, has affected the number of reptile species present on nauru is uncertain because adequate baseline studies are lacking. however, there is no evidence to indicate that the herpetofauna was any richer in premining times than it is now. the earliest report on the reptiles, which dates back to the very early stages of mining, includes only two species of skinks ( waite 1903 ). however, among the species of lizards that are widely distributed in micronesia ( including small, low - lying atolls of the caroline islands and marshall islands ) and that are unknown from nauru are lepidodactylus moestus ( peters ), nactus pelagicus ( girard ), perochirus ateles ( dumeril ), emoia boettgeri ( sternfeld ), e. caeruleocauda ( de vis ), e. impar ( werner ), e. jakati ( kopstein ), eugongylus albofasciolatus ( gu nther ), lamprolepis smaragdina ( lesson ), and lipinia noctua ( lesson ). most, if not all, of these can be found in habitats considerably altered by human activity ( pers. obs. ). additional surveys may reveal the presence of some of these species on nauru. alternatively, their absence may be real and the especially meager herpetofauna likely a combined attribute of small island size and distance from potential source areas. for providing information on nauru specimens in their respective institutions, i thank carla kishinami and fred kraus ( bishop museum ), jens vindum ( california academy of sciences ), traci hartsell, ken tighe, and george zug ( national museum of natural history ), and ross sadlier ( australian museum ). for additional pertinent information relating to nauru, including assistance with the literature, i thank george balazs, aaron bauer, lui bell, dave catania, charlie manolis, mike mccoy, randy thaman, nancy and brian vander velde, and pam white. i thank van wallach for confirming identi - fi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4401858578159571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.541188"} {"text": "balazs, aaron bauer, lui bell, dave catania, charlie manolis, mike mccoy, randy thaman, nancy and brian vander velde, and pam white. i thank van wallach for confirming identi - fication of ramphotyphlops braminus and for reviewing a preliminary draft of the manuscript. i am especially grateful to alamanda lauti, director of the nauru campus of the university of the south pacific, who greatly assisted in overcoming many of the obstacles associated with issues of transportation, entry documents, and collecting permits. i also thank dale deireragea for accompanying me in the field on numerous occasions and for sharing his knowledge of the island. 1 manuscript accepted 30 october 2007. adler, g. h., c. c. austin, and r. dudley. 1995. dispersal and speciation of skinks among archipelagos in the tropical pacific ocean. evol. ecol. 9 : 529 - 541. allen, g. r. 1974. the marine crocodile, crocodylus porosus, from ponape, eastern caroline islands, with notes on food habits of crocodiles from the palau archipelago. copeia 1974 : 553. bauer, a. m., and k. henle. 1994. family gekkonidae ( reptilia, sauria ). i. australia and oceania. das tierreich, teilband 109. walter de gruyter, berlin and new york. brown, w. c. 1991. lizards of the genus emoia ( scincidae ) with observations on their evolution and biogeography. calif. acad. sci. mem. 15 : 1 - 94. buden, d. w. 2007. reptiles of satawan atoll and the mortlock islands, chuuk state, federated states of micronesia. pac. sci. 61 : 415 - 428. case, t. j., d. t. bolger, and k. petren. 1994. invasions and competitive displacement among house geckos in the tropical pacific. ecology 75 : 464 - 477. crombie, r. i., and g. k. pregill. 1999. a checklist of the herpetofauna of the palau islands ( republic of belau ), oceania. herpetol. monogr. 13 : 29 - 80. fisher, r. n. 1997. dispersal and evolution of the pacific basin gekkonid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4329098168742067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.542813"} {"text": "364 in a. g. j. rhodin and k. myiata, eds. advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology : essays in honor of ernest e. williams. museum of comparative zoology, harvard university, cambridge, massachusetts. lever, c. 2003. naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world. oxford university press, oxford. mccoy, m. 1980. reptiles of the solomon islands. wau ecology institute handbook 7. wau, papua new guinea. manner, h. i., r. r. thaman, and d. c. hassall. 1984. phosphate mining induced vegetation changes on nauru island. ecology 65 : 1454 - 1465. manolis, c. 2005. long - distance movement by a saltwater crocodile. crocodile specialist group newsletter 24 ( 4 ) : 18. morrison, r. j., and h. i. manner. 2005. premining pattern of soils on nauru, central pacific. pac. sci. 59 : 523 - 540. petren, k., d. t. bolger, and t. j. case. 1993. mechanisms in the competitive success of an invading sexual gecko over an asexual native. science ( washington, d. c. ) 259 : 354 - 358. pickwell, g. v., and w. a. culotta. 1980. pelamis, p. platurus. cat. am. amphib. reptiles 255 : 1 - 4. stephen, e. 1936. notes on nauru. oceania 7 : 34 - 63. thaman, r. r. 1992. vegetation of nauru and gilbert islands : case studies in poverty, degradation, disturbance, and displacement. pac. sci. 46 : 128 - 158. thaman, r. r., f. r. fosberg, h. i. manner, and d. c. hassall. 1994. the flora of nauru. atoll res. bull. 392 : 1 - 232. thaman, r. r., and d. c. hassall. 1998. republic of nauru : national environmental management strategy and national environmental action plan. south pacific regional environment program ( sprep ), apia, samoa. waite, e. r. 1903. the reptiles. page 2 in a. j. north, e. r. waite, c. hedley, w. j. rainbow, t. whiteleg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44823558430791993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.544546"} {"text": "| religious freedom ranking : 3. 5 out of 5 stars : needs improvement ghana was the first african country to gain independence. the country suffered from instability and corruption until 1981 when flight lieutenant jerry rawlings staged a coup and led the nation to economic stability and democracy. the 1992 constitution established the nation as a democracy and ghana is now a model for political and economic reform in africa. furthermore, in 2007 oil was discovered off shore, adding to the country \u2019 s prosperity. there are approximately 24 million citizens in ghana. christians account for 69 percent of the population, 15. 6 percent is muslim, 8. 5 percent practice indigenous beliefs, and 6. 9 percent follow other religions including people that have no specific religious beliefs. among the christians, roman catholics, methodists, anglicans, mennonites, evangelical presbyterians, african methodist episcopal zion church members, evangelical lutherans, f \u2019 edens, mormons, seventh - day adventists, pentecostals, baptists, african independent churches, and quakers are present. there are also several islamic traditions present including orthodox sunni, ahmadi, the tijani and qadiriyya orders of sufi, and shi \u2019 a. among the indigenous beliefs, most practice afrikania. other religious groups present are baha \u2019 is, buddhists, jews, hindus, shintoists, ninchiren shoshu buddhists, sai baba followers, eckankar, the divine light mission, hare krishna, rastafarians and unificationists. the constitution provides for freedom of religion and the government generally respects this right. the government does require all public school students to attend religious assemblies. some muslims and members of traditional religions have objected to this. furthermore, there have been some clashes between religious groups and the government has not always prosecuted those responsible. foreign missionary groups have generally operated throughout the country with a minimum of formal restrictions. there is no government body that regulates religious affairs, but religious groups are required to register with the government to receive formal recognition. while the government does not discriminate based on religion and it supports organizations that promote religious tolerance, there are reports that citizens in rural areas banished women accused of practicing witchcraft. there are also reports of human rights violations that have occurred at prayer camps, typically pentecostal, where people, often with mental illnesses, were chained for weeks, physically assaulted, and denied food and water to remove evil spirits. 2010 u. s. state department international religious freedom report on ghana ghana - new world encyclopedia ghana country profile - bbc news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4149983942034137, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.547248"} {"text": "provides readers with an overview of literary works that explore the theme of the american dream. analyzes poetry, plays, short stories, novels, and works of nonfiction that address this theme in some capacity, and how that theme has been treated in literature at different times in history and across diverse cultures. in 262 entries, this 3 - vol. set examines landmark pieces of legislation, explaining the historical factors that led to the proposal of each act, looking at the adoption process and assessing each act ' s impact on american life. all aspects of legislation are covered, including the national prohibition act, the civil rights act, the family and medical leave act, the americans with disabilities act, the fair housing act, the freedom of information act and much more. a focus on leading social issues of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. each title contains approximately 175 full or excerpted documents - - - speeches, legislation, magazine and newspaper articles, essays, memoirs, letters, interviews, novels, songs, and works of art - - - as well as overview information that places each document in context. explores the many different types of prejudice, their history, what causes these prejudices in people and societies, and their consequences. presents profiles of diverse and unique men and women who played key roles in the history of prejudice. excerpted documents tell various stories in the words of the people who fought prejudice, acted out prejudices, and those who were the victims of prejudice. includes more than 2, 700 signed essays ranging from 500 to 2, 500 words, written by subject experts and edited to form a consistent, readable, and straightforward reference. entries include subject - specific bibliographies and, where appropriate, photographs and textual cross - references to related essays. profiles major u. s. supreme court decisions that have made a significant impact on american society. each volume is organized by broad legal principles such as individual liberties, criminal justice, equal protection, and business and government law. within this framework, case entries are arranged under the more specific legal issue to which they relate, such as affirmative action, capital punishment, freedom of speech, and monopolies. focused on a popular topic, this exciting collection gives students and teachers substantial material for discussion and research. the three - volume set shows how television has reflected and influenced american society and culture throughout its history, covering both positive and negative effects. written by : kuhnke, elizabeth published by : wiley, 2007 this is the premier full - text resource for coverage of the research and development spectrum of the applied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.491447459403748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.552206"} {"text": "ponder this \u2018 strange telescope \u2019 buried deep at the south polefindings from extraordinary scientific research in the heart of antarctica - - the icecube neutrino observatory - - that includes a uw - river falls connection will be presented on campus and at a main street cafe the week of nov. 26 - dec. 1. by : phil pfuehler, river falls journal findings from extraordinary scientific research in the heart of antarctica - - the icecube neutrino observatory - - that includes a uw - river falls connection will be presented on campus and at a main street cafe the week of nov. 26 - dec. 1. \u201c the icecube is the biggest and strangest telescope in the word, and the largest science project ever funded in wisconsin, \u201d says jim madsen, uwrf physics department chairman and professor who \u2019 s been to the south pole to help set up the icecube observatory. \u201c it involves more than 250 scientists around the world in 38 institutions. despite trying technological challenges associated with new ideas that need to work in the extreme antarctic environment, construction of the project was completed in six years - - on time, under budget, and exceeding specifications. \u201d as described in a february 2007 journal story, the icecube telescope, with its network of cylindrical light - detecting cables, was being assembled and gradually submerged into borings more than a mile deep under crystal - clear ice. the intent was to chart ghostly subatomic particles called neutrinos that come from decaying radioactive elements. neutrinos are born by spatial disruptions, like the collision of two stars. billions pass unseen through the earth. \u201c the neutrinos are produced far out in space but collide near the south pole with atoms, \u201d madsen said. \u201c before they collide, they are invisible. \u201d madsen said scientists are already translating early icecube data. \u201c the big things we have seen are, we confirmed that neutrinos don ' t travel faster than the speed of light, \u201d he said. \u201c we also have shown that at higher energies, neutrinos continue to change from one type to another as they travel. \u201c it is like you buy a buick, but as you drive, it continually changes to a ford then to a honda then back to a buick. only when you stop does it stop changing. \u201c so your neighbor only sees one type of car in the driveway when you get home. each day though it could be either a buick, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490371788005131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.554933"} {"text": "the history of polk county submitted by 3 - 25 - 2004 the standard, cedartown, ga july 10, 1924 by rev. wm. j. debardeleben, of atlanta polk county, one of the richest and most beautiful sections of north georgia, was formerly a part of paulding with headquarters at van wert. its birth dates back to april 1, 1852, at which time cedartown was made the county site, with stephen a. borders as first ordinary. the population of this county, now given at 20, 050, is in no danger of suffering a decrease from the simple fact that this section boasts the lowest death rate in the state. high altitude, abundance of substantial food and pure water are some of the reasons given for longevity of the < inhabitants. as an evidence of this, cedartown, 900 feet above the sea level, has a water supply from a natural spring that furnishes a volume of 8, 000, 000 gallons every 24 hours. the soil of polk county is specially adapted to apples, peaches, plums and other fruit. besides favorable conditions for the growing of cotton, corn, potatoes and other farm products, it is especially suited to dairying, stock raising and poultry. an additional advantage is the fact that no farm in the county is over six miles from the railroad. ten thousand bales of cotton are marketed annually through the county seat. morgan valley, which is noted for its beautiful scenery, is one of the most fertile spots in the state of georgia. the mines of cedartown produce 4, 100 tons per month. its industries have over 1, 000 employes, with an annual pay roll of approximately $ 1, 000, 000. there is located here a branch of the united state finishing company, a new england plant, valued at $ 6, 000, 000. the management of this concern is so well pleased with its success in this locality that it is now doubling its capacity, and will soon be turning out a million yards of cloth each month. the parent plant of this branch last year dyed and finished enough yard - wide cloth to go six times around the earth. in addition to the numerous mines and manufacturing enterprises of cedartown, there are several others in different parts of the county. the most important of these are the aragon cotton mills, the southern states portland cement company, georgia. stone & cement company, and the rockmart brick & slate company. more than 1, 200 men are given employment by these organizations, the pay roll amounting to more than $ 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4144467728246755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.564406"} {"text": "aragon cotton mills, the southern states portland cement company, georgia. stone & cement company, and the rockmart brick & slate company. more than 1, 200 men are given employment by these organizations, the pay roll amounting to more than $ 1, 000, 000 per annum. the brick manufactured in rockmart, make of crushed shale, are used especially for paving and high - class building projects. the plant has 11 large kilns with a capacity of 30, 000 paving bricks or 45, 000 building brick per day. this concern has advance orders for more than twelve months ahead. an evidence of the farsightedness and efficiency of polk county captains of industry is furnished by the manner in which they are blasting these mountains of rock and making of them the greatest commodity in the world for the building of highways and skyscrapers. the output of one of the cement plants is approximately 400, 000 barrels of cement yearly ; 50, 000 tons of coal and 160, 000 tons of raw material are required in making cement. a trip through one of these cement plants, witnessing the process from the time the rock is blasted out of the mountain till it is sacked and ready for shipment, is a most thrilling experience. its manufacture is described by one of the officials in the following manner : \" portland cement, a name given it by an englishman on account of its resemblance to stone quarried on the island of portland, england, is made of lime, silica and alumina. these ingredients are secured from different combinations of materials, such as limestone, clay, shale, marl and blast furnace slag. from quarry to pit these materials are transported to the mill, where they are reduced to fine powder with much heavy grinding machinery. in the process they must be correctly proportioned and thoroughly mixed so that the mixture is chemically exact. the powdered raw material then goes to the kilns for burning. these kilns are huge steel cylinders lined with fire brick. \" coming from the kilns in the shape of white - hot clinkers consisting of glass - hard balls ranging in size from a small marble to a walnut, this material is sent to coolers and storage piles. later it is ground with a small amount of gypsum, added to regulate the rate hardening. in this final grinding the hard clinker is reduced to a powder finer than flour. standard specifications demand that it be fine enough to shake through a sieve having 40, 000 holes to a square inch, a sieve finer than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4691493103743032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.565466"} {"text": "hardening. in this final grinding the hard clinker is reduced to a powder finer than flour. standard specifications demand that it be fine enough to shake through a sieve having 40, 000 holes to a square inch, a sieve finer than silk. \" there are 39 schools in the county, 13 of which are colored. over 5, 000 children have been enrolled, while preparations are now being made to accommodate more. besides the high schools of cedartown, which are valued at more than $ 200, 000, there is one near the city limits known as the benedict school. this plant is valued at $ 6, 000. there is also a $ 4, 000 school at aragon, which is doing a wonderful work in the interest of the employes of the cotton mills. this, in addition to the splendid plant at rockmart and other sections, is prophetic of the great intellectual advantages that are promised to the future citizens of the county. an item worthy of mention, and which should be of interest to every citizen and school board in the state, is the fact that william janes, the superintendent of education, has a complete alphabetical roll of every scholar, white and colored, in his jurisdiction. in this manner he is enabled to keep tabs both on the individual and also the work of the various institutions throughout the bounds of the county. more valuable to the citizens of georgia and of the south than all the various industries of polk county are her institutions of learning. among these, none have contributed more effectively than old piedmont institute. of this institution, col. r. w. everett, formerly representative from the seventh district of georgia in the united states congress, said : \" in 1890 there was erected, principally by the citizens of rockmart and adjacent country, but under the auspices of the m. e. church, south, an imposing and substantial school building, known as piedmont institute, that has done more for the moral, social, intellectual uplift of rockmart than all other influence combined - - the churches not excepted, for piedmont has been both church and school. \" from this school have gone some of georgia ' s useful citizens. among these are to be found such men as judge fred branson, of oklahoma ; col. w. w. mundy, of cedartown, one of our state senators ; prof. walter jones, of macon, and dr. c. e. waits, one of atlanta ' s leading specialists. among the ministers of the north georgia conference that have gone from piedmont institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47239625249061296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.566708"} {"text": ", of cedartown, one of our state senators ; prof. walter jones, of macon, and dr. c. e. waits, one of atlanta ' s leading specialists. among the ministers of the north georgia conference that have gone from piedmont institute are revs. lee allgood and irby henderson, pastors of prominent atlanta churches ; rev. thos. a. branson of washington, and rev. g. g. venable of monroe, the latter having at one time served as president. these and hundreds of others are products of this institution, who are carrying out the injunction of the master in their ministry of preaching, teaching and healing. old van wert, the original county site, contains many points of historic interest. it is said to have received its name from one of the three men who captured benedict arnold. mr. e. c. kingsbery, a citizen of rockmart, has in his possession the original plat and map of the town of van wert. he has also a paper showing the advertisement of the sale of town lots, which took place sept. 5 and 6, 1837. there were 91 original lots, ranging in price from $ 212 to $ 299. the first lot was sold to john a. jones for $ 80. van wert has the credit of establishing waterworks long before the people of atlanta had ceased to draw from wells or visit the nearby springs. it is also of interest to know that these works were installed without the use of a single iron pipe. huge logs, bored out in the center, fastened together on the outside, and coupled to smaller ones for installation in the houses, furnished the necessary conduits. it was here that the illustrious sam p. jones first served as pastor. the house in which his children were born is still standing. the parsonage he built, which served as the house for the methodist preacher of rockmart has since been replaced by a more modern and commodious dwelling near the methodist church. the old van wert church, in which this spiritual giant first began his labors, stands as a silent sentinel for those who sleep in the adjoining cemetery, where so many sacred memories thrill the soul no one can enter without removing his hat and feeding that he is treading on holy ground. such sanctuaries, scattered throughout georgia, call the tourist to check his roaring automobile and pause for an hour, while recollections fill the mind with the heroic lives and deeds of our forefathers - - the pioneers who at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41867010543057764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.567822"} {"text": "basal cell nevus syndrome genetics and cancer - basal cell nevus syndrome ( gorlin syndrome ) the risk for ovarian cancer and skin cancer is increased with basal cell nevus syndrome ( also called gorlin syndrome and nevoid basal cell carcinoma ), a rare autosomal dominant cancer genetic syndrome. features associated with basal cell nevus syndrome may include the following : - development of more than two basal cell carcinomas ( cancer of the outer layer of the skin ) before the age of 20 - cysts in the jaw - characteristic facial appearance - calcification of the falx ( a variation in the appearance of the skull that is visible on x - rays ) - pits in the palms and soles of the feet - macrocephaly ( enlarged head size ) - rib or vertebral abnormalities - increased risk of medulloblastoma - increased risk of ovarian fibromas ( benign, or noncancerous, tumors ) basal cell nevus syndrome is caused by changes in a tumor suppressor gene, called ptch, located on chromosome 9. mutations in this gene may increase the risk of some cancers. tumor suppressor genes usually control cell growth and cell death. both copies of a tumor suppressor gene must be altered, or mutated, before a person may develop cancer. with basal cell nevus syndrome, the first mutation is inherited from either the mother or the father in 70 percent to 80 percent of cases. in 20 percent to 30 percent of cases, the first mutation is not inherited and arises de novo ( for the first time ) in the fertilized egg from which the person with symptoms was conceived. whether de novo or inherited, this first mutation is present in all of the cells of the body and, as such, is called a germline mutation. whether a person who has a germline mutation will develop cancer and where the cancer ( s ) will develop depends upon where ( which cell type ) the second mutation occurs. for example, if the second mutation is in the skin, then skin cancer may develop. if it is in the ovary, then ovarian cancer may develop. the process of tumor development actually requires mutations in multiple growth control genes. loss of both copies of ptch is just the first step in the process. what causes these additional mutations is unknown. possible causes include chemical, physical, or biological environmental exposures ( such as sunlight ) or chance errors in cell replication. some individuals who have inherited a germline tumor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49485786440001805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.570432"} {"text": "you are here engineers are working hard to ensure that cars and car seats are designed to keep kids as safe as possible. but it \u2019 s up to every parent to take full advantage of these innovations by making sure car seats and booster seats are used and installed correctly. here \u2019 s what you need to know to ensure that your most precious cargo is safe in cars. road injuries are the leading cause of preventable deaths and injuries to children in the united states. correctly used child safety seats can reduce the risk of death by as much as 71 percent. - seventy - three percent of car seats are not used or installed correctly, so before you hit the road, check your car seat. here \u2019 s a quick car seat checklist to help you out. it takes only 15 minutes. if you are having even the slightest trouble, questions or concerns, certified child passenger safety technicians are able to help or even double check your work. - learn how to install your car seat for free. safe kids hosts car seat inspection events across the country where certified technicians can help make sure your car seat is properly installed. they will teach you so that you can always be sure your car seat is used correctly. find a safe kids car seat checkup event near you. - buy a used car seat only if you know its full crash history. that means you must buy it from someone you know, not from a thrift store or over the internet. once a car seat has been in a crash, it needs to be replaced. - we know that when adults wear seat belts, kids wear seat belts. so be a good example and buckle up for every ride. be sure everyone in the vehicle buckles up, too. - never leave your child alone in a car, not even for a minute. while it may be tempting to dash out for a quick errand, the temperature inside your car can rise 20 degrees and cause heatstroke in the time it takes for you to run in and out of the store. while it may seem like you need an engineering degree to figure out which child safety seat is best for your child, don \u2019 t worry. we \u2019 ve got you covered. read more tips and we \u2019 ll help you pick the right seat for your child \u2019 s age, weight, height and developmental stage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42172223571544665, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.573691"} {"text": "interesting topic. it got derailed, but it \u2019 s still an interesting topic. the term \u201c universe from nothing \u201d is true. it is also misleading. the underlying cause ( s ) that gave rise to our universe were there before our universe came into existence, and they are still there ( otherwise our universe would cease to exist ). the thing is, the underlying causes are not our universe, at least not as we understand it. they are something so alien and tenuous as to still have the power to be referred to as \u201c mysterious \u201d. space itself is one mysterious aspect of our universe. the universe as we understand it could not exist without it, whatever it is. matter is bubbling into existence in space as space continues to expand. this too is wholly mysterious at the present time. where things get confusing is in the language. yes, there is something out there and all around us that has some causal relationship to our universe, but that something is something other. it is not of our universe. it \u2019 s all around us. it is connected to our universe. it is the underlying cause, of which we are the effect. but it is not us. it is other, with laws and properties that just plain don \u2019 t work the same as in our neck of the woods. let \u2019 s say that our universe is the foam you get from aerating water, and that aerated foam - water existed only here. that is the type of thing scientists are referring to when they say \u201c something from nothing \u201d. the sentient foam - water ( us ) doesn \u2019 t realise that it doesn \u2019 t really exist, that it is the temporary byproduct of turbulence. the foam - creatures living in the foam have their own little universe - within - a - universe, but that universe is not simply the air or the water. it is a made thing, from combining the two, and as it is neither air nor water, but the combination of the two under special circumstances, it is therefore a condition rather than a thing, and that condition, which is us, is something other in terms of water and air.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6406234893237757, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.576824"} {"text": "more than 5 million americans suffer from heart valve disease, a condition affecting the leaflets that keep blood flowing through the heart in the right direction. but many people are unaware they have the condition that, left untreated, can gradually put hearts \u2014 and lives \u2014 at risk. a heart murmur may be the only sign of a problem, say experts. in most cases, the disease develops so slowly that people barely notice its symptoms. to protect your heart, ask your doctor about testing for valve abnormalities if you experience any of the following : \u25aa shortness of breath when performing normal daily activities, exercising, or lying flat. \u25aa irregular heartbeats, a rapid heart rhythm, skipped beats or a \u201c flip - flop \u201d sensation in the chest. \u25aa swelling of the ankles, feet, or abdomen \u25aa fatigue, weakness, or dizziness \u25aa pressure or weight in the chest with activity or going out in cold air that is unrelated to heart attack or coronary artery disease. treating valve problems with prescription drugs is often effective. those with more serious abnormalities, however, require surgical treatment to avoid heart damage and restore normal valve function. a scaffolding for the heart around the world, more than 200, 000 people have surgery to repair the aortic valve \u2014 the doorway through which oxygen - rich blood passes as it exits the heart. in addition, about 75, 000 americans have procedures to repair the heart \u2019 s mitral valve that opens into its main pumping chamber, the left ventricle, and keeps blood flowing normally through the heart. an innovative new patch called cormatrix ecm ( extracellular matrix ) allows doctors to expand an area of the heart to make room for the replacement valve, explains marc gerdisch, m. d., director of cardiothoracic surgery at the st. francis heart center in indianapolis. in other cases, the new material may be used for reconstructing a flap on a patient \u2019 s valve, adds the surgeon, who was the first in the world to use the ecm material to rebuild structures inside the heart. see how ecm technology helps repair damaged heart tissue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4585595599740835, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.580279"} {"text": "there are over 16, 000 public libraries in the united states, and no two are exactly alike! thankfully, they do have a lot in common. refresh your memory of these fundamentals to help you guide your child. she ' ll walk away with both a stack of books and a positive attitude towards the library. getting a library card you don ' t need a library card to visit and browse the library, use its computers, or participate in programs such as summer reading clubs or story hours, but it is essential for borrowing materials. requirements vary, but generally you ' ll only need to bring proof of residency ( such as a driver ' s license ) to get a card. most libraries require a parent or guardian to sign any minor ' s application for a card. beyond that, your child may need to bring a report card or other id to indicate her grade level and will probably need to be able to print her own name. checkouts, renewals, and fines once your child has her card in hand, she can check out books, magazines, and audio and video recordings. loan periods vary from library to library and depend on the type of material. the standard time is usually from one week ( for new books, videos, and magazines ) to three weeks ( for most books ). it ' s important to return materials on time or your child will owe the library fees for each day that each item is overdue. fines for children ' s items are sometimes reduced, but daily fines of five cents to two dollars can really add up after a few weeks! the dewey decimal system one thing that hasn ' t changed in the last hundred years is the way books are classified in every library in the u. s. the dewey decimal system organizes materials into broad topics that are then broken down into smaller subtopics, which are then divided into even more specific subjects. these numbers are used to assign every book a \" call number. \" what has changed since your childhood trips to the library is that card catalogs have largely gone the way of the dinosaur. instead, most libraries rely on computers to store their ever - expanding catalogs. systems vary, of course, but there are four major types of searches that carry across all of them : - author : if you know the first, or better yet, last name of the author, illustrator, artist, or editor of the work you are looking for, you can use that to search. - title : if you know at least part of the title you are looking for, find it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40693047379194347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.583712"} {"text": "or better yet, last name of the author, illustrator, artist, or editor of the work you are looking for, you can use that to search. - title : if you know at least part of the title you are looking for, find it by entering the part you remember in the correct order as the search term. - subject : when you ' re doing research on a subject or can ' t remember the title or author of a work but can remember what it was about, enter the general topic ( such as \" mammals \" ) and a list of fiction, nonfiction, and any other media related to that subject will pop up. - keyword : use this method when you know a book ' s title has certain words in it but not what order they ' re in, when the title is long but has a few unique words within it, or if you are looking for materials that cover more than one subject. once your child has gotten some search results, he may be able to sort the list by author, title, or call number, or narrow the results by searching for words within his results. the list may also indicate whether a book is available or checked out. then he can write or print out the call numbers of promising books and find them in the stacks. computers in the library may also allow access to encyclopedias and other online references, family history databases, and photo archives. some libraries also have workstations set up with software your child can use to learn and to complete school projects. the best way to find out what ' s available is, as always, to ask a librarian! recommended products for your child ages 8 - 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593243675932876, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.584318"} {"text": "* 1 / 4 cup of water * 1 / 4 cup of white craft glue ( like elmer ' s glue ) * 1 / 4 cup of liquid starch ( used for clothes ) * food coloring ( optional ) * mixing bowl * mixing spoon - pour all of the the glue into the mixing bowl. - pour all of the water to the mixing bowl with the glue. - stir the glue and water together. - add your food color now - about 6 drops should do it. - now add the liquid starch and stir it in. - it should be nice and blobby by now. as you play with your slimy concoction, it will become more stretchy and easier to hold. - explore your slimy creation and store it in a zip bag when you are not using it. the glue is a liquid polymer. this means that the tiny molecules in the glue are in strands like a chain. when you add the liquid starch, the strands of the polymer glue hold together, giving it its slimy feel. the starch acts as a cross - linker that links all the polymer strands together. the project above is a demonstration. to make it a true experiment, you can try to answer these questions : 1. does changing the amount of water or glue change the feel of the slime? 2. do different glues make better slime? 3. how does changing the amount of each ingredient change how the slime turns out? 4. what happens to slime if it is stored out of a bag compared to in a bag?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45999776444675294, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.585850"} {"text": "dallas \u2013 march 24, 2009 \u2013 the amount of calcium your body absorbs might depend, in part, on the amount of dietary fiber you consume. researchers at ut southwestern medical center report that patients with noninsulin - dependent diabetes ( type 2 ) excreted less calcium through their urine when they consumed 50 grams of fiber a day than when they ate 24 grams a day. excreting less calcium indicates that they absorbed less of the mineral. \" we already know that fiber helps improve your cholesterol and glucose control and improves your bowel regularity. our new findings suggest that dietary fiber reduces the body ' s capacity to absorb calcium, \" said dr. abhimanyu garg, professor of internal medicine and an investigator in the center for human nutrition at ut southwestern. he is senior author of a study appearing online in diabetes care. \" because more calcium equals better bone health, we recommend that people on high - fiber diets talk to their physician about increasing their dietary calcium as well, in order to get the most benefit from both. \" dr. garg said it ' s important to speak with a physician or a registered dietitian before increasing your calcium intake because excessive levels may cause kidney stones. the american diabetes association ( ada ) recommends a daily intake of 24 grams of dietary fiber, but the average american consumes about 14 to 15 grams of fiber a day. sometimes called \" roughage, \" dietary fiber is the indigestible portion of plant foods that pushes food through the digestive system, absorbing water and easing defecation. calcium is a nutrient found in food that is absorbed by the body and then excreted in urine, feces or sweat. it is the most abundant mineral in the human body. prior research at ut southwestern has shown that a high intake of dietary fiber, mostly from fruits and vegetables, lowers blood glucose levels and leads to decreased insulin levels in the blood, as well as lowering blood lipid concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent type of diabetes. for the current study, 13 patients with type 2 diabetes ate either a high - fiber diet ( 50 grams per day ) or the moderate - fiber diet ( 24 grams per day ) recommended by the ada for six weeks, then switched to the other diet for six weeks. all participants stayed at ut southwestern ' s clinical and translational research center ( ctrc ) for the final week of each six - week period. ctrc staff prepared both diets so that they contained the same number and proportion of calories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48455762056279283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.589036"} {"text": "weeks. all participants stayed at ut southwestern ' s clinical and translational research center ( ctrc ) for the final week of each six - week period. ctrc staff prepared both diets so that they contained the same number and proportion of calories from carbohydrates, fats and proteins, as well as an equal amount of minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium and potassium. the high - fiber diet included numerous fiber - rich foods including cantaloupe, grapefruit, papaya, okra, winter and zucchini squash, granola and oatmeal. no supplements were used. \" the reduction of urinary calcium excretion on high - fiber diets tells us that the amount of dietary fiber has a direct impact on calcium absorption, \" dr. garg said. \" in other words, the participants excreted less calcium on the high - fiber diet because the additional fiber caused their bodies to absorb less calcium. \" though most of the additional fiber in the high - fiber diet was soluble fiber, dr. garg said he cannot say for sure whether soluble or insoluble fiber affects calcium absorption. \" generally, more fiber of either type is beneficial, \" he said. \" we should encourage people to try food sources rich in fiber and calcium such as spinach, broccoli, figs, papaya, artichoke, okra, beans, mustard and turnip greens, and cactus pads. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4315441203016647, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.589771"} {"text": "oct. 11, 2008 scientists have identified some of the elusive downstream molecules that play a critical role in the development and progression of familial breast cancer. the research, published by cell press in the october 10th issue of the journal molecular cell, also identifies a compound found in grapes and red wine as an excellent candidate for treatment of some forms of breast cancer. about 8 % of breast cancer cases are caused by mutations in tumor suppressor genes, such as breast cancer associated gene - 1 ( brca1 ). brca1 is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene found in inherited breast cancers and brca1 mutation carriers have a 50 - 80 % risk of developing breast cancer by age 70. \" although work with animal models of brca1 mutation has provided some insight into the many biological processes linked with brca1, very little is known about the downstream mediators of brca1 function in tumor suppression, \" says lead study author dr. chu - xia deng from the genetics of development and diseases branch at the national institutes of health. dr. deng and colleagues were interested in investigating the relationship among brca1, sirt1 and survivin. sirt1 is a protein and histone deacetylase involved in numerous critical cell processes including metabolism, dna repair and programmed cell death, known as apoptosis. although sirt1 has been implicated in tumorigenesis, no concrete role in cancer initiation or progression has been identified. survivin is an apoptosis inhibitor that is dramatically elevated in many types of tumors. research has suggested that survivin may serve to maintain the tumor and promote growth. the researchers found that brca1 functioned as a tumor suppressor by maintaining sirt1 expression, which in turn inhibited survivin expression. when brca1 was not functioning properly, sirt levels decreased and survivin levels increased, allowing brca1 - deficient cells to overcome apoptosis and undergo malignant transformation. they went on to show that the compound resveratrol strongly inhibited brca1 - mutant tumor growth in cultured cells and animal models. resveratrol is an important constituent of traditional japanese and chinese medicine that has recently been shown to inhibit some types of cancer by inducing apoptosis with very little associated toxicity. in the current paper, resveratrol enhanced sirt1 activity, this leading to reduced survivin expression and subsequent apoptosis of brca1 deficient cancer cells. these findings identify sirt1 and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5255077699301256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.593529"} {"text": "may 1, 2012 on 5 and 6 june this year, millions of people around the world will be able to see venus pass across the face of the sun in what will be a once - in - a - lifetime experience. it will take venus about six hours to complete its transit, appearing as a small black dot on the sun ' s surface, in an event that will not happen again until 2117. in this month ' s physics world, jay m pasachoff, an astronomer at williams college, massachusetts, explores the science behind venus ' s transit and gives an account of its fascinating history. transits of venus occur only on the very rare occasions when venus and earth are in a line with the sun. at other times venus passes below or above the sun because the two orbits are at a slight angle to each other. transits occur in pairs separated by eight years, with the gap between pairs of transits alternating between 105. 5 and 121. 5 years - - the last transit was in 2004. building on the original theories of nicolaus copernicus from 1543, scientists were able to predict and record the transits of both mercury and venus in the centuries that followed. johannes kepler successfully predicted that both planets would transit the sun in 1631, part of which was verified with mercury ' s transit of that year. but the first transit of venus to actually be viewed was in 1639 - - an event that had been predicted by the english astronomer jeremiah horrocks. he observed the transit in the village of much hoole in lancashire - - the only other person to see it being his correspondent, william crabtree, in manchester. later, in 1716, edmond halley proposed using a transit of venus to predict the precise distance between earth and the sun, known as the astronomical unit. as a result, hundreds of expeditions were sent all over the world to observe the 1761 and 1769 transits. a young james cook took the endeavour to the island of tahiti, where he successfully observed the transit at a site that is still called point venus. pasachoff expects the transit to confirm his team ' s theory about the phenomenon called \" the black - drop effect \" - - a strange, dark band linking venus ' s silhouette with the sky outside the sun that appears for about a minute starting just as venus first enters the solar disk. pasachoff and his colleagues will concentrate on observing venus ' s atmosphere as it appears when venus is only half onto the solar disk. he also believes that observations of the transit will help astronomers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5473007761825666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.597297"} {"text": "a minute starting just as venus first enters the solar disk. pasachoff and his colleagues will concentrate on observing venus ' s atmosphere as it appears when venus is only half onto the solar disk. he also believes that observations of the transit will help astronomers who are looking for extrasolar planets orbiting stars other than the sun. \" doing so verifies that the techniques for studying events on and around other stars hold true in our own backyard.. in other words, by looking up close at transits in our solar system, we may be able to see subtle effects that can help exoplanet hunters explain what they are seeing when they view distant suns, \" pasachoff writes. not content with viewing this year ' s transit from earth, scientists in france will be using the hubble space telescope to observe the effect of venus ' s transit very slightly darkening the moon. pasachoff and colleagues even hope to use hubble to watch venus passing in front of the sun as seen from jupiter - - an event that will take place on 20 september this year - - and will be using nasa ' s cassini spacecraft, which is orbiting saturn, to see a transit of venus from saturn on 21 december. \" we are fortunate in that we are truly living in a golden period of planetary transits and it is one of which i hope astronomers can take full advantage, \" he writes. editors note : looking directly at the sun can cause severe and permanent eye damage. do not look directly at venus ' transit of the sun. for more information see wikipedia article. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. - jay m pasachoff. venus : it ' s now or never. physics world, volume 25, issue 5, may 2012 [ link ] note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5040206144839474, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.598081"} {"text": "with a differentially private algorithm, there \u2019 s no need to analyze a question carefully to determine whether it seeks to invade an individual \u2019 s privacy ; that protection is automatically built into the algorithm \u2019 s functioning. because prying questions usually boil down to small numbers related to specific people and non - prying questions examine aggregate - level behavior of large groups, the same amount of added noise that renders answers about individuals meaningless will have only a minor effect on answers to many legitimate research questions. with differential privacy, the kinds of issues that plagued other data releases \u2014 such as attackers cross - referencing data with outside information \u2014 disappear. the approach \u2019 s mathematical privacy guarantees do not depend on the attacker having limited outside information or resources. \u201c differential privacy assumes that the adversary is all - powerful, \u201d mcsherry said. \u201c even if attackers were to come back 100 years later, with 100 years \u2019 worth of thought and information and computer technology, they still would not be able to figure out whether you are in the database. differential privacy is future - proofed. \u201d a fundamental primitive so far, we have focused on a situation in which someone asks a single counting query about a single database. but the real world is considerably more complex. researchers typically want to ask many questions about a database. and over your lifetime, snippets of your personal information will probably find their way into many different databases, each of which may be releasing data without consulting the others. differential privacy provides a precise and simple way to quantify the cumulative privacy hit you sustain if researchers ask multiple questions about the databases to which you belong. if you have sensitive data in two datasets, for example, and the curators of the two datasets release those data using algorithms whose privacy parameters are \u025b1 and \u025b2, respectively, then the total amount of your privacy that has leaked out is at most \u025b1 + \u025b2. the same additive relationship holds if a curator allows multiple questions about a single database. if researchers ask m questions about a database and each question gets answered with privacy parameter \u025b, the total amount of privacy lost is at most m\u025b. so, in theory, the curator of a dataset could allow researchers to ask as many counting queries as he wishes, as long as he adds enough laplace noise to each answer to ensure that the total amount of privacy that leaks out is less than his preselected privacy \u201c budget. \u201d and although we have limited our attention to counting queries, it turns out that this restriction is not very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5469764087240347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.603419"} {"text": "##lace noise to each answer to ensure that the total amount of privacy that leaks out is less than his preselected privacy \u201c budget. \u201d and although we have limited our attention to counting queries, it turns out that this restriction is not very significant. many of the other question types that researchers like to ask can be recast in terms ofcounting queries. if you wanted to generate a list of the top 100 baby names for 2012, for example, you could ask a series of questions of the form, \u201c how many babies were given names that start with a? \u201d ( or aa, ab or ac ), and work your way through the possibilities. \u201c one of the early results in machine learning is that almost everything that is possible in principle to learn can be learned through counting queries, \u201d roth said. \u201c counting queries are not isolated toy problems, but a fundamental primitive \u201d \u2014 that is, a building block from which many more complex algorithms can be built. but there \u2019 s a catch. the more questions we want to allow, the less privacy each question is allowed to use up from the privacy budget and the more noise has to be added to each answer. consider the baby names question. if we decide on a total privacy budget \u025b of 0. 01 and there are 10, 000 names to ask about, each question \u2019 s individual privacy budget is only \u025b / 10, 000, or 0. 000001. the expected amount of noise added to each answer will be 10, 000 / \u025b, or 1, 000, 000 \u2014 an amount that will swamp the true answers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5173311538239533, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.604050"} {"text": "the history of seamed tights tights, stockings, hold - ups or pantyhose. whatever you call them, they are just another widely available fashion accessory to most of us, yet they have a long and dramatic history. men in tights the breeches of 12th century european men were close fitting and worn much like modern day tights but held up with laces at the waist. in the early 17th century, \u201c hose \u201d were commonly worn by men as you will often see in the period dramas based on this era. they were made from wool, silk or cotton and remained in fashion until the end of the 18th century, when long trousers made an appearance. the arrival of nylon stockings it wasn \u2019 t until many years later that it became more acceptable for women to show their legs, and with the invention of nylon in the 1930 \u2032 s stockings became more accessible to ladies who couldn \u2019 t afford the silk version. dupont patented the process of making nylon \u2013 invented by dr wallace carothers \u2013 and the first nylon stockings hit new york department stores in 1940. at the time of nylon invention, only stockings existed. they were known as fully fashioned stockings ; they did not stretch and were made to the shape of the leg, with two sides knitted flat, then joined manually with a fine back seam. nylon stockings became a huge success with more than 60 million pairs sold in the first year, but with the onset of the second world war, the production of nylon went solely into the war effort and stockings became scarce. to maintain a sense of style and sophistication during these tough times, ladies took to painting a seam onto the back of their legs so that it looked like they were wearing nylon stockings. in august 1945 nylon stocking production resumed and up until the 1960 \u2032 s nylon stockings usually had back seams. although seamfree stockings with a reinforced heel and toe were available during this time, they didn \u2019 t really take off until the mid 60 \u2032 s. seamed tights today fast forward to the present day and hosiery technology has come a long way, with the invention of lycra, body toning tights, hold ups and even amazing fat - burning caffeine tights to help slim those thighs. | tights > > | | stockings > > | | hold ups > > | | plus size > > | | underwear > > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4123907312133207, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.608756"} {"text": "design and technology the graduate program in design and technology fosters innovative conceptual strategies through which designs and technologies intervene meaningfully in the world, bringing together the ideas we live by and the things we live with. research involves not only areas of use and distribution, language, and visual culture, but also broader questions of access and ethics. design and technology students at sfai situate design in the realm of art, accepting distinctions between art and design that are relevant to our contemporary experience, while rejecting outdated ideas about the differences between artists and designers. students are reminded that design is both conceptual and functional, producing objects or images that at once inform and constitute the very form of ideas in the 21st century. the program is oriented toward broad research strategies, and students transcend individual disciplines to create innovative work in graphic design, typography, illustration, motion graphics, film and video, interactive art, electronic sound, web design, and social media. collaborative and forward - looking, sfai \u2019 s program emphasizes networks, systems, and connections \u2014 concepts at once high - tech and central to human relationships. students are encouraged to build projects in different media that research the relation between humans and machines, infrastructures, devices, and their representations. recently, sfai has partnered with institutions in paris to develop cross - cultural, multimedia projects such as the art collider and hyphen. closer to home, the bay area is a hub of artistic and technological innovation, giving students the opportunity to work with professionals from pixar, apple, industrial light and magic, kqed public radio and television, the exploratorium, and other renowned organizations. students have access to extensive digital technology resources configured to meet the needs of projects using sound, photography, film, video, design, 3d modeling and animation, web, programming, and print.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49603296763290416, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.613490"} {"text": "what is meningococcal disease? meningococcal disease is caused by the bacteria meningococcus. some people are natural carriers of the germ ( harboring it in their throats and noses ), but don ' t get sick. in some instances, however, the germ \" wakes up \" and can cause serious complications including bacterial meningitis ( an inflammation of the tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord ) and meningococcemia ( an infection of the blood and other organs ). it ' s quite contagious ; an infected person can spread the disease just by breathing. there are also known cases of viral meningitis. the vaccine haemophilus influenzae type b ( hib ) is routinely given to children as part of their scheduled immunizations to prevent mingococcal disease. who gets it? infants should receive doses of the hib vaccine as part of their routine immunizations. high - risk individuals and those living in cramped quarters ( college students, people with compromised immune systems ) also should be vaccinated. what are the side effects? people only rarely report feeling sick after getting the hib vaccine. the most common reactions include swelling at the injection site. some children may develop a mild fever. the centers for disease control and prevention, the american academy of pediatrics, and the american academy of family physicians recommend this vaccine for children, starting in infancy. what you need to know children need three to four doses of the vaccine for it to be effective ( most doctors recommend a child receive the vaccine at 2, 4, 6 and 12 and 15 months of age ). the opinions expressed in this article are of the author and the author alone. they do not reflect the opinions of sheknows, llc or any of its affiliates and they have not been reviewed by an expert in a related field or any member of the sheknows editorial staff for accuracy, balance or objectivity. content and other information presented on the site are not a substitute for professional advice, counseling, diagnosis, or treatment. never delay or disregard seeking professional medical or mental health advice from your physician or other qualified health provider because of something you have read on sheknows. sheknows does not endorse any specific product, service or treatment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47199169752022513, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.616080"} {"text": "- pubs & hotels - join us - the brewery - tours & functions fresh hops, with their infinite variety, are the key notes in beer ' s complex flavour, and the understanding and use of their chemical properties brings real art to the science of brewing. the humble hop, humulus lupulus, is a one - stop chemistry set for the brewer, containing well over 1, 000 complex compounds in the form of resins and essential oils. the alpha acids and essential oils in hops contribute bitterness and aroma to beer and different styles of hops markedly influence the character of each brew. choosing which hops to use is only part of the story. hops can be added at different stages, depending on the effect you wish to achieve on the character of the beer. this will vary depending on whether the hops are added at the beginning of the boiling stage ( kettle hops ), late in the boiling stage ( late hops ) or added to the cask ( dry hops ). hops thrive in temperate climates and in loamy, deep, well - drained soil. they also require long days of summer light to flourish and that makes three british counties ideal for their cultivation : kent, hereford and worcestershire. harvesting takes place in august and september. the cut hops have their stalks and leaves removed and dried to 10 % moisture in oast houses before being packed into foil - wrapped \" hop pockets \" to keep them fresh for the brewer. shepherd neame has stepped in as a guardian of the nation ' s hop - growing heritage, preserving the lifeblood of rare varieties more than a century old. we have put aside an acre of land at queen court farm, near faversham, to house part of the national hop collection and to create a new attraction for the public.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4783690866812076, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.617970"} {"text": "as more people in the united states live in cities, the predominant building structure \u2014 the single - family home \u2014 will see a decline during the next decade. pike research forecasts that by 2021 the overall area of single - family homes in the u. s. will have shrunk by 4 billion square feet. that \u2019 s about the size of 8. 8 million of my tiny apartments or 1. 6 million new single - family homes. \u201c for the first time since world war ii, the united states is experiencing increased levels of urbanization, \u201d says eric bloom, a senior research analyst at pike, in a statement. \u201c as more people move into cities, they tend to occupy apartments, condominiums, and other attached multi - unit housing types. by 2021, over one - fourth of the residential stock of the united states will be in multi - unit residential buildings. \u201d in 2011, the residential building stock was 264. 3 billion square feet, with about 80 percent of that coming from single - family homes. the decline of single - family homes will come as the overall residential building stock grows to 280. 1 billion square feet by 2021. but even as multi - unit residential buildings gain on the single - family majority, it \u2019 s clear that the single - family home will continue to be dominant residential building type. it \u2019 s interesting to note that, even while the building stock for single - family homes decreases, brand new single - family homes in the u. s. are getting bigger. according to the u. s. census, the average size of a new home built in 2011 was 2, 480 square feet. that \u2019 s up from 2, 392 square feet in 2010. there \u2019 s a great divide in the u. s. more people are flocking to cities and living in smaller living spaces, but mcmansions aren \u2019 t dead yet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43156328360346663, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.619705"} {"text": "optical image of the central hh1 - 2 region ( colors ) with a superposition ( contours ) of the ir emission detected with the lw2 filter of isocam. the positions of the vla1 & 2 & 4 sources are indicated by white filled circles. the position towards which we have discovered the three infrared windows is indicated by a black filled square and coincides, within the astrometric errors, with that of vla1 + vla2 objects ; the red circle indicates the pfov the infrared observations ( 6 arcsec ). more images here the european space agency ' s infrared space telescope, iso, has measured the size of a proto - planetary system, surrounding a newly - born star, a spanish team of astronomers report in tomorrow ' s issue of the journal science. iso sees a very young ' baby - star ' surrounded by a disk of the same diameter as jupiter ' s orbit, in which planets are likely to form in the future. stars are born within thick ' cocoons ' of dust very difficult to penetrate, and for this reason current models describing the process are very incomplete. astronomers know, in broad terms, that the future star begins to form within the dust cloud by accreting material which forms a disk, the same disk out of which planets, comets and all the components of a planetary system will probably form in the future - - the disk is actually called a ' protoplanetary disk '. once the star - to - be has gathered enough material, the high pressures and temperatures in its centre trigger the first nuclear reactions and the star ' lights up ' - - it starts the ' ignition '. during this process the very young star or ' protostar ' emits jets of material that can be detected with different techniques. astronomers use these detectable signs to classify the evolutionary stages of the new - born stars. the system observed by iso was previously thought to be at the earliest evolutionary stage, in fact, so young that the protostar had not yet had time to ignite. however, iso results contradict this belief. \" we are seeing the earliest stages of formation of a planetary system. there is already a central object hot enough to work as a star and to heat up its surrounding protoplanetary disk. the star is already ' lit up ' \", says spanish astronomer jos = e9 cernicharo, from the instituto de estructura de la materia ( csic ), in madrid, main author of the article being published in science. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5319008574208396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.623225"} {"text": "' lit up ' \", says spanish astronomer jos = e9 cernicharo, from the instituto de estructura de la materia ( csic ), in madrid, main author of the article being published in science. the system observed by iso ' s infrared camera, isocam, is 1200 light years away in a star - forming region in the orion nebula. it ' s called vla1 / 2. cernicharo and his group estimate that the central star and its surrounding matter might be at an average temperature of at least 500 degrees kelvin. it is surrounded by a protoplanetary disk whose diameter is four times the distance from the earth to the sun, the same as jupiter ' s orbit. \" this is the first time we can determine the size of the regions where where a low mass star and its planets are being formed \", cernicharo says. iso was also able to analyse the chemical composition of the large cocoon of material enshrouding both the star and its protoplanetary disk, a structure called by the researchers the ' placental ' envelope. it is much colder, and made up of grains of dust covered by ices of water, carbon dioxide, methane and probably methanol. this chemical information, another ' first ' of the work, will contribute substantially to understanding the star - birth processes, say the researchers. iso results also indicate - - as highlighted by the team in science - - that these systems will be observable with the new generation of large ( 8 metre class ) ground - based infrared telescopes. current knowledge so far suggested that these very dusty objects could only be detected at far - infrared wavelengths not accessible from the ground, but iso has shown that they can also be seen at certain very precise infrared wavelengths which do indeed cross the earth ' s atmosphere - - the so - called ' infrared windows ' at which ground - based infrared telescope work. astronomers spy baby gas giants 100 light years away washington - march 29, 2000 - planet - hunting astronomers have crossed an important threshold in planet detection, with the discovery of two planets that may be smaller in mass than saturn.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.520959067152287, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.624048"} {"text": "the people in south asia had no warning of the next disaster rushing toward them the morning of december 26, 2004. one of the strongest earthquakes in the past 100 years had just destroyed villages on the island of sumatra in the indian ocean, leaving many people injured. but the worst was yet to come \u2014 and very soon. for the earthquake had occurred beneath the ocean, thrusting the ocean floor upward nearly 60 feet. the sudden release of energy into the ocean created a tsunami ( pronounced su - nam - ee ) event \u2014 a series of huge waves. the waves rushed outward from the center of the earthquake, traveling around 400 miles per hour. anything in the path of these giant surges of water, such as islands or coastlines, would soon be under water. the people had already felt the earthquake, so why didn ' t they know the water was coming? as the ocean floor rises near a landmass, it pushes the wave higher. but much depends on how sharply the ocean bottom changes and from which direction the wave approaches. energy from earthquakes travels through the earth very quickly, so scientists thousands of miles away knew there had been a severe earthquake in the indian ocean. why didn ' t they know it would create a tsunami? why didn ' t they warn people close to the coastlines to get to higher ground as quickly as possible? in sumatra, near the center of the earthquake, people would not have had time to get out of the way even if they had been warned. but the tsunami took over two hours to reach the island of sri lanka 1000 miles away, and still it killed 30, 000 people! it is important, though, to understand just how the tsunami will behave when it gets near the coastline. as the ocean floor rises near a landmass, it pushes the wave higher. but much depends on how sharply the ocean bottom changes and from which direction the wave approaches. scientists would like to know more about how actual waves react. misr has nine cameras all pointed at different angles. so the exact same spot is photographed from nine different angles as the satellite passes overhead. the image at the top of this page was taken with the camera that points forward at 46\u00b0. the image caught the sunlight reflecting off the pattern of ripples as the waves bent around the southern tip of the island. these ripples are not seen in satellite images looking straight down at the surface. scientists do not yet understand what causes this pattern of ripples. they will use computers to help them find out how the depth of the ocean floor affects the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5075085988557868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.628220"} {"text": "the portrait of a lady lord warburton approaches, and isabel can tell at once that he has come to declare his feelings for her. she is deeply confused by this, as she has always considered men solely for their moral qualities and never for their positions of power and influence ; she has never met a man as aristocratic as warburton and worries that if she decides to reject him, she will be turning away a great social opportunity. warburton asks her to stroll with him, and he quickly declares that he has fallen in love with her ; he asks her to marry him. isabel is deeply moved by his obvious sincerity, but she asks for some time before she gives him an answer. she feels that they do not know each other well and tells warburton that she has not decided whether or not she ever wants to marry. warburton leaves, and isabel swiftly realizes that she does not want to marry him. she hopes she will be able to convince him that the marriage would be a bad idea, because she does not want to hurt him. she worries again that she is giving up a great opportunity by refusing the proposal and tells herself that she will have to do great things with her life to justify her decision. as she goes back into the house, isabel feels strangely frightened of her own mind. isabel talks to mr. touchett about her decision ; surprisingly, he has known of warburton ' s intentions for three days, since he received a long letter from the lord asking his permission to marry isabel. isabel thinks about her other suitor, caspar goodwood ; goodwood is the son of a boston cotton mill owner, who invented a device to improve the operation of the mill. he is a powerful person and a forceful manager of the mill, but he is possessive about isabel and makes her feel confined. isabel decides not to respond to goodwood ' s letter ; instead, she writes to warburton, rejecting his proposal. henrietta tells ralph that she is worried about the ways in which isabel has changed since she came to europe ; henrietta hopes that isabel will marry caspar goodwood to prove her commitment to her old american attitudes. complying with henrietta ' s wishes, ralph invites goodwood to gardencourt, but goodwood declines the invitation. henrietta decides to take isabel on an excursion to london ; when ralph hears about this plan, he offers to go with them, implying that it would not be suitable for two women to take a trip to london unaccompanied by a man. lord warbu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43225623443996003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.633984"} {"text": "take isabel on an excursion to london ; when ralph hears about this plan, he offers to go with them, implying that it would not be suitable for two women to take a trip to london unaccompanied by a man. lord warburton comes to visit a few days later, accompanied by the elder miss molyneux. isabel is again struck with the quiet contentment and simplicity with which miss molyneux goes about her life. after dinner, isabel walks with lord warburton in the picture gallery. he is desperate to learn why she has rejected his proposal, and she replies that she cannot tell him until she can back up her thinking with evidence. he presses her, and eventually she tells him that she feels that to marry him would be to turn away from life and that she is committed to facing life directly. henrietta, ralph, and miss molyneux enter the gallery ; henrietta is badgering miss molyneux for information about the life of an aristocrat, just as she badgered lord warburton all through dinner. henrietta wrangles an invitation to lockleigh from warburton. that night, mrs. touchett comes to isabel ' s room and asks her why she did not tell her about warburton ' s proposal. isabel replies that mr. touchett is better acquainted with warburton. mrs. touchett says that she knows isabel better, but isabel says lightly that she is not sure. mrs. touchett later tells isabel that she would have liked isabel to marry warburton, but when isabel declares that she does not love him, mrs. touchett agrees that she did the right thing. isabel, henrietta, and ralph leave for a long trip to london, where ralph finds isabel more appealing than ever ; she is bright and inquisitive and fascinated by everything she sees. one day, the three young people dine at the touchetts ' london home with mr. bantling, a friend of ralph ' s. mr. bantling is taken with henrietta and promises to obtain an invitation for her to visit the home of his sister, the lady pensil. henrietta leaves to meet two of her friends from america, and mr. bantling decides to escort her. alone in the garden, ralph and isabel talk about lord warburton, whom ralph praises highly. he understands that isabel has rejected lord warburton out of a desire to remain free and independent. he says that he will be fascinated to watch isabel ' s life unfold, because it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48350534696128544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.634941"} {"text": "about lord warburton, whom ralph praises highly. he understands that isabel has rejected lord warburton out of a desire to remain free and independent. he says that he will be fascinated to watch isabel ' s life unfold, because it is so surprising that a young woman would have thought her life more interesting without lord warburton in it. isabel says that she merely wants to observe life. she takes her leave ; ralph wants to escort her back to the hotel room she shares with henrietta, but isabel says that he is clearly too exhausted. as ralph helps her into her carriage, he thinks that his life is often troubled by people forgetting that he is an invalid but that it is much worse when people remember it. twelve chapters into the novel, isabel has already faced two marriage proposals, one from the quintessentially american caspar goodwood, and one from the quintessentially english lord warburton. as henrietta points out to ralph, isabel ' s romantic crisis with warburton signifies the extent to which her american ideas and values have been affected by her time in europe. for all her life, isabel has thought of men not as social opportunities, but as moral creatures, whom she admired or disliked based strictly on their personal qualities. with lord warburton, however, after having been attracted by the lives of the misses molyneux, isabel suddenly has a powerful awareness that to marry into the english nobility would represent an extraordinary social opportunity. of course isabel eventually rejects this thought and then rejects lord warburton, but she is surprised that she has it in the first place \u2014 clearly, as henrietta says, europe has begun to change her. henrietta ' s solution to this problem is that isabel should marry caspar goodwood, the symbol of the american character. for all her commitment to independence, isabel cannot seem to escape the tendency of those around her to conceive of her destiny in terms of marriage and romance : who isabel is, even to the fiercely democratic henrietta, is to some extent a question to be answered based on whom she chooses to marry. this trend is further exemplified by mr. touchett, who is glad that isabel did not marry warburton, and mrs. touchett, who wishes that she had decided to marry him. only ralph, the moral center of portrait to a lady, can see beyond this pitfall and conceive of a truly independent life for isabel, where she will be able to think, act, and be exactly as she pleases. ralph convey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4724555659258123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.635881"} {"text": "electric vehicles have been touted as the dream technology to solve our suburban transport challenges and rescue us from oil dependence and environmental threats. yet technology use occurs in a social context. almost no discussion of electric vehicles has addressed the uneven suburban social patterns among which electric vehicles might be adopted. the evidence that my colleagues neil sipe, terry li and i have assembled suggests the socio - economic structure of australian suburbia, in combination with the distribution of public transport infrastructure, constitutes a major barrier to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, especially among the most car - dependent households. relying on electric vehicles as a solution to energy and environmental problems may perpetuate suburban social disadvantage in a period of economic and resource insecurity. australia \u2019 s five largest cities are the most car - dependent national set outside the united states. our previous studies ( dodson and sipe 2007 ; 2008 have shown that outer suburban residents, especially those with lower socio - economic capacity, are among those most exposed to the pressures of higher transport fuel prices. future transport fuel costs are likely to be even higher ( currently oil is approximately us $ 100 per barrel ). unconventional oil sources such as shale or tar sands may be abundant, but they have much higher production costs than conventional light crude. their current production boom is underpinned by expectations that global oil prices will remain high or increase further over the long term. higher oil prices and the need to constrain carbon emissions will likely lead to much higher transport fuel costs than have prevailed in the past decade. electric vehicles are often presented as the most likely way to resolve this transport conundrum. australia \u2019 s 2012 energy white paper alludes to a transition to electric vehicles as the economy of conventional fuels wanes. much of the energy white paper and the rhetoric around electric vehicles assumes an unproblematic transition \u2013 consumers will change their behaviour in response to price pressures. there is little discussion of potential barriers and impediments to this comforting, convenient narrative. it makes sense that households who are most car dependent and least able to afford higher fuel prices would be the most eager to switch to an electric car. but, it turns out, the social structure of australian suburbia means these groups are poorly placed to lead such a transition. in our study of brisbane we created datasets linking vehicle fuel efficiency with household socio - economic status. in our analysis, high vehicle fuel efficiency, including hybrids, serves as a proxy for future electric vehicles. we linked motor vehicle registration data with the green vehicle dataset on fuel efficiency, plus travel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5336758416662257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.640954"} {"text": "linking vehicle fuel efficiency with household socio - economic status. in our analysis, high vehicle fuel efficiency, including hybrids, serves as a proxy for future electric vehicles. we linked motor vehicle registration data with the green vehicle dataset on fuel efficiency, plus travel and socio - economic data from the abs census. our analysis builds a rich picture of how the spatial distribution of vehicle efficiency intersects with suburban socio - spatial patterns, using brisbane and sydney as case studies. we found that the average commuting distance increases with distance from the cbd while average fuel efficiency of vehicles declines. so outer suburban residents travel further, in less efficient vehicles, than more centrally situated households. outer suburban residents are also likely to be on relatively lower incomes than those closer in. the result is those living in the outer suburbs have relatively weaker socio - economic status but are paying more for transport. for example, one - third of the most disadvantaged suburbs in greater brisbane also have the most energy - intensive motor vehicle use. a socially equitable transition to highly fuel efficient or electric vehicles ought to favour those with the highest current exposure to high fuel prices. yet our research finds it \u2019 s not likely to happen. outer suburban groups also own the oldest vehicles in the fleet \u2013 they can \u2019 t afford newer ones \u2013 and this also contributes to poor fuel efficiency and big transport bills. the newest most fuel efficient vehicles are more commonly purchased by wealthier inner - urban households. they can afford the car, but have less need of the efficiency because they don \u2019 t travel as far. if such patterns are applied to electric vehicles, their high cost and novelty status means they \u2019 re likely to also be taken up by this more advantaged group. any subsidies offered to spur their uptake will be largely captured by the wealthy. the implication of our analysis is that the intersection of new fuel and vehicle technology costs with the social and travel patterns in australian cities mean that suburban households face continued socio - economic stress even as these new vehicles become more widely adopted in australian cities. so if new technologies such as electric cars aren \u2019 t the solution, how can we secure suburban households against higher fuel prices? we need a sustained strategy to redress the grossly inequitable supply of public transport to our suburbs. we also need to decentralise our cities, getting jobs and services out into the suburbs and reducing the distances people need to travel by car. electric vehicles may be fantastic technology but they risk heading up a cul - de - sac of real suburban vulnerability. the full paper on which this article is based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5206962724711592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.644222"} {"text": "fragment of 1919 shipwreck unearthed by hurricane sandy published : sunday, november 11, 2012 at 5 : 25 p. m. last modified : sunday, november 11, 2012 at 5 : 25 p. m. a piece of history unique to surf city emerged on the beach when hurricane sandy skirted topsail island ' s shore, drawing curious onlookers who are reminded to look, but not touch. a section of the william h. sumner, a three - masted schooner whose young captain died under suspicious circumstances after running the ship aground in 1919, has been protruding from the sand a short distance from the dolphin street beach access. the wreckage is a chunk of the ship that floated ashore when the coast guard blasted the vessel shortly after it ran aground, to remove the navigation hazard, said nathan henry, assistant state archaeologist and conservator with the underwater archaeology branch of the north carolina office of state archaeology. \" this piece broke completely off of the wreck, \" henry said. \" it ' s really been there for quite some time. at this point it ' s in a perfect place. it will last under that sand just being exposed every once in a while. for that reason we really prefer that these things stay in place. \" at least part of the 489 - ton, 165 - foot ship is believed to be resting at the bottom of the atlantic ocean near the southern end of the island. erosion caused by strong coastal storms routinely exposes what has been identified as a side portion of the ship. a large frame of the ship that once rested on the shore is in the state archaeology lab in fort fisher. henry said he moved the frame to the lab after a group of fishermen was caught trying to illegally remove it from the beach about a year ago. the state claims all abandoned shipwrecks still in the water. surf city mayor zander guysaid when the wreckage was initially exposed more than 10 years ago it was a public safety concern. large iron bolts used to hold the ship ' s frame together eventually erode into spikes \u2013 a potential hazard to beachgoers. the state can permit beach towns to relocate and re - bury ship wreckage, henry said. for the most part, beach towns leave the artifacts in place, giving a residents and visitors a rare glimpse of the past outside of museum walls. henry said the sumner is a valuable resource unique to surf city since most shipwrecks on the north carolina coast are in the outer banks. he encourages anyone intrigued by the wreckage to \" look and enjoy. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41429899242230495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.647341"} {"text": "kuwait is a constitutional, hereditary emirate ruled by the al - sabah family, who governs in consultation with prominent families and community leaders. the constitution provides for an elected national assembly ; however, it permits the amir to suspend any or all of its provisions by decree. approximately 14 percent of citizens have the right to vote ( only males age 21 and over who have been citizens for at least 20 years and are not in the military or police forces ). the july general election was generally considered to be free and fair ; however, there were some credible reports of government and opposition vote - buying. the constitution provides that the national assembly has a limited role in approving the amir ' s choice of crown prince. following the july elections, the amir appointed a new prime minister whose authority the crown prince previously held. the crown prince appoints government members ; however, the elected national assembly has at times influenced or overturned government decisions. the constitution provides for some judicial independence ; however, the amir appoints all judges, and the government must approve the renewal of most judicial appointments. the national police, the criminal investigation department ( cid ) and kuwait state security ( kss ) are responsible for internal security under the supervision of civilian authorities of the ministry of interior ( moi ). civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces ; however, there were some instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of government authority. some members of the security forces committed human rights abuses. the country has a small, relatively open, market - based economy dominated by the oil industry and the government sector. out of a total population of approximately 2. 4 million, roughly 1. 5 million were foreigners. production from the country ' s proven crude oil reserves of about 98 billion barrels accounted for nearly half of gross domestic product ( gdp ). the government sector accounted for 91 percent of citizen employment while foreigners constituted 94 percent of the private sector workforce. according to government statistics, real gdp grew 4 percent in 2002 to $ 35. 5 billion and an estimated 2. 3 percent during the year. high citizen population growth coupled with a large influx of foreign workers has caused gdp per capita to decline in recent years. domestic servants and unskilled workers often lived and worked in poor conditions. although the government ' s respect for human rights improved over the last decade, serious problems remain. citizens do not have the right to change their government. some police and members of the security forces reportedly abused detainees during interrogation. overcrowding in the prisons continued to be a serious problem. there were some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4932988305916033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.719301"} {"text": "over the last decade, serious problems remain. citizens do not have the right to change their government. some police and members of the security forces reportedly abused detainees during interrogation. overcrowding in the prisons continued to be a serious problem. there were some reports of mistreatment of noncitizen prisoners. the judiciary was subject to government influence. the government infringed on citizens ' privacy rights in some areas. security forces occasionally monitored the activities of persons and their communications. the government placed some limits on freedom of speech and the press. the government restricted freedom of assembly and association. journalists practiced self - censorship. the government placed some limits on freedom of religion and freedom of movement. violence and discrimination against women, especially noncitizens, persisted. judicial authorities discriminated against non - citizens, especially foreign laborers. the legal status of tens of thousands of \" bidoon \" arabs with residence ties but no documentation of their nationality remained unresolved. the government restricted worker rights to organize and bargain collectively, and form unions. domestic servants remained marginalized and lacked a system to protect their rights, monitor working conditions, and resolve labor disputes. unskilled foreign workers continued to suffer from the lack of a minimum wage in the private sector, government failure to enforce some labor law provisions effectively, and, at times, physical or sexual abuse at the hands of their employers. some worked under conditions that constituted indentured servitude. young boys, usually from south asia, were used as jockeys in camel races. many human rights violations committed by the iraqi army during the 1990 - 91 occupation remained unresolved, particularly the fate of the majority of 605 citizens and other residents who were still unaccounted for during this reporting period. dna analysis identified the remains of some of these missing from mass graves discovered in iraq after the fall of the saddam hussein regime. respect for human rights section 1 respect for the integrity of the person a. arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life there were no reports of the arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life committed by the government or it agents. there were no developments in the investigations into the extrajudicial killings that occurred during the period after the country ' s liberation in february 1991 ( see section 1. b. ). there were no reports of politically motivated disappearances. the fate of 572 kuwaitis ( including 29 bidoon ) and 33 other residents taken prisoner during iraq ' s occupation of the country in 1990 - 91 remained a highly emotional issue. the remains of several of these missing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502184327872515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.720345"} {"text": "of politically motivated disappearances. the fate of 572 kuwaitis ( including 29 bidoon ) and 33 other residents taken prisoner during iraq ' s occupation of the country in 1990 - 91 remained a highly emotional issue. the remains of several of these missing were identified by dna tests from mass graves found in iraq after the fall of the saddam hussein regime. the tripartite commission on gulf war prisoners of war ( pows ) and missing persons ( tpc ) resumed functioning with iraqi participation shortly after the end of major hostilities in iraq. c. torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment the constitution prohibits such practices ; however, there continued to be credible reports that some police and members of the security forces abused detainees during interrogation. reported mistreatment included blindfolding, verbal threats, and physical abuse. police and security forces were more likely to inflict such abuse on noncitizens, particularly non - gulf arabs and asians, than on citizens. the government does not interpret shari ' a as providing for exceptionally harsh punishment. the government stated that it investigated all allegations of abuse and punished at least some of the offenders ; however, in most cases, the government did not make public either the findings of its investigations or punishments it imposed. in august, the ministry of interior relieved 5 kss officials of their duties as a result of accusations filed with the public prosecutor by 12 islamist citizens accusing several kss officers of allegedly torturing and verbally insulting them during interrogation ( see section 1. d ). in november, three police reportedly raped a philippine female domestic servant while she was in police custody at a district police station. the philippine embassy filed a criminal case against the officers in december on behalf of the domestic. during the year, two ministry of interior officers were reassigned after being accused of physically abusing citizens who had been to afghanistan. in february 2002, the criminal court sentenced a police officer to death for a 2001 killing of a news editor. the police officer believed that the editor had insulted the officer ' s tribe in articles written and published by the editor. defendants have the right to present evidence in court that they were mistreated during interrogation ; however, the courts frequently dismissed abuse complaints because defendants were unable to provide physical evidence of abuse. members of the security forces routinely did not reveal their identities during interrogation, complicating confirmation of abuse. there were several cases in 2002 of police officials and security personnel abusing detainees while in police custody ; however, there were no new developments in these cases during the year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5182456504728012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.721408"} {"text": "routinely did not reveal their identities during interrogation, complicating confirmation of abuse. there were several cases in 2002 of police officials and security personnel abusing detainees while in police custody ; however, there were no new developments in these cases during the year. prison conditions, including conditions for those held for security offenses, generally met international standards, and the government permitted visits by independent human rights observers. the international committee of the red cross ( icrc ), which maintains an office in the country, visited some detainees during the year. members of the national assembly ' s human rights defense committee ( hrdc ) also visited prisons and inmates during the year. credible reports from former inmates and the hrdc cited severe overcrowding ( 13 - 15 inmates per cell ), lack of beds, poor sanitation, lack of clean toilet and washing facilities, poor ventilation, and inadequate containment of infectious diseases as common problems. the hrdc closely monitored prison conditions throughout the year, and the government allowed the icrc access to all prisons and detention facilities ( see section 4 ). during the year, the government completed construction of a new prison facility for rehabilitating drug offenders and neared completion of two new prison buildings to house inmates and alleviate overcrowding. one physician, a dentist, and a team of nurses staffed the prison clinic. medical specialists attended the prisons weekly or once every two weeks. urgent cases were transferred to local hospitals. however, the prison clinic remained severely understaffed and lacked modern medical equipment and technology. approximately 3, 150 men and 550 women were serving sentences or awaiting trial in prison ; detainees were counted separately. there were some reports of mistreatment of noncitizen prisoners at the central prison. there were no specific reports of mistreatment of prisoners at the talha prison or shuwaikh deportation facility. the government incarcerated an estimated 500 deportees at the deportation facility in shuwaikh, some for 6 months or longer pending deportation. deportees reportedly often waited months for their former employers to cancel their residency and work permits or to provide their travel documents ( see section 1. d. ). the government held men and women in separate detention facilities. there were credible reports that prison conditions for noncitizens, including women, were less favorable than conditions for citizens. the government held pretrial detainees separately from convicted prisoners. juveniles were incarcerated separately from adults in a juveniles prison. the government estimated that citizens constituted between 40 to 60 percent of the total inmate population. the ministry of health requires routine tuberculosis ( tb )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4764655746242171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.722409"} {"text": "the government held pretrial detainees separately from convicted prisoners. juveniles were incarcerated separately from adults in a juveniles prison. the government estimated that citizens constituted between 40 to 60 percent of the total inmate population. the ministry of health requires routine tuberculosis ( tb ) tests for all prisoners. inmates undergo a routine medical exam and a series of medical tests before they are incarcerated with other prisoners ; however, a report by the hrdc during the year cited tb infection among inmates and staff as a major problem. in july 2002, it was reported that hundreds of prisoners at the central prison were infected with tb. a family of 15 tested positive for tuberculosis after visiting the central prison. seven inmates reportedly were infected with hiv / aids during the year ( see section 5 ). prison authorities reportedly transferred two of them to the infectious diseases hospital during the year for advanced - stage treatment. drug - related offenders comprised approximately 55 percent of the inmate population. the government provided educational and rehabilitation programs for inmates, psychological counseling, and specialized courses for inmates suffering from drug and alcohol addiction. a new prison facility specifically for the treatment of convicted drug addicts with a capacity to accommodate 500 inmates opened during the year. an islamic educational facility under the supervision of the ministry of awqaf and islamic affairs with a capacity to accommodate 600 inmates and three other specialized learning facilities provided religious, computer, carpentry, and other practical skills training to inmates. d. arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile the constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, and the government generally observed these prohibitions. in general, police officers must obtain an arrest warrant from state prosecutors or a judge before making an arrest ( see section 1. f. ), although in misdemeanor cases the arresting officer may issue them. there were some credible reports of police arresting and detaining foreigners without a warrant, based on mere accusation by a third party. security forces occasionally detained persons at checkpoints in kuwait city ( see section 2. d. ). there were no reported deaths in detention from beatings or severe mistreatment. according to the penal code, those suspected of serious crimes may be held for up to 4 days without charge, during which time security officers may prevent lawyers and family members from visiting them. in such cases, lawyers are permitted to attend legal proceedings, but are not allowed to have direct contact with their clients. if charges are filed, prosecutors may remand a suspect to detention for an additional 21 days. prosecutors also may obtain court orders for further detention pending trial. the police constitute a single national force", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48978202266126475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.723417"} {"text": "are not allowed to have direct contact with their clients. if charges are filed, prosecutors may remand a suspect to detention for an additional 21 days. prosecutors also may obtain court orders for further detention pending trial. the police constitute a single national force under the purview of civilian authorities of the ministry of interior. there are 54 police stations, roughly 1 in each district, although larger districts may have more than 1 station. district police are responsible for maintaining internal security and investigating violations of the law in their respective districts. citizens and noncitizens may file complaints or report violations of the law to police officials in any district but typically in the district in which the violation or incident occurred. in practice, however, many noncitizens complained of police indifference, discrimination, harassment, and favoritism of citizens. during the year, there were credible reports of police corruption and abuse of detainees during interrogation. ( see section 1. c. ). the government relieved several security officials of their duties during the year as a result of credible allegations of abuse of detainees during interrogation. there were no reported government efforts during the year to reform the police or security forces. of the approximately 3, 700 persons serving sentences or being detained pending trial, approximately half were being held on security grounds, including some held for collaborating with iraq during the occupation. on october 18, the criminal court began trial of 12 citizens charged with involvement in the october 2002 attack that led to the death of a foreign marine on failaka island. the government released 2 of the 12 suspects on bail. in june, the criminal court sentenced a citizen to death for the shooting of two foreign civilians, one fatally, in january near camp doha. the citizen appealed the verdict and, on october 28, the court of appeals commuted the death sentence to life in prison. the public prosecutor filed an appeal in november to the court of cassation requesting it to cancel the court of appeals ruling and uphold the death sentence. the case was still pending at year ' s end. the criminal court sentenced three other accomplices to varying terms in prison. the government may expel noncitizens, including bidoon, if it considers them security risks. the government also may expel foreigners if they are unable to obtain or renew work or residency permits. there were approximately 500 foreigners including 28 bidoon, held in detention facilities. some detainees were held for up to 6 months pending deportation. the government issued many deportation orders administratively, without the benefit of a trial. however, the government did not return de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5244385190583991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.724563"} {"text": "there were approximately 500 foreigners including 28 bidoon, held in detention facilities. some detainees were held for up to 6 months pending deportation. the government issued many deportation orders administratively, without the benefit of a trial. however, the government did not return deportees to their countries of origin forcibly, allowing those who objected to remain in detention ( see section 2. d. ). this practice led to prolonged detention of deportees, particularly iraqis. the practice also was a factor in the complex problem faced by stateless bidoon deportees, who essentially remained in detention because their stateless condition made the execution of the deportation order impossible ( see sections 2. d. and 5 ). the constitution prohibits the deportation or forced exile of citizens, and there were no reports of such practices during the year. the penal code stipulates that noncitizens convicted of felonies must be deported after finishing their jail terms, and in certain circumstances, citizens may have their citizenship revoked. this includes citizens sentenced for felonies during the first 10 years of attaining citizenship, citizens discharged from a public job for \" acts against integrity \" during the first 10 years of attaining citizenship, and citizens who take up residence in a foreign country and join an authority that is designed to undermine the country. e. denial of fair public trial the constitution provides for the right to a fair trial and states that \" judges shall not be subject to any authority ; \" however, the amir appoints all judges, and the renewal of judicial appointments is subject to government approval. judges who are citizens have lifetime appointments ; however, the majority of judges were noncitizens. noncitizen judges hold 1 - to 3 - year renewable contracts, which undermines their independence. the ministry of justice may remove judges for cause, but rarely does so. foreign residents involved in legal disputes with citizens frequently claimed that the courts showed a bias in favor of citizens. the secular court system tries both civil and criminal cases. the court of cassation ( \" supreme court \" ) is the highest level of judicial appeal. sunni and shi ' a muslims have recourse to their own independent courts for family law cases. secular courts barred no groups from testifying and considered male and female testimonies equally ; however, in the family courts, the testimony of one man was equal to the testimony of two women. by law, criminal trials are public unless a court or the government decides that \" maintenance of public order \" or \" preservation of public morals \" necessitates a closed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.489288851835352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.726450"} {"text": "courts, the testimony of one man was equal to the testimony of two women. by law, criminal trials are public unless a court or the government decides that \" maintenance of public order \" or \" preservation of public morals \" necessitates a closed trial. there is no trial by jury. defendants have the right to confront their accusers and appeal verdicts. the amir has the constitutional power to pardon or commute all sentences. defendants in felony cases are required by law to be represented in court by legal counsel, which the courts provide in criminal cases. in misdemeanor cases, defendants have the right to waive the presence of legal counsel, and the court is not required to provide counsel to indigent defendants. however, the kuwaiti bar association is obligated upon court request to appoint an attorney pro bono for indigent defendants in civil, commercial, and criminal cases. while virtually all indigent criminal defendants asked for and received pro bono counsel, in practice very few indigent civil and commercial plaintiffs requested this service. both defendants and prosecutors may appeal court verdicts to the high court of appeals, which may rule on whether the law was applied properly as well as on the guilt or innocence of the defendant. decisions of the high court of appeals may be presented to the court of cassation, which conducts a limited, formal review of cases to determine only whether the law was applied properly. the government continued to incarcerate 36 citizens, bidoon, palestinians, and syrians convicted of collaboration with iraq during the 1990 - 91 occupation. there were no new developments during the year. under the law, such collaboration is considered a felony. most of those convicted in the martial law court in 1991 and the special state security court, which the government abolished in 1995, did not receive fair trials. amnesty international ( ai ) faulted the trials in general, and particularly noted the absence of any right of appeal of the verdicts. there were no reports of political prisoners during the year. f. arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence the constitution provides for individual privacy and the sanctity of the home, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. the law generally requires police to obtain a warrant to search both public and private property ; however, it permits searches without warrant if alcohol or narcotics are suspected on the premises or if police are in pursuit of a suspect fleeing the scene of a crime. a warrant may be obtained from the state prosecutor or, in the case of searches of private property,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4861621120371937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.728003"} {"text": "it permits searches without warrant if alcohol or narcotics are suspected on the premises or if police are in pursuit of a suspect fleeing the scene of a crime. a warrant may be obtained from the state prosecutor or, in the case of searches of private property, from a judge ( see section 1. d. ). the security forces occasionally monitored the activities of persons and their communications. the law forbids marriage between muslim women and non - muslim men and requires male citizens to obtain government approval to marry foreign nationals. muslim men marrying muslim women require no such approval. although the government may advise men against marriage to a foreign national, there were no known cases of the government refusing permission for such marriages. the government advises women against marrying foreign nationals ( see section 2. c. ). section 2 respect for civil liberties, including : a. freedom of speech and press the constitution provides for freedom of speech and the press ; however, several laws empower the government to impose restrictions on freedom of speech and of the press, and journalists practice self - censorship. with some exceptions, citizens are free to criticize the government at public meetings and in the media. the press law prohibits the publication of any direct criticism of the amir, official government communications with other states, and material that serves to \" attack religions \" or \" incite people to commit crimes, create hatred, or spread dissension among the public. \" in may, the government presented a new draft press law that would severely restrict press freedom by giving the government power to close printing presses, veto advertisements, suspend publication of newspapers, and subject articles to pre - publication censorship ( a practice the government banned in 1992 ). local newspapers sharply criticized the proposed law. at year ' s end, the national assembly had not voted on it. in june, the government filed charges against the publisher and editor in chief of a prominent newspaper for \" challenging the authority of the amir \" after the editor in chief stated publicly that unnamed members of the ruling family were interfering in the parliamentary election campaign ( see section 3 ). the case has not yet gone to court. the government, through the ministry of information, threatened to impose penalties against individual publishers and editors believed to have criticized government policies or discussed subjects deemed offensive to islam, tradition, or the state. in december, police arrested, detained, and interrogated a citizen for producing and distributing an audiotape allegedly defaming the prophet mohammed ' s companions. the public prosecutor ordered the suspect to remain in police custody pending further investigation. a local newspaper reported that the suspect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5121165392543002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.729574"} {"text": "arrested, detained, and interrogated a citizen for producing and distributing an audiotape allegedly defaming the prophet mohammed ' s companions. the public prosecutor ordered the suspect to remain in police custody pending further investigation. a local newspaper reported that the suspect allegedly fell ill during interrogation and was admitted to a local hospital. at year ' s end, the court of misdemeanor sentenced the citizen to 1 year in jail and imposed a $ 3, 500 ( 1, 000kd ) fine for \" insulting the companions of the prophet mohammed. \" the country has five arabic and two english language daily newspapers. all newspapers are independent, privately owned, and free to report on social, economic, and political issues. many frequently criticized government policies and officials, including the prime minister and cabinet members. in june, an editorial in the largest - circulation arabic daily openly debated the issue of separating the post of prime minister from that of the crown prince ( see section 3 ). in 2002, the national assembly questioned the then finance - minister publicly on allegations of corruption in his ministry after a popular local newspaper published articles criticizing the minister and his conduct. press accounts during the year that criticized the government led to national assembly members calling for formal question sessions of several cabinet members. the government ended pre - publication censorship in 1992, but journalists still censored themselves. direct press criticism of the cabinet ' s foreign, domestic, and security policies continued. in november 2002, the government closed down the offices of and expelled independent qatar - based arab satellite network al jazeera on allegations of misrepresentation of information about kuwait. publishers must obtain an operating license from the ministry of information to begin newspaper publications. publishers may lose their license if their publications do not appear for 6 months, which prevents publishers from publishing sporadically. individuals also must obtain permission from the ministry of information before publishing any printed material, including brochures and wall posters. there were no reported cases of the ministry of information denying permission to publish printed material during the year. in december, security officials arrested a police officer for reportedly verbally and physically assaulting a journalist. there were no other specific reports of security forces subjecting journalists to violence or harassment during the year ; however, in 2002, police confiscated film belonging to a press photographer covering a public disturbance. police officials did not provide any explanations regarding the action taken towards the press photographer. in 2002, a police officer was sentenced to death for the 2001 killing of a news editor. fawwaz muhammad al - awadi bessisso and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46033004260944066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.730649"} {"text": "disturbance. police officials did not provide any explanations regarding the action taken towards the press photographer. in 2002, a police officer was sentenced to death for the 2001 killing of a news editor. fawwaz muhammad al - awadi bessisso and ibtisam berto sulaiman al - dakhil, two journalists, were sentenced to life in prison in 1991 because of their work with a newspaper that published under iraqi occupation. the government deported one of the journalists to france during the year. the other reportedly departed the country in october. the government facilitated visas, established a press center, organized trips to closed military areas, and granted interviews to foreign journalists. the law requires jail terms for journalists who defame religion ( see section 2. c. ). the law provides that any muslim citizen may file criminal charges against an author if the citizen believes that the author has defamed islam, the ruling family, or public morals. often, citizens filed such charges for political reasons. the government owns and controls local radio and television companies. satellite dishes are widely available and operate without restriction. however, the ministry of information censored all books, films, videotapes, periodicals, and other imported publications deemed morally offensive. the ministry of information censored media for political content and did not grant licenses to political magazines. the general organization of printing and publishing controlled the publication and distribution of all informational materials. the internet is available but access is limited. according to the latest u. n. statistics, there were approximately 120 personal computers per 1, 000 people but only about 23 websites per 10, 000 people and an estimated 50, 000 internet users. the government imposed controls on internet content in 2002 and threatened to shut down many private internet cafes for noncompliance with new restrictive regulations. the ministry of communications issued new directives in 2002 to internet service providers to block some political sites and some deemed immoral. internet providers installed filtering technology. following the 2002 raid of 19 internet cafes, the ministry of communications requires cafe owners to obtain the names and civil identification numbers of customers and to submit the information to the ministry upon request. the law provides for a $ 162, 500 ( 50, 000 dinars ) bond. the constitution provides for freedom of opinion and of research, and states that every person shall have the right to express and propagate his opinion verbally, in writing, or otherwise. academic freedom is limited by self - censorship, and academics were legally prohibited from criticism of the amir or islam. b. freedom of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.441981534748021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.731882"} {"text": "that every person shall have the right to express and propagate his opinion verbally, in writing, or otherwise. academic freedom is limited by self - censorship, and academics were legally prohibited from criticism of the amir or islam. b. freedom of peaceful assembly and association the constitution provides for freedom of assembly ; however, the government restricted this right in practice. public gatherings require government approval. the constitution protects informal weekly social and political gatherings of men ( diwaniyas ). most adult male citizens, including the amir, members of the government, and members of the national assembly hosted or attended diwaniyas to discuss current events. the diwaniya system provided an important forum for public debate on political, social, and economic issues. women were not precluded from holding diwaniyas of their own ; however, such diwaniyas were uncommon. traditionally, women do not attend male diwaniyas although a few diwaniyas are open to both sexes. most election campaign gatherings were well attended and women attended some. the ministry of information granted permission for a concert of popular music despite vocal opposition from some islamist politicians. there were a few public demonstrations during the year. demonstrators were orderly and the police did not interfere in most cases. in december, approximately 1, 000 foreign workers protested peacefully at the ministry of health over reported delays by the ministry in processing their health insurance transactions. security officials dispersed the crowd. there were no reports of police harassment or abuse of demonstrators ( see section 6. e. ). the constitution provides for freedom of association ; however, the government restricted this right in practice. the government banned political parties ; however, several unofficial blocs existed and were active in the national assembly. candidates were allowed to run for elections only as individuals, not with a party ( see section 3 ) ; however, in many cases, a candidate ' s party affiliation was well known and may have influenced electoral performance. the government uses its power to license as a means of political control. there are 52 licensed, official nongovernmental organizations ( ngos ) in the country, including professional groups, a bar association, and scientific bodies ; however, since 1985, the ministry of social affairs and labor approved only 6 new ngo licenses. the ministry licensed only one ngo during the year, the kuwait society for the care of children in hospital. there were 92 ngos pending licensing by the ministry ; many have been waiting years for approval. licensed ngos receive government subsidies for their operating expenses, including travel and per diem expenses for participating in international conferences. the ministry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5083663361708659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.732908"} {"text": "the care of children in hospital. there were 92 ngos pending licensing by the ministry ; many have been waiting years for approval. licensed ngos receive government subsidies for their operating expenses, including travel and per diem expenses for participating in international conferences. the ministry has rejected license requests on the grounds that established ngos already provide services similar to those proposed by the petitioners. members of licensed ngos must obtain permission from the ministry in order to attend international conferences ( see sections 2. d. and 4 ). there are hundreds of unlicensed civic groups, clubs, and unofficial ngos in the country. these unofficial associations do not receive government subsidies and have no legal status. the kuwait human rights society, an unofficial ngo with approximately 500 members, has been waiting for a license since 1992. despite its unofficial status, it produces an annual report on human rights and a quarterly magazine. however, it cannot operate its own official premises or speak officially with the government on human rights issues without a license ( see section 4 ). at year ' s end, the ministry of social affairs and labor initiated a review of its ngo licensing regulations and procedures with a view towards streamlining the licensing of pending ngo applicants. in august 2002, the acting minister of social affairs and labor approved the creation of a charitable organizations department within the ministry. the department regulates domestic charities by reviewing their applications for registration, monitors their operations, and utilizes an accounting system to comply with regulations governing charitable operations ( see section 2. c. ). in 2001, the government intensified its supervision of all charity groups as part of its effort to prevent any diversion of funds to terrorists. the government reportedly did not shut down any unlicensed ngos or unregistered branches of islamic charities during the year, but removed a large number of unlicensed street - side charity boxes. c. freedom of religion the constitution provides for freedom of religion ; however, the government placed some limits on this right in practice. the constitution also provides that the state protect the freedom to practice religion in accordance with established customs, provided that it does not conflict with public policy or morals. the constitution states that islam is the state religion and that shari ' a ( islamic law ) is \" a main source of legislation. \" the government observes islamic holidays. the ministry of awqaf and islamic affairs has official responsibility for overseeing religious groups. officially recognized churches must deal with a variety of government entities, including the ministry of social affairs and labor ( for visas and residence permits for pastors and other staff ) and the municipality ( for building permits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49376916801883586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.734305"} {"text": "islamic affairs has official responsibility for overseeing religious groups. officially recognized churches must deal with a variety of government entities, including the ministry of social affairs and labor ( for visas and residence permits for pastors and other staff ) and the municipality ( for building permits ). while there reportedly was no official government \" list \" of recognized churches, seven christian churches have at least some type of official recognition that enables them to operate openly. these seven churches ( roman catholic, anglican, national evangelical, greek orthodox, armenian orthodox, coptic orthodox, greek catholic ) have open \" files \" at the ministry of social affairs and labor, allowing them to bring in staff. in october, the government reportedly closed the national evangelical church ' s file due to its alleged failure to comply with the national manpower support law by employing the requisite number of kuwaiti nationals. at year ' s end, the government reinstated its open file status. by tradition, three churches benefit from full government recognition and are allowed to operate compounds officially designated as churches. these are the catholic church ( which includes two separate churches, the latin catholic and the maronite ), the anglican church, and the national evangelical church. however, there are quotas on the number of clergy and staff that each church can bring into the country. existing church facilities are inadequate to serve the needs of their respective communities. the catholic church faces severe overcrowding at its two official church facilities. its cathedral in kuwait city regularly attracts as many as 100, 000 worshippers to its more than 30 weekly services in several languages. the national evangelical church, which serves a weekly average of 20, 000 worshippers in 55 congregations, is also overcrowded. the church is seeking approximately 15 - 20 acres of new land to alleviate overcrowding and petitioned the government for additional land during the year. no action had been taken on the issue at year ' s end. the other four recognized churches reportedly were allowed to operate openly, hire employees, invite religious speakers, and conduct other such activities without interference from the government ; however, according to government records, their compounds were registered only as private homes. there were reports in previous years of at least two groups that applied for permission to build their own churches ; however, the government has yet to respond to their requests. the government continued to discriminate against the shi ' a minority. there are approximately 270, 000 - 315, 000 shi ' a citizens ( one third of kuwaiti citizens ) and approximately 100, 000 shi ' a noncitizen residents. shi ' a remained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4357993430105733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.735384"} {"text": "discriminate against the shi ' a minority. there are approximately 270, 000 - 315, 000 shi ' a citizens ( one third of kuwaiti citizens ) and approximately 100, 000 shi ' a noncitizen residents. shi ' a remained disadvantaged in the provision of mosques, access to shi ' a religious education, and representation in upper levels of government. there are approximately 30 shi ' a mosques and approximately 1, 200 sunni mosques. there is no independent shi ' a seminary. shi ' a must travel to iran or iraq for clerical training. five shi ' a were elected to the 50 - seat national assembly in july, compared to 6 shi ' a in the previous national assembly. the government allows shi ' a to follow their own jurisprudence in matters of personal status and family law at the first - instance and appellate levels. in october, the government approved a long - standing shi ' a request to establish a shi ' a court of cassation to handle shi ' a personal status and family law cases. shi ' a were free to worship without government interference, and the overall situation for shi ' a improved somewhat during the period covered by this report. since 2000, the government has granted licenses for and has approved the construction of a total of 4 new shi ' a mosques. all four mosques are still reportedly under construction. in november, the government publicly announced its approval of another long - standing shi ' a request for the establishment of an independent shi ' a ja ' fari waqf ( endowment ) department within the ministry of awqaf and islamic affairs to govern the use of funds for shi ' a charitable and religious purposes. in 2001, the government established an independent shi ' a charity authority. shi ' a leaders have complained that shi ' a who aspire to serve as imams are forced to seek appropriate training and education abroad due to the lack of shi ' a jurisprudence courses at kuwait university ' s college of islamic law, which only offers sunni jurisprudence. the ministry of education reviewed a shi ' a proposal to establish a private college to train shi ' a clerics within the country ; however, at year ' s end, no action had been taken on the proposal. members of religions not sanctioned in the qur ' an, such as sikhs, hindus, baha ' is and buddhists, are not permitted to build official places of worship as these religions lack legal status. however, they are allowed to worship privately in their homes without government interference. in january 2002, due to mounting pressure from citizens in the district of salwa, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4622984436056352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.736398"} {"text": ", are not permitted to build official places of worship as these religions lack legal status. however, they are allowed to worship privately in their homes without government interference. in january 2002, due to mounting pressure from citizens in the district of salwa, the government closed and later reopened an unofficial sikh temple, located in a room in a private home. sikhs who worshipped there were reportedly still able to worship elsewhere. while some discrimination based on religion reportedly occurred on a personal level, most observers agreed that it was not widespread. there was a perception among some domestic employees and other members of the unskilled labor force, particularly asian nationals, that they would receive better treatment from employers as well as society as a whole if they converted to islam. the seven officially recognized christian churches were able to hold worship services freely without government interference. other christian denominations ( including mormons, seventh day adventists, marthoma, and indian orthodox ), while not recognized legally, were allowed to operate in private homes or in the facilities of recognized churches without government interference, provided that they did not violate laws regarding assembly or proselytizing. the government prohibited proselytizing to muslims ; however, the government permitted christian churches to serve non - muslim congregations. the law prohibited organized religious education other than islam ; however, the government did not enforce this law rigidly, and such education took place. although informal religious instruction occurred inside private homes and on church compounds without government interference, there were credible reports that government inspectors periodically visited public and private schools outside church compounds to ensure that no religious teaching other than islam took place. there were also credible reports that government inspectors periodically observed church worship services to monitor the content of information for possible anti - government or proselytizing rhetoric. the islamic presentation committee ( ipc ), under the authority of the ministry of awqaf and islamic affairs, actively encouraged proselytizing to non - muslims. the ipc maintained an office at the central prison to provide religious education and information on islam to inmates. ipc also established an ngo, aware, late in the year to promote awareness of islam, arab and islamic culture, and provide training courses to foreigners. the government did not permit the establishment of non - islamic publishing companies or training institutions for clergy. nevertheless, several churches published religious materials for use solely by their congregations. further, some churches, in the privacy of their compounds, provided informal instruction to persons interested in joining the clergy. the book house company ltd., a private company, imported a significant number of bibles and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4918053360372027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.737452"} {"text": "materials for use solely by their congregations. further, some churches, in the privacy of their compounds, provided informal instruction to persons interested in joining the clergy. the book house company ltd., a private company, imported a significant number of bibles and other christian religious material including videotapes and compact discs for use solely by the congregations of the country ' s recognized churches. the firm. was the only bookstore that had an import license to bring in such materials, which also required approval by government censors. there were some reports of customs officials confiscating non - islamic religious materials from private citizens upon their arrival at the airport. in may, police arrested five foreign workers for allegedly proselytizing with bibles in andalus district. state security officials later released the individuals on condition that they sign commitments pledging to refrain from proselytizing. the law prohibits the naturalization of non - muslims ; however, citizens who were christians before 1980 ( and children born to families of such citizens since that date ) were allowed to transmit their citizenship to their children. by law, a non - muslim man must convert to islam when he marries a muslim woman if the marriage is to be legal in the country. the law forbids marriage between muslim women and non - muslim men ( see section 1. f. ). by law, a non - muslim woman does not have to convert to islam to marry a muslim man, but it is to her advantage to do so. in practice, many non - muslim women faced tremendous economic and societal pressure to convert. failure to convert may mean that, should the couple later divorce, the muslim father would be granted custody of children, even those who most likely would have been left in the mother ' s custody if she were muslim. failure to convert may also mean that a non - muslim woman would not be eligible to inherit her husband ' s property. a few muslim converts to christianity reported harassment and discrimination by police and employers, including termination of employment, repeated summonses to police stations for questioning, verbal abuse, police monitoring of their activities, and imposition of fines without due process ( see section 1. e. ). the law requires jail terms for journalists who defame religion ( see section 2. a. ). the ministry of education announced its intention to combat religious intolerance by clarifying the concept of \" jihad \" in school curricula ; this initiative encountered strong condemnation from some islamist members of the national assembly. at year ' s end, no reported changes had been made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5095468056314254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.738563"} {"text": "announced its intention to combat religious intolerance by clarifying the concept of \" jihad \" in school curricula ; this initiative encountered strong condemnation from some islamist members of the national assembly. at year ' s end, no reported changes had been made to school curricula regarding this concept. for a more detailed discussion, see the 2003 international religious freedom report. d. freedom of movement travel, emigration, and repatriation the constitution does not provide for the rights of freedom of movement within the country, freedom of foreign travel, or freedom to emigrate. the government placed some limits on freedom of movement in practice. citizens have the right to travel freely within the country and to change their workplace as desired. unmarried women must be 21 years of age or older to obtain a passport and travel abroad without permission of a male relative. married women must obtain their husbands ' permission to apply for a passport. a married woman with a passport does not need her husband ' s permission to travel, but he may prevent her departure from the country by placing a 24 - hour travel ban on her through immigration authorities. after this 24 - hour period, a court order is required if the husband still wishes to prevent his wife from leaving the country. in practice, however, many travel bans were issued without court order, effectively preventing citizens ( and foreigners ) from departing. all minor children under 21 years of age require their father ' s permission to travel outside the country. this also applies to dual national children born to citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers. the government does not recognize dual nationality. a citizen father can place a travel ban on his ( under 21 ) children through the ministry of interior or through a local court if he does not wish for them to travel without his permission. there were many reports of citizen fathers / husbands confiscating their children ' s / wives ' travel documents to prevent them from departing. citizens were largely free to emigrate and to return. security forces in kuwait city occasionally set up checkpoints to detain individuals for immigration purposes and to apprehend undocumented aliens ( see section 1. d. ). in july 2002, the ministry of interior allowed expatriates a 45 - day grace period to legalize their residency status or to depart the country without facing legal action. during the year, there were some reports of police harassment of foreign workers at security checkpoints. the law permits the government to place a travel ban on any citizen or foreigner who has a legal case pending before the courts. the law also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4918902892980824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.739792"} {"text": "legal action. during the year, there were some reports of police harassment of foreign workers at security checkpoints. the law permits the government to place a travel ban on any citizen or foreigner who has a legal case pending before the courts. the law also permits any citizen to petition authorities to place a travel ban against any other person suspected of violating local law. in practice, this has resulted in many citizens and foreigners being prevented from departing the country without investigation or a legal case being brought before a local court. this practice has become less prevalent in recent years but still persists. the travel ban is a tool used by some citizens to prevent domestic servants from departing the country. although illegal, many citizen employers routinely confiscate the passports of foreign employees, which forces them to remain in the country against their will. there does not appear to be any concerted government effort to prevent employers from engaging in this practice. members of licensed ngos must obtain government approval to attend international conferences as official ngo representatives ( see sections 2. b. and 4 ). the government severely restricted the ability of its bidoon population to travel abroad ( see sections 2. d. and 5 ). however, the government permitted some bidoon to travel to saudi arabia during the year for the annual hajj pilgrimage. since 2001, there have been no special restrictions against or permits required for palestinian workers wishing to return to the country. according to the latest estimates, there were approximately 30, 000 to 40, 000 palestinians, 30, 000 to 40, 000 jordanians, and 5, 000 yemenis resident in the country. the government permitted the icrc to verify if deportees objected to returning to their countries of origin ; it detained those with objections until they either changed their minds or made alternative arrangements to travel to another country ( see section 1. d. ). although the law does not include provisions for the granting of refugee status or asylum to persons who meet the definition in the 1951 u. n. convention relating to the status of refugees or its 1967 protocol, in practice the government provided protection against refoulement but did not grant refugee or asylum status. the constitution prohibits the extradition of political refugees. the government stated that it did not deport persons who claimed to fear persecution in their home countries ; however, it often kept such persons in detention rather than grant them permission to live and work in the country ( see section 1. d. ). the government cooperated with the office of the u. n. high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4983928587536143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.740906"} {"text": ", it often kept such persons in detention rather than grant them permission to live and work in the country ( see section 1. d. ). the government cooperated with the office of the u. n. high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees and asylum seekers. the unhcr maintained an office in the country and had access to refugees in detention. section 3 respect for political rights : the right of citizens to change their government citizens do not have the right to change their government. the constitution provides that the elected national assembly has a limited role in approving the amir ' s choice of crown prince ( the future amir ). if the assembly rejects the amir ' s nominee, the amir then submits three names from which the assembly must choose the new crown prince. there is no universal suffrage. the only citizens who have the right to vote and seek election to the national assembly are males age 21 and over who have been citizens for at least 20 years and are not members of the armed forces, police, or other uniformed personnel of the ministry of interior. under the constitution, the amir holds executive power and shares legislative power with an elected national assembly. the amir appoints the prime minister, who presides over a 16 - member cabinet ( council of ministers ), who he chooses in consultation with the amir. in accordance with the practice of the ruling family ( but not specifically the constitution ), the prime minister always has been the crown prince ; however, in an unprecedented development in july, the amir named one of his younger brothers, not the crown prince, as prime minister ; the new prime minister promptly formed a new cabinet. the constitution empowers the amir to suspend its provisions and to rule by decree. the constitution provides that cabinet members sit in the national assembly and vote on legislation. at least one member of the cabinet must be an elected member of the national assembly. there are 50 elected national assembly members. members serve 4 - year terms, and the most recent national assembly elections were held in july. the government banned political parties ; however, several well - organized and unofficial blocs, acting much like political parties, existed and were active in the national assembly. the government acknowledged and, at times, worked with these blocs, which were organized on the basis of common ideological goals. because of the ban on political parties, national assembly candidates must nominate themselves as individuals and may run for election in any of the country ' s 25 constituencies. the top two finishers in each constituency are elected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.488572688173178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.742110"} {"text": "organized on the basis of common ideological goals. because of the ban on political parties, national assembly candidates must nominate themselves as individuals and may run for election in any of the country ' s 25 constituencies. the top two finishers in each constituency are elected in single - round balloting. the constitution provides that the national assembly can overturn the amir ' s decrees, but only those made when the national assembly is not in session. the national assembly exercised this authority in previous years in some cases ; however, the national assembly did not amend any of the amir ' s proposals during the year. members regularly require ministers to appear before the full national assembly for formal question sessions when they are dissatisfied with their or the government ' s performance. on occasion, pressure exerted by the national assembly, including through votes of no confidence, has led to the resignation or removal of ministers. a law promulgated in 1998 bans primaries previously conducted by religious sects and tribes ; however, such primaries or by - elections, which are limited to tribal members and do not include all eligible voters in a given electoral constituency, continued in practice. the july national assembly elections were generally free and fair, although there were some credible reports of government and opposition vote buying, illegal and unevenly held tribal primaries ( by - elections ), ballot box tampering in some constituencies, and lax enforcement of some election laws. recounts were ordered and undertaken in 2 of the 25 electoral districts due to allegations of vote fraud. during the year, candidates from several constituencies filed court petitions challenging the july national assembly election results on allegations of ballot box tampering. in december, the constitutional court dismissed these petitions. women continued to be denied the right to vote and run for office and had little opportunity to influence government. there were no women in the 50 - seat national assembly and no women in the cabinet. women held some relatively senior nonpolitical positions within some ministries. the new prime minister appointed 1 minority shi ' a member to the 16 - member cabinet as the minister of information. of 50 national assembly members, 5 were shi ' a ( after the july elections ). several tribes conducted illegal primaries ( by - elections ) to select candidates for participation in the national assembly elections held in july. such primaries are limited to tribe members and thus do not include all eligible voters in a given electoral constituency. some shi ' a claimed that if they had held such primaries as other groups did ( in violation of election laws ), they would have gained more seats in the national assembly. in december, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5071628399772514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.743691"} {"text": "not include all eligible voters in a given electoral constituency. some shi ' a claimed that if they had held such primaries as other groups did ( in violation of election laws ), they would have gained more seats in the national assembly. in december, the national assembly ' s legislative and legal affairs committee approved requests from the public prosecutor to lift the parliamentary immunity of four parliamentarians suspected of participation in illegal tribal primaries held before the july elections. section 4 governmental attitude regarding international and nongovernmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights the government permitted the existence of ngos ; however, it continued to deny ngos, including new local human rights groups, licenses. all ngos must obtain a license from the ministry of social affairs and labor in order to operate officially ( see section 2. b. ). the only local human rights ngo is the kuwait human rights society, whose license application has been pending since 1992. without a license, the ngo cannot have its own official facility, obtain government funding, operate any official accounts, or dialogue directly and officially with the government on human rights issues. despite its unofficial status, however, the ngo produces an annual report on human rights in the country, publishes a quarterly magazine, and meets some senior government officials occasionally. the ngo reportedly paid for the legal fees and the return travel of an abused indian maid in 2002 who had been severely beaten by her employer in a high - profile domestic abuse case. the government permitted international human rights organizations to visit the country and to establish offices. several organizations conducted fieldwork and reported good communication with and reasonable cooperation from the government. for example, ai and human rights watch ( hrw ) regularly exchanged information with the government either directly or through the arab human rights organization. the government has cooperated fully in the work of the u. n. special rapporteurs for iran and iraq and the high - level representative of the secretary general on the issue of its citizens missing in iraq since the end of the gulf war. the government has not yet submitted the remaining two of eight conventions from the international labor organization ' s ( ilo ) declaration of basic rights at work to the national assembly for ratification ( see section 6 ). the national assembly has an active human rights defense committee, which took testimony from individuals regarding abuses, investigated conditions in prisons and nursing homes, and made nonbinding recommendations for redress. despite its designation as an advisory body, the hrdc has shown that, in practice, it is able to mobilize government agencies to address significant human rights problems. during the year, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4866436482299815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.744742"} {"text": ", and made nonbinding recommendations for redress. despite its designation as an advisory body, the hrdc has shown that, in practice, it is able to mobilize government agencies to address significant human rights problems. during the year, the hrdc focused particular attention on the issue of access to public education for bidoon children. hrdc members questioned the minister of education before the national assembly on the issue. the government established a special educational fund to help pay for school fees for bidoon children of primary school age whose parents cannot afford them. the committee also issued a report critical of central prison conditions during the year. the committee issued its first annual human rights report in may 2002. it did not issue a human rights report during the year. section 5 discrimination based on race, sex, disability, language, or social status the constitution prohibits discrimination based on race, national origin, language, and religion ; however, in practice, the government did not uniformly or consistently enforce laws against discrimination. many laws and regulations discriminated against women and noncitizens. there were no specific reports of any official or societal discrimination against persons with hiv / aids. however, the government tightly controlled hiv testing, and foreign workers who have hiv / aids were often deported. violence against women continued to be a serious and overlooked problem. certain provisions of the penal code reduce or eliminate penalties for violent crimes committed by men against women. each of the country ' s 54 police stations reportedly received on average 1 to 2 complaints of spousal abuse each week, although this may be understated. of the complaints received, approximately 60 percent involved spousal abuse of noncitizen women. the police and the courts generally sought to resolve family disputes informally. the police referred a few serious cases to the ministry of health. the courts have found husbands guilty of spousal abuse ; however, most domestic abuse cases are not brought to court and abusive husbands, if charged, rarely face severe penalties. typically, husbands accused of domestic abuse must pay a nominal fine and sign a pledge of good conduct. police officials typically regard domestic violence as a private family affair and are reluctant to bring such cases to the attention of higher investigative authorities. only the most egregious cases of abuse have resulted in conviction of the abuser or removal of the victim from the abusive environment. there are no shelters or hotlines for victims of domestic violence. many noncitizen women married to citizen men reported domestic abuse and inaction or discrimination by police during the year. by law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46311075657191586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.745877"} {"text": "a criminal gang, for attempted rape of a housemaid. in november, the public prosecutor interrogated several police officers accused of raping a philippine housemaid in a police station. the suspects were detained at year ' s end pending investigation. in previous years, the government imposed severe penalties, including the death sentence, for particularly egregious rape cases. the physical or sexual abuse of foreign women working as domestic servants was a pervasive problem. some employers physically abused foreign women working as domestic servants, and, despite economic and social difficulties for a domestic servant who lodged a complaint, there were continuing reports of the rape of such women by male employers and male coworkers. the local press devoted considerable attention to the problem, and both the police and the courts have taken action against employers when presented with evidence of serious abuse. the courts fined or jailed some employers for abuse of domestics during the year. some rapes resulted in unwanted pregnancies, and there were several reports of illegal abortions. there were also reports of domestic servants killing children that were fathered by employers. occasionally, domestic workers were charged with assaulting their employers ; in such cases, the workers claimed that they acted in response to physical abuse or poor working conditions. there also were dozens of reports of domestic workers allegedly committing or attempting to commit suicide because of desperation over poor working conditions or abuse. foreign - born domestic employees have the right to sue their employers for abuse, but few do so, fearing judicial bias and deportation. local news sources reported a few criminal cases filed against abusive employers by domestics but informal out - of - court conciliation was attempted in most cases, usually with the assistance of the domestic ' s source country embassy. the government deported most runaway domestics. a specialized police facility and a government domestic labor office investigated and resolved some complaints. the government took some steps during the year to protect the rights of domestic servants, particularly victims of trafficking ( see sections 6. c., 6. e. and 6. f. ). in april, the government licensed a new union, the kuwait union of domestic labor offices, charged with monitoring the activities of labor recruitment agencies and raising awareness among employers on the treatment of domestics. during the year, the union distributed educational brochures to both employers and newly arrived domestics on their rights and obligations. the union, in cooperation with various government ministries, proposed a new draft law to regulate the importation, training, and hiring of domestic servants. the government had not yet taken action on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.469162211811909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.747967"} {"text": "both employers and newly arrived domestics on their rights and obligations. the union, in cooperation with various government ministries, proposed a new draft law to regulate the importation, training, and hiring of domestic servants. the government had not yet taken action on the proposed law at year ' s end. the ministry of interior sometimes pays for return airline tickets for runaway or abused domestic servants if their employers refuse to provide tickets. some ngos, such as the kuwait human rights society and the kuwait friendship society, have paid for return airline tickets or legal fees on behalf of runaway or abused domestics in some cases. employers often accused their runaway domestics of theft or other crimes to avoid furnishing tickets. in such cases, the domestics often were deported without owed compensation. the ministry of interior blacklists some delinquent employers to prevent them from sponsoring additional domestics. the ministry reportedly blacklisted over 4, 000 employers for failure to fulfill their duties as sponsors. in practice some blacklisted employers were able to hire new domestics due to their connections ( \" wasta \" ) with police officials or other authorities. the government prosecuted some employers accused of abusing their foreign - born domestic servants. in march, the high court of appeals overturned the acquittal by the criminal court of a female citizen charged with beating and burning her maid with an iron bar by fining her approximately $ 3, 300 ( 1, 000 kd ) and ordering her to sign a pledge of good conduct. in practice, however, enforcement of such pledges appears to be weak. in february, police detained a male citizen for allegedly raping his housemaid repeatedly over a period of 1 year. the maid took shelter in her source country embassy during the year. in november 2002, the criminal court sentenced a man to life in prison for stabbing and attempting to rape his maid while under the influence of alcohol. there were a number of cases still pending resolution in which foreign - born domestic employees were tortured, severely beaten, or died at the hands of their employers. there were no developments in the 2002 case of an indian maid who was beaten severely and tortured. runaway servants, including many women alleging physical or sexual abuse, often seek shelter at their country ' s embassy pending repatriation or a change in employer ( see sections 6. c. and 6. e. ). out of an estimated 500, 000 domestic servants in the country, approximately 1, 000 women were reported to be in informal shelters run by source - country embassies at any given time during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46814796457854346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.748949"} {"text": "6. c. and 6. e. ). out of an estimated 500, 000 domestic servants in the country, approximately 1, 000 women were reported to be in informal shelters run by source - country embassies at any given time during the year. many runaway domestics remained in embassy shelters for months pending new employment or departure from the country. the government does not prevent runaway domestics from seeking shelter in their host country embassies. some unemployed, runaway foreign domestic workers were susceptible to recruitment into prostitution. in january, a bangladeshi man allegedly detained three asian women inside an apartment in a remote district and forced them into prostitution. in may, a bangladeshi man and two accomplices allegedly kidnapped two asian women, detained them inside an apartment, and forced them into prostitution. police arrested the man in may. the police actively enforced laws against pandering and prostitution, with arrests reported almost every week. prostitutes generally were deported to their countries of origin. in recent years, procurers received stiff jail terms. there were several reports during the year of procurers kidnapping maids off the street and forcing them into prostitution ( see section 6. f. ). \" honor crimes \" are prohibited ; however, some provisions of the penal code reduced penalties for these crimes. in november 2002, the high court of appeals upheld the original 2002 criminal court verdict sentencing a woman to life imprisonment and her three male accomplices to death for a 2002 \" honor \" killing of a 6 - year - old girl. the citizens filed an appeal during the year and the court of cassation began considering their appeal in december. there were some reports of women, mainly from asia, who were trafficked into the country into situations of coerced labor, where they often suffered from physical abuse or other extreme working conditions. some female domestic servants who ran away from their employers due to abuse or poor working conditions were recruited or kidnapped into prostitution ( see section 6. f. ). women continued to experience legal, economic, and social discrimination. women do not have the right to vote ( see section 3 ) or run for election to the national assembly. their testimony is worth half that of a man ' s in proceedings before the family courts ( see section 1. e. ). married women require their husbands ' permission to obtain a passport ( see section 2. d. ). by law, only men are able to confer citizenship ; therefore, children born to citizen mothers and stateless fathers are themselves stateless. the government forbids marriage between muslim women and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4643630667388927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.749948"} {"text": "to obtain a passport ( see section 2. d. ). by law, only men are able to confer citizenship ; therefore, children born to citizen mothers and stateless fathers are themselves stateless. the government forbids marriage between muslim women and non - muslim men ( see sections 1. f. and 2. c. ). inheritance is governed by islamic law, which differs according to the branch of islam. in the absence of a direct male heir, shi ' a women may inherit all property, while sunni women inherit only a portion, with the balance divided among brothers, uncles, and male cousins of the deceased. numerous women filed court cases and participated in marches in 2002 to press for voting rights. the courts postponed decisions on these cases and no action was taken during the year. citizen families ( a \" family \" must always include a male ) are entitled to receive a plot of land and an approximately $ 233, 000 ( 70, 000 kd ) interest - free government loan ( \" housing allowance \" ) through the credit and savings bank to purchase a house. the government registers the house in the names of both the husband and the wife. in case of divorce, however, a female citizen loses her rights to the house regardless of any payments she may have made on the loan. she may continue to reside in the house if she has custody of any minor children resulting from the marriage, but she must move out once the children reach age 18. a divorced single mother and her minor children or a female citizen married to a foreign national cannot, by law, qualify for the government housing allowance. the government makes family entitlement payments approximately $ 165 ( kd50 ) per child up to the seventh child to the employed parent, almost always the father. in divorce cases, the government continues to provide these payments to the divorced father, who is expected by law and custom to provide for his children even though custody of minor children is almost always awarded to the mother. the law provides for female \" remuneration equal to that of a man provided she does the same work. \" this provision often was not generally respected in practice. the law prohibits women from working in \" dangerous industries \" and trades \" harmful \" to health. educated women maintained that the conservative nature of society limited career opportunities. an estimated 33 percent of females citizen of working age were employed. many women were employed as professors, attorneys, physicians, bankers, engineers, and businesswomen. a few women have been appointed to senior positions in the ministry of education, ministry of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5079476833788064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.751019"} {"text": "an estimated 33 percent of females citizen of working age were employed. many women were employed as professors, attorneys, physicians, bankers, engineers, and businesswomen. a few women have been appointed to senior positions in the ministry of education, ministry of planning, and the state - owned kuwait petroleum corporation. there was one female ambassador and two female undersecretaries ; however, there were no female judges or prosecutors. during the year, the government decided to appoint and assign female diplomats overseas to expand the public position of women. there is no specific law that addresses sexual harassment ; however, it was reportedly only a problem for domestic servants. the law discriminates against female citizens married to foreign men. unlike male citizens, such women are not entitled to government housing subsidies. the law also requires women to pay residence fees for their husbands and does not recognize marriage as the basis for granting residency to foreign - born husbands. instead, the law grants residency only if the husband is employed. by contrast, male citizens married to foreign - born women do not have to pay residency fees for their spouses, and their spouses ' right to residency derives from marriage. most classes at kuwait university are fully segregated by gender. construction is underway on a separate campus for female students, who comprise approximately 70 percent of the total student body at kuwait university. polygyny is legal ; however, it is more common among tribal elements of the population. several organizations followed women ' s issues, among the most active of which were the women ' s cultural and social society, the women ' s affairs committee, kuwait economic society, kuwait human rights society, and the social reform society women ' s committee. the government is generally committed to the rights and welfare of citizen children. citizen boys and girls receive a free education through the university level, often including advanced degrees and the opportunity to study abroad. primary education is universal and compulsory. unicef estimates net primary enrollment at 66 percent. the government provides free health care and a variety of other services to citizen children ; non - citizen children must pay a small fee to be admitted into a health facility and pay additional fees for specialized care. citizen parents also receive a monthly government allowance of approximately $ 165 ( 50 kd ) for each child up to the seventh child. the government makes these payments to the employed parent, usually the father, and continues to provide these payments to the father even if the parents are divorced and the father does not have custody of the children. there is no legal requirement governing its use and anecdotal evidence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47278782900591343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.752124"} {"text": "payments to the employed parent, usually the father, and continues to provide these payments to the father even if the parents are divorced and the father does not have custody of the children. there is no legal requirement governing its use and anecdotal evidence suggests that many non - custodial fathers were not using it to contribute to the care and welfare of their children. there did not appear to be any monitoring of how the funds are spent. there was no societal pattern of abuse ; however, there were some cases of children, some as young as 6 years old, raped by men or gangs of youths. in february, a police officer allegedly raped a 9 - year - old male citizen. the case was under investigation at year ' s end. in june, the criminal court sentenced a male citizen to death for kidnapping, raping, and murdering a pakistani child. the citizen appealed the verdict and the high court of appeals began hearing testimony in december. in december, the public prosecutor referred to the criminal court the case of a citizen teacher accused of raping an 11 - year - old boy. the teacher was reportedly in detention at year ' s end. there were incidents of arrests in some child abuse cases, but no reported convictions. some tribal groups continued to marry girls under age 17. there were credible reports of underage south asian and southeast asian girls working as domestic servants ( see sections 6. c. and 6. d. ). young boys, reportedly from south asia and africa, were trafficked into the country to be used as camel jockeys ( see sections 6. c., 6. d., and 6. f. ). many of the jockeys came to the country from racing during the season in other gulf nations. some boys as young as five or six years old were reportedly used as camel jockeys. in response to growing criticism, the government mandated during the year that all camel jockeys must be at least 18 years of age. the ministry of social affairs and labor, in cooperation with the public authority for youth and sport, issued a new regulation in september prohibiting the use of children under 18 years as camel jockeys, even as a sport. however, there were weight limits for camel jockeys. camel jockeys reportedly had to weigh between 25 - 45 kilos, which directly contradicted the minimum age requirement. the ministry mandated regular inspections of camel racing clubs during the year. there were no reported cases of sexual exploitation of youths used as camel jockeys. children of bidoon residents are not entitled to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4822942601761646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.753104"} {"text": "father ' s undetermined legal status, even if born to citizen mothers. only bidoon registered by june 27, 2000 could begin the process under which they could be documented as citizens. according to this law, bidoon who were able to prove sufficient ties to the country ( that is, their presence, or the presence of their forebears, in the country prior to 1965 ) were eligible to apply for citizenship directly. the government maintained that at least 40 to 50 percent of the bidoon were concealing their true identities. while the law allows up to 2, 000 registered bidoon to be naturalized each year, the government only granted citizenship to approximately 1, 600 during the year. however, an additional 5, 500 bidoon in 3 categories, wives of citizens, sons of female citizens married to bidoon, and those whose male relatives are citizens, have been permitted to apply for citizenship beyond the 2, 000 per year limit. many bidoon are unable to provide documentation proving sufficient ties to the country or present evidence of their original nationality, as they are truly stateless. others ( the government claims 26, 000 over the past 4 years ) have disclosed their true nationalities and have obtained passports from their countries of origin ( iraq, iran, syria, jordan, and saudi arabia ). once documented, bidoon are able to obtain residency permits and other official papers. active debate over the bidoon issue increased markedly after the july national assembly elections. the political, economic, and long - term budgetary implications associated with extending citizenship ( and the generous welfare benefits that come with it ) to the equivalent of roughly 5 percent of the population have rendered the issue highly divisive. some national assembly members have threatened to question cabinet ministers, including the minister of education and prime minister, publicly over the issue. during the year, the ministry of defense approved granting citizenship to an estimated 400 bidoon who participated in the liberation of the country from iraqi occupation. the minister of interior proposed that deceased bidoon among the \" kuwaiti missing persons \" whose remains had been identified in iraq be naturalized, thereby allowing their surviving bidoon family members to gain citizenship. this proposal had not yet been approved at year ' s end. of the 572 \" kuwaitis \" missing from the iraqi occupation, 29 were bidoon. in 2002, the government mandated that those who did not register by the june 27, 2000 cut - off date and did not rectify their nationality status by either disclosing their true nationality or furnishing evidence of their citizenship would be subject", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4959068659710245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.757053"} {"text": ". in 2002, the government mandated that those who did not register by the june 27, 2000 cut - off date and did not rectify their nationality status by either disclosing their true nationality or furnishing evidence of their citizenship would be subject to deportation as illegal residents. however, no such action was taken. there were no reports during the year of the government deciding the nationality of any bidoon without a hearing. as a result of what allegedly were fraudulent citizenship applications, the government brought forgery charges against several bidoon applicants since july 2001. the only reported forgery conviction was in 2001. there continued to be reports of bidoon obtaining false documents in order to apply for citizenship. the council of ministers and the amir approved a draft law requiring bidoon to submit a passport with a valid residency permit when applying for kuwaiti citizenship and referred it to the national assembly for ratification. a final vote on the law had not yet taken place at year ' s end. section 6 worker rights a. the right of association the law provides that workers have the right to join unions ; however, the government restricted the right of freedom of association to only one union per occupational trade, and permitted unions to establish only one federation. approximately 60, 000 persons, less than 5 percent of a total work force of 1. 36 million, were organized into unions, of which 14 were affiliated with the kuwait trade union federation ( ktuf ), the sole legal trade union federation. the bank workers union and the kuwait airways workers union were independent of the ktuf. the law stipulates that any new union must include at least 100 workers, 15 of whom must be citizens. both the ilo and the international confederation of free trade unions ( icftu ) have criticized this requirement because it discourages unions in sectors that employ few citizens, such as the construction industry and much of the private sector. only about six percent of employed citizens worked in the private sector during the year. despite ktuf complaints about the need for an updated law, draft proposals for a new labor law have stalled for more than 10 years. the government licensed a new union during the year, the trade union of workers in the public authority for agriculture and fisheries. during the year, the government implemented the national manpower support law, a new law aimed at increasing the number of citizens employed in the private sector. article 15 of the law, not yet implemented, will require the establishment of a bank account for every foreign worker in order to ensure that workers are paid in a timely and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4713814157349251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.757999"} {"text": "a new law aimed at increasing the number of citizens employed in the private sector. article 15 of the law, not yet implemented, will require the establishment of a bank account for every foreign worker in order to ensure that workers are paid in a timely and transparent manner. the law imposes substantial fines on private companies that fail to employ the requisite number of citizens. representatives of numerous companies and the kuwait industries union met with government officials during the year to voice concern over the new law. the ministry of social affairs and labor initiated a review of the law at year ' s end to identify segments of the private sector that should be exempt from the law ' s provisions. the government ' s pervasive oversight powers further eroded union independence. the government subsidizes as much as 90 percent of most union budgets and may inspect the financial records of any union. the law empowers the courts to dissolve any union for violating labor laws or for threatening \" public order and morals, \" although such a court decision may be appealed. the amir also may dissolve a union by decree. by law, the ministry of social affairs and labor is authorized to seize the assets of any dissolved union. the law subordinates the legal existence of the unions to the power of the state ; however, no union has been dissolved. the most recent government statistics cite approximately 1. 1 million foreigners as employed in the country, comprising over 80 percent of the labor force. however, foreign workers constitute less than 5 percent of the unionized work force. the labor law discriminated against foreign workers by denying them voting rights and permitting them to join unions only after 5 years of residence, although the ktuf stated that this requirement was not widely enforced in practice. any foreign worker covered under the labor law, which excluded maritime workers and an estimated 500, 000 domestic servants, could submit a grievance to the labor office regardless of union status ; however, such services were not utilized widely. ilo officials visited the country during the year to assist the ministry of social affairs and labor in reviving 2001 proposals for labor law reform. the labor law prohibits anti - union discrimination. any worker who alleges anti - union discrimination has the right to appeal to the judiciary. there were no reports of discrimination against employees based on their affiliation with a union. employers found guilty of such discrimination must reinstate workers fired for union activities. unions may affiliate with international bodies. the ktuf belonged to the international confederation of arab trade unions and the formerly soviet - controlled world federation of trade unions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4590677319308849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.760287"} {"text": "with a union. employers found guilty of such discrimination must reinstate workers fired for union activities. unions may affiliate with international bodies. the ktuf belonged to the international confederation of arab trade unions and the formerly soviet - controlled world federation of trade unions. b. the right to organize and bargain collectively the labor law provides workers with the rights to organize and bargain collectively, subject to certain restrictions, and the government generally respected them in practice ( see section 6. a. ). however, the labor law does not apply to domestic servants, who constitute roughly a third of the foreign labor force but lack the rights and protections under the law enjoyed by other foreign workers. domestic servants may not organize or bargain collectively and suffer from low wages and often abuse at the hands of their employers. the labor law does not provide for a minimum wage for either domestic servants or private sector workers. foreign private sector workers are allowed to join unions but are barred from leadership positions. the labor law provides for direct negotiations between employers and \" laborers or their representatives \" in the private sector. most disagreements were resolved in such negotiations ; if not, either party may petition the ministry of social affairs and labor for mediation. if mediation fails, the dispute is referred to a labor arbitration board composed of officials from the high court of appeals, the attorney general ' s office, and the ministry of social affairs and labor. the civil service law makes no provision for collective bargaining between government workers and their employers. technically, the government is responsible for establishing wages and employment conditions for civil service workers but generally determined benefits in consultation with civil service unions. union officials resolved most issues at the working level and had regular access to senior officials. the law limits the right of workers to strike. it requires all labor disputes to be referred to compulsory arbitration if labor and management are unable to reach a solution. the law does not contain any provision ensuring strikers freedom from legal or administrative action taken against them by the state. however, the ministry of social affairs and labor has been responsive to sit - ins or protests by workers who faced obvious wrongdoing by their employers. there were no reported sit - ins or worker protests during the year. however, there were two partial strikes during the year by employees of the kuwait municipality and the finance ministry ; both were reportedly resolved amicably, with the employees attaining most of their demands. the government cooperated closely with the ilo, which maintained a representative office in the country. the ilo regional director for arab states visited the country during the year and met with the minister of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47221163468909905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.761957"} {"text": "of police arresting and charging domestic servants with crimes such as violating immigration procedures, for attempting to escape from abusive employers. the police typically regarded such problems as matters of law and order, and not as legitimate labor conflicts. employers or local labor recruitment agencies routinely withheld wages from domestic servants to cover the costs involved in bringing them to the country. there were credible reports of widespread illegal visa trading, a system by which local sponsors agree to extend their sponsorship ( in name only ) to foreign workers in exchange for a fee in the range of $ 1, 500 to $ 4, 000 ( 450 to 1, 200 kd ). middlemen, generally foreigners, attract workers from economically depressed countries, take a commission, and remit the balance to the nominal sponsor. once in the country, such agents transfer workers to employers in the informal sector or to parties that would otherwise be unable to sponsor them. foreign workers recruited with traded visas not only faced possible prosecution for being engaged in illegal employment ( that is, working for an employer other than their sponsor ), but also were extremely vulnerable to extortion by employers, sponsors, and middlemen. visa and residence trading has resulted in a growing number of unemployed foreign workers in the country. many are unable to earn enough money to pay the illegal fees often charged by their local sponsors or local labor recruitment agencies in exchange for residency and work permits. many suffer from abuse or mistreatment at the hands of their unofficial employers. abused foreign workers employed on the basis of illegally traded visas typically failed to report incidents of abuse or poor working conditions to authorities due to their illegal immigration status. government efforts to crack down on visa trading, such as closing front companies for visa traders, have not made significant progress. there were laws aimed at curbing visa trading, with penalties against both employers and visa traders, but the government seldom enforced these laws. the labor inspection department of the ministry of social affairs and labor is responsible for carrying out routine inspections of all private firms to ensure that all registered foreign workers are actually employed by their legal sponsors. the ministry suspended the files of employers caught violating labor regulations. during the year, the ministry of labor reportedly referred more than 2, 200 labor violations to its labor inspection department. most of these \" violations \" involved occupational health, environmental, and safety problems, and poor working conditions. the ministry has reportedly suspended around 1, 500 employer files to date for possible labor violations. d. status of child labor practices and minimum age for employment the labor law prohibits child labor, forced or compulsory labor, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4698184597149682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.764560"} {"text": "problems, and poor working conditions. the ministry has reportedly suspended around 1, 500 employer files to date for possible labor violations. d. status of child labor practices and minimum age for employment the labor law prohibits child labor, forced or compulsory labor, and exploitation of workers. child labor was not a significant problem ; however, there were credible reports of some south and southeast asian children under 18 years of age working as domestic servants ( see sections 5 and 6. c. ). such underage workers reportedly falsified their ages in order to enter the country. some very young boys ( reportedly from the sudan, bangladesh, pakistan, eritrea, and yemen ) also were used as camel jockeys ( see sections 5 and 6. c. ). some businessmen employed their children on a part - time basis. the legal minimum age is 18 years for all forms of work, both full - and part - time. employers may obtain permits from the ministry of social affairs and labor to employ juveniles between the ages of 14 and 18 in certain trades. juveniles may work a maximum of 6 hours a day on the condition that they work no more than 4 consecutive hours followed by a 1 - hour rest period. the government has ratified 18 ilo conventions, including 6 of the 8 core conventions. among the ratified conventions are those prohibiting servitude and forced labor, and convention 182 concerning the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor. the labor inspection department of the ministry of social affairs and labor inspected private firms routinely during the year to monitor compliance with labor laws, including those against child labor. there were no reported government programs to prevent exploitative child labor or remove children from such labor. e. acceptable conditions of work the ministry of social affairs and labor is responsible for enforcing all labor laws. an institutionalized two - tiered labor market ensured high wages for citizen employees, most of whom were in government white collar or executive positions, while foreign workers, even those in skilled positions, received substantially lower wages. bangladeshi domestic workers reportedly earned as little as $ 70 per month ( 21 kd ). there was no legal minimum wage in the private sector. in the public sector, the monthly legal minimum wage was approximately $ 753 ( 227 kd ) for citizens and approximately $ 300 ( 90 kd ) for non - citizens. however, non - citizens do not receive the same social benefits as citizens and must pay fees for education and health care, which are provided free for all citizens. the government maintains a two - tier health care system that provides substantially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4522267948543257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.765625"} {"text": "for non - citizens. however, non - citizens do not receive the same social benefits as citizens and must pay fees for education and health care, which are provided free for all citizens. the government maintains a two - tier health care system that provides substantially lower quality care to non - citizens. the best, most effective medicines, even for serious illnesses, and certain kinds of specialized treatment are officially reserved for citizens only. private sector wages ranged from $ 10, 000 ( 3, 000 kd ) each month for top managers of large companies to between $ 500 to $ 2, 500 ( 150 to 750 kd ) for other skilled professionals and workers. the public sector minimum wage provided a decent standard of living for a worker and family. wages of unskilled workers in the private sector did not always provide a decent standard of living, with housemaids often making less than $ 115 ( 35 kd ) per month. to be eligible to sponsor family members for residency, government and private sector workers must receive a minimum wage of $ 1, 300 ( 400 dinars ) per month. many foreign workers who met or exceeded the minimum income threshold often waited months for government approval to sponsor their immediate family members to the country. during the year, the government exempted public school teachers from the minimum salary threshold for sponsoring family members. the labor law establishes general conditions of work for the private sector, with the oil industry treated separately. the civil service law also prescribes additional working conditions for the public sector, which consisted almost entirely of citizen workers. the labor law limits the standard work week to 48 hours with 1 full day of rest per week, 1 hour of rest after every 5 consecutive hours of work, provides for a minimum of 14 workdays of leave each year, and establishes a compensation schedule for industrial accidents. in may 2000, the government implemented an unemployment allowance program for citizens unable to find jobs in the public sector or with private companies. the program provides regular allowance payments averaging $ 330 ( 100kd ) to unemployed citizens until they found jobs. there were no reported cases of abuse of this program during the year. domestic servants, who specifically are excluded from the labor law, and other unskilled foreign workers in the private sector frequently worked greatly in excess of 48 hours, often with no day of rest and no annual leave. in amendments to the labor law in the private sector implemented in 1997, the government extended the weekly 24 - consecutive - hour rest period to temporary workers employed for a period of less than 6 months and workers in enterprises", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47444360339255565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.766668"} {"text": "day of rest and no annual leave. in amendments to the labor law in the private sector implemented in 1997, the government extended the weekly 24 - consecutive - hour rest period to temporary workers employed for a period of less than 6 months and workers in enterprises employing fewer than five persons. the law pertaining to the oil industry provides for a 40 - hour workweek, 30 days of annual leave, and sick leave. laws establishing working conditions were not applied uniformly to foreign workers. the government has issued occupational health and safety standards ; however, compliance and enforcement appeared poor, especially with respect to unskilled foreign laborers. to decrease accident rates, the government periodically inspected enterprises to raise awareness among workers and employers and to ensure that they abided by safety rules, controlled the pollution resulting from certain dangerous industries, trained workers who used new machines in specialized institutes, and reported violations. workers had the right to remove themselves from dangerous work situations without jeopardizing their continued employment, and legal protection existed for both citizen and foreign workers who filed complaints about such conditions. however, government attention to worker safety issues remained insufficient, resulting in poor training of inspectors, inadequate injury reports, and no link between insurance payments and accident reports. the law provides that all outdoor work stop in the event that the temperature rises above 120 degrees fahrenheit ; however, there were allegations that the government ' s meteorological division falsified official readings to allow work to proceed. the meteorological division consistently denied these allegations. in the past, recorded temperatures reached 120 degrees fahrenheit but work reportedly continued at many outdoor locations. employers often exploited workers ' willingness to accept substandard conditions. some foreign workers, especially unskilled or semiskilled south asian workers, lived and worked much like indentured servants, were unaware of their legal rights, and generally lacked the means to pursue legal remedies. they frequently faced contractual disputes and poor working conditions, and sometimes physical and sexual abuse ( see sections 5 and 6. c. ). most were in debt to their employers before they arrived in the country and had little choice but to accept the employer ' s conditions, even if they breached the contractual terms. it was not uncommon for wages to be withheld for a period of months, or to be decreased substantially in violation of their labor contracts. many foreign workers were forced to live in \" housing camps, \" which generally were overcrowded and lacked adequate cooking and bathroom facilities. workers were housed 10 or more to a room in squalid conditions, many without access to adequate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4998871873264262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.767825"} {"text": "labor contracts. many foreign workers were forced to live in \" housing camps, \" which generally were overcrowded and lacked adequate cooking and bathroom facilities. workers were housed 10 or more to a room in squalid conditions, many without access to adequate running water. the workers were only allowed off the camp compound on company transport or by permission of the employer. foreign workers ' ability to change their employment was limited, and, in some cases, employers ' possession of foreign workers ' passports allowed them to exercise control over such employees ( see section 6. c. ). many foreign workers went heavily into debt and could not afford to return home. the labor law discriminates against foreign workers by limiting their ability to join unions ( see section 6. a. ). the ktuf administered an expatriate labor office, which was authorized to investigate complaints of foreign laborers and provide them with free legal advice. however, these services were not utilized widely. any foreign worker could submit a grievance to the labor office regardless of union status. the labor law provides for employer - provided medical care and compensation to both citizen and foreign workers disabled by injury or disease due to job - related causes. once a worker files a claim, the courts decide the amount of compensation, which is typically paid in one lump sum payment rather than in monthly payments. workers, especially foreigners, have had difficulty enforcing such decisions. the law also requires that employers provide periodic medical examinations to workers exposed to environmental hazards on the job, such as chemicals and asbestos. adequate and affordable health care is a serious problem for many foreign workers. official health policies discriminate against foreigners in the provision of medicines and treatment. foreigners must pay high yearly medical coverage fees to the ministry of health and additional fees each time they receive medical care, require tests, specialized procedures, or medication. many employers deduct the medical fees from employees ' salaries. foreign workers and their family members must pay these yearly government - mandated medical coverage fees in order to obtain or renew residency or work permits. the best medicines, even for serious or life - threatening illnesses, are officially reserved for citizens. in september, more than 1, 000 foreign workers protested at the ministry of health against reported delays in processing their medical claims ( see section 2. b. ). the ministry reportedly called in security officials to disperse the crowd. there were no reports of violence or arrests. in september, the government implemented the national manpower support law. article 15 of the law, not yet implemented, will require employers to deposit the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4675060400879946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.768966"} {"text": ". the ministry reportedly called in security officials to disperse the crowd. there were no reports of violence or arrests. in september, the government implemented the national manpower support law. article 15 of the law, not yet implemented, will require employers to deposit the salaries of all foreign private sector workers into local bank accounts on a monthly basis to help ensure that workers receive their full wages in a timely and transparent manner. at year ' s end, many local banks were increasing staff or adding new shifts to accommodate the increased workload. it was common for employers to confiscate and withhold the passports of their domestic servants illegally, preventing them from departing the country. maids paid the same amount or more than other unskilled or semiskilled workers for visas to work in the country. runaway servants often sought refuge at their source country embassies for either repatriation or assistance in dealing with employers. the number of runaway servants in need of assistance remained high during the year as conditions for domestic employees remained poor. an estimated 1, 000 domestic servants ( out of approximately 500, 000 foreign domestic servants in the country ) were reported to be in source country embassy shelters at any given time during the year. although most such workers sought shelter due to contractual or financial problems with their employers, some women also alleged physical or sexual abuse. some embassies continued to report the steady occurrence of physical abuse and mistreatment involving domestic servants, including withheld salaries, overwork, and inadequate food. each government has attempted to register its nationals who arrive to work in the country as domestic employees and to regulate recruiting agents in their home countries, with some success. limited services provided by the police facility designated to mediate among embassies, domestic workers, and employers made it very difficult for domestic servants to file complaints, receive withheld salary, or reach settlement in cases of mistreatment. domestic servants must deal with neighborhood police stations, whose personnel are untrained and inexperienced in handling such cases and often side with the employer. source country embassies reported widespread police harassment of and discrimination against domestic servants during the year ( see sections 5 and 6. c. ). some countries warned their female citizens about the risks of exploitation or banned them altogether from working in the country as domestic servants. some years ago, the government of india temporarily banned its nationals from working in the country as domestic employees, but indian nationals continued to buy visas and enter the country as domestic workers. the government of india limits the granting of domestic work permits for the country to women over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4498924058277844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.770932"} {"text": ", the government of india temporarily banned its nationals from working in the country as domestic employees, but indian nationals continued to buy visas and enter the country as domestic workers. the government of india limits the granting of domestic work permits for the country to women over age 30 and only from specific states, which has helped reduce some employment problems. the embassy of bangladesh estimated that 90 percent of the approximately 160, 000 bangladeshi workers in the country were unskilled laborers and that 30 percent of these workers received no salaries at all from their private sector employers while 10 percent of bangladeshi domestics were paid nothing beyond room and board. the embassy reported that it received approximately 100 calls per month from bangladeshi workers, including domestic servants, complaining of serious employment problems. out of the approximately 130 runaway philippine domestic servants in the philippine embassy shelter, on average, at any given time during the year, approximately 30 percent reported some form of mistreatment by their employers and 6 percent reported sexual abuse. the courts rule in favor of employees in an estimated 90 percent of the labor disputes they hear ; however, no legal mechanism exists to enforce judgments. there is no compulsion for employers to obey court rulings, and workers often do not receive court - ordered compensation. employers also reportedly use illegal methods to pressure foreign employees to drop cases against them, such as withholding their passports, encouraging police intimidation and brutality, threatening deportation, and filing criminal charges against them for fabricated crimes, such as theft. trafficking in persons the law does not specifically prohibit trafficking in persons, although laws against slavery, prostitution, forced labor, coercion, kidnapping, and other acts can be used collectively to prosecute traffickers. the government has ratified some international conventions that commit it to apply these laws. the country is a destination for internationally trafficked men, women, and children. the problem principally is one of foreign workers, mostly female, coming to work as domestic servants but being abused by their employers or coerced into situations of debt bondage or involuntary servitude. in at least a dozen incidents reported by local newspapers during the year, procurers kidnapped domestic servants and other foreign - born female workers off the street and forced them into prostitution. most victims do not report these crimes. there were several reported incidents during the year of police raiding prostitution rings and arresting both organizers and prostitutes. in february, the criminal court fined an expatriate woman around $ 9, 600 ( 3, 000 kd ) and sentenced her to 3 years in jail followed by deportation for running a brothel and forcing other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45912086536859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.772053"} {"text": "and arresting both organizers and prostitutes. in february, the criminal court fined an expatriate woman around $ 9, 600 ( 3, 000 kd ) and sentenced her to 3 years in jail followed by deportation for running a brothel and forcing other expatriate women into prostitution. in march, police arrested six men and seven foreign prostitutes in a 2 - hour crackdown in farwaniya district. in april, police raided three prostitution \" houses \" and arrested 10 asian female prostitutes in an outlying district, jleeb al - shuyoukh, populated mainly by expatriate workers. in january, the high court of appeals upheld the verdict of the criminal court and sentenced a bangladeshi man to death for kidnapping, raping, and forcing two foreign women into prostitution. the man reportedly bought one of the women for $ 800 ( 250 kd ) from another unidentified man. in february, the court of appeals upheld the verdict of the criminal court and sentenced a woman to 3 years in prison and imposed a $ 10, 000 ( 3, 000 kd ) fine for running a prostitution ring and holding several foreign women captive. in april 2002, a foreign development agency report on female foreign workers in the country revealed that in most trafficking cases, local manpower agents or visa traders had promised women domestic work. upon arrival, however, numerous migrants were expected to provide sexual services in addition to their domestic duties, and some were forced to engage in prostitution exclusively. the government took some measures to help combat trafficking. a conciliation center attached to a district police station processed some complaints filed by domestic servants or their source country embassies against abusive or exploitative employers. a government domestic labor office, under the authority of the ministry of interior, investigated and resolved some labor complaints. the government formed an inter - ministerial committee of representatives from the ministry of foreign affairs, ministry of interior, and ministry of social affairs and labor to discuss strategies for protecting the rights of domestic employees. the committee held its first meeting in may. in april, the government approved the establishment of a new association, the kuwait union of domestic labor offices, to more closely monitor the activities of domestic labor recruitment agencies in the country and to educate employers and domestics about their rights. at year ' s end, 29 labor recruitment agencies reportedly representing about 60 percent of all domestic servants in the country were members of the association. at year ' s end, the association proposed a new law to regulate the hiring of domestic servants. the only human rights ngo in the country, the kuwait human", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4384991145012794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.773105"} {"text": "open access means that scientific literature is made available free of charge on the internet, while the author ' s copyrights are protected. open access therefore allows the reading and downloading of entire texts and the printing of a private copy. readers will have no financial, legal, or technical barriers to overcome ; internet access is all that is needed. the authors retain their rights to their research work, while the public can freely utilise the publications. numerous publishing houses allow their authors the use of open access, or have their own open access strategies. open access publications achieve far more visibility and are more likely to be quoted than traditional publications. the german rectors ' conference, the wissenschaftsrat, the standing conference, the german research foundation and the european commission support this type of publications with increasing emphasis. comprehensive information on the topic of open access can be found on the information platform open - access. net. gottingen university has declared the following in its open access resolution ( pdf, 248 kb ) in the winter of 2005 / 2006 : \u201e... the presidium regards open access as a central publication strategy for the future, which will improve the supply of information in science in the long term \". it aligns its open access strategies with those of the max - planck institute and other forward - looking universities. gottingen state and university library is a central partner in this endeavour, and responsible for the implementation, coordination, and continuation of the strategy within the university. published data from gottingen scientists, entered into the research database factscience, for example, can also be used on the document server goescholar. gottingen state and university library also participates in national and international projects, such as the confederation of open access repositories ( coar ) and openaire. the eu office at gottingen university offers detailed information about the european union open access pilot on its internet pages. our web pages offer answers to the following types of questions : last changed 13. 05. 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5432633801415064, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.775463"} {"text": "laparoscopy ( say \" lap - uh - ross - kuh - pee \" ) is surgery that is done through small cuts ( incisions ) in your belly. to do this type of surgery, a doctor puts a lighted tube, or scope, and other surgical tools through small incisions in your belly. the doctor can take out organs such as the spleen, the gallbladder, the appendix, an ovary, a fallopian tube, or part of the intestine during laparoscopy. he or she can repair a hernia or take out small tumors, cysts, or other growths. the doctor also can use laparoscopy to close a woman ' s fallopian tubes ( tubal ligation ). in laparoscopy, recovery is usually less painful and faster than in surgery done through one large cut ( called open surgery ). you may also spend less time in the hospital and away from work and other activities. laparoscopy may cost less than open surgery. but sometimes laparoscopy takes longer, or your doctor needs to switch from doing a laparoscopy to doing an open surgery. typically laparoscopy leaves several scars about half an inch long. these scars fade with time. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference march 6, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference adam husney, md - family medicine reference peter j. kahrilas, md - gastroenterology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4702289608769286, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.778705"} {"text": "please enter your username and password below. the years 2011 through 2015 mark the sesquicentennial of the american civil war. during this turbulent and divisive time, what was it like being a member of the jewish community at passover? certainly jews celebrated the calendar ' s yearly religious festivals and holy days, but the celebration of passover, when jewish families and friends gather to read the story of the israelite exodus from egypt dramatized with additional stories in the haggadah, is somewhat like shabbat. the joyous celebration occurs outside the synagogue, usually without the benefit of clergy. this holiday is unique. the centerpiece recapitulates a biblical story via a ritual meal that proceeds in a prescribed order ( seder ) with certain dishes given symbolic meanings to recall the events of that story. every family constructs its own minor variations on the theme, but the retelling of the story is basically the same with certain passover traditions differing in detail from community to community. keeping these traditions and rituals were difficult for a religious soldier away from home and family and even more trying in the midst of a bloody war where one ' s enemy may be a fellow jew fighting for what he believes is a righteous cause. this was especially true during the american civil war from april 1861 through may 1865. the largest jewish community until the 1830 ' s in the united states was in charleston, south carolina, with other large populations in new york and philadelphia in the north. during the civil war the total american jewish population was about 150, 000. approximately 3, 000 jewish men fought on the confederate side and 7, 000 fought on the union side with jews playing leadership roles on both sides. nine jews were generals and twenty - one colonels. an aging commodore uriah levy briefly served in the union navy during the very first months of the conflict before being retired. judah benjamin, a non - observant jew, served as secretary of state and acted as secretary of war of the confederacy. several jews in the banking industry helped provide financing for both sides during the civil war. i for jewish soldiers who fought on both sides during these especially trying times, passover was both emotional and perplexing. slavery, perhaps the original sin of humanity, was most certainly the original sin in the founding of the united states. therefore there was an obvious parallel between the story of moses leading the enslaved ancient hebrews out of slavery in egypt and the cause of the abolitionists to free slaves on american soil, the high moral ground that required personal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46221479839943747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.789556"} {"text": "the founding of the united states. therefore there was an obvious parallel between the story of moses leading the enslaved ancient hebrews out of slavery in egypt and the cause of the abolitionists to free slaves on american soil, the high moral ground that required personal blood sacrifice. at the outbreak of the civil war in 1861, the primary issue for the northerners was fighting against secession and its implication for the future of the nation. the preservation of the union surpassed all other considerations including slavery. the threat to nationalism and an abiding patriotism constituted the call to duty. in fact, congress stated that the war was not waged for the purpose of overthrowing or interfering with the rights of individual states or their \" established \" institutions ( read slavery ). the issue of freeing the slaves for most of the soldiers only gained in importance as the war ground on with the emancipation proclamation of 1 january 1863. ii southerners also saw the war as a patriotic cause, the defense of their families and homes. but even more, they fought for the preservation of the sovereign rights of the states ; southern states that had welcomed them and allowed many to rise to positions of prominence. believing that these states had the right to preserve their own \" domestic institutions \" ( code word for slavery ), their response was to aggressively defend a threat to their way of life. jewish soldiers in the union army were just as committed to judaism as those who fought for the confederacy and both the northern and southern jewish soldiers understood that passover was the observance of their ancestors historic escape from the bonds of slavery. slavery in america, although a political issue at the time, did not seem to have much primacy as these adversaries performed the ritual celebration on two sides of the battle lines. that noted, providing for the ritual symbols of a seder in the scattered war zones required ingenuity and a bit of adaptability. published accounts from letters from a union and a confederate soldier during this time put our modern home - based celebrations into perspective. a confederate soldier named isaac levy, 46th virginia infantry, described his passover in the portion of an 1864 letter to his sister leonora..... [ my brother ] zeke [ capt. ezekiel j. levy of the 46th va ]... purchased [ matzot ] sufficient to last us for the week.... we are observing the festival in a truly orthodox style. on the first day we had a fine vegetable soup. it was made of a bunch of vegetables which zeke brought from charleston containing new onions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48082093486712374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.790628"} {"text": "sufficient to last us for the week.... we are observing the festival in a truly orthodox style. on the first day we had a fine vegetable soup. it was made of a bunch of vegetables which zeke brought from charleston containing new onions, parsley, carrots turnips and a young cauliflower also a pound and a half of fresh [ kosher ] beef, the latter article sells for four dollars per pound in charleston. zeke did not bring us any meat from home. he brought some of his own, smoked meat, which he is sharing with us. he says that he supposes that pa forgot to deliver it to him. love to all, your affectionate brother isaac j. levy iii from \" passover : a reminiscence of the war \" published in thejewish messenger in april 1866, j. a. joel of the 23rd ohio union volunteer regiment described how he and twenty fellow jewish soldiers observed passover with matzo and haggadahs shipped to them from cincinnati to have their seder in fayette, west virginia. an edited description of joel ' s of the 1862 event is as follows : 1664 central avenue \u2022 needham, ma 02492 \u2022 781 - 444 - 8522 affliliated with synagogue council of massachusetts and united synagogue of conservative judaism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40146715484943496, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.791286"} {"text": "bulbing demand, electric shortage larger texas population uses more energy, sources changing published : monday, july 30, 2012 updated : monday, july 30, 2012 23 : 07 texas \u2019 population is on the rise and so is the potential for energy shortages. due to population growth, high temperatures and increasing energy demands, the electric use in texas is growing faster than the electric generation being built to service. this leads to a decrease in the electric reserves, the gap between the energy supply and demand during the peak hours of 3 p. m. and 7 p. m. the electric reliability council of texas is the electricity grid operator for the state and forecasts the reserves to be 14. 3 percent in the summer of 2013, 9. 8 percent in 2014, and drop below zero in 2022. \u201c our goal is to prevent outages, \u201d media communications specialist for the council robbie searcy said. \u201c ercot is very focused on grid reliability and we \u2019 re working very closely with public utility commissions on solutions to these future resource adequacy concerns. \u201d the council \u2019 s electric grid covers 75 percent of texas and accounts for 85 percent of the electricity usage in the state. it serves most of the major metropolitan regions with the exception of el paso. areas not covered include part of the panhandle and some of the southeastern regions of the state. despite triple - digit temperatures and the potential to reach peak energy demand periods, the council doesn \u2019 t anticipate fading outages this summer. \u201c ercot has several steps we take when generation reserves become tight to help ensure the reliability of the grid, \u201d searcy said. \u201c those steps include bringing all available generation online, we then would take some of the larger users offline. those users have agreed prior through contracts with ercot to go offline during those times when there is a problem. \u201d during the peak demand hours texas residents are advised to do some simple tasks to use less electricity. since air conditioning is one of the biggest challenges to the texas grid in the summer, residents are encouraged to turn thermostats up a few degrees and avoid using large appliances such as washing machines and dryers. the texas public utility commission is also taking steps to avoid future energy shortages. it recently voted to raise the wholesale price cap for electricity. this price cap is hit on hot summer days and will be allowed to rise by 50 percent. the idea behind this decision is to allow power plants to make more money on electric generation so they could build more plants to supply the growing population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4442797577690418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.807815"} {"text": "for electricity. this price cap is hit on hot summer days and will be allowed to rise by 50 percent. the idea behind this decision is to allow power plants to make more money on electric generation so they could build more plants to supply the growing population in texas. the decision to raise wholesale prices could affect the residents of college station. \u201c we try to get power contracts that cover our load but during peak situations when it gets really, really hot, almost all utilities may have to buy off the market, \u201d said timothy crabb, college station \u2019 s interim director of electric utilities. \u201c if they raise that price, that could raise the price of the utilities, which could ultimately raise the cost to the customer. \u201d most college station residents pay 12 cents for a kilowatt hour. college station purchases electricity from the the council that has generation stations throughout texas. there are no power plants in college station, but that could change in the future. \u201c college station \u2019 s power supply contract, part of that runs out in early 2015 and we \u2019 re investigating all sorts of things, \u201d crabb said. college station uses more than one energy source to provide electricity to texas residents. crabb said it is important to diversify energy sources due to the unpredictable nature of resources availability. you don \u2019 t want everything to be based off one fuel source because a change in the market can drastically affect cost, \u201d he said. \u201c right now natural gas is [ priced ] low, at one time it was high priced. \u201d the u. s. has issued renewable fuel standards, according to sergio capareda, associate professor of biological and agricultural engineering. capareda said renewable resources such as algae and high - tonnage sorghum can generate electricity. \u201c i have a portable mobile fluidized bed gasifier that can gasify air, \u201d capareda said. \u201c we turn the solid biomass into gas, and that gas is injected into an internal combustion engine, and that engine runs from the gas that \u2019 s attached to a generator \u2014 so it \u2019 s generating power. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44336635217499343, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.811474"} {"text": "september 27, 2012 lymphoma is a cancer of white blood cells called b - lymphocytes, or b - cells. they multiply rapidly and form tumors. lymphoma of the brain or spinal cord is called central nervous system ( cns ) lymphoma. aids - related lymphoma is sometimes called non - hodgkin ' s lymphoma ( nhl ). in 1985, the centers for disease control added nhl to the list of diseases that define aids. hodgkin ' s disease, another type of lymphoma, is rare in people with hiv. the longer you live with a suppressed immune system, the higher the risk of nhl. it can occur even with a high cd4 count. it can be serious and often fatal, sometimes within a year. the use of combination antiretroviral therapy ( art ) cut the rates of most opportunistic infections by about 80 %. at first, this did not appear to be true for nhl. however, newer studies show a decrease of about 50 % in nhl rates, especially cns lymphoma. nhl still accounts for about 20 % of the deaths of people with hiv. approximately 10 % of people with hiv may eventually develop nhl. nhl tumors can occur in the bone, abdomen, liver, brain or other parts of the body. the first signs of nhl are swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss of more than 10 %. these symptoms occur with several aids - related illnesses. if health care providers cannot find another cause for these symptoms, they will test for nhl. nhl is usually diagnosed using imaging techniques or biopsies. the imaging techniques include various scans ( cat, pet, gallium, and thallium ). a biopsy is an examination of cells from a suspected tumor. the cells are collected by a thin needle, or they are cut out surgically. nhl is caused by long - term stimulation of the immune system. when b - cells multiply quickly for many years, more mutations occur. some of these mutations cause cancer. about 4 % of people with symptoms of hiv disease develop nhl each year. the rate of nhl in people with hiv is over 80 times higher than for the general population. a recent study found higher rates for people with a cd4 count that ever dropped below 200, and the longer they had a high or uncontrolled viral load. the risk of nhl is increased by infection with epstein - barr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5282287058024366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.822568"} {"text": "the general population. a recent study found higher rates for people with a cd4 count that ever dropped below 200, and the longer they had a high or uncontrolled viral load. the risk of nhl is increased by infection with epstein - barr virus and by genetic factors. the rate of nhl is twice as high in men as in women, and twice as high in caucasians as in people of african or caribbean ancestry. at the present time we don ' t know how to prevent nhl. most cancers are treated by a combination of drugs ( chemotherapy or chemo ). chemo is very toxic. it suppresses the immune system. it can cause nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, swollen and sensitive gums, mouth sores, hair loss, and numbness or tingling in the feet or hands. chemo also damages bone marrow. this can cause anemia ( low red blood cells ) and neutropenia ( low white blood cells ). neutropenia increases the risk of bacterial infections. additional drugs may be needed to fight these side effects. nhl in the central nervous system is very difficult to treat. radiation therapy may be used instead of, or in addition to, chemotherapy. art makes it easier for hiv patients to tolerate strong chemotherapy for nhl. as a result, the death rate from nhl has dropped by over 80 %. seventy - four percent of patients recovered from nhl in a study using a new combination of chemotherapy drugs known as epoch. since people started using strong art, the types of nhl seen in people with hiv are easier to treat. as a result, people with hiv and nhl are living longer. several types of chemo are used for nhl. chemo clears up tumors in about 50 % of patients. however, tumors return in many patients within a year. people diagnosed with nhl are at a higher risk of developing pneumocystis pneumonia ( pcp ) and should take medications to prevent it. see fact sheet 515 for more information on pcp. \" monoclonal antibodies \" are being used against nhl, and researchers continue to study their use. these drugs are produced through genetic engineering. they attack the b - cells that are multiplying out of control. the names of monoclonal antibodies end in \" - mab, \" such as rituximab. they shrink tumors and increase the time before tumors return. nhl, a cancer involving b - cells, affects people with advanced aids. it is serious and often fatal. the use of art has reduced the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4910448793302838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.825203"} {"text": "history of terrorism war on terrorism | anarchist - communist \u00b7 eco - terrorism \u00b7 ethnic narcoterrorism \u00b7 nationalist | types and tactics | | agro - terrorism \u00b7 aircraft hijacking ( list ) bioterrorism \u00b7 car bombing ( list ) environmental \u00b7 nuclear piracy \u00b7 propaganda of the deed proxy bomb \u00b7 suicide attack ( list ) iran \u00b7 pakistan \u00b7 russia sri lanka \u00b7 united states terrorist front organization terrorist training camp clandestine cell system | reign of terror red terror \u00b7 white terror charities accused of ties to terrorism the term communist terrorism is refers to terrorism committed by communist organizations. the term lacks a strict definition. there is a disagreement over precise definition of terrorism, and there is a dispute over connection between adherence to communist ideology and committing terrorist acts. nevertheless there is a number of active and inactive ( disbanded or destroyed ) left - wing radical organizations which claimed adherence to some form of communist ideology and which were considered as terrorist by international community. the communist party of peru more commonly known as the shining path ( sendero luminoso ), is a maoist guerrilla organization in peru that launched the internal conflict in peru in 1980. widely condemned for its brutality, including violence deployed against peasants, trade union organizers, popularly elected officials and the general civilian population, shining path is on the u. s. department of state ' s \" designated foreign terrorist organizations \" list. peru, the european union, and canada likewise regard shining path as a terrorist group and prohibit providing funding or other financial support. the revolutionary armed forces of colombia ( farc ) is a marxist - leninist organization in colombia which has employed vehicle bombings, gas cylinder bombs, killings, landmines, kidnapping, extortion, hijacking, as well as guerrilla and conventional military. the united states department of state includes the farc - ep on its list of foreign terrorist organizations, as does the european union. it funds itself primarily through extortion, kidnapping and their participation in the illegal drug trade. many of their fronts have also overrun and massacred small communities in order to silence and intimidate those who do not support their activities, enlist new and underage recruits by force, distribute propaganda and, more importantly, to pillage local banks. businesses operating in rural areas, including agricultural, oil, and mining interests, were required to pay \" vaccines \" ( monthly payments ) which \" protected \" them from subsequent attacks and kidnappings. an additional, albeit less lucrative, source of revenue was highway blockades where guerrillas stopped motorists and buses in order to confiscate jewelry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5218123682498742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.836764"} {"text": "to pay \" vaccines \" ( monthly payments ) which \" protected \" them from subsequent attacks and kidnappings. an additional, albeit less lucrative, source of revenue was highway blockades where guerrillas stopped motorists and buses in order to confiscate jewelry and money. an estimated 20 - 30 percent of farc combatants are under 18 years old, with many as young as 12 years old, for a total of around 5000 children. ), children who try to escape the ranks of the guerrillas are punished with torture and death. the communist party of nepal has been responsible for hundreds of attacks on government and civilian targets. after the upf ' s maoist wing ( cpn - m ) performed poorly in elections and was excluded from the election of 1994. the maoists then turned to insurgency in order to overthrow nepal ' s monarchy, parliamentary democracy and change nepalese society, including a purge of the nation ' s elite class, a state takeover of private industry, and collectivization of agriculture. in nepal attacks against civilian populations occurred as part of maoist strategy - amnesty international states : the cpn ( maoist ) has consistently targeted private schools, which it ideologically opposes. on the 14 april 2005 the cpn ( maoist ) demanded that all private schools shut down, although this demand was withdrawn on 28 april. following this demand, it bombed two schools in western nepal on 15 april, a school in nepalganj, banke district on 17 april and a school in kalyanpur, chitwan on 21 april. cpn ( maoist ) cadres also reportedly threw a bomb at students taking classes in a school in khara, rukum district. until recently, the maoist insurgency had been fighting against the royal nepalese army and other supporters of the monarchy. they have since risen to power and began implementing reforms as the legitimate government of nepal. the naxalite extremist communist terror groups in india have effectively taken over large parts of the rural regions of the country in recent years. advocating a violent, revolutionary maoist ideology, they and their associates in the communist party of india ( maoist ) and people ' s war are regarded as india ' s biggest and most pernicious security threat. naxalite communists have engaged in numerous terrorist attacks and human rights violations in india ' s \" red corridor \" ( the regions in india that they have taken over ). the communist party of the philippines and its armed wing, the new people ' s army ( cpp / npa ) is a paramilitary group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4911131546640004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.839062"} {"text": "rights violations in india ' s \" red corridor \" ( the regions in india that they have taken over ). the communist party of the philippines and its armed wing, the new people ' s army ( cpp / npa ) is a paramilitary group fighting of marxism - leninism - maoist ideology ( preamble, constitution of the communist party of the philippines, 1968 ) fighting for communist revolution in the philippines. it was formed on march 29, 1969. the maoist npa fights a \" protracted people ' s war \" as the military wing of the communist party of the philippines ( cpp ). the npa is classified as a terrorist organization by the philippine government, the us, eu and other countries. the npa ' s targets often include politicians, military, police, criminals, landlords, business owners and occasionally u. s. agents in the philippines. before the second rectification movement, wherein certain \" errors \" were being rectified, the group conducted a purge, killing thousands of partisans and members on accusations of being deep penetration agent by the armed forces of the philippines and the philippine intelligence community. former npa fighter robert francis garcia chronicled the wild murders in his book to suffer thy comrades and organized the peace advocates for truth, healing and justice ( path ), a group composed of survivors of the \" purges \" and the families of victims and their friends and supporters. out of that rectification movement, the party was split into two, the \" reaffirmists \", who uphold the \" protracted people ' s war \" and the \" mass line \" ; while the \" rejectionists \", who rejects the basic tenets of the party. the latter faction were also known for initiating the mass purges, especially against alleged deep penetration agents before the rectification of errors inside the party system. revolutionary organization 17 november ( also known as 17n or n17 ) is marxist terrorist organization formed in 1973 in greece, recognized as a terrorist organization by the greek state, the us and international law enforcement \",, and believed by many to be have been disbanded in 2002 after the arrest and trial of a number of its members. during its heyday, the urban guerrilla group assassinated 23 people in 103 attacks on u. s., diplomatic and greek targets. greek authorities believe spin - off terror groups are still in operation, including revolutionary struggle, the group that allegedly fired a rocket propelled grenade at the u. s. embassy in athens in january 2007. the revolutionary people ' s liberation party", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5165761637838767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.840631"} {"text": "and greek targets. greek authorities believe spin - off terror groups are still in operation, including revolutionary struggle, the group that allegedly fired a rocket propelled grenade at the u. s. embassy in athens in january 2007. the revolutionary people ' s liberation party / front, is a militant marxist - leninist party in turkey. it is in the terrorist organization lists in the u. s., the uk and the eu. the organisation is listed among the 12 active terrorist organisation in turkey as of 2007 according to counter - terrorism and operations department of directorate general for security ( turkish police ). it also appears as one of the 44 names in the current u. s. state department list of foreign terrorist organizations, 48 groups and entities to which european union ' s common position 2001 / 931 / cfsp on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism applies and 45 international terrorist organisations in the list of proscribed terrorist groups of the uk home office. the may 19 communist organization, also referred to as the may 19 communist coalition, was a us - based, self - described revolutionary organization formed by splintered - off members of the weather underground and the black liberation army. the m19co name was derived from the birthdays of ho chi minh and malcolm x. the may 19 communist organization was active from 1978 to 1985. m19co was a combination of the black liberation army and the weather underground. it also included members of the black panthers and the republic of new africa ( rna ). the group was originally known as the new york chapter of the prairie fire organizing committee ( pfoc ), an organization devoted to legally promoting the causes of the weather underground. its name was derived from the birthdays of ho chi minh and malcolm x. the may 19 communist organization was active from 1978 to 1985. in 1981 kathy boudin, together with several members of the black liberation army, participated in a robbery of a brinks armored car at the nanuet mall, near nyack, new york. upon her arrest, boudin was identified as a member of the may 19 communist organization. from 1982 to 1985, a series of bombings were ascribed to the group. by may 23, 1985, all members of the group had been arrested, with the exception of elizabeth duke, who remains a fugitive. at a 1986 trial, six group members were tried and convicted of multiple counts of domestic terrorism. the red army faction, was one of postwar west germany ' s most active and prominent militant communist terror groups. the group was a successor to the ba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4978723703295136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.842399"} {"text": "in ancient times the cone process was used in india, china, tibet, sumeria, egypt, atlantis, lemuria, as well as the aztec and mayan cultures and the american indian cultures. glazed clay or stone cones were used with a double helix carved inside to create a spiral energy flow carrying herbs or incense into the ear canal, which is a spiral itself. this created a counter clockwise spiral energy by the vacuum action of the cone. in modern times the spaniards in south america, and indians such as the cherokee, yaqui and the mexican indians still use ear coning as a healing modality. material variations such as rolled up newspapers are used for ear infections in south america, while waxed, shaped newspaper with a plug of incense two thirds of the way down is used by mexican indians. straw shaped cloth and wax cones are used in europe. the amish utilize the cherokee style, as we do. the choctaw simply blow smoke of herbs in the ear canal as medicine. coning ( candling ) has traditionally been used to clear earaches, dizziness and ringing in the ears ( tinnitus ). it is also a powerful auric cleanser, which makes other bodywork more effective. * helps sinuses clear * helps drain lymph glands * vacuums nerve endings in ear canal * vacuums out the eustachian tube to prevent contaminants from entering the ear canal, our cones are made of strips of unbleached 100 % cotton dipped into a mixture of beeswax ( instead of paraffin, which is a petroleum by - product ) and herbs in the form of extracts, oils, or essences. extracts are used by contemporary cone - makers because many people are allergic to molds in dried herbs. the strips are rolled spirally, dipped and left to harden upside down. the cones are then scraped, trimmed and plastic wrapped as pairs with 2 skewers and instructions. when coning, the cone is lit on the wide end, the narrow end is then gently placed into the ear and burned to send a spiral of herbal smoke into the ear canal. this process is also called ear cleansing with herbs, ear candling or auricular candling in europe, canada and america. german medical students are taught ear candling as a remedy. one of the conditions that make for mold allergy is an over production of the yeast candida. candida in the ear causes itching inside the ear. when the nerve endings are blocked from picking up stimulus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4759955644981481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.850175"} {"text": "taught ear candling as a remedy. one of the conditions that make for mold allergy is an over production of the yeast candida. candida in the ear causes itching inside the ear. when the nerve endings are blocked from picking up stimulus by either fungus or yeast growth, vibrational energy frequencies cannot be transmitted through the nerve endings. yeast and fungus and the more common worms can be considered parasites and it is important to take care of these parasites by diet change, and homeopathic or herbal remedies. \u201c swimmers ear \u201d available in drugstores, prevents fungus growth. the way coning works : the spiral of the cone draws out debris. smoke goes into the ear. picture a chimney with its \u2019 fire and oxygen dynamics. a draw is created. debris is osmotically drawn through the eardrum into the cone. in the outer ear canal excess hardened wax plugs may also be drawn out. it creates a reverse osmotic pressure that equalizes the eustachian tube pressure. candling is very soothing, relaxing and non - invasive. at no point does the tip of the cone in the ear get hot to the touch. heat is not a factor. how often : this is a healing process. we suggest three conings, three to seven days apart. this allows the process to complete a cycle of clearing accumulated debris. after that, groupings of three until you have completed your process. normal earwax replenishes itself within 24 hours. thereafter, the ear can be coned every six months. muscle testing ( kinesiology ) or pendulum can be used to determine how many conings are needed and when you have completed your process. physically : this starts a cleansing process, which is normal. you may feel increased pressure in the ears, fluid in the ears, movement or inflammation of the lymphatic system. your body is clearing. allow it! cranial fluids are being realigned. you may feel improvements in sight, color perception and balance. this is due to subtle changes in energy flow. ( if the pressure reaches a point of distracting discomfort, a follow - up coning should be done as soon as possible, as a strong movement has begun which needs completion. ) drink lots of water. misalignments of occipital lobes, which lie underneath the base of the skull, become pulled down from beneath the skull, as a result of stresses. the flow of cerebral fluid in the brain will become impaired, causing congestion in the ears, sin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47178370124167796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.852237"} {"text": "los angeles, april 29 : the swine flu has literally inundated the united states of america. the worst part is that flu continues to spread from one state to the other and experts opine that the worst is yet to come. the number of flu cases has swelled, prompting officials to announce a public health emergency. in mexico, from where the flu reportedly spread, more than 1, 600 people are likely to be affected. according to the data compiled by the associated press, the swine flu can be blamed for 152 deaths in mexico alone. the flu has not proved fatal in california as yet although 20 cases have been reported from the state. meanwhile, the flu was detected for the first time in canada on tuesday. rear admiral dr. anne schuchat, interim deputy director for the centers for disease control and prevention ' s science and public health program, said of the escalation in flu cases, \u201c i do expect more cases and expect more states to be affected. \u201d he cautioned, \u201c i think we need to be prepared that even if it starts to look a little better, it may get a little worse. \u201d the swine flu is caused by any strain of the influenza virus endemic in swine ( pigs ), termed as swine influenza virus ( siv ). siv can mutate into a form that can easily spread from human to human. characteristic symptoms in humans include chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort. dr. richard besser, the acting director of the centers for disease control and prevention noted that the current swine flu is in a \u2018 pre - pandemic \u2019 period. he opined that now the aim is to alleviate the harm. he advised the masses to bring into practice the common - sense preventive actions like washing hands, covering coughs with an arm or shoulder and staying at home to keep away from the virus. with the threat of an epidemic looming large, the federal government is leaving no stone unturned to combat the virus. several schools were closed tuesday in new york city, san antonio and suburban sacramento, where a teenager was tested positive for the disease. the custom authorities have stepped up the health screenings vigil at the u. s. - mexico border crossings with an aim to block the spread of swine flu. travelers are being urged to cancel trips.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39300119307854053, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.857316"} {"text": "posted on apr 15, 2010 | comments 0 the school is the best place to learn new things. kids enjoy being in school especially if they get to learn stuffs through fun and wholesome learning experiences. not only do they get to learn about how to read and write but also how to become responsible, industrious, kind, and caring towards other living things like animals. the classroom is the ideal place for learning. aside from books, visual aids, and other instructional materials, teachers should also consider having an aquarium in the classroom. here are the reasons why you should have an aquarium in the classroom : 1. help children learn about different species of aquatic plants and animals having an aquarium can expose kids to all kinds of marine life like fishes and seaweeds. they will be able to observe how they grow and how they interact in their habitat. 2. teach children about responsibility and caring for living things now that you have a class aquarium, children can learn about being responsible and how to take care of marine life by doing their part in feeding the fishes and cleaning the aquarium. 3. encourage children to help one another children will be encouraged to work together and help each other in order for your aquarium to have healthy fishes and plants. aquariums should not only be confined in our homes but also in other places like in the classrooms. they are not only decorations but they serve as avenues for learning. [ aquarium decoration ] posted in : fish aquarium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46551375655130733, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.861425"} {"text": "over 8, 000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a thinkquest competition. compete | faq | contact us unlike other disabilities / handicaps, learning disabilities are invisible. because of this, they often go undiagnosed. undiagnosed learning disabled kids are erroneously labeled lazy and unmotivated, and they suffer needlessly because they are punished for being off task, and for failing to demonstrate their obvious intelligence in their academic performance. this results in low self - esteem and depression due to their feelings of unworthiness caused by the knowledge that they are disappointing and hurting their parents. they find themselves incapable of doing anything to change that, and often end up believing that they are stupid. feeling different at an age when they just want to fit in, they develop poor peer relations and often become academic or social dropouts. this site was created to avert such a disaster. in this virtual tree house, ld kids can learn more about their disabilities and discover ways in which they can help themselves. this information is available in text form, streaming audio, and via mobile phone through wap technology. kids can also receive immediate answers to their questions by asking \" dr. doggy \" - a cute and loveable internet artificial intelligence bot, and they can interact with each other and share their feelings via the multilingual message boards and chat room. most importantly, they can meet others like themselves, develop friendships, talk about their hopes, dreams and goals and come to the realisation that they are not alone on their path of life. jasonamerican school of bombay, bombay, india cameliacolegiul national sf sava, bucuresti, romania shireendistance education centre victoria, mumbai, india 19 & under carlos fernandesperceptivei pte. ltd., singapore, singapore varsha jagdalewayne state university, singapore, singapore health & safety > differently - abled social sciences & culture > education english, german, french", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5321803750947055, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.865186"} {"text": "akhildelhi public school noida, uttar pradesh, india ashutoshdelhi public school noida, uttar pradesh, india manitdelhi public school noida, uttar pradesh, india 15 & under anila mathurdelhi public school noida, uttar pradesh, india science & technology > life science > endangered & extinct species science & technology teacher resources ( lesson plans, worksheets ) video / sound our team had to tackle several challenges before submitting the site. each member had to be chosen very carefully. some people were very interested but not willing to work. manit, akhil and ashutosh all were very good academically. akhil enhanced the project with beautiful graphics and multimedia while manit continued to work on the website. ashutosh with his superb writing style helped us to capture the epitorial lifestyle of the bears. through a busy and tight schedule somehow the kids came together and compiled the project. addng to the problems were the exams but still they managed to complete the project. the teachers with their help also added to the students ' knowledge. our team does not restrict only to the efforts to its members but it includes the various efforts made by the other people to save the polar bears and life on earth from extinction. a variety sources adds to the work done by the members. for the children of the tropical countries even to consider the effects of global warming taking place in an absolutely different latitude in itself was a great challenge. to handle this chalenge the boys had to contact many people ranging from australia to canada. though the school was same the states were different and so the distance between their houses also became a challenge and hence can ' t be neglected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44080469656516075, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.868975"} {"text": "native to northern india, the drought - tolerant moringa tree is now grown throughout asia, south america and africa. as a crop, the moringa tree \u2019 s durability and rapid growth ( up to 10 feet each year! ) make it ideal for low - income, rural communities. often called \u201c the miracle tree, \u201d the moringa is more than your average tree. the wood is soft and doesn \u2019 t make the best building material but its regenerative bark is perfect for wood - burning stoves. moringa oil, in addition to being a substitute for vegetable oil, is used in soaps, lamps and as mechanical lubrication for farm and food production equipment. but the moringa \u2019 s greatest use is nutritional. according to the food and agriculture organization of the united nations, just 25 grams of moringa leaf powder supplies a person with their entire day \u2019 s calcium and vitamin a needs, half the day \u2019 s protein and potassium needs and about three - quarters of the day \u2019 s iron needs. eaten as a vegetable course during meals, moringa leaves improve childhood nutrition, birth weights and the quality of breast - milk. the hunger project - benin has had success during the past year with a program called moringa + + that promotes the cultivation of moringa trees in epicenter communities as sources of income, environmental sustainability and child nutrition. youth groups at kissamey and dekpo epicenters mobilized to plant thousands of moringa, as well as apple, cashew and oil palm trees, which contribute to the overall food security of each community. additional groups grind and package powdered moringa leaves to be sold and generate income. combined with other epicenter workshops, this sturdy tree and moringa + + are empowering communities to achieve sustainable self - reliance in the areas of health, income, food security and education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4104756585973148, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.875642"} {"text": "if the current recession is the longest since wwii and continues for another year, one of its most frightening characteristics is that the number of people whose jobless benefits run out is going to be large and will almost certainly grow substantially beginning relatively soon. this means that even though giving financial support to the unemployed may be an unbelievable expense, it may actually cost more to remove their government safety net and in some cases allow them to become indigent. congress agreed to extend unemployment benefits to a 59 - week period last year. according to the new york post, wayne vroman, an economist at the urban institute, estimates that up to 700, 000 people could exhaust their extended benefits by the second half of this year. since net job losses could continue well into 2010, and unemployment is likely to top 10 %, the figures for people receiving no financial support at all could move well above one million before the end of the year and actually increase after that. ( see pictures of the global financial crisis. ) if there is any such thing as a typical recession, it usually runs a one year cycle. by the time most people are about to run out of support from the government, the economy begins to create jobs. it is already clear that is not what will happen this year or next. ( see the 25 people to blame for the financial crisis. ) the u. s. census says that anyone under 65 making below $ 11. 201 is below the poverty line. in 2007, nearly 13 % of the population was considered impoverished over 37 million people. individuals who lose government support this year and next may effectively have no income at all. the estimates of the number of homeless people in america vary widely. that may be because some surveys consider people who have no home for a night to fall into the category, while others only consider those who live in a chronic state of being without their own shelter. the disparities of measurement yield numbers that are as low at 800, 000 and as high as three million. most people who have no income will not live in shelters or on the streets. they will move in with friends or relatives. they will only be homeless to the extent that they no long have a place of their own to live and cannot afford one. it is a form of displacement that has not been seen in america since the depression and one which replaces the government ' s assistance for the individual back with the social network of the community, whether that is the community of the family or some other close knit network. if the economic downturn is as long or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45122217103810847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.882449"} {"text": "today i found out the history and symbolism behind the tradition of wearing a wedding ring and why, in most western cultures, it \u2019 s worn on the fourth finger of the left hand, otherwise known as the ring finger. wedding rings today are a billion dollar sentiment of love, but no one can really say for sure when this age old tradition actually started. some believe that the oldest recorded exchange of wedding rings comes from ancient egypt, about 4800 years ago. sedges, rushes and reeds, growing alongside the well - known papyrus were twisted and braided into rings for fingers an other decorative ornaments worn by the women in those days. the circle was the symbol of eternity, with no beginning or end, not only to the egyptians, but many other ancient cultures. the hole in the center of the ring also had significance. it wasn \u2019 t just considered a space, but rather a gateway, or door ; leading to things and events both known and unknown. to give a woman a ring signifies never - ending and immortal love. the materials these rings were made of didn \u2019 t last very long and soon were substituted with rings made of leather, bone or ivory. the more expensive the material, the more love shown to the receiver ; the value of the ring also demonstrated the wealth of the giver. the roman \u2019 s also eventually adopted this tradition but with their own twist. rather than offering a ring to a woman as a symbol of love, they awarded them as a symbol of ownership. roman men would \u201c claim \u201d their woman with the giving of a ring. roman betrothal rings were later made of iron and called \u201c anulus pronubus. \u201d they symbolized strength and permanence. it is also said that the romans were the first to engrave their rings. it was not until about 860 that the christians used the ring in marriage ceremonies ; even then, it was not the simple plain band as we know it. it usually was highly decorated with engraved doves, lyres, or two linked hands. the church discouraged such rings as \u2018 heathenish \u2019 and, around the 13th century, wedding and betrothal rings were considerably simplified, and given a more spiritual look which was very aptly expressed by a bishop when he dubbed it a \u201c symbol of the union of hearts. \u201d wedding rings through different stages in history have been worn on different fingers, including the thumb, and on both the left and right hands. according to a tradition believed to have been derived from the romans, the wedding ring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45179719127695456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.889634"} {"text": "of the union of hearts. \u201d wedding rings through different stages in history have been worn on different fingers, including the thumb, and on both the left and right hands. according to a tradition believed to have been derived from the romans, the wedding ring is worn on the left hand ring finger because there was thought to be a vein in the finger, referred to as the \u2018 vena amoris \u2019 or the \u2018 vein of love \u2019 said to be directly connected to the heart. however, scientists have shown this is actually false. despite this, this myth still remains regarded by many ( hopeless romantics ) as the number one reason rings are worn on the fourth finger. another theory thought to be behind the ring being placed on the left hand by christians seems a little more plausible. early christian marriages had a ritual to wear the wedding ring in the third finger. as the priest recited during the binding, \u201d in the name of the father, the son and the holy spirit \u201d, he would take the ring and touch the thumb, the index finger, and the middle finger ; then, while uttering \u201c amen \u201d, he would place the ring on the ring finger, which sealed the marriage. a more practically based theory is that the soft metal ( traditionally gold for wedding rings ) is less worn or injured on the finger of the left hand, due to most of the world being right handed. further, the fourth finger on the left hand is probably the second to the least used finger on a person \u2019 s hands outside of pinkies. pinkies being small, making a small ring with little surface area to decorate, perhaps motivated people to then place it on the next least used finger, namely the fourth finger on the left hand, which is roughly the size of the other fingers. - the earliest and smallest engagement ring was given to princess mary, daughter of henry viii. she was two years old at the time. presumably the ring was given to her by pedobear. - seventeen tons of gold are made into wedding rings each year in the united states! - back in the 1300 \u2019 s, when people were particularly superstitious, it was believed that taking a piece of the bride \u2019 s clothing would grant the guests good luck. this lead to many guests that would literally tear cloth from the bride \u2019 s dress ( which made for a very peeved bride! ). so, in an attempt to stave off greedy luck - seekers, many brides began to throw items to guests that could be easily removed from her and that included", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4509799383470148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.890604"} {"text": "the bride \u2019 s dress ( which made for a very peeved bride! ). so, in an attempt to stave off greedy luck - seekers, many brides began to throw items to guests that could be easily removed from her and that included her garter. eventually, grooms began to remove the garter and tossed it to the men as a means to prevent tipsy male guests from trying to do the deed themselves. in an effort to help the women feel included, it eventually became customary for the bride to throw her bouquet at the female guests. - there are dozens of good - luck, bad - luck traditions followed by different cultures around the world. in greek culture, a sugar cube is tucked into the bride \u2019 s glove to \u201c sweeten \u201d the marriage. for good luck, egyptian women pinch the bride on her wedding day. the english believe a spider found in a wedding dress means good luck. peas are thrown at czech newlyweds instead of rice. ancient greeks and romans thought the veil protected the bride from evil spirits. brides have worn veils ever since. the groom carries the bride across the threshold to bravely protect her from evil spirits lurking below. - the first recorded account of a diamond engagement ring was in 1477 when king maximilian i of germany ( 1459 - 1519 ) proposed to mary of burgundy ( 1457 - 1482 ) and offered her a diamond to seal his vow. ( so, men you now know who to blame! ) - interestingly, in many countries, even today, including norway, russia, greece, ukraine, bulgaria, poland, austria, germany, portugal and spain, the wedding ring in worn on the ring finger of the right hand and not the left. in jewish tradition, the groom places the ring on the bride \u2019 s index finger, and not the \u201c ring \u201d finger at all. expand for references :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44538754768351807, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.891388"} {"text": "general : the house finch was originally an inhabitant to the west coast of the u. s. and mexico but has been introduced to the east coast. according to audubon, in the 1940 \u2019 s caged house finches were in new york city and long island, new york. since that time, the house finch has established new territory along the atlantic coast. house finches were introduced to oahu from san francisco sometime before 1870. they had become abundant on all the major hawaiian islands by 1901. as with all such events, unintended consequences have occurred. competition for food and habitat resulted in east coast populations of native purple finch and the invasive house sparrow to decline. with its increased territory and adaptability, the total house finch population across north america is estimated between 267 million and 1. 4 billion individuals. house finches nest in many different places from man - made structures to trees to rock ledges. they will use abandoned nests of other birds. overall width of the nest is 3 - 7 inches, with the inside cup 1 - 3 inches across and up to 2 inches deep. female lays 2 to 6 pale blue to white eggs speckled with fine black and pale purple markings. the eggs are about. 6 \u201d long and \u00bd \u201d wide. the chicks hatch in 13 to 14 days and are naked except for sparse white down along feather tracts. they fledge in 12 to 19 days. house finches can have two or more broods per year. in captivity house finches have lived as long as 11 years. finches are about the same size as house sparrows but more slender. they measure 5. 1 \u201d \u2013 5. 5 \u201d long and with a wingspan between 7. 9 \u201d \u2013 9. 8 \u201d. they weigh \u00bd oz - 1 oz. adult males are rosy red around the face and upper breast, with streaky brown back, belly and tail. adult females are plain grayish - brown with thick, blurry streaks and an indistinctly marked face. the red of a male house finch comes from pigments contained in its food. because of this, sometimes orange or yellowish male house finches will be observed. habitat : house finches inhabit city parks, backyards, urban centers, farms, and forest edges across the continent. in the western u. s., house finches native habitat is desert, grassland and open woods. they are frequent late fall and winter visitors to my upstate ny backyard birdfeeder. native range was west coast from mexico to canada east to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39084270071563043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.894581"} {"text": "by fred taylor everyone knows the basic antique furniture styles, right? queen anne with the rounded chair shoulders, vase - shaped splat, and cabriole legs, chippendale with the ball - and - claw foot and the pierced splat, and, of course, william and mary, one of those dark, clunky, old english styles that used to be in castles in the middle ages. it falls in the same category as those other clunky english styles like jacobean, elizabethan, and tudor. on the other hand, that is not the case at all. we owe more to the william and mary style than most people \u2014 even knowledgeable collectors \u2014 often realize. why? and who were william and mary, that we should be grateful to them? william iii ( 1650 \u2013 1702 ), known as william of orange, was the son of the dutch prince of orange, and his english wife, mary. in 1677, young william iii married another english woman named mary, who was his cousin and was the daughter of the king of england, james ii ( 1633 \u2013 1701 ). it was confusing. james ii was a catholic, and when a son was born from his second marriage to mary modena, the prospect of another catholic king inspired a coup which toppled james from the throne in 1688 and installed his protestant daughter mary on the throne in 1689, along with her dutch husband. when william arrived by invitation in england in 1688, along with his army of 14, 000 dutch troops, he also brought with him many of his dutch craftsmen and their ideas of furniture making. the jacobean style, incidentally named for james ii \u2019 s father, james i ( 1566 \u2013 1625 ) \u2014 jacob is latin for james \u2014 had just about run its course in england and the time was ripe for a major change. this timing happily coincided with the influx of the huguenots, driven from france in another religious dispute. since the huguenots were skilled textile workers and wood craftsmen, they provided much of the skilled labor force that was about to be needed in the coming furniture revolution. one of the most important concepts in furniture brought to england by dutch william and his cabinetmakers was one that had not yet occurred to the english \u2014 that of comfort. english furniture had heretofore been designed to promote the rank, status, and power of the owner, not to provide comfort. two other concepts were also prominent in the new furniture style \u2014 verticality and slenderness. the new pieces of furniture tended to be taller", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41814239564785194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.899646"} {"text": "of the earliest \u201c use specific \u201d pieces of furniture. one of the longest lasting of the new elements was the general use of cast brass hardware, replacing wooden handles and pulls. the castings were thin and irregular since each was done individually, and period castings show the imprint of the sand in the mold as well as the marks left by the scrapers and files. the brass surfaces were decorated with chasings ( designs punched or scored on the surface ). originally, pieces of hardware were attached to the wood surface by heavy cotter pins driven through the thickness of the surface and opened from inside. while clever in theory, the impracticality of such a fastener soon showed, and the post - and - bail pull, held in the wood by rough, handmade screws appeared on the scene in the early 18th century. remnants of the original style can be seen in both colonial revival and modern furniture in the form of slender ball - turned legs, serpentine stretchers, butterfly drop - leaf tables, and chairs with upholstered seats and backs. in short, the william and mary period gave us lighter furniture with pleasant lines, attractive cast brass hardware, and above all, comfort \u2014 thanks to bill and his bride. send your comments, questions, and pictures to me at p. o. box 215, crystal river, fl 34423 or e - mail them to me at email @ example. com. visit fred \u2019 s website at www. furnituredetective. com. his book, how to be a furniture detective, is now available for $ 18. 95 plus $ 3 shipping. send check or money order for $ 21. 95 to fred taylor, p. o. box 215, crystal river, fl 34423. fred and gail taylor \u2019 s dvd, identification of older & antique furniture, ( $ 17 + $ 3 s & h ) and a bound compilation of the first 60 columns of \u201c common sense antiques by fred taylor \u201d, ( $ 25 + $ 3 s & h ) are also available at the same address. for more information call 800. 387. 6377 ( 9 a. m. \u2013 4 p. m. eastern, monday \u2013 friday only ), fax 352. 563. 2916, or e - mail firstname. lastname @ example. org. all items are also available directly from the website www. furnituredetective. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4564674978825741, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.901972"} {"text": "jimmy carter in the washington post : the u. s. freedom of information act ( foia ) turns 40 tomorrow, the day we celebrate our independence. but this anniversary will not be a day of celebration for the right to information in our country. our government leaders have become increasingly obsessed with secrecy. obstructionist policies and deficient practices have ensured that many important public documents and official actions remain hidden from our view. the events in our nation today \u2014 war, civil rights violations, spiraling energy costs, campaign finance and lobbyist scandals \u2014 dictate the growing need and citizens \u2019 desire for access to public documents. a poll conducted last year found that 70 percent of americans are either somewhat or very concerned about government secrecy. this is understandable when the u. s. government uses at least 50 designations to restrict unclassified information and created 81 percent more \u201c secrets \u201d in 2005 than in 2000, according to the watchdog coalition openthegovernment. org. moreover, the response to foia requests often does not satisfy the transparency objectives or provisions of the law, which, for example, mandates an answer to information requests within 20 working days. according to the national security archives 2003 report, median response times may be as long as 905 working days at the department of agriculture and 1, 113 working days at the environmental protection agency. the only recourse for unsatisfied requesters is to appeal to the u. s. district court, which is costly, timely and unavailable to most people. policies that favor secrecy, implementation that does not satisfy the law, lack of a mandated oversight body and inaccessible enforcement mechanisms have put the united states behind much of the world in the right to information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4784291599972075, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.904804"} {"text": "integrated pest management < < back to gwcaes homepage in 1985 under the leadership of research scientists clauzell stevens and victor khan, the station was instrumental in developing research programs that solved pest management problems and improved the health of vegetable crops through programs using low chemical input and biologically - based strategies such as soil solarization and agriplastic application, uv - c technology to control postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables especially sweetpotato and tomato. plasticulture research activities centered on the transfer of new technologies such as plastic mulch systems, drip irrigation and soil solarization through field demonstrations, workshops and related outreach programs in partnership with the plastic industry and auburn university. plasticulture scientists at tuskegee were the first to use agriplastic mulch systems in alabama to produce early spring watermelons, okra and tomato during the month of june so that alabama farmers could be competitive with florida growers. in recognition of the accomplishments of stevens and khan on a number of agriplastic research studies in plasticulture, the team was invited by the american society of plasticulture to lead a team of plasticulturists to write a chapter entitled : plastic chemistry and technology as related to plasticulture in solar heating of the soil in soil solarization ( 1991 ) edited by j. katan and j. devay for crc press, boca raton, fl. stevens and khan also demonstrated the use of agriplastic systems as a means to elicit induced foliage resistance to alternaria leaf spot in vegetables. in a collaborative effort with scientists from auburn university who pioneered the development of a biological control fungicide foliage spray, they demonstrated that, by integrating plasticulture techniques with the biofungicide foliage spray on tomatoes, there was another way to control early tomato blight with results comparable to a chemical fungicide. scientists at tuskegee were the first investigators in the u. s. and the third group of researchers to report that soil solarization induced resistance of several foliage diseases on crops. furthermore, he and his colleagues used reflective agriplastic mulch to control mosaic viral diseases of squash in alabama. in 1984, dr. stevens and his colleagues were the first to introduce a new postharvest therapy on managing post - harvest diseases by inducing resistance in onions and sweetpotatoes to storage rots by uv - c elicitation. he proposed a hormesis model to explain this induced resistance phenomena. a collaborative link was established with scientists from the usda / ars, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49553630693129425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.909820"} {"text": "data reported by the weather station : 552790 latitude : 31. 36 | longitude : 90. 01 | altitude : 4701 | main | | year 1996 climate | | select a month | to calculate annual averages, we analyzed data of 363 days ( 99. 18 % of year ). if in the average or annual total of some data is missing information of 10 or more days, this is not displayed. the total rainfall value 0 ( zero ) may indicate that there has been no such measurement and / or the weather station does not broadcast. | annual average temperature : | | 0. 2\u00b0c | | 363 | | annual average maximum temperature : | | 5. 5\u00b0c | | 363 | | annual average minimum temperature : | | - 6. 2\u00b0c | | 363 | | annual average humidity : | | 45. 3 % | | 358 | | annual total precipitation : | | 360. 46 mm | | 363 | | annual average visibility : | | 29. 5 km | | 363 | | annual average wind speed : | | 14. 7 km / h | | 363 | number of days with extraordinary phenomena. | total days with rain : | | 92 | | total days with snow : | | 53 | | total days with thunderstorm : | | 43 | | total days with fog : | | 7 | | total days with tornado or funnel cloud : | | 0 | | total days with hail : | | 14 | days of extreme historical values in 1996 the highest temperature recorded was 19\u00b0c on august 17. the lowest temperature recorded was - 29. 2\u00b0c on january 2. the maximum wind speed recorded was 122. 2 km / h on january 29.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4607484365086406, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.913451"} {"text": "about the program phase 1 of the cheyenne river sioux tribe \u2019 s healthy nations program included one hundred task force and working group meetings, thirty - six community meetings, and data collection from individuals and programs. our data collection continues from youth and other community sources. data indicates the need for constructive, educational, cultural activities to occupy reservation youth during the non - school hours ; afterschool, weekends, and summer. these activities are provided through four major components in the phase 2 healthy nations program. these components are titled : wolakota yukini wicoti ( lakota youth camp ), adopt - a - horse, prevention & aftercare transition, and takoja / keepers of wisdom video productions. two basic principles guide our healthy nations program : access and responsibility. we address access by providing services within each of our identified communities. we address responsibility by offering and promoting activities that teach responsibility, positive peer group influence across the age span, and substance abuse free behaviors. we provide educational and lifestyle activities for youth with an emphasis on belonging, culture, and substance abuse free interaction and behaviors. it is our hope that many of the alternative lifestyles will be presented by our own community members. the wolakota yukini ( to make live again, culture, tradition, and language ) is the theme of this phase of the healthy nations program and is designed to implement the traditional values of the lakota people into the field of the youth service providers. the lack of motivation by the youth population in reference to the basic need to identify positive alternatives to substance abuse has encouraged our traditional elders to take an active role in controlling the destiny of our youth. back to the top the cheyenne river sioux reservation was established by the act of march 2, 1889, which divided the great sioux reservation into five smaller reservations. the cheyenne river reservation boundaries include roughly 2. 8 million acres of rolling prairie lands ( about the size of the state of connecticut ). b. i. a. labor force statistics indicate that there are roughly 12, 000 indians on the reservation. in 1908, the reservation was opened to homesteading, and about half of the reservation land was sold to non - indians. the reservation boundaries were not diminished, however, and as a result, of the 18 reservation communities, the cities of dupree ( population 500 - - 50 % indian ), isabel ( population 350 - - 20 % indian ), and timber lake ( population 700 - - 35 % indian ) claim to be non - indian communities because a majority of residents are non - indian. the city of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.448221266273746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.922887"} {"text": "- - 50 % indian ), isabel ( population 350 - - 20 % indian ), and timber lake ( population 700 - - 35 % indian ) claim to be non - indian communities because a majority of residents are non - indian. the city of eagle butte is the largest city on the reservation with roughly 2, 500 to 3, 000 residents and is 80 % indian. overall, the population of the cheyenne river sioux tribe accepted the provisions of the indian reorganization act and adopted a tribal constitution and by - laws in accordance therewith. the tribal council, made up of the chairman, secretary, treasurer, and 15 representatives, is the governing body of the tribe and the tribal courts function as an independent judiciary. as described above, the tribal council has established an extensive administrative branch of government. eagle butte is the center of tribal government, and although the tribe provides government services throughout the reservation, many federal and tribal services are available only in eagle butte. the reservation is made up of six representative districts, each has its own community building, and the district councils have an advisory role in tribal government. the indian residents from outlying communities, such as cherry creek, red scaffold, white horse, black foot, and swift bird often travel to eagle butte for federal and tribal services. the reservation encompasses both dewey and ziebach counties in south dakota, and the indian population is very poor. ziebach county was ranked the third poorest county in america in the 1980 census, and the seventh poorest county in the 1990 census. there is 60 to 85 % unemployment, and the economy is largely an agrarian farm / ranch and service based. therefore, welfare is an important source of income for many families of unemployed indians, and the economy is quite active on the first day of the month when checks are issued. later in the month, the economy slows as people struggle to survive on the meager income. although dupree, isabel and timber lake claim to be non - indian, a few economic services are offered in the smaller, remote indian communities, and tribal members from red scaffold, cherry creek, and thunder butte often patronize dupree, while tribal members from white horse patronize timber lake, and tribal members from green grass patronize eagle butte. thus, alcohol sales in those cities have a significant impact on the indian population. the border towns of gettysburg, 10 miles east of the reservation ( population 1, 500 ), and faith, 5 miles west ( population 800 ), have a similar relationship with the reservation \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3735536344118007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.923902"} {"text": "those cities have a significant impact on the indian population. the border towns of gettysburg, 10 miles east of the reservation ( population 1, 500 ), and faith, 5 miles west ( population 800 ), have a similar relationship with the reservation \u2019 s indian population. back to the top strategy : public awareness campaign a program advisory group was developed to assist the healthy nations program in coordinating the tribe ' s war on alcohol abuse. this was accomplished through monthly meetings and various activities held at the program headquarters in eagle butte, sd. some of the issues addressed through this process included organizational structural discussions and actions, constitution and by - laws. this advisory group helped to plan these activities, which included the youthfest, honoring of youth, stipend for elderly and youth workers, staff evaluations and staff reports, receiving donations, adopt - a - horse, elections, budget revisions, scholarship selections, fundraising efforts and attendance at appropriate youth meetings. the seventh generation youth council, a tribal youth organization, provided resources for a radio show broadcast from the klnd radio station in little eagle, sd, and additional shows were completed through remote broadcasts from eagle butte, sd. the topics discussed on the show included : sobriety issues, peer pressures, domestic violence, gangs, juvenile crime, drug alternatives, inhalant abuse, cultural values, traditional lifestyles, positive role modeling, tribal economics, school news, sports, media clubs, music, broadcast training, and tribal government. the klnd radio station is owned and operated by the standing rock sioux tribe. back to the top strategy 2 : community - wide prevention the healthy nations program worked with various agencies to study existing and needed areas of prevention planning, and to create an inter - agency referral network to provide services to youth residing on the reservation. the primary target being the low - income housing projects, secondary target areas are the other tribal communities. referrals were made to the following agencies : four bands healing center counseling program, juvenile detention center, juvenile courts, juvenile probation office, social services, emergency shelter homes for boys and girls, cheyenne river schools. collaborations were made with the following : cheyenne river housing authority - drug elimination program, sioux ymca, sitanka college, sacred heart center, single mother ' s program, healthy start, and professional consultation services. in an effort to provide substance - free activities for youth, the healthy nations program worked in several outreach areas, including white horse, laplante, timber lake, swiftbird, blackfoot, dupree, isabel, thunder butte", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43878584666387166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.924976"} {"text": "consultation services. in an effort to provide substance - free activities for youth, the healthy nations program worked in several outreach areas, including white horse, laplante, timber lake, swiftbird, blackfoot, dupree, isabel, thunder butte, iron lightning, cherry creek, red scaffold, takini and bridger, eagle butte, green grass, sans arc, bear creek. the activities provided were youth meetings, recreational games, movie nights, rap sessions, lakota storytelling, culture nights, dj dances, home visits, talking circles, volleyball, sweatlodge, nature walks, talent search, table games, art therapy, computer classes, grade incentives, health and wellness fairs, carnivals, pool league, tobacco awareness sessions, pizza parties, open gym, youth lock - ins, sleepovers, ecology sessions, wilderness survival training, weight lifting, music recitals, walking club, horseshoe league, fishing trips, cultural awareness sessions, youth play day, lakota song and dance, white bison spiritual gathering, red road counselor training, and community service projects. the lakota takosa / keepers of wisdom video production program was developed in order to collect and distribute essential materials to prevent the loss of the lakota language and culture. these efforts included a youth camp, video training, creating resource list of tribal elders, storytime, lakota language classes, a christmas dinner, social dance exhibitions, youthfest, elder men ' s meetings, oral history interviews, cultural presentations and monthly sewing lessons in the young mother ' s program. bi - monthly cultural curriculum training to the tiospaye tops tribal school and the tribal headstart program was also developed and provided. additional activities provided in various communities include the lakota language curriculum, elderly dinners, youth play day, summer youth food program, wrap - around training, elder ' s social, adopt - a - grandparent, cooking activities, computer training, golden oldies social, dance regalia, star quilt project, health support groups, and nutritional seminars. these services were mainly provided at the cultural center in eagle butte, sd, tiospaye topa school in laplante, sd, and the crst headstart programs at five different sites on the reservation. the wings camp was held in eagle butte, sd on june 28 - 30, 1999, and included fitness drills, indoor exercises and games, practice race competitions, fun run and community feed. back to the top strategy 3 : early identification, intervention and referral the wolakota yukini wicot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4547231455024393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.926303"} {"text": "on june 28 - 30, 1999, and included fitness drills, indoor exercises and games, practice race competitions, fun run and community feed. back to the top strategy 3 : early identification, intervention and referral the wolakota yukini wicoti ( to make live again, culture, tradition and language ) camps were developed to incorporate the ways of the lakota culture into a moving camp designed for youth. the initial youth camp was held from june 20, 1996 to september 4, 1996 during which time the youth lived in traditional tipis and traveled on horseback. the second year, the youth resided in similar villages, but were separated by gender and the camps were held at one location for a period of two weeks per session. the third year involved a trail ride around the reservation covering over 350 miles in 14 days. the fourth year camp included 2 one - week sessions and was held in the sacred black hills of the lakota people in western south dakota at bear butte ( mato paha ). the young lakota artist project was created to provide monthly mentorship activities through art and host an art competition for youth. this was implemented by a series of primary art lessons, art classes, and 2 youth art competitions and artist receptions. the classes were presented at the program headquarters in eagle butte, sd. the art exhibit, reception and competition were held at the super 8 conference room, eagle butte, sd. the art mentoring sessions were held at the cultural center in eagle butte ( held in the bear creek community, sd ). the following mediums were represented : pencil drawing, colored pencil drawings, charcoal, chalk pastels, oil pastels, watercolors, acrylic paints, and oil paints. the lakota traditional arts and crafts project was implemented to coordinate the efforts of the 8 outreach communities in designing and completing social dance regalia. these activities were facilitated by the cultural liaison and the elderly liaison in the outreach communities of eagle butte, cherry creek, red scaffold, white horse, dupree and timber lake, and included dance regalia, arts and crafts, leatherwork, beading, quillwork, rawhide art, bone jewelry, drum making, dream catchers and woodcarving. to increase the number of students participating in leadership activities, the healthy nations program helped many youth attend the annual youth 2000 leadership conference, was held on march 28 - 30, 1999 in pierre, sd, and the 8th annual youth leadership conference on august 21 - 24, 2000 in eagle butte, sd. the youth participated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4832316939877871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.927980"} {"text": "nations program helped many youth attend the annual youth 2000 leadership conference, was held on march 28 - 30, 1999 in pierre, sd, and the 8th annual youth leadership conference on august 21 - 24, 2000 in eagle butte, sd. the youth participated in workshops, demonstrations, general sessions, motivational speakers, recreational events, dj dance, powwow, and information booths. the conference is held every year and hosted by the cheyenne river housing authority \u2019 s drug elimination program. back to the top strategy 4 : substance abuse treatment and relapse prevention in an effort to implement a horse program to provide basic riding skills and horse care to youth, the adopt - a - horse program was created. the program was also designed to complement the wolakota yukini wicoti project and to adopt 5 horses to youth. the activities completed were roping schools, riding lessons, exceptional education riding program, horse health care and grooming seminars, care and maintenance of riding tack, horse facility management, confirmation classes, adoption policies, horse showmanship classes, livestock judging, rodeo judging, leisure riding, horse training seminars, stable maintenance, trail riding, fencing, and an instructional video on horse trailing. the program also included participation in the headstart parade, viet nam veterans parade, tribal labor day fair parade and play day. an aftercare transition plan was developed and implemented to address the issues of intervention and aftercare. these efforts were implemented through meetings of the inter - agency planning, youth rehabilitation center task force, gona training, red road counselor training, red cross training, aftercare meetings, support group meetings, and home visits. the healthy nations program, in an effort to develop a holistic approach to providing structured recreation and alternative substance - free activities, coordinated many summer activities, to include swimming, basketball, a walking club, health fairs, and a fitness and diabetes prevention camp. back to the top cheyenne river sioux tribe of the cheyenne river reservation healthy nations program back to the top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44519254569021083, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.928819"} {"text": "oriental institute \u2019 s founding tale full of adventure by william harms photo courtesy of the oriental institute this is a fascinating glimpse of a pivotal moment in history \u2014 the birth of the modern middle east as we know it today. \u201d james henry breasted left chicago in 1919 for a daring journey of adventure and archaeological discovery. he came back with a research agenda that shaped the work of the oriental institute for decades and would forever change how the ancient middle east is studied and understood. his trek through egypt and what are now iraq, syria, lebanon, and israel comes to life in dozens of his letters and 1, 000 of his photographs that are featured in a new exhibition at the oriental institute museum. in \u201c pioneers to the past : american archaeologists in the middle east, 1919 \u2013 1920, \u201d the famed archaeologist \u2019 s own dispatches help recount his exciting, dangerous journey amid the unstable aftermath of world war i. \u201c this is a fascinating glimpse of a pivotal moment in history \u2014 the birth of the modern middle east as we know it today, and at the same time, the genesis of modern archaeological research in the cradle of civilization, \u201d says gil stein, director of the oriental institute. \u201c it \u2019 s one of the best examples i know of the ways that scholarship and politics interconnect in important and unexpected ways. \u201d the trip included elements of swashbuckling, as when breasted \u2019 s team was scouting for ruins on horseback and encountered dozens of armed arab soldiers looking to surrender. but much of his adventure was of an intellectual kind. his work supported his thesis that the roots of western civilization lay in the middle east \u2014 an idea that \u2019 s universally accepted today, but stirred controversy in breasted \u2019 s time. the trip also helped bring breasted \u2019 s dream to life \u2014 a research institute at the university of chicago that remains at the center of study of the archaeology, art, languages, and history of the ancient middle east. \u201d we live with the heritage of his work \u2014 and his vision, fueled by what he saw on his journey in 1919 and 1920, \u201d says stein. \u201c on that journey he identified sites to excavate, such as megiddo in what is now israel, and nineveh, in what is now iraq, that were sites of important oriental institute work. that research has helped make us one of the world \u2019 s leading centers of middle eastern archaeology. \u201d the middle east has changed greatly since breasted \u2019 s visit, but his journey reveals some aspects of the region that are familiar to modern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3850945036461513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.934118"} {"text": "institute work. that research has helped make us one of the world \u2019 s leading centers of middle eastern archaeology. \u201d the middle east has changed greatly since breasted \u2019 s visit, but his journey reveals some aspects of the region that are familiar to modern audiences. \u201c the story of breasted \u2019 s adventure is joined by another \u2018 voice \u2019 in the exhibit that comments on the expedition and its aims from a modern perspective, illustrating how much has changed in archaeology and in the middle east since breasted \u2019 s time, \u201d says geoff emberling, research associate and chief curator of the oriental institute. one of the goals of breasted \u2019 s trip was to purchase material for display at the university \u2019 s museum of the ancient middle east. at the time of his journey, artifacts were sold with few restrictions. john d. rockefeller jr., an admirer of breasted \u2019 s books, which popularized an understanding of the heritage of the region, gave him an initial gift of $ 50, 000 ( more than $ 500, 000 in today \u2019 s dollars ), an amount supplemented by the university of chicago, to purchase items. breasted \u2019 s letters back to chicago spoke of his \u201c loneliness and almost morbid love of home. \u201d yet he also was excited to be exploring many historic sites that previously he had only studied in books. he was able to choose material that was not only beautiful, but historically important. among his most prized finds was a book of the dead, commonly put in tombs to describe the afterlife, which rolled out to nearly 35 feet. breasted could barely contain his enthusiasm when he wrote about finding the scroll : \u201c i could hardly believe my eyes, for i saw something which i have never seen in all my years in egypt \u2014 a beautiful roll of papyrus, as fresh and uninjured as if it had been a roll of wall paper just arrived from the shop! \u201d with its \u201c wonderfully wrought vignettes, \u201d it was \u201c one of the most remarkable examples on display anywhere, \u201d says emily teeter, coordinator of the breasted exhibition. traveling in an open biplane, breasted was one of the first archaeologists to see the pyramids and the delta of the nile from the air. he purchased more than 700 objects, including a group of limestone serving statues from a tomb that show scenes of daily life in ancient egypt. the mummy meresamun, the subject of a recently completed oriental institute special exhibit, also was acquired on breasted \u2019 s journey. an important part of breasted \u2019 s trip took", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43199414256899443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.935091"} {"text": "from a tomb that show scenes of daily life in ancient egypt. the mummy meresamun, the subject of a recently completed oriental institute special exhibit, also was acquired on breasted \u2019 s journey. an important part of breasted \u2019 s trip took him through an area of the middle east that was facing an unsettled time after the defeat of the ottoman empire in world war i. the british were seeking dominance in an area that now includes iraq, and breasted took photos of an emerging nation in transition. the british military provided an escort for breasted and his party, who travelled across the region by boat, plane, model t fords, and sometimes horse - drawn wagons. along the way, breasted identified locations for future exploration, including the site of khorsabad in what is now northern iraq, where a team from the oriental institute excavated a winged, human - headed bull that is now one of the museum \u2019 s most popular sculptures. he also visited leading figures, including king faisal, who ruled in damascus and would eventually become the first king of iraq. despite breasted \u2019 s connections, the region was not secure enough for him to visit the site of megiddo, though he saw it from afar and took photos. later oriental institute expeditions were able to excavate the site, which is the location of the biblical battle of armageddon. that work is the most important ever done on the site and went back through centuries of occupation. artifacts from that excavation are on display at the museum. despite breasted \u2019 s reverence for ancient culture, his attitudes toward the modern peoples of the middle east were backward and rooted in the prejudices of his time, emberling says. partly for that reason, he was disconnected from the region \u2019 s political drama even as he passed through it. \u201c breasted and his team were fundamentally more interested in the past than in the present reality of the region, \u201d emberling says. \u201c there is a very real sense in which their trip was to a past landscape. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4238036266854606, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.935872"} {"text": "stand up and speak out 17 october 2007ces informations ne sont pas disponibles en francais. unaids secretariat staff in geneva joined the stand up and speak out events taking place across the globe, calling for leaders to take action against poverty and inequality and to achieve and exceed the millennium development goals. expressing themselves through written messages on a billboard, unaids staff underlined the critical need to scale up the response to aids in the drive to reach the millennium development goals. as part of the messages, unaids executive director, dr peter piot called for everyone to \u201c act everyday against poverty \u201d while his deputy, deborah landey urged the world to \u201c fight aids, end poverty \u201d. last year, more than 23 million people took part in similar stand up and speak out events and set a new guinness world record. this year, the organizers expect to break this record so the message rings even louder. in 2000, leaders of 189 countries signed up to the millennium development goals, a global plan to halve extreme poverty by 2015. yet, every day, 50, 000 people die as a result of extreme poverty and the gap between rich and poor is getting wider. the stand up and speak out initiative aims at making governments honor their commitments on more and better aid, debt cancellation, trade justice, gender equality and public accountability by showing them that more and more people are taking a stand. co - founders of the initiative \u2014 the global call to action against poverty and the united nations millennium campaign \u2014 are working with a large number of national and local partners from schools and universities to local community groups and women \u2019 s groups, choirs and sporting clubs to faith groups, trade unions to corporations and many more. entertaining and engaging events are being organized in around the world. view photo gallery of the unaids stand up and speak out event more on stand up, speak out campaign more on the united nations millennium development goals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43403571762340876, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.938241"} {"text": "this one simple ( non - gory ) image will change the way you think about animals who are born to be slaughtered in australia. prepare to have your mind blown. nearly every animal in australia born to be eaten or have their eggs or milk taken, will not live their full natural life. this chart shows to scale how much of their life they experience before they are killed to be eaten, or because they are no longer ' productive ' enough to be kept. to give it some perspective : the average life expectancy for an australian is almost 82 years. if you were a ' dairy cow ', it would mean you shouldn ' t bother planning your 21st b ' day. if you were a veal calf, you wouldn ' t even reach 2 years old. that ' s a really grim way to look at it - but the sad truth is that most animals in australia are killed as babies. you don ' t have to rescue a pig and have her live in your backyard to be a lifesaver for these animals. all you have to do is decide not to eat them. it ' s such a simple change in your life, but it will make the world of difference to animals you no longer eat. take the pledge to be veg, now! whether you can ' t wait to show off your report card, or whether you ' ll be ' filing it ' in the bin before mum and dad see it - find out which animals would be top of the class if they went to your school. 1. japanese macaques. these monkeys would definitely snag the home economics prize, as they are known to wash sweet potatoes in river water before eating them. not only that, they since learned that washing the taters in sea water infused them with a pleasant salty taste. masterchef... or masterchimp? 2. finches. language class would be no problem for finches who \" talk \" to each other using proper grammar. a field study found that finches ignored remixed versions of their own songs, because the jumbled up versions made no sense to them. this suggests that humans aren ' t the only animals able to order sound logically. tbh, if it ' s super - early in the morning, i can barely order sounds logically myself. so, well done finches! 3. ravens. excellent problem - solvers, they would dominate at school. they have been known to use sticks to get insects out of logs and even drop walnuts in front of cars to crack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45894702314371655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.996843"} {"text": "day if given freedom from a factory farm. ( note : \" rooting \" maybe isn ' t what you think it is, so stop being immature. ) while the intense and utter boredom may seem bad enough, it ' s hardly the only abuse pigs are subject to in factory farms. not by a long shot... if you ' ve seen enough and want to see an end to this cruelty, then join with over 60, 000 other australians who have already taken the make it possible pledge. by promising to make kinder choices at meal times you can make factory farms - - and cruelty to pigs! - - a thing of the past. ( and i guess you don ' t need to be a rocket surgeon to know that the kindest choice you can make is to not eat animals at all! ) can i just say straight off the bat, that i am constantly being amazed by pigs? it seems like not a week goes by when i don ' t hear a story of how impressive these little oinkers are. the latest one that had me shaking my head in wonder is the footage that shows a pig saving a goat from drowning! yes - you read that right. watch the drama unfolding in the clip below! ( weird coincidence alert : check out the unleashed sticker to the right which predicted that this would one day happen! whooo, spooky. ) what an amazing story. that pig is a hero in my books. and can i just say - thank goat the pig was there, because the guy filming hardly covered himself in glory. would it have killed him to put the camera down and help out?? but i ' ll move on. so, we can add \" heroic \" to the list of things we now know about pigs. did you also know that they are playful and will wag their tails like a dog when they ' re happy? and that they ' ve been found to be smarter than dogs, and even as smart as 3 year old children! but did you know that pigs need some rescuing of their own? in factory farms, pregnant mother pigs can legally be confined between bars for four months straight, with no room to even turn around. piglets can have their tails ( and balls! ) cut off with absolutely no pain relief. and the sad fact is, that for most factory farmed pigs in australia, the day they are trucked to their deaths at an abattoir, their last day on earth - is the only day they will ever feel the sun on their back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4389425815734877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.998946"} {"text": "and the sad fact is, that for most factory farmed pigs in australia, the day they are trucked to their deaths at an abattoir, their last day on earth - is the only day they will ever feel the sun on their back. pigs are amongst the most mistreated animals in the world. their very intelligence and charm only makes the cruel treatment dished out to them in factory farms even worse. you ' re probably thinking that what is legal to do to pigs in the name of profit is pretty shocking. you ' d be right. and when farmers break the rules, it can get even worse. you may remember the shocking conditions at wally ' s piggery in nsw last month, and the horrible deaths pigs faced at a victorian abattoir in december last year. luckily, rescuing them from factory farms couldn ' t be easier - - simply choose not to eat them. take the pledge to go veg, and save almost a hundred animals ( not just pigs ) every single year. with your kind choices at meal time, you can be the lifesaver that these animals so desperately need. sometimes you see or hear about something happening, and it changes your life forever. for many people, it might well be the footage and photos released last week of a piggery near canberra. an investigation by animal liberation act and animal liberation nsw revealed some of the most appalling cruelty and neglect ever filmed on an australian factory farm. you can see footage and photos from the investigation here ( warning : the content of the website is very distressing ). just 20 mins drive from our nation ' s capital, workers were shown kicking piglets across the floor. in a room next to their mothers ( within ear shot ), young pigs screamed as they were beaten over the head with a sledgehammer and then slaughtered without any effective stunning. footage shows some pigs apparently conscious and struggling for minutes after their throats had been cut. buckets were filled with dead piglets, and various types of injuries and infections were left untreated. the footage is like some kind of sick horror movie. amidst the brutality and neglect, the scene i found perhaps most heartbreaking was a mother pig standing in a tiny crate, just being continuously pounded by a flood of water from a burst pipe. that these intelligent and sensitive animals could be treated so horribly is just devastating. even though a lot of what was filmed showed illegal cruelty, the legal practices filmed will also shock you. piglets have their tails and teeth cut off without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4045975404093988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:58.999905"} {"text": "a burst pipe. that these intelligent and sensitive animals could be treated so horribly is just devastating. even though a lot of what was filmed showed illegal cruelty, the legal practices filmed will also shock you. piglets have their tails and teeth cut off without painkillers. pregnant sows are confined to tiny crates where they ' re not given enough room to even turn around. this is legal and standard practice in piggeries across australia. as is the dank and dark conditions evident in the footage. for many factory farmed pigs the first time they will feel the sun on their backs is also their last as they are transported to slaughterhouses to be killed. unfortunately, the abuse at wally ' s piggery isn ' t the first time ( even recently ) that farmed animals in australia have been subject to such mistreatment. earlier this year, a review in nsw found animal welfare breaches at * every * single slaughterhouse in the state. and late last year, an abattoir in victoria was permanently closed because of extreme cruelty. hopefully, anyone involved with wally ' s piggery will face the full force of the law for what they ' ve done. this won ' t help pigs who continue to experience fear, distress and cruelty in australian piggeries which aren ' t breaking any laws, though. if you want to make a real difference to them, then don ' t eat them. by going veg you ' ll single - handedly save 100 animals every year, and you won ' t be contributing to an industry that puts profits before the welfare of animals. if you ' ve already gone veg, what was it that helped make your decision? here ' s another reason why people would rethink their dinner plans : the nsw food authority has just finished a review of all the domestic slaughterhouses in nsw. guess how many of those places needed to be told to clean up their act? a ) none of them b ) some of them c ) most of them d ) all of them! if you guessed \" all of them \"... you were right! animals were observed being mistreated in every domestic abattoir across the state. the review found that slaughtering staff didn ' t always know what they were doing ( what the...??! ) and that some animals were not being stunned properly before being killed. that means they may have still been conscious when their throats were cut : ( the review started after nightmarish footage was taken at hawkesbury valley meat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43508065212544145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.000950"} {"text": "..??! ) and that some animals were not being stunned properly before being killed. that means they may have still been conscious when their throats were cut : ( the review started after nightmarish footage was taken at hawkesbury valley meat processors by animals australia member society, animal liberation. but hey, this is hardly the first shocking footage to come out of a slaughterhouse recently... remember the pigs being stabbed in the eyes at a victorian slaughterhouse late last year? if you ' ve already seen it then i ' d say you probably do remember it. the reality is that what goes on in slaughterhouses on a daily basis is ugly - - even when no laws are being broken. and it ' s so well hidden from public eyes that we can never really be sure how an individual animal on the supermarket shelf was treated. the only way to be certain that animals aren ' t suffering for our food is also the simplest way : take meat off the menu. the animals will thank you for it ; ) and if that weren ' t enough reason to jump for joy, there ' s more... the tassie minister for agriculture has also announced that they are going to fast track the phase out of pregnant sow crates. you might remember a couple of years ago they committed to getting rid of these cruel crates by 2017... well now they are promising to have ' em gone for good by the middle of next year! if you ' ve ever written a letter, shared a campaign video or spoken out for battery hens and mother pigs, then give yourself a pat on the back. you ' ve been a part of making history today! that ' s one state down, and just a few more to go ( don ' t worry, the first one ' s always the hardest )... across the rest of australia mother pigs can still be locked in cramped crates, where they can ' t even turn around. and get this : an estimated one in every six battery hens lives in chronic pain with a broken bone. don ' t you think it ' s about time the egg industry voluntarily phased out battery cages?! here ' s the deal.. if you want to help hens and pigs around australia, there are two important emails you can shoot off asap : tell australian egg corporation ltd ( aecl ) that the writing is on the wall! tassie is phasing out battery cages, so it ' s about time they do the right thing and commit to a voluntary phase out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4112530320726587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.001939"} {"text": "off asap : tell australian egg corporation ltd ( aecl ) that the writing is on the wall! tassie is phasing out battery cages, so it ' s about time they do the right thing and commit to a voluntary phase out of battery cages. email aecl here : firstname. lastname @ example. org tell australia pork ltd ( apl ) to hurry up! if tassie can get rid of pregnant sow crates by next year, why can ' t the rest of australia? email apl here : email @ example. com once you ' ve sent those off it ' s time to celebrate! if you were hosting a party, which of the following things would you probably not organise? a guest list, food, music... or severed pigs heads? it looks like melbourne company neuw jeans decided, \" what the heck... let ' s get all of ' em! \" if you don ' t believe me then just check out the photos. i pretty much live in my jeans, but these hipsters have kinda put me off denim somewhat. the dead pigs, partygoers stressing out piglets - for once i ' m actually happy i didn ' t get invited to a party. well, the photos pretty much speak for themselves with this one but something just struck me. i wonder if the people at the party had seen the footage of just how terrible things can get at an abattoir. if they had, i doubt they would have been in the mood for much partying. if you want to let neuw jeans know that cruelty is never in fashion - - then leave a comment on their facebook or twitter. * * update * * since posting this blog, it seems that neuw have not only removed disturbing pics of butchered pigs from facebook, they may also have turned off their public comment feed. so, if you ' re having trouble leaving them a message, never fear - - click here. p. s. if you want to see pigs being treated the right way, then you might want to check out the farm sanctuaries at edgar ' s mission and brightside. they ' re the real party animals. har - har - har... i ' m always heartened when i hear other people discussing animal welfare issues in the street or on tv. so i was pretty chuffed to turn on my computer this morning and see that voiceless launched an ad campaign today that will have everyone talking. check this out \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4096493944532174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.002846"} {"text": ", ' kate ', also described something she couldn ' t capture on video : another pig who escaped and ran into the scalding tank ( a pit of boiling hot water, used to remove hair from the dead pigs ). what a terrible way to go : ( this is just one slaughterhouse - - one that also killed free - range animals and was regularly inspected by authorities. it certainly makes you wonder what might be going on behind closed doors in other slaughterhouses! so what do you think? is paul mccartney right when he says \" if slaugtherhouses had glass walls everyone would be vegetarian \"? every now and then you see a clip that really makes you stop and think. this is undoubtedly one of them \u2026 it ' s not every day that you ' d get such a short vid that manages to get in so many shocking elements in such an effective way. from the bacon slices to the roast chicken, the eggs, the milk and even the mayonnaise, this talented film maker has provided a voice for pigs, broiler chickens, laying hens and dairy cows in just 30 seconds. all the while flickering this important line \" you may be blind to this but you ' re the only voice they ' ve got \". and the final sound of an innocent sheep crying really brings home the point that we must use our voices to help end the suffering of these exploited animals. thanks so much to brett ludeman from storybottle for creating such a haunting vid for unleashed, and for showing others the reality of their dinner or their cup of milky coffee. what do you think of this ultra short film? do you know anyone who would be blind to this? you could share the video and help them open up their eyes and their ears and use their voice to help animals. you may not have heard of the artist, miru kim before. even when you look at these photographs of her, you may have a hard time seeing her at first. it ' s almost like an overly artistic \" where ' s wally? \" and when you finally spot her, it may shock you as to how well she blended in \u2026 to a herd of pigs! \" pig eyes are remarkable. they see right into the eyes of a human being. when they were looking at me, exposed before them, surrounded by them, i could not read their gazes, but they were somehow shockingly familiar. there was no language to bridge that disparity \u2013 the mysterious gap between the gaze of a pig and that of mine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4434498734989659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.006205"} {"text": "me, exposed before them, surrounded by them, i could not read their gazes, but they were somehow shockingly familiar. there was no language to bridge that disparity \u2013 the mysterious gap between the gaze of a pig and that of mine. but when i mingled with them with my skin, the gap momentarily closed in, as if i had forgotten my own language. my words were lost, and i felt the swinish grunts resonate inside me. \" the close up images of the skin on skin are striking, aren ' t they? it ' s difficult to see where miru ends and the mother pig begins. there are so many similarities between us and pigs \u2013 and not just in skin. like us they each have unique personalities. pigs are also considered one of the most intelligent animals outside the primate family - as smart as 3 year old children. and like us they can be affectionate and playful. while there may be many similarities between humans and pigs, our lives could not be more different. in a couple of the photos you can see the barren single pens that mother pigs are often locked in during their pregnancy. in australia, these clever pigs can be kept in those cruel sow stalls for as long as 16 weeks - their entire pregnancy! imagine not even being able to turn around for 4 months! even the group pens for younger pigs are a crowded affair. miru can barely fit in there! and those pigs have had to endure much more than just the stress of a crowded pen. at just a few days of age they would have had their teeth cut right back, their tails cut off and the boys may have been castrated - all without pain relief! sadly, unlike miru, who left the farm after finishing her photo shoot, these pigs will only leave their life of confinement on their last day of life - in a cramped truck on the way to the slaughterhouse. thanks for being amazing! i appreciate everything you ' ve ever done for me. but above all else, thank you for showing me what compassion is ; thank you for encouraging me to think for myself ; and thank you for always supporting my decisions. if it weren ' t for these simple gifts that you ' ve given me, i doubt i would be campaigning for animals today. it fills my heart with sorrow to know that unlike you, many mothers won ' t feel loved and cared for this mother ' s day ( or any other day of the year ). for new mother pigs, pinned tightly between metal bars, unable to properly nurture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48932407385445065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.007164"} {"text": "heart with sorrow to know that unlike you, many mothers won ' t feel loved and cared for this mother ' s day ( or any other day of the year ). for new mother pigs, pinned tightly between metal bars, unable to properly nurture their newborn babies - used as nothing more than milking machines - this mother ' s day will be just like any other day of their lives : miserable. but you ' ve taught me to be an optimist. and one day i hope they will be as happy and free, with their family, as you are. thank you for giving me all the space i need and the voice to speak for them and work towards that hopeful day. i promise to take what you ' ve given me and do all that i can to make this world a better place for everyone. have you ever wondered what your dog or your cat would say if they could talk back to you? i ' m certain my dog, kia would tell me she doesn ' t care if she has her own chair, she ' d rather sit in mine! i also have no doubt that as i type this, she is trying to say \" hurry up, let ' s go outside for a tug of war! \" and what would animals say to each other? i really hope this video is close to the truth ; ) a biologist from the bahamas might be on her way to discovering what animals really have to say. denise herzing has been working with dolphins for years and has devised an amazing way for humans and dolphins to communicate. using symbols, and a keyboard synthesizer that creates sounds similar to those naturally produced by dolphins, they can actually ask each other for particular objects, like a ball or a scarf. how incredible! and she thinks it ' s only a matter of time before more complex interactions get started. so by now you ' ve probably heard the good news : last week japan called an early end to their whaling season. woot! here ' s hoping this is the end to japan ' s whaling program for good! ( btw you can sign the petition to call for a permanent end to japanese whaling here ) i ' m glad to see aussies so passionate about whales. they ' re amazing animals and harpooning them is just plain awful.. but also, it seems to me that people caring about whales is a sign of hope for other animals. i mean, if people can feel such a strong connection to whales then surely they could feel that same compassion for other animals, right? sure not all animals weigh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46458351424250427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.008375"} {"text": "it seems to me that people caring about whales is a sign of hope for other animals. i mean, if people can feel such a strong connection to whales then surely they could feel that same compassion for other animals, right? sure not all animals weigh 40 tons, live in the ocean and eat krill, but really they ' re not so different. for example... they say whales are smarter than your average bear ( sorry, for the yogi reference, i couldn ' t help myself )... not unlike pigs, who have proven themselves to be quite the clever creatures. in fact, pigs have even been trained to play computer games! yup... with specially designed joysticks pigs can pick up on how to play intelligence testing games just as quickly as chimpanzees! whales are also well known for their strong bonds between mother and calf. mother and calf... hmm... sounds just like another familiar furry, doesn ' t it? mother cows also form a strong bond with their calf within hours of being born, and this bond only strengthens over time. as for their songs...? scientists suspect that some species of whales sing to their young - something mother pigs are also known for ( not to mention hens clucking to their eggs ). but perhaps even more surprisingly, the author jeffrey masson tells the story of a pig who liked to sing to the full moon. now that ' s something i ' d like to see! but the thing that i think really captures people ' s imaginations with whales is their playfulness - the way they leap out of the water, often for what seems like the sheer joy of it. i ' d like to think that if more people saw footage like this playful kid goat, then the aussie public would be as concerned about the treatment of farm animals as they are about the hunting of whales. wdyt? when it comes to christmas, there ' s a few traditions you just can ' t go without. decorating a tree, pulling bon bons, making the most of the colourful paper hats and lame dad jokes inside said bon bons, wrapping ( and unwrapping ) presents, wrapping your sisters in tinsel, wearing crazy reindeer antlers on your head before putting them on grandpa and taking his photo as he snoozes in his chair, searching out the one cd your parents have that is full of christmas songs to be played over and over again, eating so much great vegan food you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4968597111521546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.009839"} {"text": "head before putting them on grandpa and taking his photo as he snoozes in his chair, searching out the one cd your parents have that is full of christmas songs to be played over and over again, eating so much great vegan food you have to undo the button on your jeans and have a nap \u2026. i could go on! and i will! because there ' s a new tradition to add to the list, and it ' s going to catch on like wildfire! in the united states, the president pardons a turkey each year at thanks giving ( lucky turkey! too bad it ' s only one! ). here at unleashed we invite every single australian to pardon a pig for christmas and leave them off the chrissy menu! quite frankly, there ' s too many legs of ham sold at christmas time for my liking, let alone for the liking of the millions of pigs who used to walk around on them! the suffering of pigs confined in factory farms is immense. from mother pigs being confined to sow stalls and farrowing crates that severely restrict their movement, to piglets having their tails, teeth and testicles sliced off without pain killers, the festive spirit never quite finds it ' s way to factory farms. so far thousands of aussies and celebs have pardoned a pig, meaning there ' ll be a lot more room at the table for kindness and goodwill this year. ( and here ' s some recipes to help fill that cruelty - free space! ) so join in the new tradition and get everyone you know to take part ( wake grandpa up too to make sure he doesn ' t miss out! ). let ' s help all animals to feel the kindess and giving spirit of the holiday season! oink! ooh sorry, pardon me! ( if i ' ve missed any of the fabulous traditions that make up your christmas day, list them below! ) this hard hitting radio campaign first hit airwaves 2 years ago and stirred up quite a response! now, lucy ' s back and urging shoppers to spread the christmas spirit and help free animals from factory farms. most of us look forward to christmas as a time to see family, give ( and receive! ) presents, and relax. but pigs, chickens and turkeys have little to look forward to at this time of year. the demand for ham, turkey and chicken at christmas - time, makes the holiday season the peak time of year for animal suffering in australia. inside factory farms preparation for christmas has begun, and that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38808082143350564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.012113"} {"text": "little to look forward to at this time of year. the demand for ham, turkey and chicken at christmas - time, makes the holiday season the peak time of year for animal suffering in australia. inside factory farms preparation for christmas has begun, and that means even more families pulled apart, with piglets taken from their mothers, fattened up and killed ; and even more chickens packed into sheds by the thousands and left to marinate in their own waste for their short and miserable 42 days of life. animals in factory farms don ' t receive even the simplest gift of kindness, and in their unnatural cramped environment will likely never know what it is to relax. but enough with the doom and gloom, ' cause all of that can change. all it takes for christmas to be a peaceful time of year for all is for people to take pigs ( and our feathered friends ) off their plates and celebrate the festive season with a cruelty - free feast instead. and with any luck, many people who hear lucy ' s plea for help will do just that! i know i \u2019 m not alone when i say that in my swimmers i sometimes feel \u2026 well, porky! but i know i \u2019 ll never look this porky in the ocean! we \u2019 ve discovered a whole family of pretty porkers on big major spot island who can put all my fears to rest. these cute little pigs have nothing to do all day but sun themselves on the sand and swim in the crystal clear waters of the bahamas. nice work if you can get it! have you ever seen more contented babes in your life? aside from doing wonders for my body image, these piggies lift my spirits because i know that these swimming swines will never have to endure the torture that millions of pigs on the other side of the world have to put up with in factory farms across australia. piglets born in factory farms have their tails cut off through the bone without pain relief. they are then taken away from their mums and fattened up in crowded pens, only to be slaughtered - - but not before being gassed or electrically stunned first. are you stunned yet? i am, because it gets worse. mother pigs can spend their whole pregnancy in tiny metal crates, which are too small for them to even turn around in. did you know that pigs are as smart as a three - year - old child? imagine locking a toddler in a bathtub for 4 months! if only animals were given a choice... it should be plainly obvious to anyone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.427311300864022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.013192"} {"text": "around in. did you know that pigs are as smart as a three - year - old child? imagine locking a toddler in a bathtub for 4 months! if only animals were given a choice... it should be plainly obvious to anyone lucky enough to swim among these precious pigs in the bahamas that pigs would rather be our friends than food. but you don ' t need to leave town to be an angel to pigs - - you can help make their dream come true by taking the pledge to be veg! ah, i \u2019 m dreaming of the day people and piggies all over the world can swim happily together... and not look too porky in the process!! now with the weather warming up, don \u2019 t you feel like taking a dip now? yesterday australian pork limited announced that they were \" pursuing a voluntary phase out \" of sow stalls by 2017. now we all know that 2017 really isn ' t soon enough - i mean coles has committed to doing the same by 2014 - but this still marks a major victory and means ultimately millions of mother pigs will be spared a miserable life of solitary confinement. but wait, there ' s more! this morning coles added another to their recent streak of animal welfare improvements. they ' ve announced they will be completely ditching their own brand of cage eggs by 2013. i don ' t think i need to tell you that this is good news for those who care about animals and bad news for animal abusers. i ' m gonna say it... this is the beginning of the end for factory farming! supermarkets and industry ( or at least the pig industry ) are seeing the writing on the wall. factory farming ' s days are numbered. really, once the public realises that piglets have their tails cut off without pain relief, or that chickens raised for meat are crammed into sheds by the thousands only to marinate in their own waste for 42 days before slaughter, will they want to support those practices? i think not! at this rate we ' ll be out of a job in no time ( ok maybe that ' s wishful thinking ). but really, if you want to help put us out of a job and give animals the ultimate protection they deserve then the answer ' s simple - don ' t eat ' em. tell me, what factory farming practice would you like to see put into the history books next? this has been an awesome week for animal victories! and what makes these wins that much sweeter is that they wouldn ' t have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42393583668507206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.014281"} {"text": "t eat ' em. tell me, what factory farming practice would you like to see put into the history books next? this has been an awesome week for animal victories! and what makes these wins that much sweeter is that they wouldn ' t have happened without us! that is unleashed members like you! first we found out that the brutal plan to trap, transport and slaughter tasmanian possums at a notoriously cruel abattoir has been rejected by the federal environment minister. tony burke couldn ' t ignore over 500 emails from us outlining that there would be no way to carry that out humanely. now no possum has to face the shear terror of a slaughterhouse for the export market! next up, coles announced that they will phase out any products from piggeries using sow stalls from their own range of pork, ham and bacon ( side - note - - yuck! ). this means that by 2014, coles won ' t be supporting any pig farmer who, cruelly yet legally, confines mother pigs in cages barely bigger than their bodies while they are pregnant. less pigs trapped in sow stalls means more pigs with space to do simple things like turn around. there ' s still a long way to go before coles can call themselves cruelty - free, but these changes are coming about through pressure from consumers ( and of course from gorgeous lucy pig! ). and finally, last night the ku - ring - gai council voted 7 - 3 to ban cruel exotic animal circuses! this ban was actually already in place until the circus industry applied enough pressure for the council to backflip in august and overturn the ban. this outraged the public, but one thing unleashed members know how to do is make their voices heard. thousands of signatures on the animals australia online petition - - or as i like to call it - - the deafening roar, convinced councillors that lions ( and tigers, and monkeys... ) don ' t belong in the circus! i just have to say thank you, thank you, thank you to all of the incredible unleashed members that have played a massive part in improving the lives of these beautiful, innocent animals. we are their voice - - this shows how powerful we are when we speak up! it is incredible to think that if i brought a little piglet home and named her ( come on, we ' ve all thought about it! ) she would learn that name in no time and come running every time i called her \u2026 ruby! olive! doris! ( i can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4002670458853206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.015462"} {"text": "if i brought a little piglet home and named her ( come on, we ' ve all thought about it! ) she would learn that name in no time and come running every time i called her \u2026 ruby! olive! doris! ( i can ' t choose ). but studies have shown this to be true, meaning a pig could potentially be as wonderful a pet as a pooch! but footage from a recent doco from animal equity in spain proves beyond doubt that we still have a very long way to go in giving all pigs the quality of life we afford our gorgeous companion animals. this rare glimpse into their world is recommended viewing to anyone who still eats pork, bacon, ham, crackling \u2026 pigs basically! ( recommended viewing for those that don ' t eat pigs is here ) pretty shocking stuff, right? what ' s more shocking is that this is happening all over the world \u2013 australia included. every year, in australian factory farms, over 4 million scared piglets endure painful procedures like having their teeth cut, and tails sliced off - - all without pain relief. those ' farrowing crates ' that can be seen in the vid are used in piggeries across australia too. did you know that pigs wag their tails when they ' re happy, just like dogs? well, scientists believe that pigs are actually smarter than dogs. now can you imagine if someone did these sorts of things to your dog ( or your cat )? you ' d make sure they saw the inside of a prison cell for a mighty long time right? even though these awful practices are still legal in australia, pigs are slowly, but surely gaining a stronger voice as more and more people ( including big players like coles ) are beginning to wake up to the horrors of factory farming. but what can you do to ease their suffering right now? don ' t eat pigs! it really is the easiest and simplest way for every person to help pigs straight away. and if you ' ve already taken piglets off your plate ( i love you, you ' re ace! ), try to speak up and make their voice louder every chance you get! ps click here for further info on the effects of your meat free diet! in ' 98 two piglets in the uk, butch and sundance, did just that. they escaped from the back of a truck, squeezed through a fence, swam across a river and vanished into a nearby garden. the pair were on the run for a week before they were finally caught. by that time their story was on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4044847045642599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.017180"} {"text": "just that. they escaped from the back of a truck, squeezed through a fence, swam across a river and vanished into a nearby garden. the pair were on the run for a week before they were finally caught. by that time their story was on the international news and the public were so taken by these two escapees that they were rewarded by being given a home in a farm sanctuary. so what goes through the mind of an escaped pig? illustrator extraordinaire, donn pattendon asked this question for his most recent artwork, ' escapee '. if you ' ve taken a stroll through the back catalogue of blogs on unleashed, then you ' ve probably come across some illustrations by donn before. he won the people ' s choice award at last year ' s illustrators australia 9x5 exhibition with a very clever take on battery hens. his entry for this year ' s 9x5 exhibition is another great illustration shining the spotlight on factory farming. and the cherry on top, is that donn has kindly offered to donate 20 % on the sale of this artwork to animals australia! if you live in melbourne and want to check out the exhibition ( and vote for donn ' s piece for this year ' s people ' s choice award ), then below are details. if you don ' t live in melbourne, then you can check out the rest of the exhibition online by clicking here. illustrators australia annual 9x5 exhibition where : space 39, lvl 2, 39 collins st, melbourne opening night : friday 17th sep 6pm, silent auction, drinks nibbles and a chance to purchase original illustration on 9x5 wood, prize giveaways for people ' s choice awards. gallery open for one day only ; saturday 18th sept 10am - 4pm. right, so back to the question... what do you think would go through the mind of an animal escaping from a factory farm? fantastic animals australia and unleashed supporters continually amaze and delight me with the creative ways they speak up for animals. from leafleting and protests to simply talking to their friends about why they should consider animals, i ' m proud to be part of such a wonderful community. and last week was no different. we received an email from supporter, kendra, to let us know that her workplace was now full of people who had recently taken the pro pig pledge after learning about the cruelty of sow stalls. how did they find out? check this out! kendra used her culinary skills to create these eye catching", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42149935178473763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.018541"} {"text": "to let us know that her workplace was now full of people who had recently taken the pro pig pledge after learning about the cruelty of sow stalls. how did they find out? check this out! kendra used her culinary skills to create these eye catching cupcakes highlighting the plight of mother pigs in factory farms across australia. it sounds a bit odd to say that seeing those sow stall cupcakes made my mouth water \u2026 i feel a bit better saying that the greener cupcakes look just that bit more appetizing! cupcakes were the order of the day all round kendra ' s office, but none generated more buzz and discussion than her sympathetic sweets! and she no doubt changed a few workmates ' buying habits at the same time. nice one kendra! and thank you from the pigs! has this inspired you? what are you gonna spell out in the icing of your next batch of cupcakes? what is it with people who are obsessed with bacon? i mean, i ' m all for creativity with food... seeing someone make a flute out of a carrot is very cool. but this obsession with putting bacon in everything is just plain disturbing. take for example, bacon ice - cream... ick! sure, i used to like bacon - before i realised the piglet on my plate had his tail cut off ( cutting through bone ), his testicles sliced off, and his teeth snapped down to the marrow ( and nerves ) inside - all without pain relief. it ' s hard to tell yourself \" but it tastes good \" when you know that blt was an abused animal - especially when you could have a tasty flt ( facon, lettuce and tomato ) without any casualty. now, i can ' t help but feel ill when i see some of the putrid products people produce from pigs. you roam the internet a little and you ' ll notice people have gone batty on bacon. a little while ago, i started a list of things i would never want as a present. well today i want to add to my un - wishlist all those gastly bacon creations, and every bacon flavoured, scented or look - alike product out there. here are just a few of those dreadful ideas : bacon tuxedo : apparently this suit not only looks like bacon, but it has been chemically treated to smell like bacon. so just like real bacon, it probably increases your risk of cancer. bacon mints : if bk flame was the perfect way to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3986763759816436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.019513"} {"text": "they treat their animals stinks! mother pigs in crates so small they can ' t turn around ; piglets having their tales cut off without pain relief ; hens in cages where they ' ll never be able to even stretch their wings... these are just a few of the things that come to mind when i think of hungry jack ' s and just a few of the things i don ' t want to be thinking about when i ' m freshening up for a date. if you agree that the way hungry jack ' s treats their animals stinks, then sign the petition calling on them to stop caging their animals. you can also print this petition out and get all your mates to sign too. that might sound like a tall order, but every year animals australia finds a new way to spoil your mum, whilst also helping out the thousands of mother animals who are locked up inside factory farms. this year animals australia has hooked up with ' growing gifts ' to create what i think is simply the most awesome mother ' s day gift anyone could buy... a bundle of goodies that includes a real live lemon - scented tea tree! i just wish i was a mum so someone would buy this for me! : - ) looks preeeeetty swish, huh? the real value in this gift however is the bit you don ' t see in the picture. each ' growing gift ' helps to fund important campaigns to end factory farming, like this one, this one and this one. pigs are one of the smartest animals on the planet - - as smart as dogs and 3 year old children! yet in factory farms mother pigs are locked up in tiny crates so small they can ' t even turn around. pretty shocking, right? well someone needs to stand up for these amazing animals. and that someone is us. so if you haven ' t worked out what to give mum for mother ' s day yet, then maybe this is it! you can order the small tree gift for $ 40, but if you don ' t have enough dough saved up for that then here are some other gorgeous gift ideas that aren ' t so expensive, but will also help out the animals : if you don ' t have a credit card, and can ' t borrow one, then don ' t panic - - just call our office pixies on a weekday on ( 03 ) 9329 6333 and they ' ll help you out. and while you ' re planning the perfect day - off for mum, here are a few winning breakfast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41505921372201876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.029580"} {"text": "t panic - - just call our office pixies on a weekday on ( 03 ) 9329 6333 and they ' ll help you out. and while you ' re planning the perfect day - off for mum, here are a few winning breakfast - in - bed recipes that are sure to get you out of cleaning your room for at least a week : so, you may have seen in the news that australia is lifting its ban on beef imports from mad - cow countries. let me tell you why this makes me mad : mad - cow disease is an illness affecting cattle - caused by feeding cows to cows. nasty stuff! but it gets even nastier! if humans eat this infected meat, it can cause the fatal disease, called variant creutzfeldt jakob disease ( you know with a name that long it ' s gotta be bad! ). sure, these countries claim to have the all clear from mad - cow disease now, but any country that used to feed cows to cows doesn ' t sound like a smart place to import beef from ( not that killing cows sounds like a good idea to begin with ). anyway, while turning cows into cannibals before eating them sounds pretty mad, we ' ve got some home - grown nastiness to worry about - a not - so - little thing called factory farming. packing animals into overcrowded sheds, where they may have to live in their own filth without fresh air, natural light or exercise is bound to make them sick. so animals in factory farms are often fed a diet of antibiotics just to keep them alive long enough to be killed. the problem with this? viruses evolve and antibiotics don ' t. factory farms are the perfect breeding ground for antibiotic - resistant super bugs. that ' s right ; diseases not even modern medicine can cure - * cough * bird flu * cough * swine flu * cough * and while it ' s gross - what goes in must come out. the major problem : the huge amount of waste produced by factory farms is not treated, like human waste is. in the case of pigs, it is channelled into massive, open - air cesspits. these \" lagoons \" ( as the industry calls them ) can pollute the soil and underground water supplies, and run - off can wreak havock on local waterways - not to mention the health risks to the local community! but, no need to worry! like a wizard, i have the perfect solution for you! and while you ' re at it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4683320581997078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.032108"} {"text": "run - off can wreak havock on local waterways - not to mention the health risks to the local community! but, no need to worry! like a wizard, i have the perfect solution for you! and while you ' re at it, you ' ll be helping heaps of others in a big way. what is it, i hear you chanting? what do i have to do? what must i eat? no, no, no! it ' s much simpler than that! it ' s what you don ' t have to eat - animals! not eating animals reduces your risk of getting heart disease, cancer, stroke and diabetes. don ' t eat animals - get a longer life expectancy - it ' s that easy! your mum ' s been telling you to eat your vegetables forever, so what better way to make her happy? sound good? great! then click here to take the pledge to be veg and give the cows one less reason to be mad ; ) most of us grew up with songs and stories of idyllic farms where all the animals lived happy lives together. it ' s no wonder most people just assume that the pig on their plate or the chicken who laid the egg they ' re scrambling lived a happy life and was cared for before she died. but as you know, that ' s not how the story goes... and animals australia ' s new radio ad campaign is out to burst that bubble. so have a listen here. we couldn ' t have been more thrilled with the impact of our recent tv ad campaign - woolworths reported that sales of pig products dropped following the campaign. finally people are realising that mother pigs in factory farms aren ' t ' cared for ' - they ' re locked in barren crates where they can ' t turn around for months at a stretch. you could even call them battery pigs : - ( it ' s hard work, but some pig ' s got to do it. and really, i can ' t complain. running endlessly from supermarket to supermarket might not sound like pig paradise, but it ' s a breeze compared to what mum endures every day back in the factory farm \u2013 she ' s stuck in a sow stall just 1cm longer and wider than her body, where she ' s barely able to move and can ' t even turn around. she had her teeth broken and tail cut off when she was a baby \u2013 without pain relief! it ' s enough to make a grown pig cry. the key to freeing her and other animals is in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4440891667756122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.033391"} {"text": "to move and can ' t even turn around. she had her teeth broken and tail cut off when she was a baby \u2013 without pain relief! it ' s enough to make a grown pig cry. the key to freeing her and other animals is in the hands of everyone who visits the supermarket and makes a choice whether to buy into cruelty, or kindness. that ' s why i ' ve already visited dozens of coles ' and wollies ' in vic and nsw and continue on my quest to reach caring consumers everywhere. if you give a snort like i do about ending animal cruelty, then raise your snout high and join me on my campaign! it ' s easy \u2013 here ' s all you need to do : i ' m so thrilled! just think, more than 1 million aussies saw the truth about australia ' s pig industry. many will have never thought about where pork, bacon and ham come from before. and now they know that animal cruelty laws fail to protect animals raised for food, and that these profit driven animal industries aren ' t looking out for the wellbeing of their animals \u2013 they ' re looking out for their wallets. after the show, our office was flooded with phone calls and emails from shocked viewers who had no idea of the routine cruelty of the pork industry. many of these callers have sworn never to eat pigs again after seeing behind the closed doors of factory farms! and now ' s your chance to see the behind the scenes footage of animals australia ' s investigators inside the piggery : one of the saddest things about animal suffering is that all of the animals are completely voiceless \u2013 they don ' t vote, they can ' t speak our language and as such they cannot object to society ' s cruel treatment. but that ' s all about to change... animals australia and unleashed are about to embark on our biggest factory farming campaign ever \u2013 an australian first \u2013 and we need your help to name the cute little pig who will be the face of this campaign. everyone knows the cute little pig from the movie babe, and wilbur from charlotte ' s web. well this pig is going to be next in line of pig fame. though not a movie star, the work she ' ll be doing is so much more awesome \u2013 she ' ll literally be changing the lives of her brothers and sisters who are stuck on factory farms. so get those neurons working and let ' s rename this jane doe to be the best ambassador for the biggest anti - factory farming campaign australia has ever seen. this larger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3984179759727307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.034694"} {"text": "be changing the lives of her brothers and sisters who are stuck on factory farms. so get those neurons working and let ' s rename this jane doe to be the best ambassador for the biggest anti - factory farming campaign australia has ever seen. this larger than life costume pig could haveyour name all over it, and when you see her at supermarkets or in the street ( very very soon ), you can tell your friends \" i named that pig. \" what ' s even cooler is that she is the only one that exists in australia ( and the world ) who is being made specifically to combat factory farming! comment your suggestions below. the winner will receive : 1 ) a free hug from this one of a kind pig 2 ) kudos from unleashed 3 ) envy from all other unleashed members ( the above illustration is our artist ' s impression, the \" real \" pig will be much more awesome and cute! ) update! it ' s official! \" lucy \" has just made her debut and is presently on the campaign trail to end factory farming! thanks for all the great name suggestions everyone!! wow! there was some great news for animals coming out of the us last week. i just wish i could say the same for australia : ( last monday ( 12 october ) michigan passed a bill that will see the phase out some of the cruelest confinement methods used in the farming industry. within 3 years, dairy calves in michigan will no longer be confined in tiny veal crates and starved of iron to make their flesh pale and soft. battery cages, used to confine egg - laying hens, and gestation crates used to confine mother pigs, will also be phased out. with these significant improvements for animals michigan has become the 7th state to ban gestation crates, the 5th to ban veal crates and the 2nd to ban battery cages. and the good news just keeps coming! california - who have already banned veal crates, gestation crates and battery cages \u2013 have added to their list of \u2018 no - no \u2019 s \u2019 tail docking of dairy cows. a good sign from one of the us ' s largest dairy states, and very good news for the 1. 8million dairy cows in california! while we ' re on the topic of changes for animals, the city council of santa monica ( also in california ) has voted in favour of drafting new legislation that will restrict animal ' declawing ' \u2013 ie. the practice of painfully removing animals \u2019 claws. meanwhile, over the other side of the world in a little place often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41215230399790537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.035794"} {"text": "santa monica ( also in california ) has voted in favour of drafting new legislation that will restrict animal ' declawing ' \u2013 ie. the practice of painfully removing animals \u2019 claws. meanwhile, over the other side of the world in a little place often known as ' the lucky country ', farm animals aren ' t so lucky. recently the greens in act ( and tas for that matter ) put forward a bill that would ban battery cages from act ( meaning only one business would be affected ) and the liberals and labour teamed up to shoot it down ( same story in tasmania ). with the many other parts of the world making huge advances for animals, it is disappointing that australia is still dragging its feet. it was only a matter of time \u2013 raising animals for food in filthy overcrowded sheds was bound to come and bite us in the backside, but when swine flu broke out in mexico we didn ' t expect to see it in australia any time soon. and before we knew it, we became one of the nations with the greatest swine flu count per capita. and now it ' s been found on a factory farm in nsw \u2013 the very place it originated ( ie. a factory farm in mexico ). pork representatives are trying to convince us that it ' s still safe to eat pig products, but really, was it ever safe?! if you ask the world cancer research fund : \" the scientific evidence linking processed meat [ ie. ham, bacon, salami, etc ] and bowel cancer shows that the best amount to eat is none at all. \" eating pigs is not only dangerous for our health, but the conditions they are raised in ( confined in cages surrounded by their own waste products ) is just a breeding ground for disease \u2013 a disaster waiting to happen. anyway, who ' s the one telling us it ' s safe? it ' s the australian pork industry ( surprise! ) \u2013 the same people who make a buck off selling it. i kind of see it like a thief telling you it ' s safe to leave your bag with him. personally, i ' m content to chow down on my flt ( facon, lettuce and tomato sandwich ) and leave the pigs in peace. earlier this month i mentioned jackie o ' s ' fat bet '. australia ' s leading lady of the airwaves had been challenged on air : lose 4 kilos and kyle sandilands would donate $ 5k to her favourite charity, animals australia ( or, don ' t \u2013 and the money goes to a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4090544284025615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.036865"} {"text": "australia ' s leading lady of the airwaves had been challenged on air : lose 4 kilos and kyle sandilands would donate $ 5k to her favourite charity, animals australia ( or, don ' t \u2013 and the money goes to a factory farm! ). an absurd bet, you might think ( particularly when we all knew jackie was perfectly proportioned already! sheesh!! ) but absurdities aside, jackie knuckled down for the animals ' sake, worked hard, and held kyle to his word \u2026 and the result? well it was a verrrry close call, but i ' m glad to report that despite being 200g short of her target weight, kyle saw the light and wrote out one big phat cheque to animals australia \u2013 that will be used to expose the cruelty of factory farming! if you ' ve picked up a newspaper lately you may have noticed pigs have been getting a bit of attention ( and i don ' t mean swine flu ). recent investigations in australia and nz have revealed just how bad factory farming can get ( and as someone who ' s seen a lot, even i was shocked ). mike king may be a new name to many aussies but in nz he ' s a familiar face. the nz comedian and tv celebrity was until recently also the face of nz pork. that is, until he found out where nz pork came from \u2013 factory farms. with the help of undercover investigators king saw a factory farm first hand. the footage from this investigation was aired on the nz current affairs program sunday, to much public outrage. and it ' s no wonder people were outraged. the nz ' codes ' for pig welfare ( and the australian ' codes ' for that matter ) effectively make it legal for farmers to be cruel to pigs. for example, they permit sows ( mother pigs ) to be locked in cages called ' sow stalls ' which are little bigger than their own bodies. meanwhile back home, an investigation into one of woolworths ' major tasmanian pork suppliers has exposed one of australia ' s worst ever cases of commercial animal cruelty. investigators found starving sows with legs so swollen they couldn ' t stand to reach food or water ; one mother pig had been left to die in her own waste with a shoulder wound rotting and filled with maggots. it was some of the worst footage i ' ve seen. and this supplier, gary oliver, supplies roughly 20 % woolworths ' tasmanian pork! so the big question is how did woolworths ' react? well,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39162792410628744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.038015"} {"text": "with maggots. it was some of the worst footage i ' ve seen. and this supplier, gary oliver, supplies roughly 20 % woolworths ' tasmanian pork! so the big question is how did woolworths ' react? well, it seems they ' ve given mr oliver a slap on the wrist ; told him to clean up his act ; and now it ' s back to business as usual. bit if you ask me, anyone who can leave an animal to be eaten alive by maggots should not be paid to ' look after ' animals. but the story doesn ' t end there. last week one of woolworths ' major tasmanian egg producers was also convicted of animal cruelty. on at least 2 separate visits to sun valley poultry a government inspector found hens crammed into tiny cages on top of the rotting corpses of their dead cage - mates, to the extent that they could not even stand properly. the inspector found another 27 dead birds left to rot in their cages ; not to mention birds covered in manure ; and one dead bird being cannibalised by a distressed cage - mate. so it seems that the ' fresh food people ' need a shake up. rotting birds in tiny wire cages and dying, maggot - infested pigs is not what i ' d call a ' high standard ' of animal welfare! if this sort of cruelty and neglect on factory farms makes you sick, then let woolworths know. and if you ' ve already written once and weren ' t happy with their response ( i certainly wasn ' t! ) then here ' s a few tips for how you might respond to their letter. if you ' re a 2dayfm listener you ' re probably aware by now of kyle ' s \" fat challenge \". but if you ' re not, the self - admittedly rotund co - host of the kyle and jackie o show has accused the ever - gorgeous jackie of being fat! ( yes, it ' s a topsy turvy world we live in ). it seems that kyle is so concerned about jackie ' s health and belt size that he ' s issued his vegetarian co - host a challenge : lose 4 kg and he ' ll donate $ 5, 000 to her favourite charity : animals australia! and if she fails...? kyle says he ' ll give the $ 5, 000 to a pig factory farm - - jackie ' s worst nightmare! now, i don ' t know where this mic - slinging diva will even find 4 kg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38468044375983024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.038986"} {"text": "if she fails...? kyle says he ' ll give the $ 5, 000 to a pig factory farm - - jackie ' s worst nightmare! now, i don ' t know where this mic - slinging diva will even find 4 kg to lose... but if anyone can do it for the pigs, i ' m willing to bet that jackie o can. the outspoken radio personality and former big brother host has already shown her commitment to helping animals by not eating them. she also posted information on her website to inform listeners about the miserable lives of animals trapped in factory farms in australia. go jackie! who do you think will win the fat challenge? you can have your say and pass on your encouragement to jackie on the 2day fm website. : - ) so over the past few weeks we have been warned of the deadly outbreak of \" swine flu \" in mexico that is now spreading around the world. there has been much debate about whether we are treating the pandemic too seriously or not seriously enough, and more importantly whether it really came from pigs and if pork is safe to eat. the name was even officially changed from \u201c swine flu \u201d to \u201c influenza a ( h1n1 ) \u201d to try and re - assure consumers that eating pig products is safe. but if you are like me and countless others who have been writing to newspapers and reading up on the situation, i bet you ' ve been remembering the panic when bird flu broke out and thinking \" when will they get it, factory farming is a recipe for disaster! \" where the swine flu outbreak started, in mexico, is just 5 miles from an \" industrial pig facility \" which \" processes \" close to a million pigs a year and is jointly owned by the world ' s largest pig \" processor \", smithfield foods ( isn ' t it ridiculous that these places are referred to as \" facilities \" rather than \" farms \", why don ' t they just be totally honest and call them prisons? ) ( you can take a tour of this ' facility ' with sharon churcher, here ). smithfield foods says the outbreak was not a result of its facility and that none of its pigs have the virus. but smithfield foods have less than a splendid track record with hygiene and honesty. whether or not this particular facility was responsible for this outbreak, the question has to be asked, how can factory farms not inevitably spread disease? there are hundreds of millions of pigs and chickens crammed in unnatural, stressful environments in these \" facilities \" all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4391066566912429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.039959"} {"text": "or not this particular facility was responsible for this outbreak, the question has to be asked, how can factory farms not inevitably spread disease? there are hundreds of millions of pigs and chickens crammed in unnatural, stressful environments in these \" facilities \" all over the world. they are often fed antibiotics in their food to stop them from getting sick in these breading grounds for disease called factory farms. frequent use of anti - biotics is known to result in super - bugs that become resistant to the drugs. the huge amounts of waste they produce is not treated the way human waste is, it is instead channeled into huge open - air ses - pits, or as the \" facilities \" like to refer to them, \" lagoons \". these lagoons attract large swarms of flies that feed off the untreated waste and then may fly to local communities. and of course, the health of communities living near factory farms can also be seriously affected ( as a great report called the pew report discusses ). with all the warning signs - the hideous animal cruelty, the previous pandemic scares and the devastating environmental toll - we have every reason to be worried of a disease outbreak. and yet people are still encouraged to chow down on their pork chops and chicken nuggets. it seems we are too scared to face the awful predicament we have gotten ourselves ( and the animals ) into with factory farming. \" swine flu is a result of the inhumanity practiced by pig farmers who prioritise profits over animal welfare. people who eat pork products ignore that the pig industry severely harms the environment and the pigs. \" how sadly ironic that as humans abuse animals, forcing thousands of pigs and poultry into squalid factory farms, their viruses combine and evolve into new strains that teach us a deadly lesson about the everyday abuse of animals to satisfy human greed. \" so mother ' s day is just round the corner, and if you ' re like me, you ' re still umming and ahhing over what to get that special lady in your life ( ie. mum )... ; - ) well um and ah no more, ' cos we ' ve got the thing for you - a gift that gives twice! put a smile on mum ' s dial and help mothers in factory farms all at the same time with these delish gifts : \u2018 sumptuous scents \u2019 gift contents : 1 x all - natural ecoya ' wild frangipani ' soy candle, 1 x pure gaisha ' white tea & ginger '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.434057873879513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.040996"} {"text": "in factory farms all at the same time with these delish gifts : \u2018 sumptuous scents \u2019 gift contents : 1 x all - natural ecoya ' wild frangipani ' soy candle, 1 x pure gaisha ' white tea & ginger ' solid perfume in a heart - shaped tin, 2 x constant craving dairy - free chocolate truffles, and a mother ' s day gift card, which highlights how the proceeds from this gift will help shine a light on the plight of mothers in factory farms in australia. \u2018 sweet dream \u2019 gift contents : 1 x perfect potion ' vanilla bean ' lip balm, 5 x constant craving dairy - free chocolate truffles ( jaffa delight, coffee, scorched almond, coconut, and apricot dream ), and a mother ' s day gift card, which highlights how the proceeds from this gift will help shine a light on the plight of mothers in factory farms in australia. so easter is coming and i ' m getting pretty excited about all the dairy - free easter eggs, hot - cross buns and faux fish i ' ve stocked my pantry with. but one thing that does really get me worked up at easter, as a sydney - sider, is the sydney royal easter show! ( for those of you from interstate it ' s the equivalent of the melbourne show, brisbane ekka, etc... ) as a child i adored the easter show. my dad used to even let me have the day off school so we could beat the weekend crowds. my absolute favourite part was visiting all the farm animals. combine this with fairy floss, roller coasters and show bags and it was truly kid - heaven. despite being a sensitive, animal - loving child, all the cruelty surrounding the housing, transportation and ultimate slaughter of these animals never clicked. and why would it? the show is set up in a magical, fairytale way with all of the cute animals and none of the horrors that they must endure. first you might go to the nursery stalls where you see happy piglets, chicks and ducklings playing and snuggling up to their mothers. then in the dairy stalls they explain the \" nutritious benefits \" of dairy and make the whole milking process seem totally natural. moving onto the adult pigs, cows and chickens you stop to pat them, make a connection with them and admire their ribbons. everything is clean, there is lots of space and the animals look healthy and well groomed. then in the next room, there ' s a diagram explaining which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4150042063407854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.043100"} {"text": "and chickens you stop to pat them, make a connection with them and admire their ribbons. everything is clean, there is lots of space and the animals look healthy and well groomed. then in the next room, there ' s a diagram explaining which cut of meat comes from which part of the animal. it is here that you might feel a moment ' s guilt at the fact animals are slaughtered, but you think \" well, they obviously have happy lives up until the end, and this nutrition panel says i need meat to be healthy... gee, i think i ' ll go have a dagwood dog \". you then walk off, feeling on top of the world, singing \" old mcdonald \" in your head... thinking everythings ok. what they forget to mention is that baby animals are taken from their mothers in factory farms and that they have painful surgical procedures performed without aesthetic in their first fragile days of life. nor do they tell us that a mother cow isn ' t just milk making machine \u2014 she is forced to give birth every year to continue lactating, only to have her baby taken away from her and slaughtered. oh and of course they don ' t mention the fact that these animals are a tiny few of the 500 million animals in australia who, back on factory farms, are kept in prison - like conditions, denied freedom of movement, that would be illegal if they were a cat or a dog! no wonder we grow up with a warped and romanticised view of the animal farm, when even as kids we have the wool pulled over our eyes at shows like these! here ' s something different for a bit of fun. this is a good laugh \u2026 so this video got me thinking. i wonder what other animals might show me up \u2026 for example, did you know that pigeons are better at visuo - spacial problems than humans ( you know, like those problems where you have to rotate a 3d object in your mind )? or what about the fact that gorillas can lead their families over hundreds of kilometers back to the best feeding spots at just the right time of year for the food to be there. i know people who get lost on the way to the local shops! and did you know that pigs perform better on memory games than many primates. i don ' t know how many times i ' ve forgotten the pin for my bank card, and it ' s only 4 digits. actually the studies that proved this were pretty cool. they used joystick controlled computer games to conduct the research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43717575312997475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.044948"} {"text": ". i don ' t know how many times i ' ve forgotten the pin for my bank card, and it ' s only 4 digits. actually the studies that proved this were pretty cool. they used joystick controlled computer games to conduct the research. apparently the pigs really dug playing computer games \u2026 who knows pigs might not just have a better memory than me, they might beat me at guitar hero \u2026 everyone else can! leave me a comment let me know what other animals you think are better than me \u2026 but be nice, i ' m a gentle soul : - ) it ' s the voice of a little girl that has been holding a nation of radio listeners to attention over the past month. thanks to animals australia ' s brilliant \" lucy speaks \" campaign, people all over the country are awakening to the awful truth about where over 90 % of australia ' s pork, bacon and ham comes from. this has the australian pork industry running scared. so scared, that their top exec ' s have called an emergency meeting in canberra to draft a \" media battle plan \" to combat the campaign. it would seem the truth hurts, apl. it hurts even more when the sunday age publishes a story about the success of the \" lucy speaks \" campaign on their front page! while the pork industry is likely to recruit expensive media experts and spend buckets of money trying to convince the public that they ' care ' about the millions of pigs they lock up in factory farms and surgically mutilate without pain relief every year, we have a much simpler solution : follow the lead of countries like britain, sweden and switzerland, and stop confining intelligent animals in cages so small they can ' t even turn around. i mean \u2014 if the pom ' s can do it \u2014 how hard can it be? if you haven ' t yet heard the chilling radio ads that animals australia is still airing around the country ( thanks to generous public donations that are still flooding in in support of keeping the campaign on air ), click here to listen. we \u2019 re supposed to let you know that the ideas expressed here are the views of the individual authors, and may not necessarily reflect the views of animals australia or animals australia unleashed. so now you know.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4374348217779481, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.045913"} {"text": "cord blood testing cord blood refers to a sample of blood collected from the umbilical cord when a baby is born. the umbilical cord is the cord connecting the baby to the mother ' s womb. this article focuses on cord blood testing done to evaluate a newborn ' s health. how the test is performed immediately after the birth of your baby, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut. if cord blood is to be drawn, another clamp is placed 8 to 10 inches away from the first, then the isolated section is cut and a blood sample is collected into a specimen tube. how to prepare for the test no special preparation is necessary for this test. how the test will feel you will not feel anything beyond the normal birthing process. why the test is performed cord blood testing is done to determine the following : - blood culture ( if an infection is suspected ) - blood gases, to evaluate the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ph levels - blood sugar level - blood type - complete blood count ( cbc - platelet count normal values mean that all items evaluated are within normal range. what abnormal results mean a low ph ( less than 7. 04 to 7. 10 ) means there are higher levels of acids in the baby ' s blood. this might occur when the baby does not get enough oxygen during labor. one reason for this could be that the umbilical cord was compressed during labor or delivery. a blood culture that is positive for bacteria measn you have a blood infection ( septicemia ). high levels of blood sugar ( glucose ) in the cord blood may be found if the mother has diabetes. the newborn will be watched for hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) after delivery. high levels of bilirubin could be due to infections that the baby gets before birth, including : other possible causes include : note : normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. most hospitals routinely collect cord blood for testing at birth, since it is relatively convenient and the only time possible to collect such blood. besides cord blood testing, cord blood can be used to treat certain types of bone marrow - related cancers. some parents may choose to save ( bank ) their child ' s cord blood for this and other, future medical purposes. cord blood banking for personal use is done by private companies, which charge for the service. cord blood can also be donated to your local blood bank for use by others as needed to treat leukemia and other cancers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.478255804257812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.049191"} {"text": "for this and other, future medical purposes. cord blood banking for personal use is done by private companies, which charge for the service. cord blood can also be donated to your local blood bank for use by others as needed to treat leukemia and other cancers. american academy of pediatrics section on hematology / oncology, american academy of pediatrics section on allergy / immunology, lubin bh, shearer wt. cord blood banking for potential future transplantation. pediatrics 2007 ; 119 ( 1 ) : 165 - 170. carlo wa. the fetus. in : kliegman rm, behrman re, jenson hb, stanton bf, eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 90. linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington. susan storck, md, facog, chief, eastside department of obstetrics and gynecology, group health cooperative of puget sound, bellevue, washington ; clinical teaching faculty, department of obstetrics and gynecology, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41638747568435647, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.049764"} {"text": "if you \u2019 ve held out on getting the flu shot this season, it \u2019 s not too late to see the benefits of vaccination, according to dr. steven l. sheaffer, associate professor of clinical pharmacy in the philadelphia college of pharmacy at university of the sciences in philadelphia. \u201c it \u2019 s important for the public to be aware that receiving the flu vaccine each year is the best way to avoid getting the flu, \u201d said dr. sheaffer. \u201c since the supply of flu vaccine is especially adequate this year, everyone over the age of six months, unless they are allergic to or have a contraindication to receiving it, should be encouraged to obtain the vaccine even at this late date. \u201d the flu shot contains killed influenza virus that when injected with a needle, causes the body to form antibodies against the virus. another option, the nasal - spray flu vaccine, contains a weakened version of the live influenza virus. the age groups for the spray are somewhat different than the shot, however both are effective options for protection. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) estimates that five to 20 percent of the population will get the flu each year. of that number, more than 200, 000 people will be hospitalized from flu complications, and about 36, 000 people will die from the flu. fortunately, according to the cdc the 2008 - 09 flu season will see an all - time high supply of vaccine, making it possible for more people than ever to seek protection from the flu. while flu outbreaks can happen as early as october, the cdc reports that flu activity most often peaks in february, and can continue to cause illness into the spring, making now a critical time to get vaccinated. \u201c roughly two weeks after vaccination, antibodies that provide protection against flu virus infection develop in the body, \u201d said. dr. sheaffer. \u201c because of this incubation period before immunity, the time is now to derive the optimum benefit. \u201d the flu is commonly treated using prescription antiviral medications that must be taken within the first 48 hours of infection, such as the leading treatment, tamiflu\u00ae. on dec. 19, 2008, the cdc alerted local health authorities that an early testing of the most common type of seasonal flu found that it has become virtually impervious to tamiflu\u00ae. the tamiflu\u00ae - resistant strain, one of three circulating, is still susceptible to other drugs, but a lack of alternative antiviral medications has complicated the problem. dr. sheaffer suggests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41421629652969116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.053441"} {"text": "virtually impervious to tamiflu\u00ae. the tamiflu\u00ae - resistant strain, one of three circulating, is still susceptible to other drugs, but a lack of alternative antiviral medications has complicated the problem. dr. sheaffer suggests that in light of the cdc alert, the best option is to get vaccinated. even if you \u2019 re feeling perfectly healthy and confident that you can resist the flu, healthy people can act as a carrier for the virus and can transmit it to others who are more vulnerable to developing the infection and experiencing its complications, such as family members who may be ill or young children. the flu shot helps to reduce that risk. not sure where to get a flu shot? dr. sheaffer recommends visiting your local pharmacist. if the pharmacist cannot schedule you for the vaccination ( some accept walk in patients ) they may be sponsoring additional flu vaccine clinics. \u201c in many states, pharmacists have obtained additional training and a special license to administer vaccinations to adults, and are making the flu vaccine available either on a walk - in basis or with an appointment, in addition to holding their traditional mass flu vaccination days, \u201d said dr. sheaffer. \u201c these methods are helping to increase access to and utilization of the flu vaccine, and to make the process as convenient and easy as possible. there is still plenty of time. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4201983749175244, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.054000"} {"text": "usgs office of tribal relations information is a resource for native american governments, communities, organizations, and people. the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) provides technical expertise, reports, and other impartial information sources that benefit native americans interested in subsistence issues, water, land use, and the health of many parts of the environment. native self - sufficiency, economic development, and conservation are cultivated through native decisions informed with usgs data and analyses. the usgs works in cooperation with american indian and alaska native governments, conducting research on water and mineral resources, animals and plants of environmental, economic, or subsistence importance, natural hazards, and geologic resources. digital data on cartography, mineral resources, streamflow, biota, and other topics are available to american indian and alaska native individuals and institutions. the usgs recognizes the need to learn from and share knowledge with native peoples. this report describes most of the activities that the usgs conducted with american indian and alaska native governments, educational institutions, and individuals during federal fiscal year 2002. some of these usgs activities were carried out in concert with the bureau of indian affairs ( bia ). others were conducted by tribes, tribal organizations, professional societies, and the usgs. a growing number of tribal governments, educational institutions, and other tribal organizations have begun using geographic information systems and other digital technologies in recent years. as tribes become more interested in and more adept at managing digital information, they are seeking relevant data from the usgs more frequently. using digital technologies provides tribal governments with additional means of managing lands and resources for the benefit of current and future generations. the usgs recognizes the need to make its information available to tribal governments, and to work with those governments and other institutions to advance data management capabilities. the usgs also recognizes that tribal institutions have varying needs, interests, and capacities. the usgs strives to be sensitive to the unique circumstances of each of these institutions while supporting their self - driven evolution. the usgs is responding to these needs by increasing the transfer of scientific information to american indian and alaska native governments and by training employees of those governments to conduct scientific studies and improve scientific data management. the usgs is also encouraging american indians and alaska natives to pursue careers in science and seeking ways to hire indian and native students. by identifying, improving, and disseminating information about available hiring mechanisms, the usgs is working to make hiring such students easier, and, therefore, more likely, for usgs managers. the u. s. geological survey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4826363385077478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.063072"} {"text": "and native students. by identifying, improving, and disseminating information about available hiring mechanisms, the usgs is working to make hiring such students easier, and, therefore, more likely, for usgs managers. the u. s. geological survey is the federal science bureau within the department of the interior ( doi ). the usgs is non - regulatory and is not a significant manager of federal or trust lands or assets. however, as described in this report, there are several types of usgs activities that involve american indians, alaska natives, and their lands. one type of activity is the course of formal studies, conducted through existing usgs programs, that involves collection of specific types of data as well as investigative and research projects. these projects typically last 2 or 3 years, although a few are parts of longer - term activities. some projects are funded through cooperative agreements, from monies provided to the usgs by individual tribal governments, or by the bia. the usgs provides matching funds for cooperative projects. these formal projects may also receive funding from the u. s. environmental protection agency, the indian health service ( part of the department of health and human services ), or other federal agencies. the usgs routinely works with its sister bureaus in the department of the interior to provide the scientific information and expertise needed to meet the department ' s science priorities. within this context, the usgs and the bia are cooperating to use usgs information resources to benefit american indian and alaska native peoples and their lands. the second type of usgs activity is less formal, based on initiatives designed and conducted by usgs employees. frequently involving educational activities, these endeavors are prompted by employee interests, often as collateral issues, that result from one or more usgs employees identifying and responding to an observed need. in these activities, usgs employees help fulfill a mission of the usgs - - to prove scientific relevance - - while helping their fellow citizens. increasingly, some of the educational activities are becoming parts of formal usgs projects. usgs employees have also taken the initiative in assisting american indians and alaska natives through participation in several organizations that were created to foster awareness of science among native peoples and to help build support and communication networks. one such group is the american indian science and engineering society ( aises ). this group sponsors an annual national meeting in which usgs employees participate. usgs employees join this organization on a voluntary basis, bringing the benefits of this expanded network to the usgs, as many employees do with other professional organizations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5093673563493757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.064190"} {"text": "aises ). this group sponsors an annual national meeting in which usgs employees participate. usgs employees join this organization on a voluntary basis, bringing the benefits of this expanded network to the usgs, as many employees do with other professional organizations. each part of the usgs has identified an american indian / alaska native liaison. the usgs has a regional organizational structure, with western, central, and eastern regions. the regions work in concert with specific scientific disciplines to conduct the scientific mission of the usgs. the regional structure is intended to bring us closer to our customers ; we hope that native americans and alaska natives will use the contacts listed at the end of this report. how to use this report : in the following pages, diverse usgs activities related to american indians and native alaskans are grouped into several categories : highlights of fiscal year 2002 ; educational activities ; resource activities ; technical assistance ; general coordination, and ; future opportunities. if you find an interesting activity that you think might be appropriate to undertake in your area, contact the person ( s ) listed to learn how the activity was carried out. ask for suggestions as to who in the usgs could assist you in setting up a similar activity in your area. if in doubt as to how to proceed, contact the usgs employees listed on the inside of the back cover. within the usgs, this report will help staff develop outreach, educational, and program documents for future use. it is hoped that usgs employees, american indians, and alaska natives will adapt these activities in new settings and will use the usgs contacts to expand the relevance of the usgs to more americans. this document was prepared compiled by susan marcus, usgs american indian / alaska native liaison in cooperation with the regional and discipline liaisons : a general point of contact is susan marcus, director ' s office, 703 - 648 - 4437 ; firstname. lastname @ example. org the contacts provided in the report were accurate at the time of publication. please refer to the usgs employee directory or the office of tribal relations contact page if you require information about a specific activity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.465478692543046, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.065051"} {"text": "12 - week or 5 week intensive elective courses in art, design & architecture, latin - american culture, environmental sciences, health sciences, social sciences and international relations, international business and economics. students who don \u2019 t have an advance level of spanish can enroll in courses taught in english. elective courses taught in english ( 12 week semesters or 5 week session in july ) this course is an introduction to the study of major environmental problems and issues confronting modern society. students will examine ecosystems, population patterns and dynamics ; use and misuse of resources ; population and environmental quality ; environmental citizenship and economic incentives and costa rican initiatives in eco - tourism. students will learn about the interactions between earth and land and how these interactions or processes affect our life and the stability of the planet. emphasis will be given to the study of the most relevant tropical ecosystems such as : tropical rain forest, cloud forests, coral reefs and mangroves. field trips to selected environments will provide on site examples of some of the issues learned through class work and readings. all field trips are mandatory. this course is an introduction to the zoology of terrestrial vertebrates in costa rica. students will gain insight about various biological characteristics of the groups of land chordates in the country. costa rica has an immensely rich animal biodiversity, with an influence of both north american and south american fauna and is a world - renowned hot spot for animal research and conservation. emphasis will be given to the study of costa rican species, but others will be discussed as well. this lecture / field course will provide students with a general overview of tropical plants. students will gain insight about basic botanical concepts and be able to explore a variety of ecosystems, their plants and the multiple and complex ecological interactions that can be found in these areas. costa rica is a tropical country with an immensely rich biodiversity and for this reason a very representative area to these studies. emphasis will be given to the most common plant families in costa rica, but others will be discussed as well. this course will examine agricultural and food systems from a ecological systems perspective. after establishing a foundation of basic ecological concepts ( relationships and interactions between abiotic / non - living and biotic / living components of an ecosystem ), different applications of these concepts to agricultural systems will be investigated. consumption and production issues related to food system sustainability will be analyzed, and students will explore their own role in the food system. field trips will provide opportunities for direct observation of ( and interaction with ) different approaches to food production and distribution in costa rica. this course is an introduction to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4627893351517458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.079957"} {"text": "food system sustainability will be analyzed, and students will explore their own role in the food system. field trips will provide opportunities for direct observation of ( and interaction with ) different approaches to food production and distribution in costa rica. this course is an introduction to the actual world problems in natural resources management and conservation, and its effects on sustainable development efforts in tropical countries. current issues that condition the possibility for development such as poverty, global warming, deforestation and potable water will be analyzed. this course teaches students to develop the skill to analyze a particular architectural situation and be able to offer adequate design solutions that will guarantee a good quality environment. it is offered to all students with no previous knowledge of design projection and means of graphic expression, who want to learn about tropical design. this course is designed for the beginner student to help find personal meaning in works of art and develop a better understanding of the nature and validity of art as visual and space language ( line, shape, volume, light, space, time, motion, color, and texture ). this means that you will learn about the essentials of art through experience and experimentation. through determination and an open mind, you will increase your creativity and discover more interesting ways to understand and judge the visual arts. emphasis is on the diversity of form and content in artwork. with willingness to work and an open mind, your experiences in this class will be memorable in a positive way. upon completion, students should understand the basics of art materials used and have a basic overview of the history of art and how art represents its society, especially, latin american culture. art 2130 mural painting and public art 4credits ( 60 hours ) this studio art course introduces theoretical and practical aspects of large - scale painting, murals and public art. the course includes an actual practicum in large - scale media and experimentation of early and contemporary techniques including drawing, fresco, painting, aerosol and various industrial materials. the objective of this course is for students to develop understanding about some of the social roles of art and the impact of murals in communities, based upon its historical and contemporary applications. the course will enable student to control scale, color, specific techniques and safety measures aimed at public spaces. students will incorporate a service learning component by either conducting a collective workshop with children from a rural location or actually painting a collective mural as a donation to a community. the students fine arts background will help with the complexity of the final collective project but the course does not require previous painting knowledge. this studio art course introduces basic principles of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5332968007204986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.081212"} {"text": "from a rural location or actually painting a collective mural as a donation to a community. the students fine arts background will help with the complexity of the final collective project but the course does not require previous painting knowledge. this studio art course introduces basic principles of drawing. the course includes model drawings, landscape drawings and experimental ( abstract ) drawings. the focus of this course is on the development of expression and observational drawing from still life, a model and landscapes. documentary appreciation will focus on the critical analysis of audiovisual documentaries, exploring film and photography mediums in traditional and new media. class interactions will comprise academic learning, viewing and discussion of material, practical exercises and written assignments. this course explores the technique, rhythm and movement style of latin american tropical dance. history, anthropology, folklore videos and songs are part of this experiential course. this course will provide students with a general overview and a better understanding of the folklore and history of latin american dance. they should also be acquainted with some of the basic rhythms in various countries. this course is a general survey of the complex heritage and social evolution of costa rica, examined through a comprehensive and multidisciplinary view focusing on the historical development and present day dynamics of economy, society, politics, natural resources and culture. emphasis will be placed upon different topics during the course, according to students ' backgrounds and expectations. can also count for ethn 3100 selected topics in ethnic studies this course examines a particular topic, theme, issue, or problem concerning the black presence in costa rica and central america. sample offerings could include central america and ethnic politics, history and culture, blacks in central american governments, contemporary black literature, history of the black experience in costa rica. this course is an overview of the history and selected concepts in major eastern and western philosophical movements and systems from ancient to the middle age periods. students will reflect on certain topics such as mind - body, concept of god, knowledge of self and others, predestination and free will, cause and effect and other fundamental ideas in classical knowledge. the course offers general and basic knowledge and skills about the possibilities and stages of digital photography applied to ecological exploration. through practice exercises and field trips students will be able to consciously create and manipulate digital photographic images while exploring costa rican ecological systems. this course offers goes over basic photographic skills as a means of cultural exploration. the practice exercises will apply the information covered in lectures so students can consciously explore costa rican culture through the creation of photographic images and essays. students will be able to consciously create photographs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4549049767945528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.082694"} {"text": "this course offers goes over basic photographic skills as a means of cultural exploration. the practice exercises will apply the information covered in lectures so students can consciously explore costa rican culture through the creation of photographic images and essays. students will be able to consciously create photographs that document aspects of costa rican culture through portraiture and landscapes. the course offers the acquisition of technical knowledge and skills in the capture and manipulation of digital photographic images. students must have a digital point n ' shoot or slr camera and a basic knowledge of mac and windows operating systems. students will apply the information provided in the lectures consciously through the creation and manipulation of digital photographic images. a multicultural, gender sensitive course is designed for students who wish to learn strategies and techniques in thought and behavior transformations for conflict resolution. the course focuses on techniques to bring about positive focused changes through continuous experiences in community building and self - improvement. the course is based on the alternatives to violence project ; a program started in ny state in the seventies. fundacion ceppa, center for peace studies, has implemented this program in costa rica, switzerland and other latin american countries since 1990. using a participatory and interactive methodology, emphasis is made on the following themes : self - esteem and self - care, communication skills, cooperation, community building and conflict resolution, including mediation, bias awareness and cultural diversity. mandatory fieldwork sessions will be conducted at a school, a communal group or a penal institution. this course addresses issues of diversity and commonalities amongst human beings, implications and applications according to each situation and professional context. students will develop skills for intercultural competence. examines latin american policies that affect the international economy, with attention to trade barriers, economic nationalism and regionalism, international political economy, exchange market intervention and international transmission of economic perturbations. an overview of cultural environment of international business and the institutions which affect business today. the latin american perspective with regard to the u. s., asia and europe is examined : nafta, merco sur, the ec and other common market areas and agreements. the course will offer the chance to analyze this dynamic process from different socio - economic perspectives. it will discuss the economic importance of ecotourism for the costa rican national economy, the stimulation of grassroots, community ecotourism projects, and the role of ecotourism in securing environmental protection. the advances and limitations of ecotourism will be explored. provides the opportunity to learn about and practice the skills required for managerial excellence. these skills include leadership, negotiation, conducting performance appraisals", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4771963836830886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.083932"} {"text": "role of ecotourism in securing environmental protection. the advances and limitations of ecotourism will be explored. provides the opportunity to learn about and practice the skills required for managerial excellence. these skills include leadership, negotiation, conducting performance appraisals, delegation, effective communication, interviewing and making hiring decisions and effective human resource management. this course is designed to give the student an understanding of international marketing in terms of both the challenges and opportunities. the course assumes that students are familiar with basic marketing terms and have a basic to mid understanding of marketing concepts. the course will examine the concepts related to international marketing, while students analyze case studies and propose ideas through assignments to attain the objectives of the course. this course is a survey of the main events in latin american history after its independence. topics include the historical causes and effects of the independence, some of the main issues on social, economic and political problems and the main historical leaders in modern latin america. a particular emphasis will be given to the case of costa rica, giving the students an opportunity to explore the development of human rights in the following areas : women \u2019 s rights, children \u2019 s rights, hiv / aids, the cafta agreement and labor rights, indigenous groups and human rights, disability and age issues, and the prison environment. the general objective of this course is to discuss, with students, the social, economic and political issues of the process of construction of peace and democracy in costa rica and central america ( 1948 - 2005 ). this class studies the construction of migrants as others, the management of their image by media and elements pertaining to human rights and citizenship in the cases of immigrants in costa rica and opening the possibility to compare the united states as a host country. the objective is to visualize the construction of cultural identities, its effects on the intergroup encounters and societal perspectives on migration issues. the course will analyze the aspects of the economic integration, globalization and conditions for a successful integration between economies and the effects of free trade in the region as well as the effects of protectionism. there will be a special treatment on foreign investments and joint ventures in the latin america. this course examines the historical and actual events in the middle east. the focus is to understand the background of conflicts in iraq, lebanon and the palestinian territories. the aftermath of the middle east peace conference of december 2007 will be closely followed. the objective of the course is to promote the interaction of ideas and arguments based on a balanced analysis of the themes. students participate in various ways : writing essays, internet research assignments, documentary movies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47727908420089965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.085152"} {"text": "middle east peace conference of december 2007 will be closely followed. the objective of the course is to promote the interaction of ideas and arguments based on a balanced analysis of the themes. students participate in various ways : writing essays, internet research assignments, documentary movies, socio - dramas and debating actual topics. this course will analyze the beginning of the international relations in latin america and the most important historical facts that marked the politics in the region in the current era. the focus of this course is on the historic background of the region before independence and post - independence that helped to consolidate the american hegemony and the insertion of foreign investment, the north american imperialism and the latin - american resistance. costa rica \u2019 s health care system is unique due to the fact that it \u2019 s socialized and has achieved excellent health indicators. the course focuses on the history and development of the public health care system within the context of the costa rican sociopolitical and economic situation. it also gives a strong emphasis on how the system actually works and points out not only the strongholds of the systems, but also its weak points. a third objective, of fundamental importance in order to understand this system, is the study of costa rica as a tropical country. students will learn about the prevention and transmission of relevant tropical diseases. this course will introduce basic concepts of human anatomy, an overview of the most common injuries and illnesses that require physical therapy, and an introduction to the different tools and methods used to treat them. the course will consist of lectures about the theoretical concepts, and also laboratory practice, which will allow the student a hands - on experience of the different techniques given during the lectures. at the end of the course the student will have general knowledge on various areas of expertise, and on techniques such as massage therapy, electrotherapy, and therapeutic exercises, among others. this course will introduce basic concepts of alternative medicine. also this course will explore, and evaluate alternative approaches and philosophies to personal health and wellness. some of the topics included are : homeopathy, tcm ( traditional chinese medicine ) acupuncture, herbal and nutritional therapies, massage, chiropractic therapy, electromagnetic therapy, breathing exercise and others. this course will introduce basic concepts of alternative medicine. health service delivery today encounters frequent conflicts, disputes, and other difficult situations, many of them derived from larger changes occurring in the health systems of the world. these conflicts include differences due to multiculturalism ; the appropriateness and quality of care ; gender issues ; power disputes and providers and recipients over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5202596506720397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.086209"} {"text": "disputes, and other difficult situations, many of them derived from larger changes occurring in the health systems of the world. these conflicts include differences due to multiculturalism ; the appropriateness and quality of care ; gender issues ; power disputes and providers and recipients over institutional and funding policies. violence, its effects and costs will be part of this course, particularly under the who definition and perspectives. costa rican health care systems will be part of the course. this interactive, hands - on course offers a framework to integrate professional experience with functional communication and mediation skills. students are encouraged to explore and develop their leadership into progress on matters of public health importance. mandatory fieldwork sessions will be conducted at a medical facility, community or school. the world health organization defines health as being \u201c a state of complete physical, mental, and social well - being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity \u201d. based on this definition, the concepts of health and illness have changed. nowadays, health care professionals have to tackle the health from a bio - psycho - social concept. for this reason, it is extremely important for health care professionals ( doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, just to mention some ) to have general information about health psychology, which studies how biology, behavior, and social context influence health and illness. in this way, health care professionals can have an integral approach to the patients under their treatment. this will discuss some of the most common topics related with health psychology and pertinent to practice in the health care professions. elective courses taught in spanish ( 12 week semesters or 5 week session in july ) pre - requisite spn 301 este curso esta disenado para estudiantes de espanol como segunda lengua que cuentan con un dominio elemental del idioma en los aspectos morfosintacticos, lexico - semantico y fonetico - fonologicos, por lo que deben haber aprobado el nivel basico 1. a lo largo del curso, desarrollara su competencia comunicativa oral, que le permitira desenvolverse de manera efectiva y eficaz en situaciones cotidianas. el curso ofrece una introduccion por parte de los estudiantes al estudio de la literatura en espanol y presenta los recursos basicos para la elaboracion de un comentario o", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5524221748207429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.087181"} {"text": "ofrece una introduccion por parte de los estudiantes al estudio de la literatura en espanol y presenta los recursos basicos para la elaboracion de un comentario o analisis literario. el estudiante adquirira la terminologia necesaria asi como metodos criticos que le permitan generar comentarios y explicacion de textos informados. una introduccion a las herramientas teoricas y practicas para el proceso de traduccion del ingles al espanol. los estudiantes aprenderan a hacer traducciones de textos sencillos de complejidad intermedia y avanzada tratando de mantener la mayor fidelidad posible con la intencion y estilo del autor. este curso explora una perspectiva socio - historica de la lengua como un aspecto de estudio importante, para comprender el mecanismo linguistico actual dentro de diferentes contextos sociales de habla. el enfoque de este curso es analizar la variedad dialectal que se refleja en los diferentes paises latinoamericanos mediante rasgos : fonologicos, morfologicos y lexicos que toman en cuenta elementos culturales. ademas, el curso pretende como objetivo primordial conocer y poner en practica estrategias dialectales para fomentar elementos comunicativos autenticos que enriquezcan el uso del idioma espanol. el curso plantea los fundamentos de poesia, narrativa ( cuento corto y noveleta ) y drama, que servira como marco teorico de discusion de textos representativos de esos mismos generos. los textos han sido seleccionados con base en sus recursos para establecer comparaciones, y en el grado de interes que pueden despertar no solo a estudiantes de literatura, sino a estudiantes de espanol como lengua extranjera. este curso es una panoramica de la", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5004844462218387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.087889"} {"text": "##ado de interes que pueden despertar no solo a estudiantes de literatura, sino a estudiantes de espanol como lengua extranjera. este curso es una panoramica de la literatura espanola, desde sus inicios hasta la primera mitad de la literatura contemporanea. presenta una vision general de cada periodo en los que se ha dividido la literatura espanola, asi como sus principales caracteristicas. tambien se estudian los textos mas representativos de los exponentes de cada periodo. este curso es un estudio de algunas producciones cinematograficas basadas en textos literarios de reconocidos escritores latinoamericanos. el curso se basa en el analisis y discusion de las principales caracteristicas de la cultura, valores y tematicas de la realidad latinoamericana presentes en dichasmuestras literarias y cinematograficas. you are here : homeelective & sustainability studies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47755418084795115, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.088266"} {"text": "hopkins ' s failure to solve the rhetorical problems caused by narrative distances makes \" the loss of the eurydice \" a failed poem, for after the reader has been led to sympathize with the drowned men and boys, he finds himself jarred when the poet turns back and makes them guilty victims. in contrast, lautreamont ' s les chants de maldoror, which strives to shock the reader, capitalizes upon the jarring effect created by this traditional intonation of the shipwreck situation in post - romantic and post - christian literature. his long fugue on the theme of sea disaster opens with a grim parody of the romantic prospect poem, for rather than attain to a vision of the promised [ 187 / 188 ] land or imaginative grace, maldoror enjoys a vision of destruction the destruction of others : i sat on a rock near the sea. a ship had just put out from shore a fun sail : an imperceptible dot had appeared on the horizon and was gradually approaching, growing rapidly, pushed on by the squall. the storm was going to begin its onslaughts and already the sky was darkening, turning into a blackness almost as hideous as a man ' s heart. [ trans. alexis lykiard ] full of his hatred for other human beings, maldoror places himself in a physical position to observe their destruction, and what makes this description of maritime disaster so shocking is that it remains an experience for maldoror which has no conventional moral meaning. in other words, maldoror places himself at the physical but not the moral vantage - point of an avenging god, so that effect resembles a northern renaissance painting of the last judgment in which the artist depicts the blessed enjoying the suffering of the damned but removes god and the angels. beginning at a distance from the stricken vessel, maldoror guides us through the stages of its destruction and at each makes us aware of the suffering of those on board only to emphasize his distance from them : the vessel, which was a great warship, had dropped an her anchors to avoid being swept on to the rocks along the coast. the wind whistled furiously from an four points of the compass, and made mincemeat of the sails. claps of thunder crashed amid the lightning but could not outdo the sound of wailing to be heard from the foundationless house - a floating sepulchre.... the pumps were quite unable to expel the vast quantities of salt water which smashed foaming over the deck like mountains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47439786022342917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.096393"} {"text": "not outdo the sound of wailing to be heard from the foundationless house - a floating sepulchre.... the pumps were quite unable to expel the vast quantities of salt water which smashed foaming over the deck like mountains. the distressed ship fires off her alarm gun but slowly, majestically, founders. he who has not seen a vessel founder in the midst of a hurricane, sporadic lightning, deepest darkness \u2014 while those aboard are overcome by the despair with which you are familiar \u2014 knows not life ' s mischances. finally from the ship a universal shriek or sheer woe hurls forth, while the sea redoubles its redoubtable attacks.... [ 188 / 189 ] the distressed ship fires off her alarm gun but slowly, majestically, founders. all day long they have had the pumps in action. futile efforts. and to cap this gracious spectacle, night has fallen, dense, implacable. each man tens himself that once in the water he win no longer be able to breathe.... the distressed ship fires off the alarm but slowly, majestically, founders. having watched the ship go down, this histrionic descendant of byron ' s manfred and maturin ' s melmoth exclaims : \" o heaven! how can one live after tasting so many delights! it has been my lot to witness the death - throes of several of my fellow men. \" the would - be connoisseur of pain tries hard to experience what is happening to these others and so he relishes the sounds that come to him across the waves : \" heard now... would be the bawling of some old woman mad by fear ; now, the solitary yelps of a suckling infant.... by an effort of win i drew nearer to them. \" in his mad attempt to feel and thus enjoy the sufferings of others, the narrator parodies romantic notions of imaginative sympathy. he thus tens us that when listening to the groans of the dying, he would \" jab a sharp iron point into my cheek, secretly thinking : ' they suffer still more! ' thus, at least i had grounds for comparison. \" the fact that maldoror has separated himself from other human beings appears with clarity in this inflicting pain upon himself to gain some idea of their mental sufferings. this scene, in other words, mocks those theories of moral sympathy proposed by hume, smith, burke, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4556420504211146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.097387"} {"text": "separated himself from other human beings appears with clarity in this inflicting pain upon himself to gain some idea of their mental sufferings. this scene, in other words, mocks those theories of moral sympathy proposed by hume, smith, burke, and others. these philosophers, who assume that man ' s innate moral sense imaginatively thrusts him into the emotional situation of other men, argue that such a capacity for sympathy or fellow - feeling is the basis of moral decision. according to them, one does not do evil unto others because one feels how they would bc affected. one does not have to strain to experience what another feels since any normal man or woman does so automatically. but lautreamont, who clearly has no such belief in the innate goodness of man, makes his character attempt desperately to experience the fates of others. maldoror must do so because he looks at them as though they were laboratory specimens behind a pane of glass \u2014 removed, unconnected, alien. lautreamont ' s protagonist sees himself as other than human ; and indeed, he dispassionately uses his musket to murder a survivor who has almost reached the shore, thus making himself the murdering lieutenant of murdering nature. maldoror, in other words, is in large part a case study of a man without what the philosophers who provided the foundations of romanticism took to be a defining human faculty. if tristram shandy is simultaneously a parody of locke ' s ideas and a moral case study of what happens if one does not live according to them, then one might say that les chants de maldoror is a similar double parody of the moral philosophers who responded to locke. 1 one must be careful, however, not to oversimplify lautreamont ' s surrealistic, decadent playing upon the perspectival conventions of the shipwreck paradigm since his work so concerns itself with parody and grim inversion. in the passage at which we have looked, for example, he mocks not only theories of the moral imagination but also the romantic prospect poem, both pre - and post - romantic shipwrecks, and the gothic situation of survivors beset by robbers on the beach. at the same time, the narrator ' s continuous revisions of the event while it is supposedly taking place ( such as his later mention of infants and old women aboard a warship ) suggest that this often strained representation of disaster is entirely imagined and not experienced by maldoror. similarly, his obvious projection of self - hatred and yearning for death upon these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5274759847114535, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.098368"} {"text": "place ( such as his later mention of infants and old women aboard a warship ) suggest that this often strained representation of disaster is entirely imagined and not experienced by maldoror. similarly, his obvious projection of self - hatred and yearning for death upon these imagined victims further complicates the significance of the shipwreck section les chants de maldoror. nonetheless, one thing is clear : lautreamont seeks his primary effect by playing upon the traditional christian association of the shipwreck with a divine point of view removed from the disaster. with a heavy - handed irony appropriate to the strident tone of the book, the protagonist who would watch others perish by shipwreck finds himself increasingly implicated in this situation himself. quite early in les chants. maldoror asks his fictive gravedigger, ' why do you weep?... remember this well : we are aboard this dismasted vessel in order to suffer. it is a credit to man that god had judged him capable of overcoming his deepest sufferings. ' the narrator thus finds himself within the shipwreck, with an men, to suffer some inexplicable test of endurance. he also likens himself to a ship ' s prow lifted by an enormous wave ; and later when he tries to convey his exhaustion, he happens upon an elaborate simile that seems derived from gericault ' s raft of the ' medusa ' : when the storm, with the palm of its hand, has thrust a vessel vertically to the bottom of the sea ; if, on that raft, only one man out of the entire crew remains, broken by weariness and every kind of privation ; if the billow belabors him like flotsam for hours longer than the life of man ; and if a frigate later ploughing through these desolate latitudes of staved keels sights the unfortunate whose wasted carcass bobs upon the ocean, and brings him the help that is almost too belated i believe this shipwrecked fellow would understand still better the degree to which the drowsiness of my senses was carried. lautreamont has made extravagance such a virtue that it is difficult to know how seriously he finally wishes us to understand maldoror to be himself a castaway, but the evidence of the text suggests that, like so many other decadents, the one who would enjoy the sight of others shipwrecked found himself a victim. once the relation between paradigm and narrative point of view and distance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4842425577387619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.099287"} {"text": "virginia held five revolutionary conventions between august 1774 and july 1776. the conventions selected and instructed the virginia delegates to congress, organized military preparation, arranged economic embargoes of british goods, and formed the virginia committee of safety that between august 1775 and july 1776 governed virginia in the absence of the royal governor. the last of the revolutionary conventions met in the capitol in williamsburg from may 6 through july 5, 1776. on the morning of may 6, a few members of the house of burgesses met there for the last time and let that body die. the members of the fifth convention then began their meetings in the capitol. many of the delegates brought instructions from their localities to declare virginia independent of great britain. as their first order of business, they elected edmund pendleton president of the convention. on may 14, the debate on independence began. there was no question that the ties between virginia and great britain would be dissolved ( robert nicolas carter voiced the only opposition ), but there were varying opinions on how best to preserve liberty and win the clash with british forces. some of the delegates preferred to wait until foreign alliances could be negotiated, but on may 15 the delegates voted unanimously to instruct the colony ' s representatives in congress to introduce a motion for independence. on june 7, 1776, the senior virginia member of congress, richard henry lee introduced a resolution stating, \" that these united colonies are absolved from all allegiance to the british crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of great britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. \" congress adopted his motion on july 2, 1776, and the declaration of independence on july 4, 1776. when the virginia convention instructed the delegates in congress on may 15 to propose a resolution of independence, it also created a committee to prepare a declaration of rights and a form, or constitution, of government for virginia. on june 12, 1776, the convention unanimously adopted the virginia declaration of rights, and on june 29, 1776, it unanimously adopted the first constitution of virginia. on the latter day it also elected patrick henry governor. he took office as the first governor of the independent commonwealth of virginia on july 6, 1776. 1. what did the convention members state were their reasons for wanting independence? 2. what did the convention resolve to do in addition to instructing the congressional delegates to enter a motion for independence? 1. compare the list of grievances the virginia convention detailed in their resolution with the indictment of george iii in the declaration of independence. how are they similar, how are they different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4255045611446221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.103827"} {"text": "to instructing the congressional delegates to enter a motion for independence? 1. compare the list of grievances the virginia convention detailed in their resolution with the indictment of george iii in the declaration of independence. how are they similar, how are they different? 2. how did virginia declare its independence even before the declaration of independence was created? the convention journal was recorded during the session in williamsburg from may 6 through july 5, 1776. a governmental record, it stayed in the commonwealth ' s records when the capital was moved to richmond. in april 1865, shortly after the end of the civil war, a union soldier removed the journal from the state archives in the capitol in richmond and took it home with him. his descendants sold the manuscript journal in 1942 to a philadelphia dealer in rare books and manuscripts. when the dealer, in turn, attempted to sell the volume to the colonial williamsburg foundation, the state librarian and the attorney general of virginia intervened to ensure the document ' s safe return to the archives, by then part of the virginia state library. virginia reimbursed the dealer in the amount of his original purchase price. the transaction was one of several made during the same period that established the precedents by which the commonwealth of virginia has been able to recover a large number of lost public documents. virginia independence bicentennial commission. revolutionary virginia : the road to independence, a documentary record, vol 7 : independence and the fifth convention, 1776. compiled and edited by robert l. scribner and brent tarter. charlottesville : university press of virginia. 1983. smith, hampden, iii. \" the virginia resolutions for independence. \" virginia cavalcade 25 ( spring 1976 ) : 148 \u2013 157.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41943496383634843, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.104626"} {"text": "the city of antalya, placed on a cliff on the mediterranean sea, stretches on top of what was the ancient pamphylia ( east ) and lycia ( west ). in year 150 bc the king of pergamon - attalos ii, founded the settlement attalia ( nowadays antalya ) to host his powerful mediterranean fleet. in year 133 bc, the city and attalos the third kingdom was willed to the roman republic, further developing being brought to it under roman period. christianity was introduced in the region after 2nd century. paul of tarsus visited antalya, as recorded in the acts of the apostles ( acts 14 : 25 - 26 ), ( antalya being referred to as attalia ). st. paul and st. barnabas came to antalya and sailed traveled further to antioch after spreading the word of their christian god in pisidia and pamphylia. the city of attalia became a naval base for the christian crusades, against the muslims in the levant and in cyprus. during the period of byzantine empire rule, antalya became a major and important city. however, during the ascension of john ii comnenus in year 1118 it was just an isolated fortress against the ottomans, which was accessible only by sea. in 1119, with the help of john axuch, john ii reconnected the city of antalya with the rest of the empire, by getting rid of the turkish pressure. go to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3583860202409115, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.107712"} {"text": "about 2 % to 5 % of all pregnant women will develop gestational diabetes, a type of diabetes that usually occurs only during pregnancy. as with other types of diabetes, the body is unable to properly use glucose, a simple sugar that the body converts to energy. glucose gets used by all the different cells in the body with the help of the hormone insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. with gestational diabetes, pregnancy hormones limit insulin ' s ability to do its job. when this happens, glucose builds up in the pregnant woman ' s blood. left unchecked, gestational diabetes can harm both the mother and the fetus. gestational diabetes can increase the risk of : - having a very large baby, 10 pounds or more. this condition, called macrosomia, occurs when the fetus is exposed to high blood glucose levels and stores the extra glucose as fat. - maternal and / or fetal trauma at birth due to the large size of the baby. - hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) in the newborn. - jaundice in the newborn. characterized by a yellowish skin tone, jaundice is associated with a buildup of bile pigment ( bilirubin ) in the bloodstream. - pregnancy - related high blood pressure. - premature delivery. - birth defects ( rare ). - stillbirth ( rare ). the good news is that women with gestational diabetes can control their blood glucose levels and greatly minimize the risks. how do i know i have it? gestational diabetes usually starts halfway through the pregnancy. expect to be screened for the disorder between the 24th and 28th week. you are at a greater risk for gestational diabetes than others if you : - are older than 25. - were overweight before the pregnancy. * - have a family history of diabetes. * - had gestational diabetes with another pregnancy. - gave birth to a baby who was very large, had a birth defect, or was stillborn. * - have too much amniotic fluid. - have hypertension. * - have glucosuria * ( glucose in your urine ). * if you have these risk factors, you may be tested earlier than 24 weeks for the disease. doctors screen pregnant women for gestational diabetes by analyzing the sugar ( glucose ) content in a blood sample. this test usually does not require any major preparation on your part. you will drink a liquid containing glucose, and one hour later your doctor will draw a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4515688571647518, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.118072"} {"text": "pregnant women for gestational diabetes by analyzing the sugar ( glucose ) content in a blood sample. this test usually does not require any major preparation on your part. you will drink a liquid containing glucose, and one hour later your doctor will draw a sample of your blood. if this screening test is positive, then you will take the glucose tolerance test. you will need to fast for eight hours prior to the test. your blood will be drawn at one, two, and three hours after drinking a sweet, glucose - rich liquid that tastes like flat cola. how can i treat it? the key to managing gestational diabetes is diet and exercise. your doctor and dietitian will design a diet just for you, based on your calorie needs, weight, stage of pregnancy, and baby ' s growth rate. in general, the diet will be low in fat and protein and high in complex carbohydrates ( bread, cereal, pasta, rice ) and fruits and vegetables. you will be advised to eat three meals and one or more snacks each day. expect this diet to change periodically to meet the fluctuating nutritional needs associated with your pregnancy and glucose control. your doctor may also design a safe, effective exercise plan, based on your current activity level and health. exercises that use your upper - body muscles, but put little stress on the main part of your body, will be recommended. upper - body cardiovascular exercise can positively effect your glucose levels. often your glucose levels will decrease within four to six weeks of starting an exercise program. you can see how well you are doing by testing your glucose level several times a day. there are easy ways to test your blood sugar at home. one way involves pricking your finger and putting a drop of your blood on a special strip that turns color. you cross - check the color against a color key to determine your blood sugar level. you can also buy a machine that will give you a more precise digital reading. if you need additional help managing your blood glucose level during pregnancy, your doctor may prescribe insulin. about 10 % to 15 % of women with gestational diabetes need regular insulin injections. your health - care team will monitor your pregnancy very closely to make sure your fetus is healthy. you may also have non - stress tests during which an electronic fetal monitor ( a machine that hears and displays your baby ' s heartbeat ) is placed on your tummy. the monitor reveals whether your baby ' s heart rate is increasing in a healthy way in response to movement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4186498799140722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.119073"} {"text": "non - stress tests during which an electronic fetal monitor ( a machine that hears and displays your baby ' s heartbeat ) is placed on your tummy. the monitor reveals whether your baby ' s heart rate is increasing in a healthy way in response to movement. how can i prevent? you can decrease your risk of developing gestational diabetes by exercising regularly, eating a wide variety of foods from the different food groups, and establishing a healthy weight before your pregnancy. frequently asked questions q : if i ' ve had gestational diabetes, am i more likely to develop type ii diabetes later in life? a : women who have had gestational diabetes do have an increased risk for developing type ii diabetes later in life. one study indicated that more than 50 % of women who had gestational diabetes developed type ii diabetes within 15 years of giving birth, while another study found less than 40 % developed the disease. therefore, it ' s a good idea to have regular screenings for diabetes if you ' ve had gestational diabetes. many doctors will recommend that you have an oral glucose tolerance test at your first postpartum visit. q : will my baby be born with diabetes because i had gestational diabetes? a : most likely not, though he or she will have an increased risk for diabetes later in life. after the delivery, a doctor will test your baby for low blood sugar. the doctor may give your baby glucose if his blood sugar is too low. reviewed by : irina burd, md, phd, maternal fetal medicine, johns hopkins university, baltimore, md. review provided by verimed healthcare network.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4050318399636788, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.119760"} {"text": "\u201c i \u2019 m so excited! \u201d exclaimed one of my dearest friends as she sat down for my kwanzaa dinner a few years ago. \u201c this is my very first kwanzaa celebration. \u201d then only 5 - years - old, my perplexed son j responded, \u201c but auntie baby, i thought you were american?!?! \u201d j was correct. auntie baby was american. ( specifically, she was white american. ) however, j was incorrect in thinking that every american celebrated kwanzaa. \u201d i first started celebrating the holiday as a college student. at columbia university, kwanzaa was a chance for black kids to come together before winter break. kwanzaa was invented in 1966 by maulana karenga. currently the chair of the africana studies department at california state university ( long beach ), karenga created the holiday \u201c to introduce and reinforce seven basic values of african culture which contribute to building and reinforcing family, community and culture among african american people as well as africans throughout the world african community, \u201d according to the official kwanzaa web site. the seven core principles of kwanzaa, which are represented through candles lit during the holiday, are : unity, self - determination, collective work and responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity and faith. when i became a mother, i was committed to making kwanzaa a family tradition. in a world that rarely acknowledges the resilience, grace and ingenuity of african - descendents, for me, kwanzaa represented an opportunity to hold our strengths up to the light. j and i faithfully celebrated kwanzaa from the time he was an infant until he was about 10. each year, we lit the seven candles, discussed the principles, threw on our kwanzaa cd and read kwanzaa children \u2019 s books. we hosted special dinners and brunches. friends came over. music played, and people danced. kwanzaa was so big in our house when j was little that he thought it was a national holiday, celebrated by all. fast forward to 2010 when we spent december in california. during an early morning walk, i suddenly remembered it was kwanzaa. on my phone, i quickly googled the kwanzaa principle for the day. i shouted across the misty park, \u201c j! today is nia! think about purpose! \u201d he answered simply, \u201c okay! \u201d and that constituted our entire kwanzaa celebration for the day. how did we go from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46443198996050056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.124574"} {"text": "for the day. i shouted across the misty park, \u201c j! today is nia! think about purpose! \u201d he answered simply, \u201c okay! \u201d and that constituted our entire kwanzaa celebration for the day. how did we go from having day - long kwanzaa brunches to barely even remembering the holiday? we gradually stopped celebrating because ( a ) i forgot when it was, ( b ) we were traveling, and i forgot the candles, or ( c ) blah blah blah. basically, i was too busy to celebrate my culture for just one small week. what had things come to? feeling like a bad black for my non - celebration of kwanzaa, i recently conducted a super - scientific survey of my friends. ( my super scientific - surveys are e - mail or text queries blasted out to a sampling of my friends. whoever answers, answers, and whoever doesn \u2019 t, doesn \u2019 t. ) i asked \u201c do you celebrate kwanzaa? why or why not? do you feel guilty when you don \u2019 t celebrate? \u201d based on my survey, i concluded : 1. most people support the idea of kwanzaa. 2. most people simply can \u2019 t be bothered to fit another holiday in between christmas and new year \u2019 s. 3. nobody except me feels guilty for not celebrating kwanzaa. j, now 13, has his own thoughts on kwanzaa. noting that most african americans can \u2019 t pinpoint our african origins and that african culture is vastly diverse, he argues that it is inaccurate for african americans to celebrate our \u201c african \u201d heritage as if it were a monolithic entity. but j \u2019 s argument for not celebrating kwanzaa is precisely why we need kwanzaa in some form. african americans need to learn more about the vast diversity of african culture as well as learning about the richness of our history in america. thus, i have now, consciously decided not to celebrate kwanzaa this year. not because we don \u2019 t have time. and not because i won \u2019 t be able to find the principles on my smartphone while we are hiking in the mountains this holiday. i have decided not to celebrate it for the exact same reason i decided to celebrate it when j was a baby. when j was little, i wanted to teach him about the importance of his culture and significance of our contributions to humanity. for the mother of a 5 - year - old, singing songs and lighting candles were a great way to illustrate that. however, now i have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42632921392545786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.125729"} {"text": "little, i wanted to teach him about the importance of his culture and significance of our contributions to humanity. for the mother of a 5 - year - old, singing songs and lighting candles were a great way to illustrate that. however, now i have a critically - thinking, intellectual teenager who is more interested in facts about african american inventors than nursery songs about creativity. more interested in reason than ritual. when we actively celebrated kwanzaa, i often relied on the concepts as set forth in \u201c africana : the encyclopedia of the african and african american experience. \u201d this 2095 - page tome addresses many topics pertaining to black life and history. inspired by the dream of the late african american historian w. e. b. du bois and edited by henry louis gates, jr. and kwame anthony appiah, the africana is possibly the first scholarly encyclopedia to focus on the history of africa and the african diaspora. thinking of my son and my reason for celebrating kwanzaa, i realize that if i want to teach him something, i will have to actually, literally teach him. rather than cracking open the kwanzaa section of the africana in order to quickly glimpse that day \u2019 s principle, lighting some candles and calling it quits, my son and i will now start reading the africana together. through this, we will celebrate our culture and our heritage. no frills. no kente tablecoth. but the goal is the same, and perhaps even more precisely achieved. editor \u2019 s note : this story has been updated to reflect that the person named \u201c auntie baby \u201d is a white american. more from the root dc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4393510977504894, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.126784"} {"text": "is sustainable - labeled seafood really sustainable? part one of a three - part series by daniel zwerdling and margot williams. rebecca weel pushes a baby stroller with her 18 - month - old up to the seafood case at whole foods, near ground zero in new york. as she peers at shiny fillets of salmon, halibut and chilean sea bass labeled \" certified sustainable, \" weel believes that if she purchases this seafood, she will help protect the world ' s oceans from overfishing. but some leading environmentalists have a different take : consumers like weel are being misled by a global program that amounts to \" greenwashing \" \u2014 a strategy that makes consumers think they are protecting the planet, when actually they are not. at whole foods, the seafood counter displays blue labels from the marine stewardship council ( msc ), an international, nonprofit organization. the msc is a prime example of an economic trend : private groups, not the government, are telling consumers what is good or bad for the environment. the msc says its label guarantees that the wild seafood was caught using methods that do not deplete the natural supply. it also guarantees that fishing companies do not cause serious harm to other life in the sea, from coral to dolphins. the idea is spreading fast throughout the food industry. megachains like target, costco and kroger are selling seafood with the msc label. mcdonald ' s says you are munching on \" certified sustainable \" wild alaskan pollock every time you eat a filet - o - fish sandwich. the fast - food company has used msc - certified fish since 2007 in the u. s., and as of february, they are putting the msc logo on their fish sandwich boxes. consumers like weel say the labels help them feel better about the products they buy. \" i want to feel that i ' m doing the right thing, \" says weel, a pediatrician, as her 4 \u00bd - year - old daughter bolts into the vegetable aisle in neon - colored boots. when weel shops for seafood, she says, she wants to make choices \" that will help preserve the wild fish populations in the oceans. \" executives at whole foods say they are helping consumers do exactly that, by pledging in recent years to sell as many msc - certified products as possible. seafood is the last major food that people catch in the wild, and \" we can ' t just go out and find more fish to catch, \" says carrie brownstein, global seafood quality standards coordinator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4318006687359942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.164045"} {"text": "sell as many msc - certified products as possible. seafood is the last major food that people catch in the wild, and \" we can ' t just go out and find more fish to catch, \" says carrie brownstein, global seafood quality standards coordinator for whole foods. brownstein cites a 2012 united nations report that warned that almost 30 percent of the world ' s wild fisheries are \" overexploited, \" and more than 57 percent of wild fisheries are \" at or very close \" to the limit. other groups have devised ranking systems for seafood. the monterey bay aquarium labels products like a traffic light \u2014 green, yellow or red \u2014 to urge shoppers to buy or avoid a particular fish. the blue ocean institute has a similar system. the msc reports it has labeled roughly 8 percent of the global seafood catch, worth more than $ 3 billion. that makes it the most widespread and best - known rating scheme around the world. a recent survey of 3, 000 americans, conducted on behalf of npr, suggests that a majority of consumers want to feel good about the seafood they buy. the poll by truven health analytics found that almost 80 percent of the people who eat seafood regularly said it is \" important \" or \" very important \" that their seafood is sustainably caught. if they buy msc - labeled seafood, they may be paying a premium. brownstein says whole foods charges more for some of its seafood labeled \" certified sustainable, \" although she wouldn ' t give numbers. some fishing industry executives told npr that they are getting roughly 10 percent more for their msc - labeled products than for seafood that ' s not certified sustainable. that ' s one reason why many environmentalists who supported the msc in the past say you might be troubled to know what the msc and supermarkets like whole foods are not telling you : \" we would prefer they didn ' t use the word sustainable, \" says gerry leape, an oceans specialist at the pew environment group, one of the major foundations working on oceans policies. leape has supported the msc for more than a decade as a member of its advisory stakeholder council. but he and other critics say that the msc system has been certifying some fisheries despite evidence that the target fish are in trouble, or that the fishing industry is harming the environment. and critics say the msc system has certified other fisheries as sustainable even though there is not enough evidence to know how they are affecting the environment. when a customer sees the msc ' s sustainable label at the supermarket, \" the consumer looks at the fish and says", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4413657510955645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.165147"} {"text": "critics say the msc system has certified other fisheries as sustainable even though there is not enough evidence to know how they are affecting the environment. when a customer sees the msc ' s sustainable label at the supermarket, \" the consumer looks at the fish and says, ' oh, it has the label on it, it must be sustainable, ' \" leape says. \" and in some fisheries that the msc has certified, that ' s not necessarily the case. \" biologist susanna fuller, co - director of marine programs at canada ' s ecology action centre, agrees. \" we know... that blue stamp doesn ' t mean that you ' re sustainable, \" she says. when asked if consumers should choose msc - labeled seafood, fuller pauses. \" it ' s a gamble, \" she says. still, even the msc ' s sharpest critics say they support the broad ideas behind the organization and its stated goals. \" originally i thought it was a good idea, \" says jim barnes, director of the antarctic and southern ocean coalition, a network of dozens of environmental groups around the world. \" the world needed something like this to help steer consumer decisions, and so i wasn ' t against it at all at the beginning. and i ' m not totally against it now. \" but barnes worries that the msc is straying from its mission and needs a dramatic overhaul. \" it can be a force for good. if it continues on the path that it ' s on, however, and doesn ' t solve a lot of these issues that have been raised, \" he says, \" i don ' t think it will be. \" protecting the oceans and the bottom line the msc was born because of a crisis. michael sutton, one of its founders, says that he and his colleagues dreamed up the idea after the cod industry collapsed off the nova scotia coast in 1992. cod fishing had been the foundation of the region ' s economy and culture, worth an estimated $ 700 million each year. but when the cod population plunged to a fraction of previous levels, the canadian government banned cod fishing \u2014 putting thousands of people out of work. \" it was so bad in some of these coastal communities, the government had to send in suicide - prevention teams, \" recalls sutton, who was then vice president of the world wildlife fund. \" we were not only trashing our marine environment, but we were ruining the character of coastal communities that had existed on fisheries for centuries, \" sutton says. sutton and other environmental advocates, and many scientists, warned that the cod collapse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4275646699097603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.166393"} {"text": "wildlife fund. \" we were not only trashing our marine environment, but we were ruining the character of coastal communities that had existed on fisheries for centuries, \" sutton says. sutton and other environmental advocates, and many scientists, warned that the cod collapse taught the world a sobering lesson : government agencies that were supposed to monitor and regulate fishing were often doing a lousy job. cod weren ' t the only fish in trouble. studies showed that populations of major species like swordfish, marlin and tuna were plunging too. \" so we needed to do something drastic, \" sutton says. he and colleagues decided to convince industry executives that protecting the oceans would also protect their bottom line. sutton made a pilgrimage to the unilever conglomerate, then one of the largest producers of frozen seafood \u2014 including fish sticks. \" my pitch to unilever was, ' the future of their frozen fish business is at stake, ' \" sutton remembers. \" overfishing is not only bad for the environment, but it ' s really bad for business, because it means that they ' re not going to have fish in the future the way they have them today. \" unilever and the world wildlife fund joined hands in 1997, and set up the msc. unilever eventually sold its seafood subsidiary and left the program, but the founding partner left its mark : from the day the msc opened its doors in london, it has been a balancing act between industry and the environment. today, the msc has more than 100 employees worldwide, including about 60 at its headquarters in a renovated building down the street from st. paul ' s cathedral. \" msc has a global vision, \" says rupert howes, the organization ' s chief executive officer. \" we want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis. \" msc ' s system of certification here ' s the msc ' s basic idea : executives of a growing number of food companies want to be \" green. \" some genuinely want to protect the environment ; others may be mainly seeking a marketing edge. but when it comes to seafood, those executives don ' t have the time or knowledge to figure out which fishing companies are plundering the ocean and which ones are doing a good job. so the msc does the work for them. the msc does not certify fisheries itself. instead, a fishery that wants the label hires one of roughly a dozen commercial auditing companies to decide whether its practices comply with the msc ' s definition of \" sustainable. \" the msc ' s standard for sustainability includes dozens", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4160405778830496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.167388"} {"text": "certify fisheries itself. instead, a fishery that wants the label hires one of roughly a dozen commercial auditing companies to decide whether its practices comply with the msc ' s definition of \" sustainable. \" the msc ' s standard for sustainability includes dozens of items, but they ' re designed to assess whether the population of a fishery ' s target species is healthy ; if the fishing practices don ' t cause serious harm to other life in the sea \u2014 including by accidentally catching other animals, which is called bycatch ; and if the fishery has good management. if the commercial auditors give the fishery a passing score, then the fishery gets the right to use the blue \" certified sustainable seafood \" label. it can be a long and expensive process. some certifications have taken years, and the fisheries have paid the auditing firms up to $ 150, 000 or more. howes says that when a store sells msc - certified seafood, the label announces to consumers, \" we care where our fish comes from. \" he adds that as a growing number of food companies sell msc - labeled seafood, executives of fisheries that don ' t have it are motivated to join the program. that catalyzes \" real and lasting change in the way the oceans are fished, \" howe says. during the msc ' s first decade, there wasn ' t much demand for sustainable seafood by the u. s. food industry, and the msc \" almost went bankrupt, \" sutton says. and that put the spotlight on the msc ' s financial model. the way that executives structured it, msc ' s budget comes partly from foundation grants. but some revenue comes from the licensing fees that msc charges businesses for the right to sell seafood with the msc label. so as long as many supermarket chains were not promoting it, the msc wasn ' t getting much money. then, in 2006, everything changed. the msc and its supporters had sent a series of delegations to bentonville, ark., world headquarters of wal - mart. the delegations helped convince wal - mart executives to promise that all the seafood they sell in the u. s. would be msc - certified by 2012. \" we had to get wal - mart, \" sutton says. \" the significance of their commitment, of course, is that once wal - mart made a commitment to the marine stewardship council, every other major retailer had to follow suit, because none of them wanted to be less progressive than wal - mart. \" sure enough, other discount chains promised to go sustainable, too. \" overnight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42086125622386594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.168612"} {"text": "mart made a commitment to the marine stewardship council, every other major retailer had to follow suit, because none of them wanted to be less progressive than wal - mart. \" sure enough, other discount chains promised to go sustainable, too. \" overnight, the demand far outstripped the supply, \" says sutton, \" and so the suppliers had to catch up. \" since wal - mart made its pledge in 2006, the msc system has certified seven times as many fisheries as it did during the same period before, according to npr ' s analysis. still, the msc system has not been able to certify enough seafood for wal - mart to meet its 2012 deadline, according to bob fields, a senior buyer for wal - mart and sam ' s club. the explosion in sales of msc - labeled products at leading chain stores has transformed the organization ' s finances. the year that wal - mart pledged to promote msc - labeled seafood, the msc received most of its income from foundation grants \u2014 75 percent, according to the msc annual report. meanwhile, it received only 7 percent of its income from label licensing fees. today, those licensing fees generate more than half of the msc ' s revenue. and since wal - mart executives embraced sustainable seafood, the msc has also received millions of dollars in grant money from the walton family foundation, which was created by wal - mart ' s founder and is governed by his descendants. the walton family foundation has become one of the msc ' s largest donors, according to financial reports. the director of the foundation ' s environment programs, scott burns, served on the msc ' s board of directors before he went to walton. critics say that the day wal - mart embraced sustainable seafood, it was a blessing for the msc system \u2014 and a curse. the critics charge that the msc system has compromised its standards to keep up with the booming demand from wal - mart and other chains that followed suit. fuller, of the ecology action centre, says she has watched the msc system \" struggling with meeting the demands of the system that they helped create... they have ended up having to lower the bar. \" when ocean specialist daniel pauly, a fisheries professor at the university of british columbia, talks about the msc today, he sounds dispirited. pauly took part in early meetings in london that helped create the msc and now says he has lost faith in the system. \" the msc is doing the business of the business community, \" pauly says, not the environment. balancing ' sustainable ' swordfish with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4256705881151406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.169722"} {"text": "part in early meetings in london that helped create the msc and now says he has lost faith in the system. \" the msc is doing the business of the business community, \" pauly says, not the environment. balancing ' sustainable ' swordfish with at - risk sharks some environmentalists and scientists say if you want to understand why they ' re losing faith in the msc, look at the battle over certifying canadian swordfish. next time you buy swordfish at a store like whole foods, it might come from a controversial fishery off the coast of nova scotia. fishermen have known for ages that when they go swordfishing in some parts of the atlantic, they will accidentally catch sharks \u2014 lots of sharks, says steve campana, who runs the canadian government ' s shark research laboratory, near halifax, nova scotia. when npr caught up with campana one morning, he and his research crew were heading into the atlantic on a 34 - foot trawler, the dig it. they were planning to attach sophisticated satellite transmitters to blue sharks. \" on average, from what we ' ve seen over the years, the swordfishermen catch about five blue sharks for every one swordfish, \" campana said, holding onto a metal strut as the dig it bounced through the waves. add it up, studies suggest, and canada ' s long - line swordfish boats \u2014 so named because they typically let out 30 or 40 miles of fishing line, dangling more than 1, 000 hooks \u2014 accidentally catch tens of thousands of sharks every year. this touches on one of msc ' s three fundamental rules, even though studies show swordfish are plentiful. the second rule says that a fishery is not sustainable if it does not maintain \" the integrity of ecosystems \" \u2014 which means, in part, that it ' s not sustainable if there is too much bycatch. the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada, which is funded and appointed by the canadian government, has warned that the main kinds of sharks that swordfishermen accidentally catch are \" threatened \" or \" endangered \" or \" of special concern. \" swordfishermen generally release the sharks. but there had been few studies on what happens to those sharks after fishermen let them off the hooks \u2014 until campana and his colleagues came along. about six years ago, they started tagging sharks with satellite transmitters before fishermen set them free. during one outing, the crew showed how they do it : they snagged a 5 - foot blue shark on a hook baited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44731019380022397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.170732"} {"text": "colleagues came along. about six years ago, they started tagging sharks with satellite transmitters before fishermen set them free. during one outing, the crew showed how they do it : they snagged a 5 - foot blue shark on a hook baited with mackerel, reeled it in, and then pinned the thrashing shark against the boat ' s broad, flat railing. they jabbed a satellite transmitter, which looks like a turkey baster with a barb on one end, into the shark ' s leathery skin. and then they let the shark go, the transmitter protruding like an unsightly growth. the device is equipped with a computer chip that records data every 10 seconds, including where the shark goes, how deep it goes, and how long it stays there. after about 10 months, the tube pops off the shark and floats to the surface, beaming all the information via satellite to campana. when the transmitter shows that a shark went to the deepest part of the sea and just stayed there, campana knows when and where the shark died. campana and his colleagues published some of their first findings based on these studies in july 2009, in the journal marine ecology progress series. their studies showed that up to 35 percent of the sharks caught by swordfish boats die, either right on the hook or within days after the fishermen set them free. the findings suggested that canadian swordfish boats accidentally kill almost two sharks for every swordfish they catch. campana says that when you put these findings in context, it is troubling. other studies suggest that the populations of major kinds of sharks in the north atlantic have plunged as much as 40 to 60 percent in just the past few decades. \" any time you see consistent declines like that, and the fact that all of these large sharks seem to have declined all over the world, \" campana says, \" it ' s just a worrisome pattern. \" the president of canada ' s swordfish industry, the nova scotia swordsfishermen ' s association, dismisses campana ' s conclusions. campana ' s report on shark deaths could not have come at a worse time for canada ' s swordfish industry. only months before the report was published, the association, which catches most of canada ' s commercial swordfish, had applied to the msc for certification. the industry sells much of its swordfish to whole foods and other stores in the u. s. those conclusions \" were not close to what the industry felt was reality, \" troy atkinson, president", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4320207988282203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.171898"} {"text": "swordfish, had applied to the msc for certification. the industry sells much of its swordfish to whole foods and other stores in the u. s. those conclusions \" were not close to what the industry felt was reality, \" troy atkinson, president of the association, says while sitting in his store, crammed with giant spools of plastic fishing line and boxes of heavy metal hooks. he runs the main business that supplies equipment to canada ' s swordfishing fleet. \" we ' re sometimes portrayed as a bunch of cowboys out to harvest the last buffalo, \" he says. \" we ' re portrayed as some of the worst in the world. and it ' s just not correct. \" atkinson cites reports by other researchers that conclude that the population of blue sharks off the coast of canada is healthy \u2013 especially reports by the international commission for the conservation of atlantic tunas ( iccat ), which represents dozens of governments whose nations fish the atlantic. so, atkinson says, canada ' s swordfishermen could catch and kill even more sharks without hurting the environment. other studies suggest the evidence is contradictory, and that scientists don ' t know for sure what is happening to sharks across the atlantic. for example, the optimistic iccat researchers whom atkinson cites acknowledge that their conclusions are \" highly uncertain \" because they ' re based on unproven assumptions and incomplete data. however, studies showing that blue sharks have sharply declined focus on a limited region. so scientists and environmentalists were dumbfounded in early 2012 when the msc system decided that canada ' s swordfish industry can use the label \" certified sustainable seafood. \" \" that is absolutely the kind of fishery that should not be certified, \" says leape of pew environment group. \" that fishery is outrageous. \" certifying canadian swordfish \" is the worst thing they can do, says fuller, of the ecology action centre. \" that is not at all the way it should go. \" a program based on ' science and evidence ' the ecology action centre and dozens of other environmental groups denounced the msc. the groups said in a letter to the msc system that roughly 10 percent of canada ' s swordfish are caught with harpoons \u2014 a method environmentalists support because there is hardly any bycatch. but the long - line boats that supply most of the swordfish catch a \" staggering \" number of sharks, as the environmentalists put it. \" certifying [ canada ' s long - line swordfish boats ] compromises the credibility of the msc, \" the groups warned,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43773257926921966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.173041"} {"text": "supply most of the swordfish catch a \" staggering \" number of sharks, as the environmentalists put it. \" certifying [ canada ' s long - line swordfish boats ] compromises the credibility of the msc, \" the groups warned, \" and the sustainable seafood movement as a whole. \" howes, from the msc, disagrees. he says the controversy over canadian swordfish \" illustrates a key feature of the msc program, which is the fact that the program is premised on science and evidence. that fishery has met the msc standard. \" the analysts who evaluated the fishery for the msc system agreed that the swordfish boats do kill large numbers of sharks. they acknowledged that the optimistic studies on sharks that the swordfish industry cites are uncertain, but they concluded that the weight of evidence suggests it is \" highly likely \" there are plenty of blue sharks left in the sea. the analysts also stressed that, by all accounts, other countries kill far more sharks than canada ' s swordfishermen do. so, they said, canada causes only a small part of the bycatch problem. \" we are not saying that shark bycatch doesn ' t matter, \" says howes. \" what we ' re saying implicit within the labeling of that fishery is, the shark bycatch of that unique individual certified fishery is safe. it ' s within ecological limits. \" barnes, of the antarctic and southern ocean coalition, says the controversy over canadian swordfish illustrates why the booming demand for sustainable seafood actually threatens to hurt the movement more than help it. \" the bottom line is that there are not enough truly sustainable fisheries on the earth to sustain the demand, \" barnes says. \" the retailers and wholesalers all want access to this kind of label because they ' re trying to... make money with their consumers. there ' s nothing wrong with that ; that ' s how the world works. \" but barnes charges that the msc is labeling some fisheries as sustainable \u2014 even when they are not \u2014 partly to fill the seafood counters at wal - mart and other large chains. \" i ' m not down on wal - mart at all, don ' t get me wrong, \" he says. \" but to get on line with big chains as your goal leads you down a path that i don ' t think the originators of the msc intended. \" howes could hardly disagree more. \" if you really want to contribute to the transformation of our economic systems more generally, you ' ve got to engage with the big guys.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43786454871710434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.174023"} {"text": "that i don ' t think the originators of the msc intended. \" howes could hardly disagree more. \" if you really want to contribute to the transformation of our economic systems more generally, you ' ve got to engage with the big guys. and therefore, i absolutely welcome wal - mart ' s commitment, \" he says. \" that will drive change. \" howes continues : \" will that overload the msc system? no. \" he argues that there ' s no way the msc could label problem fisheries sustainable just to satisfy demand, because, he says, the certifiers evaluate each fishery based only on scientific evidence. but he adds, \" we want to see oceans fished sustainably forever. we ' re not going to achieve that by becoming a small niche organization that engages with a handful of perfect fisheries. \" researcher barbara van woerkom contributed to this story. melissa block, host : this is all things considered from npr news. i ' m melissa block. robert siegel, host : and i ' m robert siegel. in this part of the program, we ' re going to hear about seafood, specifically about the two words that are changing the way many of us buy our seafood : certified sustainable. block : the movement to sell seafood that can be fished without doing harm to the species or the environment is no longer limited to high - end grocery stores. wal - mart, kroger ' s, even mcdonald ' s are getting into the act, selling wild caught seafood with those magic words : certified sustainable. siegel : the marine stewardship council gives its seal of approval to fisheries that they say help protect the oceans. the msc is also a prime example of an important trend : private groups, not the government, telling consumers what ' s good or bad for the environment. block : many environmentalists say the msc is a good idea. but as npr ' s daniel zwerdling reports, even some of its supporters warn you don ' t always get what you pay for. daniel zwerdling, byline : come with me for a moment to a supermarket and you ' ll see why this program for sustainable seafood is so compelling. you ' ll also learn that shopping for so - called sustainable seafood is trickier than you might like. i ' m meeting an executive from whole foods at their store near ground zero in new york. it ' s like a temple for food. there are mountains of fruits and vegetables and chocolates and olive oils. and look at the seafood counter ; there are shiny whole fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4690434271709119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.175026"} {"text": "an executive from whole foods at their store near ground zero in new york. it ' s like a temple for food. there are mountains of fruits and vegetables and chocolates and olive oils. and look at the seafood counter ; there are shiny whole fish and fragile filets and mussels and clams and shrimps - they ' re all nestled in beds of ice. carrie brownstein : i ' m carrie brownstein. i ' m the global seafood quality standards coordinator. and we ' re here to talk about seafood sustainability. zwerdling : she says companies like whole foods have to move to sustainable seafood. fish and shellfish caught in the sea are the only major foods left that people still get in the wilds. brownstein cites a recent study from the united nations. it warns that almost 30 percent of the world ' s fisheries are over - exploited, which means that people are fishing them faster than they can rebound. and most of the other fisheries are near their limit. so, push them any more and they could decline. brownstein : we can ' t just go out and find more fish to catch. zwerdling : you ' re convinced people need to be worry about seafood and the oceans. brownstein : yeah, people need to be careful. people need to be careful. and i think that retailers like whole foods and other companies can play a huge role in making a difference for the oceans. zwerdling : so, whole foods has promised to sell as much seafood as it can that the marine stewardship council says is sustainable. there are other groups that decide which seafood ' s good or bad for the environment. for instance, one rates them green, yellow or red, like traffic lights. but the msc system is the most expensive. they say they ' ve certified more than $ 3 billion worth of seafood. brownstein points to the fish with the blue msc logo. brownstein : we have a number of msc - certified fish here right now. we ' ve got halibut, king salmon, chilean sea bass... zwerdling : the logo is an abstract fish with a check mark. brownstein :... and swordfish. zwerdling : and the logo proclaims the words... brownstein : certified sustainable by the marine stewardship council. zwerdling : in other words, the msc promises that if you buy this seafood, you won ' t contribute to over - fishing. and you won ' t be killing off other life in the sea, whether", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4453408646044768, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.177624"} {"text": "by the marine stewardship council. zwerdling : in other words, the msc promises that if you buy this seafood, you won ' t contribute to over - fishing. and you won ' t be killing off other life in the sea, whether it ' s dolphins or coral. a mother has just parked her baby stroller at the seafood counter. rebecca weel says she depends on the msc and whole foods to tell her what to buy. rebecca weel : i want to feel that i ' m doing the right thing without putting too much effort into figuring it out on my own. zwerdling : now, if you see two fish, one says msc - certified sustainable and the other one doesn ' t... weel : i would definitely choose the sustainable one over the not - sustainable one. zwerdling : are you willing to pay any more for fish that ' s sustainably certified? weel : i would personally, yes. zwerdling : brownstein wouldn ' t give details, but she said that whole foods does charge more for some seafood that ' s labeled by the msc. so, ocean specialists say you might be troubled to hear something that whole foods and the msc are not telling you. gerry leape : in our view, we would prefer they didn ' t use the word sustainable. zwerdling : gerry leape helps oversee oceans programs for the pew charitable trusts. he ' s worked with the msc for more than 10 years on their official advisory council. and i asked him... when one of our listeners goes to the supermarket and they see that msc label - this seafood is sustainable - can they believe it ' s true? zwerdling : that ' s a long pause. leape : it is a long pause. you can ' t believe across the board that it ' s necessarily sustainable. zwerdling : or ask a biologist named susanna fuller. she co - directs the marine program at the ecology action center in canada. when i go to the supermarket and i see there ' s fish with a blue label - certified sustainable - and other fish that aren ' t, should i buy the msc fish? susanna fuller : you know, i - you - you know, you ' re - it ' s a gamble. zwerdling : to understand why many environmentalists say it ' s a gamble, i joined a research trip one morning off the coast of nova scotia. ( soundbite of an engine ) zwerdling : remember the msc swordfish, back at whole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4518507836124463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.178621"} {"text": "endangered or of special concern. i told my mother the other day that i was going to come out on this boat. and my mother said, why do i care about sharks? i like eating the swordfish. campana : sharks are, well, they ' re, they ' re the king of the food chain. so they are the equivalent of the lions on the serengeti plains of africa. and if you suddenly wiped out all of the lions, undoubtedly, you would find very strange things happen to the ecosystem there, probably unpredictable things. zwerdling : so, a lot of scientists and environmentalists told us, we don ' t get it - how can the msc say the swordfish industry is sustainable? we ' ll come back to that question in a moment and to this research boat. but first, a quick history of the msc. let ' s go back to 1992. ( soundbite of archived news clip ) unidentified woman # 1 : good evening. the news was expected but that didn ' t make it any less devastating. it ' s a moratorium on fishing on northern cod, a ban that will affect about 20, 000 people and gut the backbone of the atlantic fishery... zwerdling : one of the most important fisheries in the world had collapsed. canada ' s cod industry had been worth an estimated $ 700 million a year. cbc television announced their government was dealing with the crisis by making cod fishing illegal. ( soundbite of archived news clip ) unidentified woman # 2 : and with that, fishermen stormed the doors of john crosby ' s news conference. ( soundbite of a crowd and yelling ) unidentified woman # 2 : security guards locked the doors and frantically called for help. michael sutton : thousands of people thrown out of jobs, the closure of the cod fisheries. zwerdling : mike sutton ran the oceans programs back then for the world wildlife fund. sutton : i mean, it was so bad in some of these coastal communities, they had to - the government had to send in suicide prevention teams. zwerdling : sutton says the collapse of the cod industry shocked people. they finally realized the oceans are in big trouble. and sutton says the crisis proved something else : the government agencies around the world that were supposed to protect the oceans were often doing a lousy job. sutton : we were not only trashing out marine environment, but we were ruining the character of coastal communities that had existed on fisheries for centuries. so we needed to do something drastic. zwerdling :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4557648664897843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.180707"} {"text": "oceans were often doing a lousy job. sutton : we were not only trashing out marine environment, but we were ruining the character of coastal communities that had existed on fisheries for centuries. so we needed to do something drastic. zwerdling : sutton and his colleagues said, we have a solution. since government officials aren ' t protecting the oceans, let ' s convince industry they have to do it. sutton met with executives at unilever. they were one of the biggest seafood suppliers in the world. sutton : my pitch to unilever was, the future of their frozen fish business is at stake. overfishing is not only bad for the environment but it ' s really bad for business because it means that they ' re not going to have fish in the future the way they have them today. zwerdling : and in 1997, unilever and the world wildlife fund joined hands. they set up the marine stewardship council. so, the msc was a balancing act between industry and the environment from the day they opened their doors. the headquarters are down the street from st. paul ' s cathedral in london. rupert howes : msc has a global vision. we want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis. zwerdling : that ' s the man who runs the msc, rupert howes. these offices could be a software company. they are designer chic, lots of glass, hardly anybody wears a tie. the msc is registered non - profit. howes : okay. msc employs about 100 people around the world. we have 12 offices globally. on this floor, we have over here our fundraising team... zwerdling : and here ' s the msc ' s basic idea. more and more food companies want to look green, right? some want to help the environment. some want to attract customers. but when it comes to seafood, those executives don ' t know which fishing companies are plundering the ocean and which ones are doing a good job, so the msc system studies it for them. all food companies have to do is offer seafood with a blue msc label, certified sustainable - and they can probably tell consumers, hey... howes : we care where our fish comes from. we care how it was fished. zwerdling : and as more and more food companies sell seafood with the msc label, fisheries that don ' t have it will think we better get certified, too, or we ' re going to lose business to our competitors. howes calls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45524300857426614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.181793"} {"text": ". zwerdling : and as more and more food companies sell seafood with the msc label, fisheries that don ' t have it will think we better get certified, too, or we ' re going to lose business to our competitors. howes calls this the msc ' s theory of change. howes : the theory of change is very, very simple. if we could use a certification and labeling program to create an incentive for fisheries to improve the way they fish the oceans, we could catalyze real and lasting change in the way the oceans are fished. zwerdling : but it turned out that during the msc ' s early years, the american food industry wasn ' t excited about sustainable seafood. in fact, michael sutton, who helped create it, says the msc almost went bankrupt. the msc ' s budget comes partly from foundation grants and part of it comes from getting licensing fees from businesses that sell seafood with the msc label. so as long as many supermarket chains weren ' t promoting it, the msc wasn ' t getting much money. but starting in 2005, the msc and its supporters sent a series of delegations to bentonville, arkansas, headquarters of wal - mart, and everything changed. ( soundbite of video ) unidentified woman : wal - mart is one of the largest retail purchasers of wild cod and farmeries seafood. zwerdling : that ' s a wal - mart company video. mike sutton and the other delegates helped convince wal - mart ' s executives to make a promise. wal - mart would sell as much seafood as possible that ' s certified sustainable in all their american stores. ( soundbite of video ) unidentified woman : the goal of the seafood network is to have our wild cod fisheries certified by the msc, or marine stewardship council, an... sutton : we had to get wal - mart and the significance of their commitment, of course, is that once wal - mart made a commitment to the marine stewardship council, every other major retailer had to follow suit because none of them wanted to be less progressive than wal - mart. zwerdling : target promised to go sustainable. kroger and costco promised, too. the problem was the msc had not labeled enough seafood sustainable. sutton : overnight, the demand far outstripped the supply and so the suppliers had to catch up. zwerdling : listen to this fact. since wal - mart embraced sustainable seafood in 2006, the msc system has certified at least seven times as many fisheries as it did during the same period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4675525733690107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.182736"} {"text": ": all right. so the satellite tag ' s in. good to go here. zwerdling : and they ease her back into the ocean. this shark looks okay for now, but campana ' s studies show that up to 35 percent of the sharks caught by swordfish boats die within days after they ' re caught. add it all up and campana ' s findings suggest that canadian swordfish boats accidentally kill almost two sharks for every swordfish they catch. other studies estimate that the populations of major kinds of sharks in the north atlantic have plunged 40 percent, even 60 percent in just the past few decades. campana : any time you see, you know, consistent declines like that and the fact that all of these large sharks seem to have declined all over the world, for them all to be declining, it ' s just a worrisome pattern. zwerdling : campana published some of his major findings back in 2009 and they couldn ' t have come at a worse time for canada ' s swordfish industry because only a few months before, the industry ' s president had gone to the marine stewardship council. he said, we want canadian swordfish to be certified sustainable. now, here was a troubling study about bycatch by one of the government ' s top researchers. the industry president didn ' t buy it. troy atkinson : i had a disagreement with the results. they were not close to what the industry felt was reality. zwerdling : you ' re basically rejecting the findings of, you know, one of the most respected shark scientists. atkinson : yep, i am. zwerdling : troy atkinson runs the nova scotia swordfishermen ' s association. it ' s based in halifax. they catch most of the swordfish exported from canada. atkinson says, there are some studies out there that conclude that blue sharks in the north atlantic are doing great. atkinson : we ' re sometimes portrayed as a bunch of cowboys out to harvest the last buffalo, you know. we ' re portrayed as, you know, some of the worst in the world. and it ' s just not correct. zwerdling : you ' re saying that your swordfish fleet could be catching or killing more blue sharks and the oceans would still be healthy. atkinson : correct. yes, that is indeed the fact. zwerdling : actually, the evidence is contradictory. it suggests that scientists don ' t know for sure what ' s happening to sharks across the atlantic. for instance, the optimistic researchers that atkinson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4250122894193093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.184580"} {"text": ": correct. yes, that is indeed the fact. zwerdling : actually, the evidence is contradictory. it suggests that scientists don ' t know for sure what ' s happening to sharks across the atlantic. for instance, the optimistic researchers that atkinson cites who say that blue sharks are doing great, they acknowledge that their conclusions are highly uncertain - their words - because they ' re based on all kinds of assumptions and incomplete data. on the other hand, studies that show that blue sharks have sharply declined focus on a limited region. so some scientists and environmentalists were dumbfounded last year when the marine stewardship council added up all this confusion and they proclaimed canada ' s swordfish industry is certified sustainable. is it sustainable? fuller : no, no. it ' s not at all. zwerdling : that ' s susanna fuller again, from the ecology action center in halifax. the center joined forces with other groups like the sierra club, oceana, the shark research institute and they denounced the msc. they said a small amount of canada ' s swordfish is caught with harpoons and we ' re all for that. but 90 percent of the swordfish comes from longline boats, which studies show catch tens of thousands of sharks. how can the msc call that sustainable? fuller : it ' s so egregious. we said, you know, why are you guys doing this because we ' re trying to actually help get some trust behind that label? and by certifying this fishery, you are just, like, undermining a whole bunch of consumer trust. zwerdling : the analysts who evaluated the fishery for the msc system agreed that the swordfish boats do kill large numbers of sharks and they agreed that the optimistic studies on sharks are uncertain. still, they concluded that when you put all the evidence together, it is highly likely, their words, that there are plenty of blue sharks left in the sea. the analysts also said that other countries kill way more sharks than canada ' s swordfishermen do, so canada ' s only a small part of the bycatch problem. we asked the head of the msc in london what he thinks about bycatch. rupert howes. suppose you said to your family, listen guys, every time we eat a swordfish here in our house, the fishermen who caught it killed two sharks and just dumped their bodies in the ocean. how would your family react to that? howes : it ' s a very good question and i think it illustrates a key feature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4562609804391247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.187492"} {"text": "swordfish here in our house, the fishermen who caught it killed two sharks and just dumped their bodies in the ocean. how would your family react to that? howes : it ' s a very good question and i think it illustrates a key feature of the msc program, which is the fact that the program is premised on science and evidence. that fishery has met the msc standard. we are not saying that shark bycatch doesn ' t matter. what we ' re saying implicit within the labeling of that fishery is, the shark bycatch of that unique individual certified fishery is safe. it ' s within ecological limits. zwerdling : back on dig it, off the coast of canada, i ask the scientist who is studying the sharks, steve campana, given all your studies that show that the swordfish industry is accidentally killing huge numbers of sharks, how can the marine stewardship council say that this swordfish industry is sustainable? campana : that ' s an excellent question and i don ' t have the answer to that. jim barnes : well, i don ' t know why he ducked that one. well, i think the answer ' s obvious. zwerdling : jim barnes is a lawyer. he runs an international coalition of 30 environmental groups. he says ever since the wal - marts of the world said they want sustainable seafood, it ' s been a blessing for the sustainable movement and a curse. barnes : the bottom line is that there are not enough truly sustainable fisheries on the earth to sustain the demand. the retailers and wholesalers all want access to this kind of label because they ' re trying to, you know, make money with their consumers. again, there ' s nothing wrong with that. that ' s how the world works. zwerdling : jim barnes, are you saying that the msc system is rushing to certify seafood as sustainable when they know it ' s not, at least partly because they need to fill the seafood counters of wal - mart and other huge chains? barnes : yes, in some cases, they ' re doing that. i ' m not down on wal - mart at all, don ' t get me wrong. but to get on line with big chains as your goal leads you down a path that i don ' t think the originators of the msc intended. howes : if you really want to contribute to the transformation of our economic systems more generally, you ' ve got to engage with the big guys. zwerdling : the msc ' s president,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45149708838547165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.190101"} {"text": "t think the originators of the msc intended. howes : if you really want to contribute to the transformation of our economic systems more generally, you ' ve got to engage with the big guys. zwerdling : the msc ' s president, rupert howes. howes : and therefore, i absolutely welcome wal - mart ' s commitment. that will drive change. and so your question about will that overload the msc system? no. zwerdling : howes says there ' s no way the msc could label problem fisheries just to satisfy demand, because, he says, the certifiers evaluate every fishery based only on scientific evidence. but howes says, you also have to realize, this is the real world. there is no such thing as perfection. howes : we want to see oceans fished sustainably forever. we ' re not going to achieve that by becoming a small niche organization that engages with a handful of perfect fisheries. zwerdling : even the biggest critics told me that the marine stewardship council has accomplished some important things and they say maybe here ' s the most important, the msc has helped get people to think about sustainable seafood. back when the msc got started, not many people did. but npr conducted a survey for this story with a company called truven health analytics. the results show that almost 80 percent of americans who eat seafood regularly said it is important or it ' s very important that their seafood is sustainably caught. daniel zwerdling, npr news. siegel : our story was co - reported by npr ' s margot williams. tomorrow, critics say the msc can make a positive difference when it honors its original goals. meanwhile, you can learn more about the pros and cons of sustainable seafood at npr. org. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47558506013124635, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.234343"} {"text": "september 10, 2012 valdosta - south health district \u2019 s 12 county health departments and clinics have begun offering seasonal influenza ( flu ) vaccinations to the general public. the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) recommends a yearly flu vaccine for everyone 6 months of age and older as the first and most important step in protecting against this serious disease. \u201c we have plenty of vaccine this year for everyone, \u201d states debra adams, rn, aprn, district clinical and nursing director. \u201c in addition to flu shots, some of our health departments also offer : nasal spray, intradermal and high - dose flu vaccines. \u201d the regular flu shot is an option to people 6 months and older. the nasal spray is available for non - pregnant, healthy people ages 2 through 49. the intradermal flu vaccine is a shot that is injected into the skin instead of the muscle. it uses a much smaller needle than the regular flu shot, and requires less antigen to be as effective as the regular flu shot. this vaccine is approved by fda for adults 18 through 64 years of age. fluzone high - dose vaccine is designed specifically for people 65 years and older. this vaccine contains four times the amount of antigen contained in regular flu shots since our immune systems become weaker with age, and places us at greater risk of severe illness from influenza, says adams. public health officials encourage everyone to get the shot. \u201c you are protecting yourself as well as the people you are around when you get vaccinated. you can pass the flu to someone else before you even know you are sick, \u201d states adams. other than getting the vaccine, there are everyday preventive actions to stop the spread of the flu : wash your hands often with soap and water ; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you sneeze or cough and then throw it away ; avoid touching your mouth, nose and eyes, since germs can pass this way and ; avoid close contact with sick people. most importantly, if you are sick with flu - like symptoms, stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone to avoid spreading the flu to the seasonal flu shot is $ 20 ; for availability and pricing of nasal spray, intradermal or high - dose flu vaccines, call your local health department. cash, check, medicare, medicaid and blue cross blue shield of georgia : bluechoice ppo are accepted at all health departments. united healthcare and cigna are also accepted for state employees. designed by gray digital media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4492652221410439, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.265877"} {"text": "by gina garippo, pure matters a study published in the journal sports health : a multidisciplinary approach analyzed the bone density of 560 athletes, ages 47 to 93, who competed in the senior olympic games. they found that men and women who played high - impact sports had much higher bone density than those who participated in low - impact games. high - impact activities include those that require almost continual running and jumping - - such as track and field, road racing, and basketball. a big impact on bone density the difference in bone density measurements between adults playing high - and low - impact sports was significant. playing a high - impact sport improved bone density scores by 3 percent. that \u2019 s about the same percentage of decline caused by some individual risk factors, such as age. not everyone can participate in high - impact activities. it may be better for people with osteoarthritis and other chronic health problems to stick with low - impact activities. thankfully, any weight - bearing exercise - - including lower - intensity activities like walking - - can help ward off bone loss. however, the study shows that for older adults who are able, exercising at a higher intensity may provide additional bone benefits. even small amounts of activity help you don \u2019 t have to be an olympic athlete to reap the benefits of high - impact activity. add a little jogging to your daily walk or join a high - impact aerobics class. just be sure to talk with your doctor before starting or changing an exercise program. for help getting active, visit the national institute on aging website at www. nia. nih. gov and search for \u201c exercise guide. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4425779006462115, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.269633"} {"text": "recognizing developmental delays in children vision developmental delays in children until 6 months, a newborn ' s vision is normally blurry. then it improves as the child begins to coordinate sight in both eyes. however, sometimes this does not happen or other vision problems show up. possible causes of vision delays. refractive errors, such as nearsightedness and farsightedness, are common in children. other eye problems include : - amblyopia ( lazy eye ), poor vision in one eye - infantile cataracts - - a clouding of the eye ' s lens - - or another inherited problem ( these problems are rare ) - retinopathy of prematurity, an eye disease that sometimes affects premature infants - strabismus - - also called cross eyed - - eyes that turn in, out, up, or down types of treatment for vision delays. early treatment can help correct many vision problems. depending on the eye problem your child has, he or she may need : - glasses or contacts - special glasses - an eye patch warning signs of vision problems. contact your child ' s doctor if your child has any of the following signs at the age that \u2019 s indicated. in addition, watch for any loss of skills that have already been learned. by 3 months, contact the doctor if your child : - does not follow moving objects with his or her eyes - does not notice hands ( by 2 months ) - has trouble moving one or both eyes in all directions - crosses eyes most of the time by 6 months, contact the doctor if your child : - has one or both eyes turning in or out all the time - experiences constant tearing, eye drainage, or sensitivity to light - does not follow near objects ( 1 foot away ) or far objects ( 6 feet away ) with both eyes if your child ' s doctor notes any problems, the doctor may refer your child to an ophthalmologist for further evaluation. motor skill developmental delays in children developmental delays may be related to problems with gross motor skills, such as crawling or walking, or fine motor skills, such as using fingers to grasp a spoon. possible causes of motor skill delays. children who are born prematurely may not develop muscles at the same rate as other children. children who have been institutionalized, lacked stimulation at young ages, or have autism may have sensory integration dysfunction, a diagnosis questioned by the american academy of pediatrics. this complex disorder has been thought to cause a variety of problems with the senses, including : - extreme reactions to touch, textures, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49151665330805266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.273275"} {"text": "making sense of science : going deep to go far by linking science and literacy instruction schoolsmovingup at wested february 8, 2012 @ 10 : 30 a. m. \u2013 12 p. m. ( pacific time ) tel : 415. 615. 3213 email : firstname. lastname @ example. org register for the making sense of science : going deep to go far by linking science and literacy instruction webinar. if leadership tomorrow depends on how we educate our students today, then what can we do to facilitate deep conceptual learning, both for students and teachers? in this webinar, kirsten daehler, senior research associate at wested and director of understanding science for teaching, and kathy huncosky, science instructional resource teacher from the madison metropolitan school district, will share facilitation strategies and principles that get learners to dive deeper into science, reason about ideas in evidence - based ways, and communicate using multiple languages of science. all teachers and teacher educators can use the strategies and principles featured to support science learning, regardless of their curriculum. during this webinar, daehler and huncosky will : - draw examples from making sense of science ( mss ) professional development - share findings from a national randomized controlled study showing significant positive effects in science learning for teachers and their students, including english learners, students with disabilities, and students who otherwise struggle with science - provide tips for helping teachers and science educators : - keep conversations evidence - based - make thinking visible - go beyond one explanation - separate science ideas from individuals - explore ideas with words, actions, images, and symbols - classroom science teachers k \u2013 16 - science instructional coaches - science educators - curriculum supervisors / consultants - district personnel in charge of teacher professional development and inservice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5808193043201269, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.275357"} {"text": "in the 1920s, the denver art museum became one of the first art institutions in the world to collect american indian material not be - cause of some historic or scientific interest, but because of its undeniable aesthetic qualities. nearly ninety years later, the dam has one of the largest and most important collections of native american art anywhere. but for months now, the american indian art galleries in the ponti building devoted to displaying the museums collection have been closed while native arts curator nancy blomberg rethought and reinstalled it. the new galleries underwent not only a physical change, but also an intellectual one, explains blomberg. the new presentation focuses on specific artists. people go to the modern and contemporary art floors or the european art floors and expect to see artists ; however, when they come to the american indian art galleries, they dont. i want to challenge that. i want visitors to look at a group of, for example, navajo weavings and see the distinct style and hand of the artist involved. i want people to see 2, 000 years of continuous artistic creation. see it all from prehistoric to postmodern when the galleries reopen at noon today at the dam, 100 west 14th avenue park - way. for more information, call 720 - 865 - 5000 or go to www. denverartmuseum. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43308043093708354, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.276709"} {"text": "wfp ' s office in kathmandu is leading the way towards carbon neutrality with an ambitious solar project that will cut down its greenhouse emissions by over a third. copyright : wfp / meghbar chemjong frequent power outages and melting glaciers are a constant reminder in nepal of the shortcomings of fossil fuels. in an effort to reduce its carbon footprint and become more energy - efficient, wfp ' s office there is looking to solar power as a sustainable alternative. by deepesh shrestha, public information officer and tyler mcmahon, solar project coordinator kathmandu - - for much of the world, climate change is still an abstract concept. but in nepal it is a visible and ominous reality \u2014 just ask wfp nepal country director richard ragan. a mountaineer who first came to nepal in the early 1990s to climb the himalayas, ragan saw first - hand how much had changed when he came back with wfp in 2006. on world environment day 2007, un secretary general ban ki - moon called on all agencies and programmes to \u201c go green \u201d and become climate neutral. see how far we \u2019 ve come at the new greening the blue website. \u201c twenty years ago, when i first came here climbing, there was no lake at the bottom of mt. imja tse, \u201d he says. but there is now. runoff from a melting glacier has created a body of water over one kilometre wide in less than 16 years. one of many examples of climate change in nepal, the country also struggles with major energy shortages that leave much of the country without electricity for long stretches of time. \u201c nepal is a country with abundant energy potential yet most people still live without power for 50 % of the day. this just didn ' t make sense to me so i felt we needed to demonstrate that there were alternatives, \u201d said ragan. in an effort to shrink its carbon footprint and become less reliant on the national energy grid, the kathmandu office launched an ambitious project to cut greenhouse emissions by 30 % using solar energy. this will eliminate at least 25 tonnes of co2 emissions per year and will ultimately pay for itself through reduced electricity costs. the project got off the ground in late may with the installation of a 10 kilowatt peak grid - interactive power system and stand - alone solar - powered security lights. this alone will power the office \u2019 s server room, satellite and telephone communication systems, and 11 computers, saving around 30, 000 watt - hours per day. the second phase, to be completed by mid - august, will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48000694231900726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.283661"} {"text": "the 3d axis shows the direction of the cartesian coordinates in the 3d window. it consists of 3 legs, a tip at the end of each leg, and a label specifying x, y, or z beyond the tip. the axis can be drawn using lines, as shown below, or as a solid model using cylinders and cones. the labels are drawn with lines in both cases. the 3d axis property page controls the appearance of the axis, including its size, line thicknesses, size of the solid elements, size of the labels, tip details, colors, and whether or not the tips and / or labels are shown. the axis size is specified as a percentage of the average extent of the 3d scale box. in addition to entering the percentage on the 3d axis property page, several mouse and key actions change the size. moving the mouse with the right button and the a key held down scales the axis. when the a key is held, the zoom toolbar buttons and the numeric keypad + and - affect the axis size ( instead of the overall image size ). when both the ctrl and a keys are held down, the numeric keypad + and - keys scale the axis in larger increments than without the ctrl key. the axis center ( where the 3 legs come together ) can be specified either in absolute coordinates or relative to the center of the 3d scale box. the coordinates and interpretation choice are made on the 3d axis property page. the axis can be moved interactively along each of the 3 principal directions by holding down the x, y, or z key and moving the mouse with the right button held down or pressing the arrow keys. when using the arrow keys, holding down the shift key ( along with x, y, or z ) moves the axis in larger increments. the axis tab of the information window shows the position of the axis center. the absolute position is reported, even when the center is relative to the 3d scale box. when the tab is active, the axis can be used as 3d marker to query the coordinates of objects in the 3d display. the property page contains an item to reset the center position to ( 0, 0, 0 ) following the import of a model by reading a mcnp or sabrina input file. the position is not reset upon reading a checkpoint file ( that presumably contains the position ). the axis submenu of the 3d context menu contains items to toggle the axis visibility, move the center position to the middle of the 3d scale box, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4969096450614739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.286443"} {"text": "( bpt ) - growing evidence from nutritionists and literacy experts suggests access to good nutrition and good books are the building blocks to early learning. according to the u. s. department of agriculture, lack of enough nutritious food impairs a child ' s ability to concentrate and perform well in school. children who have not developed some basic literacy skills by the time they enter school are three to four times more likely to drop out in later years, says the u. s. department of education. proper nutrition is vital to the growth and development of children, just as access to good books is key to literacy development. to encourage reading and learning about healthy eating, share these recommended books from reading is fundamental ( rif ) and buddig lunchmeats with your children : * \u201c how do dinosaurs eat their food \u201d by jane yolen and mark teague. \u201c how does a dinosaur eat all his food? does he burp, does he belch, or make noises quite rude? does he pick at his cereal, throw down his cup, hoping to make someone else pick it up? \u201d just like kids, dinosaurs have a difficult time learning to behave at the table. however, with a little help from mom and dad, these young dinosaurs eat all before them. * \u201c green eggs and ham \u201d by dr. seuss. sam - i - am tries to convince a nameless skeptic that green eggs and ham are a delicacy to be savored \u2212 in a house, with a mouse, in a box, with a fox, with a goat, on a boat \u2212 to no avail. reading this timeless classic will help your child with phonics, rhyming and language development while learning it really can be fun to try new foods. * \u201c cloudy with a chance of meatballs \u201d by judi barrett. in this whimsical tale there is no need for food stores because all the food falls from the sky. this children ' s favorite is great for a read - aloud and discussion about where food comes from and how it gets from field to table. * \u201c i will never not ever eat a tomato \u201d by lauren child. when charlie is asked to give his little sister, lola, her dinner, he proves he ' s more than up to the task. this book explores the fun and imaginative ways charlie finds to get lola to eat. it ' s a great book for role playing and word games and may even get your picky young eater to try something new. *", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47428248890964964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.289584"} {"text": "islam completes the long chain of guidance from god to humanity. meticulously preserved and thoroughly documented, islam \u2019 s message has a familiar resonance, owing to its shared history and common values, with abrahamic religions. additionally, islam reiterates a return to basic principles of faith : belief in one god, righteous living, and faith in the afterlife. this brochure introduces the central themes of islam and its core components \u2013 with a special focus on our purpose in life and the all - encompassing nature of islam. islam is a faith and comprehensive way of life that literally means \u2018 peace through submission to god. \u2019 it provides a clear understanding of a person \u2019 s relationship with god, purpose in life, and ultimate destiny. a muslim is someone who adopts the islamic way of life by believing in the oneness of god and the prophethood of muhammad, peace be upon him ( pbuh ). today, islam is one of the fastest growing religions and is practiced by more than 1. 2 billion muslims across the world. the most essential principle in islam is the purely monotheistic belief in one god. god is the creator of everything in the universe and is unique from his creation. muslims are encouraged to develop a direct and personal relationship with god without any intermediaries. muslims often refer to god as allah, which simply means \u201c god \u201d in the arabic language. arabic - speaking jews and christians also refer to god as allah. god describes himself in the holy book of muslims, the quran ( also spelled \u2018 koran \u2019 ), by stating : \u201c say, \u2018 he is god the one, god the eternal. he begot no one nor was he begotten. no one is comparable to him. \u2019 \u201d ( 112 : 1 - 4 ). a universal faith islam is the culmination of the universal message of god taught by all of his prophets. muslims believe that a prophet was chosen for every nation at some point in their history, enjoining them to worship god alone and delivering guidance on how to live peacefully with others. some of the prophets of god include adam, noah, abraham, ishmael, isaac, jacob, joseph, moses, jesus, and muhammad, peace be upon them all. the prophets all conveyed the consistent divine message of worshiping one god, along with specific societal laws for each nation \u2019 s circumstances. however, after the prophets delivered the divine guidance to their people, their message was lost, abandoned, or changed over time, with only parts of the original message intact.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5305556187697307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.299254"} {"text": "people, and just and harmonious societies. devoting one \u2019 s self to a life of submission to god is the key to attaining a true sense of peace because it produces a balance of spiritual needs with worldly affairs. it also lends special meaning to the concept of living one \u2019 s life responsibly, aware of the accountability to come in the hereafter. belief in the day of judgment is extremely important in islam. this event will signal the transition between the temporary life of this world to the eternal life in the hereafter. on that day, people will be resurrected and held accountable for their deeds in life, which will determine their eternal destination in heaven or hell. many verses in the quran describe the events on the day of judgment in great detail and give a description of heaven and hell. worship in islam worship in islam is woven into the daily life of a muslim and is not confined to a holy place. the fundamental aspects of worship in islam are encompassed within five pillars, which enable muslims to cultivate their relationship with god. 1. testimony of faith ( shahadah ) : the first of the five basic foundations is knowingly and voluntarily asserting that, \u201c there is nothing worthy of worship except god, and muhammad is the messenger of god. \u201d this statement is the basis of faith in islam, affirming that no partners can be associated with god and muhammad is his final prophet. as a result of this belief, muslims seek guidance in life through god \u2019 s revelation ( the quran ) and the teachings of prophet muhammad ( pbuh ). 2. prayer ( salah ) : muslims are required to pray five times a day to maintain a spiritual connection with god and remind themselves of their ultimate purpose in life. through sincerity, repentance, and direct prayer to god, muslims strive to establish a personal spiritual relationship with their creator all throughout the day. this prayer includes physical motions of bowing and prostrating, which were also performed by jesus, moses, and the prophets before them. 3. charity ( zakah ) : this is an annual charity given to the poor. muslims must give 2. 5 % of their yearly savings to help the poor, the needy, and the oppressed. charity is one of the vital sources of social welfare in islam, encouraging a just society where everyone \u2019 s basic needs are provided for. 4. fasting ( sawm ) : muslims fast during the month of ramadan, the ninth month of the muslim lunar calendar, by refraining from eating,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5055646694507794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.301512"} {"text": "in islam, encouraging a just society where everyone \u2019 s basic needs are provided for. 4. fasting ( sawm ) : muslims fast during the month of ramadan, the ninth month of the muslim lunar calendar, by refraining from eating, drinking, and sexual interaction from dawn to sunset. it is an act of self - restraint and spiritual cleansing that increases one \u2019 s empathy for the less fortunate and enables one to consciously control bad habits such as foul language, idle talk, and anger. fasting also helps people develop strong willpower as they overcome the essential desires of their body and the damaging acts of their tongue. 5. pilgrimage ( hajj ) : the pilgrimage ( journey ) to mecca is an act that every muslim must perform once in their life if they are physically and financially able. it symbolizes the unity of humankind as muslims from every race and nationality assemble together in equality to worship god, following the traditions of prophet abraham. a holistic approach these primary acts of worship urge individuals to fulfill their purpose in life by becoming more conscious of god and serving the practical needs of society. however, worship is not limited to simply completing these acts. islam promotes a holistic approach to worship that encompasses spreading justice and compassion in the world through one \u2019 s daily interactions with people. smiling at someone, visiting the sick, and defending an innocent person who is being oppressed are all considered acts of worship as well. these forms of worship exemplify the importance of good manners in islam. muhammad ( pbuh ) once said, \u201c the best among you are those who have the best character. \u201d islam has a practical approach to living that positively transforms people \u2019 s individual connection to god and fellow humans. islam offers guidance on all matters of life, including one \u2019 s diet, manners, and social relationships. god tells muslims to eat everything \u201c good and pure \u201d while adhering to simple dietary restrictions such as avoidance of pork, alcohol and anything slaughtered in the name of other than god. when it comes to dressing and behavior, modesty and humility are ordained for both men and women. muhammad ( pbuh ) has stated, \u201c every religion has an essential character and the essential character of islam is modesty. \u201d parental obedience and dutifulness is integral to islam. men and women are to sanctify their relations in a marital contract, taking their spousal roles and family units seriously. raising children who are morally upright and responsible participants in their communities is also a significant obligation. the preservation of family ties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48143278084472485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.302536"} {"text": ". men and women are to sanctify their relations in a marital contract, taking their spousal roles and family units seriously. raising children who are morally upright and responsible participants in their communities is also a significant obligation. the preservation of family ties is a fundamental principle of islam, along with kind treatment of orphans, widows, travelers, and neighbors. professional and philanthropic contributions to one \u2019 s society are encouraged in order to nurture individual and collective success. god calls on people to remember him in all of their actions and purify their hearts so that they can live a truly balanced life. spirituality in islam is about nurturing tolerance, kindness, control, righteousness, and forgiveness while shunning arrogance, pride, ego, anger and selfishness. this spirituality and god - consciousness should be reflected in a person \u2019 s interactions with other people. therefore, islam stresses the importance of treating people with respect, mercy, and dignity. in conclusion, islam is not a new way of life ; rather, it maintains the same message god sent to humanity through all of his messengers. islam teaches people how to have a meaningful relationship with god, without any intermediaries, and how to reform their souls, beautify their character, and be part of a vibrant, healthy community. through this message, god encourages individuals to draw closer to him and fulfill their purpose in life. \u201c is it not time for believers to humble their hearts to the remembrance of god and the truth that has been revealed? \u201d ( quran, 57 : 16 ) we invite you to learn more about islam on our website : www. whyislam. org or by calling us on our toll - free line ( 877 ) why - islam.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5112396125134964, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.303205"} {"text": "washington - with scientists at odds about the risks of a chemical found in plastic baby bottles, metal cans and other food packaging, the government on tuesday gave consumers some tips on how to reduce their exposure to bpa even as it said the substance is safe. a food and drug administration advisory committee met as a major study linked bisphenol a to possible risks of heart disease and diabetes. the scientific debate could drag on for years. \" right now, our tentative conclusion is that it ' s safe, so we ' re not recommending any change in habits, \" said laura tarantino, head of the fda ' s office of food additive safety. but she acknowledged, \" there are a number of things people can do to lower their exposure. \" for example, consumers can avoid plastic containers imprinted with the recycling number ' 7, ' as many of those contain bpa. or, tarantino said, they can avoid warming food in such containers, as heat helps to release the chemical. more than 90 percent of americans have traces of bpa in their bodies, but the fda says the levels of exposure are too low to pose a health risk, even for infants and children. other scientists, however, say bpa has been shown to affect the human body even at very low levels. and tuesday a study released by the journal of the american medical association suggested a new concern about bpa. using a health survey of nearly 1, 500 adults, the study found that those exposed to higher amounts of bpa were more likely to report having heart disease and diabetes. because of the possible public health implications, the results \" deserve scientific follow - up, \" its authors said. the study is preliminary, far from proof that the chemical caused the health problems. two dartmouth college analysts of medical research said it raises questions but provides no answers about whether the ubiquitous chemical is harmful. fda officials said they are not dismissing such findings. \" we recognize the need to resolve the concerning questions that have been raised, \" said tarantino, acknowledging that more research is needed. but the fda is also arguing that the studies with rats and mice it relied on for its assessment are more thorough than some of the human research that has raised doubts. the agency has asked an outside scientific panel for a second opinion on bpa ' s safety, and the medical journal article was released to coincide with the advisers ' hearing. the fda has the power to ban or limit use of bpa in food containers and medical devices. past animal studies have suggested reproductive and hormone - related problems from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45054053183827736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.308255"} {"text": "s safety, and the medical journal article was released to coincide with the advisers ' hearing. the fda has the power to ban or limit use of bpa in food containers and medical devices. past animal studies have suggested reproductive and hormone - related problems from bpa. the jama study is the largest to examine possible bpa effects in people and the first suggesting a direct link to heart disease, said scientists frederick vom saal and john peterson myers, both longtime critics of the chemical. still, they said more rigorous studies are needed to confirm the results. vom saal is a biological sciences professor at university of missouri who has served as an expert witness and consultant on bpa litigation. myers is chief scientist at environmental health sciences, a charlottesville, va., nonprofit group. they wrote an editorial accompanying the jama study. bpa is used in hardened plastics and in a wide range of consumer goods, including the lining of metal cans, eyeglass lenses and compact discs. many scientists believe it can act like the hormone estrogen, and animal studies have linked it with breast, prostate and reproductive system problems and some cancers. researchers from britain and the university of iowa examined a u. s. government health survey of 1, 455 american adults who gave urine samples in 2003 - 04 and reported whether they had any of several common diseases. participants were divided into four groups based on bpa urine amounts ; more than 90 percent had detectable bpa in their urine. a total of 79 had heart attacks, chest pain or other types of cardiovascular disease and 136 had diabetes. there were more than twice as many people with heart disease or diabetes in the highest bpa group than in the lowest bpa group. the study showed no connection between bpa and other ailments, including cancer. no one in the study had bpa urine amounts showing higher than recommended exposure levels, said co - author dr. david melzer, a university of exeter researcher. drs. lisa schwartz and steven woloshin of the dartmouth institute for health policy and clinical practice said the study presents no clear information about what might have caused participants ' heart disease and diabetes. \" measuring who has disease and high bpa levels at a single point in time cannot tell you which comes first, \" schwartz said. the study authors acknowledge that it ' s impossible to rule out that people who already have heart disease or diabetes are somehow more vulnerable to having bpa show up in their urine. the american chemistry council, an industry trade group, said the study is flawed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4898941535172734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.311556"} {"text": "study authors acknowledge that it ' s impossible to rule out that people who already have heart disease or diabetes are somehow more vulnerable to having bpa show up in their urine. the american chemistry council, an industry trade group, said the study is flawed, has substantial limitations and proves nothing. but dr. ana soto of tufts university said the study raises enough concerns to warrant government action to limit bpa exposure. \" we shouldn ' t wait until further studies are done in order to act in protecting humans, \" said soto, who has called for more restrictions in the past. an earlier lab experiment with human fat tissue found that bpa can interfere with a hormone involved in protecting against diabetes, heart disease and obesity. that study appeared online last month in environmental health perspectives, a monthly journal published by the national institutes of health. one of the fda ' s outside advisers was skeptical of the jama study. \" for diabetes, i really don ' t see it, \" said dr. garret fitzgerald of the university of pennsylvania. toxicology experts from another government agency have studied bpa and recently completed their own report. they found no strong evidence of health hazards from bpa, but unlike the fda, said there was \" some concern \" about possible effects on the brain in fetuses, infants and children. several states are considering restricting bpa use, some manufacturers have begun promoting bpa - free baby bottles, and some stores are phasing out baby products containing the chemical. the european union has said bpa - containing products are safe, but canada ' s government has proposed banning the sale of baby bottles with bpa as a precaution. the fda advisory panel is expected to make its recommendations to the fda late next month.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44198093908966757, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.312464"} {"text": "mexico city ( cnn ) - - it ' s the one fact about mexico that you probably didn ' t know. the country ' s name is not really mexico, at least not officially. after gaining independence from spain in 1821, mexico officially became the \" united mexican states. \" the american independence movement had inspired mexican leaders of that era and since mexico, in fact, also was a territory composed of states, the name stuck and became official in 1824. but the reality is the official name is used only by mexican officials who deal with diplomatic protocol and official documents pertaining to international relations. for the rest of mexicans - - and the world - - the country is simply known as mexico. that ' s why outgoing mexican president felipe calderon on thursday sent to the mexican congress a piece of legislation to change the country ' s name officially to simply mexico. calderon, a conservative president better known for his war on drug cartels and organized crime, is literally in his last days in office. enrique pena nieto, who was elected in july, takes office on december 1. it ' s still too early to know if the new mexican congress will quickly act on calderon ' s bill or tackle other more pressing matters like security and the economy. in announcing his decision to propose officially changing his country ' s name, calderon said thursday the name united mexican states was originally taken because back in 1824 the united states of america was an example of democracy and liberty for the new independent nations in the americas. \" it ' s time that we mexicans retake the beauty and simplicity of our motherland ' s name : mexico. ( it ' s ) a name that we use when chanting or singing, a name that identifies us throughout the world and that makes us proud, \" calderon said. \" mexico \" is a word first used by the aztecs in their original nahuatl language. the indigenous tribe founded a city called tenochtitlan in the valley now occupied by the modern mexico city. that original city was conquered by the spanish in 1521. mexico gained its independence from spain in 1821. in spanish, mexicans pronounce the \" x \" in mexico as a hard \" h. \" designed by gray digital media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36528058260219964, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.314940"} {"text": "search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : zanthoxylum americanum p. mill. common pricklyash, toothache tree, prickly ash usda symbol : zaam usda native status : native to u. s. a 12 - 25 ft., many - branched, shrub that often forms dense thickets. toothachetree or prickly ash is a citrus and all parts are pungent and aromatic. inconspicuous flowers are followed by small red, turning black, fruits. stems are armed with nodal pairs of thorns. compound leaves, resembling ash foliage, are dark - green. yellow autumn color. plant characteristicsduration : perennial habit : shrub flower : fruit : size class : bloom informationbloom color : white, green al, ar, ct, dc, de, fl, ga, ia, il, in, ks, ky, la, ma, md, me, mi, mn, mo, nc, nd, ne, nh, nj, ny, oh, ok, pa, ri, sc, sd, tn, va, vt, wi, wv canada : on native distribution : extreme s. w. que. to e. nd, s. to ga, al, ok & e. ks native habitat : rocky hillsides ; thickets in prairie ravines ; roadsides usda native status : l48 ( n ), can ( n ) growing conditionslight requirement : sun soil ph : circumneutral ( ph 6. 8 - 7. 2 ) soil description : rocky, calcareous soils. conditions comments : pest free. because of thorns and weedy habit, this is not a desireable landscape plant except for use as a barrier in poor soils. butterflies and moths of north america ( bamona ) is a larval host and / or nectar source for : propagationdescription : propagation by seed is possible. seed collection : capsules may be hand - picked from the shrub. the capsules open, discharging the seed after drying. seed treatment : seed exhibits a strong dormancy that can be broken with a two - hour h2so4soak followed by cold - moist stratification for 120 days at 41 degrees. commercially avail : yes from the national suppliers directory according to the inventory provided by associate suppliers, this plant is available at the following locations :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46645020276885074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.317396"} {"text": "beginning this school year, michigan children entering kindergarten or transferring into a new michigan school district are required to get a chickenpox vaccine. you must show proof of vaccination or natural immunization. some physicians think the vaccine should go beyond younger kids. \" it ' s important to immunize those kindergarteners or toddlers, but what ' s even more important are the adolescents, college students or even adults and immunize those people. regardless of age, if you haven ' t had the chickenpox, you should get vaccinated, \" dr. dean sienko, ingham county medical examiner. the ingham county health department and your primary care physician offer the vaccines. chickenpox is responsible for 11, 000 hospitalizations and 100 deaths nationwide. the older you are when you get the chickenpox, you raise your risk for developing complications. wilx. com : extended web coverage - chickenpox is a disease that can be very easily spread from person to person. it is most common in children. - most cases of chickenpox occur in people who are under 15 - years - old. - chickenpox is usually a mild illness, but it can cause problems like brain swelling, pneumonia and skin infections. - some children get sicker than others, and chickenpox may be a very serious illness in infants and adults. - because chickenpox is so contagious, a child with chickenpox shouldn ' t go to school or day care until all the sores have dried or crusted. - the varicella vaccine is a shot that can prevent chickenpox. it is called varicella vaccine because the varicella virus causes chickenpox. - up to 90 percent of people who receive the vaccine will not get chickenpox. - people who get chickenpox after having the vaccine get a milder form of the disease. who should be vaccinated against chickenpox? - the chicken pox vaccine is not required like some other vaccines. however, it is generally safe and will save your child from suffering with a preventable illness. - the vaccine is given to children from 12 to 18 months of age, and older children can be given the vaccine if they haven ' t had chickenpox. - adults who haven ' t had chickenpox but who work in health care or daycare, college students or staff, inmates of correctional institutions, women of childbearing age who are not pregnant, and people that has never had chickenpo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4367135311939148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.320309"} {"text": "cell - tower emission risks probed with mobile phones now as ubiquitous as their land - line counterparts, few people worry about the potential health risks associated with flipping open a handset or standing near a cell tower. but among researchers who study the effects of electromagnetic emissions from mobile phones and towers, the prevailing wisdom is that it ' s too early to conclude that they are harmless to humans. \" at the moment, there are too few properly controlled scientific studies to draw any strong conclusions, \" said elaine fox, a professor in the psychology department at the university of essex who is studying whether the electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile - phone base stations have a direct effect on human health. fox ' s project is one of several that received funding last month from the united kingdom ' s mobile telecommunications and health research program, a group formed in 2001 to report on whether exposure to cell - phone radiation adversely affects people ' s health. the group formed following the publication of a report that failed to find evidence of health risks, but noted that research to date was not expansive enough to conclude that no dangers exist. topics of past research include the potential link between brain tumors and mobile - phone use, effects of mobile - phone radiation on blood pressure, and the possible link between cancer incidence in early childhood and proximity to mobile - phone base stations. as part of the current studies, researchers are examining the scientific basis of \" electrical sensitivity, \" a collection of symptoms, such as headaches and fatigue, that some people believe is caused by exposure to wireless phones and towers. fox ' s research, an extension of a volunteer study that begun in january, will investigate whether some people are particularly sensitive to cell - phone electromagnetic fields. in the first stage of the project, fox collected survey results from 4, 000 participants, about 6 percent of whom indicated some degree of symptoms, such as headaches or burning skin, that they attributed to electromagnetic fields. the second part of the project, launched in november, involves testing people who identify themselves as hypersensitive to electromagnetic fields alongside people who are not, to establish whether mobile - phone base stations really are affecting health and well - being. another research group, based at king ' s college in london, is testing 120 people, half of whom consider themselves hypersensitive to mobile - phone emissions. james rubin, a research fellow at king ' s college who is overseeing the project, is hoping to submit findings for publication by the end of next year, provided he finds enough volunteers (. pdf ). \" people who report being hyper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49236580520309614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.324758"} {"text": "phone emissions. james rubin, a research fellow at king ' s college who is overseeing the project, is hoping to submit findings for publication by the end of next year, provided he finds enough volunteers (. pdf ). \" people who report being hypersensitive to mobiles are often understandably cautious about taking part in a study which involves exposure to a mobile - phone signal, \" he said. the study will examine whether mobile - phone signals cause such symptoms as headaches, nausea, dizziness and fatigue, and whether they affect the levels of certain hormones that are important in regulating metabolism. since cell - phone adoption reached critical mass in the mid - 1990s, research into the effects of long - term mobile - phone usage has also become more feasible. however, representatives of the cell - phone industry say they have yet to see any findings that should give mobile users reason for alarm. \" there is no conclusive evidence that wireless phones contribute to health risks, and the same goes for towers, \" said erin mcgee, a spokeswoman for the cellular telecommunications industry association. the u. s. food and drug administration takes a similar position on health risks caused by mobile - phone base stations. \" measurements made near cellular and pcs base - station antennas mounted on towers have confirmed that ground - level exposures are typically thousands of times less than the exposure limits adopted by the ( federal communications commission ), \" the agency states on its website. the fda also maintains that there ' s no scientific evidence to link any health problems to mobile - phone use. on the other hand, the agency says there is no proof that they are absolutely safe. the world health organization, meanwhile, expects to complete health - risk assessments in 2007 under its international emf project, which examines effects of exposure to electric and magnetic fields up to 300 ghz in frequency, which includes cellular - phone emissions. libby kelly, executive director of the council on wireless technology impacts, an activist group favoring greater regulation of electromagnetic emissions, believes health agencies are understating the risks posed by wireless phones and towers. she cited a study released in october by sweden ' s karolinska institute, which found that 10 or more years of mobile - phone use increases the risk of acoustic neuroma - - a benign tumor on the auditory nerve. however, the study was conducted on analog mobile phones that had been in use for more than a decade, and researchers said they could not say whether results would be similar after long - term use of digital phones.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49142398972617973, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.327108"} {"text": "the office of healthy homes and lead hazard control is a federal agency established to eliminate lead - based paint hazards in private homes and low - income housing. the healthy homes program also helps prevent disease and injuries that result from housing - related hazards such as radon, poor indoor air quality and even poor lighting that can lead to falls. the cdc estimates more than 11, 000 people die each year from preventable unintentional injuries, including falls, fires and poisonings in unsafe homes. this program would lose $ 10 million. department of homeland security, office of health affairs the office of health affairs in the department of homeland security is something americans want to be fully operational if terrorists attack the country using chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons. it serves as the department ' s authority for all medical and health issues. the office also provides experts to the department ' s leadership, builds national plans in case of terrorist attacks, helps first responders and protects the department itself from health threats. it would lose $ 14 million from its budget. the leading undergraduate liberal arts education program for the deaf and hard of hearing is based in washington. it has an international reputation for its education programs and for the kind of research it does related to deaf people. with an 8. 2 % budget cut, the college ' s funds would be reduced by $ 10 million. \" we are monitoring the situation closely and keeping the campus community informed as the situation develops, \" said fred weiner, interim assistant vice president for administration and finance at gallaudet, in a statement sent to cnn. since the start of the recession, there has been a marked increase in the need for federal disability insurance as provided by social security. according to the last available census data, more than 8 million people are considered too disabled to work and receive this benefit from the government. automatic cuts would dramatically reduce these services. the federal disability insurance budget alone would be cut $ 241 million for discretionary spending.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4503715904818857, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.329311"} {"text": "christian de duve a nobel prize winner is warning that the forces of natural selection in evolution instilled mankind with an innate \u201c original sin \u201d that \u2013 if not overcome \u2013 may lead to humanity \u2019 s extinction. his ideas, he says, are not new, but as old as the bible \u2019 s book of genesis. biochemist christian de duve, a professor emeritus at new york city \u2019 s rockefeller university and 1974 winner of the nobel prize in physiology or medicine, said in an interview with newscientist that the essential problem \u2026 is selfishness. \u201c natural selection has resulted in traits such as group selfishness being coded in our genes, \u201d de duve explains. \u201c these were useful to our ancestors under the conditions in which they lived, but have become noxious to us today. \u201d unfortunately, de duve says, that while evolution favored the survival of early tribes with a me - first nature, there are dire consequences to the success of a selfish race. put more simply, he says, natural selection \u201c doesn \u2019 t care about your grandchildren. \u201d \u201c the cost of our success is the exhaustion of natural resources, leading to energy crises, climate change, pollution and the destruction of our habitat, \u201d he continues. \u201c if we continue in the same direction, humankind is headed for some frightful ordeals, if not extinction. \u201d de duve has written a book, \u201c genetics of original sin, \u201d in which he explains how he sees the intersection of his theories with the bible. \u201c i believe that the writers of genesis had detected the inherent selfishness in human nature that i propose is in our genes, \u201d he told newscientist, \u201c and invented the myth of original sin to account for it. \u201d the biochemist is quick to point out, however, \u201c i am not acting as an exegete \u2013 i don \u2019 t interpret scripture. \u201d indeed, while the bible prescribes redemption and regeneration of the human heart through jesus christ as the solution to mankind \u2019 s inherent selfishness, de duve proposes another answer : population control. \u201c it is a simple matter of figures, \u201d he says. \u201c if you want this planet to continue being habitable for everyone that lives here, you have to limit the number of inhabitants. \u201c hunters do it by killing off the old or sick animals in a herd, but i don \u2019 t think that \u2019 s a very ethical way of limiting the population, \u201d he continues. \u201c so what remains? birth control. we have access to practical,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46495926348666644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.332033"} {"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - a division of thallogenous chlorophyllous cryptogams found for the most part in the sea ( seaweeds ) or in fresh water. they are wholly cellular, though varying exceedingly in form and size, from a single microscopic or sometimes large and branching cell, a shapeless, jelly - like mass, or mere string of articulations, to forms with trunk - like stems and membranous lamin\u00e6 many feet in length. nourishment is absorbed by the surface of the plant, never through roots. the mode of propagation varies greatly in the different orders. in many no well - defined sexual differences have been discovered, and reproduction is carried on by means of cell - division or by non - sexual spores ( tetraspores, zoospores ). in the highest order there are distinct male and female organs ( antheridia and oogonia ). the term alg\u00e6 as used by linn\u00e6us and early botanists included not only seaweeds, but also the hepatic\u00e6, lichenes, and charace\u00e6. by harvey the alg\u00e6 were divided into three groups, distinguished chiefly by their color, viz. : the olive - brown, melanosperme\u00e6 ; the red or purple, rhodosperme\u00e6 ; and the green, chlorosperme\u00e6. this arrangement has now become nearly obsolete. recent authorities have proposed several different schemes of classification for the thallophytes in general, in which structure and development, as well as supposed relationship, are taken into account, and in which the alg\u00e6 are variously distributed. substantial agreement is not yet reached, and the nomenclature for many of the groups remains in a very unsettled condition. it may, however, be said that the alg\u00e6 are now generally divided into the following orders ( classes, etc., of some ), viz. : floride\u00e6, the most highly developed, producing cystocarps after fertilization ; oospore\u00e6, propagating sexually by oospores ; zoospore\u00e6, distinguished by the conjugation of zoospores ; conjugat\u00e6, including the diatoms, desmids, etc., in which there is a conjugation of cells ; and a remainder, the cryptophyce\u00e6 of thuret, variously disposed of by other authors, in which there is no known sexual reproduction. many of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5482714559438675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.336478"} {"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a diminutive termination in latin words, some of which have entered english without change, as fasciculus, curriculum, operculum, opusculum, tenaculum, vinculum, etc., but which have usually taken the form - cule, as in animalcule, reticule, etc., or more frequently - cle, as in article, auricle, particle, conventicle, versicle, ventricle, etc. see - cule, - cle. \u201c the tensor has a convenient list of english words derived from latin words with the diminutive - culus suffix ; he adds : the oddest one i found was muscle, which comes from the diminutive of mus ' mouse '. \u201d \u201c he also includes \" a few words that i would have guessed contained - culus, but don ' t. \u201d \u201c we were discussing the origin of the latin name for \" a little fig \", grossulus, and i seemed to remember that - ulus not necessarily - culus denotes a diminutive. \u201d \u201c the two movements of description and theory formation are as inseparably interrelated as they were in physics and astronomy where the analysis of simple processes, for instance, that of a freely falling body, led to mechanics and to the dis - covery of the appropriate tool of the differential cal - culus. \u201d \u201c leibniz are popularly credited with creating the cal - culus, what they essentially did was to synthesize, in symbolic form, concepts that had been developed by \u201d \u201c booliiska somalia ayaa waxaa ku dhaawacmay 35 - qof oo u badan shacab ay madaafiic culus kula dhacday degmooyinka waqooyiga muqdisho. \u201d \u201c madaafiic culus iyo qoryaha fudud ayaa dagaalka loo adeegsaday, 4 - qof oo rayid ah ayaan arkay maydkooda, sidoo kale waxaan arkay dhaawacyada dhowr qof oo kae \" ayuu yiri axmed faarax oo ka mid ah dadka ku harsan degmooyinkaas. \u201d \u201c dhaawacyada ka dhashay qaraxa oo gaarayay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5071021356260244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.340168"} {"text": "kae \" ayuu yiri axmed faarax oo ka mid ah dadka ku harsan degmooyinkaas. \u201d \u201c dhaawacyada ka dhashay qaraxa oo gaarayay 10 - qof ayna ku jiraan kuwo culus ayaa la gaarsiiyay isbitaalka madiina ee muqdisho, halkaasoo lagu daweynayo sida ay sheegeen saraakiisha caafimaadka isbitaalkaas. \u201d \u201c and it is notable, that velleius pater - culus writeth of tullie, how that the perfection of eloquence did so remayne onelie in him and in his time, as before him, were few, which might moch delight a man, or after him any, worthy admiration, but soch as tullie might haue seene, and such as might haue seene tullie. \u201d \u201c and it is notable, that _ velleius pater - culus _ writeth of _ tullie _, how that the perfection of eloquence did so remayne onelie in him and in his time, as before him, were few, which might moch delight a man, or after him any, worthy admiration, but soch as _ tullie _ might haue seene, and such as might haue seene _ tullie _. \u201d \u2018 culus \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for culus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46667677388667705, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.340614"} {"text": "the move by hitachi to take on the horizon nuclear power project marks a shift in technology direction for the uk, which had been set to replace older gas - graphite reactors with pressurized water units. industry said the broadening of scope was \" good news for the uk supply chain. \" generation i and ii units from the uk ' s former national nuclear program were based on graphite - moderated cores cooled by carbon dioxide. a project in the 1990s to compliment these with a tranche of ten pressurized water reactors resulted in just one, sizewell b. in the uk ' s current push for nuclear power it has been up to private investors to make technology choices, not the government. based on discussions with vendors and utilities, the first two designs to go through the generic design assessment ( gda ) process have both been pressurized water reactors : the areva epr and westinghouse ap1000. hitachi ' s move today to purchase horizon and put forward its boiling water technology means that will also become an option after another round of gda, sure to begin soon. uk trade body the nuclear industry association ( nia ) said the addition of boiling water technology in the uk would broaden the range of supply chain opportunities. nia chief executive keith parker called the deal, \" good news for the uk supply chain, for jobs in the nuclear sector, and for the wider economy. \" the uk could supply up to 60 % of the value of the first unit with the figure increasing for subsequent units, according to hitachi and government. hitachi said it will work with babcock international and rolls - royce to \" plan and deliver \" the new build program. rolls - royce said it would explore with hitachi how it could offer support through its manufacturing, engineering and technical services. it would also like to develop opportunities in nuclear instrumentation and control. advanced boiling water reactor ( abwr ) this is a modular design, for which large sections of the reactor building can be assembled in a factory, complete with wiring and components, before being shipped to site and lifted into place. hitachi wants to \" transfer \" this technology and establish a module factory in the uk. the company promised \" significant investment in training engineers, construction teams and operating staff for the plants. \" it is to work with local colleges and universities to develop training programs, which will \" create a strong and permanent base of nuclear skills in the uk that also have a global demand. \" the development of the abwr design was unique, and has led to an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47255099327420674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.353951"} {"text": "to work with local colleges and universities to develop training programs, which will \" create a strong and permanent base of nuclear skills in the uk that also have a global demand. \" the development of the abwr design was unique, and has led to an unusual situation where it can be offered by three different companies. abwr was co - developed by toshiba and ge, which then worked with hitachi to construct the first two units in the late 1990s. ge and hitachi went on to form joint ventures of their nuclear businesses, resulting in two daughter firms : ge - hitachi and hitachi - ge. both those joint ventures can build abwr, as can toshiba, although its version differs in some technical respects due to intellectual property issues. horizon has been purchased by the main hitachi corporate entity and the share of resulting work between hitachi and ge ' s two joint ventures is yet to be announced. ge told world nuclear news : \" it ' s very exciting day for our joint venture partner, hitachi. while the project is in its earliest days, we look forward to supporting them. \" there are four operable abwr units in japan, while two more are under construction. two more are being built in taiwan and two planned for lithuania, although another project for two has been shelved in the usa. the design is already licensed in japan and the usa. it can run on a full - core of mixed - oxide ( mox ) nuclear fuel. hitachi cited the construction times of the four japanese abwrs, which varied between 36. 9 and 43. 2 months. researched and written by world nuclear news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4964952706488153, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.355595"} {"text": "democracy and volunteerism : a viewpoint 09 january 2009 democracy and volunteerism are perhaps the most fundamental components of the united nations system and the development of humankind. democracy was created for international peace and security, hence improving friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self actualization. democracy is the only way to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character. it is crucial in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. volunteerism aids democracy as it increases access to opportunities and services. it leads to better delivery of services, greater inclusion and participation in development, and the mobilization of communities. for society to function properly there has to be both democracy and volunteerism as each aspect acts as a catalyst of the other. in democracy, leaders volunteer to serve people ; and in volunteerism people volunteer to serve people. both their primary goals are to improve the living conditions of the nation at large. both give forums for the active participation of people, freedom of speech, freedom of expression and mutual understanding of the societal issues that exist. people are not discriminated against based on race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth. there is social inclusion for all people that exist in society. people who bear the fruits of volunteerism and democracy are all people, including people at the grassroots level, because there is active participation of people from the top to the bottom. democracy and volunteerism are peace - building mechanisms. they act as early warning systems as inhabitants can identify societal problems before they spiral out of control. this helps to build legal and human rights institutions as well as fair and effective governance and conflict resolution mechanisms. this is possible because there is careful and participatory planning, coordination among various stakeholders, sustained commitments by democratic leaders, volunteers and society at large - hence more sustainable peace. according to democratic peace theory, democratic states don \u2019 t attack each other. as more countries democratize this will pave a way for volunteerism and this will also reduce conflict between tribes, ethnic groups and family members and hence lead to a peaceful society. this will increase the number of volunteers who want to serve humankind and who can focus more on developmental issues rather those humanitarian issues, hence improving the living conditions of the majority of people. this will also accelerate the achievement of the millennium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4955893717549484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.362973"} {"text": "- a & e - business & science eighty years ago, people were allowed to walk up with children in tow and feed the bears in yellowstone. fifty years ago, seat belts in cars were looked at as a suggestion rather than the rule. fifteen years ago, bicycle helmets were rare, and the children who wore them were often teased. but today, of course, no one with any sense feeds the bears, skips fastening their seat belts, or sends their children out onto the streets without a bicycle helmet. these obvious safety provisions have prevented a lot of terrible things from happening. so why is that we in america are so stubborn about our fireworks? perhaps it \u2019 s because the fireworks display is so closely associated with the celebration of american independence, or perhaps it \u2019 s because people just don \u2019 t like being told what they shouldn \u2019 t ( or can \u2019 t ) do. but the fact is that fireworks are not just another toy, and anything which involves an open flame deserves to be regulated. take sparklers, for instance. most estimates indicate that a common sparkler ( those little, white - hot sparking sticks that children wave around and use to write their names in the air ) can run anywhere from 1, 200 to 2, 000 degrees fahrenheit. they burn at the same heat as a soldering gun, an item which most adults would agree does not belong in the hands of children. the utah state fire marshal \u2019 s office has stated that \u201c only persons over age 12 should be allowed to handle sparklers of any type, \u201d yet utah emergency rooms fill up around the summer holidays with children bearing sparkler wounds on the hands and arms ( sleeves often catch fire ), feet ( burned shoes are a common problem ) and eyes. according to the national fire protection association, the risk of fireworks injuries to children was more than double the risk to adults. with larger backyard fireworks displays, common sense seems to be occasionally lacking. this is not to say that every neighborhood firework - lighter is ignoring the necessary precautions, but it only takes one person in each neighborhood to mess things up for everyone else. we \u2019 ve all been present when \u201c that individual \u201d plays with homemade fireworks and illegal explosives, all under the guise of \u201c celebrating their independence. \u201d fireworks, like medicine or heavy machinery, should only be used as intended, and when they are altered and modified, their use becomes illegal. not frowned upon and not discouraged. illegal. the unlawful use of fireworks should be reported to the police department because it isn \u2019 t funny", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4432998500021459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.367401"} {"text": "heavy machinery, should only be used as intended, and when they are altered and modified, their use becomes illegal. not frowned upon and not discouraged. illegal. the unlawful use of fireworks should be reported to the police department because it isn \u2019 t funny, and it isn \u2019 t individualistic. it \u2019 s a crime. it goes without saying that alcohol and fireworks are not a great mixture. drinking and summer barbecues are a great combination and a more appropriate way to celebrate the nation \u2019 s independence than lighting things on fire, but please \u201c designate \u201d someone to abstain from drinking if fireworks are also on the menu. according to the national fire protection association, on any given independence day ( or any other holiday during which fireworks are legalized ), reports of fires are far more frequent with 2 out of 5 fires being caused by fireworks. this is an avoidable risk. in fact, the easiest way to prevent firework fires is to attend community - sponsored public fireworks shows, which are far better regulated and observed by local fire officials. when playing with fireworks, it can be easy to lose the sense of their potential for harm. but, just like with the bears in yellowstone, seat belts in cars and bike helmets on kids, enough people got wise and made the necessary changes to not only keep participating in the activity they enjoyed, but significantly decrease the chances of an accident while participating.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4334150221828147, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.368176"} {"text": "mountain state flora : rhododendron, our state flower by rose sullivan recently, the beautiful and showy rhododendron maximum celebrated the centennial of its designation as west virginia ' s state flower. there are many names for this state treasure and member of the heath family that is characterized by its large dark evergreen leaves and delicate pale pink or white blooms. the many common names for this shrub include rosebay, rosebay rhododendron, big laurel, great laurel, great rhododendron and white rhododendron. the rhododendron maximum was selected by the legislature to be our state flower in 1903 and was the result of a vote by public school students. the range of rhododendron extends along the appalachians from georgia north to new england, and also in parts of canada. in 1736, peter collinson and john bartam introduced rhododendron maximum to england, selling plants to gardeners in london with hopes of financing future plant expeditions. bartam later became the king ' s botanist in america. however, his laurel never became a favorite of gardeners in england because of its small flowers. the rhododendron is characterized by having rose pink or white showy flowers that form large round clusters and bloom in june to july. its leaves are simple, alternate, up to nine inches long, elliptical in shape and have a leathery texture. the fruit is a sticky capsule. rhododendron are found in ravines, shaded hillsides in cool moist locations, and favor acidic soils. they often grow in dense thickets that can become impenetrable. these thickets may cast so much shade that other species of plants and trees are eliminated from the understory. though not a commercial product, the wood is used in making small craft items such as briar pipes. it easily regenerates through root suckers, sprouting from stumps, or from layered stems after it has been cut or even burned. rhododendron exhibit an unusual and distinctive adaptation to cold temperatures. the leaves droop and roll lengthwise. the colder it gets the tighter the roll gets until the leaves have the shape of hollow slender cylinders. this may be a way for the tree to minimize water loss, especially in dry winter winds. since the use of common names leads to confusion we need to address another beautiful member of the heath family that can be confused with rhododendron maximum. kalmia latifolia is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41726655990495404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.408233"} {"text": "how to build green on a budget the notion of building or remodeling to deep green standards is daunting. a 2011 survey by the national association of homebuilders found that 60 percent of professional builders thought environmentally sensitive housing was too expensive for low - income people and 30 percent said even the middle class couldn \u2019 t afford it. but modern pioneers \u2014 from owner - builders in british columbia to designers challenging the harsh conditions of the aleutian islands \u2014 are showing that green building on a budget, even to the most exacting standards, is possible with enough creativity and planning. in a family way ann and gord baird hand built what jason mclennan, who developed the living building challenge ( lbc ), has called \u201c the greenest modern house in the world. \u201d the lbc is the most far - reaching green - building program in existence. it requires, among other things, that a building use only the water and energy available on the site, use materials responsibly, and be healthy and beautiful. the bairds met most of the requirements of the lbc, and they did it themselves on a tight budget. but they didn \u2019 t do it alone. ann and gord pooled their resources with ann \u2019 s parents to buy the land in victoria, british columbia, and build a durable 2, 100 square foot house with two semi - independent residences. the bairds and their two kids live in one and ann \u2019 s parents are in the other. they save costs by sharing the heating, plumbing, and electrical equipment along with the phone, freezer, and washing machine, while still maintaining most of the autonomy of a single - family home, including two separate kitchens with a pass - through between them. the baird residence is the first permitted load - bearing cob structure in north america. cob is a mix of straw and earthen materials, similar to adobe. \u201c mud is pretty cheap, \u201d says ann, and the cob construction naturally regulates the humidity and temperature of the house. in an area where the average cost of a low - end conventional house is $ 190 to $ 250 per square foot, the baird \u2019 s house cost $ 148 per square foot, including solar pv and hot water systems and a reasonable price for ann and gord \u2019 s labor. in addition to inexpensive cob construction, and shared walls and equipment, they went with used materials when they could. addressing another aspect of the lbc, the bairds estimate they use about 40 liters of water per person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4175373980840186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.480583"} {"text": "the winning design by a team of three young architects from madrid, spain, was a reinterpretation of the classic quonset hut, a form that mclennan says appears in remote locations because it is easy and repeatable. the designs that did the best emphasized simplicity and ease of construction, with a lot of flexibility in details. all of that contributes to affordability. if the housing authority learns a particular detail doesn \u2019 t hold up in the climate or is too expensive, they can try another option. the competition allowed the aleutian housing authority to learn from all the best ideas, and provided a wealth of design strategies and details to work with as they move forward. a phased approach saving energy is a key consideration for any organization focused on affordable housing. \u201c we \u2019 re facing stagnant revenues along with increasing utilities and operation costs, \u201d explained ben gates of central city concern ( ccc ), a nonprofit in portland, ore., that helps people affected by homelessness, poverty, and addictions to achieve self - sufficiency. ccc is on a tight budget, but the possibility of dramatic reductions in operating costs inspired the group to aim high. according to gates, it \u2019 s big ambitious goal - setting like lbc that supports big accomplishments \u2014 even if the goal isn \u2019 t fully reached, or is achieved over time. ccc is rehabbing a turn - of - the - century 160 - unit apartment building in portland to \u201c passive house \u201d standards. like the lbc, passive house takes green design to the extreme, but focuses only on energy. passive house design can reduce heating - energy use by 90 percent through a virtually airtight, superinsulated building that relies almost entirely on the sun and occupants to keep the building warm. ccc doesn \u2019 t have the funds to do a full retrofit all at once, so they \u2019 re taking a phased approach. they emphasized efficiency during the design phase, and they \u2019 re building in key improvements as they rehab various parts of the structure. \u201c normally you wouldn \u2019 t put triple - paned windows in a poorly insulated structure, \u201d gates says, \u201c but the next phase will have an exterior insulation wrap. \u201d \u201c as an institutional owner, we \u2019 re likely to have these buildings for another 100 years, \u201d gates says. typically rehabs happen every 15 to 20 years. \u201c everyone has to rehab \u2014 you always have components that are aging out, so as long as we \u2019 re spending money on rehab that \u2019 s along the lines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45796720513410993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.483151"} {"text": "another 100 years, \u201d gates says. typically rehabs happen every 15 to 20 years. \u201c everyone has to rehab \u2014 you always have components that are aging out, so as long as we \u2019 re spending money on rehab that \u2019 s along the lines of what other affordable housing agencies are doing, we can make the argument that it \u2019 s a good use of funds. \u201d for example, by investing in windows that will last 50 years, instead of replacing a low - cost window in 20 years, they can focus on other things in the next rehab cycle. rebuild at home a phased approach is helpful for single - family homes too. while mclennan has sparked a revolution through the lbc, in his home life he \u2019 s not all that different from many other homeowners. \u201c i \u2019 m typical of a person who doesn \u2019 t have a lot of time nor huge buckets of money to throw at my house, and i bought an existing house. \u201d he takes his time, but the lbc framework informs everything he does. \u201c every year i do a small project. sometimes it \u2019 s just ensuring the investment in materials is respected \u2014 making sure the house doesn \u2019 t leak. \u201d 6 ideas for sensible homes small, supportive, affordable, recycled \u2014 and you can build your own. mclennan \u2019 s house was built out of all salvaged materials in the \u2019 70s, and he is continuing that legacy of reuse and adaptation. it can be as straightforward as taking the shingles off the exterior wall where mclennan was building an addition and using them on the new wall. one of the trickiest parts of the challenge for professional architects is avoiding the hazardous chemicals on lbc \u2019 s list, but that doesn \u2019 t stop mclennan. \u201c i \u2019 m pretty darn strict about what chemicals i bring into my house, \u201d he said. still, that can mean ikea \u2019 s low cost furniture, since the company has relatively rigorous policies about hazardous materials, rather than premium priced options. \u201c like everyone else i just do the best i can. \u201d changing the game the story isn \u2019 t just about what people can do now ; it \u2019 s about making way for others. \u201c our real goal with the lbc is not to certify buildings, but to actually change the market so doing the right thing is the natural course of business, \u201d says mclennan. and that \u2019 s starting to happen. it \u2019 s also the changes quietly and not so quietly being introduced into the codes that define", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4009163193234181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.484200"} {"text": "but to actually change the market so doing the right thing is the natural course of business, \u201d says mclennan. and that \u2019 s starting to happen. it \u2019 s also the changes quietly and not so quietly being introduced into the codes that define what people can and cannot build that make things easier for the rest of us. \u201c it will never be more expensive than the first living building, \u201d says mclennan, because those first buildings are creating the templates for a new approach and teaching others. if these pioneers are making living buildings on a budget, the rest of us can too. jennifer atlee wrote this article for making it home, the summer 2012 issue of yes! magazine. jennifer is a researcher, writer, gardener, and engineer. research director for buildinggreen, she has focused on system - wide sustainability since she thru - hiked the appalachian trail at 18. - real homes : small, frugal, and green with 5 million houses in foreclosure, we are rediscovering that living sustainably includes living affordably. - cheaper together : how neighbors invest in community cooperative financing and community land trusts keep rents affordable and homeownership within reach. - how i found happiness ( in 130 square feet ) photo essay : think you don ' t know how to build your own house? neither did 23 - year - old ella jenkins, before she picked up the tools and started. that means, we rely on support from our readers. independent. nonprofit. subscriber - supported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4318726883295733, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.484965"} {"text": "first of all, our warning. coaches who teach by being negative or intimidating can really hurt your kids \u2019 confidence and enjoyment of sports. no, these coaches do not toughen up your young athletes, as they might insist. they don \u2019 t improve kids \u2019 performance, either. actually, coaches who bully \u2014 either with harsh words or physical harm \u2014 can hurt young athletes \u2019 self - esteem, undermine their social skills and make it hard for them to trust. in some cases, these coaches can make kids feel anxious and depressed. what \u2019 s more, coaches who use such negative feedback are generally focused too much on one thing : winning the game or competition. they give kids the message that winning is everything. that makes kids focus too much on outcomes \u2014 such as the score or win. it can prevent them from reaping the social and emotional benefits of taking part in sports. focusing too much on the score or win also can hurt kids \u2019 performance. they often develop fear of failure. that means they stop taking risks and they play too tentatively. that \u2019 s because they \u2019 re afraid the coach will yell at them. watch for signs that your sports kids are being bullied. they may be afraid of the coach, focus too much on trying to impress the coach, and they may be afraid of going to practice. they may say they want to quit the team. you, as parents and coaches, can do a lot to help kids who are bullied by their coaches. if you see or hear about a coach who yells at, intimidates or insults kids, you should take action. if you merely sit back and complain, you \u2019 re part of the problem. instead, you need to begin by talking to the coach. you can gently suggest that his or her behavior may hurt kids \u2019 confidence. if that doesn \u2019 t work, you can file a complaint with the coach \u2019 s superiors in the league. if nothing else works, you should consider finding a new team for your young athlete. want to learn more about coaches who bully in sports? we recently completed an article about this topic. if you \u2019 re already a kids \u2019 sports psychology member, you can access it here : at kids \u2019 sports psychology, we offer loads of resources designed to help improve your sports parenting skills and your young athletes \u2019 enjoyment of sports. for example, members can download these e - books : - appreciate your talents : how to stop making comparisons - 12 pre - game tips to help kids trust what they learned in practice - 7 strategies to help sports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41294881526378613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.491139"} {"text": "posted : jan 15, 2013 7 : 00 am by robert preidt tuesday, jan. 15 ( healthday news ) - - flu vaccination rates among u. s. children were lower than expected over a recent five - year period, a new study reports. the findings were released in the midst of the current flu season, with 47 states now reporting widespread illness, according to the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. health officials recommend that all children 6 months and older get the flu vaccine. for the new study, wake forest baptist medical center researchers reviewed data on more than 8, 000 children younger than 5 in three counties in ohio, new york and tennessee between 2004 and 2009, and found that less than 45 percent of them received a flu shot. \" our research showed that one in six children under age 5 who went to an emergency department or clinic with fever and respiratory symptoms during the peak flu seasons had the flu, \" study author dr. katherine poehling, an associate professor of pediatrics and epidemiology, said in a wake forest news release. \" many of those illnesses could have been prevented by vaccination, the best known protection against the flu, \" she added. children younger than 6 months of age had the highest hospitalization rates with flu, the study authors noted. \" parents should include a yearly flu shot to protect themselves and their children, \" poehling said in the news release. \" the best way to protect infants too young to receive the influenza vaccine is for pregnant women, the infant ' s family members and contacts to get the shot, too, \" she added. the study was published in the online edition of the february issue of the journal pediatrics. the u. s. centers for disease prevention and control has more about children, the flu and the flu vaccine. source : wake forest baptist medical center, news release, jan. 10, 2013 copyright ( c ) 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44173539119022376, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.502891"} {"text": "click here to see proper thermostat settings administrative procedure - environmental issues / bulletin 3523 may 27, 2003 environmental guidelines ( thermostat settings ) when we are notified of suspected poor indoor air quality ( iaq ) in a building, we first contact the building ' s principal and attempt to obtain some specific information relative to the complaint. the main objective of that conversation is to try to ascertain if there is a specific area and / or person affected by the concern. we then research the work order system for any outstanding equipment repair requests. the next step is sending one of the inspectors to the facility to \" check things out \". the inspector checks to ensure that all the equipment is running, and checks the condition of the filters, for room temperature and co2 levels. operator errors are discussed on - site with the building supervisor and equipment operator and that information is noted on the associated report. work orders are made for needed repairs not already requested. the inspector monitors the problem until it is resolved. there is a computer program used to track and update iaq issues. we ' ve discovered that most poor iaq concerns are related to equipment problems. equipment maintains good air quality - proper indoor air quality provides a good learning environment and ensures the health and safety of all building occupants. - in order to provide the proper air quality, all equipment must be operated. unit ventilators and other air handling equipment introduce fresh outside air into affected spaces when thermostats are satisfied. generally this fresh outside air appears cold ( 60 - 65 degrees ), but it is mixed with heat and will warm again when the thermostat ( s ) call for heat. when the equipment is operating as indicated above, it is running properly and should not be turned off. building occupants should dress according to the season. problems / concerns - initial problems and / or concerns should be reported to the school ' s building supervisor. the building supervisor will check the equipment and initiate work orders if needed. - if the equipment is operating properly and there is still an air quality concern, it should be reported to the principal. the environmental office should be notified and the concern will be investigated. any problems found will be addressed and the affected area monitored until corrections are made. the environmental office phone number is ( 301 ) 952 - 6500", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5245569344423793, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.516007"} {"text": "european integration has been marked by the major issues and objectives which it has itself enunciated. these include the debate over federalism versus nation - state sovereignty ; the debate over politics versus economics ; the importance of the franco - german motor, of peacekeeping, and how to maintain economic prosperity, among others. a common market and a common currency have made of europe a world - competitive economic zone. today, the integration of a common european area for knowledge, science, and innovation represents the next vital step in the construction of a political union. the scientific community is already doing its share to build a european research area by setting up pan - european cooperative research organisations, developing european scientific associations, and participating in european programs of technological research and development. this issue of cnrs thema is a tour of europe in 100 pages. it travels beyond the boundaries of eu member states while spanning three axes of investigation : europe as a research area, research in europe, research on europe. the section \" europe as a research area \" takes a broad look at the initiatives and measures being taken by governments, institutions, or research organisations. the section \" research in europe \" reveals the involvement of research scientists in the \" european machine \" through concrete examples taken from the scientific departments of the cnrs. its subject is \" in vivo \" science at the european level, where france plays a leading role. the section \" research on europe \" gives researchers from the social sciences the opportunity to put european integration under the microscope. legal scholars, economists, sociologists, political scientists, philosophers, historians, linguists and other experts analyse the complex european union edifice while not neglecting to take into account the other countries making up europe. european integration has been widening steadily since it began in 1951, and the year 2004 mark the entry of ten new member states into the european union. europe as a common area for knowledge is also continually growing wider and richer, as a number of articles in this issue demonstrate. our hope must lie in the ability of an integrated european research area to work with the political and social forces of europe to address the many pressing questions facing european integration all levels, national, european, and international. mireille vuillaume this issue was conceived, coordinated, and produced by the editorial staff of cnrs thema, who would like to thank in particular the following individuals : monika dietl and clarissa amilhat, for their warm welcome in brussels anne d ' albis and claude - isabelle chauvel, for their help and encouragement joelle busut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5591261722519568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.520570"} {"text": "geoscientists are employed in a variety of sectors. these include : - industry geoscientists are employed in oil & gas or mining companies, where they interpret geologic data to guide exploration and extraction of economic materials. - consulting firms employ geoscientists to support environmental, engineering, and hydrological decision making in a community. - the government employs geoscientists in federal and state labs and geological surveys to aid in their mission of science supporting society. - geoscientists employed in education teach in k - 12 settings or higher education institutions. colleges and universities are an important setting for cutting - edge research leading to many important discoveries about our planet. with a strong educational foundation in the geosciences, career possibilities are endless. here are just a few examples of careers for geoscientist : - archeological geologist - atmospheric scientist - economic geologist - engineering geologist - environmental geologist - glacial geologist - marine geologist - petroleum geologist - planetary geologist - soil scientist - structural geologist the job market for geoscientists has a bright future. a large percentage of the current geoscience job force is approaching retirement, which means that job vacancies and needs will be increasing in coming years. renewed interest in domestic exploration for oil and gas, metals and uranium is creating new jobs throughout the u. s. technological advances in remote sensing, geographic information systems ( gis ), and geologic modeling are forming a new computer - based niche for geoscientists. many geologists can successfully find fulfilling careers upon completion of an undergraduate program. many will also choose to continue to graduate school to pursue higher degrees. the four corners region has a wealth of opportunities for geoscientists. the san juan basin south of durango is one of the nation ' s most active oil and gas basins where companies large and small explore and compete for limited resources. western colorado contains a significant portion of domestic uranium supplies, and mining efforts are ramping up to meet rising prices and demand. wherever development occurs, consulting firms are busy surveying terrain to guide proper planning. and durango is close to two national laboratories in new mexico where geoscientists play an active role in basic research, engineering advancements, and national security. for more career options please visit our geoscience resources page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43460874991266046, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.524304"} {"text": "volume 9, number 5 \u2014 may 2003 first evidence of aedes albopictus ( skuse ) in southern chiapas, mexico to the editor : the mosquito aedes albopictus ( skuse, 1894 ) was first identified in the americas in texas in 1985 ( 1, 2 ). that year, this newly introduced species had dispersed widely in texas and was implicated in the transmission of dengue virus ( 3 ). later, the first states in mexico that were infested by ae. albopictus were along the northern mexican border : coahuila, nuevo leon, and tamaulipas ( 4, 5 ; j. p. martinez - munoz, thesis ). in 1997, this species was reported farther south in veracruz ( 6 ). although ae. albopictus was expected to spread to southernmost mexico, this mosquito has never been reported there until now. we have confirmed ae. albopictus in the city limits of tapachula, southern chiapas, mexico. on september 13, 2002, one of the authors, who resides in tapachula, was bitten by a mosquito. he collected the specimen, which was later identified as ae. albopictus by the centro de investigacion de paludismo ( cip ). nearby larval habitats were then comprehensively searched to collect the immature stages of the species ; the sampling area was located at 14\u00b0 55 ' 22. 5 \" north and 92\u00b015 ' 05. 7 \" west at an altitude of 220 m along the periphery of tapachula. we found the following containers with larval stages of mosquitos : five water containers, two discarded tires ( containing 300 \u2013 3, 000 ml of water ), one thermal bottle ( 250 ml ), one plastic bottle ( 50 ml ), and one bucket ( 2, 500 ml ). larvae were placed in plastic bags and transported to cip laboratories, where they were allowed to emerge to adults during 17 days. the fourth instar larval and pupal exuvias were fixed and identified to species according to darsie ( 7 ) and superintendencia de campanhas de saude publica ( 8 ). twenty - five female and male ae. albopictus from these collections are available from cip laboratory upon request. additional field collections are being conducted to establish the distribution range of this species along the chiapas coastal plain, to determinate the entomologic levels of infestation, and to determine its su", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4692448980338233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.531741"} {"text": "are available from cip laboratory upon request. additional field collections are being conducted to establish the distribution range of this species along the chiapas coastal plain, to determinate the entomologic levels of infestation, and to determine its susceptibility to insecticides. considering the epidemiologic relevance of this discovery, we have notified the proper health authorities to take necessary control measures to reduce the possibility of increased dengue transmission and to prevent other arboviruses, such as west nile virus ( 9 ), from being spread by this new species in southern mexico. - centers for disease control. aedes albopictus introduction \u2014 texas. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 1986 ; 35 : 141 \u2013 2. - centers for disease control. aedes albopictus infestation \u2014 united states, brazil. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 1986 ; 35 : 493 \u2013 5. - moore cg, francy db, eliason da, monath tp. aedes albopictus in the united states : rapid spread of a potential disease vector. j am mosq control assoc. 1988 ; 4 : 356 \u2013 61. - ibanez - bernal s, martinez - campos c. aedes albopictus in mexico. j am mosq control assoc. 1994 ; 10 : 231 \u2013 2. - rodriguez - tovar ml, ortega - martinez mg. aedes albopictus in muzquiz city, coahuila, mexico. j am mosq control assoc. 1994 ; 10 : 587. - secretaria de salud. 2000. available from : url : http : / / www. ssaver. gob. mx / servicios _ de _ salud / boletinepidem / boletines / 2000 - 26 / page17. html - darsie rf jr. the identification of aedes albopictus in the neartic region. j am mosq control assoc. 1986 ; 2 : 336 \u2013 40. - superintendencia de campanhas de saude publica. resumo dos principias caracteres morfologicos diferenciais do aedes aegypti e do aedes albopictus. brasilia : sucam / min. da saude ; 1989. - holick j, kyle a, ferraro w, delaney rr, iwasecz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4381854504536651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.532956"} {"text": "the woman who discovered printing t. h. barrett - price : \u00a318. 99 - add to basket - publication date : - 15 feb 2008 - 192 pages : 216 x 138 x 22mm - 6 b & w illustrations this beguiling book asks a set of unusual and fascinating questions - why is early chinese printing so little acknowledged, despite anticipating gutenberg by centuries? why are the religious elements of all early printing overlooked? and why did printing in china not have the immediate obvious impact it did in europe? t. h. barrett, a leading scholar of medieval china, brings us the answers through the intriguing story of empress wu ( ad 625 - 705 ) and the revolution in printing that occurred during her rule. linking asian and european history with substantial new research into chinese sources, barrett identifies methods of transmitting texts before printing and explains the historical context of seventh - century china. he explores the dynastic reasons behind empress wu ' s specific interest in printing and the motivating role of her private religious beliefs. he also deduces from eighth - and ninth - century chinese records an explanation for the lesser impact of the introduction of printing in china than in europe. as renaissance europe was later astonished to learn of china ' s achievement, so today ' s reader will be fascinated by this engaging perspective on the history of printing and the technological superiority of empress wu ' s china. t. h. barrett is professor of east asian history at the school of oriental and african studies, london. among his books are taoism under the t ' ang ; li ao : buddhist, taoist or neo - confucian? and, with peter hobson, poems of hanshan. he lives in cambridgeshire, england. '... fascinating and makes us gasp at the early chinese civilisation for both their progressive thinking and their cruelty. we in the west need to look with fresh eyes at the world social history and thankfully yale university press is at the forefront of this. ' bill spence, yorkshire gazette and herald ' the real thrust of his [ barrett ' s ] beautifully compact but formidably well - researched book lies in its thoughtful investigation of wu and her milieu. indeed so literate is the woman who discovered printing that it belongs immediatley to that fine tradition of english writing about chinese initiated by arthur waley. ' justin wintle, the independent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41666249097533725, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.536426"} {"text": "##bes which feed on hydrocarbons. \" this whole notion that that stuff is weathering away is really questionable, \" said jim cowan, a professor in louisiana state university ' s department of oceanography and coastal sciences. \" what dispersed oil does is eventually dissolves into sea water and the ultimate fate of that is ultimately undetermined. \" tarballs from the 1979 ixtoc blowout are still washing up on texas beaches. while the oil may float initially, it will sink once mixed with sand or sediment and then get kicked back up again during storms, he explained. \" what this has turned into now is the potential for a long term chronic problem, \" he said in a telephone interview. \" chronic impacts are always more difficult to deal with from an ecosystem standpoint. \" the toxic mix of oil and chemical dispersants could decimate fish populations by killing off vulnerable larvae and reducing the reproductively of those which survive. \" it ' s a race between the microbes eating it and everything else being exposed to it, \" said larry mckinney, executive director of the harte research institute for gulf of mexico studies. \" microbial action comes at a cost. they ' re organisms. they use oxygen. \" the gulf was already under stress from coastal erosion and a massive \" dead zone \" created when agricultural runoff from the mississippi river feeds algae, which sucks the oxygen out of the water. \" we will likely have a pretty severe impact, \" mckinney told afp, adding that the real concern is that the oil spill could be the final tipping point for an already stressed ecosystem. \" you can only be knocked down so many times before you can ' t get back up again. \" marine conservationist rick steiner, a retired university of alaska scientist, said it ' s far too soon to hazard a guess at the true impact of the spill. \" what we ' re hearing is they don ' t think the damage will be as bad as they initially thought, \" steiner said. \" we have to remember that the same thing was said after the exxon valdez. but much of the damage didn ' t become apparent until the second or third year. \" herring stocks have still not returned more than 20 years after the valdez ran aground in prince william sound, alaska. and oil is still seeping out of underground pockets on that rocky shore when it rains. first published : sunday, august 08, 2010, 09 : 24", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43765183402184643, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.546047"} {"text": "among the causes of the spread of crude from the leak caused by an explosion of the deepwater horizon rig were that the federal government was in no position to assess the size of the problem or properly give advice on how to solve it. these are among the conclusions of a report by the national commission on the bp deepwater horizon oil spill created by the administration. the report does praise the efforts by early responders to the disaster, but adds \u201c these remarkable efforts were necessary, however, because of a lack of advance preparation by industry and government. \u201d the attack on the efforts to fix the problem contains two other critical observations \u2013 \u201d the government was unprepared to oversee a deepwater source control effort \u201d and \u201c underestimates of the flow rate appear to have impeded planning for source - control efforts \u201d to completely cap the leak. the criticisms may not be entirely fair. it is impossible for the federal government to anticipate every potential disaster that might occur. that would mean federal authorities would have to deploy tens of thousands of people to watch for and analyze everything from large fires in national parks to massive mine collapses that could kill hundreds of miners. the idea that government agencies can anticipate and solve such a huge number of potential troubles is naive. the second issue raised by the commission is that bp and government officials on site early could have properly measured the flow of oil from the leak. it needs to be remembered that estimates for the spill varied wildly for weeks after the catastrophe. there were even interactive maps of the effects of the spill that showed oil moving up the eastern seaboard of the us and well into the atlantic. it is easy for a commission to look at a problems in retrospect about how deepwater horizon might have been handled differently. it is another matter to consider what the real world considerations were as the trouble progressed. douglas a. mcintyre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44542942260700874, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.548527"} {"text": "wednesday, november 4, 2009 : 8 : 05 am convention center, spirit of pittsburgh ballroom bc, third floor soil is the most complicated biomaterial on the planet due to complex soil architecture and billions of soil microbes with extreme biotic diversity. soil is potentially a source of human pathogens, which can be defined as : geo - indigenous ; geo - transportable ; or geo - treatable. such pathogens cumulatively can and do result in multiple human fatalities annually. a striking example is helminths, with current infections worldwide estimated to be around two billion. however, soil can also be a source of antibiotics and other natural products that enhance human health. soilborne antibiotics are used to treat human infections, but can also result in antibiotic resistant bacteria. natural products isolated from soil resulted in 60 % of new cancer drugs between the period 1983 \u2013 1994. soils are also crucial to human health through their impact on human nutrition. finally, from a global perspective, soils are vital to the future well - being of nations through their impact on climate change and global warming. a critical review of soil with respect to public health leads to the conclusion that overall soil is a public health savior. the value of soil using a systems approach is estimated to be $ 20 trillion, and is by far the most valuable ecosystem in the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.532787639987796, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.549888"} {"text": "a retriever is a type of gun dog that retrieves game for a hunter. generally gun - dogs are divided into three major classifications : retrievers, flushing spaniels, and pointing breeds. | retrievers were bred primarily to retrieve birds or other prey and return them to the hunter without damage. although spaniels and some pointing breeds routinely retrieve game, and many retrievers are skilled in finding game, retrievers are distinguished in that non - slip retrieval is their primary function. as a result, retriever breeds are bred for soft mouths and a great willingness to please, learn, and obey. a soft mouth refers to the willingness of the dog to carry game in its mouth without biting into it. hard mouth is a serious fault in a hunting dog and is one that is very difficult to correct. a hard - mouthed dog renders game unpresentable or at worst inedible. view printer friendly version of flat coat retriever article. listen to article listen to audio version of flat coat retriever article. hot key : + + flat coat retriever facts the name of the domestic breed... the area where the animal first came from... how long ( l ) or tall ( h ) the animal is... the measurement of how heavy the animal is... how long the animal lives for... the domestic group such as cat or dog...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4760357587280091, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.551341"} {"text": "robinson crusoe has made a profound impression on readers as well as on whole cultures. samuel johnson, a demanding critic, gave it the highest praise, \" was there ever yet any thing written by mere man that was wished longer by its readers, excepting don quixote, robinson crusoe, and the pilgrim ' s progress? \" ( 1776 ). jean - jacques rousseau regarded it as \" the one book that teaches all that books can teach. \" in emilius and sophia : or, a new system of education ( 1762 ), he wanted emilius to read only robinson crusoe during his formative years, because it would \" guide his development to a state of reason \" and teach him to judge everything by its usefulness. according to john robert moore, crusoe created not only a new literary form ( the novel ), but also a new reading public. crusoe can also be appreciated by unsophisticated or novice readers and has even been memorialized in children ' s culture by a nursery rhyme : poor old robinson crusoe! poor old robinson crusoe! they made him a coat of an old nanny goat ; i wonder how they could do so! with a ring a ting tang, and a ring a ting tang, poor old robinson crusoe! what explains the almost universal appeal of crusoe? why do so many people, regardless of age, social class, intellectual level, and culture, admire crusoe? even a partial list of the explanations offered is lengthy : - the thrill of adventure lures us into identifying with crusoe and his triumph over mishaps, particularly since the specific details of defoe ' s portrayal make his experiences real for us. this view does not account for the enthusiasm of sophisticated readers like johnson and rousseau. - english readers often see crusoe as the typical ( really idealized? ) englishman \u2013 manly, self - reliant, courageous, heroic, and resourceful. this narrow chauvinistic response excludes all non - english readers, yet crusoe transcends national, religious, and cultural boundaries. the french, in particular, have had a longstanding affection for crusoe. they admired him as a man of heroic stature, a man who overcame dire adversities. during the french revolution, crusoe ' s courage, independence, and determination reflected the spirit and values of the revolution. to emphasize their similarity, the novel was partially rewritten : friday patriotically refused to leave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4998679865670987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.558441"} {"text": "who overcame dire adversities. during the french revolution, crusoe ' s courage, independence, and determination reflected the spirit and values of the revolution. to emphasize their similarity, the novel was partially rewritten : friday patriotically refused to leave his home for europe, and crusoe praised nature, not god, for the barley. gerard grandville ' s illustration for an 1840 edition of crusoe represented the french view of crusoe as a larger - than - life figure. crusoe was so well known in france that, until the 1930s, a large umbrella was called un robinson. - john j. richetti expanded the view of crusoe as the typical englishman, seeing him rather as the archetypal \" personage of the last two hundred and fifty years of european consciousness. \" obviously this view is eurocentric and excludes non - europeans. but crusoe seems infinitely adaptable and travels well to other cultures. in a nineteenth century eskimo translation published in greenland, one illustration depicted friday bowing to crusoe. friday wore a loincloth, and crusoe was dressed like an eskimo in furs, with a harpoon in the background ; the scenery consisted of palm trees, dense bushes, and a partially snow - covered - coleridge saw crusoe in universal terms, as \" a representative of humanity in general ; neither his intellectual nor his moral qualities set him above the middle degree of mankind.... \" he is \" the universal representative, the person for whom every reader could substitute himself. but now nothing is done, thought, or suffered, or desired, but what every man can imagine himself doing, thinking, feeling, or wishing for. \" he rises only where \" in religion, in resignation, in dependence on, and thankful acknowledgement of the divine mercy and goodness \" ( 1832 ). - for james beattie, \" robinson crusoe, though there is nothing of love in it, is one of the most interesting narratives that ever was written ; at least in all that part which related to the desert island : being founded on a passion still more prevalent than love, the desire of self - preservation ; and therefore likely to engage the curiosity of every class of readers, both old and young, both learned and unlearned \" ( 1783 ). - the division of labor and industrialization have cut off modern men and women from simple tasks ; we no longer know the whole process of basic activities, like growing wheat, milling flour, and baking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5012698092576506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.561124"} {"text": "both learned and unlearned \" ( 1783 ). - the division of labor and industrialization have cut off modern men and women from simple tasks ; we no longer know the whole process of basic activities, like growing wheat, milling flour, and baking bread. this was true in defoe ' s time also, though to a lesser extent. so the details of crusoe ' s everyday life fascinate us, as we watch him recreate civilization alone. he makes us look at the activities and necessities of everyday life in a new way, and we enjoy each discovery with crusoe. - walter allen sees in crusoe the dramatization of \" the inescapable solitariness of each man in his relation to god and the universe. \" edward gordon craig, a modern illustrator, gives a personal and modern spin to allen ' s suggestion : \" we secretly enjoy loneliness through him. \" in writing crusoe, defoe created a character who speaks to something deep in the human psyche and essential to the human condition. this is the reason, i suggest, that crusoe can be assimilated into diverse cultures, that the meanings assigned him change to reflect changes in a society, that he can be given conflicting meanings, and that he reaches into the private souls of individuals. it is these qualities that make crusoe a mythic or an myth originates in the effort of primitive people to explain some practice, belief, institution, or natural happening. myths are anonymous and accepted as true. \" broadly speaking myths and mythologies seek to rationalize and explain the universe and all that is in it. thus, they have a similar function to science, theology, religion and history in modern societies \" ( bernard doyle, encyclopedia mythica ). common types of myth are creation myths or stories which explain how the gods, the world or a phenomenon came about. a mythic figure is a heroic figure involved in events which have a significant effect on the universe or society. other kinds of myths and uses for myth developed as society became more sophisticated. plato, for instance, created myths or narratives of supernatural beings to speculate about open - ended subjects, that is, topics for which absolute certainty is impossible. william blake created a private mythology in his poetry, saying \" i must create a system or be enslaved by another man ' s. \" a myth may be a false belief, e. g., the myth of progress. or it may be a fictional, fully developed setting for a literary work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006507442494101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.563022"} {"text": ", saying \" i must create a system or be enslaved by another man ' s. \" a myth may be a false belief, e. g., the myth of progress. or it may be a fictional, fully developed setting for a literary work, like thomas hardy ' s myth of wessex or faulkner ' s yoknapatawpha county. ( 1 ) an archetype is the original or prototype who sets the pattern for similar beings, for example, frankenstein ( monster ) or hercules ( hero ). ( 2 ) a basic concept in jungian psychology, the archetype is a pattern of thought or an image which is passed down from one generation to the other, a process which jung called the \" psychic residua of numberless experiences of the same type. \" the collective unconscious thus holds the same images as humanity ' s primitive ancestors, like the good mother, the wise man, the magician, the vampire, and the monster archetypes appear in the myths, religion, literature, art, and fairy tales of most, perhaps all societies. common archetypes are the death - rebirth motif, going to the sea, the fatal woman, cinderella - stories, and the sacrificial hero or god. | day 1 ( w, sept. 4 ) | day 2 ( m, sept. 9 ) | | defoe, robinson crusoe, \u201c preface \u201d - \" i build my fortress \" overview of daniel defoe overview of robinson crusoe the sources of robinson crusoe | day 3 ( w, sept. 11 ) | | defoe, robinson crusoe, \" the journal \" - \" i am very seldom idle \" increase mather, remarkable | day 4 ( t, sept. 17 ) defoe, robinson crusoe, \" i make myself a canoe \" - \" i see the wreck... \" | day 5 ( w, sept. 18 ) defoe, robinson crusoe, \" i hear the first sound... \" - \" we quell... \" religion in robinson web paper due | day 6 ( m, sept. 23 ) defoe, robinson crusoe, \" we seize the ship \" - \" i revisit my island \" robinson crusoe as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5811275821304503, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.563934"} {"text": "the ngorongoro conservation area which lies between the serengeti and the lake manyara national parks boasts the largest unbroken, inactive, and unflooded caldera in the world. perhaps having once been about the same size as mount kilimanjaro, when the volcanic activity subsided, it collapsed inward resulting in a crater 18 kilometers ( 11 miles ) across. surrounded by very steep walls 610 meters ( 2000 feet ) deep, this natural amphitheatre covers an area of about 260 square kilometers ( 100 square miles ) and is home for up to 25, 000 larger mammals. nearly half of those being zebra and wildebeest while other species found are buffalo, gazelle, eland, hartebeest, warthog, and the elusive black rhino. lion, hyena, cheetah, and leopard are among the predators within the crater. lake magadi, a soda lake centralized on the crater floor, is prolific with flocks of flamingoes in such great quantities, they may even be visible as a pink - colored mass from vantage points on the crater rim. ostrich and kori bustard are the distinctive grasslands birds although the swamps, ponds, and rivers support an ever present population of water birds. the conservation area includes a wide variety of habitats such as highland forest, swamps, lakes, rivers, woodlands, and extensive grasslands. it is quite common to see masai grazing their herds of cattle throughout the region. due to the extremely steep and scarce roads traversing in and out of the crater, only 4 - wheel - drive vehicles are allowed onto the crater floor. ngorongoro crater highlands : the crater highlands are part of the ngorongoro conservation area. this is a reserve where the local communities live alongside the wildlife. the highlands consist of a range of volcanoes \u2013 not all extinct \u2013 rising steeply from the side of the great rift valley in northern tanzania. hence, along with the ngorongoro crater, the highlands encompass a number of impressive peaks with steep escarpments, crater lakes, dense forest and grassy ridges, streams and waterfalls. one particular volcano, the ol - doinyo lengai ( 2878meters / 9440 feet ) is even active! this vicinity is also home to many masai people who have grazed cattle on the grasslands here for hundreds of years. most walking is done around the 3000 meters ( 9840 feet ) mark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3982016250824012, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.566503"} {"text": "last winter was unusually harsh in the charente \u2013 maritime. in february the temperatures were under zero for about two weeks and fell as low minus 17 degrees centigrade. i was resigned to the fact that i would lose a large number of plants unaccustomed to this severe weather. one of the plants that i had little hope would survive was my magnolia grandiflora. as the temperature rose i ventured into the garden for damage assessment. there was ice on the surface of the magnolia leaves which was being rapidly melted by the bright sun. not good! a plant has difficulty accommodating such rapid changes in temperature. to my surprise it has survived unharmed and i have been able to take these photographs over the last few days. my magnolia grandiflora was an early edition to the garden. i felt it would be an appropriate tree to have in a french garden as i had seen magnificent specimens of old large magnolias in france. however, i have now discovered that magnolias are not natives of europe but of the southern states of the united states, the only french connection is that they have been named in honour of the french botanist pierre magnol ( 1638 - 1715 ). the obvious attraction of the magnolia grandiflora is its flowers. an even greater attraction for me is their perfume. the perfume is distinctive with a slight citrus hint and appears perfect to attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies. another false assumption! the genus magnolia evolved long before bees and butterflies had made their appearance and the magnolia had already forged its pollinator relationship with beetles. this has never changed over the ensuing millions of years so it is not a tree to attract bees and butterflies into the garden. the magnolia flower is short lived and only lasts for a day. the tree will produce several blossoms at one time, replacing the faded blossoms on a daily basis and the number of flowers produced will depend on the size of the tree. the flowers are followed by a candle - shaped seed head but if i see them i snap them off to encourage the tree to produce more flowers and avoid a waste of resources on the part of the tree. so for me the magnolia is a very valuable ornamental tree in the garden giving me beautiful perfumed flowers and leaves that stay green and glossy even in the heat of summer. an addition benefit of magnolia grandiflora is that it is evergreen and in winter it continues to ornament the garden with its glossy green leaves last year was the first year my magnolia flowered and i was overjoyed with my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46201794635803684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.569157"} {"text": "in 1955 the new york state mental hospitals undertook a large - scale program of tranquilizing drug therapy which during the first full year of its operation reached 27. 9 % of all cases ( 2 ). this was a 250 % increase of use of somatic therapy in one year and was followed by a reduction of 500 in patient population, reversing a long - term increase of some 2, 000 per year. the data for that year were analyzed and were compared with that of the year preceding when the population had increased by 2, 500 and the conclusion reached that the addition of drug therapy was the only significant identifiable change which had occurred in the treatment conditions of the department and that the favorable change was attributable in major degree to the use of chlorpromazine and reserpine. another 3 years have now passed and the fall has continued. the population on march 31, 1959 was 4, 100 below the figure of 4 years before and this apparently represents a well - marked trend. it is, however, no longer possible to say that circumstances have remained essentially the same as they were before the use of drug therapy was undertaken ; a whole series of progressive changes have occurred ; a sweeping program of liberalization of hospital policy has developed ; open hospital techniques, encouragement of admissions other than by judicial certification and the organization of a number of experimental programs have been undertaken. intensification of treatment for newly admitted patients has been secured through assignment of additional personnel for admission services and special geriatric and continued treatment programs have also been set up. in spite of this, the pattern of change has not deviated significantly from that already identified when drug therapy was the only new modality. a significant increase of amount of change has, however, taken place but it becomes quite impossible to assign a quantitative role to each factor ; what seems certain is that all these elements are mutually interdependent and reinforce each other. it now becomes important to analyze the trends for their significance with regard to future plans for mental hospitals, especially as many mental hospitals in various parts of the world have noted a decreased pressure for hospital beds or an outright fall in population. in some quarters these changes have been discounted as cyclical and unimportant and in others the attitude has been that it is now a matter of a relatively short time before mental hospitals will be empty and that the problem of hospital psychiatry has at long last been solved. our own data lead us to take a position somewhat between these two extremes and considerably toward the conservative side. the persistence of reduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5181237033025115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.574930"} {"text": "of a relatively short time before mental hospitals will be empty and that the problem of hospital psychiatry has at long last been solved. our own data lead us to take a position somewhat between these two extremes and considerably toward the conservative side. the persistence of reduction for 4 successive years seems to rule out any cyclical variation and the fact that the reduction of population is limited to functional cases and most marked in schizophrenics points to the action of a specific therapeutic influence rather than a general change of policy. in new york during the last 5 years the number of cases actively carried on somatic therapy at all times has jumped from 4, 000 to over 40, 000, the number released from hospitals has gone from 14, 362 in 1955 to 19, 334 in 1958, and, in addition, the atmosphere of the state mental hospitals has been virtually revolutionized. restraint and seclusion have been reduced to an eighth of their previous level and a series of liberal policies has been facilitated beyond what might have been dreamed of on such a scale 5 years ago. however important these changes may be from the point of view of the mental hospital as a therapeutic organization, there are other facts which tend to support a more conservative attitude with regard to the extent that the present change may be projected into the future, and especially the projection of any factor of acceleration in the present process. although there has been a 34 % increase in patient releases in new york state during the first 3 years of drug use, admissions were up about 12 % and information from other hospital systems here and abroad indicates that this is a general phenomenon. the number of schizophrenic patients released has increased 39 % during the 3 years for which data are available and the release percentage of chronic cases of up to 10 years ' hospital residence has been increased strikingly, yet a simple review of the present mental hospital population indicates that there still are a considerable number of cases on the way to becoming chronic hospital residents ; the number of 2 - 4 year cases, for instance, has been reduced by 27 % but this gives secure promise to reduce the eventual permanently chronic group by this amount. furthermore, mental hospital operations involve far more than schizophrenics. there are many other categories of cases and in our hospitals these have either remained stationary in numbers or have continued a long - term increase. finally, there is a small but very significant group of cases, especially in the age group below 16, which have been coming rapidly to the fore in the past few years. numbering less than 400 in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49464719111264016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.577139"} {"text": "numbers or have continued a long - term increase. finally, there is a small but very significant group of cases, especially in the age group below 16, which have been coming rapidly to the fore in the past few years. numbering less than 400 in 1950, these now are being admitted at the rate of 700 to 800 per year, and that figure would be higher if our facilities were more adequate. these cases must have more than double the hospital space of adults and much more personal service. those who fail in therapy may look forward to a long life in hospital or a long career of behavior disorder in the community. some feel that these should be elsewhere than in a mental hospital but society seems to have decided otherwise and we have been for several years subjected to unremitting pressure for their care and treatment, and whatever else one may say it must be admitted that the problem is a psychiatric one. another group which warrants comment is the so - called character disorders. patients in this group increased from 1, 293 in 1955 to 1, 804 in 1958. to a large extent this group overlaps the teen - age problem just described but some of them are adults. although here, too, the battle rages as to the proper function of a state hospital, the result is still to send a larger group for such care. in the main, they, too, represent a type of psychiatric problem, although this is far from saying that every case of acting - out is properly classified in a mental hospital. what we are discussing here is the fact that an increasing proportion of such cases actually are coming to us and must be considered in our plans. still in the same category are the alcoholics whose number increased somewhat in the last few years from 3, 693 to 3, 960. in the past, the mental hospitals have made but a limited contribution in this field, taking an almost neutral attitude in the rehabilitation of such individuals. this was justified only so long as we could do no better. as our facilities improve, a greater interest must be taken in this disorder. alcoholism has long been identified as a psychiatric problem and whatever treatment has been available has tended to be in mental hospitals. it is inevitable that we shall be called upon to take a more positive role in this situation which is said to involve some 3, 000, 000 americans. up to the present, much of this has been forced into the category of a sort of \" deferred business \" due to sheer lack of facilities. it seems inevitable that as soon as any space becomes available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4784749226396766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.578466"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia - green algae - land plants ( embryophytes ) - non - vascular embryophytes - vascular plants ( tracheophytes ) - seedless vascular plants - seed plants ( spermatophytes ) plants are a major group of living things ( about 300, 000 species ), including familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, and ferns. aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move or have sensory organs, and animals. in linnaeus ' system, these became the kingdoms vegetabilia ( later plantae ) and animalia. since then, it has become clear that the plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. however, these are still often considered plants in many contexts. indeed, any attempt to match \" plant \" with a single taxon is doomed to fail, because plant is a vaguely defined concept unrelated to the presumed phylogenic concepts on which modern taxonomy is based. - see main article at embryophytes most familiar are the multicellular land plants, called embryophytes. they include the vascular plants, plants with full systems of leaves, stems, and roots. they also include a few of their close relatives, often called bryophytes, of which mosses are the most common. all of these plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of cellulose, and most obtain their energy through photosynthesis, using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. about 300 plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites on other species of photosynthetic plants. plants are distinguished from green algae, from which they evolved, by having specialized reproductive organs protected by non - reproductive tissues. bryophytes first appeared during the early palaeozoic. they can only survive in moist environments, and remain small throughout their life - cycle. this involves an alternation between two generations : a haploid stage, called the gametophyte, and a diploid stage, called the sporophyte. the sporophyte is short - lived and remains dependent on its parent. vascular plants first appeared during the silurian period, and by the devonian had diversified and spread into many different land environments. they have a number of adaptations that allowed them to overcome the limitations of the bryophytes. these include a cuticle resistant to desiccation, and vascular tissues which transport water throughout the organism. in many the sporophy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5425785042242264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.591074"} {"text": "land environments. they have a number of adaptations that allowed them to overcome the limitations of the bryophytes. these include a cuticle resistant to desiccation, and vascular tissues which transport water throughout the organism. in many the sporophyte acts as a separate individual, while the gametophyte remains small. the first primitive seed plants, pteridosperms ( seed ferns ) and cordaites, both groups now extinct, appeared in the late devonian and diversified through the carboniferous, with further evolution through the permian and triassic periods. in these the gametophyte stage is completely reduced, and the sporophyte begins life inside an enclosure called a seed, which develops while on the parent plant, and with fertilisation by means of pollen grains. whereas other vascular plants, such as ferns, reproduce by means of spores and so need moisture to develop, some seed plants can survive and reproduce in extremely arid conditions. early seed plants are referred to as gymnosperms ( naked seeds ), as the seed embryo is not enclosed in a protective structure at pollination, with the pollen landing directly on the embryo. four surviving groups remain widespread now, particularly the conifers, which are dominant trees in several biomes. the angiosperms, comprising the flowering plants, were the last major group of plants to appear, emerging from within the gymnosperms during the jurassic and diversifying rapidly during the cretaceous. these differ in that the seed embryo is enclosed, so the pollen has to grow a tube to penetrate the protective seed coat ; they are the predominant group of flora in most biomes today. algae and fungi the algae comprise several different groups of organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis. the most conspicuous are the seaweeds, multicellular algae that often closely resemble terrestrial plants, found among the green, red, and brown algae. these and other algal groups also include various single - celled creatures and forms that are simple collections of cells, without differentiated tissues. many can move about, and some have even lost their ability to photosynthesize ; when first discovered, these were considered as both plants and animals. the embryophytes developed from green algae ; the two are collectively referred to as the green plants or viridaeplantae. the kingdom plantae is now usually taken to mean this monophyletic group, as shown above. with a few exceptions among the green algae, all such forms have cell walls containing cellulose and chlor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49595158280534374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.592226"} {"text": "viridaeplantae. the kingdom plantae is now usually taken to mean this monophyletic group, as shown above. with a few exceptions among the green algae, all such forms have cell walls containing cellulose and chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, and store food in the form of starch. they undergo closed mitosis without centrioles, and typically have mitochondria with flat cristae. the chloroplasts of green plants are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they originated directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. the same is true of the red algae, and the two groups are generally believed to have a common origin. in contrast, most other algae have chloroplasts with three or four membranes. they are not in general close relatives of the green plants, acquiring chloroplasts separately from ingested or symbiotic green and red algae. unlike embryophytes and algae, fungi are not photosynthetic, but are saprophytes : they obtain their food by breaking down and absorbing surrounding materials. most fungi are formed by microscopic tubes called hyphae, which may or may not be divided into cells but contain eukaryotic nuclei. fruiting bodies, of which mushrooms are the most familiar, are actually only the reproductive structures of fungi. they are not related to any of the photosynthetic groups, but are close relatives of animals. the photosynthesis and carbon fixation conducted by land plants and algae are the ultimate source of energy and organic material in nearly all habitats. these processes also radically changed the composition of the earth ' s atmosphere, which as a result contains a large proportion of oxygen. animals and most other organisms are aerobic, relying on oxygen ; those that do not are confined to relatively few, anaerobic environments. much of human nutrition depends on cereals. other plants that are eaten include fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. some vascular plants, referred to as trees and shrubs, produce woody stems and are an important source of building material. a number of plants are used decoratively, including a variety of flowers. simple plants like algae may have short life spans as individuals, but their populations are commonly seasonal. other plants may be organized according to their seasonal growth pattern : - annual : live and reproduce within one growing season. - biennial : live for two growing seasons ; usually reproduce in second year. - perennial : live for many growing seasons ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5329839663474176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.594933"} {"text": "commonly seasonal. other plants may be organized according to their seasonal growth pattern : - annual : live and reproduce within one growing season. - biennial : live for two growing seasons ; usually reproduce in second year. - perennial : live for many growing seasons ; continue to reproduce once mature. among the vascular plants, perennials include both evergreens that keep their leaves the entire year, and deciduous plants which lose their leaves for some part. in temperate and boreal climates, they generally lose their leaves during the winter ; many tropical plants lose their leaves during the dry season. the growth rate of plants is extremely variable. some mosses grow less than 1 \u03bcm / h, while most trees grow 25 - 250 \u03bcm / h. some climbing species, such as kudzu, which do not need to produce thick supportive tissue, may grow up to 12500 \u03bcm / h. plant fossils include roots, wood, leaves, seeds, fruit, pollen, spores and amber ( the fossilized resin produced by some plants ). fossil land plants are recorded in terrestrial, lacustrine, fluvial and nearshore marine sediments. pollen, spores and algae ( dinoflagellates and acritarchs ) are used for dating sedimentary rock sequences. the remains of fossil plants are not as common as fossil animals, although plant fossils are locally abundant in many regions worldwide. early fossil plants are well known from the devonian period, including the chert of rhynie in aberdeenshire, scotland. the best preserved examples, from which their cellular construction has been described, have been found at this locality. the preservation is so perfect that sections of these ancient plants show the individual cells within the plant tissue. the devonian period also saw the evolution of what many believe to be the first modern tree, archaeopteris. this fern - like tree combined a woody trunk with the fronds of a fern, but produced no seeds. the coal measures are a major source of palaeozoic plant fossils, with many groups of plants in existence at this time. the spoil heaps of coal mines are the best places to collect ; coal itself is the remains of fossilised plants, though structural detail of the plant fossils is rarely visible in coal. in the fossil forest at victoria park in glasgow, scotland, the stumps of lepidodendron trees are found in their original growth positions. the fossilized remains of conifer and angiosperm roots, stems and branches may be locally abundant in lake and inshore sedimentary rocks from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5020440176855503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.596016"} {"text": ", scotland, the stumps of lepidodendron trees are found in their original growth positions. the fossilized remains of conifer and angiosperm roots, stems and branches may be locally abundant in lake and inshore sedimentary rocks from the mesozoic and caenozoic eras. sequoia and its allies, magnolia, oak, and palms are often found. petrified wood is common in some parts of the world, and is most frequently found in arid or desert areas were it is more readily exposed by erosion. petrified wood is often heavily silicified ( the organic material replaced by silicon dioxide ), and the impregnated tissue is often preserved in fine detail. such specimens may be cut and polished using lapidary equipment. fossil forests of petrified wood have been found in all continents. fossils of seed ferns such as glossopteris are widely distributed thoughout several continents of the southern hemisphere, a fact that gave support to alfred wegener ' s early ideas regarding continental drift theory. references and further reading - thomas n taylor and edith l taylor. the biology and evolution of fossil plants. prentice hall, 1993. - tree of life - chaw, s. - m. et al. molecular phylogeny of extant gymnosperms and seed plant evolution : analysis of nuclear 18s rrna sequences ( pdf file ) molec. biol. evol. 14 ( 1 ) : 56 - 68. 1997. botanical and vegetation databases - e - floras ( flora of china, flora of north america and others ) - united states of america - flora europaea - ' dave ' s garden ' horticultural plant database the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4724539144549297, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.596752"} {"text": "subscribe to print subscribe to digital give as a gift free product guide > > technical question ; i ' ve seen it both ways on woodworking shows. when gluing two pieces together, should you apply glue to both pieces, or is one enought? it ' s typically best to apply it to both pieces. a thin layer will do. i ' ve talked with the people at elmer ' s and it ' s suggested that way. however i can say there have been times when i ' ve only been able to apply it to one side and it still holds. a thin layer on both pieces normally works out great. be careful not to use to much though. only a small amount on each piece is needed. i just posted kind of the same question but do you have to have a routed edge like a t & g or can you actually glue just flat edges and it be strong without a routed edge or buiscut?? your best gluing surfaces are face grain and edge grain. end grain ( such as a butt joint ) is not suffciently strong enough because the end grain absorbes too much of the glue. if you have to use a butt joint, coat the end grain with glue, let it start to set up and then apply a second coat. now attach your two pieces together. however a half lap, bridle joint, or mortise and tenon are better jonts because you are using the face and edge grain of the wood to glue up. keep in mind a mortise and tenon, ( especially a haunched mortise and tenon ) are stronger because it can resist racking pressure more than a half lap or bridle joint. hi jim, i have been a woodworker and professional furniture maker for well over 35 years. i have found when edge gluing you can be a little more lax in your glue ups. i if in a hurry will apply plenty of glue to one part and then rub the 2 parts together before clamping. with that said i do prefer to use a glue joint when edge gluing for 2 reasons. first to get more surface area for glue but more importantly to line up panels for next to perfect glue joints. you should also know that using a glue joint does show the glue joint profile more than just a well prepared flat joint. when gluing butt ends i like to either use a finger joint or a reversed miter glue joint that i know of no one else doing. have fun with it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4465280393782044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.599464"} {"text": "sunrise on mars anna mehler paperny august 7, 2012 \u2013 globe and mail with curiosity safely landed on mars, the real work begins. and this is where canadian expertise comes in. designed by a university of guelph professor, funded by the canadian space agency and built by canada \u2019 s macdonald dettwiler and associates ltd., the alpha particle x - ray spectrometer is a key part of gleaning information on mars \u2019 s ancient history, and maybe the secrets to life on other planets. nasa is hoping its $ 2. 5 - billion gambit to send its rover to mars will yield valuable information on a planet that may likely have once been hospitable to living creatures. scientists want to know whether that \u2019 s the case, what conditions supported life and what happened to make mars the apparently arid, acidic and inhospitable planet it is today. so for the next three months, university of guelph professor ralf gellert will be shuttling between guelph and the jet propulsion laboratories in pasadena, calif. as principal investigator behind the spectrometer, it will be largely his job to ensure the high - tech piece of equipment is working and to see what kind of information it yields. the apxs is about the size of a pop can and is attached to curiosity \u2019 s arm. but its small size is misleading : this device is designed to determine the chemical composition of rocks and soil. if that doesn \u2019 t sound terribly exciting, consider this : the bits of rock and dirt curiosity finds in its sojourn on the red planet will tell us whether there was life on mars, when there was life on mars and what happened afterwards. ultimately, scientists are looking for clay minerals. clay is formed when the atmosphere is warm and wet enough to support life. even if those conditions change, as the clay sets underneath multiple layers of rock over millions of years, it retains the same minerals that identified it before. \u201c that \u2019 s top on the list, \u201d prof. gellert said, \u201c to simply find these clay and then put it into context. \u201d curiosity has both a camera and a laser sensor on the lookout for anything interesting or out of the ordinary. once the rover ambles over and takes a closer look, its arm is equipped with a drill and shovel to extract bits of whatever catches its attention. the alpha particle x - ray spectrometer does a preliminary analysis : what \u2019 s in here? does it differ from other rocks in the area? if it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46535872920244004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.602957"} {"text": "its arm is equipped with a drill and shovel to extract bits of whatever catches its attention. the alpha particle x - ray spectrometer does a preliminary analysis : what \u2019 s in here? does it differ from other rocks in the area? if it does, the rover packages the sample and puts it in its belly, where more instruments wait for further analysis. \u201c all the instruments together put a piece of the puzzle table, \u201d prof. gellert said. \u201c you put it together, and scientists figure out what happened on this place 3. 5 billion years ago. \u201d the whole process can take several days, prof. gellert says. and it \u2019 s hard work, even for a plutonium - and lithium - power robot. \u201c so it \u2019 s a balance : how do you get the biggest scientific bang for your buck? \u2026 you have to watch and look for the interesting spots ; you cannot simply take the nearest sample and hope there \u2019 s something you can see, \u201d he said. \u201c these instruments are so complex, and so energy - hungry. \u201d for curiosity \u2019 s first few days on mars, scientists are taking it slow as they check to ensure everything \u2019 s working as it should. in the spectrometer \u2019 s case, this means analyzing a rock brought from earth, to check something mundane and ensure its readings are still sound. eventually, the rover will head over to mount sharp \u2013 a 5 - kilometre - high crag rising up out of the crater the rover \u2019 s now in. if all goes well, the mountain will contain layers of rock detailing the planet \u2019 s geological history. for the next three months, prof. gellert will spend a couple weeks at a time in california, on mars time, before returning briefly to guelph and then back again. it was a thrill to watch the rover land sunday night, he said. but the fun is just beginning. \u201c being a scientist on such a mission is exciting science. but it \u2019 s [ also ] fun to do this detective work on another planet. \u201d mars rover curiosity panorama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.458228538304164, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.603773"} {"text": "this question juxtaposes the spiritual practice of prayer with the theological principle of universalism \u2014 the idea that all religious expression, indeed all creation, is encompassed within the divine. the bible gives expression to both the practice of prayer and the concept that god is drawing in all things. the book of psalms gives poetic voice to songs and prayers of praise and lament and supplication. these psalms echo the experiences of the people of the kingdoms of israel and judah as recounted in the books of samuel and kings. prayer is central to the stories of the life of jesus found in the gospels. and christians are urged to \u201c pray without ceasing \u201d in paul \u2019 s first epistle to the thessalonians 5 : 17. universal salvation, the drawing in and healing of all things, finds articulation in such biblical passages as isaiah 25 : 7 - 8 ( \u201c the shroud that is cast over all peoples, the sheet that is spread over all nations, \u201d that is death, will be destroyed by god ) and isaiah 45 : 23 ( \u201c every knee shall bow and every tongue confess \u201d ). micah 4 : 1 - 2 speaks of peoples and nations streaming to \u201c the mountain of the lord. \u201d even in the judgment scene from matthew 25 : 31ff, neither the \u201c sheep \u201d nor the \u201c goats \u201d knew who was the \u201c son of man. \u201d the people were judged solely on whether they had shown care for \u201c the least of these. \u201d for christians, the biblical witness gives full warrant for praying that people of all faiths experience god \u2019 s healing and wholeness, god \u2019 s salvation, in their lives. david rice, first presbyterian church ( pcusa ) of anniston we are all children of god one of the most important things i have learned about prayer is that we can offer our prayers to god for any one we wish. as i wrote in a previous column, we need to remember that we are all children of god. we believe that god made everyone, therefore god must care about everyone. we are called to include others in our prayers because one of the ways we demonstrate our love for god is by how we show our love for others. and praying for others is one way we show that love. the catholic church has a great tradition of praying for people of other faiths. we believe that it is important to have both ecumenical ( inter - christian ) and inter - faith dialogue so that we can better understand each other. each year in january we have a week of prayer for christian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49552687428813225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.606798"} {"text": "asian indigenous and tribal people - general resources by peoples, tribes, ethnicity, regions afghan people - ainu people - achang people - andhra pradesh people - bai people - bhils people - blang people - buryat people - dongxiang people - ewenki people - filipino people - gadulia lohars people - halakki people - hmong people - hui people - iban of sarawak people - kazakh people - khmer people - korean people - manchu people - mongolian people - mundas people - qiang people - pakistani people - pashtun people - punjabi people - shan people - siberian indigenous people - taiwan aborigines - tamil people - tatar people - tibetan people - uygur people - yakut people - zhuang people sometimes a minority people is not always at the bottom of the social structure. in the mid - seventeenth century, manchurian tribesmen invaded china, overthrew a corrupt ming state, and established the qing dynasty with a manchu ruling class. it lasted till early in the 20th century. category : manchus _ _ index of wikipedia articles related to the manchu people. - from wikipedia - http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / category : manchus china ethnic minority : manchu people _ _ a brief overview. - from travelchinaguide. com - http : / / www. travelchinaguide. com / intro / nationality / manchu / encyclopedia : manchu _ _ general information about the manchu. - from nationmaster. com - http : / / www. nationmaster. com / encyclopedia / manchu manchu _ _ \" the manchu empire originally was formed by three provinces, heilongjiang, jilin, and liaoning. the land that it occupied extended much farther than it does in present day china containing most of mongolia. \" a good look at the manchu. text links take you to additional information. - from minnesota state university - http : / / www. mnsu. edu / emuseum / cultural / oldworld / asia / manchu. html manchu _ _ \" the manchu ethnicity have largely been assimilated with the han chinese. the manchu language is almost extinct, now spoken only among a small number of elderly people in remote rural areas of northeastern china and a few scholars ;... \" an encyclopedic article with links to related topics. - illustrated - from wikipedia - manchu alphabet _ _ \" the manchu alphabet was commissioned in 1599 by the manchu leader nurhaci ( 1559 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4399752932117729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.612427"} {"text": "few scholars ;... \" an encyclopedic article with links to related topics. - illustrated - from wikipedia - manchu alphabet _ _ \" the manchu alphabet was commissioned in 1599 by the manchu leader nurhaci ( 1559 - 1626 ), the founder of the manchu state. \" learn its interesting history. - from omniglot. com - http : / / www. omniglot. com / writing / manchu. htm the manchu ethnic minority _ _ an essay style overview of the manchu people along with links to many additional resources. - from about. com - http : / / chineseculture. about. com / library / china / ethnic / blsethnic027. htm manchu language _ _ general information about manchu language in an encyclopedia entry. - from nationmaster. com - http : / / www. nationmaster. com / encyclopedia / manchu - language manchu minority - chinese nationalities _ _ a paragraph or two but some good photos. - from paulnoll. com - http : / / www. paulnoll. com / china / minorities / min - manchu. html manchu people _ _ multi - page article dealing with several aspects of the manchu people and culture such as food, clothing, history and more. - illustrated - from chinaculture. org - http : / / www. chinaculture. org / gb / en _ chinaway / 2007 - 02 / 08 / content _ 92604 _ 4. htm qing dynasty palace food and the full manchu - han banquet _ _ grab something to eat with and come on in. it may take a couple of days to go through all the courses. - illustrated - from chinavista. com - http : / / www. chinavista. com / experience / manchu / manchu. html shenyang imperial palace : the crown of manchu culture _ _ excellent article along with photos of the palace. a good tour and history. - illustrated - from china. org. cn - http : / / www1. china. org. cn / english / travel / 98497. htm share this page : more to explore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5085749998316925, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.613253"} {"text": "parkinsons disease is a debilitating brain disease characterized by tremors and other movement difficulties. as the disease progresses, the quality of life of the sufferer, surrounding family, and friends is diminished. despite being the subject of intensive research no predominant cause has been uncovered, though the disease is always associated with a lack of a particular neurotransmitter \u2013 dopamine. although the origin is not clear there are now several treatments that can alleviate symptoms and perhaps slow its progression, however research shows that early treatment is much more effective. diagnosing parkinsons at an early stage is very difficult since the physical symptoms are also similar to signs of aging and other neural disorders. surprisingly, some russian physicists have recently taken an interest in the diagnosis of parkinsons disease and have developed a fascinating approach, starting from the basis that it is signals from the brain that causes limb tremors and that the brain is a nonlinear system. they wondered if the powerful methods for analyzing nonlinear systems could be used to distinguish healthy brains from those suffering parkinsons disease. the finger tremors of a small group of parkinsons disease sufferers were measured under a variety of conditions ( e. g., medicated and unmedicated ). the intensity, frequency and rapidity of finger tremors were then analyzed in terms of nonlinear systems behavior to try and determine if the underlying system had been changed by the various medications and stimulants. they show that the underlying dynamics that drive tremors ( or lack of ) are clearly different between medicated and unmedicated patients. this result isn \u2019 t too surprising considering that the medication is designed to suppress symptoms. however, this analysis is far from complete and data taken from analyzing the whole body should be much more sensitive to changes in the underlying dynamic system. thus there is real potential to develop this into an early diagnosis for parkinsons disease, thereby increasing the effectiveness of treatment regimens.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6121312997253563, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.616634"} {"text": "a large and exceptionally well - preserved ancient roman floor mosaic, discovered in lod, israel, in 1996, and excavated in 2009, makes its final united states stop at the penn museum in philadelphia before traveling to the louvre in paris and eventually, to a new museum being built just for it in israel. in 1996, workmen widening a road in lod ( formerly lydda ), israel, made a startling discovery : signs of a roman mosaic pavement were found about three feet below the modern ground surface. a rescue excavation conducted immediately by the israel antiquities authority revealed a mosaic floor approximately 50 feet long by 27 feet wide. of exceptional quality and in an excellent state of preservation, the complete mosaic, comprising seven panels, is symmetrically divided into two large \" carpets \" by a long rectangular horizontal panel. to preserve the mosaic, it was reburied until funding was secured for its full scientific excavation and conservation in 2009. the mosaic floor is believed to come from the home of a wealthy roman living in the eastern roman empire at about 300 ce. because the mosaic ' s imagery has no overt religious content, it cannot be determined whether the owner was a pagan, a jew, or a christian. the exhibition features the three most complete and impressive panels found in what was probably a large reception room. within the central panelwhich measures 13 feet squareis a series of smaller squares and triangles depicting various birds, fish, and animals that surround a larger octagonal scene with ferocious wild animalsa lion and lioness, an elephant, a giraffe, a rhinoceros, a tiger, and a bull. such animals were well known to the romans since they appeared at gladiatorial games, where they were pitted either against each other or against human adversaries. it is indeed possible that the owner of the house was involved in the capture and trade of exotic animals for the games, which was a very lucrative profession during the empire. the mosaic may therefore represent the largesse that the owner had conferred by staging games with wild animal hunts. flanking the central panel to the north and south are two smaller, rectangular end panels. the north panel explores the same theme as the main panel with various creatures ; the south panel is devoted to a single marine scene, complete with two roman merchant ships. none of the mosaics contain human figures. the footprints of several workers involved in laying the floor about 1, 700 years agosome wearing sandals and others working barefootwere also found, and preserved to be shown in the exhibition. lod is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48763424000177474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.620300"} {"text": ". none of the mosaics contain human figures. the footprints of several workers involved in laying the floor about 1, 700 years agosome wearing sandals and others working barefootwere also found, and preserved to be shown in the exhibition. lod is located near tel aviv, and the site was initially settled in the 5th millennium bce. its name appears in the written record as early as the 15th century bcein a list of towns in canaan that was compiled during the reign of the pharaoh thutmose iii ( 14791425 bce ) and also in the old and new testaments. in the 1st century ce, the inhabitants of lod were sold into slavery and subsequently the town was razed. a roman colony under the name of diospolis ( city of god ) was established there in 200 ce. unearthing a masterpiece relates both the history of the discovery and the story of the mosaic, its painstaking removal and conservation, told in original text, as well as a video created by the metropolitan museum of art ( new york ), who premiered the mosaic in september 2010, before it traveled to the legion of honor museum ( san francisco ), the field museum ( chicago ), and the columbus museum of art ( columbus, ohio ). the lod mosaic is on loan from the israel antiquities authority and the shelby white and leon levy lod mosaic center. penn museum is deeply grateful to the women ' s committee for lead sponsorship of unearthing a masterpiece : a roman mosaic from lod, israel, as well as for generous underwriting of the restoration of the upper kamin entrance doors. additional support is provided by alexandra and eric j. schoenberg, ph. d., and by the julian a. and lois g. brodsky foundation. renovations to the pepper gallery, where the lod mosaic is on display, were generously underwritten by an anonymous gift in memory of michel and nelly abemayor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4154371602803879, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.621074"} {"text": "q : can cancer be caused by consuming too much alcohol? a : if alcohol abuse doesn ' t directly result in the development of liver cancer, it certainly contributes to it. the liver is one of the more complex and important organs for maintenance of good health. it has many functions associated with digestion, including breaking down nutrients absorbed by the small intestine to be used by the body. it also breaks down and removes waste products and foreign material from the bloodstream. the liver also produces about half the body ' s cholesterol. as you would imagine, the consequences of a diseased or damaged liver can be substantial, even life - threatening. that is certainly so with liver cancer. there are two forms of malignant liver tumors : tumors that originate outside the liver and have spread there from elsewhere ( metastasis ), and tumors that originate in the liver. metastatic liver cancer usually comes from the lung, breast, colon, pancreas and stomach. sometimes, leukemia can metastasize to the liver. treatment of metastatic liver cancer usually includes drugs, radiation and surgery to prolong life and relieve symptoms. hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common form of cancer that begins in the liver. early symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss and enlargement of the liver that can be felt. many conditions and situations that contribute to liver damage can increase the risk of liver cancer. the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma are viral infections such as hepatitis b and c, exposure to certain cancer - causing substances ( carcinogens ) and chronic alcoholic cirrhosis. cirrhosis is the most common cause of liver damage and, in the united states, most cirrhosis is caused by alcohol abuse. among people 45 to 65 years of age, cirrhosis is the third leading cause of death. cirrhosis is medically defined as destruction of functioning liver tissue and development of nonfunctioning scar tissue around remaining healthy liver tissue. it is a progressive and irreversible disease. there is no cure. treatment is aimed at removing the cause of the problem and treating complications. if someone with alcoholic cirrhosis stops drinking, the scarring of liver tissue usually stops. however, the existing scar tissue does not go away. because liver damage can increase the risk of liver cancer, it is important to monitor liver function. this is especially true if a person is predisposed to alcohol abuse or has had hepatitis. the good news is that a number of simple blood tests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40185472602443056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.623884"} {"text": "memory is the retention of information. it is closely associated with learning, which experts say is the ability to change behavior through the acquisition of new knowledge. memory allows us to retain what we ' ve learned. there are different types of memory. * short - term memory is a temporary retention of information, while long - term memory can be permanent. memory experts say new information can be converted into long - term memory through attention and repetition, a process called consolidation. the retention of facts and events is called declarative memory, and the retention of abilities and skills is termed procedural memory. * mnemonics are methods for improving memory by linking information in a context that allows easier recall. some mnemonic devices include groupings, rhymes, acronyms and visual associations. * many people believe their ability to remember declines as they grow older. but some experts say this is a fallacy. they maintain the problem is that most people neglect their memory skills after they leave school. the memory is similar to a muscle, the more it is used, the better it gets. * memory can be affected by what you eat. folic acid and vitamin b - 12 are essential for good memory. so is drinking plenty of water and getting enough sleep. drinking alcohol and smoking can have a negative effect on memory, as can many medications, such as tranquilizers and anti - anxiety drugs. there are many books available on improving your memory, including kevin trudeau ' s \" mega memory : how to release your superpower memory in 30 minutes or less a day, \" $ 14, and \" use your perfect memory \" by tony buzan, $ 12. 95. * if all else fails, the internet offers myriad services that promise to notify you by postcard seven to 10 days in advance of your most important dates for the rest of your life, for a one - time fee of $ 39.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5449894894005193, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.626970"} {"text": "washington \u2014 the operator of a florida nuclear plant appears to have shipped radioactive waste to ordinary landfills, municipal sewage treatment plants and some unknown locations in the 1970s and early 1980s, according to internal documents and government records obtained in lawsuits. florida power & light co. said that in 1982 it had mistakenly made a shipment to a landfill, but the documents appear to show numerous shipments to multiple locations. in addition, while the company conducted a survey and cleanup in the one known location, it found only one kind of radioactive material, and nuclear experts involved in the lawsuits say there must have been other isotopes for which no tests were conducted. the overall level of contamination is difficult to determine. plant workers used a sink to wash mops, rags and other heavily contaminated materials, thinking that the drain was connected to the plant ' s radioactive waste system, but instead it drained into a sanitary sewage system, according to the documents. the contaminants were then hauled away with sludge. according to documents cited by the plaintiffs, at one point the plant in st. lucie county was shipping to regular landfills materials that were 10 times as radioactive as what it was shipping to a low - level waste dump. a spokeswoman for fpl said the company had mistakenly made two such shipments in the early ' 80s, but had disclosed it at the time and removed the waste afterward. \" it ' s a 23 - year - old event, \" said rachel scott, the spokeswoman. \" it was thoroughly investigated at the time by both the nuclear regulatory commission and the florida department of health, who determined that there was no health issue. \" samples were tested in a lab and only one isotope, cobalt - 60, was found, scott said. cobalt - 60 is a material that becomes radioactive when neutrons from the reactor core are captured by atoms of metal. but the plaintiffs say records show that at the time st. lucie ' s fuel was leaking fission products, like strontium and cesium, into the cooling water and thus contaminating the plant. such contaminants would have been present in the mops and similar materials, they argue. according to documents obtained by the plaintiffs, however, a week after the cleanup was completed at a dump site the company found contamination at a level 20 times what the state had proposed, and thousands of times higher than what the environmental protection agency allowed for farmland ; the surrounding area is used for cattle and citrus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4256197278273401, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.629555"} {"text": "an international team of researchers led by masamune oguri at kavli ipmu and naohisa inada at nara national college of technology conduced an unprecedented survey of gravitationally lensed quasars, and used it to measure the expansion history of the universe. the result provides strong evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. there were several observations that suggested the accelerated cosmic expansion, including distant supernovae for which the 2011 nobel prize in physics was awarded. the team \u2019 s result confirms the accelerated cosmic expansion using a completely different approach, which strengthens the case for dark energy. this result will be published in the astronomical journal. full story : http : / / www. ipmu. jp / node / 1281 fang lizhi, a major voice for human rights and democracy and a pioneering scientist in his native china, continued to advance the field of astrophysics at the ua for more than 20 years before he died last week. human rights activist fang lizhi, who died last week at age 76, had been a professor in the university of arizona department of physics and an adjunct professor with the ua \u2019 s steward observatory for more than 20 years, where he made highly regarded contributions to astrophysics. fang was world renowned for his outspoken and active role in promoting human rights in his native china. considered an \u201c undesirable element \u201d by the chinese government, fang was dismissed from the chinese nuclear program and reassigned in 1958 to the university of science and technology of china, or ustc, which is regarded as china \u2019 s equivalent of the massachusetts institute of technology. full story : http : / / uanews. org / node / 46176 nasa \u2019 s 747 shuttle carrier aircraft ( sca ) with space shuttle discovery mounted atop will fly approximately 1, 500 feet above various parts of the washington, d. c. metropolitan area on tuesday, april 17. the flight, in cooperation with the federal aviation administration, is scheduled to occur between 10 and 11 a. m. edt. nasa television and the agency \u2019 s web site will provide live coverage. the exact route and timing of the flight depend on weather and operational constraints. however, the aircraft is expected to fly near a variety of landmarks in the metropolitan area, including the national mall, reagan national airport, national harbor and the smithsonian \u2019 s udvar - hazy center. when the flyover is complete, the sca will land at dulles international airport. one day in the fall of 2011, neil sheeley, a solar scientist at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5652795124635344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.636270"} {"text": "airport, national harbor and the smithsonian \u2019 s udvar - hazy center. when the flyover is complete, the sca will land at dulles international airport. one day in the fall of 2011, neil sheeley, a solar scientist at the naval research laboratory in washington, d. c., did what he always does \u2013 look through the daily images of the sun from nasa \u2019 s solar dynamics observatory ( sdo ). but on this day he saw something he \u2019 d never noticed before : a pattern of cells with bright centers and dark boundaries occurring in the sun \u2019 s atmosphere, the corona. these cells looked somewhat like a cell pattern that occurs on the sun \u2019 s surface \u2014 similar to the bubbles that rise to the top of boiling water \u2014 but it was a surprise to find this pattern higher up in the corona, which is normally dominated by bright loops and dark coronal holes. sheeley discussed the images with his naval research laboratory colleague harry warren, and together they set out to learn more about the cells. their search included observations from a fleet of nasa spacecraft called the heliophysics system observatory that provided separate viewpoints from different places around the sun. they describe the properties of these previously unreported solar features, dubbed \u201c coronal cells, \u201d in a paper published online in the astrophysical journal on march 20, 2012 that will appear in print on april 10. i just got this tweet. iss will be visible passing at your location - weather permitting - on april 11, 2012, 05 : 56 : 04 mut is it a good one? this time, the international space station will be flying over at 27 degrees. it will look like a very bright star ( magnitude - 2. 0 ). where to look? iss will come up in the north and will be heading for southeast. \u201c we \u2019 re thrilled, \u201d said lcogt scientific director tim brown, \u201c to have our first telescope in such a well - supported site, with superbly dark skies. \u201d the 1 - meter ( 40 - inch ) telescope will be used for both research and outreach to k - 12 schools. it is part of a large planned network of lcogt telescopes to be installed around the world, and the first of five ( two 1 - meter and three 0. 4 - meter ) and possibly more lcogt telescopes to be installed at mcdonald observatory over the next few years. the most recent spacecraft tracking and telemetry data were collected on april 4 using the deep space network \u2019 s 34 meterstation 15", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.520771559309646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.637224"} {"text": ". 4 - meter ) and possibly more lcogt telescopes to be installed at mcdonald observatory over the next few years. the most recent spacecraft tracking and telemetry data were collected on april 4 using the deep space network \u2019 s 34 meterstation 15 at goldstone, california. aside from the issues in work with the ultrastable oscillator ( see the jan. 5, 2012 significant events ) and the cosmic dust analyzer, the cassini spacecraft is in an excellent state of health and its subsystems are operating normally. information on the present position of the cassini spacecraft may be found on the \u201c present position \u201d page at : http : / / saturn. jpl. nasa. gov / mission / presentposition /. telemetry data from the targeted enceladus encounter e - 17 on march 27 were transmitted 1. 3 billion kilometers to earth on wednesday ; every bit was captured successfully by the deep space network. the ion and neutral mass spectrometer ( inms ) was able to discern variations in co2 density among the individual gas jets as the spacecraft dove through the enceladus south polar plume. the cassini plasma spectrometer ( caps ), which was recently powered back on, acquired excellent data in and near the plume, along with the cosmic dust analyzer ( cda ) and inms. a spectacular image of the south polar plume may be seen here, along with images of the icy moons janus, taken march 27, and dione, taken march 28 : http : / / saturn. jpl. nasa. gov / news / cassinifeatures / feature20120328 / engineers and astronomers are celebrating the much anticipated first light of the mosfire instrument, now installed on the keck i telescope at w. m. keck observatory. mosfire ( multi - object spectrometer for infra - red exploration ) will vastly increase the data gathering power of what is already the world \u2019 s most productive ground - based observatory. \u201c this is a near - infrared multi - object spectrograph, similar to our popular lris and deimos instruments, only at longer wavelengths, \u201d explained keck observatory observing support manager bob goodrich. \u201c the mosfire project team members at keck observatory, caltech, ucla, and uc santa cruz are to be congratulated, as are the observatory operations staff who worked hard to get mosfire integrated into the keck i telescope and infrastructure. a lot of people have put in long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5208706247904695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.638126"} {"text": "observatory, caltech, ucla, and uc santa cruz are to be congratulated, as are the observatory operations staff who worked hard to get mosfire integrated into the keck i telescope and infrastructure. a lot of people have put in long hours getting ready for this momentous first light. \u201d three of the six crew members living aboard the international space station will take questions from reporters during a news conference on wednesday, april 11, at 9 : 15 a. m. cdt. the conference will air live on nasa television and will be streamed on the agency \u2019 s website. the news conference will link up reporters with nasa expedition 30 commander dan burbank and flight engineers don pettit and european space agency astronaut andre kuipers. the crew members will discuss research they are conducting, the myriad of cargo delivery vehicles visiting the station \u2014 including spacex dragon, the first american commercial vehicle \u2014 and the return of burbank and cosmonauts anton shkaplerov and anatoly ivanishin in their soyuz spacecraft later this month. one of the world \u2019 s largest astronomy archives, containing a treasure trove of information about myriad stars, planets, and galaxies, has been named in honor of the united states senator from maryland barbara mikulski. called mast, for the barbara a. mikulski archive for space telescopes, the huge database contains astronomical observations from 16 nasa space astronomy missions, including the hubble space telescope. \u201c in celebration of sen. mikulski \u2019 s career - long achievements, and particularly this year, becoming the longest - serving woman in u. s. congressional history, we sought nasa \u2019 s permission to establish the senator \u2019 s permanent legacy to science by naming the optical and ultraviolet data archive housed here at the institute in her honor, \u201d said matt mountain, director of the space telescope science institute ( stsci ) in baltimore, md. stsci is the science operations center for hubble and its upcoming successor, the james webb space telescope.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46225803308045965, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.638889"} {"text": "cassiopeia - downloadable article several nearby galaxies join the milky way marvels that adorn this queen ' s realm. march 3, 2009 | this downloadable article is from an astronomy magazine 45 - article series called \" celestial portraits. \" the collection highlights all 88 constellations in the sky and explains how to observe each constellation ' s deep - sky targets. the articles feature star charts, stunning pictures, and constellation mythology. we ' ve put together 11 digital packages. each one contains four celestial portraits articles for you to purchase and download. | \" cassiopeia \" is one of four articles included in celestial portraits package 5. as the cold winds of january blow, few vistas seem so incongruous as the northwestern sky. there, slowly sinking from view in the early evening, hangs the summer constellation cygnus and its luminary deneb. if you raise your sight from cygnus two - thirds of the way to the zenith, you ' ll come to cassiopeia the queen, the standout constellation of the autumn and early winter milky way. five 2nd - and 3rd - magnitude stars make up the main body of cassiopeia. together these five form the unmistakable shape of the letter m or w \u2014 the correct letter depending on the time of night and time of year. although the milky way backdrop of cassiopeia lacks the impact of the summer star clouds, many fine clusters and nebulae call it home. and the relatively sparse milky way lets through the light of a few background galaxies. to read the complete article, purchase and download celestial portraits package 5. | deep - sky objects in cassiopeia | ngc 7635, m52 ( ngc 7654 ), ngc 7789, ngc 7790, ic 10, ngc 147, ngc 185, eta cassiopeiae, ngc 281 ( pac man nebula ), w cassiopeiae, ic 63, ngc 457, m103 ( ngc 581 ), ngc 654, ngc 663, stock 2, ngc 896, maffei i, ic 289", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46118661200740685, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.641022"} {"text": "trauma seems to be the new hot button issue for those who work in the child welfare system. so... what exactly is trauma? the definition that i received at the session on polyvictimization and child trauma at the national association of counsel for children ( nacc ) conference is as follows ( and note that this definition is geared toward children, but is more broadly applicable ) : - extraordinary experience that threatens the life or physical integrity of a child or of someone important to that child - this extraordinary experience causes overwhelming sense of terror, helplessness, and horror - this extraordinary experience produces intense physical effects. okay, but we all know that those who are involved in the child welfare system, whether they are parents or children, have experienced some truly awful things. why is trauma as a concept so important for us to consider and look for? a study called the adverse childhood experiences ( ace ) study found that childhood trauma results in a reduction of life expectancy of 19 years. this is a big deal. nineteen years can mean the difference between seeing your child graduate from college or get married, or meeting a grandchild. so how do we know whether the experiences are just a bad thing ( or a series of bad things ) that happened to a person, or whether they constitute a trauma, which the person may need assistance in dealing with? we look for symptoms, such as diagnoses of ptsd, odd, bipolar disorder, add, adhd, and conduct disorder. other symptoms besides diagnoses include avoidance, feeling numb or disengaged, hyperarousal or emotional / behavioral agitation, re - experiencing, feelings of powerlessness and helplessness, and feelings of hyper - vigilance. these types of symptoms may also be a clue that there is an underlying trauma, if you were not already aware of the trauma and were only aware of the diagnoses. once you are aware of the types of symptoms listed above, and that there may be trauma underlying those symptoms, it is key to conduct a trauma assessment, which is more in - depth and is different from a routine general mental health treatment. the person conducting a trauma assessment should be a mental health provider with training on trauma. the assessment is intended to determine whether the child ( or person ) needs trauma focused treatment. so why am i writing about trauma on a blog that is not necessarily geared toward other attorneys and professionals in the child welfare system ( although i certainly welcome them to read as well! )? because anyone can look for trauma and recognize some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5304615483111722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.645980"} {"text": "zimbabwe was once the \u201c breadbasket \u201d of africa : a country that produced so much food, it was used by the united nations as a source of food relief in the region. but today, it is one of the world \u2019 s poorest countries. despite some positive developments in recent years, many people remain in the grip of long - term poverty and starvation caused by a period of massive inflation and the destruction of the country \u2019 s agricultural sector. zimbabwe has one of the lowest life expectancies in the world, and christian leaders and congregations have been among the many victims of president mugabe \u2019 s ruinous oppression. the octogenarian president has been in power since the country became independent in 1980. a referendum on a new constitution that is intended as a step towards democratic reform is due to be held in march 2013. barnabas fund is supporting christians in zimbabwe in two ways : by providing food parcels to alleviate the hunger and starvation amongst christians and by supplying seeds and training local people how to farm their land in a more productive way, based on principles of christian discipleship. the feeding project provides monthly parcels of essentials to the neediest zimbabwean christians, including widows and orphans. the agricultural training project then assists people who used to receive food parcels to move on to becoming self - sufficient. because the farming methods it teaches are less labour - intensive than traditional ones, they are ideal for elderly widows or child - headed families as well as others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45370450510004123, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.647463"} {"text": "huffington post released an article today that looks at the impact of sewage overflow from superstorm sandy in new york and new jersey. the article points out how storm surge will result in overflow events and how rising sea levels will only exacerbate these events resulting in more severe discharges. the 11 billion gallons of untreated or partially treated sewage spilled due to storm surge in new york and new jersey must be seen as a warning for all coastal cities. we must consider this warning as we rebuild miami - dade \u2019 s sewage system. as sea levels rise storm surges will increase in intensity and frequency. miami - dade \u2019 s facilities must be built to withstand these storm surges to avoid the kind of spills seen in the northeast. \u201c princeton, n. j. - based climate central said that future sewage leaks are a major risk because rising sea levels can make coastal flooding more severe \u2026 the collective overflows \u2013 almost all in new york and new jersey and due to storm surges \u2013 would be enough to cover new york city \u2019 s central park with a pile of sewage 41 feet high, climate central said. \u201d read more here : sandy sewage report : 11 billion gallons of untreated or partially treated waste was released. www. huffingtonpost. org on april 9, 2013 biscayne bay waterkeeper, along with 131 other organizations, undersigned a letter to the united states senate urging them to oppose advancing the water resources development act of 2013 ( s. 601 ). this letter, put together by the water protection network, points out significant problems in this bill : \u201c particularly troubling are the streamlining provisions ( sections 2033 and 2032 ) which will force agency staff to make uninformed decisions, to rubber stamp unacceptable projects, and prioritize deadline compliance over effective review. they do this by : requiring the corps of engineers to carry out the shortest review possible ; establishing arbitrary and unreasonably short deadlines for the public and resource agencies to comment ; establishing arbitrary deadlines for resource agency decisions and recommendations ; allowing the corps to elevate multiple technical and substantive disagreements all the way to the president ; and directing the corps to impose multiple and ongoing fines on resource agencies that miss deadlines or disagree with the corps on issues fully within the expertise of the resource agencies. these provisions also could give the corps control over reviews that are clearly outside of its jurisdiction, including consultation under section 7 of the endangered species act, review under the fish and wildlife coordination act, and reviews under laws governing activities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.428832861667947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.657704"} {"text": "expertise of the resource agencies. these provisions also could give the corps control over reviews that are clearly outside of its jurisdiction, including consultation under section 7 of the endangered species act, review under the fish and wildlife coordination act, and reviews under laws governing activities in coastal areas and public lands. additionally, the bill threatens to exacerbate our nation \u2019 s fiscal deficits by rolling back long - established cost - sharing rules and expanding federal responsibilities into areas that have been the financial responsibility of non - federal project sponsors. if enacted as reported, the bill will result in overspending, overcapacity, and substantial and unnecessary damage to the nation \u2019 s major estuaries and harbors. title viii of the bill would immediately more than double spending on harbor maintenance without assurance of the cost - effectiveness or true need for the dredging. in addition, the title eliminates the current 50 percent non - federal cost share for maintaining deep draft harbors from 45 to 50 feet of depth, making these costs 100 percent federal responsibility. the provision also makes dredging and maintenance of all approach channels to berths along federal navigation channels and all upland confined disposal of contaminated dredged sediments a 100 percent federal responsibility, rather than the current 100 percent non - federal responsibility. no one has ever even estimated the costs of such an expansion. this would likely cause increases in dredging of contaminated areas that otherwise never would have been contemplated, increasing toxic releases into the nation \u2019 s bays and estuaries. we strongly urge rejection of this title as representing a major setback for the nation \u2019 s water policy that will be both environmentally - damaging and represents an improper shift of spending and water project responsibility to the taxpayers. \u201d for more information on the 2013 wrda see : http : / / www. waterprotectionnetwork. org / sitepages / downloads / wrda _ 2013 _ nwf _ memo _ epw _ committee _ 3 - 18 - 13 _ final. pdf it is difficult to consider ourselves surrounded by nature in miami, fl. in the city, on the interstate, or in the supermarket it is easy to think of ourselves removed from the nature of muir \u2019 s yosemite or thoreau \u2019 s walden pond. an essay called \u201c thirteen ways of seeing nature \u201d by jenny price, suggests that we reconsider how we think about nature in our city. she writes about nature in l. a., but her message applies to all cities. miami is confronted with a decrepit sewage system and the problems that this system is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4434202257078473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.659260"} {"text": "suggests that we reconsider how we think about nature in our city. she writes about nature in l. a., but her message applies to all cities. miami is confronted with a decrepit sewage system and the problems that this system is causing for the health of our environment. our connection to nature is real whether we recognize it or not. we must consider difficult questions like \u201c how are we connected to the nature around us? \u201d, \u201c how do we affect the health of the nature around us? \u201d, and \u201c how do we depend on the nature around us? \u201d. as we move into a future full of challenges like climate change these questions are going to become more and more important. i would encourage everyone to read this article by jenny price : as biscayne bay waterkeeper reflects on a successful clean - up this past week - end, it seems appropriate to consider another clean - up that happened two weeks ago. on sunday, march 3rd, sean bignami, was jogging on virginia key and came across an enormous pile of trash left over from the 9 mile music festival the night before. sean spoke with staff who where standing around the festival site who said they could not pick up the trash because the wind was blowing it around. sean took pictures and videos of the scene with his phone and posted them online along with a request that people join him the next day to help clean up the area. four graduate students joined sean the following morning and picked up enough trash to fill 25 garbage bags! sean was unable to get a satisfactory response from the festival supervisor or the miami parks department regarding accountability for this trash or penalties for the negligence on the part of the festival organizers. the systems in place that are designed to prevent the festival from leaving piles of trash failed, and it is unclear if the festival will be held accountable. regardless of this failure, the immediate response from concerned residents must be seen as a message to institutions who ignore the sanctity of our bay. biscayne bay is home to concerned stewards, like sean bignami, who will not stand quietly while polluters leave trash on our shores. biscayne bay waterkeeper wishes to celebrate the stewardship shown in this story. thank you sean, and all who came out to help clean up after the 9 mile festival left their trash to be blown into the bay! see the article miami newtimes blog posted about this story here : on sunday, march 17, 2013, biscayne bay waterkeeper and sierra club put on a clean - up at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47339275928052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.661142"} {"text": "mile festival left their trash to be blown into the bay! see the article miami newtimes blog posted about this story here : on sunday, march 17, 2013, biscayne bay waterkeeper and sierra club put on a clean - up at peacock park in the grove. volunteers paddled nearby waters and gathered a huge amount of trash. thank you to the stewards of biscayne bay who volunteered their time to put a dent in the amount of trash in our waters. thank you for a successful clean - up! there is plenty of trash to pick up in biscayne bay. join biscayne bay waterkeeper and the sierra club this sunday, march 17th, for a paddle clean up at peacock park in the grove ( 2820 mcfarland road, miami, fl 33133 ). the clean up will start at 9 am and end at 2 pm. we will launch next to the boardwalk. please bring your own gloves and trash bags. the sierra club has a limited number of canoes, so we are encouraging attendees to bring their own kayaks, canoes, or paddle boards. if you do not have a boat, please contact mark at sierra club to reserve a canoe. ( contact mark with any questions : email @ example. com / 305 632 7514 ) ( miami, february 28, 2013 ) - samples of beach water collected at dog beach on virginia key did not meet the recreational water quality standard for enterococci. by state regulation, the florida department of health is required to issue an advisory to inform the public in a specific area when this standard is not met. an advisory for dog beach on virginia key has been issued because two consecutive samples collected at the beach exceeded the federal and state recommended standard for enterococci ( greater than 104 colony forming units per 100ml for a single sample ). additional beach water samples at the dog beach on virginia key have been collected and further results are pending. the advisory issued recommends not swimming at this location at this time. the results of the sampling indicate that water contact may pose an increased risk of illness, particularly for susceptible individuals. the florida department of health in miami - dade county has been conducting marine beach water quality monitoring at 17 sites, including dog beach on virginia key, weekly since august 2002, through the florida healthy beaches program. the sampling sites are selected based on the frequency and intensity of recreational water use and the proximity to pollution sources. the water samples are being analyzed for enteric bacteria enterococci that normally inhabit the intestinal track of humans and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4380566983329627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.662076"} {"text": "florida healthy beaches program. the sampling sites are selected based on the frequency and intensity of recreational water use and the proximity to pollution sources. the water samples are being analyzed for enteric bacteria enterococci that normally inhabit the intestinal track of humans and animals, and which may cause human disease, infections, or illness. the prevalence of enteric bacteria is an indicator of fecal pollution, which may come from storm water run - off, wildlife, pets and human sewage. the purpose of the florida healthy beaches program is to determine whether florida has significant beach water quality concerns. for more information please visit the florida healthy beaches program website : http : / / www. doh. state. fl. us and select \u201c beach water quality \u201d, from the a - z topics list. we just posted the second edition of the paddle out guide. we are excited to be able to provide you with this updated material. keep this guide close to your kayak or canoe as an aid in your exploration of our beautiful biscayne bay. we have posted the guide below for your convenience, but you can always find the paddle out guide at bbwk. org / paddle - out. go out and enjoy our bay! thank you julie for speaking at the grassroots festival on behalf of bbwk thank you to everyone who came out to see biscayne bay waterkeeper ( bbwk ) speak at the sustainability fair this weekend at the grassroots festival! julie dick, a bbwk representative, spoke about our current projects and initiatives, helping connect the festival to some of the issues that face the bay that surrounded the event. bbwk was invited to speak alongside the center for biological diversity, surfrider miami, and the united states green building council florida chapter. we are honored to have shared the stage with such great organizations. thousands of people attended the festival, many of whom camped along the water. we are happy such a festive event took place amidst the beauty of our bay. virginia key and key biscayne are barrier islands which are, by their nature, exposed to the elements. on february 15, 2013 the village of key biscayne sent carlos gimenez, mayor of miami, a letter asking miami - dade county to take another look at the plans to improve the central wastewater treatment plant located on virginia key. key biscayne is concerned that the plans do not adequately consider the impacts of climate change, such as increased sea levels and stronger storm surges, and do not include funding for flood mitigation. considering virginia key is a barrier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4950886276523533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.663092"} {"text": "virginia key. key biscayne is concerned that the plans do not adequately consider the impacts of climate change, such as increased sea levels and stronger storm surges, and do not include funding for flood mitigation. considering virginia key is a barrier island, and therefor more vulnerable to weather and flooding, makes these oversights in planning for a wastewater treatment plant on this key particularly alarming. key biscayne supports the county \u2019 s immediate plans to address clean water act outflow violations, deteriorated conditions at the virginia key facility, and of sewer lines identified as being at risk of rupturing, including the 54 inch under - bay line from miami beach to fisher island to virginia key. at the same time, the village of key biscayne, situated just south of virginia key, is relying on the county to protect their natural environment. as long as infrastructure improvement plans do not address these long - term issues the residents of the adjacent island community of key biscayne will be understandably concerned for their quality of life. key biscayne is already plagued by foul odors from the central wastewater facility and occasional sewage spills. community voices like key biscayne, calling for better sewage infrastructure, are the impetus for biscayne bay waterkeeper \u2019 s legal initiatives for this issue. if the county will not address the concerns of local residential and business communities, or the needs of our fragile natural resources, then legal action may be the only way we can ensure that the county properly address these issues.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4469677175650157, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.663687"} {"text": "benefits of acidophilus benefits of acidophilus lactobacillus acidophilus is a bacterium that is fermenting sugars into lactic acid, which is used for manufacturing of many probiotic dairy products. probiotic is generally understood to be food that is aiding in digestive problems, but in scientific terms it means that there are some microorganisms, like in this case the bacterium, which existence in the host organism promotes health. probiotic in literal translation means pro - life. currently several other bacteria are included in the acidophilus term, most popularly lactobacillus casei and lactobacillus bulgaricus, which is being used in production of yogurt together with streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermophilus, as well as several bifidobacterium species. 1. acidophilus improves gastrointestinal function acidophilus bacteria are very favorable to the intestinal flora and instigate the natural bacterial life within the whole gastrointestinal tract. this leads to improved digestion and to relief from any constipation and similar problems. particularly the elderly seem to have problems with regular bowel movements, in such cases acidophilus milk and probiotic dairy products are recommended in order to regain proper digestion. 2. acidophilus can boost the human immune system probiotics, also called lactic acid bacteria, are apparently promoting the production of immunoglobulin a, an antibody found in mucous secretions. other promotional activities in regards to the immune function have also been noted, like elevated phagocytosis, and a raised proportion of the natural killer cells a\u20ac \u201c belonging to the group of cytotoxic lymphocytes a\u20ac \u201c and the white blood cells called t lymphocytes. pathogens can be inhibited in their growth through a process called competitive inhibition. 3. acidophilus can lower the blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels in laboratory studies dairy products containing lactic acid bacteria were linked to lowered levels of overall and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. other studies have shown that peptides that are produced during the fermentation process of dairy products with lactic acid bacteria mimic the properties of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, which result in humans as slightly blood pressure lowering. 4. anti - inflammatory properties of acidophilus while it is not really clear why probiotics can reduce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44082682743245344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.666495"} {"text": "how to reduce diode detector weak signal insertion - power - loss to less than that possible when the input is impedance matched by ben h. tongue quick summary : diode detector insertion power loss can be reduced below the value achieved under impedance matched conditions provided it is operating below its lslc point. the optimal conditions are : ( 1 ) the output audio load resistance equals twice the rf source resistance. ( 2 ) the saturation current and ideality factor of the diode are such that the very - low - signal output resistance of the detector ( axis - crossing resistance, aka rd, of the diode ) equals the output load resistance. these conditions insure an impedance match at the audio output and a 1 : 2 mismatch at the rf input ( source resistance = half the rf input resistance of the diode ). please bear in mind that the lslc point is a point on a graph of output dc power vs input rf power of a diode detector system. it is not a point on a graph of dc current vs voltage of a diode. info on the lslc point is available in article # 15a. it has usually been assumed by myself and others that power loss in a two port device ( here, a crystal set ) is minimized when its input and output ports are impedance matched. this article will show that this is not true in the case of a diode detector operating at a signal power level well below that of its region of essentially linear operation. it is true, however, when a strong signal ( well above the lslc point ) is being received. in the linear region, audio output power is proportional to rf input power. that is, for every db of change in input power there will be one db change of output power. in the lower power region, called the ' square law ' region, a change of one db in input power results in a two db change in output power. see article # 15a, figs. 2 and 3 for info on the lslc point of a diode detector. definition of terms : rd : resistance of a diode at its axis crossing. rd = 0. 0257 * n / is at 25 degrees celsius it has been asserted in these articles that the rf input and audio output resistances, ri and ro, of a diode detector, approach the same value and equal 0. 0257 * n / is = rd ohms at room temperature when the input signal strength is low enough.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5148749573798486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.672961"} {"text": "that the rf input and audio output resistances, ri and ro, of a diode detector, approach the same value and equal 0. 0257 * n / is = rd ohms at room temperature when the input signal strength is low enough. see article # 0, part 4, article 4, part 2 and article 16 for information on is and n, and ways of measuring them. fig. 1 represents a conventional diode detector. the tank circuit t is shown with no internal loss. a real world tank will have loss that can be represented by a shunt resistor connected across it. for convenience of analysis it is assumed that this loss resistance is absorbed into the source v1, r1 ( for a more complete explanation, see article # 1, first paragraph after the third schematic. ). assume that the impedance of the source ( antenna ) and load ( headphone ) are transformed to equal values ( r1 = r2 ) and select a diode that has an rd equal to them. this will result in a reasonable impedance match at both the input and output if the signal power level places operation below + 10 db of the linear - to - square law crossover point. little of the input power directed towards the detector will be reflected back to the source and most all of the output power from the detector will be absorbed in the load, r2. if the diode detector were a linear device with linear input and output resistances, this impedance - matched condition would result in the least detector power loss ( greatest sensitivity ) obtainable. it would seem clear that the crystal set detector could not be made more sensitive. actually, not so! very weak signal sensitivity can be improved by about 2 db by appropriate mismatching at the input. this provides a rather hard - to - hear increase in volume, but every little bit helps. in the impedance matched condition discussed so far, r1 = ri = rd and r2 = ro. simple math shows that the detector input voltage vi will equal one half the internal source voltage v1. if we create an impedance mismatch between the source resistance r1 and the detector input resistance ri by replacing the diode d with a different one having 1 / 2 the saturation current, vi will increase. the reason is that the detector input resistance ri is now twice r1. the voltage divider made up of r1 and ri will reduce vi to only two thirds of v1, making the new value of vi = 4 / 3 the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5606323932509788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.674704"} {"text": "increase. the reason is that the detector input resistance ri is now twice r1. the voltage divider made up of r1 and ri will reduce vi to only two thirds of v1, making the new value of vi = 4 / 3 the old value. since the detector is operating in square law mode, the internal source voltage in the detector that drives its output terminals will be ( 4 / 3 ) ^ 2 = 1. 77... times as much as before. this higher voltage will be divided down by the voltage divider action of the now twice - as - large diode output resistance and r2 to give an output voltage 1. 185 as large as before. this equates to an output power 1. 476 db greater than in the original impedance theoretical calculation and spice simulation show that that in a crystal set having equal values for r1 and r2, the diode parameters that give to lowest insertion power loss at low signal power levels fits the equation : r1 = r2 = 2 * ( 0. 0257 * n / is ) at room temperature. now let us look at the effect on ri and insertion power loss if ri does not match r1. look at fig. 2. look at fig. 3. at the - 95 dbw end of the graph, one can see that changing is from 38 to 19 na, and keeping r1 and r2 at at 700k ohms reduced the detector insertion power loss by about 1. 5 db ( series 1 to series 2 ). this comes from the increased voltage, vi, at the detector input. raising the output load resistance from 700k to 1400k ohms reduces the mismatch loss at the output to approximate. zero and reduces the overall insertion power loss by another approximate. 0. 5 db for a total improvement of 2. 0 db at low input power levels ( series 3 ). the detector insertion power loss at the - 50 dbw input level is is also reduced by 0. 5 db because of the elimination of the output impedance mismatch. practically speaking, what does all this mean? mainly, improved theoretical understanding of diode detectors. ( see last bullet point ) # 28 originally published as article # 15 in feb. 2001 ; later withdrawn. republished as article # 28 : 03 / 04 / 05", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.54160336376065, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.678499"} {"text": "i wonder if it was because we were african american that we didn ' t celebrate. maybe my folks felt like frederick douglass. \" what to the american slave is your fourth of july? i answer, a day that reveals to him more than all other days of the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. to him your celebration is a sham ; your boasted liberty an unholy license ; your national greatness, swelling vanity ; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless ; your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mock ; your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanksgivings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are to him mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy - a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. there is not a nation of the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of these united states at this very hour. \" frederick douglass - july 4, 1852 maybe it was because we were southerners. i am a mississippian. \" in the final days of the siege, the people of vicksburg ate rats, cane shoots and bark. for 47 days gen. ulysses s. grant ringed the city with 75, 000 union troops. cannon balls crashed in ; the sound of musketry seldom died. finally the city surrendered. the date was july 4, 1863. after that, for the people of vicksburg, the fourth of july was never a day to be celebrated. national holiday or no, banks and stores stayed open in vicksburg. firecrackers never popped, skyrockets never tore the night sky. \" time magazine july 09 1945 maybe it was because the 4th was another summer day ; glorious, free from school, fun filled day of your own making. it was just another day to be happy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.38539304220452086, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.681228"} {"text": "the region \u2019 s exceptional, unique natural qualities are created by the river and the meeting of northern and southern flora and fauna. the natural boundary to northern sweden \u2013 limes norrlandicus \u2013 marks the end of the central european deciduous forests and the beginning of the mighty coniferous forests of norrland. no other area in scandinavia has such a variety of vertebrates ( mammals, birds and fish ). sometimes the river crosses boulder ridges, creating long, narrow necks of land and islands, often with inviting sandy beaches. this means great bathing sites all along the river and coast. much of the countryside is protected in nature reserves and by other regulations, or by efforts by the landowners. it \u2019 s no coincidence that a central part of the region is a national park. the nedre dalalven region boasts a rich array of bird life. the region \u2019 s symbol is the osprey, which is more common here than anywhere else in europe. the white - tailed eagle nests in many places and is a common sight over the wide bays of the river. the region is famous for its owls and woodpeckers. all eight species of woodpeckers in sweden are found here. spring is the best time of year for birds ; the river is a stopping place for migratory birds as well as local varieties. thousands of whooper swans, cranes, geese and other species create a symphony of nature. nedre dalalven offers 200 km of exciting fishing in giant bays with innumerable islands, separated by rapids. it also has many small lakes in the surrounding forests. the region offers richly varied fishing \u2013 30 different species. the rivers are full of grayling and trout, and the bays and lakes are best for giant pike, perch and pike - perch. alvkarleby, just before the river reaches the sea, is one of europe \u2019 s best fishing spots for brown trout and salmon. many have discovered that nedre dalalven is probably sweden \u2019 s most complete fishing area. but despite this popularity, there is plenty of space for people who want to meet nature mode one - on - one. the first people after the ice age, the region that is now nedre dalalven was covered by a bay of the litorina sea. as the land rose out of the sea, the region became attractive to humans. archaeologists have found greenstone axes dating back to 4000 bc, the early stone age. in fact, as many have been found here as have been found in the rest of gastrikland", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3913413240050693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.686524"} {"text": "out of the sea, the region became attractive to humans. archaeologists have found greenstone axes dating back to 4000 bc, the early stone age. in fact, as many have been found here as have been found in the rest of gastrikland, dalarna, vastmanland and uppland provinces together. when the sea retreated even more, we see traces of the late stone age culture. in the bronze and late iron age, 1500 bc \u2013 500 ad, the people in the region made the transition from hunter - gatherers to farmers. the many red - painted farming villages in the area sometimes date back a thousand years or more. in the latter middle ages, mining became important to many farmers in the area. the agricultural landscapes in the area are significant to cultural historians, because the open community still has its ancient spread. in the 17th century, major changes occurred, as german, hungarians, wallon and other immigrant peoples began opening works, which came to be a typical characteristic of the region. many of the works are still well preserved, with the central manor surrounded by plastered or red - painted smiths \u2019 houses and slag - brick utility buildings. some of the works towns grew into larger communities, with populations of up to 2, 000. some even reached city status \u2013 avesta in 1641 and sater in 1642. even older is the mediaeval trading town of hedemora, which became a city back in 1446. the cities feature inviting, interesting environments from the olden days. now you have a general idea of the countryside and history of nedre dalalven. you can read more on this site, but the best way is to come see for yourself!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3966846042252744, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.687275"} {"text": "september 21, 2009 homeopathy and religion homeopathic treatment is based on the belief that if something making you ill, then a highly diluted solution of that same thing will act as a cure. it was introduced in 1796 by a german physician named samuel hahnemann who claimed it illustrated the workings of the ' principle of similars ' or ' like cures like '. this counterintuitive notion may have sounded plausible in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and even now may sound plausible to those who know that vaccines consist of building antibodies to a disease by introducing into the body small quantities of the same or related organisms, the levels of dilution used were quantified by hahnemann by something called the \" c scale \" which meant diluting by a factor of 100. so 1c dilution meant diluting by 100, 2c meant diluting by 100x100 = 104 = 10, 000, 3c meant diluting by 100x100x100 = 106 = 1, 000, 000, and so on. the substances are diluted in a stepwise fashion and shaken vigorously between each dilution. a key feature of homeopathic belief is the \" principle of dilutions \" or the \" law of minimum dose \" which states that \" the lower the dose of the medication, the greater its effectiveness. \" so a 7c solution is supposedly more effective ( i. e., \" stronger \" ) than a 6c solution, even though it is 100 times more dilute. the development of the atomic theory of matter in the 19th century pretty much destroyed the scientific credibility of homeopathy. according to modern science, one mole of any substance contains 6. 022x1023 molecules or atoms of that substance. this number is called avogadro ' s number. so for example, the element sodium has an atomic weight of 23, which means that 23 grams of sodium contains 6. 022x1023 atoms. so if you took one mole of sodium ( = 23 gram ) and diluted it to 12c ( i. e., by a factor of 1024 ), you would have just about a single atom of sodium in it. if you go to even higher dilutions then the chance of having even a single atom of the original substance becomes vanishingly small. since hahnemann advocated dilutions of 30c, what he was giving his patients was water. of course, the idea of the atomic theory of matter and avogadro ' s number was only coming to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5763118160846282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.694677"} {"text": "the original substance becomes vanishingly small. since hahnemann advocated dilutions of 30c, what he was giving his patients was water. of course, the idea of the atomic theory of matter and avogadro ' s number was only coming to the fore in the early 19th century so hahnemann could not know this. but homeopathic treatments and practitioners are still around. how can people still believe in homeopathy now since we know that there is no active ingredient remaining and people are merely taking in water? this is where the parallel to religion comes into play. both began in times when science was more primitive and the explanations offered by homeopathy / religion seemed plausible, or at least no worse than the competing explanations. but as science advanced and showed that the original explanations were untenable and better ones existed, people became split. some accepted science and rejected homeopathy / religion. others wanted to continue believing and so made up ad hoc theories to enable them to continue belief. what homeopathy devotees did was find new reasons for believing, arguing that the shaking that occurred during the process of dilution ( which they refer to as \" potentization \" ) transmits \" some form of information or energy from the original substance to the final diluted remedy. most homeopathic remedies are so dilute that no molecules of the healing substance remain ; however, in homeopathy, it is believed that the substance has left its imprint or \" essence, \" which stimulates the body to heal itself ( this theory is called the \" memory of water \" ). \" but there is no evidence that water, a very much studied and well - understood substance, can carry with it any such memory. similarly, as science increasingly exposes the inadequacy of religious explanations for phenomena, religions invented theology with its own convoluted reasoning, trying to find ways to retain belief in god. it has ended up being forced to postulate a slacker god. modern theological language is similar to that of modern homeopathy, making stuff up as they go along, introducing vocabulary and modes of operation that are so vague, elusive, and tenuous that they defy any systematic investigation, all in order to continue believing in something that has ceased to have any credibility. post script : woo the term ' woo ' or ' woo - woo ' refers to \" ideas considered irrational or based on extremely flimsy evidence or that appeal to mysterious occult forces or powers. \" that mitchell and webb look pokes fun at homeopa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5760427234908604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.695783"} {"text": "americans all over the world will celebrate thanksgiving ( or as some say \u201c turkey day \u201d ) next thursday, november 22, 2012. the thanksgiving holiday is a day full of family traditions. family and friends spend the day watching football games while children look forward to watching a charlie brown thanksgiving and seeing the giant balloons and live entertainment of the macy \u2019 s thanksgiving day parade in new york city. did you know that thanksgiving is the biggest day for food consumption in the united states? households spend hours preparing feasts consisting of turkey, stuffing, corn, squash, green - bean casserole ( one of my favorites ), cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie. for most people, thanksgiving is a day that over eating is allowed. words like \u201c seconds, \u201d \u201c thirds, \u201d and \u201c leftovers \u201d are quite common at the dinner table. while these traditions have been carried out for years, it \u2019 s important to focus not just on the commercialized holiday but understand how thanksgiving came to be. as marcie said in a charlie brown thanksgiving, \u201c thanksgiving is more than eating, chuck. you heard what linus was saying out there. those early pilgrims were thankful for what had happened to them, and we should be thankful, too. we should just be thankful for being together. i think that \u2019 s what they mean by \u2018 thanksgiving, \u2019 charlie brown. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45611862248222074, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.697508"} {"text": "are your bones weak? do you know someone older who accidentally bumped their arm and ended up needing a sling? this type of injury could have been caused by osteoporosis. ten million americans have osteoporosis, and 34 million more have low bone mass. osteoporosis means your bones have lost density or mass. as your bones become less dense, they become weaker. people can \u2019 t feel their bones getting weaker. so, you may not know that you have osteoporosis until you break a bone. a person with osteoporosis can fracture a bone from a minor fall, or in serious cases, from a simple action such as a sneeze. while people of all ages and backgrounds can develop osteoporosis, you \u2019 re at higher risk if you \u2019 re : - older than 50 - small in body size - eat a diet low in calcium - not physically active - a post - menopausal woman medicare can help you prevent or detect osteoporosis at an early stage, when treatment works best. talk to your doctor about getting a bone mass measurement \u2013 it may be free. also, take steps to keep your bones healthy. get the calcium and vitamin d you need every day, and do regular weight - bearing and muscle - strengthening exercises. may is national osteoporosis awareness and prevention month \u2014 learn more about what puts you at risk for osteoporosis and how to prevent or treat it at the national osteoporosis foundation or the centers for disease control. also, watch our short youtube video about medicare \u2019 s efforts to curb osteoporosis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46803996379976165, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.699090"} {"text": "chore : the word itself sounds like a downer, but teaching your children about responsibility and good behavior is one of the most important lessons they will learn growing up. however, as we \u2019 re celebrating in personality week, every child is unique \u2013 with different attitudes, preferences, and abilities. so, how do you create a chore chart that is tailored specifically for your child, to help her develop in the ways she needs most? the key is working with your child to create a chore chart with her input. a generic chore chart may not motivate as well as one that \u2019 s been tailored specifically for your child, so here are four ways to get her involved in the chore chart - creation process : 1 ) identify current daily chores. using a piece of paper, ask your child to either draw or write what she sees as her current chores or responsibilities. after your child is finished, have a discussion explaining which chores she thinks she excels in, and which she feels she could do better. let your child drive this conversation as a way to encourage self - awareness. 2 ) make a behavior list. ask your child to draw a line down the middle of a piece of paper and write two lists of behaviors : with one side being good behavior ( i. e. being kind ), and the other side a list of not - so - good behaviors ( i. e. teasing ). again, this is a very specific and personal conversation between you and your child. once the list is complete, ask your child to circle which behaviors she feels most challenged with ( or wants to improve in ), and add those to your chore chart. 3 ) select a few chores to start in the near future. after you have made a list of current chores and behaviors your child will focus on, ask her to identify a few activities that can be goals for the future. for example, your child may currently set the table for dinner, and has added that to her responsibility chart. the logical next step may be to work on a goal that teaches her to do the dishes ( or load the dishwasher ). one way to reach this goal would be to work on a \u201c chore upgrade \u201d \u2013 after a few weeks of solid performance in setting the table, \u201c upgrade \u201d to the next \u201c level \u201d of chore ( you may want to consider accompanying this upgrade with a reward ). 4 ) choose rewards that mean something special to your child. to make rewards sustainable ( both logistically and financially ) consider choosing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4403646762113491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.701701"} {"text": "i bet you can \u2019 t name one student over the age of 18 that doesn \u2019 t own a highlighter \u2026 that \u2019 s because highlighting is often an important part of note taking, reading and studying - especially in college! college students are inundated with information overload and use highlighters daily as a tool to cut through the clutter to help them clarify, organize, and synthesize subject matter. highlighting helps to cut down the excess so that students can more easily focus on the main concepts that are important to them and study more effectively and efficiently. highlighting correctly can be very helpful for students, however it can often be a distraction when done incorrectly. have you ever looked back through your textbook after reading a chapter only to find either, a ) you had so perfectly colored every page a bright neon hue that your kindergarten - self would be jealous? or b ) you retained ab - so - lute - ly nothing? if you answered yes to either ( most likely both ), you are a victim of \u201c over - highlighting \u201d!! \u201c over - highlighting \u201d is a common problem while reading \u2013 take a look at your friend \u2019 s notebook or textbook next time you \u2019 re at the library \u2013 i promise you \u2019 ll see entirely too much highlighting. to keep this time - waster from happening you \u2019 ve got to stay focused and refrain from getting caught up in mindlessly \u201c coloring \u201d the page. try applying some of these tips on highlighting text effectively from cliffnotes. com : - focus on the main point \u2013 and that may not be the entire sentence. it \u2019 s perfectly okay to highlight only key terms or parts of sentences. in fact, you may get a better sense of the main idea of a paragraph if you highlight a string of words ( excluding extraneous information ) that lets you glean the main idea at a glance. - consider reading the entire paragraph, and then going back and highlighting the important words and ideas. if you highlight from the start, you may not be sure of the paragraph \u2019 s purpose and how to best capture that purpose or idea with your highlighter. - if you buy a used textbook or other reading material, look for one with little or no highlighting. it \u2019 s hard to ignore the previous owner \u2019 s highlighting. in addition to highlighting, consider jotting notes in the margins, next to passages. now, don \u2019 t be a victim, highlight effectively and efficiently. above all else, highlight so that you get an a on the test! sharpie highlighters are the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45347745707763343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.704848"} {"text": "it would cost you a minimum of $ 37, 000 to enroll for a year at one of the top 10 schools in the united states, according to the u. s. news & world report. however, anyone with a computer will now be able to take courses from half of those schools \u2026 for free. at tedglobal 2012, stanford university professor daphne koller introduced us to coursera. org, an effort to bring rigorous college courses online to anyone who wants them. at the time, coursera offered classes from princeton university, the university of michigan, stanford university and the university of pennsylvania. however, today, coursera announced partnerships with seven more top colleges in the united states : california institute of technology, duke university, georgia tech, the university of virginia, johns hopkins bloomberg school of public health, rice university, the university of california san francisco, the university of washington, and the university of illinois urbana - champaign. at the same time, caltech and the university of pennsylvania have extended a combined $ 3. 7 million investment in the site. and three international schools \u2014 the university of edinburgh, the university of toronto and ecole polytechnique federale de lausanne \u2014 have also signed agreements with coursera. when koller spoke at tedglobal in late june, coursera \u2019 s stats read as such : 680, 000 students from 190 countries viewing 14 million videos and taking 6 million quizzes in 1. 6 million course enrollments across 43 courses. however, with this new infusion, coursera will now be offering about 111 classes. each class \u2014 and topics range from \u201c bioelectricity : a quantitative approach \u201d to \u201c fantasy and science fiction : the human mind, our modern world \u201d \u2014 has a definitive start date, and includes comprehension testing. in her tedtalk, koller explained that coursera was created after her stanford colleague andrew ng offered a machine learning class online for free and had about 100, 000 people enroll. but the benefits of the site go beyond offering great classes to anyone interested. by collecting every click, homework submission, quiz and forum note from tens of thousands of students, coursera is a data mine that offers a new way to study learning. \u201c we can transform the study of human learning from hypothesis - driven to data - driven mode, \u201d koller explained.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43442003578153465, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.707217"} {"text": "how do you divide water lilies? cindy \u2013 galesburg, il dividing lilies may seem somewhat complicated, but our step - by - step process will explain exactly what you need to do. try to plan it so you divide them during your spring cleanout, which would give easy access to tubers. dividing is necessary every two to three years, and it is helpful if you notice the lily grew mostly pads and few lilies over the past season. step 1 : remove lilies from pond or container and rinse off. plant baskets are ideal containers until they are ready to be moved to the pond. step 2 : trim away root growth and old foliage. step 3 : cut the tuber down to size. you can safely cut the tuber down between two to three inches on the growing part with a sharp knife. this can be increased to five to six inches on longer plants. remember to also cut off new buds and older leaves, so that the new root system has a chance to grow. step 4 : plant each tuber separately or discard if you wish to reduce the lilies \u2019 quantity in your pond. use plant fertilizer and planting media for best results and a continuing healthy pond. step 5 : replant them shallow in the pond until new growth begins. step 6 : upon new growth lilies can be moved deeper into the pond.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3539796333011994, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.708963"} {"text": ": : the horror of the cross in the ancient world : : with few exceptions, even the most skeptical scholars admit that jesus was crucified \u2014 and with good reason. not only christian authors but also the roman historian tacitus mention the crucifixion of jesus. it ' s highly unlikely that first - century christians would have fabricated such a shameful fate for the founder of their faith. in the first century a. d., crucifixion represented the darkest possible path to death. it is almost impossible for contemporary people to comprehend the full obscenity of crucifixion in the ancient world. beginning as early as the third century b. c., the very word \" crucify \" was a vulgarism that did not pass freely between the lips of cultured people. in one ancient document, a roman prostitute hurled this insult \u2014 perhaps the lewdest curse in her vocabulary \u2014 at an uncouth patron : \" go get yourself crucified! \" the roman philosopher seneca described what he witnessed at a crucifixion with these words : \" i see the stakes there \u2014 not of one kind but of many. some victims are placed head down ; some have spikes driven through their genitals ; others have their arms stretched out on the gibbet. \" that ' s why first - and second - century romans referred to the christians ' worship of a crucified god as \" foolishness, \" \" insanity, \" and \" idiocy. \" one of the earliest graphical depictions of such worship is a scrap of late second - century graffiti, uncovered near rome in a palace where slaves trained to serve the imperial family. in this graffito, a man with the head of an ass dangles naked from a cross. at the foot of the cross, someone kneels, surrounded by these rough - scrawled words : alexamenos sebete theon. \" alexamenos worships god. \" someone \u2014 perhaps a servant training to serve caesar himself \u2014 was ridiculing a young man named alexamenos because alexamenos had embraced a new religion, a faith centered around a deity who suffered the punishment for humanity ' s sin on a cross. ( see image above. an interesting sidenote on the alexamenos graffito : evidently, the spelling skills of graffiti artists have not improved over the centuries ; the third - person singular of sebomai should be sebetai not sebete. ) : : what happened", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42135929569706254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.721964"} {"text": "\" the epitaph of a second - century murder victim includes this haunting clause : \" my murderer was suspended from a tree, while still alive, for the benefit of beasts and birds. \" the critics have a bone that could support their argument too \u2014 a heelbone with a spike in it, to be exact. over the span of four centuries, the romans crucified tens of thousands of murderers, revolutionaries, and persons who happened to be trapped on the wrong side of the political tides. yet the only fragment that has been found from these thousands of cadavers is one single heelbone, still pierced by a spike. according to the inscription on the side of this man ' s ossuary, the man ' s name was john ; he was jewish. and why have the remains from only one crucified body survived? well, according to some skeptics like john dominic crossan, it ' s because, in nearly all cases, weather and wild creatures dealt with the corpses of the crucified. crossan declares, we have found only one body from all the thousands crucified around jerusalem in that single century. i keep thinking of all those other thousands of jews crucified around jerusalem in that terrible first century from among whom we have found only one skeleton and one nail.... i think i know what happened to their bodies, and i have no reason to think jesus ' body did not join them. so, according to this band of critics, the body of jesus was never buried. instead, his flesh became carrion for wild beasts. and what of the resurrection? from crossan ' s perspective, the resurrection was mere fiction - - - nothing more than a hallucination that emerged from the disciples ' deep - seated hopes and dreams that they might see jesus again. if such critics have rightly reconstructed history, good friday was not good, and resurrection sunday was no triumph. jesus died, his corpse remained on the cross, and the resurrection was nothing more than a series of hallucinations and fabrications. so what really happened to the body of jesus? is there any historical foundation for believing that the body of jesus was entombed in the way that the new testament gospels claim? or could it be that crossan and other critics are correct? i am convinced that the historical evidences provide little support for crossan ' s contention that the corpse of jesus became carrion for dogs and birds. in fact, in the context of jerusalem around a. d. 30, the best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4306180214595329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.723931"} {"text": "are correct? i am convinced that the historical evidences provide little support for crossan ' s contention that the corpse of jesus became carrion for dogs and birds. in fact, in the context of jerusalem around a. d. 30, the best available evidence points in the precise opposite direction. even if you disagree with me, please at least take a look with me at both sides of the evidence for the burial of jesus ' crucified body. : : the religious leaders would have wanted the body of jesus buried : : in most areas of the roman empire, crucified bodies did become pickings for vultures and dogs \u2014 that much is certain. but not always, and not everywhere. in judea \u2014 and especially around jerusalem \u2014 there was a law that, from the perspective of the jewish people, came from a higher source than caesar. in this law, god commanded the israelites : \" if someone commits a capital crime for which he is executed and if you hang him on a tree, his body shall not remain all night upon the tree. you shall bury him the same day, for anyone hanged from a tree is condemned by god. you shall not defile your land that the lord your god is giving you as an inheritance \" ( deuteronomy 21 : 22 - 23 ; see also ezekiel 39 : 14 - 16 ). the temple scroll from the dead sea scrolls at qumran testifies to how seriously jews took this command even during the times of exile and occupation : \" you shall not allow bodies to remain on a tree overnight ; most assuredly, you shall bury them, even on the very day of their death. \" the jewish book of tobit \u2014 an entertaining little text, penned in the time - period that stands between the old and new testaments \u2014 identifies the burial of abandoned corpses as an act of supreme piety. near the end of the first century a. d., the jewish historian josephus contrasted the jewish perspective on crucified bodies to typical roman practices. according to josephus, \" jews are conscientious about their burial practices \u2014 so much so that even criminals sentenced to crucifixion are removed and buried before the sun sets! \" in another writing, josephus stated, \" [ jews ] must furnish fire, water, and food to anyone who asks, giving directions to the right road, never leaving a corpse unburied. \" later rabbis echoed this concern for the deceased. according to the rabbis, although the bodies of criminals might not immediately", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4077968806437742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.724982"} {"text": "native practices of occupied nations. that ' s why, when crushing the jewish independence movement in a. d. 70, the romans crucified thousands of jews and left the corpses to rot on their crosses. but jesus wasn ' t crucified in a time of war. he was, in fact, crucified during a relatively peaceful period in the history of judea. and, in times of relative peace, romans consistently respected the laws of occupied nations. \" the romans, \" josephus contended, \" do not require... their subjects to violate their national laws. \" as part of this pattern of toleration for local peculiarities, pontius pilate would have granted the body of a deceased jew to his own people \u2014 even if roman law didn ' t demand it. after all, hadn ' t herod antipas given the body of john the baptist to his disciples after he beheaded the popular prophet? during a potentially volatile religious festival, pilate would have had an even greater reason to respect local customs. pilate ' s desperate determination to maintain peace during the passover would probably have persuaded the governor to hand over the body of jesus for burial. but such concessions weren ' t just roman practice. they were roman law. here ' s what pandectae \u2014 a summary of the roman legal code \u2014 declared about the bodies of crucified criminals : the bodies of those who are condemned to death should not be refused their relatives ; and [ caesar ] augustus the divine, in the tenth book of his vita, said that this rule had been observed. at present, the bodies of those who have been punished are only buried when this has been requested and permission granted ; and sometimes it is not permitted, especially where persons have been convicted of high treason.... the bodies of persons who have been punished should be given to whoever requests them for the purpose of burial. this fits perfectly with the description in the new testament gospels. roman law required pilate to provide the body of jesus \" to whoever \" requested it \" for the purpose of burial. \" when joseph of arimathea requested the body of jesus, pilate verified that jesus was dead \u2014 he had already dealt with jesus once, and he didn ' t want to deal with him again if he wasn ' t quite dead and his followers somehow resuscitated him. once a centurion confirmed that jesus was dead, pilate granted joseph ' s request. \" roman legal practice, \" gerd ludemann claims in the book", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4148020703585039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.728984"} {"text": "he wasn ' t quite dead and his followers somehow resuscitated him. once a centurion confirmed that jesus was dead, pilate granted joseph ' s request. \" roman legal practice, \" gerd ludemann claims in the book what really happened? : a historical approach to the resurrection, \" provided for someone who died on the cross to rot there or be consumed by vultures, jackals or other animals. \" despite the confident title of ludemann ' s text, this was not \" what really happened \" ; roman legal practice explicitly provided for the precise opposite of this claim. other than mass crucifixions during times of war or revolt, it was only when a roman citizen was executed for high treason that burial was forbidden \u2014 a category that the crucifixion of jesus certainly didn ' t fit. jesus of nazareth was not a roman citizen ; his execution occurred not because he has conspired against caesar but because because it was claimed that he had asserted kingship over the jewish people, an act that could ( at least from the romans ' perspective ) result in a revolt. : : why were so many bodies left on the crosses? : : so, why \u2014 if families could request an executed corpse \u2014 does roman literature include so many references to the consumption of crucified corpses by birds and beasts? and why has only a single heelbone from one crucified man ever been found? don ' t forget this crucial fact : crucifixion constituted the supreme dishonor in the ancient world. the very word \" crucify \" remained unmentioned in polite company. among romans, suicide was to be preferred above a cross. as such, beyond the borders of the jewish provinces, it would have been highly unusual for a family to reclaim the corpse of their crucified kin ; families would have disowned this person because of the shame that the accused criminal ' s actions had brought on their family ' s name. these forsaken bodies \u2014 the vast majority of the victims of roman crucifixion \u2014 remained on their crosses to be consumed. thus their remains disintegrated into the dust of the roman empire. but the case of jesus \u2014 a jew, crucified near jerusalem on the eve of a popular religious festival \u2014 doesn ' t fit the typical pattern : the jews would have wanted jesus buried, and roman practice called for pontius pilate to grant this request. timothy paul jones ( ph. d., the southern baptist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3918253291202946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.732711"} {"text": "the eve of a popular religious festival \u2014 doesn ' t fit the typical pattern : the jews would have wanted jesus buried, and roman practice called for pontius pilate to grant this request. timothy paul jones ( ph. d., the southern baptist theological seminary ) serves as associate professor of leadership at southern seminary. dr. jones has written more than a dozen books in the areas of church history, apologetics, and family ministry. he blogs here and at http : / / www. timothypauljones. com. 11qt64 : 11 - 13 ; 11qt48 : 10 \u2013 14 ; 4q524. craig evans, \" jewish burial traditions and the resurrection of jesus \" : http : / / www. craigevans. com n. haas, \" anthropological observations on the skeletal remains from giv ' at ha - mivtar, \" israel exploration journal 20 ( 1970 ) 38 \u2013 59. martin hengel, crucifixion in the ancient world and the folly of the message of the cross rev. ed. ( minneapolis, minneapolis : augsburg fortress, 1977 ). josephus, antiquitates judaica, 17 : 10 ; 18 : 5 ; the jewish war, ed. h. st. - j. thackeray, loeb classical library ( cambridge, massachusetts : harvard university press, 1927 ) 2 : 5 ; 4 : 5 ; 5 : 6 - 11 ; contra apionem, in the life, against apion, ed. h. st. - j. thackeray, in loeb classical library ( cambridge, ma : harvard university, 1926 ) 2 : 6, 29 juvenal, satires, 14 : 77 - 78. s. r. llewelyn, ed., new documents illustrating early christianity, vol. 8 ( grand rapids : eerdmans, 1998 ) 1. mishnah sanhedrin 6 : 4 - 6. philo of alexandria, in flaccus, philo, ed. f. h. colson, loeb classical library ( cambridge : harvard university press, 1941 ) 10 : 81 - 85 seneca, de consolatione ad marciam, in volume ii : moral essays, ed. john basore, in loeb classical library ( cambridge, massachusetts : harvard university, 1932 ) 20 : 3. cornelius tacitus, annales, 6 : 29 ; 15 : 44 : tobit 1 : 18 \u2013 20 ; 2 : 3 \u2013 8 ; 4 : 3 \u2013 4 ; 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40732387054296504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.733800"} {"text": "google is now serving up more than a hundred years of photographs from life magazine. the pictures of the early days of astronomy are just spectacular. the archives contain images of many astronomers who were critical figures in the development of the field, but who have yet to have telescopes named after them. a large fraction of them also seemed to smoke pipes. a huge hero of mine is walter baade. baade was the guy who essentially took over observations at mt wilson during the blackouts of wwii. with the lights of los angeles snuffed out, and unable to serve in the military himself, he pushed the telescopes on mt wilson to their limits, and established the study of stellar populations in nearby galaxies. there are some terrific pictures of walter adams working at mt wilson. in the picture below, he \u2019 s holding the telescope controls used for guiding. during an astronomical observation, you have to move the telescope to compensate for the earth \u2019 s rotation. nowadays, your computer can take care of it by adjusting the position to keep a bright star at a fixed position on a ccd camera. back then, you looked through a little spotting scope, and manually adjusted the telescope position to keep it pointed at the right part of the sky. if you let it drift, your image would be blurry. no pee breaks for you, dr. adams! the guy kneeling in the figure below is gerard kuiper, working on a telescope at mcdonald observatory. he was a planetary astronomer, and the guy for whom the \u201c kuiper belt \u201d in the outer solar system was named, although edgeworth probably deserved more credit for it. ( kuiper actually does have an airborne observatory named after him ). and you have to love this picture of frank drake, working at the national radio astronomy observatory in greenbank west virginia. you really can never have enough toggle switches. fyi, drake is the guy behind the \u201c drake equation \u201d, used to estimate the likelihood of contact with extraterrestrial civilizations. and finally, a wonderful overhead shot of the 100 \u2033 telescope at mt. wilson the pictures above are a tiny fraction of the available pictures of working scientists. cancel your afternoon appointments and dive in.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5141740894441827, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.736415"} {"text": "june 11, 2010 dead birds smothered in icky, gooey brown oil are the iconic images of most any oil spill, including the ongoing one in the gulf. even a small amount of oil can kill a bird. oil sticks to feathers, destroying their waterproofing ability and exposing the bird to extremes of temperature. and ingested oil can harm internal organs. the birds that survive long enough to be rescued can often be cleaned. the international bird rescue research center has treated birds from more than 150 spills over the last four decades, and it has teamed up with tri - state bird rescue to wash birds rescued from the gulf spill. cleaning the birds is a multi - step process, and it can be a stressful one for the bird. beforehand, the bird is examined and its health stabilized. it may be suffering from exhaustion, dehydration, hypothermia or the toxic effects of ingested oil. once the bird is healthy enough to handle the ordeal of washing, trained staff and volunteers clean it in a tub of warm water mixed with one percent dawn dishwashing detergent. ( ibrrc discovered in the late 1970s not only that dawn was great at removing oil, but also that it didn \u2019 t irritate birds \u2019 skin or eyes and could even be ingested \u2014 accidentally, of course \u2014 without harm. ) when the water is dirty, the bird is moved to a second tub, and so on, until the water remains clean. then the bird is thoroughly rinsed. once it is dry, the bird will preen and restore the overlapping, weatherproof pattern of its feathers. after it is deemed healthy, the bird is released to an oil - free area. cleaning one bird can take hours and up to 300 gallons of water. survival rates are about 50 to 80 percent on average, the ibrrc says, though this depends on the species. ( as of earlier this week, the center had rescued 442 live birds, 40 of which had been cleaned were healthy enough to be released back into the wild. ) some scientists, however, have questioned the value of putting so much effort into saving birds when the benefits are unclear. \u201c it might make us feel better to clean them up and send them back out, \u201d university of california, davis ornithologist daniel anderson told newsweek. \u201c but there \u2019 s a real question of how much it actually does for the birds, aside from prolong their suffering. \u201d there is no long - term data on survival after the birds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41811687790073127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.739349"} {"text": "13 solar companies awarded doe funds for concentrating solar power doe announced today that it has awarded $ 62 million in grants to various research projects to develop specific aspects involving development of concentrating solar power ( csp ) systems to improve and accelerate solar technology. this five year program will study the feasibility of creating utility - scale solar power plants capable of operating 18 hours a day, which is the only way solar will ever be able to replace traditional coal - fired energy stations. the projects range from exploring ways to collect solar energy after the sun sets to developing thermal storage systems to trap solar energy in molten salt. thirteen different companies have been selected to receive grants. six are located in california - solar, inc. ( $ 10. 8m ), pratt & whitney rocketdyne ( $ 10. 2m ), general atomics ( $ 2. 1m ), sener engineering and systems inc. ( $ 3. 1m ), suntrough energy, inc. ( $ 4. 5m ) and terrafore, inc. ( $ 1. 4m ). other companies receiving research funding include skyfuel, inc. in new mexico ( $ 4. 3m ), abengoa solar, inc. in colorado ( $ 10. 6m ), ppg industries, inc in pennsylvania ( $ 3m ), infinia corporation in washington ( $ 3m ) and hitech services, inc. in alabama ( $ 3m ). doe secretary steven chu believes the programs will \" create new jobs and pave the way towards a clean - energy future. \" more on concentrating solar power : stirling engine concentrating solar power plant uses new suncatcher system gossamer solar troughs for concentrated solar power offer better performance and lower cost amonix concentrating solar pv cells achieve 39 % efficiency utility solar plant uses molten salt for heat storage stirling energy systems intros new suncatcher concentrating solar power system using stirling engine patriot solar group concentrated solar thermal and pv image credit : geri kodey ( national renewable energy laboratory )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5007388151917259, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.742050"} {"text": "glossary of arabic terms from the al - wala wal bara by shaykh muhammad seed al qahtani allah ta \u2019 ala : allah, the most high, the lord of all the worlds. allah, the supreme and mighty name, indicates the one, the existent, the creator, the worshipped, the lord of the universe. allah is the first without beginning and the last without end and the outwardly manifest and the inwardly hidden. ahlu \u2019 l - sunnah wa \u2019 l - jama \u2019 a : the people who follow the sunnah of the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace, and who hold together as a community on that basis. alim : a man of knowledge from amongst the muslims who acts on what he knows aqeedah : belief or faith firmly based on how things are, rather than on how they may be imagined. thus \u2018 aqeedah can only fully be derived from an original revelation from allah and from the sayings of the messenger to whom it was revealed : in this age, the qur \u2019 an and the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace ayah : a sign, a verse of the quran. ayat : the plural of ayah. bara \u2018 : withdrawing from and opposing all that is displeasing to allah and his messenger, may allah bless him and grant him peace. bida : innovation, changing the original teaching of the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace, in a deen : the life - transaction, submission and obedience to a particular system of rules and practices, a debt of exchange between two parties, in this usage between the creator and the created. allah says in the quran : surely the deen with allah is islam. ( 3. 19 ). faqih : a scholar of fiqh who by virtue of his knowledge can give an authoritative opinion or judgement fiqh : islamic jurisprudence, the science of the application of the shar fisq : corruption. fuqaha : the plural of faqih. hadith : reported speech, particularly of, or about, the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace. hadith qudsi : those words of allah on the tongue of his prophet, may allah bless him and grant him peace, which are not part of the revelation of the quran hajj : the annual pilgrimage to makka which every muslim who has the means and ability must make once in his or her life - time ; the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5460806972463554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.755989"} {"text": "may allah bless him and grant him peace, which are not part of the revelation of the quran hajj : the annual pilgrimage to makka which every muslim who has the means and ability must make once in his or her life - time ; the performance of the rites of the hajj in the protected area which surrounds the kaaba. the hajj is one of the indispensable pillars of islam. halal : permitted by the shariah. haram : forbidden by the shariah ; also a protected area, an inviolable place or object hasan : good ; a category of hadith which is reliable, but which is not as well authenticated as one which is sahih. hijrah : emigration in the way of allah. islam takes its dating from the hijrah of the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace, from makka to madina, in 622 a. ihsan : the state of being hasan ; being absolutely sincere to allah in oneself ; it is to worship allah as though you see him, knowing that although you do not see him, he sees you. imam : the one who leads the prayer, an eminent scholar. iman : acceptance, belief, trust, in allah, a gift from him. iman is to believe in allah, his angels, his revealed books, his messengers, the last day, the garden and the fire, and that everything is by the decree of allah, both the good and the evil. islam : peace and submission to the will of allah, the way of life embodied by all the prophets, given its final form in the prophetic guidance brought by the prophet muhammad, may the blessings and peace of allah be on him. the five pillars of islam are the affirmation of the shahada, doing the salat, paying the zakat, fasting the month of ramadan, and doing the hajj once in a life - time if you are able. isnad : the written record of the names of the people who form the chain of human transmission, person to person, by means of which a hadith is preserved. one of the sciences of the muslims which was developed after the prophet muhammad \u2019 s death, may allah bless him and grant him peace, is the science of assessing the authenticity of a hadith by assessing the reliability of its isnad. jahiliyyah : the time of ignorance, before the coming of islam. jihad : struggle, particularly warfare, to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48294512708882464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.757973"} {"text": "him and grant him peace, is the science of assessing the authenticity of a hadith by assessing the reliability of its isnad. jahiliyyah : the time of ignorance, before the coming of islam. jihad : struggle, particularly warfare, to establish and defend islam. inwardly, the jihad is to oppose whatever in your self is displeasing to allah. outwardly, it is oppose kufr by word and action. jinn : unseen beings created from smokeless fire who co - habit the earth together with mankind kaaba : the cube - shaped building at the centre of the haram in makka, originally built by the prophet ibrahim, peace be on him, and rebuilt with the help of the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace ; also known as the house of allah. the ka \u2019 aba is the focal point which all muslims face when doing the salat. this does not mean that allah lives inside the ka \u2019 aba, nor does it mean that the muslims worship the kaaba. it is allah who is worshipped and allah is not contained or confined in any form or place or time or concept. kafir : a person who commits kufr, the opposite of a mumin. kaflrun : the plural of kafir. kalima : the declaration : there is no god but allah, muhammad is the messenger of allah kufr : to cover up the truth, to reject allah and his messenger, may the blessings and peace of allah be on him. la ilaha ill allah : there is no god but allah. makruh : disapproved of, without being forbidden, by the shariah. marfu : a hadith from a companion of the prophet muhammad containing words attributed to the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace. muhammad ar - rasulullah : muhammad is the messenger of allah, may the blessings and peace of allah be on h muhsin : someone who possesses the quality of ih - san, who remembers allah constantly. mumin : someone who possesses the quality of iman, who trusts in allah and accepts his messenger, may allah bless him and grant him peace. muminun : the plural of mumin. munafiq : a hypocrite ; the hypocrites amongst the muslims outwardly profess islam on the tongue, but inwardly reject allah and his messenger, may allah bless him and grant him peace, siding with the kafirun against the muslims. the deepest part of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5109159021911287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.774434"} {"text": "; the hypocrites amongst the muslims outwardly profess islam on the tongue, but inwardly reject allah and his messenger, may allah bless him and grant him peace, siding with the kafirun against the muslims. the deepest part of the fire is reserved for the munafiqun munafiqun : the plural of munafiq. mushrik : one who commits shirk. mushrikeen : the plural of mushrik. muslim : someone who follows the way of islam, doing what is obligatory, avoiding what is forbidden, keeping within the limits prescribed by allah, and following the sunnah of the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace, in what he or she is able. a muslim is, by definition, one who is safe and sound, at peace in this world, and promised the garden in the next world. qadi : a judge. qiblah : the direction faced in prayer, which, for the muslims, is towards the kaaba in makka. everyone has a direction in life, but only the muslims have this qibla quran : the \u2018 recitation \u2019, the last revelation from allah to mankind and the jinn before the end of the world, revealed to the prophet muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace, through the angel jibril, over a period of twenty - three years, the first thirteen of which were spent in makka and the last ten of which were spent in madina. the quran amends, encompasses, expands, surpasses and abrogates all the earlier revelations revealed to the earlier messengers, peace be on all of them. the quran is the greatest miracle given to the prophet muhammad by allah, for he was illiterate and could neither read nor write. the quran is the uncreated word of allah. the quran still exists today exactly as it was originally revealed, without any alteration or change or addition or deletion. whoever recites the quran with courtesy and sincerity receives knowledge and wisdom, for it is the well of wisdom in this age. raka : a unit of the prayer, a complete series of standing, bowing, prostrations and sitting rakat : the plural of raka. ramadan : the month of fasting, the ninth month in the muslim lunar calendar, during which all adult muslims who are in good health fast from the first light of dawn until sunset each day. the quran was first revealed in the month of ramadan. the fast of rama", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5388403042709474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.785417"} {"text": "fasting, the ninth month in the muslim lunar calendar, during which all adult muslims who are in good health fast from the first light of dawn until sunset each day. the quran was first revealed in the month of ramadan. the fast of ramadan is one of the indispensable pillars of islam. sahaba : companions, particularly the companions of the prophet muhammad, may the blessings and peace of allah be on him and on his family and on his companion sahih : healthy and sound with no defects ; often used to describe a fully authenticated hadith. the two most reliable collections of hadith by imam aibukhari and imam muslim are both described as saheeh saiafi : adjective from as - salaf, \u2018 the early years \u2019, and used generally to describe the early generations of the muslims, particularly the sahaba, the companions of the messenger of allah, may the blessings and peace of allah be on him and on his family and on his companions. in the present age the term is sometimes used to describe those muslims who closely follow the sunnah of the prophet muhammad. salat : the prayer, particularly the five daily obligatory ritual prayers of the muslims which are called maghrib, \u2018 isha, fajr, dhur and \u2018 asr. they consist of fixed numbers of rak \u2019 at in worship to allah. salat is one of the indispensable pillars sawm : fasting, particularly the fast of ramadan, from food and drink and making love if you are married during daylight, from the first light of dawn until sunset. shahada : to witness, to bear witness that : there is no god but allah and that muhammad is the messenger of allah, may allah bless him and grant him peace. the shahada is the gateway to islam and the gateway to the garden in the next world. it is easy to say, but to act on it is a vast undertaking which has far reaching consequences, both in inward awareness and in outward action, both in this world and in the next world. continual affirmation of the shahada is one of the indispensable pillars of islam. shariah : a road, the legal and social modality of a people based on the revelation of their prophet. the last shariah in history is that of islam. it abrogates all previous shariahs. it is, being the last, therefore the easiest to follow, for it is applicable to the whole human race wherever they are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5459354035594514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.788229"} {"text": "their prophet. the last shariah in history is that of islam. it abrogates all previous shariahs. it is, being the last, therefore the easiest to follow, for it is applicable to the whole human race wherever they are. shaytan : a devil, particularly iblis ( satan ), an evil jinn who prompts mankind and the jinn to rebel against allah. shay tan is part of the creation of allah, and we seek refuge in allah from the evil that he has created shirk : the unforgivable wrong action of worshipping something or someone other than allah or associating something or someone as a partner with him ; the opposite of tawheed which is affirmation of divine unity. shirk is idol worship, which is attributing form to allah by attempting to confine him within an object, a concept, a ritual or a myth whereas allah is not like anything and has no form. he cannot be conceived of or perceived. sirah : the historical study of the prophet muhammad \u2019 s life, may the blessings and peace of allah be on sunnah : a form, the customary practice of a person or group of people. it has come to refer almost exclusively to the practice of the messenger of allah, muhammad, may allah bless him and grant him peace, but also comprises the customs of the first generation of muslims in madina, who acted in accordance with what they had learned from him and who transmitted what they had learned to the next generation. the sunnah is a complete behavioral science that has been systematically kept outside the learning framework of this society, but which nevertheless has been preserved by those to whom it has been transmitted and who continue to embody it as their way of life. the messenger of allah, may allah bless him and grant him peace, said : t have left two matters with you. as long as you hold to them, you will not go the wrong way. they are the book of allah and the sunnah of his prophet. \u2019 ( ai - muwatta of imam malik, 46. 1. 3 ) tafsir : commentary on the quran. taqwa : being careful, knowing your place in the cosmos. its proof is the experience of awe of allah, which inspires a person to be on guard against wrong action and eager for actions which are pleasing to him. tawaf : circling the kaaba ; tawaf is done in sets of seven circuits followed by two rakat of prayer tawba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5175539462530825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.792116"} {"text": "inspires a person to be on guard against wrong action and eager for actions which are pleasing to him. tawaf : circling the kaaba ; tawaf is done in sets of seven circuits followed by two rakat of prayer tawba : returning to correct action after error, turning away from wrong action to allah and asking his forgiveness, turning to face the real whereas before one turned one \u2019 s back tawheed : the divine unity, unity in its most profound sense. allah is one in his essence and his attributes and his acts. the whole of the creation and what it contains is one unified event which in itself has no lasting reality. allah is the real : surely we come from allah and surely to him we return. ( 2. 156 \u2018 ulama : the plural of \u2018 alim. ummah : the body of the muslims as one distinct and integrated community or nation. wala : loyalty, holding fast to all that is pleasing to allah and his messenger, may allah bless him and grant him peace. whoever possesses alwala \u2019 wa \u2019 l - bara \u2019 loves with the love of allah and hates with the hate of allah. zakat : the wealth tax obligatory on muslims each year, usually payable in the form of one fortieth of surplus wealth which is more than a certain fixed minimum amount, which is called the nisab. zakat is payable on accumulated wealth, especially gold and silver, merchandise, certain crops, certain livestock, and on subterranean and mineral wealth. as soon as it is collected it is redistributed to those in need, as defined in the quran and the hadith. zakat is one of the indispensable pillars of islam. zakat al - fitr : a small obligatory head - tax imposed on every responsible muslim who has the means for himself and his dependants. it is paid once yearly at the end of ramadan just before the id al - fitr, the festival that marks the end of ramadan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5412903027587657, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.798551"} {"text": "to a human with a good grasp of english, words may appear simple. however, trying to understand their \u2013 or any other set of words \u2019 \u2013 meaning requires deciphering ambiguity and implication. \u201c a naive person who looks at language thinks the words are what they are, \u201d says dr. ken schweller dually appointed professor of psychology and computer science at buena vista university. \u201c let \u2019 s take another sentence \u2013 \u2018 i saw a red ball \u2019. could it mean i cut a red - colored round object? operated on an inflamed testicle? observed a communist crying? \u201d schweller \u2019 s graduate school experiments with how people understand language led him to seek the answer through computers, and through computers to help des moines \u2019 great ape trust \u2014 the world \u2019 s foremost ape language research institution \u2014 explore the boundaries of the animals \u2019 ability to comprehend human speech. he began working with the trust as a programmer and now serves as chair of the board of directors. schweller got involved with the trust when \u2013 during his seven - year run as dean of bvu \u2019 s school of science \u2013 he invited primatologist dr. sue savage - rumbaugh to speak at the 2004 dedication of the estelle siebens science center building. her research drove the founding of the trust. as senior scientist and executive director she spends most of her day with the apes in what the trust describes as a \u201c pan - homo \u201d culture \u2013 that is, humans and apes living together. in 2011, she was named one of time magazine \u2019 s \u201c 100 most influential people in the world \u201d for her research. \u201c like me, she \u2019 s a cognitive psychologist also interested in artificial intelligence, \u201d says schweller. \u201c after she spoke at bvu, i asked if there was anything i could do for the trust. the first programs i built were pac man - type mazes. today, i \u2019 m the head programmer there. \u201d schweller \u2019 s touch - screen keyboard is programmed to display up to 600 lexigrams that the apes associate with english words, based on a mechanical version originally developed by savage - rumbaugh \u2019 s research associate and ex - husband, dr. duane rumbaugh. schweller designed the keyboard and worked on many software projects on a fall 2010 sabbatical, during which he volunteered at the trust. rumbaugh \u2019 s original symbols were displayed by a projector through a series of lenses that could be combined to make shapes, their designs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5427511320924523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.855201"} {"text": "and worked on many software projects on a fall 2010 sabbatical, during which he volunteered at the trust. rumbaugh \u2019 s original symbols were displayed by a projector through a series of lenses that could be combined to make shapes, their designs constrained by the technology. as it became apparent that apes understood the symbols \u2013 and as the need for a larger vocabulary grew \u2013 more symbols were added, some abstract and others that had visual suggestions like pictograms or chinese characters. changes in the third generation of lexigrams \u2013 which incorporate english words in roman letters into the design \u2013 were implemented largely to make comprehension easier for humans working with the apes, as was the fourth generation ( largely schweller \u2019 s contribution ) that uses a combination of letters and colors which humans can read as letters and the apes understand as symbols. schweller has used his work with the trust to involve bvu students in a variety of ways, including the creation of \u201c robo bonobo, \u201d a robotic ape the trust \u2019 s fleshand - blood hominids can control to interact with visitors. his involvement with the trust is a natural extension of a career that began searching for answers to questions of cognition via computers. schweller earned an undergraduate degree in 1968 in english as a national merit scholar at wesleyan university in middletown, conn., after switching from biology. during his junior and senior years he worked at a camp for emotionally disturbed children run by the boston children \u2019 s service, which reaffirmed his growing interest in psychology and human development. while in graduate school he shifted toward the more theoretical aspects of psychology \u2013 especially questions of how children acquire language, which he chose to address via computers. \u201c psychology switched from a behaviorist to a cognitive paradigm, thinking of the brain as an analogue to a computer, \u201d he says. \u201c there were no phd programs in computer science then. people came to computers from other disciplines, frequently math and engineering. \u201d when he and his wife, dr. jeanne tinsley, bvu professor of psychology, started at bvu, they shared the teaching load for a single psychology position. a few years later, dr. charles slagle, class of 1960, professor emeritus of chemistry, purchased bvu \u2019 s first computer. schweller was among those to begin teaching computers. he learned as he went, and throughout the 1980s when his work load gradually shifted from psychology to computer science. \u201c i know over 30 languages, and i assume i \u2019 ll learn a dozen more,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5045978119428268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.858035"} {"text": "oxide cmc exhaust ground test demonstrator consists of a 1. 60 - m diameter nozzle and 1. 14 - m diameter \u00d7 2. 34 - m conical centerbody with titanium end cap inspection portal. credit : steyer ; ijact. ceramic matrix composite ( cmc ) materials can benefit aerospace in propulsion and exhaust, thermal protection, and hot primary structure applications, according to todd e. steyer of the boeing company ( huntington beach, calif. ). reviewing aerospace - related presentations from last july \u2019 s 4th international congress on ceramics in a recent paper in the acers international journal of applied ceramic technology, steyer outlined several emerging aerospace opportunities for cmcs, including propulsion and exhaust, thermal protection, and hot primary structure applications. in the propulsion area, gas turbines have long been dominated by the use of nickel - based superalloys and titanium alloys. according to steyer, engine manufacturers are now taking a closer look at cmcs for use in engine hot sections. silicon carbide - based composites can handle temperatures to 1200\u00b0c while reducing weight and cooling requirements, resulting in reduced fuel burn and improved performance. according to an article in mit technology review, new engines being developed by cfm, a partnership between ge and france \u2019 s snecma, feature cmc components that will reduce fuel consumption by about 15 percent \u2014 enough to save nearly $ 1 million per year per airplane, assuming a fuel cost of $ 2. 50 per gallon. cfm \u2019 s leap engine uses sic - reinforced cmc parts that don \u2019 t require cooling, enabling air that would normally be diverted to keep superalloy components from melting to be used to generate thrust. it also uses parts produced using a 3 - d printing process, according to the mit article. the company already has orders for 4, 500 of the new engines. in addition to saving money, the engines will help users comply with current and anticipated emissions regulations. in engine exhaust systems, work is underway to produce an alumina - fiber reinforced aluminosilicate matrix composite centerbody and exhaust nozzle for commercial aircraft. currently in ground testing, the ceramic nozzle will reduce weight and engine noise and increase component lifetime, steyer wrote. ceramic materials have long been used in aerospace thermal protection applications \u2014 for 30 years, ceramic tiles with glass - based coatings provided thermal protection for the us \u2019 s now - retired space shuttle fleet. initially composed of silica fibers with a nominal density of 0. 14 g / cm3 and a glaze", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49615681594300576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.885425"} {"text": "\u2014 for 30 years, ceramic tiles with glass - based coatings provided thermal protection for the us \u2019 s now - retired space shuttle fleet. initially composed of silica fibers with a nominal density of 0. 14 g / cm3 and a glaze aimed at controlling emissivity and limiting catalysis for oxygen and nitrogen recombination from the plasma on reentry, the tiles provided effective insulation but required heavy maintenance between flights. engineers improved durability over the shuttle \u2019 s service life using new tile substrates and coatings. for new thermal protection applications, steyer reported on cmcs developed and tested by nasa researchers for use at temperatures to 1700\u00b0c. toughened uni - piece fibrous reinforced oxidation - resistant composite ( tufroc ) materials build on the success of insulating fibrous tiles with high - emissivity / low - recombination - efficiency coatings using a refractory ceramic carbon - insulated layer for dimensional stability. supersonic and hypersonic flight vehicles present unique challenges for primary hot structural materials, and ultrahigh - temperature ceramics ( uhtcs ) have been emerging as a promising class of materials for leading edges for hypersonic vehicles. the refractory nature of this class of carbides, borides, and nitrides makes them good candidates for the highest heat flux areas as well as areas with high integrated heat load as a function of time, steyer wrote. particulate, whisker, and chopped or continuous fiber reinforcements are resulting in improved mechanical properties, but the materials \u2019 relatively high density and difficulty in large - scale processing are potential drawbacks. steyer reported one recent example in which cmcs consisting of 0. 5 - to 1 - mm long chopped hi - nicalon sic fibers in a zrb2 matrix hot - pressed at 1700\u00b0c showed significantly improved chevron - beam fracture toughness at compositions containing up to 20 vol. % fiber. increased use of cmcs in aerospace will require microstructure optimization, a path to entry into service, and improved affordability. steyer believes fundamental and applied research in damage accumulation mechanisms / models, life prediction methodologies and modeling, nondestructive inspection techniques, and robust field and depot - level repair methods will result in more cmcs in aerospace applications. micrograph of one strand of a new spray - on super - nanotube composite developed by the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) and kansas state university. a ceramic shell surrounds the multiwall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5164512326442976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.886788"} {"text": "in more cmcs in aerospace applications. micrograph of one strand of a new spray - on super - nanotube composite developed by the national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) and kansas state university. a ceramic shell surrounds the multiwall nanotube core. the composite is a promising coating for laser power detectors. ( color added for clarity. ) credit : kansas state university. how does one measure the optical power output of lasers that are able to \u2014 and even designed to \u2014 destroy materials? some lasers with optical output that high are built to be weapons ; others are used for friendlier purposes like defusing unexploded landmines. designing a power detector that can capture and measure very high laser power without vaporizing away is one application of a new coating developed by researchers at kansas state university and nist. the team, led by gurpreet singh at ksu published results on a new carbon nanotube - ceramic composite coating in acs applied materials and interfaces, in their recent article, \u201c very high laser - damage threshold of polymer - derived si ( b ) cn - carbon nanotube composite coatings. \u201d according to a nist press release, nist has been coating optical detectors with carbon nanotubes because their intense black color maximizes light absorption. this new coating comprises multiwall carbon nanotubes ( mwcnt ) encased in an amorphous sibcn shell, as shown in the image above. adding boron increases the refractoriness of the coating. the ksu team developed the composite with an assist from the nist researchers who suggested using toluene for both the preceramic polymer solvent and for the mwcnt dispersant. singh explained in an email, \u201c toluene - cnt dispersions were more stable and homogeneous [ than dispersions based on ] chloroform, acetone, or water. \u201d the nwcnts are dispersed in toluene into which preceramic polymer is added. when the solution is heated to 1, 100\u00b0c, an amorphous sibcn shell forms over the mwcnts. the composite is ground into a fine powder, dispersed in toluene, and sprayed onto copper substrates. the optical power meter works by absorbing the high - intensity laser light on its inside surface, which is typically a copper cone calorimeter coated with a black absorbing material ( for example, the new mwcnt - ceramic coating ). it absorbs the incident light", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5738430825706589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.887808"} {"text": "meter works by absorbing the high - intensity laser light on its inside surface, which is typically a copper cone calorimeter coated with a black absorbing material ( for example, the new mwcnt - ceramic coating ). it absorbs the incident light and converts it to heat. the heat transfers to water flowing behind the copper heat sink. by precisely measuring the water flow and temperature increase, the energy absorbed can be calculated. ( see schematic of device. ) to test the efficacy of the composite coating, the team subjected it to 10. 6 - micrometer wavelength irradiation from a 2. 5 kw co2 laser. the composite coating outperformed other tested materials - mwcnt, single wall cnt, and carbon paint - by an order of magnitude or more. according to the paper \u2019 s abstract, the damage threshold for the composite coating was 15 kwcm - 2 with an optical absorbance of 97 percent. essentially, the coating absorbed all of the light. in contrast, the mwcnt - only coating exhibited damage at 1. 4 kwcm - 2 with 76 percent absorbance. swcnt broke down at 0. 8 kwcm - 2 and only 65 percent absorbance, and damage started in the carbon paint coating at 0. 1 kwcm - 2 and 87 percent absorbance. according to the press release, the mwcnt component absorbs the irradiation and transmits the heat, while the ceramic shell provides oxidation and damage resistance. apparently, though, under the right conditions, the outer shell oxidizes partially to form an external silica layer, which can be used to tune the coating depending on the application. singh said there are other possible applications for the mwcnt - ceramic coating, such as lithium - ion cycling. they are also looking into applications such as nanostructured coatings for protection in extreme environments like rocket nozzles. this last application reminded me of an interview i did several years ago with nasa space shuttle astronaut, danny olivas. olivas is a metallurgist and was very involved in the materials aspects of the failure analysis after columbia disintegrated in 2003. in the aftermath, he also led the effort to develop an in - flight repair kit to mitigate damage to the heat shield tiles. ( it was determined that a breach of the heat shield contributed to the columbia tragedy. ) the team developed a similar material : a preceramic polymer that fired to silicon carbide. the idea was that the polymer would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5669514310699136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.888844"} {"text": "heat shield tiles. ( it was determined that a breach of the heat shield contributed to the columbia tragedy. ) the team developed a similar material : a preceramic polymer that fired to silicon carbide. the idea was that the polymer would be \u201c painted \u201d onto the damaged area and would fire, literally, using the reentry atmosphere itself as the \u201c furnace. \u201d to the best of my knowledge, the system was never used ( thankfully ). the shuttle program ended in 2011, so we will never know whether it would have worked. official video ( in german ) of sto in aevero aerogel insulation boards. credit : sto. one of the promises of your basic silica - based aerogel is that it would make a fantastic component in insulation systems \u2014 but there have always been a lot of manufacturing and processing \u201c ifs \u201d involved. nevertheless, several companies are starting to make headway with emerging commercial products. before i get into the details, i always try to point out that in the big picture the importance \u2014 in terms of energy consumption \u2014 of improved building insulation varies among regions of the globe. while it is a second - tier concern in north america, the energy - consumption pattern in many european nations is dominated by heating. germany is one of the best examples, where well over 25 percent of the nation \u2019 s energy consumption goes into residential and commercial space heating. much of the problem is related to the age of the building stock. besides the heat leakage problems that come from very old buildings, remediation is also a challenge because of sheer space limitations. thus, while the availability of aerogel - containing insulation panels and systems may not be front - page news in the united states, it is a fairly big deal in europe ( where the eu is already funding a major research and commercialization initiative ). it \u2019 s worth keeping this in mind as you read about the developments below, and illustrated in the video above. the first is that an internal insulation and finishing system developed by sto ag \u2014 \u201d sto in aevero \u201d \u2014 recently received the \u201c award for product innovation \u201d at the bau 2013 trade fair. at least in terms of product recognition, this is a nice accomplishment because bau, as far as i know, is the world \u2019 s largest expo for architecture, materials, and systems. sto \u2019 s system uses aerogel develop by cabot. sixty companies were part of the competition, vying for three prizes and six awards. the sto / cabot system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5259897722231698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.890023"} {"text": "world \u2019 s largest expo for architecture, materials, and systems. sto \u2019 s system uses aerogel develop by cabot. sixty companies were part of the competition, vying for three prizes and six awards. the sto / cabot system won the events \u201c investing in the future \u201d award, which apt. a cabot news release describes the product as a \u201c super slim system is comprised of a composite board that combines cabot \u2019 s aerogel particles for superior energy - savings performance with sto \u2019 s binder and composite technology. this results in an insulation board that offers greater energy efficiency than traditional materials. cabot \u2019 s aerogel enables an ultra - low thermal conductivity of 0. 016 w / mk applied in very thin insulation thicknesses from 10 to 40 millimeters ( r3. 5 - r14 ). \u201d here is a summary of sto in aevero \u2019 s properties : - thermal conductivity : 0. 016 w / ( mk ) - compressive strength : \u2265 100 kpa - water vapor diffusion resistance factor \u03bc : 10 - tensile strength perpendicular to faces : \u2265 20 kpa - density : \u2265 150 kg / m\u00b3 - panel thicknesses : 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 mm - sheet size : 580 x 390 mm - material class b2 according to din 4102 ( b1 in the system ) sto \u2019 s contribution is significant in that it had to design and manufacture a composite board that, besides incorporating the aerogel, also addresses permeability and vapor control and delivers a product in a thin form factor. sto also has developed some important installation methodologies, and leveraged its experience with installing high - quality facade, plasters, paints and rain screen - cladding systems. in the cabot release, raj chary, vice president and general manager for cabot aerogel says, \u201d [ sto ' s ] modern, intelligent solutions in reconstruction, renovation and renewal work are helping architects and builders meet the highest regional and industry standards for energy conservation, [ and to ] help deliver energy efficient renovation solutions for historical buildings as well as new construction. \u201d one frustrating thing that unfortunately is lacking in these announcements is pricing / installation cost information relative to traditional insulation. while sto and cabot seem to be staking out the building sector, aspen aerogels continues to refine its products for industrial application. aspen was one of the first companies that demonstrated a flexible insulation system that could, for example, be used as a wrapable barrier around pipes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48600896534600063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.891053"} {"text": "staking out the building sector, aspen aerogels continues to refine its products for industrial application. aspen was one of the first companies that demonstrated a flexible insulation system that could, for example, be used as a wrapable barrier around pipes. aspen and others saw a business opportunity with insulating pipes that pass through cold regions, such as the petroleum pipelines that cross alaska. apparently the company was also keeping an eye on high - temperature applications, too. recently aspen, announced a new high - temperature insulation, pyrogel xt - e. a news release from the company indicates that the new product is a variation of if the existing xt product, and that it is being aimed at uses refining, petrochemical, power and other facilities. given the recent boom in the drilling and refining industries, a product aimed at this sector makes a lot of sense. in the aspen release, don young, president and ceo, says pyrogel xt - e is \u201c the most effective high - temperature insulation material in the industrial market and improves our customers \u2019 ability to use our product in the most demanding environments. \u201d a document ( pdf ) on the aspen websites says that it is available in rolls of sizes of 850 and 1, 500 square feet, is available in 5 and 10 - millimeter thicknesses, and has a density of about 12. 5 pounds per cubic foot. like aspen \u2019 s other products, the pyrogel xt - e comes in rolls that makes it a \u201c labor saver. \u201d aspen also says it has been able to significantly reduce the dust that comes from installation. it says its flexible blanket form is up to five - times thinner than competing insulation products and can serve in applications that range from - 270 \u00b0c to 650\u00b0c. no pricing was mentioned for the aspen product, either. i just got back from the 49th annual symposium on refractories that was held wednesday and thursday at the combined st. louis section and refractory ceramics division meeting. the theme of this year \u2019 s meeting was \u201c refractory challenges in the chemical and petro - chemical industries. \u201d to open the symposium, ed linck ( linck refractory services ) provided an overview of refractories challenges and technologies in the refining industry, particularly as they are used in fluid catalytic cracking units ( fccus ). in the 1950s when he began working in the industry, fccus ran 6 - 9 months before needing repair. today, fccus run five years continuously, and new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49198087677931357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.892162"} {"text": "industry, particularly as they are used in fluid catalytic cracking units ( fccus ). in the 1950s when he began working in the industry, fccus ran 6 - 9 months before needing repair. today, fccus run five years continuously, and new technologies are driving the life cycle toward seven years. linck noted that good materials are important, but installation is critical. \u201c you can have the best material in the world, but if you don \u2019 t put it in right, it won \u2019 t work right, \u201d he says. downtime costs a refiner about $ 1 million per day, according to another speaker, richard parkinson of uop llc / honeywell. even though it takes about 100 - 150 tons of refractory material to line a fccu, the refining industry accounts for only about 5 - 10 percent of the overall refractories market, with the majority of refractories going to the steel, metals, glass, and cements industries. according to parkinson, there are about 500 fccus worldwide that account for about 40 percent of the global gasoline production. a fccu can process 20, 000 - 200, 000 barrels of oil per day. the catalytic cracking reaction occurs at about 500 - 550\u00b0c, and the catalysts are primarily zeolite and aluminosilicate fine powders. consequently, many of the talks discussed challenges relating to corrosion, heat, and abrasion. john hellman, from pennsylvania state university, is working on proppant technology, which are at the vortex of current events relating to hydrofracturing. he says that the marcellus shale reserve alone has enough natural gas reserves to supply the us energy needs for the next 150 years, which he describes as \u201c the saudi arabia of natural gas. \u201d \u201c this is an industry that is going to be large, \u201d hellman says, \u201c and we have to do it right. \u201d according to him, an important part of \u201c doing it right \u201d is advancing the proppant technology. the numbers are compelling. each lateral well ( 12 - 20 come off each vertical wellhead ) calls for 3, 000 tons of proppant. the present market is in the neighborhood of 100 billion tons per year, up from 12 billion tons only seven years ago. at those volumes, proppants need to be available locally and cheap. his group is looking at ways to use discarded materials \u2014 such as glass cullet, slags, wrong - size roofing shingle minerals, and even the drill cuttings pulled from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47987716087927096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.893275"} {"text": "those volumes, proppants need to be available locally and cheap. his group is looking at ways to use discarded materials \u2014 such as glass cullet, slags, wrong - size roofing shingle minerals, and even the drill cuttings pulled from the wells \u2014 to make high - quality, inexpensive proppants, while solving some other industrial disposal problems. he also offered some intriguing ideas for \u201c smart proppants \u201d based on magnetic particles with piezoelectric outer shells that could provide in situ monitoring of the wells. the rcd regulars like to characterize themselves as a \u201c family. \u201d to my delight, this family welcomed me into the clan by singing \u201c happy birthday \u201d to me yesterday to celebrate my nth 39th birthday! there \u2019 s more to multifunctional ultra - flyweight aerogel produced at a zhejiang u. lab than just \u2018 world \u2019 s lightest material \u2019 record i suspect this story may seem a little like old news to some readers, but a lot of the pop - sci reporting in the last few days about a new ultralight aerogel ( actually, a ufa or ultra - flyweight aerogel, i. e., less than 1 mg cm\u22123 ) has missed the point by a wide margin. the big takeaway from this story, as documented in a new advanced materials paper, is that the graphene \u2013 carbon nanotube ( cnt ) aerogel is relatively easy to make, appears to be easily scalable, and is moldable into any shape. moreover, the new ufa, besides having ultralow density, also is extremely flexible and elastic \u2014 with the elasticity independent of temperature \u2014 and is thermally stable, a good electrical conductor, hydrophobic, and capable of absorbing extremely high capacities for organic liquids and phase change materials. now, certainly, there is a significant gee - whiz factor for gaining the \u201c world \u2019 s lightest material \u201d title, an achievement based on a density of 0. 16 mg cm\u22123, accomplished by the research team at zhejiang university headed by gao chao. the group \u2019 s material is not the first ufa. within the past 18 months, other researchers have constructed nickel foams with density of 0. 9 mg cm\u22123 ( via electroless plating and subsequently etching away a polymer template ), and another group constructed an aerographite with a density of 0. 18 mg cm\u22123 ( via a zno template - based chemical vapor deposition approach ). but, both groups \u2019 dependency on a template also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5155821360724718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.895731"} {"text": "of cnts reinforces the relatively flexible graphene substrate and endows their intrinsic elasticity to the coorganized aerogel. \u201d one of the ufa \u2019 s interesting properties is its elasticity that allows it to be repeatedly compressed and returned to its nearly original size. this sponginess comes in handy in combination with another property : it can rapidly absorb up to 900 times its own weight in oil or other organic liquids. for example, one gram can absorb 68. 8 grams of organics per second. the elasticity remained the same in tests that ranged from \u2212190 to 300\u00b0c. the elasticity also remained after researchers annealed the ufa at 900\u00b0c for five hours. there are probably many ways the elasticity and absorbability can be useful, not the least of which is that, because of its hydrophobicity, it could be a reusable medium to soak up oil spills on lakes and oceans. gao says in the university story, \u201c maybe one day when oil spill occurs, we can scatter them on the sea and absorb the oil quickly. due to its elasticity, both the oil absorbed and the aerogel can be recycled. \u201d ( another chinese research group working at tsinghua and peking universities published a paper in 2010 about the use of cnts for oil spills, and i suspect that there is some overlap between the work of the two groups. ) another property of the ufa is that it has elasticity - dependent electrical conductivity. for example, they report connecting an led lamp top the ufa bulk, and \u201c its brightness fluctuates upon compressing and releasing the aerogel. this phenomenon promises the application of ufas as pressure - responsive sensors. \u201d they also say that by loading the ufa with tiny amounts of certain liquids ( say, ccl4 or 1 - hexadecanol ), they can make conductive composites with very high electrical conductivity compared to just cnt - or graphene - based composites. video of variable conductivity of ufa demonstrating current change to led when aerogel is compressed and released. credit : gao et al. ; advanced materials. gao and the other authors also suggest the ufa could find use as supercapacitors and catalyst beds, but another intriguing application they only hint at is its use as a medium that enhances phase - change energy storage materials. for example, unlike other composites, a ufa - paraffin combination delivers higher phase - change enthal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5181556119240124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.921591"} {"text": "anti - semitism \u2014 or, more accurately, anti - jewishness \u2014 was not an invention of hitler nor of his national socialist german workers \u2019 party. anti - jewish sentiment has always stalked the jews, where - ever they went : it seems as if their very presence always elicited a negative and hostile response from virtually all the nations in which they settled. anti - jewish sentiment existed long before christianity, and the introduction of that religion and its distortions merely provided another means of expression for the latent anti - jewish feeling which always followed the jews like a shadow. origins of anti - jewish sentiment. the origins of this original anti - jewish feeling lie within the nature of jewish society itself : exclusively ethno - centric with a binding religion and inward looking culture, the jews always managed to maintain themselves as an isolated community in all of the nations in which they settled. this tradition has maintained itself to this day. for this reason, jews tended to live together in tightly knit communities in cities : these jewish blocks came to be called ghettoes, and it is important to realize that the first ghettoes were entirely voluntary jewish neighborhoods. this was then re - inforced by religious laws limiting membership of the jewish community by race \u2014 only people born of jewish women could be accepted as jews. this is another practice which has survived to the present day \u2014 people of no direct jewish ancestry can only become jews with great difficulty, and even then a large section of the jewish community, the orthodox jews, will not recognize converts as true jews. finally, the well - known jewish propensity for business and the ability to accumulate vast amounts of money \u2014 a phenomena well known to this day \u2014 was the source of much original anti - jewish feeling. gentiles ( or, goy as the jewish talmud ) refer to non - jews of all races, with the literal translation of cattle \u2014 which in itself is an important insight of how the writers of the talmud viewed the outside world. the true origins of anti - jewish feeling therefore lies in a combination of three major factors : \u2022 the self imposed isolation of the jewish people ; \u2022 the open hostility to non - jews as espoused in their ethno - centric and tightly binding religion ; and \u2022 the propensity of their financial dealings. thus it was that the first anti - jewish outbursts occurred long before the introduction of christianity. christianity merely added to these emotions : as the wave of christian fanaticism swept europe, all sense of reason or rationality was lost, and,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4656446164740061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.945811"} {"text": ". thus it was that the first anti - jewish outbursts occurred long before the introduction of christianity. christianity merely added to these emotions : as the wave of christian fanaticism swept europe, all sense of reason or rationality was lost, and, forgetting that christianity itself had sprung from judaism, the christians gave vent to their long simmering dislike of the jews by accusing them of being the killers of christ to boot. the hostility was however, reciprocated : the talmud, which is a collection of rabbinical writings added to the old testament, contains many violently anti - gentile remarks, comparing non - jewish women to whores and providing specific instruction on how it is permissible for jews to cheat non - jews in business. both christians and jews then, altered their religious teachings in attempts to whip up hostility to each other in a bizarre semi - religious and semi - racial clash. jews occupy high posts in moorish spain and portugal. after the decline of the roman empire, jews started settling in larger numbers in western europe, with many sephardic jews crossing over from africa into spain. hot on their heels came the muslim moors, who gave the jews favored status in moorish occupied spain : jews came to fill the highest position in the moorish republic of granada in spain and owned one - third of all the real estate in barcelona. when the moorish occupation of spain was finally ended, the christian victors did not take kindly to what they correctly saw as jewish collaboration with the moors. this led to the spanish version of the inquisition, which was primarily aimed at jews who had falsely converted to christianity in an attempt to escape the revenge attacks on jews carried out by the victorious christian armies. finally, the jews were formally expelled from spain in 1492, the same year that christopher columbus set foot in the americas. france. as avid supporters of the french revolution, jews were rewarded when the national assembly enfranchised jews in 1791, simultaneously stripping all restrictions which had been placed on them. napoleon bonaparte was given much support by europe \u2019 s jews in his campaigns across europe, for where ever he went he lifted whatever restrictions there had been upon the jews. once again, this was only good for jews over the short term. the downside came when napoleon was finally beaten : jews were associated with the destruction that his military adventures had wrought ; virtually all of the reforms he had instituted were reversed as a result. however, by the 1860s, most of the jewish communities in western europe had more or less been de - ghettoized, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42985233841275877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.946929"} {"text": "associated with the destruction that his military adventures had wrought ; virtually all of the reforms he had instituted were reversed as a result. however, by the 1860s, most of the jewish communities in western europe had more or less been de - ghettoized, and napoleon \u2019 s reforms had for the greatest part been re - instituted. jewish domination of media in the west. whether by deliberate plan or accident, the situation has arisen whereby jews have ended up dominating the mass media forms of both the usa, and to a slightly smaller extent, of western europe. the ownership of the mass media by a small group of jews is well documented and full details are easily obtainable on the internet. this jewish domination of the media can, and does, have serious consequences, so vividly illustrated by the 11 september 2001 attacks on new york \u2019 s world trade centre and the pentagon in washington, d. c. these events were triggered exclusively by the unflagging us support given to israel against the palestinians. the fact that the usa \u2014 and much of the west \u2014 continues to support israel at any cost, including the deaths of thousands of its own citizens, is the surest evidence yet of the power of the jewish lobby in both the mass media ( which generates \u201c public opinion \u201d ) and of the jewish lobby \u2019 s famed control over the us government, and to a lesser extent, the governments of western europe. the expulsion of the jews the spanish jews were amongst the first to feel the full effects of the fall of the moors from power in spain. in 1492 isabella and ferdinand formally expelled all jews from that country, punishing the spanish jews for having actively collaborated with the moors during their 780 year long occupation. the victorious moors ( who, because of their common semitic ancestry with the spanish jews and the already poor relations between the jews and the goths ) employed several spanish jews in their administration of spain in some of the highest posts, even though there were occasional outbursts of anti - jewish feeling amongst the arabs themselves. in the city of grenada, the last to fall to the white armies, the spanish were enraged to learn that the moorish king \u2019 s prime minister and most of his leading advisors were jews. a massacre of jews in the city followed that discovery. this alliance between a number of spanish jews and the moors inflamed the anti - semitic feeling amongst the subdued goths even further ; a sentiment which would later flare up in the form of the spanish inquisition and the expulsion of the jews from spain. the inquisition. when spain was finally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44850467141108363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.947969"} {"text": "and the moors inflamed the anti - semitic feeling amongst the subdued goths even further ; a sentiment which would later flare up in the form of the spanish inquisition and the expulsion of the jews from spain. the inquisition. when spain was finally liberated from the non - white moors, the long suppressed anti - jewish sentiment broke out in full fury. in that year all unbaptized jews were expelled en masse from spain, and the infamous spanish inquisition, set up to enforce christendom, was used to persecute jews, who, because of their collaboration with the moors, were regarded as the implacable enemies of white spain. earlier isabella had obtained from the pope in rome a dispensation to establish the inquisition in spain, which soon turned into a fully fledged anti - jewish campaign under the name of christianity. the first hearings against the conversos were held in february 1481 in castile ; it combined with the outbreak of the bubonic plague. many christian fanatics linked the outbreak of the plague to the start of proceedings against the conversos, and the jews were blamed for the plague as well as their other real or imagined crimes, which included accusations that they had betrayed the city of toledo to the invading moors by opening the city gates at a crucial junction in the siege of that city. the leading conversos held a secret meeting to resist the inquisition with force. isabella \u2019 s spies however found out about the planned rebellion and arrested the ringleaders, most prominent amongst them a rabbi named diego de susan. he, along with six other jews, was tried for subversion, found guilty and executed by burning at the stake in late 1481. the conversos then broke rank in panic, and starting fleeing spain in large numbers, some going to italy, but many going to muslim held turkey, where they once again enjoyed special status. much property belonging to the converso jews \u2014 who by some estimates made up as much as 20 per cent of spain \u2019 s pre - inquisition population \u2014 was seized by isabella and added to the state treasury. after the expulsion of the moors and the jews, spain entered its golden age. it created a huge empire, and along with portugal, became one of the most powerful nations in europe. the first great brothers \u2019 war the world zionist movement, a nationalist jewish organization founded by european jews to create a national homeland for jews in palestine, saw an opportunity open up with the british occupation of palestine, and persuaded the british foreign minister, lord arthur balfour,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41045163111929905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.948954"} {"text": "great brothers \u2019 war the world zionist movement, a nationalist jewish organization founded by european jews to create a national homeland for jews in palestine, saw an opportunity open up with the british occupation of palestine, and persuaded the british foreign minister, lord arthur balfour, to issue a public promise in 1917 to the effect that britain would support the creation of a jewish homeland in palestine. this public promise became known as the balfour declaration. in return for this undertaking, the world zionist movement then promised britain that it would marshal the world \u2019 s jews behind the allied cause and, more importantly, endeavor to use their influence to bring the united states of america into the war. in this way, considerable pressure was brought to bear on the american government to enter the war against germany, although by this stage they hardly needed much prompting. the united states enters the war. while the world zionist congress was actively working behind the scenes with the powerful jewish lobby in the american government, the course of the war at sea presented the american president, woodrow wilson, with an opportunity to enter the war against germany, despite his presidential election campaign having been specifically fought on a non - interventionist ticket. in february 1917, the us broke off diplomatic relations with germany and formally declared war in april. the timing of the us entry into the war \u2014 virtually simultaneously with the balfour declaration \u2014 is too good to be coincidental. by june 1917, more than 175, 000 american troops were already in france ; by the end of the war more than two million americans had been deployed in france. waves of fresh american troops captured 14, 000 exhausted and virtually starving german troops at saint - mihiel, and then pushed on through the argonne forest, breaking the german lines between metz and sedan. with this major defeat, the german government asked for an armistice in october 1918 \u2014 this attempt to end the war failed when the american president woodrow wilson insisted on negotiating only with a democratic german government. the british then pushed home an attack in belgium and northern france and early in november american and french forces reached sedan. by early november, the hindenburg line had been broken and the germans were in disarray. the suppressed link \u2013 jews and communism the creation of the soviet union was to impact upon history for the greater part of the 20th century \u2014 and an understanding of the sub - racial and ideological divisions it caused is crucial to understanding not only the events of that century, but also to understanding the flare up of anti - jewish sentiment which culminated in the creation of the third reich in germany. for the soviet union", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4200175062097858, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.950109"} {"text": "of the sub - racial and ideological divisions it caused is crucial to understanding not only the events of that century, but also to understanding the flare up of anti - jewish sentiment which culminated in the creation of the third reich in germany. for the soviet union \u2019 s best kept secret was that the bolshevik elite had one outstanding characteristic : it had an inordinately large number of jews in its controlling body. virtually all of the important bolshevik leaders were jews : they included the \u201c father of the revolution, \u201d leon trotsky ( whose real name was lev bronstein : in an attempt to hide his jewishness, he adopted the name trotsky ) ; lev kamenev, the early bolshevik leader who later went on to become a leading member of the politburo, was born with the surname rosenfeld ; grigori zinoviev, head of the petrograd soviet, was born with the surname apfelbaum ; and many other famous communists of the time, such as karl radek, lazar kaganovich ; and moses urtisky, ( the head of the cheka ) who all changed their names for reasons similar to that of trotsky. the bolshevik \u2019 s party \u2019 s central committee chairman, yakov sverdlov, was also jewish \u2014 and it was he who gave the order to the jewish soviet secret policeman, yurovsky, to murder the tsar \u2014 yurovsky personally carried out this order. as if the russian revolution was not enough, the originator of the communist ideology itself, karl marx, was also a jew, with his family name in reality being levi. the large jewish role in the russian revolution, combined with the fact that marx had been born a jew, was manna from heaven for the european anti - semitic movement, and the link between jews and communism was exploited to the hilt, particularly by adolf hitler and the national socialist ( nazi ) movement in germany during the 1920s. it was not only in germany that the association of jews with communism was made : all over the world jews became associated with radical political movements, sometimes justifiably so, other times not. nonetheless, the presence of so many jews in the creation of the soviet union played a massive role in justifying anti - jewish sentiment in europe prior to, and with, the rise of adolf hitler. directly after the first world war, there were another three specifically jewish communist revolutions in europe itself : \u2022 the german jew, kurt eisner, led a short lived communist revolution in munich,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4783200542921223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.951147"} {"text": "prior to, and with, the rise of adolf hitler. directly after the first world war, there were another three specifically jewish communist revolutions in europe itself : \u2022 the german jew, kurt eisner, led a short lived communist revolution in munich, bavaria from november 1918 to february 1919 ( at the same time that adolf hitler was an unknown soldier in that city \u2014 the effect of being a first hand witness to a jewish and communist - led revolution helped to cement hitler \u2019 s anti - communist and anti - jewish feelings ) ; \u2022 the short lived sparticus uprising in berlin ( september 1918 to january 1919 ) led by the german jews, karl liebknecht and rosa luxemburg ; and \u2022 the short lived communist tyranny in hungary led by the jew, bela kun ( cohen ), from march to august 1919. these incidents all helped to identify jews with communism in the public mind : in this light it becomes perfectly explicable why the nazi party was able to win support on an anti - communist and open anti - jewish platform. jews in the later soviet union. jews retained their leading roles in soviet society until growing anti - semitism within the communist party itself led to a change in policy. trotsky was the first major jewish casualty : he split with stalin over the issue of international socialism and the need to spread the revolution : he was forced into exile in 1929. he was then assassinated in mexico city in 1940, allegedly by a stalinist agent. by the middle 1930s, stalin had started purging the soviet communist party of other important jews. the period immediately following the end of the second world war and the creation of the state of israel saw another rise in soviet anti - semitism : by 1953, stalin had started purging all jews in the soviet hierarchy who were also zionists. the communists, quite correctly, saw zionism as jewish nationalism and contrary to the interests of an international socialist brotherhood. many leading russian jews were also fervent zionists : and it was this group that was then targeted for persecution, and who became famous throughout the rest of the lifetime of the soviet union as the victims of soviet anti - semitism. zionism, as an expression of jewish separatism was declared a crime against the soviet state, and zionist organizations were forced to close down their operations inside the soviet union. east germany, as an official soviet satellite, was forbidden by moscow to make any reparations payments to the zionist created state of israel for the treatment of jews by the nazi government.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46421762400393246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.952116"} {"text": "organizations were forced to close down their operations inside the soviet union. east germany, as an official soviet satellite, was forbidden by moscow to make any reparations payments to the zionist created state of israel for the treatment of jews by the nazi government. not all russian jews were zionists : those who were not, were generally left alone and some did achieve prominent positions within the post stalin soviet union. many thousands of jews did however leave the soviet union \u2014 estimates putting the total number at over the one million mark, with most settling in israel or the united states. the encyclopedia judaica, published in jerusalem, israel, by jews, is available at most large public libraries and is in english. this reference book for all things jewish is quite open about the jewish role in communism, particularly early communism, and contains a large number of admissions in this regard. the volume 5 of the 1971 edition of the encyclopedia judaica, published in jerusalem, israel, from where all of the extracts below have been taken. under the entry for \u201c communism \u201d : in volume 5, page 792, the following appears : \u201c the communist movement and ideology played an important part in jewish life, particularly in the 1920s, 1930s and during and after world war ii. \u201d on page 793, the same encyclopedia judaica then goes on to say that \u201c communist trends became widespread in virtually all jewish communities. in some countries, jews became the leading element in the legal and illegal communist parties. \u201d the encyclopedia judaica goes on to reveal that the communist international actually instructed jews to change their names so as \u201c not confirm right - wing propaganda that presented communism as an alien, jewish conspiracy. \u201d the encyclopedia judaica then goes on to describe the overwhelming role jews played in creating the soviet union. on page 792 it says : \u201c individual jews played an important role in the early stages of bolshevism and the soviet regime \u201d. on page 794, this jewish reference book then goes to list the jews prominent in the upper command of the russian communist party : these included maxim litvinov ( later foreign minister of soviet russia ) ; grigori zinoviev, lwev kamenev, jacob sverdlov, lazar kaganovich, and karl radek, amongst many others. the organizer of the revolution was trotsky, who prepared a special committee to plan and prepare the coup which brought the communists to power. according to the encyclopedia judaica, this committee, called the military revolutionary committee, had five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45360813352038165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.953349"} {"text": "many others. the organizer of the revolution was trotsky, who prepared a special committee to plan and prepare the coup which brought the communists to power. according to the encyclopedia judaica, this committee, called the military revolutionary committee, had five members \u2014 three of whom were jews. the politburo \u2014 the supreme governing body of russia immediately after the communist revolution \u2014 had four jews amongst its seven members, according to page 797 of the jewish encyclopedia judaica. while many have alleged that lenin was also jewish, or at least of part jewish origin, there is little concrete evidence of this. however, lenin was ardently pro - jewish, branding anti - semitism ( correctly ) as \u201c counter revolutionary \u201d ( encyclopedia judaica, page 798 ). a statement against anti - semitism was made by lenin in march 1919 and was \u201c one of the rare occasions when his voice was put on a phonograph record to be used in a mass campaign against the counterrevolutionary incitement against the jews, \u201d according to the encyclopedia judaica, page 798. one of the first laws passed by the new soviet communist government was to outlaw anti - semitism ( encyclopedia judaica, page 798 ). winston churchill on the jewish role in communism. the preponderance of jews in the inner sanctum of the communist revolution in russia was in fact well known at the time that the revolution took place : it is only in the post second world war ii era that this fact has been suppressed. a good example of the contemporary awareness of the jewish nature of early russian communism can be found in the writing of the young winston churchill, later to become prime minister of great britain, who, in 1920, was also working as journalist. in 1920, churchill wrote a full page article for the illustrated sunday herald on 8 february 1920 detailing the jewish involvement in the revolution. churchill discusses in this article the split between jews : some are communists, he wrote, while others are jewish nationalists. churchill favored the jewish nationalists, ( and of course they indeed fall foul of the jewish communists, eventually becoming bitter enemies ) and he appealed to what he called \u201c loyal jews \u201d to ensure that the communist jews did not succeed. churchill went even further and blamed the jews for \u201c every subversive movement during the nineteenth century \u201d, writing : this movement amongst the jews ( the russian revolution ) is not new. from the days of spartacus weishaupt to those of karl marx, and down to trotsky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43923529535684336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.954469"} {"text": "for \u201c every subversive movement during the nineteenth century \u201d, writing : this movement amongst the jews ( the russian revolution ) is not new. from the days of spartacus weishaupt to those of karl marx, and down to trotsky ( russia ), bela kuhn ( hungary ), rosa luxembourg ( germany ) and emma goldman ( united states ), this world wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilization and the reconstruction of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality, has been steadily growing. it played, as a modern writer, mrs. nesta webster, has so ably shown, a definitely recognizable part in the tragedy of the french revolution. it has been the mainspring of every subversive movement during the nineteenth century ; and now at last this band of extraordinary personalities has gripped the russian people by the hair of their heads and have become practically the undisputed masters of that enormous empire. there is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the russian revolution by these international and for the most part atheistic jews. moreover, the principal inspiration and driving power comes from jewish leaders. churchill also pointedly accused leon trotsky ( bronstein ) of wanting to establish a \u201c world wide communistic state under jewish domination \u201d in this article. churchill was not the only journalist to note the jewish role in the russian revolution : robert wilton, the chief correspondent for the london times, who was stationed in russia at the time, wrote in his book the last days of the romanovs ( hornton butterworth, london, 1920, pages 147, 22 - 28, 81, 118, 199, 127, 139 - 148 ) that \u201c 90 per cent \u201d of the new soviet government was composed of jews. the correspondent for the london morning post, victor marsden, went further and actually compiled a list of names of the top 545 bolshevik officials : of these, marsden said, 454 were jews and only 23 non - jewish russians ( all these things, a. n. field, appendix b pages 274 - 276 ). the us army \u2019 s telegrams. the american army intelligence service had its agents in russia at the time of the communist revolution, and the jewish nature of that revolution is accurately reflected in those reports. an american senate subcommittee investigation into the russian revolution heard evidence, put on congressional record, that \u201c in december 1919, under the presidency of a man named apfelbaum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5322431151742502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.955546"} {"text": ", and the jewish nature of that revolution is accurately reflected in those reports. an american senate subcommittee investigation into the russian revolution heard evidence, put on congressional record, that \u201c in december 1919, under the presidency of a man named apfelbaum ( zinovieff ), out of the 388 members of the bolshevik central government, only 16 happened to be real russians, and all the rest ( with the exception of a negro from the u. s. ) were jews \u201d ( u. s. senate document 62, 1919 ). [ kemp includes here photocopy images of these telegrams from official us national archives, and then he adds : ] both describe the domination of the bolshevik communists by jews, using the words \u201c fifty per cent of soviet government in each town consists of jews of the worst type. \u201d copies of documents from the us national archives are freely available to anyone from the washington dc, usa, office. however, none of these authorities quoted above dared to use quite the language of a us military intelligence officer, one captain montgomery schuyler, who sent two reports to washington in march and june 1919, describing in graphic detail the jewish role in the russian revolution. both these reports were only declassified in september 1957 and the originals are still held in the us national archives in washington, open for public inspection. the first report, sent from omsk on 1 march 1919, contains the following paragraph : \u201c it is probably unwise to say this loudly in the united states but the bolshevik movement is and has been since its beginning, guided and controlled by russian jews of the greasiest type \u201d. the second report, dated 9 june 1919, and sent from vladivostok, said that of the \u201c 384 commissars there were 2 negroes, 13 russians, 15 chinamen, 22 armenians and more than 300 jews. of the latter number 264 had come to russia from the united states since the downfall of the imperial government. \u201d both these american army military intelligence reports are freely available from the us national archives in washington dc. the importance of this information does not need to be overemphasized in the light of the crucial governing role the commissars played in the running the early soviet society. it therefore came as no surprise when anti - semitism was duly entered into the soviet law books as a death penalty crime. for excerpts of all chapters of kemp \u2019 s book see : here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48483643230113826, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.956472"} {"text": "i had always thought low ph foods had a noticeable sour ( acid ) taste, and vice - versa. but when reading the bread builders by daniel wing & allan scott, on page 54, it says : the sour taste of especially sour naturally leavened bread comes more from the total amount of acid in the bread than from the ph of the bread. after knowing that, someone i know made the following experiment : - measured the ph of vinegar with a ph - meter. - prepared a solution of spirits of salt with the same ph. - drink both. pure vinegar tastes much more acid than spirits of salt. in fact, the last one has almost no acid taste. so, it seems my initial thoughts were wrong. why? also, what makes we perceive foods as acid tasting? after some research ( thanks to rumtscho ' s comment ) i have found that taste buds detect the presence of h + ions ( as cited in the wikipedia article on gustatory system ). but still don ' t know why when drinking acetic acid ( vinegar ) sourness is sensed more than when drinking hcl ( spirits of salt ), if both of them are diluted to have the same ph. update 2 : after @ wayfaring stranger ' s answer it is clair that sour taste is given by anions ( and not h + ions ), as written in this question ' s last update.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41723378523707105, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.959309"} {"text": "21st century librarians & computer teachers transitioning into information literacy and technology coaches by kathryn naples angel & valerie morrison in this age of literacy 2. 0, the roles of the school librarian and technology teachers are in need of a change. when students have near - constant access to information through ebooks, tablets, and their personal devices, information and media literacy training can no longer be limited to the library and computer lab. with the new common core standards implementation, now is a perfect time to rethink these roles and develop an information, communication, technology and literacy model that supports 21st - century learning. traditionally the school librarian was the director of the learning center or library ; supplying books, maintaining records, organizing resources, and teaching students to locate materials. the pinnacle of this position has been reading award - winning books aloud and developing students \u2019 love of reading. the traditional computer teacher worked in the computer lab, where most of the technology was located. teachers brought students for \u201c computer classes \u201d and returned to their classrooms. even if curriculum was integrated into computer classes, classroom learning remained separate from technology. today \u2019 s classrooms are equipped with interactive whiteboards, ipod touches, tablets, and document cameras. laptops or ipads for multiple students or even 1 : 1 are changing how we think about information and technology. this equipment makes it possible to integrate technology throughout the day, every day. library and computer lab times still exist in many districts as thirty minute specials each week. this library and technology instruction period also allows teachers an additional planning period. with classroom teachers now responsible for assessing crucial communication skills and technology literacies, such skills must be integrated into daily classroom work and curriculum. working with all of this information and technology must be a collaborative effort. teachers need to be involved in order to meet students \u2019 daily classroom needs. redefining the roles of the librarian and computer teacher as information and technology coaches supports and propagates best practices so teachers can create a powerful learning environment for students. an instructional coach \u2019 s responsibilities require that evidence - based practices are introduced into classrooms. providing staff development to support a coaching model ensures that every educator receives effective professional learning to ensure student achievement. in the fall of 2011, we were given the responsibility of helping our teachers meet the needs of 21st century learners. we were empowered with two 30 - minute periods of planning time for classroom teachers while their students went in the ict center ( formerly library ) and ict lab ( formerly computer lab ). to ensure teachers involvement during this \u201c special \u201d time, and to tie it in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.424196644336451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.966960"} {"text": "empowered with two 30 - minute periods of planning time for classroom teachers while their students went in the ict center ( formerly library ) and ict lab ( formerly computer lab ). to ensure teachers involvement during this \u201c special \u201d time, and to tie it in with the many new common core targets being implemented, we attended teacher team meetings to identify teachers \u2019 weekly learning targets. kathryn, in her new role as ict and literacy coach, and valerie, in her new position as technology coach, worked with teachers to plan sixty - minute introductory lessons that focused on informational text in science and social studies. we introduced the lesson during ict center time using informative print materials and web - based information. then, during ict lab time, the same lesson was continued and students began the process of navigating the web and beginning technology components. the goal was to give students a hands - on opportunity to learn to work independently on the project that would ultimately be completed and evaluated in the classroom with teacher and coaching support. this model enabled us, in the role of instructional coaches, to have an entry point into the classroom to support teachers with learning targets, literacy, technology, 21st century communication skills, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity. when the second grade team brought up the common core standards for reading information text, which require students to identify the main purpose of a text and explain how specific images and diagrams contribute to and clarify a text, we found a natural connection to the earth science target, in which students must create a graphic display of weather patterns. the ensuing discussion afforded us the opportunity to introduce students to print and digital weather text during ict center time. students then used a web - based graphing program during ict lab time to start a weather graph and understand how to save and access their work - in - progress. throughout the rest of the project, students continued graphing weather data in the classroom during a literacy rotation with the support of the technology coach. the culminating project was an imovie video weather report using green - screen technology, which was shared on the school website for students and parents to view. a project this involved would typically have happened outside the classroom. this new model provided an opportunity for collaboration, and classroom teachers were involved with the process of planning, teaching, and reflection necessary to assess student learning. collaborative planning was key to the success of the new ict sessions. the sessions, along with coaching support, enabled teachers to continue instruction back in their classrooms. migrating our technology resource staff into the role of instructional coaches was vital in helping the classroom teacher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4990503135174359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.968042"} {"text": "of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde by robert louis stevenson ( 1850 - 1894 ) a study guide study guide prepared by michael j. cummings... \u00a9 2005 revised in 2010. \u00a9 the strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde is a novel of horror focusing on events resulting from scientific experimentation. the novel contains elements of science fiction, a literary genre focusing on a fictional story of how scientific experiments, discoveries, and technologies affect human beings for better or worse. science fiction differs from pure fantasy in that it presents events that appear to be scientifically plausible. the book also contains elements of gothic fiction. the new york firm of charles scribner ' s sons published dr. jekyll and mr. hyde on january 5, 1886. the london firm of longmans, green, and company published the book on january 9 of the same year. robert louis stevenson ' s source of inspiration for the strange case of dr. jekyll and mr. hyde was a dream he had while recovering from an illness at bournemouth, england. when he awoke from it, the details of the plot crystallized and he wrote them down. the action in the novel takes place in london in the late 1800s. the atmosphere is dark and mysterious. many of the scenes take place at night on shadowy streets in the soho section of london or in the daytime in heavy fog. henry jekyll / edward hyde : jekyll is a respected medical doctor who conducts experiments that enable him to change his personality and physical appearance by ingesting a chemical mixture. in effect, he can become another person \u2014 an evil, deformed person whom he calls edward hyde. unfortunately, jekyll eventually loses control over this evil side of himself. mr. hyde commits murder and eventually takes over jekyll ' s life, body and soul. gabriel john utterson : honest, loyal attorney who manages jekyll ' s legal affairs. richard enfield : good friend and relative of utterson. after witnessing an incident in which hyde mistreats a little girl, he gives an account of the incident to utterson. the little girl : child between age eight and ten. while on an errand to summon a doctor for her family, she collides with hyde on a street. he tramps right over, causing a stir in the neighborhood. this incident alerts the reader early in the novel to the brutality of mr. hyde. family of the little girl : adults who come to the girl ' s aid. apotheca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4663170824692385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.985853"} {"text": "he tramps right over, causing a stir in the neighborhood. this incident alerts the reader early in the novel to the brutality of mr. hyde. family of the little girl : adults who come to the girl ' s aid. apothecary : the doctor summoned by the little girl. dr. hastie lanyon : friend of jekyll. lanyon witnesses one of hyde ' s transformations back into jekyll. the terrifying experience shocks him into an illness from which he does not recover. poole : jekyll ' s servant. sir danvers carew : member of parliament who is murdered by hyde. maidservant : woman who witnesses the murder of carew and identifies hyde as the perpetrator. inspector newcomen : scotland yard policeman who investigates the murder of carew. mr. guest : law clerk of utterson. guest identifies hyde ' s handwriting as jekyll ' s. bradshaw : footman of jekyll. in the final scenes of the novel, bradshaw keeps watch on the back door of the laboratory while utterson and poole break in the front door. servants of jekyll on one of their excursions in london \u2019 s soho district, enfield tells utterson about an incident he had witnessed there involving an ugly little man. at about 3 o \u2019 clock one winter morning, the man was walking eastward when he collided with a little girl, about eight, coming out of a side street. she fell, and he tramped right over her, leaving her screaming. when enfield confronted the man, the fellow gave enfield a look that made him break out into a sweat. hearing her screams, the girl \u2019 s family came to her aid. she had earlier been sent to fetch a physician to attend a sick family member. when the doctor arrived, he pronounced the girl not much the worse for her experience except for being terribly frightened. everyone on the scene regarded the offender with utter hatred. when the women attacked him, the men did their best to hold them back. however, they threatened \u201c to make his name stink from one end of london to the other, \u201d enfield said. realizing that the little girl \u2019 s defenders meant business, the man agreed to make a settlement of a hundred pounds. he entered the door of a two - story building and returned moments later with ten pounds and a draft for the rest of the money signed by another man \u2014 \u201c with a name that i can \u2019 t mention, \u201d enfield said. enfield does mention, however, that the signer was a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41576698774873516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.986831"} {"text": "story building and returned moments later with ten pounds and a draft for the rest of the money signed by another man \u2014 \u201c with a name that i can \u2019 t mention, \u201d enfield said. enfield does mention, however, that the signer was a man of excellent reputation, a fact which has led enfield to speculate that the ugly little man had been blackmailing the signer. the address on the draft indicated that the signer lived elsewhere, in a square. since the incident, enfield says, he has made a study of the two - story building, a run - down structure with a door but no windows. no one enters or leaves it except the ugly man. when utterson asks his name, enfield readily supplies it : hyde. enfield describes him this way : there is something wrong with his appearance ; something displeasing, something down - right detestable. i never saw a man i so disliked, and yet i scarce know why. he must be deformed somewhere ; he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although i couldn ' t specify the point \". utterson then says he will not ask the name of the signer of the draft because he already knows it. after dinner that evening at his bachelor house, utterson opens his office safe, removes the will of his friend and client, henry jekyll, m. d., and peruses it. it provides that in the event of jekyll \u2019 s death all his possessions should pass to his \u201c friend and benefactor edward hyde. \u201d it further provides that if jekyll disappears without explanation for more than three months, hyde is to take control of jekyll \u2019 s affairs and property. it is madness, a disgrace, utterson thinks. utterson then visits dr. hattie lanyon, another friend of jekyll, in cavendish square. when utterson questions lanyon, the latter says he has seen little of jekyll in the past ten years because they had a falling out over what lanyon terms \u201c unscientific balderdash. \u201d when asked about hyde, lanyon says he never heard of him. thereafter, in his spare time, utterson frequently observes the two - story building that hyde had entered. one evening, after 10 p. m., hyde appears. while he poises a key to open the door, utterson steps forth and says, \u201c mr. hyde, i think? \u201d he asks to be admitted to see dr. jekyll, whom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4563099875180745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.987804"} {"text": "10 p. m., hyde appears. while he poises a key to open the door, utterson steps forth and says, \u201c mr. hyde, i think? \u201d he asks to be admitted to see dr. jekyll, whom he describes as an old friend. hyde says jekyll is not at home, then asks how utterson knew hyde \u2019 s name. \u201c by description, \u201d utterson replies, mentioning that they have common friends, one of whom is jekyll. without saying more, hyde opens the door and disappears inside. utterson loathes him more than ever before. his ugliness, his manner, seem to make him inhuman \u2014 \u201c something troglodytic, \u201d utterson thinks. two weeks later, jekyll holds a dinner for five or six old friends. after all the guests leave except utterson, the latter brings up the subject of the will, saying he never approved of the document. now, he is even more wary of it, he says, after investigating hyde, whom he says is abominable. but jekyll refuses to discuss the will, saying his mind is made up on the matter. however, to pacify utterson, he says that he can get rid of hyde anytime he wishes. \u201c i give you my hand upon that, \u201d he says. almost a year later, in october, a murder late in the evening in a street near the river becomes the talk of london. a maidservant who witnessed it from an upstairs window gave this account : an elderly gentleman was talking with a small man when suddenly the latter erupted with anger, beat the gentleman mercilessly with a cane, and trampled him under foot. after hearing the victim \u2019 s bones breaking, the maidservant fainted. later, when she came to, she called the police and told them she recognized the murderer as mr. hyde, whom she saw when he visited her master in the murder victim ' s pockets, police find a gold watch, a purse, and an envelope addressed to mr. utterson. in a nearby gutter is part of hyde \u2019 s cane, which had split while he was beating the man. there are no identifying papers or cards in the man \u2019 s pockets, but the next morning utterson identifies him as sir danvers carew, a member of parliament. he escorts inspector newcomen of scotland yard to the soho section of london and the two - story house where hyde apparently lived \u2014 the man who stood to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.468063398316735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.988728"} {"text": "the next morning utterson identifies him as sir danvers carew, a member of parliament. he escorts inspector newcomen of scotland yard to the soho section of london and the two - story house where hyde apparently lived \u2014 the man who stood to inherit a quarter million in sterling from jekyll. an old woman answers the door. after she tells them hyde is out, they search his rooms. they are tastefully furnished with thick carpeting, fine table linen, and silver plates but presently in great disarray : drawers are open and clothes lie about with pockets turned inside out. in the fireplace is a heap of ashes in which the inspector finds part of a checkbook. behind a door is the other part of the cane. after the inspector traces the checkbook to a bank, he is confident he will nab his man. all he has to do is wait at the bank for hyde to appear. utterson then visits jekyll again. this time, jekyll \u2019 s servant, poole, escorts him to the laboratory, sometimes referred to as the \u201c dissecting rooms. \u201d jekyll seems ill. when utterson questions him about hyde, jekyll swears he is through with the man. he gives a utterson a letter signed \u201c edward hyde \u201d that says hyde will not bother jekyll. it also says hyde plans to disappear. but the letter does not disclose hyde \u2019 s whereabouts ; jekyll burned the envelope in which it arrived but says it had no return address anyway. however, on his way out, utterson asks poole about the man who delivered the letter. poole says no letters were hand - delivered. the only mail that came arrived by post. when he returns to his office, utterson shows the letter to his trusted clerk, mr. guest, who recognizes the handwriting as jekyll \u2019 s when he compares it to the handwriting on a note jekyll sent to utterson to invite him to dinner. after instructing guest not to speak a word of the note, jekyll locks it in his safe. he believes jekyll forged it on behalf of hyde. meanwhile, the police are unable to locate hyde even though friends of sir danvers carew post rewards in the thousands of pounds for the capture of the murderer. tales spread about what a violent, cruel man hyde is. on january 8, jekyll holds his party, and all goes well \u2014 as in the old days. however, when utterson makes return visits on the 12th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44960149148609607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.989685"} {"text": "capture of the murderer. tales spread about what a violent, cruel man hyde is. on january 8, jekyll holds his party, and all goes well \u2014 as in the old days. however, when utterson makes return visits on the 12th, 14th, and 15th, poole tells him jekyll will not see anyone. two nights later, utterson visits lanyon, who had been at the party. utterson is shocked at the man \u2019 s appearance : pale, gaunt, seemingly older, with a look of terror distorting his face. lanyon explains that he had undergone a great shock from which he will not recover. when utterson mentions hyde, lanyon refuses to discuss him. two weeks later, lanyon dies. then a letter from him arrives at utterson \u2019 s. inside is a sealed envelope on which is written \u201c not to be opened till the death or disappearance of dr. henry jekyll. \" utterson locks it in his safe and immediately goes to see jekyll but is denied admittance. on one of the their sunday walks, utterson and enfield pass into the courtyard outside jekyll \u2019 s residence and see him sitting at an open window of his laboratory. utterson asks jekyll to join him and enfield for a walk, but he politely declines. a moment later, a look of terror suddenly crosses jekyll \u2019 s face, and he closes the window. some days later, poole arrives at utterson \u2019 s to tell him jekyll had shut himself up for a week. when utterson goes to jekyll \u2019 s with poole, the lawyer finds that all the maids are terrified \u2014 of something. the two men knock on jekyll \u2019 s door and hear him reply in a strange voice : \u201c i cannot see anyone. \u201d poole then leads utterson to the kitchen and tells him that \u201c whatever \u201d lives in the laboratory has been crying out for certain drugs, writing orders for them and throwing them out the door. after jekyll \u2019 s servants leave meals outside the door, the laboratory occupant takes them when no one is around. eventually, utterson and poole break into the laboratory and find mr. hyde dead on the floor in the clothes of dr. jekyll. it appears that he had committed suicide. utterson also finds a letter written by jekyll to utterson. later, in his home, utterson first removes lanyon \u2019 s letter from the safe and reads it. it says that hyde visited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.471981973818925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.990606"} {"text": "it appears that he had committed suicide. utterson also finds a letter written by jekyll to utterson. later, in his home, utterson first removes lanyon \u2019 s letter from the safe and reads it. it says that hyde visited lanyon at midnight one evening to obtain certain chemicals \u2014 a white crystalline salt and a phial of red liquid that lanyon guessed contained phosphorus and a volatile ether \u2014 that jekyll had left in lanyon \u2019 s care. they were to be given to hyde should he come calling for them. after lanyon gave hyde chemicals, hyde mixed them and drank the concoction, the color of which had changed to dark purple. in a moment, he staggered and went into a frenzy. when the episode had concluded, hyde had become jekyll. lanyon was so shaken by the incident, he wrote, that \" sleep has left me ; the deadliest terror sits by me at all hours of the day and night ; and i feel that my days are numbered, and that i must die. \" in the jekyll letter, jekyll says he discovered a way to separate his good side from his sinister side. the latter became mr. hyde. for a time, jekyll looked forward to becoming hyde to enjoy the freedom of acting without a conscience. one night, he invoked hyde through his chemical concoction and ended up murdering sir danvers carew. when he became jekyll again, he was horrified at his deed. then he resolved to redeem himself. \u201c you know yourself how earnestly, in the last months of the last year, i laboured to relieve suffering, \u201d jekyll wrote. \u201c [ y ] ou know that much was done for others, and that the days passed quietly, almost happily for myself. \u201d alas, however, jekyll started turning into hyde without ingesting chemicals. it was the onset of one of these episodes that caused jekyll to slam shut the window when utterson and enfield were in the courtyard below talking with him. eventually, jekyll needed increasing amounts of chemicals to rid himself of hyde. but the effect of the chemicals would last only several hours, and hyde would return. fear of becoming hyde ate at him, ruined his health. when his supply of chemicals was almost depleted, he obtained a new supply. however, it was ineffective, and jekyll concluded that the original supply contained an impurity that enabled him to achieve the desired effect of turning back into jeky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46379417190358374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.991574"} {"text": "health. when his supply of chemicals was almost depleted, he obtained a new supply. however, it was ineffective, and jekyll concluded that the original supply contained an impurity that enabled him to achieve the desired effect of turning back into jekyll. while using up the last of the old supply, he wrote the letter to jekyll. his letter ends the letter this way : \u201c will hyde die upon the scaffold? or will he find courage to release himself at the last moment? god knows ; i am careless ; this is my true hour of death, and what is to follow concerns another than myself. here then, as i lay down the pen and proceed to seal up my confession, i bring the life of that unhappy henry jekyll to an end. \u201d stevenson tells the story in third - person point of view from the perspective of gabriel utterson, dr. jekyll ' s attorney. however, jekyll and lanyon tell small parts of the story in first - person point of view, through letters read by utterson. the novels of stevenson - - such as kidnapped, treasure island, and, of course, dr. jekyll and mr. hyde - - enjoy enduring popularity partly because of the author ' s ability to maintain suspense. in the following paragraph, for example, he creates an air of mystery about mr. hyde and asks questions that arouse the reader ' s curiosity. mr. hyde was pale and dwarfish, he gave an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation, he had a displeasing smile, he had borne himself to the lawyer with a sort of murderous mixture of timidity and boldness, and he spoke with a husky, whispering and somewhat broken voice ; all these were points against him, but not all of these together could explain the hitherto unknown disgust, loathing and fear with which mr. utterson regarded him. \" there must be something else, \" said the perplexed gentleman. \" there is something more, if i could find a name for it. god bless me, the man seems hardly human! something troglodytic, shall we say? or can it be the old story of dr. fell? or is it the mere radience of a foul soul that thus transpires through, and transfigures, its clay continent? the last, i think ; for, o my poor old harry jekyll, if ever i read satan ' s signature upon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47667272444727976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.993430"} {"text": "radience of a foul soul that thus transpires through, and transfigures, its clay continent? the last, i think ; for, o my poor old harry jekyll, if ever i read satan ' s signature upon a face, it is on that of your new friend. \" ( chapter 2 ) in chapter 6, stevenson says of hyde, much of his past was unearthed, indeed, and all disreputable : tales came out of the man ' s cruelty, at once so callous and violent ; of his vile life, of his strange associates, of the hatred that seemed to have surrounded his career ; but of his present whereabouts, not a whisper. in a chapter 8, stevenson creates a sense of foreboding, then plants a suggestion of impending catastrophe. it was a wild, cold, seasonable night of march, with a pale moon, lying on her back as though the wind had tilted her, and flying wrack of the most diaphanous and lawny texture. the wind made talking difficult, and flecked the blood into the face. it seemed to have swept the streets unusually bare of passengers, besides ; for mr. utterson thought he had never seen that part of london so deserted. he could have wished it otherwise ; never in his life had he been conscious of so sharp a wish to see and touch his fellow - creatures ; for struggle as he might, there was borne in upon his mind a crushing anticipation of calamity. conflict the conflict in the novel centers on ( 1 ) the struggle between jekyll and hyde for control of the doctor ' s mind and body and ( 2 ) the struggle between hyde and society after he makes his presence known as a brutal murderer. nature reflects these struggles symbolically, as in the following passage in which the sun and wind vie with a heavy fog that descends over the soho district of london. it was by this time about nine in the morning, and the first fog of the season. a great chocolate - coloured pall lowered over heaven, but the wind was continually charging and routing these embattled vapours ; so that as the cab crawled from street to street, mr. utterson beheld a marvelous number of degrees and hues of twilight ; for here it would be dark like the back - end of evening ; and there would be a glow of a rich, lurid brown, like the light of some strange conflagration ; and here, for a moment, the fog would be quite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4793467404812756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.994520"} {"text": "here it would be dark like the back - end of evening ; and there would be a glow of a rich, lurid brown, like the light of some strange conflagration ; and here, for a moment, the fog would be quite broken up, and a haggard shaft of daylight would glance in between the swirling wreaths. the dismal quarter of soho seen under these changing glimpses, with its muddy ways, and slatternly passengers, and its lamps, which had never been extinguished or had been kindled afresh to combat this mournful reinvasion of darkness, seemed, in the lawyer ' s eyes, like a district of some city in a nightmare. ( chapter 4 ) good vs evil each human being is a mixture of good and evil. unless a person suppresses his evil side, he runs the risk that the latter will dominate his good side and eventually bring him to ruin. boundaries of science science has moral boundaries. jekyll crosses them when he experiments on a mentally sound and physically healthy human being, himself, without regard for the dangers he could pose to himself and others. you may wish to compare this theme with a similar one in mary shelley ' s frankenstein. loyalty and professional ethics utterson is loyal to everyone he befriends \u2014 jekyll, enfield, his circle of professional friends. he, guest, and lanyon also strictly observe professional ethics, keeping confidences and abiding by agreements. isolation and secrecy when he conducts his experiments in hiding \u2014 without confiding in colleagues before or after the appearance of hyde \u2014 jekyll isolates himself and keeps his experiments a secret. as mr. hyde, he also moves about in secret. the veiled life of jekyll - hyde suggests that urban environments such as london have a hidden, mysterious side lurking within the shadows. when jekyll becomes hyde, he becomes violent, like a wild animal. the message here is clear : when any man allows his hyde to gain sway, he also becomes violent \u2014 - as a playground bully, a barroom brawler, a sadistic warmonger, a terrorist. the climax occurs when utterson and poole break down the door to jekyll ' s laboratory and find jekyll ' s alter ego, hyde, lying dead on the floor. there is a mental illness in which a person exhibits more than one personality, or identity. the american psychiatric association ( apa ) calls it dissociative - identity disorder, jargon for multiple -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5253942622107692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.995494"} {"text": ", hyde, lying dead on the floor. there is a mental illness in which a person exhibits more than one personality, or identity. the american psychiatric association ( apa ) calls it dissociative - identity disorder, jargon for multiple - personality disorder. the sufferer has two or more personalities. one personality, or identity, may take control of the mind for a while, then yield to another personality. the latter personality may in turn yield to still another personality. often one personality dominates. however, the dominant personality may not be aware of what another personality did while in control. the personalities may behave differently and, if aware that more than one personality inhabits the body, may even despise a rival personality. a victim of multiple - personality disorder may find himself in a strange car or a strange house, not realizing that one of his personalities took him there, then yielded to another personality. the disorder is extremely rare. persons abused as children are among those most likely to develop the disorder. - if robert louis stevenson were alive today, what stands would he take on human cloning and steroid use by athletes? - do you agree that everyone has a mr. hyde inside of him or her? - do you believe you really know the people around you \u2014 or do you know only part of them, their jekyll, but not their hyde? - what training that stevenson underwent may have helped him when he was writing the novel? - write an essay that compares and contrasts dr. henry jekyll with victor frankenstein, the protagonist of mary shelley \u2019 s novel, frankenstein. ( click here for the frankenstein study guide. ) - does jekyll conduct his experiments to further scientific knowledge or to venture into forbidden territory \u2014 or perhaps both? - at what point does jekyll \u2019 s evil side begin to take control \u2014 when jekyll starts his experiments or when jekyll first changes into hyde? - when stevenson describes hyde as deformed, is he referring only to his physical appearance? - describe utterson \u2019 s most striking qualities. - are there drugs or other concoctions available today that turn people into hydes, in a manner of speaking?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5139318717122875, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.996345"} {"text": "1830 - 1903 camille jacob pissarro is born in st. thomas ( danish west indies ) on july 10. accompanies the danish painter, fritz melbye, to caracas, where he paints his first watercolours. leaves st. thomas permanently to settle in france, where he studies painting at the ecole des beaux - arts and the academie suisse. meets camille corot. sets up a studio in paris. makes the acquaintance of claude monet, initiating a long lasting friendship. a first canvas is accepted by the jury of the salon, where pissarro will also exhibit in 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1869 and 1870. beginning of his relationship with julie vellay, who will become his wife and the mother of his seven children. meets paul cezanne. exhibits at the salon des refuses with cezanne and others. birth of his first son, lucien, the child with whom he will be most closely involved in artistic matters. shows at the salon and presents himself as a \" student of corot, \" from whom he very soon distances himself. settles with his family at the hermitage, pontoise. the german army invades france. pissarro seeks refuge in london, where he marries julie. meets paul durand - ruel, who will become the main dealer for his work and that of the impressionists. returns to pontoise. works with paul cezanne. first of the eight impressionist exhibitions that he will take part in. often works in brittany. paints rue de l ' hermitage, in pontoise. paints the old road to ennery at pontoise. meets paul gauguin, to whom he gives advice. experiences serious financial difficulties. invites gauguin to participate in the fourth impressionist exhibition. works at pontoise with cezanne and gauguin. durand - ruel organizes a one - man show for pissarro. departure for london of his son, lucien, with whom he will carry on a rich correspondance lasting many years. durand - ruel organizes an impressionist exhibition in london. settles in eragny, where he will live for the rest of his life. the artist ' s studio was set up in the garden, where it exists to this very day. meets signac and seurat as well as theo van gogh. associates himself with the pointillism of seurat and adopts the divisionist technique. final impressionist exhibition. meets vincent van gogh. exhibition of the group of 20 in brussels with se", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40440831494823204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.999433"} {"text": "and seurat as well as theo van gogh. associates himself with the pointillism of seurat and adopts the divisionist technique. final impressionist exhibition. meets vincent van gogh. exhibition of the group of 20 in brussels with seurat. a new period of severe financial problems ensues when durand - ruel refuses to buy his pointillist canvases. durand - ruel organizes a large exhibition of the works of renoir, sisley and pissarro. first signs of an eye infection that will remain with pissarro for the rest of his life and force him to paint from a window instead of outdoors. he will adopt this method in painting his series of canvases on rouen and paris. pissarro abandons divisionism. durand - ruel buys numerous paintings from him. seven of his canvases enter the musee du luxembourg. paints the stone bridge in rouen, dull weather. new financial problems. paints hay harvest at eragny. settles in paris, where he paints the pont neuf, the quays and other scenes from his window. dies of a prostate abscess on november 13. text and research : claude lacroix, aline lesage maximilien luce, camille pissarro, c. 1890 \u00a9 estate of maximillien luce / sodrac born in charlotte amalie, st. thomas, virgin islands, 10 july 1830 died in paris, france, 12 november 1903 library and archives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41878133378606575, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:28:59.999949"} {"text": "darwinists have once again begun raising claims that have already been answered in order to deny the enormous rout suffered by their dino - bird claims. they have been in a terrible panic, especially in recent days when evolution is going through its death throes, and have set about looking for a series of new methods of deception for the sake of propping darwinism up. the latest instance of these concern a dinosaur fossil discovered in china and that has recently been reported in certain sections of the press. darwinists are repeating the same hollow myths and reiterating the error that the fossil in question supposedly represents evidence for evolution. statements regarding the invalidity of the claim in question are as follows : the fossil, known as limusaurus inextricabilis, has short arms and three - toed claws. darwinist paleontologists, who maintain that the fossil also has a small finger protrusion, are trying to herald this as a fourth finger and, as always, to use this characteristic as a tool of darwinist propaganda. they claim that although \u201c for some reason \u201d this life form had no feathers ( which could not possibly have existed anyway ), because of this 1 cm bone in question it constitutes a potential transition from 5 - toed dinosaurs to 3 - toed birds. but this is a classic darwinist deception. as we have already made clear in many other instances, darwinists are experts when it comes to inventing speculation about different structures in a fossil. they use an anatomical imperfection, a broken bone or even a perfect organ in a fossilized life form as propaganda tools for darwinist accounts. it will be useful to recall the darwinist speculation about the coelacanth as perhaps the most striking example of this. all the conjecture about the fossil was totally demolished as a result of the capture of a great many living coelacanths. darwinists chose to retreat into a profound silence in the face of this humiliation, as with all darwinist deceptions that are proved to be frauds. ( you can access detailed information about the coelacanth here. ) darwinists are now provocatively attempting to use a single bone protrusion in a dinosaur fossil of which we can never examine living specimens as a vehicle for darwinist propaganda. the fact is, however, that limusaurus inextricabilis is a flawless terrestrial life form with a perfect anatomy. it exhibits no transitional form characteristics. all its limbs and structures are flawless. as we have many times made clear, if darwinists want to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48508952531135563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.004359"} {"text": "however, that limusaurus inextricabilis is a flawless terrestrial life form with a perfect anatomy. it exhibits no transitional form characteristics. all its limbs and structures are flawless. as we have many times made clear, if darwinists want to produce intermediate fossil evidence, then the life forms they produce must be similar to these : as living things turned, according to darwinism, into ever more imaginary forms, anatomical abnormalities must have arisen. there must have been billions of such monstrous life forms, and we should keep digging up their fossil remains everywhere. but since these do not exist, darwinists despairingly take a bone in a fossil, reshape it and call it transitional fossil. yet the fossils they propose all belong to perfect, immaculate and flawless life forms. as we have also clarified before, there is no question of a transition between terrestrial life forms and birds. the anatomic structures of terrestrial life forms and birds are completely different and any change in this perfect anatomical harmony can only prove fatal. the claim regarding the origin of birds that darwinists have been making for so many years has had new frauds added onto it in the example of limusaurus inextricabilis. darwinists have fantastically attempted to equate the fossil with a bird, decided that the dinosaur should have feathers and then resorted to new tactics when no such thing was encountered in the fossil in question. when no feathers were found, they had no compunction about using such expressions as \u201c the dinosaur \u2019 s body may have been covered in feathers. \u201d the aim here is to launch a dinosaur that lived millions of years in the past as a transitional fossil using speculation and sophistry. ( it also needs to be made clear at this point that the idea of the \u201c feathered dinosaur \u201d that darwinists have brought up so many times before is totally fantastical. it has been shown that the structures described as feathers are completely different and that the fossils so heralded are false. ) the recent discovery of other findings that totally demolish all claims regarding the passage from dinosaurs to birds, the realization that dinosaurs had a totally different pelvic bone structure to that of birds, the bone being totally unsuited to flight, and that their totally different femur bones in particular made any such transition completely impossible utterly repudiate the darwinist claim on the subject. in addition, this has been openly admitted by darwinist scientists. this perfectly preserved fossil has been deliberately brought up in an attempt to neutralize this huge darwinist collapse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5003439830696252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.005282"} {"text": "back to tap water the back to tap water campaign was a joint effort by esac, the environmental proctors, and the environmental club. it grew naturally out of a recycling campaign which was intended to raise awareness of our recycling program and encourage community members to recycle. the analysis of the one week \u2019 s worth of containers that showed that 40 % of recycled containers were disposable water bottles led to our subsequent efforts to reduce the unnecessary and wasteful use of disposable water bottles, hence, the back to tap water campaign. one week \u2019 s worth of containers during one week in november 2009, deerfield set up large bins in front of the dining hall to display all the metal, glass, and plastic containers we captured for recycling during one week. at the end of the week, students from the environmental studies classes helped to count and categorize these containers. the result showed that 80 % of the containers recycled were plastic and that 40 % of the containers were disposable water bottles such as dasani\u00ae and poland springs\u00ae bottled water. it was clear that there was an opportunity to make a meaningful change. blind water taste test to begin to understand the prevalence of bottled water usage, we looked at two things \u2013 taste and perceptions. one hundred sixty - eight members of the deerfield academy community participated in the blind water taste test set up in the dining hall during a wednesday walkthrough lunch. participants were given a score card to rank in order of preference four unlabeled pitchers of water. the only information given them was that there was both bottled and tap water among the four. the clear winner was filtered tap water from the dining hall. last in preference was unfiltered tap water, which is the water available in the dorms and water fountains around campus. drinking water survey to explore what barriers might prevent deerfield community members from using our tap water, two student members of esac compiled a list of questions to survey community members. two hundred twenty - one people responded to the questions. key results are highlighted below : how often do you drink bottled water? - rarely to never : 34 % - at least once a day : 32 % - at least once a week : 54 % if you knew that deerfield \u2019 s unfiltered tap water as safe to drink as bottled water, would you then drink tap water as opposed to bottled water? if faucets with filtered water were present in all dormitories, would you be more likely to give up bottled water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4527840239886207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.008414"} {"text": "two stories appeared this week with more bad news on climate change. first, a review of 866 papers found that animal and plant species are shifting their ranges northward, while polar species are dying out. the linked article from the post included several paragraphs on the economic implications, in this case ski resorts and power companies. i imagine that they are not the only industries facing challenges. \" wild species don ' t care who is in the white house, \" parmesan said. \" it is very obvious they are desperately trying to move to respond to the changing climate. some are succeeding. but for the ones that are already at the mountaintop or at the poles, there is no place for them to go. they are the ones that are going extinct. \" among the most affected species, parmesan said, are highland amphibians in the tropics. she said more than two - thirds of 110 species of harlequin frogs, which occupy mountain cloud forests in central america, have become extinct in the past 35 years. meanwhile, many pest species - - including roaches, fleas, ticks and tree - killing beetles - - are surviving warming winters in increasing numbers. \" we are seeing throughout the northern hemisphere that pests are able to have more generations per year, which allows them to increase their numbers without being killed off by cold winter temperatures, \" said parmesan. meanwhile, the rate of increase of carbon emissions has risen since 2000. around that year, the annual rate of increase rose from about 1 % to 2. 5 %. the global carbon project, which established those figures, identified two causes. \" there has been a change in the trend regarding fossil fuel intensity, which is basically the amount of carbon you need to burn for a given unit of wealth, \" explained corinne le quere, a global carbon project member who holds posts at the university of east anglia and the british antarctic survey. \" from about 1970 the intensity decreased - we became more efficient at using energy - but we ' ve been getting slightly worse since the year 2000, \" she told the bbc news website. \" the other trend is that as oil becomes more expensive, we ' re seeing a switch from oil burning to charcoal which is more polluting in terms of carbon. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42688600841896024, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.011983"} {"text": "after great suffering and much loss, both of life and property, and many fruitless endeavors to enlist the general government in their behalf, the citizens were driven to desperation and in 1871 an event took place that compelled the general government to take notice of these outrages and to take these indians under her immediate control, viz., what has since been known as the camp grant massacre, april 30, 1871. the circumstances that immediately led up to the onslaught upon these indians may be worthy of a place in these records and they will be related as succinctly as possible. about the month of february, 1871, the band of apache indians known as aravaipa or pinal apaches being short of rations came into what it now know as old camp grant, situated upon the lower san pedro upon the eastern bank about fifteen miles above its point of junction with the gila river, then occupied as a military station, and made a sort of verbal treaty whereby they were to be supplied with rations and were to live in the vicinity of the camp. it was expected by the people, generally, that indian depredations around tucson and san pedro would now cease, but on the contrary, the indians were more active than ever and the trail of the depredators led to the indian camp in the vicinity of old camp grant whenever so this expedition to exterminate, as nearly as possible, this nest of vipers whom the united states government was unwittingly nourishing was in silence organized, the thinking ones well understanding that if it was made at all, it really should be upon those who had them in charge and guarded if any doubts had existed in the minds of any person as to the fact of these indians having been committing the recent depredations, as charged, upon the inhabitants while living under the protection of the united states military authorities at camp grant, it was now set at rest as among the plunder of their was found the dress of murdered mrs. wooster and a pair of long legged moccasins with mr. wooster ' s initials upon them, and identified by sworn testimony, also, seven horses recently taken from the vicinity of tucson and among the rest, one that was identified as belonging to don leopoldo carillo, so recently taken that he had not missed it. this killing of indians made a great commotion in eastern states and general w. t. sherman, then commanding the army, recommended that all the parties engaged in the affair be taken from the territory and tried for their lives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36939934963921617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.022647"} {"text": "that he had not missed it. this killing of indians made a great commotion in eastern states and general w. t. sherman, then commanding the army, recommended that all the parties engaged in the affair be taken from the territory and tried for their lives. of course general sherman knew nothing of the depredations these indians had been continually making upon the settlers, all this had been sedulously kept from him, and he had nothing to guide him but the one - sided lying reports of lieutenant whitman, who had these indians directly in charge. all the participants in the camp grant affair were finally arrested and tried in our territorial court, judge titus, presiding, and acquitted as no jury at that time in arizona would convict parties for killing indians known to be hostile. this killing of indians at camp grant, whether strictly in accordance with law or not, led to the sending of general george crook here to command and he arrived in the territory in the month of june, 1871. one vincent collier, an agent of the ultraphilanthropists of the east was sent out soon after to try the soothing method upon the hostile indians, but all the visible effects his negotiations seemed to have was to delay the movements of general crook, who finally, with troops and scouts, had to settle the question by punishing the indians until they humbly begged to be allowed to come in upon reservations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3976400566467773, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.023528"} {"text": "avocado oil is a key component in the fight against free - radical aging and cancer proliferation by john phillip oxygen has been a critical component in the evolution of life on earth, and humans are no exception as the gas has enabled nutrients to be used more efficiently, in turn allowing for the essential generation of energy required for development and growth. while oxygen is a crucial part of life, it is also implicated in the generation of free radicals that promote abnormal cellular destruction, cancer proliferation and advanced aging in humans. many environmental factors such as pollution, cigarette smoke, and radiation turn the oxygen molecules found in mitochondria into free radicals. these unstable molecules destroy the normal molecules that form our cells, such as lipids, proteins, and even dna, by turning them into free radicals. the destructive nature of free radicals is behind the genesis of many chronic diseases including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, and cancer. this knowledge has prompted researchers to investigate the potent antioxidant properties of fruits and vegetables in the fight against these often fatal illnesses. avocado oil protects cellular mitochondria to prevent free radical damage and aging many prior studies designed to investigate the impact of food based antioxidants on human health have been disappointing because most phytonutrients are unable to penetrate the mitochondrial power factories housed in each cell. free radicals continue to damage the delicate mitochondria, causing energy production to stop and the cell to collapse and die. researchers from the federation of american societies for experimental biology ( faseb ) have released the results of a study conducted with avocado oil to determine absorption by the mitochondria and subsequent neutralization of deadly free radicals. avocado oil is highly resistant to oxidation, and has been shown to help neutralize the metabolic effects of iron, a primary cause of cellular oxidation. lead study design author, dr. christian cortez - rojo noted that \" avocado oil causes accelerated respiration in mitochondria, which indicates that the use of nutrients for producing energy for cell functions remains effective even in cells attacked by free radicals and that mitochondria can produce little amounts of damaging free radicals. \" avocados have been maligned for decades as poor dietary advice about fat consumption has prevailed in modern medical culture. the study concluded that avocado lowers the blood concentration of cholesterol and certain fats that are increased in diabetic patients and that may lead to stroke or heart attack. adding small amounts of avocado to your daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48910340420562476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.046227"} {"text": "medical culture. the study concluded that avocado lowers the blood concentration of cholesterol and certain fats that are increased in diabetic patients and that may lead to stroke or heart attack. adding small amounts of avocado to your daily diet can provide excellent antioxidant support to protect mitochondria from early decline and protect against chronic diseases of aging. sources for this article include : http : / / www. sciencedaily. com / releases / 2012 / 04 / 120422162217. htmhttp : / / www. eurekalert. org / pub _ releases / 2012 - 04 / foas - aot041712. phphttp : / / www. medicalnewstoday. com / releases / 244436. phpabout the author : john phillip is a health researcher and author who writes regularly on the cutting edge use of diet, lifestyle modifications and targeted supplementation to enhance and improve the quality and length of life. john is the author of ' your healthy weight loss plan ', a comprehensive ebook explaining how to use diet, exercise, mind and targeted supplementation to achieve your weight loss goal. visit my optimal health resource http : / / myoptimalhealthresource. blogspot. com / to continue reading the latest health news updates, and to download your free 48 page copy of ' your healthy weight loss plan '.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44126597012052066, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.049710"} {"text": "injections to kick - start tissue repair by jane e. brody published : august 7, 2007 new york times the human body is held together by a network of connective tissues that are highly vulnerable to injury \u2014 through exercise, accidents and even the normal lifting, pulling and pushing of daily life. few of us, for example, get through life without spraining an ankle. and as many sadly know, once an ankle is badly sprained, it may be sprained again and again. that often happens as well with other body parts : shoulders, wrists, neck, back, jaw, feet, even fingers and toes, all of which are subject to arthritic changes after an injury. the risk of reinjury rises when the ligaments that hold bone to bone, or the tendons that connect bone to muscle, fail to heal completely. and such failure is apparently very common. over time, and with multiple injuries, this incomplete healing can result in lax connective tissues that cannot fully support a joint. dr. k. dean reeves, clinical associate professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at the university of kansas medical center, likens the damage to a partly shredded rope that lacks the strength of an intact one, and to stretched putty that will not return to its former length. dr. reeves is one of several hundred physicians and osteopaths who specialize in a therapeutic technique called prolotherapy, an alternative medicine method to promote connective tissue repair even years after the damage occurred. the technique received an endorsement of sorts from the mayo clinic. in its april 2005 health letter, the clinic stated that when chronic ligament or tendon pain fails to respond to more conservative treatments like physical therapy and prescribed exercises, \u201c prolotherapy may be helpful. \u201d and when surgery is the only remaining option to relieve chronic pain, prolotherapy is a much less invasive and expensive technique that may be worth a try \u2014 if you can find an experienced and skilled practitioner. what is prolotherapy? prolotherapy involves a series of injections designed to produce inflammation in the injured tissue. to appreciate the value of such a seemingly counterproductive measure, you need to know something about connective tissue and how the body normally repairs it. when tissues are injured, inflammation is a common natural response. it stimulates substances carried in blood that produce growth factors in the injured area to promote healing. ligaments, tendons and cartilage have very poor blood supplies, which can result in incomplete", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4278450923356458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.056095"} {"text": "tissues are injured, inflammation is a common natural response. it stimulates substances carried in blood that produce growth factors in the injured area to promote healing. ligaments, tendons and cartilage have very poor blood supplies, which can result in incomplete healing. the healing process can also be impeded when injuries are treated with anti - inflammatory medications like ibuprofen or naprosyn, or prescribed nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) to relieve pain and swelling. unlike injections of corticosteroids, which also suppress inflammation and provide only temporary relief for a chronic condition, prolotherapy injections given over the course of several months are meant to provide a permanent benefit. in effect, prolotherapy tricks the body into initiating a healing response. the technique reactivates the healing process by injecting a mildly irritating substance \u2014 commonly a somewhat concentrated sugar solution along with the painkiller lidocaine \u2014 into the injured area to stimulate a temporary low - grade inflammation. in some cases, growth factors themselves may be injected. with growth factors in place at the site of inflammation, new tissue is said to be produced that strengthens lax or unstable ligaments and tendons. the technique may even support damaged or degenerated cartilage, which normally does not repair itself, by strengthening the fibrous connective tissues that stabilize the area. practitioners cite experiments in laboratory animals that demonstrated tissue growth in ligaments and tendons stimulated by prolotherapy injections. two animal studies also showed healing of cartilage defects. prolotherapy cannot correct mechanical problems like spinal stenosis, in which two bones pinch a nerve, nor does it reverse arthritic changes. but it may reduce or even eliminate the discomfort associated with arthritis by tightening the connective tissues that support an arthritic joint. a leader in the field, dr. donna alderman, an osteopathic physician who is medical director of the hemwall family medical centers in california, published two long articles on prolotherapy this year in the magazine practical pain management. she wrote that \u201c prolotherapy has been used in the united states for musculoskeletal pain since the 1930s, \u201d that it has been endorsed by former surgeon general c. everett koop, and that it is increasingly being used to treat injuries in professional athletes. prolotherapy is also now the subject of a controlled clinical trial sponsored by the national center for complementary and alternative medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4581261076400337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.057054"} {"text": "endorsed by former surgeon general c. everett koop, and that it is increasingly being used to treat injuries in professional athletes. prolotherapy is also now the subject of a controlled clinical trial sponsored by the national center for complementary and alternative medicine, part of the national institutes of health. since prolotherapy is a nonsurgical technique, patients who are now facing surgery because all else has failed might consider trying it before having an operation. unlike many drugs and surgery, prolotherapy has minimal side effects when performed by an experienced practitioner who uses sterile techniques. patients may experience bruising and a temporary increase in pain in the injected area because of the induced inflammation. rare risks include infection, headache, nerve irritation or allergic reaction. does it help? there have been dozens of studies purporting to show benefits of prolotherapy for people with chronic pain as well as those with sports injuries. among scientifically designed controlled studies, most showed a significant improvement in the patients \u2019 level of pain and ability to move the painful joint. according to dr. alderman, in a study of people with chronic low back pain resulting from injured ligaments in the sacroiliac joint, biopsies done three months after treatment showed a 60 percent increase in the diameter of connective tissue. the patients reported a decrease in pain and an increased range of motion. in studies of knee injuries, patients with ligament laxity and instability experienced a tightening of those ligaments, including the often disabling anterior cruciate ligament in the center of the knee, dr. reeves showed in a double - blind study. other studies showed a significant improvement in the symptoms of arthritis in the knee one to three years after prolotherapy injections. dr. alderman cautions that prolotherapy is appropriate only for patients with musculoskeletal pain who do not have underlying conditions that would interfere with healing and who are willing to receive painful injections in an effort to recover. a state - by - state listing of prolotherapy practitioners can be found at www. getprolo. com. beware of practitioners who make rash promises, fail to take a full medical history and to tell you about the technique and its side effects, or who work in a disorderly or unclean facility.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42673364229598876, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.057942"} {"text": "nasa began observing a dust storm on the planet mars on november 10, 2012. martian dust storms are the largest such storms in our solar system. over the century that astronomers have monitored them through telescopes \u2013 and now via spacecraft \u2013 these periodic storms have been know to rage for months and grow to cover the entire planet mars. this one, however, appeared to be dissipating by early december, 2012. dust storms on mars sometimes start in the months before mars is closest to the sun, as it soon will be. mars will reach perihelion \u2013 its closest point to the sun \u2013 in january 2013. each martian year lasts about two earth years. regional dust storms expanded and affected vast areas of mars in 2001 and 2007, but not between those years and not since 2007. the image above is a mosaic taken by a spacecraft in orbit around mars, the wonderful mars reconnaissance orbiter, on november 18, 2012. small white arrows outline the area in mars \u2019 southern hemisphere where the 2012 martian dust storm was building. the storm was not far from two mars rovers, opportunity and curiosity. at that time, rich zurek, chief mars scientist at nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, california said : this is now a regional dust storm. it has covered a fairly extensive region with its dust haze, and it is in a part of the planet where some regional storms in the past have grown into global dust hazes. for the first time since the viking missions of the 1970s, we are studying a regional dust storm both from orbit and with a weather station on the surface. that weather station on mars comes from the mars rover curiosity, which landed on mars on august 5, 2012. nasa says curiosity \u2019 s weather station detected atmospheric changes related to the storm. for example, its sensors measured decreased air pressure and a slight rise in overnight low temperature. in fact, dust storms on mars are known to raise the air temperature of the planet, sometimes globally. the opportunity rover on mars \u2013 that stalwart vehicle that has been tooling around on the red planet since 2004 and is now near the endeavour crater on mars \u2013 does not have a weather station. opporunity was within 837 miles ( 1, 347 kilometers ) of the storm on november 21, nasa said, and did observe a slight drop in atmospheric clarity from its location. if the storm had taken over the entire planet and clouded over the sky, it would have impacted opportunity most heavily, because that rover relies on the sun for energy. the rover \u2019 s energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4006180112339544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.063777"} {"text": "children must be prepared as they transition from early intervention to school based programs, from elementary to middle school programs, and from middle school to high school programs. one of the biggest transitions is preparing students to move from high school to work, college, or technical school. students must have transition plans established to help prepare them for the time when they graduate from high school and transition into the work force or further educational settings. a coordinated team effort involving parents and educators is necessary for construction of an effective transition plan, and for successful transition to occur. make sure you also take a look at our transition resources - click here. the individuals with disabilities act requires that beginning as early as age 14, the iep team must establish a transition statement based on the student ' s course work and educational goals. when the student becomes 16 years of age, the iep team must develop a transition statement that includes a description of interagency involvement and necessary services. the student with a combination of vision and hearing loss may need extra time to prepare for transition to adult life. it is important for parent and teachers to consider the student ' s educational as well as vocational goals early, so that everyone is headed in the same direction. independence is a key factor in achieving success in adult life. it is therefore necessary to consider the student ' s ability to travel independently and communicate. a student may require an interpreter as he journeys to college, or he may require special accommodations at a work site. identifying these needs and appropriate supports should be part of the transition process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42308863865782204, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.065435"} {"text": "eh. net is owned and operated by the economic history association with the support of other sponsoring organizations. the national recovery administration barbara alexander, charles river associates this article outlines the history of the national recovery administration, one of the most important and controversial agencies in roosevelt ' s new deal. it discusses the agency ' s \" codes of fair competition \" under which antitrust law exemptions could be granted in exchange for adoption of minimum wages, problems some industries encountered in their subsequent attempts to fix prices under the codes, and the macroeconomic effects of the program. the early new deal suspension of antitrust law under the national recovery administration ( nra ) is surely one of the oddest episodes in american economic history. in its two - year life, the nra oversaw the development of so - called \" codes of fair competition \" covering the larger part of the business landscape. 1 the nra generally is thought to have represented a political exchange whereby business gave up some of its rights over employees in exchange for permission to form cartels. 2 typically, labor is taken to have gotten the better part of the bargain ; the union movement having extended its new powers after the supreme court abolished the nra in 1935, while the business community faced a newly aggressive ftc by the end of the 1930s. while this characterization may be true in broad outline, close examination of the nra reveals that matters may be somewhat more complicated than is suggested by the interpretation of the program as a win for labor contrasted with a missed opportunity for business. recent evaluations of the nra have wended their way back to themes sounded during the early nineteen thirties, in particular, interrelationships between the so - called \" trade practice \" or cartelization provisions of the program and the grant of enhanced bargaining power to trade unions. 3 on the microeconomic side, allowing unions to bargain for industry - wide wages may have facilitated cartelization in some industries. meanwhile, macroeconomists have suggested that the act and its progeny, especially labor measures such as the national labor relations act may bear more responsibility for the length and severity of the great depression than has been recognized heretofore. 4 if this thesis holds up to closer scrutiny, the era may come to be seen as a primary example of the potential macroeconomic costs of shifts in political and economic power. kickoff campaign and blanket codes the nra began operations in a burst of \" ballyhoo \" during the summer of 1933. 5 the agency was formed upon passage of the national industrial recovery act ( nira ) in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45743366453014045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.082366"} {"text": "in political and economic power. kickoff campaign and blanket codes the nra began operations in a burst of \" ballyhoo \" during the summer of 1933. 5 the agency was formed upon passage of the national industrial recovery act ( nira ) in mid - june. a kick - off campaign of parades and press events succeeded in getting over 2 million employers to sign a preliminary \" blanket code \" known as the \" president ' s re - employment agreement. \" signatories of the pra pledged to pay minimum wages ranging from around $ 12 to $ 15 per 40 - hour week, depending on size of town. some 16 million workers were covered, out of a non - farm labor force of some 25 million. \" share - the - work \" provisions called for limits of 35 to 40 hours per week for most employees. 6 over the next year and a half, the blanket code was superseded by over 500 codes negotiated for individual industries. the nira provided that : \" upon the application to the president by one or more trade or industrial associations or groups, the president may approve a code or codes of fair competition for the trade or industry. \" 7 the carrot held out to induce participation was enticing : \" any code... and any action complying with the provisions thereof... shall be exempt from the provisions of the antitrust laws of the united states. \" 8 representatives of trade associations overran washington, and by the time the nra was abolished, hundreds of codes covering over three - quarters of private, non - farm employment had been approved. 9 code signatories were supposed to be allowed to use the nra \" blue eagle \" as a symbol that \" we do our part \" only as long as they remained in compliance with code provisions. 10 almost 80 percent of the codes had provisions that were directed at establishment of price floors. 11 the act did not specifically authorize businesses to fix prices, and indeed it specified that \"... codes are not designed to promote monopolies. \" 12 however, it is an understatement to say that there was never any consensus among firms, industries and nra officials as to precisely what was to be allowed as part of an acceptable code. arguments about exactly what the nira allowed, and how the nra should implement the act began during its drafting and continued unabated throughout its life. the arguments extended from the level of general principles to the smallest details of policy, unsurprising given the complete dependence of appropriate regulatory design on precise regulatory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47595664365485724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.083433"} {"text": "nra should implement the act began during its drafting and continued unabated throughout its life. the arguments extended from the level of general principles to the smallest details of policy, unsurprising given the complete dependence of appropriate regulatory design on precise regulatory objectives, which here were embroiled in dispute from start to finish. to choose just one out of many examples of such disputes : there was a debate within the nra as to whether \" code authorities \" ( industry governing bodies ) should be allowed to use industry - wide or \" representative \" cost data to define a price floor based on \" lowest reasonable cost. \" most economists would understand this type of rule as a device that would facilitate monopoly pricing. however, a charitable interpretation of the views of administration proponents is that they had some sort of \" soft competition \" in mind. that is, they wished to develop and allow the use of mechanisms that would extend to more fragmented industries a type of peaceful coexistence more commonly associated with oligopoly. those nra supporters of the representative - cost - based price floor imagined that a range of prices would emerge if such a floor were to be set, whereas detractors believed that \" the minimum would become the maximum, \" that is, the floor would simply be a cartel price, constraining competition across all firms in an industry. 13 while a rule allowing emergency price floors based on \" lowest reasonable cost \" was eventually approved, there was no coherent nra program behind it. 14 indeed, the nra and code authorities often operated at cross - purposes. at the same time that some officials of the nra arguably took actions to promote softened competition, some in industry tried to implement measures more likely to support hard - core cartels, even when they thereby reduced the chance of soft competition should collusion fail. for example, with the partial support of the nra, many code authorities moved to standardize products, shutting off product differentiation as an arena of potential rivalry, in spite of its role as one of the strongest mechanisms that might soften price competition. 15 of course if one is looking to run a naked price - fixing scheme, it is helpful to eliminate product differentiation as an avenue for cost - raising, profit - eroding rivalry. an industry push for standardization can thus be seen as a way of supporting hard - core cartelization, while less enthusiasm on the part of some administration officials may have reflected an understanding, however intuitive, that socially more desirable soft competition required that avenues for product differentiation be left open. national recovery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5127398147887089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.084472"} {"text": "be seen as a way of supporting hard - core cartelization, while less enthusiasm on the part of some administration officials may have reflected an understanding, however intuitive, that socially more desirable soft competition required that avenues for product differentiation be left open. national recovery review board according to some critical observers then and later, the codes did lead to an unsurprising sort of \" golden age \" of cartelization. the national recovery review board, led by an outraged clarence darrow ( of scopes \" monkey trial \" fame ) concluded in may of 1934 that \" in certain industries monopolistic practices existed. \" 16 while there are legitimate examples of every variety of cartelization occurring under the nra, many contemporaneous and subsequent assessments of darrow ' s work dismiss the board ' s \" analysis \" as hopelessly biased. thus although its conclusions are interesting as a matter of political economy, it is far from clear that the board carried out any dispassionate inventory of conditions across industries, much less a real weighing of evidence. 17 in contrast to darrow ' s perspective, other commentators focus on the \" compliance crisis \" that erupted within a few months of passage of the nira. 18 many industries were faced with \" chiselers \" who refused to respect code pricing rules. firms that attempted to uphold code prices in the face of defection lost both market share and respect for the nra. nra state compliance offices had recorded over 30, 000 \" trade practice \" complaints by early 1935. 19 however, the compliance program was characterized by \" a marked timidity on the part of nra enforcement officials. \" 20 this timidity was fatal to the program, since monopoly pricing can easily be more damaging than is the most bare - knuckled competition to a firm that attempts it without parallel action from its competitors. nra hesitancy came about as a result of doubts about whether a vigorous enforcement effort would withstand constitutional challenge, a not - unrelated lack of support from the department of justice, public antipathy for enforcement actions aimed at forcing sellers to charge higher prices, and unabating internal nra disputes about the advisability of the price - fixing core of the trade practice program. 21 consequently, by mid - 1934, firms disinclined to respect code pricing rules were ignoring them. by that point then, contrary to the initial expectations of many code signatories, the new antitrust regime represented only permission to form voluntary cartelization agreements, not the advent of government - enforced cartels. even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4885299946176568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.085498"} {"text": "code pricing rules were ignoring them. by that point then, contrary to the initial expectations of many code signatories, the new antitrust regime represented only permission to form voluntary cartelization agreements, not the advent of government - enforced cartels. even there, participants had to be discreet, so as not to run afoul of the antimonopoly language of the act. it is still far from clear how much market power was conferred by the nra ' s loosening of antitrust constraints. of course, modern observers of the alternating successes and failures of cartels such as opec will not be surprised that the nra program led to mixed results. in the absence of government enforcement, the program simply amounted to de facto legalization of self - enforcing cartels. with respect to the ease of collusion, economic theory is clear only on the point that self - enforceability is an open question ; self - interest may lead to either breakdown of agreements or success at sustaining them. conflicts between large and small firms some part of the difficulties encountered by nra cartels may have had roots in a progressive mandate to offer special protection to the \" little guy. \" the nira had specified that acceptable codes of fair competition must not \" eliminate or oppress small enterprises, \" 22 and that \" any organization availing itself of the benefits of this title shall be truly representative of the trade or industry... any organization violating... shall cease to be entitled to the benefits of this title. \" 23 majority rule provisions were exceedingly common in codes, and were most likely a reflection of this statutory mandate. the concern for small enterprise had strong progressive roots. 24 justice brandeis ' s well - known antipathy for large - scale enterprise and concentration of economic power reflected a widespread and long - standing debate about the legitimate goals of the american experiment. in addition to evaluating monopolization under the codes, the darrow board had been charged with assessing the impact of the nra on small business. its conclusion was that \" in certain industries small enterprises were oppressed. \" again however, as with his review of monopolization, darrow may have seen only what he was predisposed to see. a number of nra \" code histories \" detail conflicts within industries in which small, higher - cost producers sought to use majority rule provisions to support pricing at levels above those desired by larger, lower - cost producers. in the absence of effective enforcement from the government, such prices were doomed to break down, triggering repeated price wars", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4964330842275911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.086552"} {"text": "small, higher - cost producers sought to use majority rule provisions to support pricing at levels above those desired by larger, lower - cost producers. in the absence of effective enforcement from the government, such prices were doomed to break down, triggering repeated price wars in some industries. 25 by 1935, there was understandable bitterness about what many businesses viewed as the lost promise of the nra. undoubtedly, the bitterness was exacerbated by the fact that the nra wanted higher wages while failing to deliver the tools needed for effective cartelization. however, it is not entirely clear that everyone in the business community felt that the labor provisions of the act were undesirable. 26 labor and employment issues by their nature, market economies give rise to surplus - eroding rivalry among those who would be better off collectively if they could only act in concert. nra codes of fair competition, specifying agreements on pricing and terms of employment, arose from a perceived confluence of interests among representatives of \" business, \" \" labor, \" and \" the public \" in muting that rivalry. many proponents of the nira held that competitive pressures on business had led to downward pressure on wages, which in turn caused low consumption, leading to greater pressure on business, and so on. allowing workers to organize and bargain collectively, while their employers pledged to one another not to sell below cost, was identified as a way to arrest harmful deflationary forces. knowledge that one ' s rivals would also be forced to pay \" code wages \" had some potential for aiding cartel survival. thus the rationale for nra wage supports at the microeconomic level potentially dovetailed with the macroeconomic theory by which higher wages were held to support higher consumption and, in turn, higher prices. labor provisions of the nira appeared in section 7 : \"... employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing... employers shall comply with the maximum hours of labor, minimum rates of pay, and other conditions of employment... \" 27 each \" code of fair competition \" had to include labor provisions acceptable to the national recovery administration, developed during a process of negotiations, hearings, and review. thus in order to obtain the shield against antitrust prosecution for their \" trade practices \" offered by an approved code, significant concessions to workers had to be made. the nra is generally judged to have been a success for labor and a miserable failure for business. however, evaluation is complicated to the extent that labor could not have achieved gains with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4809524327852357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.087713"} {"text": "by an approved code, significant concessions to workers had to be made. the nra is generally judged to have been a success for labor and a miserable failure for business. however, evaluation is complicated to the extent that labor could not have achieved gains with respect to collective bargaining rights over wages and working conditions, had those rights not been more or less willingly granted by employers operating under the belief that stabilization of labor costs would facilitate cartelization. the labor provisions may have indeed helped some industries as well as helping workers, and for firms in such industries, the nra cannot have been judged a failure. moreover, while some businesses may have found the act beneficial, because labor cost stability or freedom to negotiate with rivals enhanced their ability to cooperate on price, it is not entirely obvious that workers as a class gained as much as is sometimes contended. the nra did help solidify new and important norms regarding child labor, maximum hours, and other conditions of employment ; it will never be known if the same progress could have been made had not industry been more or less hornswoggled into giving ground, using the antitrust laws as bait. whatever the long - term effects of the nra on worker welfare, the short - term gains for labor associated with higher wages were questionable. while those workers who managed to stay employed throughout the nineteen thirties benefited from higher wages, to the extent that workers were also consumers, and often unemployed consumers at that, or even potential entrepreneurs, they may have been better off without the nra. the issue is far from settled. ben bernanke and martin parkinson examine the economic growth that occurred during the new deal in spite of higher wages and suggest \" part of the answer may be that the higher wages ' paid for themselves ' through increased productivity of labor. probably more important, though, is the observation that with imperfectly competitive product markets, output depends on aggregate demand as well as the real wage. maybe herbert hoover and henry ford were right : higher real wages may have paid for themselves in the broader sense that their positive effect on aggregate demand compensated for their tendency to raise cost. \" 28 however, christina romer establishes a close connection between nra programs and the failure of wages and prices to adjust to high unemployment levels. in her view, \" by preventing the large negative deviations of output from trend in the mid - 1930s from exerting deflationary pressure, [ the nra ] prevented the economy ' s self - correction mechanism from working. \" 29 aftermath of supreme court ' s ruling in schecter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46530120687696397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.088791"} {"text": "deviations of output from trend in the mid - 1930s from exerting deflationary pressure, [ the nra ] prevented the economy ' s self - correction mechanism from working. \" 29 aftermath of supreme court ' s ruling in schecter case the supreme court struck down the nra on may 27, 1935 ; the case was a dispute over violations of labor provisions of the \" live poultry code \" allegedly perpetrated by the schecter poultry corporation. the court held the code to be invalid on grounds of \" attempted delegation of legislative power and the attempted regulation of intrastate transactions which affect interstate commerce only indirectly. \" 30 there were to be no more grand bargains between business and labor under the new deal. riven by divergent agendas rooted in industry - and firm - specific technology and demand, \" business \" was never able to speak with even the tenuous degree of unity achieved by workers. following the abortive attempt to get the government to enforce cartels, firms and industries went their own ways, using a variety of strategies to enhance their situations. a number of sectors did succeed in getting passage of \" little nras \" with mechanisms tailored to mute competition in their particular circumstances. these mechanisms included the robinson - patman act, aimed at strengthening traditional retailers against the ability of chain stores to buy at lower prices, the guffey acts, in which high cost bituminous coal operators and coal miners sought protection from the competition of lower cost operators, and the motor carrier act in which high cost incumbent truckers obtained protection against new entrants. 31 on - going macroeconomic analysis suggests that the general public interest may have been poorly served by the experiment of the nra. like many macroeconomic theories, the validity of the underconsumption scenario that was put forth in support of the program depended on the strength and timing of the operation of its various mechanisms. increasingly it appears that the nra set off inflationary forces thought by some to be desirable at the time, but that in fact had depressing effects on demand for labor and on output. pure monopolistic deadweight losses probably were less important than higher wage costs ( although there has not been any close examination of inefficiencies that may have resulted from the nra ' s attempt to protect small higher - cost producers ). the strength of any mitigating effects on aggregate demand remains to be established. 1 leverett lyon, p. homan, l. lorwin, g. terborgh, c. dearing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4703662121381526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.089851"} {"text": "to protect small higher - cost producers ). the strength of any mitigating effects on aggregate demand remains to be established. 1 leverett lyon, p. homan, l. lorwin, g. terborgh, c. dearing, l. marshall, the national recovery administration : an analysis and appraisal, washington : brooking institution, 1935, p. 313, footnote 9. 2 see, for example, charles frederick roos, nra economic planning, colorado springs : cowles commission, 1935, p. 343. 3see, for example, colin gordon, new deals : business, labor, and politics in america, 1920 - 1935, new york : cambridge university press, 1993, especially chapter 5. 4christina d. romer, \" why did prices rise in the 1930s? \" journal of economic history 59, no. 1 ( 1999 ) : 167 - 199 ; michael weinstein, recovery and redistribution under the nira, amsterdam : north holland, 1980, and harold l. cole and lee e. ohanian, \" new deal policies and the persistence of the great depression, \" working paper 597, federal reserve bank of minneapolis, february 2001. but also see \" unemployment, inflation and wages in the american depression : are there lessons for europe? \" ben bernanke and martin parkinson, american economic review : papers and proceedings 79, no. 2 ( 1989 ) : 210 - 214. 5 see, for example, donald brand, corporatism and the rule of law : a study of the national recovery administration, ithaca : cornell university press, 1988, p. 94. 6 see, for example, roos, op. cit., pp. 77, 92. 7 section 3 ( a ) of the national industrial recovery act, reprinted at p. 478 of roos, op. cit. 8 section 5 of the national industrial recovery act, reprinted at p. 483 of roos, op. cit. note though, that the legal status of actions taken during the nra era was never clear ; roos points out that \"... president roosevelt signed an executive order on january 20, 1934, providing that any complainant of monopolistic practices... could press it before the federal trade commission or request the assistance of the department of justice. and, on the same date, donald richberg issued a supplementary statement which said that the provisions of the anti - trust laws were still in effect and that the nra would not tolerate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45949156295799715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.090724"} {"text": "federal trade commission or request the assistance of the department of justice. and, on the same date, donald richberg issued a supplementary statement which said that the provisions of the anti - trust laws were still in effect and that the nra would not tolerate monopolistic practices. \" ( roos, op. cit. p. 376. ) 9 lyon, op. cit., p. 307, cited at p. 52 in lee and ohanian, op cit. 10 roos, op. cit., p. 75 ; and blackwell smith, my imprint on the sands of time : the life of a new dealer, vantage press, new york, p. 109. 11 lyon, op. cit., p. 570. 12 section 3 ( a ) ( 2 ) of the national industrial recovery act, op. cit. 13 roos, op. cit., at pp. 254 - 259. charles roos comments that \" leon henderson and blackwell smith, in particular, became intrigued with a notion that competition could be set up within limits and that in this way wide price variations tending to demoralize an industry could be prevented. \" 14 lyon, et al., op. cit., p. 605. 15 smith, assistant counsel of the nra ( per roos, op cit., p. 254 ), has the following to say about standardization : one of the more controversial subjects, which we didn ' t get into too deeply, except to draw guidelines, was standardization. \" smith goes on to discuss the obvious need to standardize rail track gauges, plumbing fittings, and the like, but concludes, \" industry on the whole wanted more standardization than we could go with. \" ( blackwell smith, op. cit., pp. 106 - 7. ) one must not go overboard looking for coherence among the various positions espoused by nra administrators ; along these lines it is worth remembering smith ' s statement some 60 years later : \" business ' s reaction to my policy [ smith was speaking generally here of his collective proposals ] to some extent was hostile. they wished that the codes were not as strict as i wanted them to be. also, there was criticism from the liberal / labor side to the effect that the codes were more in favor of business than they should have been. i said, ' we are guided by a squealometer. we tune policy until the squeals are the same pitch from both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626533990754648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.091628"} {"text": "liberal / labor side to the effect that the codes were more in favor of business than they should have been. i said, ' we are guided by a squealometer. we tune policy until the squeals are the same pitch from both sides. ' \" ( smith, op. cit. p. 108. ) 16 quoted at p 378 of roos, op. cit. 17 brand, op. cit. at pp. 159 - 60 cites in agreement extremely critical conclusions by roos ( op. cit. at p. 409 ) and arthur schlesinger, the age of roosevelt : the coming of the new deal, boston : houghton mifflin, 1959, p. 133. 18 roos acknowledges a breakdown by spring of 1934 : \" by march, 1934 something was urgently needed to encourage industry to observe code provisions ; business support for the nra had decreased materially and serious compliance difficulties had arisen. \" ( roos, op. cit., at p. 318. ) brand dates the start of the compliance crisis much earlier, in the fall of 1933. ( brand, op. cit., p. 103. ) 19 lyon, op. cit., p. 264. 20 lyon, op. cit., p. 268. 21 lyon, op. cit., pp. 268 - 272. see also peter h. irons, the new deal lawyers, princeton : princeton university press, 1982. 22 section 3 ( a ) ( 2 ) of the national industrial recovery act, op. cit. 23 section 6 ( b ) of the national industrial recovery act, op. cit. 24 brand, op. cit. 25 barbara alexander and gary d. libecap, \" the effect of cost heterogeneity in the success and failure of the new deal ' s agricultural and industrial programs, \" explorations in economic history, 37 ( 2000 ), pp. 370 - 400. 26 gordon, op. cit. 27 section 7 of the national industrial recovery act, reprinted at pp. 484 - 5 of roos, op. cit. 28 bernanke and parkinson, op. cit., p. 214. 29 romer, op. cit., p. 197. 30 supreme court of the united states, nos. 854 and 864, october term, 1934, ( decision issued may 27, 1935 ). reprinted in roos, op. cit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44409407871845863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.093539"} {"text": "signs and symptoms - bright red, spurting blood = arterial bleed. - dark red, flowing blood = venous bleed. - slow, oozing blood = capillary bleed. - bleeding from the nose, ears, or mouth may be due to head injury. - internal bleeding signs - abdominal bruising. - distended abdomen. - bleeding from mouth, rectum and other body orifice. - vomiting blood ( a red or dark color ). - stools with blood. - shock signs - altered mental status. - rapid, thready pulse. - decreased ( or normal if in the compensatory stage ) blood pressure. - rapid, shallow respiratory rate. - pale, cool clammy skin. - poor cap refill. - narrow pulse pressure ( low systolic, high diastolic ) due to vasoconstriction. - altered mental status. - dilated pupils that are slow to respond to light. - direct pressure : immediately press down with the finger tips of your gloved hand. apply pressure over a dressing when it becomes available. - elevate extremity : if bone fracture or joint injury occurred, splint before elevating extremity. - pressure points : brachial artery for the upper extremity and femoral artery for the lower extremity. - ppv if needed. - splinting : provides immobilization that prevents further injury. - traction splint : for femur fractures. - air splint : a splint that also applies pressure to control bleeding. - pasg ( pneumatic antishock garment ) : control severe bleeding in the pelvis and lower extremities. - cold application to local area : ice packs wrapped with a soft covering, applied to the site of injury can help clotting, vasoconstriction and may reduce swelling. - tourniquet as a last resort, as close to the injury site as possible, and follow medical direction. - for nose bleeds, have the patient sit and lean forward, pinch the nostrils together and apply ice pack to the bridge of the nose. - do not give medications that are anticoagulants such as aspirin to patients with bleeding. - patients with signs of shock should be placed in a trendelenburg position to help maintain blood pressure. - keep shock patients warm so their core body temperature is maintained. wrap patient in blankets. - als intercept can better stabilize shock patients by trans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.435138052752185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.098279"} {"text": ". - patients with signs of shock should be placed in a trendelenburg position to help maintain blood pressure. - keep shock patients warm so their core body temperature is maintained. wrap patient in blankets. - als intercept can better stabilize shock patients by transfusion of saline solution. trauma conditions and mechanisms - femur fracture : up to 1500 ml of blood can be lost around each femur. the traction splint pulls on the leg and decrease the amount of blood that can bleed into it. - 3000 ml of blood can be lost in the thorax. - tibia, fibula and humerus can lose up to 500 - 750 ml of blood. - bleeding in the nasopharynx can fall into the stomach, which results in vomiting of blood. - in response to loss of blood, the body responds by increasing heart rate, strength of contraction, and vasoconstriction. also, the adrenal glands will secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, which stimulate vasoconstriction and sweating. all this serves to maintain blood pressure and gives the patient the characteristic shock signs of pale, cool and clammy skin. - hemophilia : clotting disorder where bleeding can not stop. - shock is hypoperfusion due to a variety of factors : - fluid loss : from bleeding, fluid loss, or dehydration. the body ' s response is vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure. - pump failure : inadequate heart function. - vasodilation : blood pressure drops when vessels dilate. - hypoxia : inadequate oxygen. - types of shock : - hypovolemic shock : decreased blood volume. a type of hypovolemic shock is hemorrhagic shock, which results from blood loss. - obstructive shock : something blocks perfusion to the heart. for example, pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, or cardiac tamponade. - distributive shock : abnormal blood distribution that leads to inadequate blood reaching the heart. - vasogenic or neurogenic shock : nervous system injury leading to vasodilation in the periphery. this causes inadequate perfusion to the vital organs. - anaphylactic shock : severe allergic reaction that leads to vasodilation and bronchoconstriction. - cadiogenic shock : inadequate pumping of the heart. can be due to heart disease or heart attack. - stages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4443857203075072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.099271"} {"text": ". - anaphylactic shock : severe allergic reaction that leads to vasodilation and bronchoconstriction. - cadiogenic shock : inadequate pumping of the heart. can be due to heart disease or heart attack. - stages of shock : - compensatory shock : the body is able to maintain blood pressure by vasoconstriction and also maintain perfusion by increasing the pulse and respiratory rate. perfusion to the periphery decreases as blood is shunted to maintain perfusion to the vital organs. thus the patients exhibits normal blood pressure but has a high diastolic blood pressure ( vasoconstriction ), increased pulse and respiratory rate, pale and cool skin ( blood shunting to the vital organs ) and anxiety ( epinephrine effect ). - decompensated ( progressive ) shock : the body can no longer maintain adequate perfusion to the vital organs. blood pressure drops even though the heart attempts to beat even faster ( tachycardia ) and stronger. this leads to a very weak pulse. vasoconstriction increases so much that it begins to shut off perfusion to vital organs - kidney failure. metabolic waste from poor perfusion builds up. more epinephrine is released and the skin becomes pale, cool and clammy. thirst develops. as the brain experiences hypoxia, the patient experiences anxiety and eventually altered mental status. - irreversible shock : the body fails at this stage, and the effects can not be reversed. blood pressure drops so much that even the carotid and femoral pulses are barely palpable. the heart begins to slow and eventually stop. breathing is ineffective ( rapid, shallow ). the skin mottles. bleeding may occur from every orifice. patient is unresponsive. - epistaxis : nosebleed. - hematoma : a contained collection of blood.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5101411666979607, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.099942"} {"text": "skagarans appear nearly identical to humans with the exception of distinguishing red protrusions above each eyebrow, on their throat, and in front of each ear. they also have red blood, like many humanoid species, and their body has a higher tolerance to alcohol than a human body. they are similar enough to humans to produce children with them. society and cultureedit technologically, the skagarans achieved warp drive by earth ' s mid - 19th century. they possessed weapons which were probably phasers or disruptors ( \" guns which emitted a beam of light \" ) and, reportedly, had transporter technology ( \" they could move through thin air from one place to another \" ). their starships were also capable of penetrating the thermobaric clouds which surrounded the delphic expanse. skagarans have their own kind of alcohol, skagaran whiskey. during the 19th century, skagarans were establishing colonies and were in need of workers. one skagaran ship was sent to earth. the vessel ' s crew abducted several thousand humans from america ' s western rocky desert regions ( as well as horses and cattle ) and took them as slave workers to help the skagarans start a colony on a planet with a similar climate. according to the human account, cooper smith was a folk hero who overthrew their skagaran masters. however, the skagarans recorded a slightly different version of events, calling cooper smith \" rokdar \", which meant \" butcher. \" according to the skagarans, smith and his men burned the skagarans ' ship, destroy their weapons and murdering most of them, including entire families. to make sure that the skagarans could never enslave the humans again, smith wrote the first laws that kept the skagarans from going to school, owning property or marrying. by the mid - 22nd century, the skagaran population was less than a thousand and most lived in settlements, one of which was named \" skagtown \" by the humans. at this point, at least some skagarans no longer shared their ancestors ' attitude toward slavery, calling it a great crime. in 2153, the nx - class starship enterprise nx - 01 visited a planet inhabited by humans and skagarans in the delphic expanse. when an away team beamed to the surface of the planet, t ' pol and commander charles \" trip \" tucker discovered the wreckage of a skagaran ship which the skagarans had used three hundred years earlier to transport", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4870492998247235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.106956"} {"text": "in the delphic expanse. when an away team beamed to the surface of the planet, t ' pol and commander charles \" trip \" tucker discovered the wreckage of a skagaran ship which the skagarans had used three hundred years earlier to transport humans to the planet. in the ship ' s data module, t ' pol and tucker found small crystalline formations, which contained skagaran log entries. the skagaran logs were brought aboard enterprise, where the crew learned that the skagarans had suffered many disciplinary problems. six months after the skagaran ship had arrived, there were no more logs made. although enterprise was too small to carry the six thousand humans who lived on the planet back to earth, captain jonathan archer planned to return to the planet and provide aid to the inhabitants. archer believed that when starfleet was eventually able to send ships to the planet, the crews of those vessels would find that the humans had changed some of their laws. although some skagarans, such as draysik, were employed in saloons, they were not allowed to drink with their human masters and therefore reacted badly to alcohol. skagaran whiskey was illegal, but a barber named henry was allowed to keep a bottle for pulling teeth. if a skagaran killed a human, it was considered a hanging offense, even if the skagaran was acting in self - defense. legally, humans were not encouraged to harass the skagarans, though a human who defended a skagaran from other humans could possibly be arrested. it was deemed illegal for a human to teach skagarans and the minimum punishment for doing so was ten years in jail. however, some humans, such as bethany, taught skagaran children outside at night. a subject that bethany taught her students was mathematics, including the study of multiplication and long division. the students who bethany taught wrote on slates. some of her students were called yral, kret and taliyah. bethany herself was one - quarter skagaran. when the starship enterprise left the skagaran planet, bethany had been allowed to legally teach skagaran and human children together. one of the subjects she taught was earth history, including the study of the first airplane. ( ent : \" north star \" ) list of skagaransedit when it came time to design the look of the skagarans, it was deemed appropriate for their makeup appliances to not seem too alien. this was because skagarans were to be established as capable of interbreeding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47864835830315955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.108648"} {"text": "american guide series the american guide series was a group of books and pamphlets published under the auspices of the federal writers ' project ( fwp ), a depression - era works program in the united states. the american guide series books were compiled by the fwp, but printed by individual states, and contained detailed histories of each state with descriptions of every city and town. the format was uniform, comprising essays on the state ' s history and culture, descriptions of its major cities, automobile tours of important attractions, and a portfolio of photographs. titles in the american guide series - new castle on the delaware, 1936. newcastle, delaware - washington, city and capital, 1937. washington dc - philadelphia : a guide to the nation ' s birthplace, philadelphia, pennsylvania - erie : a guide to the city and county, 1938. erie, pennsylvania - lincoln city guide, 1937. lincoln, nebraska - augusta, 1938. augusta, georgia - new orleans city guide, 2008. new orleans, louisiana - lexington and the bluegrass country, 1938. lexington, kentucky - beaumont : a guide to the city and its environs, 1939. beaumont, texas - a guide to estherville, iowa, 1939. estherville, iowa - the new york city guide : a comprehensive guide to the five boroughs of the metropolis ; manhattan, brooklyn, the bronx, queens, and richmond, 1939. new york city - louisville : a guide to falls city, 1940. louisville, kentucky - a guide to mcgregor, 1940. mcgregor, iowa - portland city guide, 1940. portland, maine - a guide to key west, 1941. key west, florida - henderson : a guide to audubon ' s home town in kentucky, 1941. henderson, kentucky - san antonio : a history and guide, san antonio, texas - houston, a history and guide, 1942. houston, texas - cincinnati : a guide to the queen city and its neighbors, 1943. cincinnati, ohio - atlanta : capital of the south, 1949. atlanta, georgia - san diego : a california city, 1937. san diego - san francisco : the bay and its cities, 1940. san francisco - angeles : a guide to the city and its environs, 1941. los angeles - santa barbara : a guide to the channel city and its environs, 1941. santa barbara - tulsa : a guide to the oil capital, 1938. tulsa, oklahoma - st. augustine : seeing st. augustine, 1937 st augustine, florida regions and territories - the berkshire hills, 1939. - cape", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3716022500777161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.114071"} {"text": "environs, 1941. santa barbara - tulsa : a guide to the oil capital, 1938. tulsa, oklahoma - st. augustine : seeing st. augustine, 1937 st augustine, florida regions and territories - the berkshire hills, 1939. - cape cod pilot : a loquacious guide, 1937. - guide to cedar rapids and northwest iowa, 1937. - new york panorama, 1938. - the ocean highway : new brunswick, new jersey to jacksonville, florida, 1938. - u. s. one : maine to florida, 1938. - a guide to alaska : last american frontier, 1939. - death valley : a guide, 1939. - here ' s new england! a guide to vacationland, 1939 - the oregon trail, us 30 : the missouri river to the pacific ocean, 1939. - puerto rico : a guide to the island of boriquen, 1940. - monterey peninsula, 1941. - the minnesota arrowhead country, 1941. - ghost towns of colorado, 1947. - gross, andrew s. \" the american guide series : patriotism as brand - name identification \" arizona quarterly : a journal of american literature, culture, and theory. vol 62 number 1. p. 85 - 111. - powell, lawrence n. \" lyle saxon and the wpa guide to new orleans. \" southern spaces 29 july 2009.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4006367075551024, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.114559"} {"text": "| part of a series on | cossacks ( ukrainian : \u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0438, kozaky ; russian : \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0438, kazaki ), are a group of predominantly east slavic people who originally were members of democratic, semi - military and semi - naval communities in ukraine and southern russia. they inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower dnieper, don, terek, ural basins, and played an important role in the historical development of both ukraine and russia. today self - identification \" cossack \" is an important part of cultural heritage of people in modern ukraine, southern russia, volga, ural, siberian regions and the russian far east. cossack societies exist throughout russia, ukraine, belarus and worldwide. the origins of the first cossacks are disputed, though the constitution of pylyp orlyk claimed khazar origin of cossacks. \u201d the traditional post - imperial historiography dates the emergence of cossacks to the 14th or to 15th centuries when two connected groups emerged, the zaporozhian sich of the dnieper and the don cossack host. the zaporozhian sich was initially a vassal of poland - lithuania. the increasing social and religious pressure from the commonwealth caused them to proclaim an independent cossack hetmanate, initiated by a rebellion under bohdan khmelnytsky in the mid - 17th century. afterwards, the treaty of pereyaslav brought most of the ukrainian cossack state under russian rule. but the sich itself with its lands became an autonomous region, under the russian - polish protectorate. the don cossack host, which had been established by the 16th century, allied itself with the tsardom of russia. together they began a systematic conquest and colonisation of lands in order to secure the borders on the volga, the whole of siberia ( see yermak timofeyevich ), the yaik and the terek rivers, the two latter rivers having had their own cossack communities as well before the arrival of don cossacks. by the 18th century, cossack hosts in the russian empire served as buffer zones on its borders. however, the expansionist ambitions of the empire relied on ensuring the loyalty of cossacks, which caused tension with their traditional freedom, democratic self - rule, and independence. as a result, cossacks, such as ivan bolotnikov, stenka razin, kondraty bulavin and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40183041651578766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.184847"} {"text": "the loyalty of cossacks, which caused tension with their traditional freedom, democratic self - rule, and independence. as a result, cossacks, such as ivan bolotnikov, stenka razin, kondraty bulavin and yemelyan pugachev, have lead major anti - imperial wars and revolutions in the empire in order to abolish slavery and odious bureaucracy. in extreme cases, the empire responded by dissolving whole hosts, as was the fate of the zaporozhian sich and of its \" nizovy \" ( lower dnieper ) zaporozhian host in 1775, and of malorossian cossack regiments later. the yaik host, its capital, yaik cossaks and zimoveyskaya cossack town in the don region were renamed after the pugachev rebellion to have cossacks put a lid and forget razin and pugachev and their rebellions. by the end of the 18th century, cossack nations were transformed into a special military estate ( sosloviye ), \" a military class \". they like medieval knights were to come to the military service with their own expensive knight horse and own arms and supplies at their own expense, for exception of firearms and supplies to them, provided by the government, and cossack service was the most hard one. because of their military tradition, cossack forces played an important role in russia \u2019 s wars of the 18th - 20th centuries such as the great northern war, the seven years ' war, the crimean war, napoleonic wars, caucasus war, numerous russo - turkish wars, and the first world war. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the tsarist regime employed them extensively to perform police service ( for example both to prevent pogroms and to suppress the revolutionary movement, especially in 1905 \u2013 7. ) they also served as border guards on national and internal ethnic borders ( as was the case in the caucasus war ). during the russian civil war, don and kuban cossacks have been the first nations to declare open war against the bolsheviks. by 1918, cossacks declared the complete independence of their nations and formed the independent states, the ukrainian state, the don republic, and the kuban people ' s republic. the cossack troops formed the effective core of the anti - bolshevik white army, and cossack republics became centers for the anti - bolshevik white movement. with the victory of the red army, the cossa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40798859030804147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.185787"} {"text": "kuban people ' s republic. the cossack troops formed the effective core of the anti - bolshevik white army, and cossack republics became centers for the anti - bolshevik white movement. with the victory of the red army, the cossack lands were subjected to decossackization and the man - made famine of 1932 - 33 ( holodomor ). after the dissolution of the soviet union, the cossacks have made a systematic return to russia. many took an active part in post - soviet conflicts and yugoslav wars. in russia ' s 2010 population census, cossacks have been recognized as an ethnicity. there are cossack organizations in russia, kazakhstan, ukraine, poland and the usa. in written sources the name first attested in codex cumanicus from the 13th century. the english word is attested from 1590, an irish surname cossack has existed since 12th century. the ethnonym kazakh is from the same turkic root. early history it is not clear when new slavic people apart from brodnici and berladniki started settling in the lower reaches of major rivers such as the don and the dnieper after the demise of the khazar state. it is unlikely it could have happened before the 13th century, when the mongols broke the power of the cumans, which had assimilated the previous population on that territory. it is known that new settlers inherited a lifestyle that persisted there long before, such as those of the turkic cumans and the circassian kassaks. however, slavic settlements in southern ukraine started to appear relatively early during the cuman rule, with the earliest ones, like tsiurupynsk, dating back to 11th century. early \" proto - cossack \" groups are generally reported to have come into existence within the present - day ukraine in the mid - 13th century as the influence of cumans grew weak, though some have ascribed their origins to as early as the tenth century. some historians suggest that the cossack people were of mixed ethnic origins, descending from russians, ukrainians, poles, turks, tatars, and others who settled or passed through the vast steppe. however some turkologists argue that cossacks are descendants of native cumans of ukraine, who lived there long ago before the mongol invasion. in the midst of the growing moscow and lithuanian powers, new political entities had appeared in the region such as moldavia and the crimean khanate. in 1261 some slavic people living in the area between the d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474137220850726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.186716"} {"text": "there long ago before the mongol invasion. in the midst of the growing moscow and lithuanian powers, new political entities had appeared in the region such as moldavia and the crimean khanate. in 1261 some slavic people living in the area between the dniester and the volga were mentioned in ruthenian chronicles. historical records of the cossacks before the 16th century are scant as the history of the ukrainian lands in that period for various reasons. in the 15th century, the cossack society was described as a loose federation of independent communities, often forming local armies, entirely independent from the neighbouring states ( of, e. g., poland, the grand duchy of moscow or the khanate of crimea ). according to hrushevsky the first mention of cossacks could be found already in the 14th century ; however, they were either of turkic or of undefined origin. hrushevsky states that cossacks could have descended from the long forgotten antes, or groups from the berlad territory in present - day romania, then a part of the grand duchy of halych, brodniki. there, cossacks may have served as self - defense formations, organized to defend against raids conducted by neighbors. by 1492, the crimean khan complained that kanev and cherkasy cossacks attacked his ship near tighina ( bender ), and the grand duke of lithuania alexander i promised to find the guilty among the cossacks. sometime in the beginning of 16th century there appeared the old ukrainian ballad of cossack holota about a cossack near kiliya. by the 16th century these cossack societies merged into two independent territorial organisations as well as other smaller, still detached groups : - the cossacks of zaporizhia, centered on the lower bends of dnieper, inside the territory of modern ukraine, with the fortified capital of zaporozhian sich. they were formally recognised as an independent state, the zaporozhian host, by a treaty with poland in 1649. - the don cossack state, on the river don, separated from the grand duchy of moscow by the nogai states, vassals of the ottoman empire. the capital of the don cossack state was initially razdory, then moved to cherkassk, later moved to novocherkassk. n addition to these two, one finds mention of the less well - known tatar cossacks such as nagaybaklar and meschera ( mis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38363142588609594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.187781"} {"text": "don are not my subjects, and they go to war or live in peace without my knowledge. \" similar exchanges passed between russia, the ottoman empire and the polish - lithuanian commonwealth, each of which tried to exploit cossack warmongering for its own purposes. in the 16th century, with the power of the polish - lithuanian commonwealth extending south, the zaporozhian cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the polish - lithuanian commonwealth as their subjects. registered cossacks formed a part of the commonwealth army until 1699. around the end of the 16th century, relations between the polish - lithuanian commonwealth and the ottoman empire, not cordial to begin with, were further strained by increasing cossack aggression. from the second part of the 16th century, cossacks started raiding ottoman territories. the polish government could not control the fiercely independent cossacks, but since they were nominally subjects of the commonwealth, it was held responsible for the raids by their victims. reciprocally, the tatars living under ottoman rule launched raids into the commonwealth, mostly in the sparsely inhabited southeast territories. cossack pirates, however, started raiding wealthy trading port - cities in the heart of the ottoman empire, which were just two days away by boat from the mouth of the dnieper river. by 1615 and 1625, cossacks had even managed to raze townships on the outskirts of constantinople, forcing the ottoman sultan to flee his palace. consecutive treaties between the ottoman empire and the polish - lithuanian commonwealth called for both parties to keep the cossacks and tatars in check, but enforcement was almost non - existent on both sides. in internal agreements, forced by the polish side, cossacks agreed to burn their boats and stop raiding. however, boats could be rebuilt quickly, and the cossack lifestyle glorified raids and booty. during this time, the habsburg empire sometimes covertly employed cossack raiders to ease ottoman pressure on their own borders. many cossacks and tatars shared an animosity towards each other due to the damage done by raids from both sides. cossack raids followed by tatar retaliation, or tatar raids followed by cossack retaliation, were an almost regular occurrence. the ensuing chaos and string of retaliations often turned the entire southeastern polish - lithuanian commonwealth border into a low - intensity war zone and led to escalation of commonwealth - ottoman warfare, from the moldavian magnate wars ( 1593 - 1617 ) to the battle of cecora ( 1620 ) and campaigns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4355905161600033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.192310"} {"text": "southeastern polish - lithuanian commonwealth border into a low - intensity war zone and led to escalation of commonwealth - ottoman warfare, from the moldavian magnate wars ( 1593 - 1617 ) to the battle of cecora ( 1620 ) and campaigns in the polish - ottoman war of 1633 \u2013 1634. cossack numbers expanded with peasants escaping serfdom in the polish - lithuanian commonwealth. attempts by the szlachta to turn the zaporozhian cossacks into serfs eroded the cossacks ' once fairly strong loyalty towards the commonwealth. cossack ambitions for recognition as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the polish - lithuanian ( they meant first of all present belorussians as lithuanians ) two - nations commonwealth into polish - lithuanian - russian commonwealth ( three nations with russian cossacks equal to russian szlahta ) made little progress due to the cossacks ' unpopularity among first of all russian szlahta. the cossacks ' strong historic allegiance to the eastern orthodox christianity put them at odds with the roman catholic - dominated commonwealth. tensions increased when commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to suppression of the orthodox catholic church after the union of brest, making the cossacks strongly anti - roman, which in context became synonymous with anti - polish. registered cossacks the waning loyalty of the cossacks and the szlachta ' s arrogance towards them resulted in several cossack uprisings against the polish - lithuanian commonwealth in the early 17th century. finally, the king ' s adamant refusal to cede to the cossacks ' demand to expand the cossack registry was the last straw that prompted the largest and most successful of these : the khmelnytsky uprising that started in 1648. some cossacks, including polish schlahta of the ukraine ( they were called ukrainians ), converted to orthodox catholics, divided the lands of russian szlahta in the ukraine, and became the cossack szlahta. the uprising became one of a series of catastrophic events for the commonwealth known as the deluge, which greatly weakened the polish - lithuanian commonwealth and set the stage for its disintegration 100 years later. the influential relatives of russian and lithuanian schlahta in moscow helped to create the russian - polish alliance against khmelnitsky ' s cossacks as rebels against any order and the private property of russian orthodox catholic schlahta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43099356671555955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.194710"} {"text": ". the influential relatives of russian and lithuanian schlahta in moscow helped to create the russian - polish alliance against khmelnitsky ' s cossacks as rebels against any order and the private property of russian orthodox catholic schlahta, don cossack raids on crimea leaving khmelnitsky without the aid of his usual tatar allies. but in russian opinion the rebellion ended with the 1654 treaty of pereyaslav in which khmelnitsky ' s cossacks so that to destroy the russian - polish alliance against them pledged their loyalty to the russian tsar with the latter guaranteeing cossacks his protection, recognition of cossack starshyna ( nobility ) and their property and autonomy under his rule, freeing the cossacks from the polish sphere of influence and land claims of russian schlahta. only some part of the russian schlahta of the chernigov region, being of the moscow state origin, saved their lands from division among cossacks and became the part of the cossack schlahta. after this russian schlahta refrained from its plans to have a moscow tsar the king of the commonwealth, its own micha\u0142 korybut wisniowiecki became the king later. the last, ultimately unsuccessful, attempt to rebuild the polish - cossack alliance and create a polish - lithuanian - ruthenian commonwealth was the 1658 treaty of hadiach, which was approved by the polish king and sejm as well as by some of the cossack starshyna, including hetman ivan vyhovsky. the starshyna were, however, divided on the issue and the treaty had even less support among rank - and - file cossacks ; thus it failed. under russian rule the cossack nation of the zaporozhian host was divided into two autonomous republics of the moscow tsardom : the cossack hetmanate, and the more independent zaporizhia. these organisations gradually lost their autonomy, and were abolished by catherine ii by the late 18th century. the hetmanate became the governorship of little russia, and zaporizhia was absorbed into new russia. in 1775 the zaporozhian host was destroyed. later its high - ranking cossack leaders were exiled to siberia, the last chief becoming the prisoner of the solovetsky islands, for the establishment of a new sich in the ottoman empire by the part of cossacks without any involvement of the punished co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41306069871029893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.195961"} {"text": "- ranking cossack leaders were exiled to siberia, the last chief becoming the prisoner of the solovetsky islands, for the establishment of a new sich in the ottoman empire by the part of cossacks without any involvement of the punished cossack leaders. black sea, azov and danubian sich cossacks with the destruction of the zaporozhian sich, many zaporozhian cossacks, especially the vast majority of old believers and other people from the greater russia, defected to turkey and settled in the area of the danube river, founding a new sich there. part of these cossacks settled on tisa river in austrian empire to have a new sich there as well. some ukrainian - speaking orthodox catholic cossacks however ran away across the danube ( territory under the control of the ottoman empire ) together with cossacks of the greater russia origin to form a new host before rejoining the others in the kuban. and a lot of ukrainian peasants and adventurers joined the danubian sich afterwards. ukrainian folklore remembers the danubian sich, while new siches of loyal zaporozhians on bug and dniester are not famous ones. the majority of tisa sich and danubian sich cossacks returned to russia in 1828 and settled in the area north of the azov sea and became known as the azov cossacks. but the majority of zaporozhian cossacks, especially ukrainian - speaking orthodox catholics, remained loyal to russia in spite of the sich destruction and became known as the black sea cossacks. both azov and black sea cossacks were resettled to colonise the kuban steppe which was a crucial foothold for russian expansion in the caucasus. during cossack stay in turkey, a new host was founded which by the end of 1778 numbered around 12, 000 cossacks. their settlement at the border with russia was approved by the ottoman empire after the cossacks officially vowed to serve the sultan. yet the conflict inside the new host of the new loyalty, and the political manoeuvres used by the russian empire, led to splits in the cossacks. after a portion of the runaway cossacks returned to russia they were used by the russian army to form new military bodies that also incorporated greek albanians, crimean tatars and gypsies. however after the russo - turkish war of 1787 \u2013 1792, most of them were incorporated into the black sea cossa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36961027982678735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.198399"} {"text": "russia they were used by the russian army to form new military bodies that also incorporated greek albanians, crimean tatars and gypsies. however after the russo - turkish war of 1787 \u2013 1792, most of them were incorporated into the black sea cossack host together with loyal zaporozhians. the black sea host moved to the kuban steppes. most of the remaining cossacks that stayed in the danube delta returned to russia in 1828 and created the azov cossack host between berdyansk and mariupol. in 1860 all of them were resettled to the north caucasus and merged into the kuban cossack host. russian cossacks the native land of the cossacks is defined by a line of russian / ruthenian town - fortresses located on the border with the steppe and stretching from the middle volga to ryazan and tula, then breaking abruptly to the south and extending to the dnieper via pereyaslavl. this area was settled by a population of free people practicing various trades and crafts. these people, constantly facing the tatar warriors on the steppe frontier, received the turkic name cossacks ( kazaks ), which was then extended to other free people in russia. many cumans, who had assimilated khazars, retreated to the ryazan grand principality ( grand duchy ) after the mongol invasion, green eyes and straw hair appearing among russians due to cuman assimilation by russians. the oldest reference in the annals mentions cossacks of the russian principality of ryazan serving the principality in the battle against the tatars in 1444. in the 16th century, the cossacks ( primarily those of ryazan ) were grouped in military and trading communities on the open steppe and started to migrate into the area of the don ( source vasily klyuchevsky, the course of the russian history, vol. 2 ). cossacks served as border guards and protectors of towns, forts, settlements and trading posts, performed policing functions on the frontiers and also came to represent an integral part of the russian army. in the 16th century, to protect the borderland area from tatar invasions, cossacks carried out sentry and patrol duties, guarding from crimean tatars and nomads of the nogai horde in the steppe region. russian cossacks played a key role in the expansion of the russian empire into siberia ( particularly by yermak timofeyevich ), the caucasus and central asia in the period", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4179291033778027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.199390"} {"text": "nomads of the nogai horde in the steppe region. russian cossacks played a key role in the expansion of the russian empire into siberia ( particularly by yermak timofeyevich ), the caucasus and central asia in the period from the 16th to 19th centuries. cossacks also served as guides to most russian expeditions formed by civil and military geographers and surveyors, traders and explorers. in 1648 the russian cossack semyon dezhnyov discovered a passage between north america and asia. cossack units played a role in many wars in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries ( such as the russo - turkish wars, the russo - persian wars, and the annexation of central asia ). cossacks were the popular subjects of european scientific dissertations, speaking eight different languages and having a common language with almost any current european researcher of cossacks stenka razin being the most favorite subject. western europeans had a lot of contacts with cossacks during the seven year ' s war and had seen cossack patrols in berlin. during napoleon ' s invasion of russia, cossacks were the russian soldiers most feared by the french troops. napoleon himself stated \" cossacks are the best light troops among all that exist. if i had them in my army, i would go through all the world with them. \" cossacks also took part in the partisan war deep inside french - occupied russian territory, attacking communications and supply lines. these attacks, carried out by cossacks along with russian light cavalry and other units, were one of the first developments of guerrilla warfare tactics and, to some extent, special operations as we know them today. frenchmen had had few contacts with cossacks before the allies occupied paris in 1814. as the most exotic of the russian troops seen in france, cossacks drew a great deal of attention and notoriety for their alleged purity during napoleon ' s wars. bistrots appeared after the cossack occupation of paris. stendhal had, that \" cossacks were pure as children and great as gods \". don cossacks the don cossack host ( russian : \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, vsevelikoye voysko donskoye ) was either an independent or an autonomous democratic republic in the present day southern russia from the end of the 16th until the early 20th century. don cossacks had a rich military tradition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4449739299121873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.200357"} {"text": "early members of the terek cossacks were ossetians. yaik cossacks the ural cossack host was a cossack host formed from the ural cossacks, cossacks settled by the ural river. their alternative name, yaik cossacks, comes from the old name of the river changed after the pugachev ' s rebellion. the ural cossacks although speaking russian and identifying themselves as being of primarily russian ancestry also incorporated many tatars into their ranks. twenty years after the conquest of the volga from kazan to astrakhan, in 1577, moscow sent troops to disperse pirates and raiders along the volga ( one of their number was ermak ). some of these fled southeast to the ural river and joined yaik cossacks. in 1580 they captured saraichik. by 1591 they were fighting for moscow. sometime in the next century they were officially recognized. in the russian empire from the start, relations of cossacks with the tsardom of russia were very much varied ; at times this involved combined military operations, and at others there were famous cossack uprisings. one particular example was the destruction of the zaporozhian host, which took place at the end of the 18th century. the divisions of the cossacks within were clearly visible between those that chose to stay loyal to the russian monarch and continue their service ( who later moved to the kuban ) and those that chose to continue their pro - mercenary role and ran off the danube delta. nevertheless by the 19th century, the russian empire managed to fully annex all the control over the hosts and instead rewarded the cossacks with privileges for their service. at this time the cossacks were actively participating in many russian wars. although cossack tactics in open battles were generally inferior to those of regular soldiers such as the dragoons, cossacks were nevertheless excellent for scouting and reconnaissance duties, as well as undertaking ambushes. in 1840 the hosts included the don, black sea, astrakhan, little russia, azov, danube, ural, stavropol, mesherya, orenburg, siberia, tobolsk, tomsk, yeniseisk, irkutsk, sabaikal, yakutsk and tartar voiskos. by 1890s the ussuri, semirechensk and amur cossacks were added, with the last having a regiment of elite mounted rifles. the cossack sense of being a separate and elite community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38531572009924264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.202391"} {"text": ", when dynastic conflicts constantly presented themselves and inconsistency reigned with the lack of a single, competent ruler. the government began attempting to assimilate the cossacks into the russian culture and political system by granting elite status and enforcing military service, thus creating divisions within the cossacks themselves as they fought to keep their own traditions alive. the government \u2019 s efforts to alter the traditional nomadic lifestyle of the cossacks caused the cossacks to be involved in nearly all the major disturbances in russia over a 200 - year period, including the rebellions led by stenka razin and emilian pugachev. as muscovy regained stability under mikhail romanov after the time of troubles beginning in 1613, discontent steadily grew within the serf and peasant populations. the code of 1649 under alexis romanov, mikhail \u2019 s son, divided the russian population into distinct and fixed hereditary categories. this law tied peasants to the land and forced townsmen to take on their fathers \u2019 occupations. the code of 1649 increased tax revenue for the central government and stopped wandering to stabilize the social order by fixing people in the same land with the same occupation of their families. the increased taxes fell mainly on the peasants as a burden and continued to widen the gap between the wealthy and the poor. as the government developed more military expeditions, human and material resources became limited, putting an even harsher strain on the peasants. war with poland and sweden in 1662 led to a fiscal crisis and riots across the country. taxes, harsh conditions, and the gap between social classes drove peasants and serfs to flee, many of them going to the cossacks, knowing that the cossacks would accept refugees and free them. the cossacks experienced difficulties under tsar alexis as the influx of refugees grew daily. the cossacks received a subsidy of food, money, and military supplies from the tsar in return for acting as border defense. these subsidies fluctuated often and provided a source of conflict between the cossacks and the government. the war with poland diverted necessary food and military shipments to the cossacks as the population of the host, the unit of cossacks identified by the region in which they resided, grew with the fugitive peasants. the influx of these refugees troubled the cossacks not only because of the increased demand for food but also because the large number of these fugitives meant the cossacks could not absorb them into their culture through the traditional apprenticeship way. instead of taking these steps of proper assimilation into cossack society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4365345316179384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.204523"} {"text": "not only because of the increased demand for food but also because the large number of these fugitives meant the cossacks could not absorb them into their culture through the traditional apprenticeship way. instead of taking these steps of proper assimilation into cossack society, the runaway peasants spontaneously declared themselves cossacks and lived beside true cossacks, laboring or working as barge - haulers to earn food. as conditions worsened and mikhail \u2019 s son alexis took the throne, divisions among the cossacks began to emerge. older cossacks began to settle and become prosperous, enjoying the privileges they earned through obeying and assisting the muscovite system. the old cossacks started giving up their traditions and liberties that had been worth dying for to obtain the pleasures of an elite life. the lawless and restless runaway peasants that called themselves cossacks looked for adventure and revenge against the nobility that had caused them suffering. these cossacks did not receive the government subsidies that the old cossacks enjoyed and thus had to work harder and longer for food and money. these divisions between the elite and lawless would lead to the formation of a cossack army beginning in 1667 under stenka razin as well as to the ultimate failure of that rebellion. stenka razin was born into an elite cossack family and had made many diplomatic visits to moscow before organizing his rebellion. the cossacks were razin \u2019 s main supporters and followed him during his first persian campaign in 1667, plundering and pillaging persian cities on the caspian sea. they returned ill and hungry, tired from fighting but rich with plundered goods in 1669. muscovy tried to gain support from the old cossacks, asking the ataman, or cossack chieftain, to prevent razin from following through with his plans. however the ataman, being razin \u2019 s godfather and swayed by razin \u2019 s promise of a share of the wealth from razin \u2019 s expeditions, replied that the elite cossacks were powerless against the band of rebels. the elite did not see much threat from razin and his followers either, although they realized he could cause them problems with the muscovite system if his following developed into a rebellion against the central government. razin and his followers began to capture cities at the start of the rebellion in 1669. they seized the towns of tsaritsyn, astrakhan, saratov, and samara, implementing democratic rule and releasing peasants from slavery as they went. razin envisioned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4351486970911682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.205527"} {"text": "followers began to capture cities at the start of the rebellion in 1669. they seized the towns of tsaritsyn, astrakhan, saratov, and samara, implementing democratic rule and releasing peasants from slavery as they went. razin envisioned a united cossack republic throughout the southern steppe in which the towns and villages of the area would operate under the democratic, cossack style of government. these sieges often took place in the runaway peasant cossacks \u2019 old towns, leading them to wreak havoc on their old masters and get the revenge for which they were hoping. the rebels \u2019 advancement began to be seen as a problem to the elder cossacks, who, in 1671, decided to comply with the government in order to receive more subsidies. on april 14, ataman yakovlev led elders to destroy the rebel camp and captured razin, taking him soon afterward to moscow. razin \u2019 s rebellion marked the beginning of the end to traditional cossack practices. in august 1671, muscovite envoys administered the oath of allegiance and the cossacks swore loyalty to the tsar. while they still had internal autonomy, the cossacks became muscovite subjects, a transition that would prove to be a dividing point yet again in pugachev \u2019 s rebellion. for the cossack elite, a noble status within the empire came at the price of their old liberties in the 18th century. an advancement of agricultural settlement began forcing the cossacks to give up their traditional nomadic ways and to adopt new forms of government. the government steadily changed the entire culture of the cossacks. peter the great increased service obligations for the cossacks and mobilized their forces to fight in far - off wars. peter began establishing non - cossack troops in fortresses along the iaik river and in 1734 constructed orenburg, a fortress of government power on the frontier that gave cossacks a subordinate role in border defense. when the iaik cossacks sent a delegation to peter to explain their grievances, peter stripped the cossacks of their autonomous status and subordinated them to the war college rather than the college of foreign affairs, solidifying the change in the cossacks from border patrol to military servicemen. over the next fifty years, the central government responded to cossack grievances with arrests, floggings, and exiles. among the ordinary cossacks, hatred of the elite and central government boiled and by 1772, an open state of rebellion ensued for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40522988972147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.206739"} {"text": "years, the central government responded to cossack grievances with arrests, floggings, and exiles. among the ordinary cossacks, hatred of the elite and central government boiled and by 1772, an open state of rebellion ensued for six months between the iaik cossacks and the central government. under catherine the great in 1762, the russian peasants and cossacks once again faced increased taxation, heavy military conscription, and grain shortages that had characterized the land before razin \u2019 s rebellion. in addition, catherine ii annulled one of peter iii \u2019 s acts, an act interpreted to mean that economy peasants, or serfs living on church lands, were free from their obligations and payments to church authorities. in 1767, the empress refused to accept grievances directly from the peasantry. peasants fled once again to the land of the cossacks ; in particular, the fugitive peasants set their destination for the iaik host, whose people were committed to the old cossack traditions. the changing government burdened the cossacks as well, extending its reach to reform the cossack traditions. emelian pugachev, a low - status don cossack, arrived in the iaik host in late 1772. pugachev \u2019 s claim to be peter iii stemmed from the expectations the cossacks held for the late ruler, believing that peter iii would have been an effective ruler after signing an alliance with frederick the great of prussia, had he not been assassinated by a plot of his wife catherine ii. many iaik cossacks believed pugachev \u2019 s claim, though those closest to him knew the truth. others that may have known the truth but did not support catherine ii, due to her disposal of peter iii, still spread pugachev \u2019 s claim to be the late emperor. the first of the three phases of pugachev \u2019 s rebellion began in september 1773. the elite - supporting cossacks constituted the majority of the first prisoners taken by the rebels. after a five - month siege of orenburg, a military college became pugachev \u2019 s headquarters. pugachev began envisioning a cossack tsardom, similar to razin \u2019 s vision of a united cossack republic. the peasantry across russia stirred with rumors and listened to manifestos issued by pugachev. however, pugachev \u2019 s rebellion soon became to be seen as an inevitable failure. the don cossacks refused to help the rebellion in the last phase of the revolt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.443268084973124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.210396"} {"text": "russia stirred with rumors and listened to manifestos issued by pugachev. however, pugachev \u2019 s rebellion soon became to be seen as an inevitable failure. the don cossacks refused to help the rebellion in the last phase of the revolt because they knew military troops followed pugachev closely after lifting the siege of orenburg and following pugachev \u2019 s flight from defeated kazan. in september, 1774, pugachev \u2019 s own cossack lieutenants turned him over to the government troops. the cossacks \u2019 opposition to modernization and institutionalization of political authority led them to participate in pugachev \u2019 s rebellion. one of their last hopes to defy the increasing political authority threatening the traditional cossack life failed. the cossack elite, hoping to obtain noble statues, accepted the government \u2019 s reforms and the ordinary cossacks had no choice but to give up their traditions and liberties. civil war, decossackization, and holodomor of 1932 - 33 in the russian civil war that followed the october revolution, the cossacks found themselves on both sides of the conflict. cossacks formed the core of the white army, but many of them also fought for the red army. some cossack units in the ukraininan service not relevant to the military estate of cossacks have participated in pogroms against jews in ukraine following the defeat of the white army, a policy of decossackization ( raskazachivaniye ) took place on the surviving cossacks and their homelands since they were viewed as potential threat to the new regime. university of york russian specialist shane o ' rourke states that \" ten thousand cossacks were slaughtered systematically in a few weeks in january 1919 \" and that this \" was one of the main factors which led to the disappearance of the cossacks as a nation. \" in addition, decossackization also involved dividing up the lands of cossack hosts among other divisions and giving them to new autonomous republics of non - cossack minorities. this was especially true of the terek cossacks ' land. cossacks were also banned from serving in the red army. some recent literature claims that hundreds of thousands or even millions of cossacks were killed by the soviet government during decossackization. according to michael kort, \" during 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 3 million, the bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300, 000 to 500, 000 cossacks \",", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4381144090576464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.211753"} {"text": "the soviet government during decossackization. according to michael kort, \" during 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 3 million, the bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300, 000 to 500, 000 cossacks \", including 45 thousand terek cossacks. the denikin regime alleged that in 1918 \u2013 19, 5, 598 were executed in the provinces of the don, 3, 442 in the kuban, and 2, 142 in stavropol. on the other hand, historian leonid futorianskiy disputes these claims and argues instead that, during the preceding white terror of the krasnov regime, between 25 and 40 thousand cossacks were killed. the cossack homelands were often very fertile, and during the collectivisation campaign many cossacks shared the fate of kulaks. the soviet famine of 1932 \u2013 1933, called holodomor by cossacks, hit ukraine, volga, don, kuban, and terek territories ( the northern caucasus ) very hard. the famine caused a population decline of about 20 - 30 % in these territories ( the population decline in the rural areas, populated by ethnic cossacks, was even higher, since metro areas were not affected by the famine ). robert conquest estimates the number of famine - related deaths in the northern caucasus to be at about 1 million. grain and other produce were expropriated from cossack families, leaving them to starve and die, and many families were forced out of their homes in the winter time, leaving them to freeze to death. these facts are documented in mikhail sholokhov ' s letters to joseph stalin, and by eyewitness accounts. in 1936, under pressure from cossack communities, the soviet government lifted the ban on cossacks serving in the red army. second world war during the second world war cossacks found themselves on both sides of the conflict once again. cossacks living in the usa and in the uk have always been the effective members of the us and the uk army and navy, american cossacks having considered the us president their commander - in - chief since at least john turchin ' s times. a lot of cossacks joined the resistance. though some cossacks joined german armed forces, they did so usually to defect either to the western allies or to the resistance, to liberate their co - patriots and family members from nazi work and concentration camps. however, a substantial number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42557336016497704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.212740"} {"text": ". though some cossacks joined german armed forces, they did so usually to defect either to the western allies or to the resistance, to liberate their co - patriots and family members from nazi work and concentration camps. however, a substantial number of cossacks served with the germans honestly. this can be explained by harsh repressions and genocide that their families suffered under the collectivization and decossackization policies pursued by joseph stalin. like other people of the soviet union, who suffered persecution under stalin, some cossacks mistakenly greeted the advancing german army as ` ` liberators \" from stalinism. while some cossacks in german service were the former white army refugees many soviet citizens including rank - and - file cossacks defected from the red army to join the \" cossack units \" of german armed forces, where native cossacks usually served as officers only. as early as 1941, the first cossack detachments, created out of prisoners of war, defectors and volunteers, were formed under german leadership. the dubrovski battalion formed of don cossacks in december 1941 was reorganised on july 30, 1942 into the pavlov regiment, numbering up to 350 men. the cossacks were successfully utilized for anti - partisan activity in the rear of the german army. the cossack national movement of liberation was set in the hope of creating an independent cossack state, cossackia. it was not until 1943 that the 1st cossack division was formed under the command of general helmuth von pannwitz, where cossack emigrees, like andrei shkuro and pyotr krasnov, took leading positions. the 2nd cossack division under the command of colonel hans - joachim von schultz, formed in 1944, existed only for a year, when both cossack divisions became part of the xv cossack cavalry corps, totalling some 25, 000 men, wearing regular wehrmacht uniforms and not waffen - ss ones, as has occasionally been incorrectly alleged. although in 1944 general von pannwitz accepted loose affiliation with the waffen - ss in order to gain access to their supply of superior arms and equipment, together with control over cossack units in france, no pagan ss features had ever been implemented to respect the christianity of cossacks and the corps command, structure, uniforms, ranks, etc. remained firmly wehrmacht. the corps contained regiments of different cossack groups, that were don, kuban, terek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4159665764950031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.213685"} {"text": "features had ever been implemented to respect the christianity of cossacks and the corps command, structure, uniforms, ranks, etc. remained firmly wehrmacht. the corps contained regiments of different cossack groups, that were don, kuban, terek and siberian cossacks which had been fighting tito ' s guerrillas, ustashi and domobranci in the former yugoslavia. at the end of the war in 1945, they conducted a fighting retreat north - eastwards over the karavanken mountains into carinthia where they surrendered to the british army in allied - administered austria, hoping to join the british to fight communism. there was little sympathy at the time for a group who were seen as nazi collaborators and who were reported to have committed atrocities against resistance fighters in eastern europe. the cossacks were sent to russia as the part of operation keelhaul. on 28 may 1945 they were duped by british assurances that they were being taken to canada or australia. instead they were all handed over to smersh on the soviet demarcation line at judenburg together with the civilian members of the kazachi stan, consisting of old folk, woman, and children as well as about 850 german officers and non - commissioned officers of the corps. at the end of the war, the british repatriated between 40 to 50 thousand cossacks, including their families, to the soviet union. an unknown number were subsequently executed or imprisoned. reportedly, many of those punished had never been soviet citizens. this episode is widely known as the betrayal of the cossacks. the nuremberg tribunal excluded cases of service in the cavalry units of waffen ss, to which waffen ss cossack units belonged, from the membership in the criminal organization of waffen ss. however, the vast majority of the ethnic cossacks bravely fought against the nazis in the ranks of the red army and of the red navy on all war theaters. their service in particular was crucial on the southern theatre of the eastern front, where open prairies ( steppes ) made them ideal for frontal patrols and logistics. although the first cossacks units were formed prior to the war ( as early as 1936 ), by 1942 there were 17 cossack corps units in the red army ( as opposed to only two in the german forces ). later these corps units were increased in size and reduced to eight. their distinction in battle eventually led all to be merited as guards. oka gorodovikov formed 49 cossack cavalry divisions during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44546999535793225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.214770"} {"text": "only two in the german forces ). later these corps units were increased in size and reduced to eight. their distinction in battle eventually led all to be merited as guards. oka gorodovikov formed 49 cossack cavalry divisions during the war only. many ethnic cossacks served in other divisions of the red army and in the navy, of whom boris shaposhnikov, markian popov, aksel berg, arseniy golovko, oka gorodovikov, lev dovator, pavel belov, general dmitry karbyshev, dmitry lavrinenko, pilot grigory bakhchivandzhi and engineer fedor tokarev could be mentioned to name only a few. a cossack detachment of the 4th guards corps marched in red square during the moscow victory parade of 1945. modern times following the war, cossack units, along with cavalry in general, were rendered obsolete and released from the soviet army. in the post - war years many cossack descendants were thought of as simple peasants, and those who lived inside an autonomous republic usually gave way to the particular minority and migrated elsewhere ( particularly, to the baltic region ). in the perestroika era soviet union of the late 1980s, many successors of the cossacks became enthusiastic about reviving their national traditions. in 1988 the soviet union passed a law which allowed formation of former hosts and the creation of new ones. the ataman of the largest, the all - mighty don host, was granted marshal rank and the right to form a new host. the cossacks have taken an active part in many of the conflicts that took place afterwards : the war of transnistria, the georgian - abkhazian conflict, the georgian - ossetian conflict, the kosovo war, the first chechen war and the second chechen war. at the same time many attempts were made to increase the cossack impact on russian society and throughout the 1990s many regional authorities agreed to hand over some local administration and policing duties to the cossacks. on april 2005, vladimir putin, president of russia introduced a bill \" on the state service of the russian cossacks \" ( o gosudarstvennoy sluzhbe rossiyskogo kazachestva ) to the state duma, which was passed at the first reading on may 18, 2005. for the first time in decades the cossacks were recognized as not only a distinct ethnoc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41911894206320777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.215658"} {"text": "bautino, kazakhstan ), blagoveshchensk, towns and settlements at ural, ishim, irtysh, ob, yenisei, lena, amur, anadyr ( chukotka ), and ussuri rivers. a group of albazin cossacks settled in china as early as 1685. cossacks actively exchanged cultures and customs with nearby peoples ( for example, the terek cossacks were heavily influenced by the culture of north caucasian tribes ). they also frequently married local residents ( other non - cossack settlers and natives ) regardless of race or origin, sometimes setting aside religious restrictions. war brides brought from distant lands were also common in cossack families. one of the russian volunteer army commanders, general bogaevsky mentions in his book one of his cossacks unit ' s servicemen, sotnik khoperski, who was chinese by origin and brought from manchuria during the russian - japanese war 1904 \u2013 1905 as a child, adopted and raised by a cossack family. family life cossack family values are simple, rigid, and to a western eye, seem to come from another era. in theory the men build the home and provide an income ; the women cook, clean and give birth to children. traditional russian values, culture, and orthodoxy form the bedrock of their beliefs. cossacks, particularly those in rural areas, tend to have more children than other slavic or christian peoples in russia. rural cossacks often live in large clans led by an elder patriarch, usually a grandfather, who often has the title of ataman. but in the past when male cossacks waged permanent wars at a large distance, just female cossacks were family leaders and even both protected their villages and towns from enemy attacks and raided and disarmed neighboring villages of other peoples. this is why, for example, leo tolstoy emphasized cossack feminism in his \" cossacks \" novel. sergei korolev ' s mother from the well - known zaporozhian sich cossack leader family used to joke, that men could be real cossack family leaders in the outer space only. popular image cossacks have long appealed to romantics as idealizing freedom and resistance to external authority, and their military exploits against their enemies have contributed to this favourable image. for others they have been a symbol of repression because of the role of various horsemen crying \" cossacks \" to cheer up themselves and to frighten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.490812762695957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.217934"} {"text": "and resistance to external authority, and their military exploits against their enemies have contributed to this favourable image. for others they have been a symbol of repression because of the role of various horsemen crying \" cossacks \" to cheer up themselves and to frighten people in suppressing popular uprisings in the russian empire and their actions during the khmelnytsky uprising. literary reflections of cossack culture abound in russian, ukrainian and polish literatures, particularly in the works of nikolai gogol ' s taras bulba, taras shevchenko, mikhail sholokhov, henryk sienkiewicz ' s book with fire and sword. one of leo tolstoy ' s first novellas, the cossacks, depicts their autonomy and estrangement from moscow and centralized rule. most of polish romantic literature deals with themes about the cossacks. ( roman catholics especially poles could be zaporozhian cossacks up to 1635. a lot of landless polish schlahta converted into orthodox catholics to divide the lands of russian schlahta together with cossacks during the khmelnitsky ' s uprising. after this cossacks used to convert poles, especially polish children, into orthodox catholics to turn them into cossacks. many polish and polish jewish children were adopted into cossack families. all poles captured with arms in 1812 - 1814 campaign were enlisted in cossack hosts for 25 years, though without their obligation to convert into orthodox catholics now. moreover, those who converted into orthodox catholics might escape of the cossack service and of any other exile. polish cossack became synonymous with a polish roman catholic patriot since 1814 thus. even marshal rokossovsky commanded a kuban cossack bridage in the soviet army. ) cossacks are also portrayed in lord byron ' s \" mazepa \", tennyson ' s poem \" the charge of the light brigade \", and richard connell ' s short story \" the most dangerous game \". in many of the stories by adventure writer harold lamb, the main character is a cossack. in ukraine, where the cossackdom represents historical and cultural heritage, some people have been attempting to recreate the images of ukrainian cossacks. traditional ukrainian culture is often tied in with the cossacks, and the ukrainian government actively supports these attempts. the traditional cossack bulava is one of its national symbols, and the island of the khortytsia, where the zaporoz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4465089243465017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.219338"} {"text": "culture is often tied in with the cossacks, and the ukrainian government actively supports these attempts. the traditional cossack bulava is one of its national symbols, and the island of the khortytsia, where the zaporozhian sich once existed, has been restored. since the dissolution of the soviet union, many have begun seeing russian cossacks as defenders of russian sovereignty. cossacks not only reestablished all of their hosts, they also took over police and even administrative duties in their homelands. the russian military also took advantage of the patriotic feelings among the cossacks and as the hosts become larger and more organised, has in past turned over some of its surplus technology to them. on par with that, the cossacks also play a large cultural role in the south of russia. since the whole rural ethnic russian population of the rostov - on - don, krasnodar and stavropol territories, as well as the autonomous republics of the northern caucasus, considers themselves consisting almost exclusively of at least spiritual cossack descendants, the region was always known, even in the soviet times for its high discipline, low crime and conservative views, like having one of the highest rates of religious attendance and literacy rates. in the russian empire, the cossacks were organized into several voiskos ( hosts ), which lived along the russian border, or internal borders between russian and non - russian peoples. each host had its own leadership and regalia as well as uniforms and ranks. however, by the late 19th century the latter were standardized following the example of the imperial russian army. following the 1988 law, which allowed the hosts to reform and the 2005 one that legally recognized the hosts as a combat service, the ranks and insignia were kept, but on all military tickets that are standard for the russian army they are given below. | modern cossack rank | | equivalent modern russian army | | equivalent foreign rank | | mladshy uryadnik | | mladshy serzhant | | corporal | | starshy uryadnik | | starshy serzhant | | senior sergeant | | mladshy vakhmistr | | mladshy praporshik * | | junior warrant officer | | starshy vakhmistr | | starshy praporshchik | | senior warrant officer | | podkhorunzhy | | mladshy leitenant * | | junior lieutenant | | sotnik | | starshy leiten", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4328162045055076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.220644"} {"text": "and coloured beshmets ( waistcoats ), that epitomise the popular image of the cossacks. most hosts wore fleece hats with coloured cloth tops in full dress with peaked caps for ordinary duties. the two caucasian hosts however appear to have worn high fleece caps on most occasions. until 1909, cossack regiments wore white blouses and cap covers of standard russian army pattern in summer. the shoulder straps and cap bands were in the host colour as detailed below. from 1910 to 1918, a khaki - grey jacket was worn for field wear with the blue or green breeches and coloured stripes of the dress uniform. while most cossacks served as cavalry, there were infantry and artillery units in several of the hosts. three regiments of cossacks formed part of the imperial guard, as well as the konvoi \u2014 the tsar ' s mounted escort. the imperial guard regiments wore tailored government - issue uniforms which had spectacular and colourful appearance. as an example, the konvoi wore scarlet cherkesskas, white beshmets and red crowns on their fleece hats. | host | | year est. | | cherkesska or tunic | | beshmet | | trousers | | fleece hat | | shoulder straps | | don cossacks | | 1570 | | blue tunic | | blue | | blue with red stripes | | red crown | | blue | | ural cossacks | | 1571 | | blue tunic | | none | | blue with crimson stripes | | crimson crown | | crimson | | terek cossacks | | 1577 | | grey - brown cherkesska | | light blue | | grey | | light blue crown | | light blue | | kuban cossacks | | 1864 | | black cherkesska | | red | | grey | | red crown | | red | | orenburg cossacks | | 1744 | | green tunic | | none | | green with light blue stripes | | light blue crown | | light blue | | astrakhan cossacks | | 1750 | | blue tunic | | none | | blue with yellow stripes | | yellow crown | | yellow | | siberian cossacks | | 1750s | | green tunic | | none | | green with red stripes | | red crown | | red | | transbaikal cossacks | | 1851 | | green tunic | | none | | green with yellow stripes | | yellow crown | | yellow | | amur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42411861086088853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.226321"} {"text": "| none | | green with red stripes | | red crown | | red | | transbaikal cossacks | | 1851 | | green tunic | | none | | green with yellow stripes | | yellow crown | | yellow | | amur cossacks | | 1858 | | green tunic | | none | | green with yellow stripes | | yellow crown | | green | | semiryechensk cossacks | | 1867 | | green tunic | | none | | green with crimson stripes | | crimson crown | | crimson | | ussuri cossacks | | 1889 | | green tunic | | none | | green with yellow stripes | | yellow crown | | yellow | * all details are based on the 1909 \u2013 14 dress uniforms as portrayed in \" tablitsi form ' obmundirovaniya russkoi armi \", colonel v. k. shenk, published by the imperial russian war ministry 1910 \u2013 11. modern - day russian cossack identity unlike in ukraine, where the issue of cossack status and identity seems to have been resolved, in modern russia, the question of \" who is a cossack? \" can and does create major controversies. there are ethnic or \" born \" ( prirodnye ) cossacks, those trace or, at least, claim to trace their direct ancestry to cossacks of the old, tsarist era. these are mainly either orthodox catholic people or old believers ( including \" edinovertsy \" ), who consider themselves to be slavic. others, however, who are not \" born \" cossacks, can become cossacks through initiation. they are not necessarily slavic or christian. for example, since 2004, in the city of perm functioned modern russia ' s first muslim cossack unit. not everyone agrees that \" initiated \" cossacks should be considered cossacks at all. nor is there consensus on what is considered a proper form of initiation. there are people who simply put on a cossack uniform and, essentially, pretend to be cossacks, perhaps because there is a large ethnic cossack population in their area and it is more convenient to try to fit in ; or because that is simply a popular fad at the moment. such individuals tend to be scoffed at by \" real \" cossacks and referred to as ' ryazhenye ' ( \u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435, ' dressed up phonies ' ). because of the controversies surrounding the identity issue, true population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4438704270331971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.243557"} {"text": "to be scoffed at by \" real \" cossacks and referred to as ' ryazhenye ' ( \u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435, ' dressed up phonies ' ). because of the controversies surrounding the identity issue, true population numbers of cossacks in russia still cannot be worked out. there are said to be 7 million people in russia who consider themselves cossacks. most cossack leaders estimate the number of ethnic cossacks as between 2. 5 and 4 million. but boris almazov believes that there are a few hundred thousands only. see also notes and references - cossacks lived along major rivers - - dnieper, don, volga, terek, ural, amur - - and had excellent naval capabilities and skills - - they were excellent fishermen and sea merchants in peaceful times and executed expert naval service in war times. also the word \" frontier \" is one characteristic of cossack communities that is frequently mentioned, the russian military encyclopedia ( 1911 ) has it as the probable translation of \" cossack \". \" frontier \" is used to explain the democracy of cossack communities according to the frontier thesis by frederick jackson turner. really cossacks combined features of us cowboys, us cavalry, us coast guard, us marine corps, us navy, its father founder john paul jones being a cossack himself. but nevertheless the russian frontier was more similar to a canadian one, than to an american frontier, with the greater influence of metis populations because of the lack of european women at russian frontiers. ( cossacks called first - generation metis \" tuma \", they had not even a word for metis in general. and cossacks meant not racial, but cultural mixing in a tuma, because children of blonde blue - eyed iranian women were tumas as well, while children of slavic, romanian, jewish, gypsy and other women from europe were not called tumas. then, many eastern countries sources could explain the native level iranian language of stenka razin by his iranian mother only, and reported razin as a tuma. but he spoke many other languages at a native level as well. ) moreover, while french language, prevalent at canadian frontier, is not the only state language of canada, cossack chernigov dialect developed into the state language of russia. - r. p. magocsi \" a history of ukraine \", pp. 179 \u2013 181 - count leo tolstoy had, \" that all russian history has been made by co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.449658027917682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.248157"} {"text": "chernigov dialect developed into the state language of russia. - r. p. magocsi \" a history of ukraine \", pp. 179 \u2013 181 - count leo tolstoy had, \" that all russian history has been made by cossacks. no wonder europeans call all of us that... our people as a whole wishes to be cossacks. - this connection is supported by old cossack self - names such as kazara ( russian : \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430 ), kazarla ( russian : \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430 ), kozarlyhi ( ukrainian : \u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043b\u044e\u0433\u0438 ), kazare ( russian : \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0435 ) ; cf. n. d. gostev, \" about the use of \" kazar\u0430 \" and other derivative words. \" kazarla ethnic magazine, 2010, \u21161. ( link ) on another note, the name of khazars in old russian chronicles is kozare ( ukrainian : \u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435 ). prince myshetsky and later rigel ' man wrote extensively about the cossack folklore, where khazar origin is mentioned. myshetsky mentions the date 948 as the date of the first cossack varangian guard on byzantine service, explaining the name \" cossacks \" as greek misspelling of \" khazars \". really, an irish surname cossack known since the 12th century can be explained by anglo - saxon and norman service in the varangian guard and the migration of the former varangian guards to ireland. later gustav von ewers discovered russian kaganate and volga rus as the legitimate sources of the russian statehood, the majority of varangians, including the first russian ruling dynasty, being khazars, in ewers ' opinion. the russian emperor nicholas i, impressed by ewers ' works, elaborated on ewers ' two - nation khazar - russian origin of the russian state, the empire being the russian - cossack one, and the heir of the russian emperor being the supreme ataman of cossacks since nicholas the first, similarly to the prince of wales ' rule in wales. a russian emperor had appointed all atamans of cossack hosts since nicholas the first. - professor peter v. golubovsky from kiev university explained that severians had been the significant part not only of early medieval russians", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4045355392632818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.274699"} {"text": "' rule in wales. a russian emperor had appointed all atamans of cossack hosts since nicholas the first. - professor peter v. golubovsky from kiev university explained that severians had been the significant part not only of early medieval russians, but of khazars as well, the khazar state being the \" slavic stronghold in the east \". many khazars, like cossacks, described in \" cossacks \" by leo tolstoy, could be slavic - turkic bilinguals. * ( russian ) golubovsky peter v. ( 1884 ) pechenegs, torks and cumans before the invasion of the tatars. history of the south russian steppes in the 9th - 13th centuries ( \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0446\u044b \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440. \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e - \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0438 ix \u2014 xiii \u0432\u0432. ) ; available at runivers. ru in djvu format. later mikhail artamonov and his school confirmed many golubovsky ' s results. - the official theory that the cossacks originated from fugitive russians and are the military class of fugitive russians dates from 1834 only, from the work of bronevskii. it was the prerequisite for the government of emperor nicholas i to mix bronevskii ' s and ewers ' theories publishing in 1835 the \" imperial order \", entitled \" administrative regulations for the don host. \" this order only converted the cossacks from a people with its own ethnicity to the status of a \" military class \" in the same way as varangians had been the semi - military and semi - naval class of khazars, in ewers ' opinion. - the russian \" military encyclopedia \", published in saint - petersburg in 1911, advanced a new theory that khazars themselves originated as the military class of huns, where \" \u043a\u043e \" in their name is \" defense, protection \", and \" zar \" or \" zak \" means \" a frontier \", \" kozar \" ( the name of a khazar in russian ) and \" kozak \" meaning \" frontier protector \". - the don host and the sich region had close ties, and both hosts participated in numerous joint war expeditions, the most known of which is azov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4405519063409492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.305821"} {"text": "of a khazar in russian ) and \" kozak \" meaning \" frontier protector \". - the don host and the sich region had close ties, and both hosts participated in numerous joint war expeditions, the most known of which is azov sitting, when don and zaporozhian cossacks stormed the azov fortress and defended it with the aid of volunteers throughout russia against turkish armed forces for 5 years. a permanent exchange of cossacks existed between the zaporozhie region and the don region ; dinskoy ( don ) kuren ( division ) was one of kurens that made up the sich itself. the connection is also reflected in the fact that there are major towns in the don and dniepr regions sharing similar names, for example, novocherkassk city and starocherkasskaya stanitsa in the don region, and cherkasy city in the ukraine. notably, the exonym \" cherkasy \" was often used as the name not only of any enemy cossack ( from polish, turk, tatar etc. armies ) of any origin but of dnieper cossacks, even when allied with moscow, in moscovite chronicles ; and the lower dnieper ( zaporozhian ) cossacks often referred to higher dnieper ( malorussian ) cossacks as \" cherkasy \" as well. - from tak to yes : understanding the east europeans, yale richmond, intercultural press, 1995, p. 294 - \u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440 1667 http : / / historydoc. edu. ru / catalog. asp? cat _ ob _ no = 15249 & ob _ no = 16146 - britannica don river \u2013 history and economy - andrew gordeyev. the history of cossacks. moscow, 1992 - with the remarkable and important exclusion of malorussian cossacks, the former \" registered cossacks \" in poland and \" town zaporozhian host \" in russia, which were transformed into civil estates, including the new civil estate of cossacks. - the poor, without a knight horse, were to serve in cossack infantry and in cossack artillery, only navy had no cossack ships and units, and cossacks served in navy together with other people. - this is not only well documented, but reflected in a story by sholom aleichem titled \" a wedding without musicians, \" where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4485471955318719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.324915"} {"text": "navy had no cossack ships and units, and cossacks served in navy together with other people. - this is not only well documented, but reflected in a story by sholom aleichem titled \" a wedding without musicians, \" where a jewish town in ukraine calls for a cossack unit to prevent a pogrom by the local mob. - cossacks voted for revolutionary parties ( constitutional democrats and social democrats ) usually themselves, therefore as a rule their police service was used to suppress terrorist activities, not peaceful meetings etc. but all horsemen, including mounted police, cheered up themselves and frightened people, crying \" cossacks \". this is why it is only mistakenly alleged that cossacks for example killed people in the bloody sunday ( 1905 ) etc. - \" \u0440\u0433 + \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 24 : \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2014 \" \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u044b - \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0435 \" \u2014 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \". rg. ru. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \" \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 | \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f\u043d\u044b \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \". kazaksusa. com. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \" \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430 \". kazarla. ru. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \" \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \". fstanitsa. ru. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \" cossacks \". encyclopediaofukraine. com. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a / / \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0444", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4328691371214272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.337926"} {"text": "- \" cossacks \". encyclopediaofukraine. com. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a / / \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 - \" online etymology dictionary \". - encyclop\u00e6dia britannica, article cossack - iaroslav lebedynsky, histoire des cosaques ed terre noire, p38 - shambarov, valery ( 2007 ). kazachestvo istoriya volnoy rusi. algoritm expo, moscow. isbn 978 - 5 - 699 - 20121 - 1. - vasili glazkov ( wasili glaskow ), history of the cossacks, p. 3, robert speller & sons, new york, isbn 0 - 8315 - 0035 - 2 - samuel j newland, cossacks in the german army, 1941 \u2013 1945, routledge, 1991, isbn 0 - 7146 - 3351 - 8 - \" the cumans, who are living in the land of the kipchak since time immemorial, [ \u2026 ], are known to us as turks. it is these turks, no new immigrants from the areas beyond the yaik, but true descendants of the ancient scythians, who now again occur in world history under the name cumans, [ \u2026 ]. \" ( karl friedrich neumann, the people of southern russia in its historical evolution, bg teubner, leipzig 1855, p. 132. ) - the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. ( out of print ). cossacks. columbia university press, 2001 \u2013 04 - hrushevsky, m. illustrated history of ukraine. \" bao \". donetsk, 2003. isbn 966 - 548 - 571 - 7 - don cossacks http : / / www. razdory - museum. ru / cossacks. html - cossacks of kalmykia http : / / www. kalm. ru / en / cossacks. html - ukrainians are still called rusi in the romanian language partly because of the danubian sich existence in romania. - this is also true of don cossacks of the lower don, where the local dialect has obvious ukrainian connections. many ukrainian peasants joined terek cossacks in 20 - 30s of the 19th century, influencing local dialects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39768547912465396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.343974"} {"text": "in romania. - this is also true of don cossacks of the lower don, where the local dialect has obvious ukrainian connections. many ukrainian peasants joined terek cossacks in 20 - 30s of the 19th century, influencing local dialects. but the grebensky ( row ) cossacks, the group of terek cossacks with deep adyghe roots because of intermarriages, still have an old northern russian viatka dialect ( probably with connections to the old dialects of the white sea shores ). middle don dialects have obvious connections with northern russian dialects, belorussian and volyn dialects of ukrainian, close to belorussian dialects. only upper don dialects are southern russian ones, though, of course, there are no distinct borders between ukrainian and southern russian dialects, modern russian being the descendant not of old dialects of the greater russia but of a medieval chernigov dialect. - is there mova in the kuban region? kuban newspaper. http : / / ngkub. ru / news / old _ 265 - bogdan zolotarevsky. kuban and ukraine. http : / / www. ukrterra. com. ua / developments / history / modern / zolotarevsky - kub. htm - kubanskaya balachka. the school course http : / / pedsovet. org / component / option, com _ mtree / task, viewlink / link _ id, 99614 / itemid, 118 / - john ure. the cossacks : an illustrated history. london : gerald duckworth - cossack navy 16th \u2013 17th centuries - \" in 1651, in the face of a growing threat from poland and forsaken by his tatar allies, khmelnytsky asked the tsar to incorporate ukraine as an autonomous duchy under russian protection... the details of the union were negotiated in moscow. the cossacks were granted a large degree of autonomy, and they, as well as other social groups in ukraine, retained all the rights and privileges they had enjoyed under polish rule. \" pereyaslav agreement \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. 2006. - dvornik, francis ( 1992 ). the slavs in european history and civilization. rutgers univ pr. isbn 978 - 0 - 8135 - 0799 - 6. - the dissertation of justus martius, maintained in mulhgausen in 1674 http : / / www. vostlit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3660662234378428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.374099"} {"text": "and civilization. rutgers univ pr. isbn 978 - 0 - 8135 - 0799 - 6. - the dissertation of justus martius, maintained in mulhgausen in 1674 http : / / www. vostlit. info / texts / dokumenty / russ / xvii / 1660 - 1680 / razin / martius / frametext. htm - angus konstam. russian army of the seven years ' war. osprey publishing ( october 15, 1996 ) language : english isbn 185532587x isbn 978 - 1855325876 - \" www. napoleon - series. org / reviews / military / c _ cossackhurrah. html cossack hurrah! \". retrieved 2007 - 04 - 23. - notable supporters of this point of view were gustav von ewers, nicholas i, peter v. golubovsky, mikhail artamonov and his school, including lev gumilyov etc. - kadomsky the ethnic composition of black sea rus. http : / / www. dissercat. com / content / etnicheskii - sostav - prichernomorskoi - rusi see works of evgueni goloubinski and vasily vasilievsky about relations of gothoalans ( goths - tetraxits ) and russian colonists in region of north - east part of black sea and sea of azov as well. the goths - alans came from the western part of north caucasus and from northern europe, goths intermixed with slavs during their trip from northern europe. when alans had moved to europe, these goths occupied the part of the former alania in crimea and were called gothoalans, russian occupying another part were called roxolans. later people from the western part of north caucasus joined gotho - alans in their feodoro principality. it is believed that crimean greeks have the gotho - alan ancestry, among others. mikhail lomonosov was the first to identify roxolans as russians similar to gotho - alan identification as goths. - see penultimate footnote. - o ' rourke, shane ( 2000 ). warriors and peasants : the don cossacks in late imperial russia. isbn 978 - 0 - 312 - 22774 - 6. - old believer \u2013 raskolniks \u2013 text in english - after the caucasus war many muslims, subbotniks, molokane,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44540720432529973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.378665"} {"text": "early modern europe, ed. marc raeff, ( the john hopkins press, 1975 ), 170. - raeff, \" pugachev ' s rebellion, \" 172. - o \u2019 rourke, the cossacks, 117. - o \u2019 rourke, the cossacks, 120. - o \u2019 rourke, the cossacks, 124. - o \u2019 rourke, the cossacks, 126. - o \u2019 rourke, the cossacks, 127 - 8. - o \u2019 rourke, the cossacks, 128. - o \u2019 rourke, the cossacks, 129 - 30. - \" pogroms : anti - jewish violence in modern russian history, \" p. 303, john doyle klier ( editor ), shlomo lambroza ( editor ) - soviet order to exterminate cossacks is unearthed university of york communications office, 21 january 2003 - kort, michael ( 2001 ). the soviet colosus : history and aftermath, p. 133. armonk, ny : m. e. sharpe. isbn 0 - 7656 - 0396 - 9. - pavel polian \u2013 forced migrations in ussr \u2013 retrieved on 5 february 2007 - orenburg state university - \" \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440 | \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \". fstanitsa. ru. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - robert conquest ( 1986 ) the harvest of sorrow : soviet collectivization and the terror - famine. oxford university press. isbn 0 - 19 - 505180 - 7, p. 306. - \" \u0444\u044d\u0431 : \u0448\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0438. \u0432., 4 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1933. \u2014 2003 ( \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 ) \". feb - web. ru. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \" \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434 1932 - 1933 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u0435, \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440 \". bibliotekar. ru. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \" \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0441\u0441", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45020024173478823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.383940"} {"text": "cossacks saved a lot of serbs, jews, gypsies, communists and others from ustashi. their false marriages saved many russian prisoners of work camps. - hughes, james and sasse, gwendolyn : ethnicity and territory in the former soviet union : regions in conflict. taylor & francis, 2002, page 107. isbn 0 - 7146 - 8210 - 1 - evans, julian ( 2005 - 07 - 02 ). \" putin sends for cossacks in fight against terrorism \". the times ( london ). retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30. - russian nations - \" paramilitary : the cossacks return \". strategypage. com. 2010 - 09 - 17. retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13. - \" \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 ( \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u0434. ) \u043f\u043e \" \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \" \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0438... \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0438\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u0432\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \". \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b - \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0443 iii, 1875. \" among \u2013 edit. neighboring ( to settlers - edit. ) in gor ' kaya liniya cossacks... everyone learnt kyrgys language and adopted some, harmless though, habits of nomadic folks \" quoted report of governor - general kaznakov to tzar alexander iii, 1875. - \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0430. \u043f. \u043b\u0435\u0434\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434. \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1918 \u0433. - \" russia ' s cossacks rise again : : russia ' s cossacks rise again \". news. bbc. co. uk ( bbc news ). 2007 - 08 - 09. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09. - when malorossian cossack regiments had been disbanded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40001541985829325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.387653"} {"text": ": : russia ' s cossacks rise again \". news. bbc. co. uk ( bbc news ). 2007 - 08 - 09. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09. - when malorossian cossack regiments had been disbanded, those cossacks who were not promoted to nobility or did not join other estates were united into a civil cossack estate, like korolev ' s mother family. http : / / yablor. ru / blogs / 12 - yanvarya - 1907 - goda - rodilsya - sergey - pavlovich - ko / 169210 - milovidov, bessonov. polish prisoners of war in 1812 - 1814. http : / / adjudant. ru / captive / bes06. htm - \" \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0438 - \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \". - \" \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \" \u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \" \". - boris almazov. cossack tragedy. http : / / borisalmazov. narod. ru / stati / kazachia _ drama. htm - \" \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 7 \u043c\u043b\u043d. \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \". - knotel, richard, knotel, herbert, & sieg herbert ( 1980 ) uniforms of the world : a compendium of army, navy and air force uniforms 1700 \u2013 1937, charles scribner ' s sons, new york - summerfield, stephen ( 2005 ) cossack hurrah : russian irregular cavalry organisation and uniforms during the napoleonic wars, partizan press isbn 1 - 85818 - 513 - 0 - summerfield, stephen ( 2007 ) the brazen cross : brazen cross of courage : russian opochenie, partizans and russo - german legion during the napoleonic wars, partizan press isbn 978 - 1 - 85818 - 555 - 2 - o \u2019 rourke, shane ( 2008 ). \" the cossacks, \" manchester university press isbn 0 - 7190 - 7680 - 3 further reading - h. havelock, the cossacks in the early seventeenth century, english historical review, vol. 13, no. 50 ( apr., 1898 ), pp. 242 \u2013 260, j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3949796459320629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.423746"} {"text": "7190 - 7680 - 3 further reading - h. havelock, the cossacks in the early seventeenth century, english historical review, vol. 13, no. 50 ( apr., 1898 ), pp. 242 \u2013 260, jstor - \" the cossack corps \", general der flieger hellmuth felmy, us army historical division, hailer publishing, 2007 - le fiamme di zaporoze - flames of zaporoze \u2013 novel on zaporozhian cossacks of hetman ivan mazepa. isbn 88 - 6155 - 268 - 4 | wikimedia commons has media related to : cossacks | | look up cossacks in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | - cossack site \u2013 eng., rus., spa., fre. - cossackdom. com \u2013 history of cossacks xv - xxi cent. - cossacks during the napoleonic wars - zaporizhian cossacks - history of ukrainian cossacks at encyclopedia of ukraine - soviet cossacks \u2013 an issue of the propaganda journal ussr in construction which presents numerous images of cossack life in soviet russia. - cossack nation livejournal - cossack nation - - the social network of ethnic cossacks - the congress of cossacks in america", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4588011357035451, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.424358"} {"text": "blanking and piercing blanking and piercing are shearing processes in which a punch and die are used to modify webs. the tooling and processes are the same between the two, only the terminology is different : in blanking the punched out piece is used and called a blank ; in piercing the punched out piece is scrap. the process for parts manufactured simultaneously with both techniques is often termed ' pierce and blank '. there are various types of blanking and piercing : lancing, perforating, notching, nibbling, shaving, cutoff, and dinking. lancing is a piercing operation in which the workpiece is sheared and bent with one strike of the die. a key part of this process is that there is not reduction of material, only a modification in its geometry. this operation is used to make tabs, vents, and louvers. the cut made in lancing is not a closed cut, like in perforation even though a similar machine is used, but a side is left connected to be bent sharply or in more of a rounded manner. lancing can be used to make partial contours and free up material for other operations further down the production line. along with these reasons lancing is also used to make tabs ( where the material is bent at a 90 degree angle to the material ), vents ( where the bend is around 45 degrees ), and louvers ( where the piece is rounded or cupped ). normally lancing is done on a mechanical press, lancing requires the use of punches and dies to be used. the different punches and dies determine the shape and angle ( or curvature ) of the newly made section of the material. the dies and punches are needed to be made of tool steel to withstand the repetitious nature of the procedure. perforating is a piercing operation that involves punching a large number of closely spaced holes. notching is a piercing operation that removes material from the edge of the workpiece. the nibbling process cuts a contour by producing a series of overlapping slits or notches. this allows for complex shapes to be formed in sheet metal up to 6 mm ( 0. 25 in ) thick using simple tools. the nibbler is essentially a small punch and die that reciprocates quickly ; around 300 \u2013 900 times per minute. punches are available in various shape and sizes ; oblong and rectangular punches are common because they minimize waste and allow for greater distances between strokes, as compared to a round punch. nibbling can occur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47594689033658644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.471084"} {"text": "plate holds the material so tightly, and since the counter pressure is applied, the material is cut in a manner more like extrusion than typical punching. mechanical properties of the cut benefit similarly with a hardened layer at the cut edge of the part. because the material is so tightly held and controlled in this setup, part flatness remains very true, distortion is nearly eliminated, and edge burr is minimal. clearances between the die and punch are generally around 1 % of the cut material thickness, which typically varies between 0. 5 \u2013 13 mm ( 0. 020 \u2013 0. 51 in ). currently parts as thick as 19 mm ( 0. 75 in ) can be cut using fine blanking. tolerances between \u00b10. 0003 \u2013 0. 002 in ( 0. 0076 \u2013 0. 051 mm ) are possible based on material thickness & tensile strength, and part layout. with standard compound fine blanking processes, multiple parts can often be completed in a single operation. parts can be pierced, partially pierced, offset ( up to 75\u00b0 ), embossed, or coined, often in a single operation. some combinations may require progressive fine blanking operations, in which multiple operations are performed at the same pressing station. the advantages of fine blanking are : - excellent dimensional control, accuracy, and repeatability through a production run. - excellent part flatness is retained. - straight, superior finished edges to other metal stamping processes. - smaller holes possible relative to thickness of material. - little need to machine details. - multiple features can be added simultaneously in 1 operation. - more economical for large production runs than traditional operations when additional machining cost and time are factored in ( 1000 \u2013 20000 parts minimum, depending on secondary machining operations ) the disadvantages are : - slightly higher tooling cost when compared to traditional punching operations. - slightly slower than traditional punching operations. the amount of clearance between a punch and die for piercing is governed by the thickness and strength of the workpiece material being pierced. the punch - die clearance determines the load or pressure experienced at the cutting edge of the tool, commonly known as point pressure. excessive point pressure can lead to accelerated wear and ultimately failure. burr height is typically used as an index to measure tool wear, because it is easy to measure during production. a simple operation may only need a pancake die. while many dies perform complex procedures simultaneously, a pancake die may only perform one simple procedure with the finished product being removed by hand. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49482313431995617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.476637"} {"text": "wear, because it is easy to measure during production. a simple operation may only need a pancake die. while many dies perform complex procedures simultaneously, a pancake die may only perform one simple procedure with the finished product being removed by hand. - degarmo, p. 427. - todd ( 1994 ), manufacturing processes reference guide, new york : industrial press, pp. 84 \u2013 85, isbn 0 - 8311 - 3049 - 0 - degarmo, p. 428. - todd, pp. 97 \u2013 98. - degarmo, p. 425. - \" fineblanking 101 \". retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05. - kalpakjian, serope ; schmid, steven r. ( 2006 ). manufacturing engineering and technology ( 5th ed. ). upper saddle river, nj : pearson prentice hall. p. 429. isbn 0 - 13 - 148965 - 8. - \" fine blanking history \". retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05. - mpi international, inc. \" guidelines \". retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05. - bralla, pp. 3. 47 \u2013 3. 48. - \" fine blanking benefits \". retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05. - bralla, pp. 3. 49 \u2013 3. 50. - bralla, james g. ( 1999 ). design for manufacturability handbook. new york, new york : mcgraw - hill. isbn 0 - 07 - 007139 - x. - degarmo, e. paul ; black, j t. ; kohser, ronald a. ( 2003 ). materials and processes in manufacturing ( 9th ed. ). wiley. isbn 0 - 471 - 65653 - 4. - todd, robert h. ; dell k. allen and leo alting ( 1994 ), manufacturing processes reference guide, industrial press inc, isbn 0 - 8311 - 3049 - 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48986085060630036, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.479437"} {"text": "geography of vatican city the geography of vatican city is unique due to the country ' s position as an urban, landlocked enclave of rome, italy. with an area of 0. 17 sq mi ( 0. 44 km2 ), it is the world ' s smallest independent state. outside the vatican city, thirteen buildings in rome and castel gandolfo ( the pope ' s summer residence ) enjoy extraterritorial rights. ( one building, the paul vi audience hall, straddles the border, but its italian portion has extraterritorial rights. ) the country contains no major natural resources, and no known natural hazards other than those that affect rome in general, such as earthquakes. the city state has the same climate as rome : temperate, mild, rainy winters ( september to mid - may ) with hot, dry summers ( may to september ). vatican city sits on a low hill. the hill has been called the vatican hill ( in latin, mons vaticanus ) since long before christianity existed. an etruscan settlement, possibly called vatica or vaticum, may have existed in the area generally known by the ancient romans as \" vatican territory \" ( vaticanus ager ), but if so no archaeological trace of it has been discovered. extreme points - north : at the intersection of the viale vaticano and the via leone iv ( ) - south : at the intersection of the via della stazione vaticana and the via di porta cavalleggeri ( ) - west : at the intersection of the viale vaticano and the via aurelia ( ) - east : easternmost edge of saint peter ' s square ( ) the lowest point in vatican city is an unnamed location at 63 feet ( 19. 2 m ). the highest point is another unnamed location at 250 feet ( 76. 2 m ). the tallest building is st. peter ' s basilica, at 452 feet ( 138 m ). land use the nature of the estate is fundamentally urban and none of the land is reserved for significant agriculture or other exploitation of natural resources. the city state displays an impressive degree of land economy, born of necessity due to its extremely limited territory. thus, the urban development ( i. e., buildings ) is optimized to occupy less than 50 % of the total area, while the rest is reserved for open space, including the vatican gardens. the territory holds many diverse structures that help provide autonomy for the sovereign state, including a rail line and train station, he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4651240380462186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.497341"} {"text": "government of argentina the government of argentina, functioning within the framework of a federal system, is a presidential representative democratic republic. the president of argentina is both head of state and head of government. executive power is exercised by the president. legislative power is vested in both the executive and the national congress. the judiciary is independent from the executive and from the legislature. executive branch the current composition of the executive branch includes only the head of state and head of government president of argentina cristina fernandez de kirchner, formally given the power over the administration to follow through with the interests of the nation. the president is also the commander in chief of the argentine armed forces. the president and the vice president are elected through universal suffrage by the nation considered as a whole. the constitutional reform of 1994 introduced a two - round system by which the winning president - vice president ticket has to receive either more than 45 % of the overall valid votes, or at least 40 % of it and a 10 % lead over the runner - up. in any other case, the two leading tickets get to face a second round whose victor will be decided by a simple majority. this mechanism was not necessary in the 1995 election, when it could have first come into use, nor in the 1999 one, nor in the last two presidential elections, occurred in 2007 and 2011. however, it was instrumental in the selection of nestor kirchner in 2003. the cabinet of ministers is appointed by the president, but is not technically part of the executive power. the vice - president, amado boudou, belongs to the legislative branch, since he is also the president of the senate. president cristina kirchner holds the office since december 10, 2007. as of december 10, 2011, her cabinet consists of the following ministers : - chief of the cabinet of ministers : juan manuel abal medina - minister of the interior : florencio randazzo - minister of foreign relations ( mostly known as the chancellor ) : hector timerman - minister of defense : arturo puricelli - minister of economy : hernan lorenzino - minister of justice and human rights : julio alak - minister of security : nilda garre - minister of labor, employment and social security : carlos tomada - minister of education : alberto sileoni - minister of science, technology and innovative production : lino baranao - minister of health : juan luis manzur - minister of social development : alicia kirchner - minister of federal planning and public utilities : julio de vido - minister of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44492129852584916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.564884"} {"text": "minister of science, technology and innovative production : lino baranao - minister of health : juan luis manzur - minister of social development : alicia kirchner - minister of federal planning and public utilities : julio de vido - minister of industry : debora giorgi - minister of agriculture : norberto yahuar - minister of tourism : carlos enrique meyer legislative branch the national congress ( spanish : congreso nacional ) constitutes the legislative branch of government. the congress consists of the senate ( 72 seats ), presided by the vice - president of the nation, and the chamber of deputies ( 257 seats ), currently presided by julian dominguez, deputy for buenos aires province. senators stay in office for six years, and deputies, for four. each of the provinces and of the autonomous city of buenos aires elect deputies and senators directly. deputies are representatives of the whole people of the nation, while senators represent their districts. each district elects a number of deputies roughly proportional to their overall population by proportional representation, and three senators : two for the majority, and one for the first minority. members of both chambers are allowed indefinite re - elections. every two years, each one of the twenty - four electoral districts ( the twenty - three provinces and the autonomous city of buenos aires ) elects one half of their lower chamber representatives. districts with an odd number of deputies elect one more or one less of them on each election. as for the senators, the twenty - four districts are divided into three groups consisting of eight districts. every two years all eight districts of one of those groups elect all their three senators, assigning two of them from the party that obtains the majority, and one from the first minority party. six years later, the same group of districts will hold its next senatorial elections. current situation | parts of this article ( those related to current composition of argentine congress ) are outdated. ( december 2011 ) | following the june 28th, 2009 mid - term elections, half the chamber of deputies seats and one third of the seats in the senate were subjected to the ballot box. the front for victory ( fpv ) and other allies of nestor and cristina kirchner, argentina ' s progressive ruling couple, secured 113 of 257 seats in the lower house, losing 24 seats and their previous absolute majority ( the fractious justicialist party, to which the fpv formally adheres, continue to enjoy the control of the lower house since 1989 ). among justicialists representatives, a further 17 seats went", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44359728087992806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.566637"} {"text": "seats and their previous absolute majority ( the fractious justicialist party, to which the fpv formally adheres, continue to enjoy the control of the lower house since 1989 ). among justicialists representatives, a further 17 seats went to anti - kirchnerites ( mostly conservatives ), gaining just one seat from the previous situation. the centrist social democratic radical civic union, argentina ' s oldest party, allied itself in various districts with the centrist civic coalition or with the social democratic socialist party, secured 77 seats, thus gaining 16. the conservative republican proposal secured 26 seats, gaining 12 from the previous election. a further 24 seats went to smaller parties, mostly provincially oriented, but also from the center - left spectrum. something similar took place in the senate, where the kirchners ' front for victory secured 36 of 72 seats ( losing 4 ), the ucr / cc / ps grouping secured 23 ( gaining 7 ), and the justicialist party wing opposed to the kirchners maintained their presence of 9 seats. smaller, provincial parties were left with 4 seats in all ( losing 3 ) ; justicialists ( pro or against the current administration ) maintained the control over the senate they ' ve enjoyed since 1983. riding a wave of approval during a dramatic economic recovery from a 2001 - 02 crisis, the kirchners ' fpv enjoyed increasingly large majorities in congress, reaching a peak at the 2007 general elections ( 153 congressmen and 44 senators ). however, soon after, on july 16, 2008, a presidentially sponsored bill to increase argentina ' s export taxes on the basis of a sliding scale met with a legislative deadlock, and was ultimately defeated by the tie - breaking \" against \" vote of vice president julio cobos. that controversial law cost the fpv 16 congressmen and 4 senators by way of defections. in 2009 elections, fpv candidates lost in the four most important electoral districts ( home to 60 % of argentines ), only in the province of buenos aires by a narrow difference. considering the overall national vote, fpv obtained only a very narrow victory, becoming the congress first minority form december 10, 2009, on. this will be reflected in strengthened opposition alliances, notably the center - right union pro, the center - left civic coalition and the left - wing proyecto sur, when elected candidates in both chambers take office on december 11, 2009. judiciary branch the judiciary branch is composed of federal judges and others with different jurisdictions, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4534142071623152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.569734"} {"text": "pro, the center - left civic coalition and the left - wing proyecto sur, when elected candidates in both chambers take office on december 11, 2009. judiciary branch the judiciary branch is composed of federal judges and others with different jurisdictions, and a supreme court with nine members ( one president, one vice - president and seven ministers ), appointed by the president with approval of the senate, who may be deposed by congress. as of august 2006 there are two vacancies, which then president kirchner stated she did not intend to fill. - president of the supreme court : dr. ricardo l. lorenzetti - vice - president of the supreme court : dra. elena i. highton de nolasco - minister of the court : dr. carlos s. fayt - minister of the court : dr. juan carlos maqueda - minister of the court : dr. eugenio raul zaffaroni - minister of the court : dr. enrique s. petracchi - minister of the court : dra. carmen argibay - minister of the court : dr. eduardo coudet provincial and municipal governments argentina is divided into 23 districts called provinces and one autonomous district, which hosts the national capital, the autonomous city of buenos aires ( which is conurbated into the province of buenos aires ). each of the provinces has its own constitution, laws, authorities, form of government, etc., though these must first and foremost comply with the national constitution and laws. the government of each province has three branches. the executive, legislative and judiciary. the executive branch is led by a governor. the legislative branch may be organized as a unicameral or a bicameral system ( that is, either one or two chambers or houses ). each province, except for buenos aires province, is divided into districts called departments ( departamentos ). departaments are merely administrative divisions ; they do not have governing structures or authorities of their own. they are in turn divided into municipalities ( cities, towns and villages ). each province has its own naming conventions and government systems for different kinds of municipalities. for example, cordoba province has municipios ( cities ) and comunas ( towns ) ; santa fe province further distinguishes between first - and second - tier municipios ; chaco province refers to every populated center as municipios, in three categories. the province of buenos aires has a different system. its territory is divided into 134 districts called partidos, which are technically municipalities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474919717242355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.572681"} {"text": "tier municipios ; chaco province refers to every populated center as municipios, in three categories. the province of buenos aires has a different system. its territory is divided into 134 districts called partidos, which are technically municipalities, even though they usually contain several cities and towns. regardless of the province, each department / partido has a head town ( cabecera ), often though not necessarily the largest urban center, and in some provinces often named the same as their parent district. municipalities are ruled by mayors, usually called intendant ( intendente ) in the case of cities and towns ( the larger categories ). a city has a legislative body called the deliberative council ( concejo deliberante ). the smaller towns have simpler systems, often ruled by commissions presided by a communal president ( presidente communal ) or a similarly named authority. buenos aires city, seat of the national government, was declared an autonomous city by the 1994 constitutional reform. its mayor, formerly chosen by the president of the republic, is now elected by the people, and receives the title of chief of government ( jefe de gobierno ). other than that, buenos aires, as the provinces, has its own legislative branch ( a unicameral legislature ) and elect deputies and senators as representatives to the national congress. - argentina upgrades tourism to ministry given its growing economic contribution http : / / en. mercopress. com retrieved 17 july 2010 - clarin : infografia - clarin : crisis politica tras el sorpresivo voto del vicepresidente cobos ( spanish ) - this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the cia world factbook. - ( english ) u. s. department of state - ( spanish ) text of the constitution - ( spanish ) supreme court of justice of argentina - ( spanish ) presidency of argentina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4404761197520147, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.574040"} {"text": "the skagerrak is a strait running between the southeast coast of norway, the southwest coast of sweden, and the jutland peninsula of denmark, connecting the north sea and the kattegat sea area, which leads to the baltic sea. both names skagerrak and kattegat are commonly held to be of dutch origin. skagerrak means in dutch approximately ' skagen channel '. the danish town of skagen ( the skaw ) lies at the northern tip of the danish mainland. rak means ' straight waterway ' ( compare the damrak in amsterdam ) ; it is cognate to ' reach '. the ultimate source of this syllable is the proto - indo - european root * reg -, ' straight '. rak means ' straight ' in both modern norwegian and swedish. there is no evidence to suggest a connection to the modern danish word rak ( meaning rabble or riff - raff ). the skagerrak is 240 km ( 150 mi ) long and between 80 and 140 km ( 50 and 87 mi ) wide. it deepens toward the norwegian coast, reaching over 700 metres at the norwegian trench. some ports along the skagerrak are oslo and kristiansand in norway and uddevalla and stromstad in sweden. the skagerrak has a salinity of 30 practical salinity units. the volume available to biomass is about 3, 600 km2 ( 1, 400 sq mi ), including a wide variety of habitats from the sandbanks to sweden and denmark to the deeps of the norwegian trench. on the west. a line joining hanstholm ( ) and the naze ( lindesnes, ). on the southeast. the northern limit of the kattegat [ a line joining skagen ( the skaw, north point of denmark ) and paternoster sk\u00e6r ( ) and thence northeastward through the shoals to tjorn island ]. in both the world wars, the skagerrak was strategically very important for germany. one of the biggest sea battles of world war i, the battle of jutland, also known as the battle of the skagerrak, took place there may 31 to june 1, 1916. the importance of controlling this waterway, the only sea access to the baltic, was the motivation for the german invasion of denmark and norway during world war ii. these naval engagements have contributed to the large number of shipwrecks in the area. the skagerrak is habitat for approximately 2000 marine species,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4620943021180706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.594787"} {"text": "to the baltic, was the motivation for the german invasion of denmark and norway during world war ii. these naval engagements have contributed to the large number of shipwrecks in the area. the skagerrak is habitat for approximately 2000 marine species, many of them adapted to its waters. for example, a variety of atlantic cod called the skagerrak cod spawns off the norwegian coast. the eggs are buoyant and the hatchlings feed on zooplankton. juveniles sink to the bottom where they have a shorter maturity cycle ( 2 years ). they do not migrate but remain local to norwegian fjords. the variety of habitats and the large volume of plankton on the surface support prolific marine life. energy moves from the top to the bottom according to vinogradov ' s ladder of migrations ; that is, some species are benthic and others pelagic, but there are graded marine layers within which species move vertically for short distances. in addition, some species are benthopelagic, moving between surface and bottom. the benthic species include coryphaenoides rupestris, argentina silus, etmopterus spinax, chimaera monstrosa and glyptocephalus cynoglossus. on the top are clupea harengus, scomber scombrus, sprattus sprattus. some species that move between are pandalus borealis, sabinea sarsi, etmopterus spinax. - nudansk ordbog ( 1993 ), 15th edition, 2nd reprint, copenhagen : politikens forlag, entry skagerrak. - den store danske encyklop\u00e6di ( 2004 ), cd - rom edition, copenhagen : gyldendal, entry skagerrak. - \" limits of oceans and seas, 3rd edition \". international hydrographic organization. 1953. retrieved 6 february 2010. | wikisource has the text of the 1911 encyclop\u00e6dia britannica article skagerrack. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4480482022889058, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.597625"} {"text": "the xiang \u2019 er ( simplified chinese :, traditional chinese : ) is a commentary to the dao de jing that is best known for being one of the earliest surviving texts from the way of the celestial master variant of daoism. the meaning of the title xiang \u2019 er is debated, but can be translated as meaning \u2018 thinking of you. \u2019 the xiang \u2019 er was most likely written in between 190 and 220 ce, a time when the celestial masters controlled a theocratic state in sichuan. early sources indicate that the text was written by zhang lu, the third celestial master and grandson to zhang daoling. the text available to us today was discovered in the buddhist caves at dunhuang in the early 20th century and was part of the trove that traveled to london along with aurel stein. however, the xiang \u2019 er that survives only comments upon half of the daode jing. presumably there was also a second part of the xiang \u2019 er, but it has now been lost. the xiang \u2019 er text found at dunhuang likely dates from the 5th or 6th centuries. the xiang \u2019 er reveals a great deal about early celestial master thought and practice. in particular, the text offers advice to individuals and to society as a whole. in terms of individual advice, the xiang \u2019 er, like the rest of daoism, discusses ways in which a person could gain immortality. according to the xiang \u2019 er, the body was inhabited by spirits that survive in the presence of qi. in order to attain immortality, a person had to preserve and nourish these internal spirits. presumably these spirits could be nurtured through meditation, but the xiang \u2019 er offers very little guidance on what type of meditation one should do. the xiang \u2019 er also looks down upon daoist sexual practices, and urges its readers not to practice them. while aimed at a wide audience, the xiang \u2019 er also contains advice that could be used for rulers. these rulers were encouraged to remake society on the model of the dao. such a society would not be based on desire for wealth and fame, but on the fear and the respect of heaven. hopefully when people learn to be respectful and fearful towards heaven, they will act morally.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4669656507705078, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.778792"} {"text": "catholic encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / patriarchate of lisbon patriarchate of lisbon ( lisbonensis ). includes the districts of lisbon and santarem. the area of the district of lisbon is 3065 sq. miles ; pop. 709, 509 ( 1900 ). area of santarem 2, 555 sq. miles ; pop. 283, 154. lisbon is said to owe its origin to ulysses, and hence its oldest name ulisaypo or olissipo, which became on ph\u0153necian lips alisubbo, meaning the \" friendly bay \". its charm was acknowledged by the romans in the name they gave it, felicitas julia ; and when the moors came they changed it back to al aschbuna, a variant of the po\u0153nician title. from alisubbo and al aschbuna we have the later name lissabona, whence the modern portuguese lisboa and the english lisbon. it lies on the north bank of the tagus, 12 miles from the open sea, clustered around seven hills that rise above one another, ending in the serra of cintra. the town was taken by the moors in 716 and remained in their possession until 1145, when alfonso henriques with the assistance of an army of crusaders, english, normans and flemings bound for the holy land, drove out the invaders, and removed the capital of the country from coimbra to lisbon. an english monk named gilbert who was with the expedition was chosen bishop of lisbon at this time. on two occasions the city suffered from disastrous earthquakes ; in 1531 more than 1500 houses were destroyed, besides many churches and palaces. on 1 novembner, 1755, a second disastrous earthquake shook the city and more than 30, 000 of the inhabitants perished. to add to the misery, a fire broke out which lasted four days. carvalho, marquis of pombal, at that time minister of war, took charge of the panic - stricken city, and having extinguished the flames, drew up plans for the rebuilding of lisbon. a bronze equestrian statue of king jose with a medallion of pombal, was erected in the new prac do commercio to commemorate the rebuilding. except in this new quarter, around the praca do commercio, the streets of lisbon are irregular and steep, but there is an elaborate electric trolley sylstem connecting all parts of the town, and the ascensores or giant lifts help to overcome the difficulties of high and low levels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35014895194928053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.799102"} {"text": "do commercio, the streets of lisbon are irregular and steep, but there is an elaborate electric trolley sylstem connecting all parts of the town, and the ascensores or giant lifts help to overcome the difficulties of high and low levels. there are fountains everywhere and the streets are lined by trees, of which the olaia or judas - tree is the most common. the oldest portion of lisbon is along the steep slopes of the castello de s. jorge, which had been the stronghold of the moors. in the neighbourhood of the cathedral or se, roman remains have been found including the ruins of a roman theatre. the se or cathedral of santa maria is the oldest church in lisbon ; it dates back to the year 306. it served as a mosque for the moors during their occupation of the city, and the facade with its towers and massive portico was rebuilt during the fourteenth century. it has been restored many times. outside what were the old walls of lisbon stands the church of s. vincente da fora ( st. vincent ' s without ) with a monastery attached, which is now the residence of the patriarch of lisbon. the church contains the mortuary chapel of the kings of the house of braganza, and the great constable nuno. alvara pariera lies buried here. st. vincent is the patron saint of lisbon ; he was martyred for the faith under diocletian. according to the legend, his body was attached to a millstone and flung into the sea ( 336 ), but was miraculously discovered on the sands at valencia by some christians of that place. in the eighth century the moors took valencia, and the inhabitants fled by sea, taking the relics of st. vincent with them. they were driven ashore on the coast of algarve at the cape now known as cape st. vincent, and there they remained until d. alfonso henriques had expelled the moors from lisbon, when they were brought from cape saint vincent and deposited in the cathedral he had just built. at this same time alfonso began the building of the cistercian monastery of alcobaca, in fulfilment of a vow he had made to build a monastery for st. bernard ' s monks, if he were successful in his war against the moors. the castello of s. jorge was built in the time of julius c\u00e6sar, and strengthened by the moors, who held out there against the assault of alfonso henriques. it had three towers, known as ulysses, albarram, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37916159312961517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.800081"} {"text": "the castello of s. jorge was built in the time of julius c\u00e6sar, and strengthened by the moors, who held out there against the assault of alfonso henriques. it had three towers, known as ulysses, albarram, and managem, but every trace of them disappeared in the earthquake of 1755. it was the royal residence until the spanish kings of portugal chose the famous paco do terriero which was ruined in 1755. don joao i made st. george its patron saint ; he had married an english princess, philippa, daughter of john of gaunt. the procession on the feast of corpus christi from the castello to the church of s. domingo was a brilliant one in former years. st. george, lance in hand and on horseback in heavy armour, was personated by one of the faithful and his standard was borne before him by another rider. king and court all took part in this procession, the patriarch carrying the sacred host. the modern city the church of st. roque looks onto a square of its own name ; it contains the chapel of st. john the baptist, built in rome from designs by the architect vaneteli. its costly marbles and mosaic reproductions of paintings by guido reni, raphael, and michelangelo took ten years to complete. close by is the casa de unisencordia, a hospital and an orphanage. near at hand is the graca church and convent ( now a barracks ) facing the city. the church contains a remarkable crucifix known as nosso senhor dos passos da graca. the church of the carmo, a beautiful relic of portuguese gothic, is now a museum. belem, a suburb of lisbon, contains the church and monastery of santa maria, known locally as the jeronimos. the old name of belem was restelo, and it was from here that vasco da gama set out to discover a sea route to india. a chapel had been built on the spot by prince henry the navigator, and to it king and court went in procession, 8 july, 1497. on that same day vasco da gama embarked ; he returned in september, 1499, having rounded the cape of good hope. to immortalize the event king manuel built a monastery near prince henry ' s chapel, changed the name of the locality from restelo to belem or bethlehem, and gave the new building to the monks of st. jerome ; hence the name jeronimos. the first stone was laid in 1500", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40526478860250126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.800997"} {"text": "near prince henry ' s chapel, changed the name of the locality from restelo to belem or bethlehem, and gave the new building to the monks of st. jerome ; hence the name jeronimos. the first stone was laid in 1500. the building is of white stone from the quarries of estremadura, and the foundations were laid on piles of pinewood. the style of architecture is pure manueline ( a mixture of gothic, renaissance, and moorish ) and the doorway is exuberantly decorated. the church is fast becoming a mausoleum of celebrated men. it contains the tombs of vasco da gama, of camoes, the great poet, and of almeida garrett, the chief portuguese poet of the nineteenth century. in the chapter house of the monastery is the tomb of alexandre herculano, greatest of portuguese historians. the columned arches of the cloisters are decorated with the twisted cable moulding so common in manueline buildings. high above belem stands the ajuda palace, built early in the nineteenth century to replace the royal palace which had been destroyed by the earthquake of 1755. it is a conspicuous edifice and is one of the first seen on entering the port of lisbon. the actual residence of the royal family is the palace of the necessidades. since 1834 the cortes, a generic designation for the constitutional chambers of peers and deputies, occupies the monastery of sao bento. the actual number of deputies is 148, elected by the people, whereas the chamber of peers consists of nominated members appointed by the crown, and none of them under 40 years of age. one of the most remarkable monuments connected with the city is the aqueduto das aguas livres ( built in 1713 ), which reaches a distance of ten miles to chellos. near the estrela gardens is a protestant cemetery containing the tomb of henry fielding, the english novelist, who died in lisbon in 1754. this part of the city also contains the basilica of the ss. coracao de jesus with its commanding cupola of white marble. the old franciscan convent has been turned into a museum of fine arts ; and a portion of the building contains the national library of lisbon, where are stored about 300, 000 volumes, besides many rare manuscripts. the first book printed by guttenberg is shown there, and a bible from the same press. it also contains books from the duke of northumberland ' s library brought to lisbon when the nuns of sion were driven out of england during the reformation. the largest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3855030663709589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.801941"} {"text": "first book printed by guttenberg is shown there, and a bible from the same press. it also contains books from the duke of northumberland ' s library brought to lisbon when the nuns of sion were driven out of england during the reformation. the largest church in lisbon is s. domingo in the praca do rossio. it was dedicated in 1241, and has undergone many changes. the kings of portugal are usually married there, and it was the former church of the inquisition. in 1761 it witnessed the auto da fe of father malagrida the jesuit, who was falsely accused of complicity in a plot against pombal ' s life. except around the praca do comercio, nearly all the important buildings of lisbon are or have been churches and monasteries. since their suppression, 28 may, 1834, the monasteries have been mainly used as barracks. the catholic faith is the state religion, but all other forms of worship are tolerated, and in government circles the feeling is anti - clerical if not anti - religious. the press is represented by two able journals, the \" diario de noticias \" and \" o seculo \". the population of lisbon in 1900 was computed at 357, 000. the present king of portugal is manuel ii, born 15 november, 1889, who succeeded to the throne on the assassination of his father and elder brother 1 february, 1908. the reigning dynasty belongs to the house of braganca - coburg ; john iv of braganca having expelled the spanish from lisbon in 1640, and maria ii of braganca, having married fernando, prince of coburg - gotha, in the middle of the nineteenth century. the avenida da libertade is one of the new boulevards. it begins at the praca dos restauradores, which commemorates portugal ' s independence day, 1 dec., 1640, when the duke of braganca freed the land from spanish domination. the avenue is lined with trees and subtropical plants and is divided by flower - beds and rockeries into three arteries to facilitate traffic. twenty years ago all this district did not exist, and as in the newer quarters in rome, there has been some overbuilding. behind the avenida lie the botanical gardens with their leafy lanes and wealth of tropical vegetation. the praca do principe real, a few minutes ' walk from the gardens, stands on the site of the se patriarchal, built by joao v ( 1706 - 1750 ), as the cathedral of western lisbon, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3986132659152932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.802843"} {"text": "tropical vegetation. the praca do principe real, a few minutes ' walk from the gardens, stands on the site of the se patriarchal, built by joao v ( 1706 - 1750 ), as the cathedral of western lisbon, and destroyed by fire during the great earthquake. the port of lisbon, one of the safest and most commodious roadsteads in the world, is annually entered and cleared by an average of 6000 vessels sailing under every flag. the chief manufactures of the neighbourhood are pottery, woollens, glass, preserved food, and fish. the wine trade of lisbon is also important. besides the public buildings referred to, the academia real, the escola polytechnica ( 580 pupils ), and the escola medico - cirurgica ( 224 pupils ), as well as the observatory, deserve mention. lisbon has also a military school ( 339 students ), a school of fine arts ( 69 students ), and a conservatorio ( 503 students ). lisbon was occupied by the french in 1807, but the english took it in 1808 and made it a centre of operations against napoleon during the peninsular war. the see of lisbon dates from early christian times, and tradition has enshrined the names of its bishops as far back as the sub - apostolic epoch. it seems certain that a st. potamius, who took part in the council of rimini ( 356 ), was bishop of lisbon. other bishops are mentioned up to the year 716 when lisbon passed into the hands of the moors and the see reamined vacant till 1147. before the moorish conquest the diocese was suffragan of merida ; the liberation under alfonso i took place in 1147, and in 1199 lisbon was made suffragan of compostela. at the request of king john i, pope boniface ix, by bull dated 10 november, 1394, erected lisbon into an archdiocese and gave it as suffragans, coimbra, leiria, guarda, evora, and silves ( in 1396, however, evora was detached by the same pope ) and the first archbishop was john anes. among his more famous successors were roderiguez da cunha ( 1636 ) and cardinal luiz da souza ( 1676 ). as portugal grew in political importance and colonial possessions, the jurisdiction of the metropolitan of lisbon expanded, and we learn from stadel, \" compend. geogr. eccles. \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3851143877804034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.803704"} {"text": "and cardinal luiz da souza ( 1676 ). as portugal grew in political importance and colonial possessions, the jurisdiction of the metropolitan of lisbon expanded, and we learn from stadel, \" compend. geogr. eccles. \" ( 1712 ) that coimbra, leiria, portalegre, elvas, funchal, angra, congo, st. james of cape verde, san thome, and baia of all saints were suffragans of lisbon. as a reward for assistance against the turks, clement xi in 1708 raised the chapel of the royal palace to collegiate rank and associated with it three parishes in the dioceses of braganca and lamego. later in that same year, yielding to the request of john v, he issued the bull \" in supremo apostolatus solio \" ( 22 oct., 1716 ), known as the golden bull, because the seal or bulla was affixed with gold instead of lead, giving the collegiate chapel cathedral rank, with metropolitical rights, and conferring on its titular the rank of patriarch. the town of lisbon was ecclesiastically divided into eastern and western lisbon. the former archbishop of lisbon retained jurisdiction over eastern lisbon, and had as suffragans guarda, portalegre, st. james of cape verde, san thome, and san salvator in congo. western lisbon and metropolital rights over leiria, lamego, funchal, and angra, together with elaborate privileges and honours were granted to the new patriarch and his successors. it was further agreed between pope and king that the patriarch of lisbon should be made a cardinal at the first consistory following his appointment. the first patriarch of lisbon was a saintly man, thomas d ' almeyda, formerly bishop of porto, and he was raised to the cardinalate 20 dec., 1737. there thus existed side by side in the city of lisbon two metropolitical churches. to obviate the inconvenience of this arrangement benedict xiv ( 13 dec., 1740 ) united east and west lisbon into one single archdiocese under patriarch d ' almeyda, who ruled the see until 1754. the double chapter however remained until 1843, when the old cathedral chapter was dissolved by gregory xvi. it was during the patriarchate of cardinal d ' almeyda ( 1746 ) that the famous chapel of saint john the baptist, now in the church of sao roque, was built in rome at the expense of king john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3874123101342142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.804707"} {"text": "by gregory xvi. it was during the patriarchate of cardinal d ' almeyda ( 1746 ) that the famous chapel of saint john the baptist, now in the church of sao roque, was built in rome at the expense of king john v, and consecrated by pope benedict xiv. at what date the patriarchs of lisbon began to quarter the tiara with three crowns, though without the keys, on their coat of arms is uncertain and there are no documents referring to the grant of such a privilege. by apostolic letters dated 30 sept., 1881 the metropolitan of lisbon claims as suffragans the dioceses of angola, st. james of cape verde, san thome, egitan, portalegre, angra, funchal. the archdiocese comprises the civil districts of lisbon and santarem, and has a catholic population of 728, 739. the estimated number of protestants and jews is 5000. the total number of parishes is 341, of priests 662, and of churches and chapels 1555. the present patriarch is antonio mendes bello, who was born at gouvea in the diocese of guarda in june, 1842, appointed archbishop of mitylene 24 march, 1884, translated to faro 13 nov., 1884, and appointed patriarch of lisbon, 19 dec., 1907, in succession to cardinal neto, who resigned. the patriarch is assisted by an auxiliary bishop, mgr. jose alves de mattos, titular archbishop of mitylene. cardinal neto, the ex - patriarch, was born at lagos in the diocese of faro, 8 feb., 1841 ; was ordained in 1863 ; joined the order of friars minor in 1875 ; was appointed bishop of angola and congo in 1879 ; became patriarch of lisbon in 1883 ; was named cardinal of the title of the twelve apostles, 24 march, 1884, and at present ranks as senior cardinal priest. he resigned his patriarchate in november, 1907, and retired to a convent of his own order in lisbon. in 1624 a college for english students desiring to study for the priesthood and for mission work in england, was founded in lisbon by pietro catinho, a member of an illustrious family. it is known as ss. peter and paul ' s and has the same rights and privileges as the english college, rome. it suffered severely from the earthquake of 1755, but continues its work to this day, and is now governed by monsignor hilton, who was born in 1825 ; educated at lisbon ; ordained 1850 ; served some time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4225002540144999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.806594"} {"text": "as the english college, rome. it suffered severely from the earthquake of 1755, but continues its work to this day, and is now governed by monsignor hilton, who was born in 1825 ; educated at lisbon ; ordained 1850 ; served some time on the mission in the diocese of shrewsbury, england ; made a domestic prelate in 1881 ; and returned to lisbon as president in 1883. a college for irish students was founded by royal charter in 1593 ; it escaped all injury from the earthquake, but was closed during the civil wars in portugal in the nineteenth century and has never been reopened. a convent of irish dominican monks and another of irish dominican nuns exist in lisbon to this day. the ancient scalabis, the pr\u00e6sidium julium of the romans, and capital fo the district of santarem lies on the right bank of the tagus about 46 miles from lisbon. the population in 1901 was 9400. it does a large trade in wine and oil, and is the vegetable garden of lisbon. in the sixteenth century it was of more importance than nowadays, and its population stood at 21, 000. a long narrow bridge spans the tagus, and on a rock in the river stands the castle of almourel, a building in gothic architecture. roman relics unearthed in the vicinity incline arch\u00e6ologists to the opinion that the noted nabantia of the romans and goths stood there. the franciscan convent is now a barracks, and the convent of santa iria or irene is in ruins. saint irene ( whence the name of the town santarem ) is said to have been the niece of the prior of the benedictine monastery when the goths ruled that portion of portugal. inchbold, lisbon and cintra ( new york, 1908 ) ; stephens, portugal ( london, 1903 ) ; adam, la patrie portuguaise ( paris, 1896 ) ; crawford, portugal old and new ( london, 1880 ) ; annuaire pontificale ( 1910 ) ; gerarchia ( 1910 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4072401174967785, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.808582"} {"text": "definition from wiktionary, the free dictionary - first attested probably in 1472. - from middle english absurdite, then from either middle french absurdite, or from late latin absurditas ( \u201c dissonance, incongruity \u201d ), from latin absurdus + + - itas. - surface analysis : absurd + - ity - ( obsolete, rare ) dissonance. [ attested from around 1350 to 1470 until the late 17th century. ] - ( countable ) that which is absurd ; an absurd action ; a logical contradiction. [ first attested in the late 15th century. ] - his travels were full of absurdities. - johnson - ( uncountable ) the quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. [ first attested in the early 16th century. ] - the absurdity of the actual idea of an infinite number. - john locke - 1992, rudolf m. schuster, the hepaticae and anthocerotae of north america : east of the hundredth meridian, volume v, page viii - neither [ jones ] [ \u2026 ] nor i ( in 1966 ) could conceive of reducing our \" science \" to the ultimate absurdity of reading finnish newspapers almost a century and a half old in order to establish \" priority. \" the quality of being absurd an absurd action - the translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. see instructions at help : how to check translations. - ^ 1984, urdang, laurence editor, the random house college dictionary, new york, ny : random house, inc., isbn 0 - 394 - 43600 - 8, page 7 : - ^ 1976, gove, philip babcock editor, webster ' s third international dictionary of the english language unabridged, springfield, ma : g. & c. merriam co., isbn 0 - 87779 - 101 - 5, page 8 : - 2003, brown, lesley editor, the shorter oxford english dictionary, edition 5th, oxford, uk : oxford university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 860575 - 7, page 10 :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5528696342651458, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.813588"} {"text": "from middle english sesoun, seson ( \u201c time of the year \u201d ), from old french seson, seison ( \u201c time of sowing, seeding \u201d ), from latin sationem, accusative of satio ( \u201c act of sowing, planting \u201d ) from satum, past participle of serere ( \u201c to sow, plant \u201d ) from proto - indo - european * seh\u2081 - ( \u201c to sow, plant \u201d ). akin to old english sawan ( \u201c to sow \u201d ), old english s\u00e6d ( \u201c seed \u201d ). displaced native middle english sele ( \u201c season \u201d ) ( from old english s\u00e6l ( \u201c season, time, occasion \u201d ) ), middle english tide ( \u201c season, time of year \u201d ) ( from old english tid ( \u201c time, period, yeartide, season \u201d ) ). season ( plural seasons ) - each of the four divisions of a year : spring, summer, autumn and winter ; yeartide. - a part of a year when something particular happens : mating season, rainy season, football season. - ( obsolete ) that which gives relish ; seasoning. - 1599, william shakespeare, much ado about nothing, act 4 scene 1 - o! she is fallen - into a pit of ink, that the wide sea - hath drops too few to wash her clean again, - and salt too little which may season give - to her foul - tainted flesh. - 1605, shakespeare, the tragedy of macbeth, iii, 4 - you lack the season of all natures, sleep. - ( cricket ) the period over which a series of test matches are played. - ( north america ) a group of episodes of a television or radio program broadcast in regular intervals with a long break between each group, usually with one year between the beginning of each. - the third season of friends aired from 1996 to 1997. - ( obsolete ) an extended, undefined period of time. - 1656, john owen, the mortification of sin - so it is in a person when a breach hath been made upon his conscience, quiet, perhaps credit, by his lust, in some eruption of actual sin ; \u2014 carefulness, indignation, desire, fear, revenge are all set on work about it and against it, and lust is quiet for a season, being run down before them ; but when the hurry is over and the inquest is past, the thief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5085235434195462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.824646"} {"text": ", indignation, desire, fear, revenge are all set on work about it and against it, and lust is quiet for a season, being run down before them ; but when the hurry is over and the inquest is past, the thief appears again alive, and is as busy as ever at his work. usage notes in british english, a year - long group of episodes is called a series, whereas in north american english the word \" series \" is a synonym of \" program \" or \" show \". derived terms terms derived from season quarter of a year - korean : ( ko ) ( gyejeol ) - sorani : \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0632 ( ku ) - lao : ( lo ) - latvian : gadalaiks ( lv ) m, sezona ( lv ) f - lithuanian : metu laikas ( lt ) m - luxembourgish : joreszait ( lb ) f - malay : musim ( ms ) - malayalam : please add this translation if you can - marathi : please add this translation if you can - navajo : ninahahaah - nepali : please add this translation if you can - norwegian : arstid ( no ) m and f, sesong ( no ) m - occitan : sason ( oc ) f - oriya : ( or ) - pashto : please add this translation if you can - persian : \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 ( fa ) ( mausam ) - polish : pora roku ( pl ) f - portuguese : estacao ( pt ) f, sazao ( pt ) f - romanian : sezon ( ro ) n, anotimp ( ro ) n - romansch : stagiun ( rm ) f, stagiun ( rm ) f, staschung ( rm ) f - russian : \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 ( ru ) ( vremja goda ) n, \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d ( ru ) ( sezon ) m - scots : saison - scottish gaelic : aimsir ( gd ) f, raith ( gd ) f - serbo - croatian : godisnje doba ( sh ) n doba ( sh ) n - slovak : rocne obdobie ( sk ) n - slovene : letni cas ( sl ) m - spanish : estacion ( es ) f - swahili : msimu ( sw ) - swedish : arstid ( sv ) c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5328420368132033, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.825885"} {"text": ": rocne obdobie ( sk ) n - slovene : letni cas ( sl ) m - spanish : estacion ( es ) f - swahili : msimu ( sw ) - swedish : arstid ( sv ) c - tamil : please add this translation if you can - telugu : please add this translation if you can - thai : ( th ) - turkish : mevsim ( tr ), sezon ( tr ) - ukrainian : \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 ( uk ) ( pora roku ) f - urdu : \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 ( ur ) ( mausam ) m, \u0641\u0635\u0644 ( ur ) ( fasl ) m, \u0631\u062a ( ur ) ( rut ) f - vietnamese : mua ( vi ) - volapuk : sasun ( vo ) - welsh : tymor ( cy ) m - west frisian : jiertiid ( fy ) c - yiddish : \u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05d9\u05d0\u05e8 ( yi ) ( tseit fon yar ) part of year with something special ( obsolete ) that which gives relish season ( third - person singular simple present seasons, present participle seasoning, simple past and past participle seasoned ) - ( transitive ) to flavour food with spices, herbs or salt. - ( transitive ) to make fit for any use by time or habit ; to habituate ; to accustom ; to inure ; to ripen ; to mature ; as, to season one to a climate. - ( transitive ) hence, to prepare by drying or hardening, or removal of natural juices ; as, to season timber. - ( intransitive ) to become mature ; to grow fit for use ; to become adapted to a climate. - ( intransitive ) to become dry and hard, by the escape of the natural juices, or by being penetrated with other substance ; as, timber seasons in the sun. to make fit for any use by time or habit to prepare by drying or hardening", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031359322351576, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.827842"} {"text": "this is mainly a philosophical problem : what are opposites? you can only have opposites if you have a frame of reference. in one context, the opposite of man can be woman ; in another, it can be beast or nature or child, and so on. metaphorically speaking, you need a mirror to reflect against, or a hinge to pivot around. you need to reduce the number of options to two for there to be an opposite. in many cases, using a negation can be an obvious way to do this, because you basically divide the entire spectrum of possibilities into x and \" not x \" : unfriendliness can be the opposite of friendliness, and unloved can be the opposite of loved. it could be said that a negation provides a mirror. so you could say the opposite of schadenfreude is not schadenfreude, which would mean simply the absence of schadenfreude. however, the more specific a word or concept is, the more other possibilities you are grouping under \" opposite \" by simply using a negation : there are many kinds of not - schadenfreude, you could say. that is why it doesn ' t seem a very satisfying kind of opposite in this case. we could instead decide to focus on the aspect joy, and mirror it along the spectrum of \" good \" versus \" bad \" emotions. even then, there seem to be two options : anger and sorrow. you could be sad about someone else ' s misfortune, or angry. so the spectrum of good v. bad emotions is not even specific enough. both could be used as opposites. the aspect of misfortune could be used as well, and we could choose the spectrum of good versus bad things happening to someone else. then the opposite good fortune would be fitting, so you could be happy about someone else ' s good fortune. what we did here was pick just one element of meaning expressed by the word and find some frame of reference in which to mirror it. if you take several elements at once and mirror them each, like feeling angry ( or sad ) about the good fortune of others, then you have less of the original meaning left ( neither joy nor the other ' s misfortune ), and so it is less recognizable as an opposite. but you could still consider it an opposite. no doubt other opposites could be created, such as eh... the most commonly used english word used in german (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5837776981850871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.833247"} {"text": "galls on oak there are a variety of gall - forming species of small wasps that commonly infest oak, quercus spp., trees in pennsylvania. most leaf galls on oak cause little or no harm to the health of a tree. however, twig or branch galls may cause injury or even death to a heavily infested tree. two common species of twig gall - producing insects are the horned oak gall wasp, callirhytis cornigera ( osten sacken ), and the gouty oak gall wasp, c. quercuspunctata ( bassett ). these species are in the insect family cynipidae. both the horned oak gall wasp and the gouty oak gall wasp are known to occur from southern canada to georgia. each of these galls may be diagnosed by their unique characteristic size, shape, and color. figure 1. a horned oak gall on a twig. galls are abnormal plant growth or swellings comprised of plant tissue. galls are usually found on foliage or twigs. these unusual deformities are caused by plant growth - regulating chemicals or stimuli produced by an insect or other arthropod pest species. the chemicals produced by these causal organisms interfere with normal plant cell growth. the horned oak gall wasp, c. cornigera, attacks the twigs of pin, scrub, black, blackjack, and water oaks. the gouty oak gall wasp, c. quercuspunctata, develops in the twigs of pin, scarlet, red, and black oaks. both of these woody twigs galls on oak look similar, but the horned oak gall has small horns that protrude from around the circumference of the gall ( figs. 1 & 2 ). one adult gall wasp emerges from each of these horns. figure 2. a gouty oak gall on a twig. the life cycles of the various gall - forming wasps are highly variable. two or more years are required for gall wasps that develop in woody twig galls to reach maturity. gall - forming wasps usually overwinter as adults in protected places away from the host tree. as the buds break in the spring and the leaves begin to expand, these small wasps start to lay their eggs in expanding plant tissue. during the egg - laying process or early larval - feeding period, specialized body glands secrete growth - regulating chemicals that interact with certain plant chemicals to produce these abnormal growths. after a brief period of cell growth, gall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.391543436890289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.843796"} {"text": "in expanding plant tissue. during the egg - laying process or early larval - feeding period, specialized body glands secrete growth - regulating chemicals that interact with certain plant chemicals to produce these abnormal growths. after a brief period of cell growth, gall development stops completely. the insect is confined within \u201c its house \u201d and feeds only on gall tissue during the remainder of its development. once these galls are formed, they do not continue to use nutrients from the host plant. in general, most leaf galls on oak in pennsylvania do not affect the health of the host tree. a few can cause leaves to drop prematurely, or distort them so that photosynthesis ( the plant \u2019 s food - making process ) is interrupted. galls generally are aesthetically objectionable to homeowners who find them unattractive and fear that galls will cause damage to the health of their oak trees. chemical control is seldom suggested for management of leaf galls on oak. cultural methods of control may be effective in reducing the impact of these insects. some fallen leaves may harbor various life stages of gall - producing pests. therefore, it may be useful to collect and destroy all infested leaves. some of these pests overwinter in twigs and branches of oak. where such woody galls are detected, prune and destroy the infested plant material when the galls are small and have just started to develop. once a gall begins to develop, it is almost impossible to stop or reverse its development. unless registered insecticides can be applied when gall wasps are flying, they offer little or no effective measure of control. lack of serious plant damage from leaf galls and the difficulty in proper timing of insecticide applications pose a strong argument against the use of insecticides to reduce galls on oak. pesticides are poisonous. read and follow directions and safety precautions on labels. handle carefully and store in original labeled containers out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock. dispose of empty containers right away, in a safe manner and place. do not contaminate forage, streams, or ponds. authored by : gregory a. hoover, sr. extension associate revised march 2004 penn state college of agricultural sciences research, extension, and resident education programs are funded in part by pennsylvania counties, the commonwealth of pennsylvania, and the u. s. department of agriculture. visit penn state extension on the web : http : / / extension. psu. edu where trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45986587176640903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.845663"} {"text": "counties, the commonwealth of pennsylvania, and the u. s. department of agriculture. visit penn state extension on the web : http : / / extension. psu. edu where trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by penn state cooperative extension is implied. this publication is available in alternative media on request. the pennsylvania state university is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to programs, facilities, admission, and employment without regard to personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by university policy or by state or federal authorities. it is the policy of the university to maintain an academic and work environment free of discrimination, including harassment. the pennsylvania state university prohibits discrimination and harassment against any person because of age, ancestry, color, disability or handicap, national origin, race, religious creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or veteran status. discrimination or harassment against faculty, staff, or students will not be tolerated at the pennsylvania state university. direct all inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policy to the affirmative action director, the pennsylvania state university, 328 boucke building, university park, pa 16802 - 5901 ; tel 814 - 865 - 4700 / v, 814 - 863 - 1150 / tty. \u00a9 the pennsylvania state university 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.473128903180839, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.846777"} {"text": "photograph by donna eaton a hippo peers from a plant - covered pool in kenya \u2019 s masai mara game reserve. these massive mammals keep cool by submerging their massive bodies in african ponds, rivers, and lakes for up to 16 hours a day. though they can hold their breath for perhaps half an hour if necessary, hippos typically leave the tops of their heads above the surface. at night hippos leave the water and roam overland to graze. if caught on land too long during the heat of the day the animals can dehydrate quickly. photograph by craig arnold a zambian hippo sends an aggressive message by displaying sharp canine teeth that can reach 20 inches ( 51 centimeters ) in length. bulls use this open - mouthed \u201c gaping \u201d display while standing face to face with one another in order to determine which animal is dominant. sometimes a show of strength is not enough and the behavior leads to potentially fatal battles. hippos are dangerous to humans as well. photograph by amanda cotton manatees cruise slowly in shallow, warm coastal waters and rivers \u2014 like florida \u2019 s gin - clear crystal river, pictured here. the massive mammals ( up to 1, 300 pounds or 600 kilograms ) are born underwater and never leave the water as long as they live \u2014 though they surface to breathe every few minutes. also known as sea cows, they are insatiable grazers, browsing on a variety of aquatic grasses, weeds, and algae. several different manatee species live along the atlantic coast of the americas, africa \u2019 s west coast, and the amazon river. photograph by danny brown the muskrat is a common denizen of wetlands, swamps, and ponds, where it dens by tunneling into muddy banks. this large rodent has a body a foot ( 30 centimeters ) long and a flat tail that nearly doubles its length. muskrats are well adapted for the water and begin swimming at only ten days old. perhaps best known for their communication skills, muskrats exchange information with one another and warn off predators with their distinctive odor, or musk. photograph by sergey gabdurakhmanov the world is home to many seals but only one truly freshwater species \u2014 the baikal seal. this seal inhabits the russian lake of the same name, which is the world \u2019 s deepest. though new generations of baikal seals are born each year at rookeries like this one, the species does face serious threats. illegal hunting is an issue, as is widespread pollution from paper and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45357844832433275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.859665"} {"text": "the same name, which is the world \u2019 s deepest. though new generations of baikal seals are born each year at rookeries like this one, the species does face serious threats. illegal hunting is an issue, as is widespread pollution from paper and pulp mills and other industry around the lakeshore. amazon river dolphin photograph by kevin schafer the charismatic amazon river dolphin uses echolocation to track down fish and crustaceans in murky river waters. during annual floods the dolphins actually swim through flooded forests to hunt among the trees. often pink or very pale, the dolphins are relatively easy to spot. the bright hue and the boto ' s natural curiosity around boats have made the dolphins easy prey for fishermen who target them ( illegally ) for use as catfish bait. populations have experienced serious declines in recent years ; among traditional amazonian peoples the boto was long considered a supernatural being that was able to take human form. photograph by mark godfrey the world \u2019 s biggest rodent, the capybara, grows to more than 4 feet ( 130 centimeters ) long and tips the scales at up to 145 pounds ( 66 kilograms ). these water - loving mammals reach such size by grazing on grasses and aquatic plants. capybaras are physically well adjusted to their watery environs. they have webbed toes to help them swim well and can dive underwater for five minutes or more. capybaras are found in central and south america, populating lakes, rivers, and wetlands from panama south to brazil and northern argentina. the nature conservancy is working with partners to protect habitat for the capybara, including the watery llanos grasslands. the group is working with local landowners to create private reserves in critical habitat areas and helping bring more resources to a 63, 000 - acre ( 25, 500 - hectare ) public protected area in the province of casanare in northeastern colombia. photograph by juan alvarez the capybara \u2019 s eyes, ears, and nostrils are situated high on its head so that it can remain above the surface while the animal swims. the social mammals travel and live in groups dominated by an alpha male and defend their feeding and wallowing territories. humans hunt ( and raise ) capybaras for their leather and their meat \u2014 which is especially popular during lent because some south american catholics consider the animal, like fish, an acceptable alternative to beef or pork. photograph by mike paterson beavers are environmental engineers second only to humans in their ability to dramatically reshape the landscape to their liking. using their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4057367817779041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.860703"} {"text": "lent because some south american catholics consider the animal, like fish, an acceptable alternative to beef or pork. photograph by mike paterson beavers are environmental engineers second only to humans in their ability to dramatically reshape the landscape to their liking. using their powerful jaws and teeth, they fell trees by the dozens to create wood and mud dams, 2 to 10 feet ( 1 to 3 meters ) high and more than 100 feet ( 30 meters ) long. beaver dams block brooks and streams to flood fields and forest alike. the resulting ponds, which can be enormous, are then graced with a branch - and - mud lodge, which the beavers enter via secure underwater passages. photograph by derek dafoe though they are clumsy on land, beavers glide in the water with finlike webbed feet and rudderlike tails, which help them swim along at some 5 miles ( 8 kilometers ) an hour. the mammals also boast a sort of natural wet suit in the form of their oily and water - resistant fur. beavers eat aquatic plants, roots, leaves, bark, and twigs. their teeth grow throughout their lives so wood gnawing is actually necessary to keep them from growing too large and curved. a single beaver gnaws down hundreds of trees each year \u2014 typically dropping a 6 - inch ( 15 - centimeter ) diameter tree in just 15 minutes. photograph by lee streitz this sleepy river otter also has a playful side. these water - loving mammals seem to take pleasure in sliding and diving and can swim gracefully with their webbed feet and paddlelike tails. otters have specialized nostrils and ears that close in the water, as well as water - repellent fur. young otters begin to swim when they are only about two months old. river otters live in burrows by the edge of rivers or lakes in close proximity to the fish they feed on. photograph by stephen babka the platypus is an improbable mishmash of an animal : it has a furry, otterlike body, a ducklike bill and webbed feet, and a beaverlike paddle tail. like those other animals platypuses swim well and spend much of their time in the water. unlike otters or beavers, they lay eggs \u2014 one of only two mammals known to do so. male platypuses also have venomous stingers on their rear feet. these animals burrow near the water \u2019 s edge and feed by digging underwater for worms, shellfish, and insects. help save", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4310688793612196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.861782"} {"text": "only two mammals known to do so. male platypuses also have venomous stingers on their rear feet. these animals burrow near the water \u2019 s edge and feed by digging underwater for worms, shellfish, and insects. help save the colorado river you can help restore freshwater ecosystems by pledging to cut your water footprint. for every pledge, change the course will restore 1, 000 gallons back to the colorado river. sandra is a leading authority on international freshwater issues and is spearheading our global freshwater efforts. he ' s paddled the colorado river from its headwaters to the delta, in an effort to bring awareness to this mighty river at risk. for more than 15 years, osvel hinojosa huerta has been resurrecting mexico ' s colorado river delta wetlands. water currents, by sandra postel and others a year in the making, this video highlights nature ' s splendor. a wetland flourishes in mexico thanks to a treatment plant. scientists investigate the impacts of \" micro plastics \" on lake ecosystems. special ad section the world ' s water ng ' s new change the course campaign launches. when individuals pledge to use less water in their own lives, our partners carry out restoration work in the colorado river basin. a special series on how grabbing water from poor people and future generations threatens global food security, environmental sustainability, and local cultures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4061876316777177, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.862448"} {"text": "soaring himalayan griffon vulture august 27, 2009 the himalayan griffon vulture ( gyps himalayensis ) flies over large swaths of central asia including the himalaya, pamir and tien shan mountain ranges. weighing in at 20 - some pounds ( 12. 5 kg ) and with a wingspan of about 10 feet ( 3 meters ) they are the second largest old world vulture. their large wingspan helps them stay aloft for hours at a time as they soar on rising convection currents of heated air called thermals. this gives it a perfect platform for observing the land below for a potential meal. like other vultures this one helps to keep the planet in sustainable harmony by eating anything dead and rotting it finds. the himalayan griffon is not considered to be endangered. this particular bird is soaring effortlessly on thermals high above a flutter of buddhist prayer flags near a sky burial site at ganden monastery tibet. this monastery was established early in the 15th century. it was the first, and for many centuries, the main monastery of the gelug ( geluk, \" yellow hat \" ) sect which is now the main sect in tibet. it was destroyed during the cultural revolution and has since been rebuilt. photo details : canon eos 20d ; 18 - 55mm lens ; 51 mm focal length ; iso 400 ; 1 / 400 at f / 16. photo taken july 11, 2009.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4292265934607359, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.863891"} {"text": "strategy on climate change for 2020 and beyond the commission assesses the costs and benefits of combating climate change and recommends a package of measures to limit global warming to 2\u00b0 celsius. some of the measures apply to the eu, such as the binding target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and measures on energy, and others have a broader international scope, such as negotiating an international agreement. communication from the commission, of 10 january 2007, entitled : \" limiting global climate change to 2 degrees celsius - the way ahead for 2020 and beyond \" [ com ( 2007 ) 2 final - not published in the official journal ]. strong scientific evidence shows that urgent action to tackle climate change is imperative. new research has confirmed that the climate really is changing and there are signs that these changes have accelerated. impact analyses are beginning to quantify precisely what the cost of inaction or of simply pursuing current policies will be. in 2005, the commission laid the foundations for an eu strategy to combat climate change. this document now sets out more concrete steps to limit the effects of climate change and to reduce the risk of massive and irreversible disruptions to the planet. these short - term and medium - term measures target both developed countries ( the eu and other industrialised countries ) and developing countries. the eu and its member states have confirmed their target to limit the global average temperature increase to 2\u00b0 celsius compared with pre - industrial levels, the point beyond which the impact of climatic change is believed to increase dramatically. research shows that stabilising the level of greenhouse gases at 450 ppmv ( parts per million volume of co2 equivalent ) would lead to a 1 in 2 chance of reaching the target of a 2\u00b0c rise ( compared with a 1 in 6 chance if levels reach 550 ppmv, and a 1 in 16 chance if levels hit 650 ppmv ). costs and benefits of future policy choices recent research, such as the peseta study carried out for the joint research centre and the stern review, points out the hefty economic and social costs of failing to take sufficient action to combat climate change. the stern review estimates this cost at between 5 and 20 % of global dgp. climate change will cause widespread damage to populations, ecosystems and resources, as well as to infrastructure and living conditions, ranging from an increase in mortality and disease linked to changes in temperature, damage caused by more frequent flooding and a rise in sea level, increasing desertification in southern countries and scarcer fresh water resources. the peseta study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5034919045558934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.872247"} {"text": "infrastructure and living conditions, ranging from an increase in mortality and disease linked to changes in temperature, damage caused by more frequent flooding and a rise in sea level, increasing desertification in southern countries and scarcer fresh water resources. the peseta study focuses in particular on the impacts in europe on agriculture, public health, tourism, river basins and coastal systems. according to the impact assessment carried out by the commission, the investment needed to maintain the level of greenhouse gases at 450 ppmv would cost about 0. 5 % of global gdp over the period 2013 - 2030. global gdp growth would only fall by 0. 19 % per year up to 2030, a fraction of the expected annual gdp growth rate ( 2. 8 % ). the commission also stresses that the global cost needed is overstated, since it does not account for the benefits of combating climate change. effectively tackling climate change would in fact produce significant benefits, including fewer damages by avoiding problems. in the same way, reducing our consumption of fossil fuels ( especially oil and gas ) will help cut costs in importing these resources and substantially improve the security of energy supply. similarly, reducing co2 emissions will help improve air quality, which will produce huge health benefits. what ' s more, most studies show that mitigation policies would have positive effects on employment, for example in the field of renewable energy and cutting - edge technology. the benefits of combating climate change will not stop at eu borders. similar benefits can be expected in other countries if they adopt similar measures to europe, especially regarding the security of energy supply and air quality. action in the eu the eu has already proved, through internal policies, that is possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without undermining economic growth. the commission stresses that there is the potential to further reduce emissions considerably and echoes its commitment to pursue and extend current measures and to adopt new measures. the commission suggests that the eu should adopt targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. it calls for the eu to set the target in international negotiations of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries by 30 % ( compared to 1990 levels ) by 2020. until an international agreement is made, and without prejudice to the position it will take in these negotiations, the eu should immediately make the resolute and independent commitment to reduce its own emissions by at least 20 % by 2020. at the march 2007 european council, member states also strongly backed these targets. in line with the strategic analysis of the eu ' s energy policy, the commission recommends taking the following measures on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48155502679131845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.874422"} {"text": "to reduce its own emissions by at least 20 % by 2020. at the march 2007 european council, member states also strongly backed these targets. in line with the strategic analysis of the eu ' s energy policy, the commission recommends taking the following measures on energy : - improving the eu ' s energy efficiency by 20 % by 2020 ; - increasing the share of renewable energy to 20 % by 2020 ; - developing an environmentally safe carbon geological storage policy. the commission believes that the european union emissions trading scheme ( eu ets ) needs to be strengthened by taking measures such as the following : - increasing the duration of quota allocations to over five years, as it is now ; - extending the scheme to other gases and sectors ; - aligning allocation procedures across member states and - linking the eu ets to compatible mandatory schemes in other states ( such as california and australia ). in order to limit emissions in the transport sector, the commission asks the council and parliament to adopt, where necessary, proposals to include aviation in the eu ets and to link taxes on tourism vehicles to their co2 emissions. there are also plans to reduce co2 emissions from cars to reach the target of 120 grams of co2 per kilometre ( g co2 / km ). the commission also stresses the need for consumers to do more, to cut the emissions produced by freight transport by road and maritime transport and to address biofuels. the document suggests cutting co2 emissions in other sectors, such as by improving the energy efficiency of residential and commercial buildings. it also recommends reducing other gases, notably by adopting and strengthening measures on agriculture and forestry, setting limits for methane emissions from industry and gas engines and including these sources of emissions in the eu ets, stricter measures on fluorinated greenhouse gases and tackling nitrous oxide from combustion and large installations. it is also important to rapidly mobilise funds for research on the environment, energy and transport under the seventh framework programme and to increase the research budget after 2013 to promote the development of clean technology and increase our knowledge of climate change. the action plans on energy technology and environmental technology must be fully implemented. the document also notes that the strategic guidelines on cohesion should be applied, which promote sustainable transport and energy and environmental technologies. the battle against climate change can only be won through global action. international negotiations must move beyond rhetoric towards negotiations on concrete commitments. the commission believes that developed countries must commit to cutting their greenhouse gas emissions by 30 % compared to 1990 levels by 2020, as part of a post - 2012 international agreement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4930140604571208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.877498"} {"text": "won through global action. international negotiations must move beyond rhetoric towards negotiations on concrete commitments. the commission believes that developed countries must commit to cutting their greenhouse gas emissions by 30 % compared to 1990 levels by 2020, as part of a post - 2012 international agreement. developed countries also have the technological and financial capacity to reduce their emissions, which is why they should make most of the effort over the next decade. emissions trading schemes will be a key tool to ensure that developed countries can reach their targets cost - effectively. the growth in developing countries ' economies and emissions makes it essential for them to start reducing the rise in their emissions as soon as possible and to cut their emissions in absolute terms after 2020, since by 2020, these countries will be responsible for over half the greenhouse gas emissions. many developing countries are already making efforts that result in significant reductions in the growth of their greenhouse gas emissions, through policies addressing economic, security or local environmental concerns. developing countries have many strategic options where the benefits outweigh the costs, such as improving energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy, adopting measures on air quality and recovery of methane from sources such as waste. the following elements should be part of the process to step up action in these countries : - streamlining and expanding the clean development mechanism under the kyoto protocol to cover entire national sectors ; - improving access to finance via a combination of the various mechanisms available so that developing countries can build the facilities to generate the cleanest energy possible ; - introducing emissions trading schemes for certain industrial sectors where the capacity exists to properly monitor emissions ; - countries that reach a level of development similar to that of developed countries should make a quantified, appropriate commitment ; - no commitments for least developed countries. lastly, a future international agreement should address issues such as further cooperation in research and technology development, halting deforestation and restoring forested areas, adapting to the inescapable impacts of climate change and concluding an international agreement on energy efficiency standards. this communication follows up on the 2005 communication laying the basis for a future climate change strategy. the measures proposed in this strategy are closely linked to the \" energy package \" published by the commission in january 2007, which defines a new european energy policy and sets out clear, quantified targets. according to scientific research, the currents levels of co2 and methane in the atmosphere are the highest they have been for 650 000 years, which causes a significant acceleration of the greenhouse effect. to stabilise global warming at an average of 2\u00b0 celsius, global emissions must fall by almost 50 % compared to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5024862088200603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:29:00.879714"}