people living in cardiff face higher gas and electricity bills than consumers in the rest of the uk energy bills ' to rise by £300 ' as the government ' s green policy is implemented volunteers from cheap energy provider e. on, which is one of the country ' s biggest energy suppliers, have collaborated to build a greenhouse at a school in bedford. energy comparison is one way through which people can reduce their costs but installing home insulation is also very effective, cheap energy users will be interested to learn. vince cable has pledged £6. 5 million to train prospective engineers in renewable energy skills the government pledge to make progress on green issues and become the most eco - friendly government customers searching for cheap energy deals might benefit in coming years from a research centre designed to boost the offshore renewable energy sector. breaking news from energyhelpline. com : the gas & electricity switching service that compares all energy suppliers - act fast to save money on heating bills this winter property developers still have much to learn about constructing green homes, cheap gas and electricity customers might agree. domestic energy customers who receive a poor service from their energy supplier might be likely to switch gas and electricity providers. cheap gas customers who are tempted to compare energy prices might be able to keep an eye on their energy usage with a smart meter. younger families with constraints on their finances might be more inclined to compare energy prices and switch to a cheap electricity tariff. people who want to compare energy and switch gas tariffs could opt for a green energy provider, renewableuk has suggested. cheap energy customers who thought they would be safe on a fixed rate tariff might be disappointed to learn that four such deals have expired this week.


marine ecosystem services refer to benefits that people obtain from marine ecosystems, including the open ocean, coastal seas, and estuaries. more than one third of the world ' s population lives in coastal areas ( table 1 ), and people throughout the world depend intimately on the oceans and coasts, and the resources they provide, for survival and well - being. yet marine ecosystems, and the resources they provide, are increasingly threatened by land - use change, overfishing, climate change, invasion of non - native species, and other impacts of a rapidly growing human population. types of marine ecosystem services ecosystem services can be divided into several categories ( table 2 ) : provisioning services. these include food, water, timber, and fiber. more than a billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of protein. fisheries and associated industries employ 38 million people directly, and another 162 million are indirectly supported. other provisioning services from marine ecosystems include building materials from mangrove and coral reef areas, and pharmaceutical compounds derived from marine algae and invertebrates. regulating services. these include regulation of climate, natural hazards such as floods, disease, wastes, and water quality. for example, coastal wetlands play an important role in water quality regulation by capturing and filtering sediments and organic wastes in transit from inland regions to the ocean. on a global scale, fixation of atmospheric carbon by oceanic algae and its eventual deposition in deep water represents an important part of the global carbon cycle and thus influences climate trends. cultural services. these include recreational, esthetic, and spiritual benefits derived from nature. coastal tourism is the fastest - growing sector of the global tourism industry, and is a major part of the economies of many small island developing nations. scuba diving and other nature - based tourism on coral reefs, for example, is estimated to contribute $ 30 billion to the global economy each year. moreover, the cultures and traditions of many coastal peoples are intimately tied to the marine ecosystems on which they depend. supporting services. these include soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling by healthy ecosystems, which support goods and services used more directly by humans. coastal habitats such as seagrass beds and mangroves are important nursery areas for the young stages of fishes and invertebrates that support coastal communities and commercial and recreational fisheries. threats to marine ecosystems and the services they provide unsustainable use of marine resources poses serious threats to food security of many coastal nations, particularly in the developing world. destruction and degradation of coastal habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves, increases risks to


holocaust in estonia applying the german anti - jewish policy during world war ii in occupied estonia was divided into three separate parts. the first part involved the actions, led by the german security police ( jupo ) and sd, to arrest and execute local jews in estonia. the second part involved camps in the occupied territory, where jews were brought from other parts of europe, i. e. labour and educational camps and, the third part involved the vaivara complex of concentration camps. about 4400 jews lived in estonia before world war ii. in june 1941, the soviet authorities deported about 400 jews to russia. after the war broke out between germany and the soviet union, about 3000 jews left estonia with the red army. the 1000 jews who remained in estonia were arrested by the german occupying powers at the end of 1941. in most cases, the estonian policemen conducted formal investigations designed to show that the persecution was legal. by early 1942, the jews had all been secretly murdered and the wannsee conference declared estonia to be free of jews. only a few estonian jews survived the german occupation. during the war, the german authorities also brought jews to estonia from other occupied countries. the places controlled by the security police and sd ( labour and educational camps ) received jews in two stages. in the first stage, in september 1942, about 1000 mainly czech jews were brought to the jagala camp near tallinn from terezin ( theresienstadt ) in czechoslovakia and, in the second stage, about 1000 jews were brought from frankfurt am main and berlin. 400 - 500 younger jews from germany were sent to the camp. the rest, about 1600 people, were executed on the same day at kalevi - liiva. with the participation of estonian staff, a total of 1800 - 2000 people were executed at kalevi - liiva, including a few dozen estonian gypsies. of the approximately 2000 jews brought to estonia in september 1942, 74 are known to have survived the war. in june 1944, about 300 jews from the drancy concentration camp in france arrived in tallinn ; 34 survivors were evacuated in september of the same year to the stutthof concentration camp. the ss - controlled vaivara concentration camp complex existed from august 1943 until september 1944. within one year, about 10, 000 jews were brought there, mainly from lithuanian ghettoes. one third perished due to harsh living conditions in estonia or became unable to work and were sent to other camps, where they were killed. another third were evacuated in august 1944 to the stutthof


" in cosmology, it turns out that ' a galaxy a long time ago ' and ' far, far away ' really do go together, " says associate professor roger romani, who with graduate student david sowards - emmerd and professor peter michelson of stanford, and radio astronomer lincoln greenhill of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics, spotted one of the oldest supermassive black holes yet found. the scientists collaborate at the kavli institute for particle astrophysics and cosmology at stanford. " in this case, we ' re looking at [ a black hole ] far enough away that it ' s within a billion years of the origin of it all, the big bang. " the supermassive black hole sits in the center of a galaxy. a disk of stars and gas swirl around the black hole and eventually get sucked in. " that generates enormous amounts of power, enormous amounts of energy, " romani says. " it ' s far more efficient even than nuclear fusion. these gravity - powered sources are the most powerful sources in the universe. " as black holes go, this one is a messy eater. it ' s jabba the hutt, in fact, gobbling up its galaxy so quickly that not everything is making it down its throat past the point of no return - that place, called the " event horizon, " where not even light can escape gravity ' s strongest pull. the matter that doesn ' t make it past the event horizon is spewing back up in the form of accelerated high - energy particles. if a black hole amid a galaxy shoots out high - energy particles in narrow jets that just happen to be aimed at earth, astrophysicists give the whole thing a special name - " blazar. " amazingly, these blazars can be detected at nearly all energies, even at the high energy of gamma rays. in fact, distant blazars seem to dominate the gamma - ray sky and can obscure other objects of interest. pulsars, spinning neutron stars nearby in our own galaxy, can also emit gamma rays, but far fewer of them are known. romani, whose main interest is pulsars, wanted to identify and discard blazars so he could concentrate on the neutron stars. " i got started working on the blazars as a way of culling the wheat from the chaff, " romani says. " but then the chaff proved just as interesting. " in preparation for a mission that is scheduled


stars. " i got started working on the blazars as a way of culling the wheat from the chaff, " romani says. " but then the chaff proved just as interesting. " in preparation for a mission that is scheduled to launch in 2007, the co - authors have surveyed 200 blazars ; eventually they hope to survey 2, 000. the mission, led by michelson, will use the gamma ray large area space telescope ( glast ) to study high - energy sources of radiation in the universe, such as supermassive black holes, merging neutron stars and hot streams of gas moving at nearly the speed of light. it is funded by nasa, the u. s. department of energy and government agencies in france, italy, japan and sweden. " something really new is waiting to be found in the gamma - ray sky, " romani says. " if we could identify all the blazars, tag the pulsars - the things that are left over, that ' s where the really new discoveries will be. " in photographs, blazars look just like stars. so how do scientists spot them? the co - authors first identified gamma rays seen by the energetic gamma ray experiment telescope ( egret ), a glast precursor initiated by stanford physics professor robert hofstadter in the 1970s and subsequently directed by michelson. greenhill led the effort to obtain radio images of the blazar jet using the very long baseline array ( vlba ). funded by the national science foundation and operated by the national radio astronomy observatory, the vlba is essentially a radio camera. it consists of 10 dish antennas - 25 meters wide and distributed from hawaii across the united states to st. croix - slaved together with computers to create a composite image with a resolution greenhill calls " comparable to what they would get with a single antenna about as large as a continent. " to find out how far away the blazar was, romani and sowards - emmerd used the hobby - eberly telescope ( het ), an optical instrument in a remote part of texas, to obtain spectral patterns of visible and infrared light. het is a joint project of the university of texas at austin, pennsylvania state university, stanford, ludwig - maximilians - universitat munchen and georg - august - universitat gottingen. spectroscopy reveals signatures of elements in a galaxy ' s gases. elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen radiate at


, stanford, ludwig - maximilians - universitat munchen and georg - august - universitat gottingen. spectroscopy reveals signatures of elements in a galaxy ' s gases. elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen radiate at specific energies, or equivalently at specific wavelengths. a consequence of cosmic expansion is that those wavelengths get shifted to the red part of the spectrum, or " red - shifted, " if an object is extremely far away. the red shift corresponds to age. " the higher that number, the smaller the universe was when the light was emitted - hence, the earlier you ' re talking about, " romani explains. the hobby - eberly telescope told the researchers that the red shift of their blazar was 5. 5. this high number told them this was not just some star in our backyard ; it was an enormous source of energy shining from way across the universe. " it ' s amazing to find something so interesting and unique in a relatively small survey, " says sowards - emmerd, who re - analyzed egret data to select the targets examined by het and analyzed the optical data. " we immediately realized that a high - redshift blazar and gamma - ray source would allow us to test our understanding of relativistic radio jets and their interaction with the cosmic microwave background leftover from the big bang, " greenhill says. " it ' s a searchlight that ' s set so far away that it illuminates matter and radiation all the way between us, between time one billion years after the big bang and now, " romani says. " if you can detect it with a gamma - ray telescope, you have a handle on the birth of stars and galaxies between then and now that you never had before. " scientists are currently stymied about how a black hole could have gotten so big so fast. how do you take something big enough to hold 1, 000 solar systems and as heavy as all of the stars in our milky way galaxy put together, and quickly crunch - collapse it? scientists think the universe formed 13. 7 billion years ago with the big bang. the distance of the blazar indicates it formed a billion years after that. " what ' s interesting about a billion years after the big bang is that this marks the end of the ' dark age, " ' romani says. " the universe first formed with an enormous flash of light and heat - that ' s the big bang - and then cooled off. and


billion years after the big bang is that this marks the end of the ' dark age, " ' romani says. " the universe first formed with an enormous flash of light and heat - that ' s the big bang - and then cooled off. and everything ' s dark for about a billion years. and toward the end of that period, the first stars and black holes and galaxies start collapsing and forming and turning on. we talk about that as the end of the dark age. so it ' s very interesting, and this is one of the big pushes in cosmology, to find objects back in the tail end of the dark age, when things are first lighting up, and then to use those to figure out how everything we have in the universe formed. " in the next year, the scientists hope to use the vlba to take a better picture of the jet detected with radio waves and then observe its x - ray spectrum. this will help illuminate the matter between the supermassive black hole and earth, clarify the black hole ' s size and characterize the jet ' s material as it moves away from the black hole at nearly the speed of light. " studying these things gives us a window into the sort of physical processes that we can ' t yet control here on earth, " romani says. " they ' re the extremes of physics. " those extremes fascinate romani. " pulsars are, i think, the most extreme objects in our universe, " he says. these cores of dead stars have collapsed, but not far enough to form an event horizon, so they are just short of turning into black holes. they are the densest things in the measurable universe. they have the strongest magnetic fields. their surfaces have extremely high temperatures. they are cosmic accelerators that speed particles to the highest energies known. so far, scientists have found only a handful of gamma - ray pulsars, and romani is particularly excited about glast as a means of hunting down more in the milky way. " i ' m particularly interested in ways in which you could find extreme physics out there in the cosmos and get a handle on physics of the 22nd or 23rd century by seeing what ' s going on in the sky. " by dawn levy comment : roger romani, physics : ( 650 ) 725 - 7595, firstname. lastname @ example. org editors : a photo of the researchers is available at http : / / newsphotos. stanford. edu. relevant web urls


baltimore, md — the ability of embryonic stem cells to differentiate into different types of cells with different functions is regulated and maintained by a complex series of chemical interactions, which are not well understood. learning more about this process could prove useful for stem cell - based therapies down the road. new research from a team led by carnegie ' s yixian zheng zeroes in on the process by which stem cells maintain their proper undifferentiated state. their results are published in cell october 26. embryonic stem cells go through a process called self - renewal, wherein they undergo multiple cycles of division while not differentiating into any other type of cells. this process is dependent on three protein networks, which guide both self - renewal and eventual differentiation. but the integration of these three networks has remained a mystery. using a combination of genetic, protein - oriented and physiological approaches involving mouse embryonic stem cells, the team — which also included current and former carnegie scientists junling jia, xiaobin zheng, junqi zhang, anying zhang, and hao jiang — uncovered a mechanism that integrates all three networks involved in embryonic stem cell self - renewal and provide a critical missing link to understanding this process. the key is a protein called utf1. it serves three important roles. first, it balances between activating and deactivating the necessary genes to direct the cell toward differentiation. at the same time, it acts on messenger rna that is the transcription product of the genes when they ' re activated by tagging it for degradation, rather than allowing it to continue to serve its cellular function. lastly, it blocks a genetic feedback loop that normally inhibits cellular proliferation, allowing it to occur in the rapid nature characteristic of embryonic stem cells. " we are slowly but surely growing to understand the physiology of embryonic stem cells, " zheng said. " it is crucial that we continue to carrying out basic research on how these cells function. " non - carnegie co - authors on the paper include gangquing hu, kairong cui, chengyu liu and keji zhao of the national institutes of health ; and john yates iii and bingwen lu of the scripps research institute, the latter of whom is now at pfizer. this research was supported by nih, nhlbi intramural research, hhmi, and the cystic fibrosis foundation therapeutics inc. the carnegie institution for science is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in washington, d. c., with six research departments throughout the u


first congenital chagas case in u. s. reported boy ' s mother said that she was diagnosed with the chagas disease during a previous pregnancy, and was not treated for the disease, as well as having no signs or symptoms. reviewed by robert jasmer, md friday, july 6, 2012 ( medpage today ) — a virginia boy born almost a year ago is the first case of congenital chagas disease reported in the u. s., according to the cdc. the boy was delivered by cesarean section at 29 weeks gestation in august 2010 after he was found to have fetal hydrops, the accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal compartments, the agency reported in the july 6 issue of morbidity and mortality weekly report. in the second week after birth, his mother – a 31 - year - old immigrant from bolivia – told physicians she had been previously diagnosed with chagas and testing of the infant revealed evidence of trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes the disease, which is transmitted to humans by blood - sucking insects. these insects are often called " kissing bugs " because they tend to bite people on the lips. the boy is " the first documented congenital transmission of t cruzi in the united states, " the cdc reported, adding, " additional, but unrecognized, cases likely exist. " the cdc said the boy ' s case is a reminder of the need for greater awareness of the disorder among healthcare providers. the boy was born with ascitic fluid in the peritoneal cavity, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion, the agency noted, and his physicians carried out a range of tests to discover the cause. blood tests for toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, and cytomegalovirus were negative, as were genetic tests for cytomegalovirus and enterovirus, a malaria smear, and a hepatitis panel. antibodies to herpes simplex virus were present, but cultures and genetic testing for viral nucleic acid were negative. the boy was treated empirically with acyclovir ( zovirax ) and given five days of ampicillin ( principen ) and gentamicin ( garamycin ) for presumed sepsis. but testing for the parasite did not take place until the mother told doctors she had been diagnosed with the disease during a previous pregnancy in bolivia and had not been treated. t cruzi trypomastigotes — the


) for presumed sepsis. but testing for the parasite did not take place until the mother told doctors she had been diagnosed with the disease during a previous pregnancy in bolivia and had not been treated. t cruzi trypomastigotes — the extracellular form of the parasite — were found in a blood smear, serologic tests for antibodies against the parasite were positive, and polymerase chain reaction testing for t cruzi was strongly positive, the cdc reported. after a 60 - day course of benznidazole, the boy ' s symptoms cleared up and at 10 months repeat testing for the parasite was negative. benznidazole and nifurtimox, the anti - parasitic drugs used to treat chagas disease, are not approved in the u. s., but are available through the cdc for use under investigational protocols. testing of the mother showed she had chagas disease, although she had no signs or symptoms and her electrocardiogram was normal. the incidence of such cases is not well understood, the cdc noted, although an estimate based on home - country prevalence and birth rates among immigrants from areas where chagas is endemic suggests between 65 and 315 congenital transmissions a year in the u. s. the agency noted that u. s. obstetrician - gynecologists have " limited knowledge " of the disease, adding increased awareness is needed, especially among those who treat pregnant women from mexico and south and central america who might be at risk. one difficulty, the cdc added, is that congenital t cruzi infection " has no specific clinical signs " and infected newborns may have no symptoms or only very subtle ones. but " even severe disease might not be recognized because of the lack of defining clinical features and because the diagnosis is not considered, " the agency said. on the other hand, treatment in the first few weeks of life has a cure rate of more than 90 percent, the cdc reported. chagas was at the center of a controversy last month when a tropical medicine specialist called the disease the " new hiv / aids of the americas. " peter hotez, md, dean of baylor college of medicine ' s national school of tropical medicine in houston, wrote in an editorial that there were notable similarities between people living with chagas and those living with hiv / aids. " based on the chronic morbidities and high mortalities, the prolonged and expensive treatment courses, the lack of therapeutic options, and barriers to access to essential medicines, a patient living with chagas disease faces


it ’ s becoming more common, although many parents fear the diagnosis. children are becoming overweight in startling numbers. there are many factors helping to cause the growing problem, but it is up to parents to help their child learn to live a healthier life style. if you are overweight yourself, helping your child will most likely help you as well. get the right attitude if your child is overweight, it is likely a scenario you ’ ve caused by overlooking a poor diet or lack of activity. if you ’ re overweight, even if you ’ re comfortable with your weight, you ’ ve passed on future health problems and possibly self esteem issues to your child by not helping them learn to eat and exercise properly. you can ’ t resolve a problem like this overnight and it is not the child ’ s problem to solve. the family is unhealthy or you ’ ve allowed at least one member to become unhealthy, so now the family must rally together to change lifestyles and regain focus on good health and proper nutrition. assess the damage it ’ s likely you realised there was a problem when you took your child to the doctor or to buy new clothes. if you didn ’ t realise your child was becoming overweight, you ’ re in a prime position to resolve the issue. but before you can start a new, healthy lifestyle, you must assess and eliminate the negative aspects of your current one. keep track for a few days of what each member of your household is eating. how much food goes into your child ’ s mouth and what is it? ask what she eats for lunch every day and press her for an honest answer. also keep track of everyone ’ s physical activity. try not to pad your notes with good intentions. good intentions didn ’ t get your family into this situation. you need to know the facts. be honest, even if its painful and shocking. make a plan to create a healthier diet, you would do very well to find healthier versions of foods your children already like to eat. by doing away with chicken nuggets and macaroni, you ’ re opening yourself up to tantrums and food strikes. instead, learn to make your own breaded chicken nuggets so you can skip the fried variety and make macaroni using whole grain noodles and organic cheeses. you can make your food change subtly over time, or call the family together to announce the new plan. when speaking of your new healthy diet, try very hard to avoid mentioning anyone ’ s weight


##aroni using whole grain noodles and organic cheeses. you can make your food change subtly over time, or call the family together to announce the new plan. when speaking of your new healthy diet, try very hard to avoid mentioning anyone ’ s weight – except maybe your own – and leave your kids out of it. you want the family to be healthier, so you ’ re going to prepare things a bit healthier and there will be different kinds of snacks around. make no mention of weight loss. include activities that are fun for kids to help keep them moving. bring home a dancing game for the video system or sign your child up for an activity that he ’ d really like to play such as hockey or basketball. take family bike rides and walks, or drive out on the weekends for family hikes. make activities a part of everyone ’ s life so that they become fun and second nature – not punishment or work. what happens next when adults change diets and start excising, they lose weight. your child might not lose weight, however. children who are still growing need quite a few calories a day to give them energy and fuel. by changing a child ’ s diet, you are not necessarily taking away calories, but you are replacing empty calories with better food choices. the calories your child is consuming will likely fall because the food items are less calorie laden. but as your child grows, his weight might stay close to the same amount rather than increase. this means that he ’ ll simply be growing into his weight. if your child is very overweight, it is very likely that he will lose weight, especially when he starts exercising. when trying to help an overweight child, your goal is not to put the child on a diet. by teaching the child to eat properly and exercise, you ’ re simply changing the child ’ s pathways for the future. exercise will burn off fat and help built muscle, and the healthier diet will keep your child full of calories that help him grow into a healthy, strong young adult.


expert answers on finding your ancestors ' census enumeration districts. what ' s an enumeration district? an enumeration district ( ed for short ) is an administrative division of a particular county or township for the purposes of census - taking. each census taker would be assigned one or more eds, each of which was designated with a number. at one time, to find your ancestor ' s census return, you ’ d have to identify which roll of census microfilm contained the right ed. now that us censuses have been indexed by name, people don ’ t have to identify eds the way they used to. but you may find eds handy for a few reasons : - if you can ’ t find a household in records for a database site such as ancestry. com, you can browse by ed ( in ancestry. com, choose a census year, then scroll below the search box to pick a state, county or township ; a ward ; then an ed ). - enumerators didn ' t always proceed through their eds in orderly fashion : rather than go down one side of the street and up the other, they might cross back and forth or double back to places where no one was home. but you can compare a census return to a map of the corresponding ed to plot the neighborhood and see who lived next to - when the 1940 census comes out in 2012, a name index won ' t be available right away — but while you wait, you ' ll be able to find your ancestors ' records using the ed. to identify your ancestor ' s enumeration district, you ’ ll need to know the state, city and street name, and possibly a street number. then, try these tools : - stephen p. morse ’ s website has ed finding tools for the 1900 to 1940 censuses. start by reading this overview to see which ed - finding tool you need ( the 1940 tutorial quiz asks you a series of questions that will lead you to the ancestor ' s ed ). morse ’ s site also offers tools for ed number conversions between 1920 and 1930 censuses, and 1930 and 1940. - nara has put ed information for each census on microfilm. series a3378 has ed maps for 1900 through 1940 ; series t1224 has descriptions for 1830 through 1890, and 1910 through 1950. t1210 has ed text descriptions for the 1900 census. learn more about finding ancestors in the us census with these tools from family tree magazine :


during the recession, most businesses operated under the assumption that in order to save money, they would have to do more work with fewer employees. as a general rule, this was true. workplace productivity jumped throughout the downturn. but at the project level, the theory fell down. under - staffed projects invariably stumbled, incurring costly delays or even failing completely - - quickly erasing any labor cost - savings. managers found out that the “ less is more ” attitude often doomed projects from the start. in actuality, the more cost - effective move would have been to allocate enough resources before the work got underway. sure, hindsight is 20 / 20. but how do you figure out why a project ran aground and what the problems ’ root causes were? how do you examine a modern corporation, an incredibly complex system, and diagnose where the seeds of failure were sown? system dynamics, a modeling technique out of mit, attempts to do just that. it offers a holistic approach to understanding the behaviors of complex systems over time, through diagnosis of causal relationships. applicable across all industries, systems thinking can be particularly useful at the project level - - helping managers hone in on internal feedback loops and potential time delays that may impact a project ’ s outcome. at the most basic level, systems thinking seeks to correct a natural, but dangerous human tendency : the fundamental attribution error. it has always been easier to target a person as the reason why a project failed, but if the underlying system isn ’ t designed for success, it won ’ t matter who ’ s sitting in the manager ’ s chair. systems thinking moves beyond the blame game to find out what really happened. this school of thought applies to management a fairly recent observation in the sciences : linear relationships in nature, including human nature, are exceedingly rare. different from just analyzing outputs, systems thinking seeks an orderly way for managers to analyze all aspects of organizational dynamics that can affect a project team ’ s ability to be successful. by properly identifying these variables and studying the interactions between them within an organizational system, managers can figure out the positive and negative consequences that result from mixing certain components. when systems thinking experts enter a project that ’ s listing heavily, they immediately set up a structure to accurately diagnose problems. they typically look at a large number of variables, but there are a few issues that they encounter more frequently than others. - late to the game : “ less is more ” has come to mean doing more work with fewer people - - or


problems. they typically look at a large number of variables, but there are a few issues that they encounter more frequently than others. - late to the game : “ less is more ” has come to mean doing more work with fewer people - - or, simply put - - working harder. but attempts to staff projects with fewer people will invariably backfire, as fatigue and stress take their toll on your employees. and, throwing more people at the problem when you ’ re late to the game will only make matters worse, as it disrupts the productivity of the project team. in order to set up the system for success, managers should create brutally honest resource plans during the project - planning phase, and gather enough sponsorship among upper level management ( those who control and supply resources ) in order to ensure that the project remains a high priority. - competing work priorities and conflicting directives : take a look at the org chart. if every manager above the employee isn ’ t informed of the project, its importance and its timeline, the work will fall to the wayside. looking at a map of a botched project, you ’ d be surprised how often failure to secure buy - in from all affected managers was the cause of a poor outcome. the trickle - down effect is very real : if a team member ’ s supervisors ( even those outside of the project ) don ’ t support the work, they will direct their staff away from executing it and prioritize work that fits their own individual incentives. as few companies are able to dedicate full - time resources to a project, employees recruited to work on specific projects often find themselves embroiled in a battle between their day - to - day responsibilities and new, extra duties. avoid intra - office contradiction by collecting all necessary “ signatures ” first, and ensuring that incentives exist for all managers in the organization to support the work. - checks and balances : the problem with diagnosing a systemic problem from within is that there ’ s typically a sizeable delay between cause and effect. this is particularly true of long - term projects. flaws that occur early are often identified too late, well after there ’ s a relatively easy fix. at the onset of any major assignment, set up a completely separate quality assurance function. also, provide incentives for project team members to identify problems, not hide them. for a more formalized process, you can pass work through an objective qa employee or department for review. having a separate quality assurance team can increase the likelihood of detecting issues early, and act as an


members to identify problems, not hide them. for a more formalized process, you can pass work through an objective qa employee or department for review. having a separate quality assurance team can increase the likelihood of detecting issues early, and act as an insurance policy against costly overruns. - need for feedback : humans need feedback and a sense of purpose in order to remain motivated. however, in large, enterprise systems projects with lengthy timelines, it ’ s often hard to see immediate progress, and the very act of learning how to use a new it system can be a very frustrating experience - - especially if training is an after - thought. missing this piece can have devastating effects on the morale of your project team. for this reason, it ’ s very important that all members of a project team understand the importance of what they ’ re doing, and that managers provide a constant stream of support and feedback to their employees. a well designed communications and training plan is the hallmark of any key change initiative, and will increase your chances of success by many orders of magnitude. figuring out where a project went wrong hinges on your understanding of the underlying dynamics ; the beauty of systems thinking is that it allows you to examine beyond surface causes and dive straight to the root of the problems. intuition alone won ’ t deliver you to those conclusions. by systematically outlining the various potential feedback loops of your working system, this approach yields invaluable counter intuition that can salvage your current project, or guarantee that your next one will be a success. liz larsen is director of consulting services at navint partners, where she oversees the delivery of services relating to large - scale business change. she has an mba from the mit sloan school of management, where she was a member of its inaugural executive mba class. [ image : flickr user rawhead rex ]


at home and back - to - school stop enjoying outdoor activities, just learn some simple yet effective prevention measures to reduce the risks, including precautions for children participating in before and after school activities. check with your local school district for more information. use insect repellent with deet when outdoors... in the backwoods and in the back yard! the west nile virus is carried long distances by infected birds and then spread locally by mosquitoes that bite these birds. the mosquitoes can then pass the virus to humans when they bite. avoid mosquitoes by keeping kids indoors at dawn and dusk when the bugs are most active. mosquitoes are not active during the heat of the day. have kids wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants while outdoors. babies can be protected from mosquitoes by covering their carrier in mosquito netting or thin fabric. q. is deet safe for use on children? a. repellent products must state any age restriction on the label. if there is none, the epa has not required a restriction on the use of the product. you may apply a product containing up to 30 % deet on any child over two months of age. do not let children apply it themselves, and be sure everyone washes their hands well so that they do not get anything in their eyes or mouth. always follow directions carefully. q. is oil of lemon eucalyptus safe for use on children? a. according to the label, oil of lemon eucalyptus products should not be used on children under 3 years of age. american academy of pediatrics link lay eggs in still water, which hatch in 7 to 10 days. if standing water is eliminated around the house or school weekly, many mosquitoes will be kept from breeding in the first place... and with fewer mosquitoes, everyone can have more fun outdoors! standing water in ponds, ditches, clogged rain gutters, flower pots, plant saucers, puddles, buckets, garden equipment and cans. check for items that might hold water including toys, pool covers, tarps, plastic sheeting, boats, canoes and trash. drill drainage holes in tire swings. in wading pools weekly. a personal protection tip sheet a home and garden checklist • print a brochure here to go to our kid ' s page with west nile virus educational • deet - products • new repellents approved ( cdc ) a deet brochure • deet online website and folk remedies note : even in areas where the virus is circulating


because of its political alliances with nazi germany and fascist italy, after the axis defeat in 1945 spain became a pariah in democratized europe. the reactionary tendencies in spanish culture that resulted from this isolation changed with the us binational treaty of 1951, which coincided with the reorganization of franco ' s cabinet that established a film office in the ministry of information and tourism. the office ' s director, jose maria garcia escudero, championed jose antonio nieves conde ' s film surcos ( furrows, 1951 ), granting it a " special interest " subsidy, only to find the voices of old - guard conservatism condemning the film ' s " sordid " neorealist visual style and social content. opponents argued that juan de orduna ' s historical epic of columbus ' s journeys to the new world, alba de america ( american dawn, 1951 ), was a more appropriate reflection of national values. the scandal eventually led to garcia ecudero ' s departure from his post. the rest of the decade was, in fact, a replay of the clash between conservative and modernizing forces within the government and the film industry. the persistence of traditionalist cultural values was reflected in the popularity of melodramatic, pseudoreligious films during the early 1950s, best epitomized by the most widely acclaimed work of this reactionary genre : ladislao vajda ' s marcelino, pan y vino ( the miracle of marcelino, 1955 ). the film owes its popularity as much to the presence of the child actor pablito calvo as to the presumed religiosity of its narrative and theme. other child actors who sustained similar box - office appeal for otherwise negligible films include marisol ( pepa flores ) and joselito. the spanish brand of contemporary comedy, which had endured throughout the previous decade, now became a vehicle for veiled social criticism of the regime ' s policies. the earliest example of this potent genre is the debut film of juan antonio bardem ( 1922 – 2002 ) and luis garcia berlanga ( b. 1921 ), esa pareja feliz ( that happy pair, 1953 ), a light comedy that highlighted the hard economic times of the early 1950s in the travails of a newlywed couple. while bardem went on to specialize in more political works, such as the tense melodrama muerte de un ciclista ( age of infidelity, 1955 ), berlanga '


##avails of a newlywed couple. while bardem went on to specialize in more political works, such as the tense melodrama muerte de un ciclista ( age of infidelity, 1955 ), berlanga ' s career evolved through ingenious social comedies. bienvenido, mister marshall ( welcome, mister marshall, 1953 ), the most beloved spanish popular film of the past half - century, is a satirical look at cultural mores and the ineptitude of the regime ; los jueves, milagro ( miracles of thursday, 1957 ) satirizes church bureaucracy and false miracles. berlanga ' s subsequent social comedies, placido ( 1961 ) and el verdugo ( the executioner, 1963 ), take sharp aim at institutionalized charity and the spanish style of execution, respectively. thus, over the decade, the narrative and visual style of one of spain ' s most beloved filmmakers moved to progressively more scathing indictments of the spirit and everyday practices of francoist culture. working with berlanga ' s script collaborator, rafael azcona, italian - born marco ferreri ( 1928 – 1997 ) created two of the blackest social comedies of the period : el pisito ( the little apartment, 1959 ) and el cochecito ( the wheelchair, 1960 ). social criticism in these films was rooted in the spanish variation of italian neorealism, which often used black humor to portray the long - suffering working class and the economic hardships to which they had become conditioned. this tendency achieves its blackest images in ferreri ' s the wheelchair, in which an old pensioner poisons his family after they prevent him from buying a motorized wheelchair. veering away from the comedic genre, carlos saura ' s ( b. 1932 ) debut feature, los golfos ( the delinquents, 1962 ), arguably the strongest expression of spanish neorealism, depicts the plight of youthful members of the urban underclass whose sense of frustration in late - 1950s madrid leads them to petty robberies. seemingly disconnected from ferreri ' s or berlanga ' s middle - class characters, saura ' s protagonists nonetheless reveal a spiritual kinship to the same defiant spirit of social criticism that mark the neorealist comedies of the period.


to make sure that our fisheries are managed well and that fish stocks remain in a healthy state into the future, we need to understand the behaviour of fish and figure out how many there are in each stock. we need to understand how fast they grow, how they reproduce, and how they interact with other fish species and the environment. there are scientists who research all this information for the fish species in our waters. why is research important? there are many fisheries in our exclusive economic zone ( eez ) that are important to both commercial and recreational fishers. these fisheries range from coastal species such as rock lobster, blue cod, snapper, and kahawai to deep - water fisheries, such as orange roughy, hoki, and oreo. if a fishery is over - fished, it can take a very long time for the fish to rebuild their population. the government uses information from scientists ’ research to work out how many fish can be caught in each fishery without over - fishing, and sets catch limits for each fishery to help protect the fish. how do scientists research fish stocks? fish stocks are difficult to measure because the fish move around a lot and may live on the seafloor at depths of more than 1000 metres. scientists use a wide range of research techniques to monitor fish stocks including : 1. trawl surveys in trawl surveys, a large trawl net is towed along the bottom of the sea to catch deep - water fish like orange roughy and hoki. the number of fish caught in the net gives an indication of how many fish are in that area, and what their average weight might be. fish move around and live in different areas, so there will be large areas where no fish are found and other areas where lots of fish are found. it would be too expensive to trawl over the whole area where a fish species is thought to live. tagging helps show the movements of fish like snapper, kahawai, and school shark. when fish are caught, details such as their length and weight are recorded and a small tag is attached to them ( it ’ s either inserted internally or clipped on externally ), then they are returned alive to the sea. the tag has a serial number and an address on it. if fishers catch a tagged fish, they should return at least the tag ( and usually the fish as well ) with details about where and when they caught the fish. because the scientists know where and when the fish was tagged, they can work out where the fish travelled


if you have little time to spend at the gym, then circuit weight training is for you! circuit training is a session that involves a group of exercises that strengthens your major muscle groups, such as your quadriceps, hamstrings, biceps, triceps, abs and gluts, to give maximum results in a short amount of time. the key to circuit training is to do one set of each exercise and then repeat those same exercises again, allowing your muscles to exert themselves longer by giving them more time to relax. before you start circuit weight training, read these tips : 1. know your machine adjustments if you are doing circuit training on machines, it is important to adjust the machine to fit your size correctly. if the machine is not set up for your body size, then you may not be performing the exercise properly. there are usually posters set up by each machine to show how adjustments may be made to a piece of equipment. if there isn ’ t a poster, ask a fitness consultant at your gym for assistance. 2. know your limits it is important to know how much weight your legs, for example, can handle so you don ’ t end up causing an injury. it is better to start off at a lighter weight and then increase the resistance as you get stronger. try recording the weight you use for each exercise, so at your next session you aren ’ t wasting time figuring out the right resistance. also, make notes on how you felt. if a weight was easy during a rep, write it down so you know to add two to five pounds next time. 3. constantly change the routine don ’ t get in a habit of using the same machine for a muscle group ; and don ’ t forget about free weights. there are so many exercises to choose from that will work one muscle group, so try a different one each session for that week. this will help prevent a fitness plateau. 4. add cardio into the mix even though circuit training is primarily to work on strengthening muscles, it doesn ’ t hurt to ad five minutes of cardio in between circuits to help burn more fat. try doing jumping jacks, jumping rope, running in place, or if possible, climbing stairs. 5. allow your muscles to fully recover make sure to rest the full day following a session ( this doesn ’ t mean you can ’ t do any type of cardio exercise ). this is extremely important because it allows your muscles to rebuild and strengthen. so, if you circuit trained on monday, you wouldn


the impact of the food for life partnership independent research, summarised in a new report ‘ good food for all ’ reveals the success of five years of the food for life partnership. the partnership is working with over 4, 500 schools and communities across england to transform food culture. the evidence from three independent research studies focuses in particular on four main areas of impact : children ’ s health, tackling inequalities, improving education, and local enterprise and sustainability. good food for all read about the impact of the food for life partnership in its first five years of funding by the big lottery. download our evaluation report hear from food for life partnership schools good for improving education - more than twice as many fflp primary schools received an ofsted rating of outstanding following their participation ( 37. 2 % compared to 17. 3 % outstanding pre - enrolment ). headteachers reported a positive impact on pupil behaviour, attention and attainment. - inspectors have recognised the positive role of fflp in supporting personal development and wellbeing : 67. 1 % of schools felt the programme had a clear impact on their ofsted report in terms of pupils ’ personal development and well - being. good for children ’ s health - the programme is associated with changes in eating habits, with an increase in the proportion of primary school - age children reporting eating five portions of fruit or vegetables a day by 5 percentage points to 21 % ( those reporting eating four or more portions rose by 12 percentage points to 49 % ). and 45 % of parents said the family is eating more vegetables, with 43 % switching to healthier and more sustainable choices in the shopping basket. good for tackling inequalities - disadvantaged pupils are benefiting : over a two - year period, free school meal take - up went up 13 percentage points in fflp schools, 20. 9 % in secondary schools, and by 21 % across the board in schools achieving our silver or gold award. nationally, over 20 % of primary school pupils and 30 % of secondary school pupils eligible for healthy free school meals choose not to eat them for reasons including fear of stigma and the lure of fast food outlets. good for local enterprise and sustainability - school meal take - up rose by 5 percentage points over two years, making them more cost effective - over £3 in social, economic and environmental value was created for every £1 spent on food for life menus, mostly in the form of new jobs in the local economy. the independent evaluation team :


coeliac disease & gluten intolerance coeliac disease is caused by gluten intolerance. it affects a number of children and adults where populations have relied for centuries on foods containing gluten. many persons remain unaware of its presence and continue to suffering its various symptoms when they can be avoided. other non coeliac person remain to suffer unnecessarily. coeliac ( celiac ) disease is a life - long inflammatory disease of the upper small intestine caused by intolerance to the gluten affecting many genetically susceptible individuals worldwide. gluten is a protein found in wheat, and other similar proteins found in rye, barley and oats. these proteins damage the small finger - like projections ( villi ) that line the small intestine ( see figure 1 ), resembling a pile in a carpet, and play a significant role in digestion. when damaged and inflamed, the villi are unable to absorb water and nutrients such as vitamins, folic acid, iron and calcium. this causes the coeliac to be susceptible to a variety of other conditions related to malabsorption, including lactose intolerance. clinical and mucosal recovery after institution of a gluten free diet is objective evidence that the enteropathy is gluten induced. causes & mechanism the causes are presently presumed to be : - genetic susceptibility to the illness. - a trigger, which could be one of : - an environmental agent, probably a virus or other infection - possible exposure to gluten as a young baby before the gut barrier has developed fully. this association is currently under investigation. the timing of the first exposure to gluten is also thought to be important. babies who were introduced to wheat, barley, or rye at any time in the first three months had five times the risk of developing coeliac over those exposed at 4 to 6 months. those exposed later had a slightly increased risk relative to those exposed at 4 - 6 months. gluten is a mixture of two proteins, gliadin and glutenin which when mixed with water it becomes sticky and so forms the familiar texture of dough made from wheat and rye flour. figure 1 : healthy villi of the small intestine seen under the microscope. figure 2 : damaged villi of the small intestine. figure 3 : villi completely destroyed by the immune system. all pictures from netdoctor. com, courtesy of prof pj


of the small intestine seen under the microscope. figure 2 : damaged villi of the small intestine. figure 3 : villi completely destroyed by the immune system. all pictures from netdoctor. com, courtesy of prof pj ciclitira. as gluten is ingested and comes into contact with the villi covering the lining of the small intestine the immune system mistakenly attacks the villi by antibody production as if it was a ' foreign ' organism. antibodies are important defence proteins that have the ability to attach themselves to unfamiliar antigens, the enemy, such as bacteria or cancerous cells and trigger other reactions in order to destroy the offending organism or cell. in this case and in all other autoimmune diseases, a ' friendly fire ' occurs the immune system fails to recognise the villi. figure 1 shows a microscopic view of healthy villi attached to the lining of the small intestine. the antibodies are so potent that with immediate effect damage occurs ( see figure 2 ) and unless gluten is removed from the diet they are eventually destroyed ( see figure 3 ). apart from the inability to absorb nutrients, damaged lining to the small intestine has other negative results. it is unable to produce sufficient digestive enzymes essential to break down foods for complete digestion and absorption, such as lactose and carbohydrates. large components of foods remain in the digestive tracts unabsorbed which are in turn fermented by bacteria living naturally in our digestive tract and ideal conditions causing cramps, gas, bloating, flatulence and diarrhoea. see related food intolerance pages for more information and how to supplement your diet with enzymes to avoid these symptoms. more symptoms explained below. symptoms & signs coeliac disease has many and varied symptoms, and adult symptoms are different from those of children. a range of symptoms and signs may be associated with untreated coeliac disease. diarrhoea is one of the most common symptoms to affect people of all ages with coeliac disease. children may not gain weight or grow properly, while adults may find they lose weight. malabsorption may also leave people tired and weak, because of anaemia caused by iron or folate deficiency. - chronic diarrhoea - abdominal distension - poor feeding - poor weight gain - muscle wasting. - chronic diarrhoea or constipation - poor weight gain or growth - poor feeding - muscle wasting.


folate deficiency. - chronic diarrhoea - abdominal distension - poor feeding - poor weight gain - muscle wasting. - chronic diarrhoea or constipation - poor weight gain or growth - poor feeding - muscle wasting. - chronic diarrhea - weight loss rather than suffering from bowel problems, half of coeliac sufferers approach their doctor because of extreme tiredness and psychological problems such as depression, bone pain and sometimes even fractures ( due to thinning of the bones ), ulcers in the mouth or a blistering, itchy skin rash mostly on the elbows and knees ( called dermatitis herpetiformis ). coeliac disease may be the cause for some women having difficulty getting pregnant. recurrent miscarriage ( spontaneous loss of a pregnancy ) may also be attributed to coeliac disease. women with coeliac disease may become diagnosed during pregnancy because their bowel cannot absorb enough iron and vitamins to keep up with the demand of being pregnant, making them severely anaemic. babies who are small for their age in the womb ( intrauterine growth retardation ) are more frequently born to mothers with coeliac disease. coeliac disease is reported to be most common in ireland at a rate of 1 in 100 people. reviews about the rate in uk vary from 1 in 100 persons to 1 in 300. with a diagnosis of 1 in 250, italy also has a high rate. reports about the incidence in us vary as well, ranging from 1 per 133 to 1 per 500. however, it is more likely to be similar to the rage of the uk. some researchers have suggested that up to 10 - 15 % of persons may have some form of gluten intolerance but most of them either have no digestive - tract symptoms at all or they are so minor that go unnoticed. a large number of these can be non coeliac gluten intolerant. another problem is that many can go misdiagnosed because persons going for coeliac blood tests present themselves on a gluten free diet, hence antibodies are not present in their blood and tests prove false negative. it ' s also known that the condition runs in families and was once thought to affect only children. however, many adults are now being diagnosed with the disease. it ' s particularly common between the ages of 30 and 45 ; men and women seem to be affected equally. coeliac disease is sometimes associated with other conditions including type 1 ( insulin -


however, many adults are now being diagnosed with the disease. it ' s particularly common between the ages of 30 and 45 ; men and women seem to be affected equally. coeliac disease is sometimes associated with other conditions including type 1 ( insulin - dependent ) diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease and ulcerative colitis. some reports claim that people from the west of ireland are more often affected, as are those from the punjab region of india, pakistan, the middle east and north africa. breastfeeding and delaying the introduction of foods containing gluten until after four months is suggested to prevent children from developing coeliac disease. this would avoid exposure to gluten as a young baby before the gut barrier has developed fully. this association is currently under investigation and a definitive way to stop the disease from developing is not known yet. coeliac disease comes in a variation of strengths, where some people are more severely affected than others. presently the only treatment is a life - long gluten - free diet. in the vast majority of patients, a strict gluten - free diet will relieve the symptoms. a tiny minority of patients suffer from refractory sprue, which means they do not improve on a gluten - free diet. this may be because the disease has been present for so long that the intestines are no longer able to heal. in other patients, the intestinal damage of coeliac disease may have been aggravated by other problems, such as intolerance to the dietary proteins found in eggs, milk, or soy. clinical trials are underway for a medication that can be taken by coeliacs before eating gluten that will protect against an auto - immune reaction, and hence prevent intestinal damage ( read article ) phase ii trials are expected to begin as early as the summer of 2006. recently in the u. s. researchers developed an enzyme that is able to break down the protein associated with gluten intolerance and inflammation of the upper digestive tract, causing damage to the villi. on a better note, for several years glutenzyme has been available in the uk. it is an enzyme protease produced from natural resources ( suitable for vegans ) that is able to break down the gluten protein, hence limiting or eliminating the damage that gluten causes to many coeliac sufferers. persons with severe coeliac disease are recommended to take glutenzyme especially when eating out to avoid any damage caused by


gluten protein, hence limiting or eliminating the damage that gluten causes to many coeliac sufferers. persons with severe coeliac disease are recommended to take glutenzyme especially when eating out to avoid any damage caused by hidden gluten. persons who do not suffer from severe symptoms and are able to tolerate some gluten may find that glutenzyme may help them to move onto a normal diet. see products page for coeliac disease. find out more about glutenzyme. tests & diagnoses although the doctor may request a coeliac screen, which involves blood serum investigations, these tests are not definitely diagnostic of celiac disease. blood serum antibody tests ( endomysial, reticulin ( iga ), and gliadin ( igg and iga ) are used to measure levels of antibodies to gluten. if the antibodies in the blood are higher than normal then a biopsy of the small intestine is recommended. a biopsy of the lining of the small intestine checks for damage to the villi. if the villi appear damaged then a gluten - free diet is introduced. another biopsy is done after 6 months or more of dieting. relief of symptoms or reversion of an abnormal intestinal biopsy is the most convincing evidence that an individual has celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. a thorough workup includes four tests : - anti - tissue transglutaminase antibody ( ttg ), iga. this test is sometimes used alone. if this test is positive it is highly likely that the patient has coeliac disease. ttg test is not reliable in children before the age of 2. - anti - gliadin antibodies ( aga ), igg and iga. these tests are often useful when testing young symptomatic children, but they are found in fewer coeliacs than anti - ttg, and their presence does not automatically indicate coeliac disease because they are found in some other disorders. some people have an iga deficiency. they are unable to mount an iga response to any antigen and will have false negative tests for the iga type coeliac tests. yet iga deficiency is associated with coeliac disease and a tenfold risk of coeliac disease has been documented in selective iga deficiency. - anti - endomysial antibodies ( ema ), iga. this test is being replaced by the anti -


associated with coeliac disease and a tenfold risk of coeliac disease has been documented in selective iga deficiency. - anti - endomysial antibodies ( ema ), iga. this test is being replaced by the anti - ttg test because both tests measure the autoantibodies that cause the tissue damage associated with coeliac disease. many physicians still order this test. this test as ttg test is also not reliable in children before the age of 2. - an older test, the anti - reticulin antibodies ( ara ), iga. iga anti - ara is not ordered as frequently as it once was, because it is less sensitive and less specific than the other tests. it is found in about 60 % of people with coeliac disease and 25 % of those with dermatitis herpetiformis. other routine tests are usually requested to assist in the diagnosis, including full blood count to check for anaemia, electrolytes, renal function and liver enzymes. testing negative but still feeling sensitive to gluten. many people contact me after they are sure to suffer from gluten intolerance but tests conclude negative. in a particular email, a 28 year old woman writes how much she suffered from coeliac like symptoms, mainly bloating and cramps followed by diarrhoea after having food containing gluten. her doctor requested a coeliac screen and when she went back for her results, the doctor told her to go home and make herself a nice cup of tea and a sandwich because the results were negative. she was happy at the news, and indeed she went home making herself a cup of tea and a nice sandwich which she has not had for many weeks. however, moments later the dreaded symptoms came back and was ill for two days missing her work! so what did go wrong? for three years, between 2001 and 2004 i worked in the immunology department of one of london ' s university hospitals. weekly we performed coeliac screening on around 80 patients referred to us by their doctor following a protocol to narrow down the patients with possible gluten intolerance. surprisingly it was only 1 - 2 % of them tested positive, this despite these patients experience coeliac like symptoms! so how could this be? a false negative result is possible to occur after the patient testing for the screen had gone for several days on a gluten free diet. this causes the immune system to slow its antibodies production down to normal levels.


! so how could this be? a false negative result is possible to occur after the patient testing for the screen had gone for several days on a gluten free diet. this causes the immune system to slow its antibodies production down to normal levels. since the tests rely on antibody detection the end result will be that or ' normal levels ', hence classified as negative. avoiding a false negative result. to obtain the real status of the condition it is necessary to consume food that contains gluten for a week before blood is being taken for the test. this way, if truly having coeliac disease there will be enough time for the immune system to produce antibodies. the presence of these antibodies determines the diagnosis of the disease. abstaining from food containing gluten will stop the immune system producing the antibodies needed for detection in the test, and people intolerant to gluten will end up as being told to be negative. unfortunately this may be a painful solution, but it is recommended for accurate diagnosis. one must take care in the quantities of gluten taken not to cause excessive symptoms but this varies from person to person. more importantly is not to subject children to aggressive consumption of foods with gluten and it is vital to to speak to the doctor about it first. if the test is negative, then it would be understandable to declare being free from coeliac disease. the same thing applies to those who are heading for a biopsy to confirm coeliac disease. if gluten had been out of the system for even a short time, the villi of the small intestines regenerate readily and hence, the biopsy will only reveal healthy villi. once again a false negative result. non coeliac gluten intolerance many times when a person is screened for coeliac, despite taking all precautions mentioned above, tests still indicate that the disease is not present. this despite that these persons suffer from symptoms upon digesting food containing gluten. this is very interesting or perhaps confusing to many. but put simply, this person may be non coeliac gluten intolerant ( ncgi ). it is estimated that around 15 % of the world population is ncgi as opposed to less than 1 % of coeliacs. gluten consists of many long elastic chains of proteins ( gives it the characteristics of a dough ) lined along each other. not all of them cause coeliac disease, but some can cause irritation to the small intestine


coeliacs. gluten consists of many long elastic chains of proteins ( gives it the characteristics of a dough ) lined along each other. not all of them cause coeliac disease, but some can cause irritation to the small intestine, enough to hinder the cells of the small intestine to produce digestive enzymes to break down foods. symptoms are similar to food intolerance and more details can be found in the food intolerance pages. to confirm if you are ncgi do an elimination test. avoid all gluten food for at least two weeks and then introduce it. if symptoms return, and previous tests were negative or inconclusive then you know that you are ncgi. ncgi persons suffer from similar symptoms of food intolerance and glutenzyme that is capable to breaking down gluten proteins can be the solution for a normal diet reducing or eliminating symptoms associated with ncgi. other names for coeliac disease listed below are the names associated with celiac disease. all the names refer to the inability to tolerate gluten. - coeliac or celiac sprue - coeliacs or celiacs - coeliac or celiac disease - gee - herter ' s syndrome - gluten intolerance - gluten sensitive enteropathy - gluten sensitivity - idiopathic steatorrhea - intestinal infantilism - malabsorption syndrome - nontropical sprue - the coeliac syndrome celiac disease is linked to many immune related disorders. the best established connection is with type i diabetes ( mellitus ). some other illnesses related to celiac disease are chronic active hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. some researchers believe that gluten intolerance can impair mental functioning in some individuals. since gluten can damage the villi, it is common for coeliacs to have problems with food intolerance, especially lactose intolerance.


what is ball of foot pain? ball of foot pain, otherwise known as metatarsalgia, is a condition typically caused by overuse. pain and inflammation in the ball of the foot are common among athletes or anyone who engages in high - impact sports. others can experience ball of foot pain due to high heels or ill - fitting shoes. increased pressure on the ball of the foot can be caused by constricting or high - heeled footwear. usually this pain comes on gradually over time. using a shoe with a wide toe box and good support can be helpful, as well as using inserts to relieve the pressure on the ball of the foot. another condition known as “ spread foot ” can occur in the metatarsal area, and that is caused by weakened metatarsal bones, which cause the toes to spread. again, properly - fitting footwear, low heels, and a wide toe box can alleviate these symptoms. footwear and related products recommended for ball of foot pain shoes with good support, a wide toe box, and low heels are best if you want to lessen the symptoms of metatarsalgia or avoid them entirely. other products that can help include : - the cluffy p4 everyday wedge fits underneath the insole or orthotic, and takes pressure off the ball of the foot. it also alleviates stiffness in the big toe joint, which is a common accompaniment to ball of foot pain. - foot petals women ’ s tip toes ball of foot cushion is a great mechanism for adding cushioning right to the ball of your foot. it has a small piece of adhesive so that you can affix it to your shoe, and it ’ s virtually invisible in all of your shoes. cushioning right at the ball of the foot greatly alleviates pressure in that area, and even helps keep your foot from slipping in your shoes. - pedag unisex high life ball of foot cushion is another cushion specifically to place in your shoes right under where the ball of your foot falls. this cushion is made of gel, is anatomically shaped, and even can help if your shoes are too big in the forefoot. - the pedag princess forefoot leather cushion not only cushions the ball of the foot, it also helps absorb sweat and the active carbon kills bacteria. made of vegetable tanned sheepskin with latex foam cushioning, this is another great product to help protect the metatarsal area. products that can help for spread foot include : the pedag un


erika andersen, contributor i cover how people & organizations work, and how they can work better. we may have to put aside our image of video gamers as jobless nerds living in their parents ’ basements, playing warcraft till 3 in the morning in robe and slippers, surrounded by their beloved star wars action figures collection. it now looks as though playing video games can help you develop key skills and, in fact, support brain function. one of the most interesting and thoughtful people focusing on the benefits of gaming is dr. jane mcgonigal, a game designer and passionate advocate for, in her words, “ games that are designed to improve real lives and solve real problems. ” in fact, mcgonigal is the inventor and cofounder of superbetter, a game that over 100, 000 people have used to tackle real - life health challenges like depression, anxiety, chronic pain, and traumatic brain injury. mcgonigal and others argue that playing video games can provide the following benefits : - they teach you how to think critically, how to solve problems. dr. alan weiss, president and ceo, nch healthcare systems, says “ being immersed in a video game … can encourage creative solutions and adaptations [ which ] can then be applied to real life situations. the results can be surprisingly positive for individuals, communities, and society as a whole. ” if you think about it, even simple kids ’ games involve a little of this – figuring out how to do things in a better or different way, how to come up with a solution that will make you the winner. immersive video games can catalyze this fresh thinking in a much more powerful and 3 - dimensional way. - they teach you collaboration skills. especially now that web 2. 0 has made real - time, worldwide gaming easy and cheap, group play is mushrooming at an astonishing rate. in order to be successful in multiplayer games, players need to form alliances, work together toward common ends, figure out how to pool their resources … just the skills you need to learn in real life in order to succeed with others. - they teach you how to fail. in a world that too often buffers kids from competition – where every kid who runs in a race gets a ribbon, and children are told they ’ ve done a good job even when they haven ’ t – video games have clear winners and losers. winning teaches you how to win well ( without gloating or getting arrogant ) and losing teaches you how to lose well (


children are told they ’ ve done a good job even when they haven ’ t – video games have clear winners and losers. winning teaches you how to win well ( without gloating or getting arrogant ) and losing teaches you how to lose well ( without whining or blaming ). it ’ s an important lesson – and research shows that we have more respect for people against whom we compete – no matter whether we win or lose. - they make you happy. this may seem both obvious and unimportant, but it actually circles back to the smartness argument. dr. mcgonigal says, “ games make us happy because they are hard work that we choose for ourselves. ” another name for ‘ hard work we choose for ourselves ’ is mastery. when we work toward mastery, it stretches us – we go past our limitations, learn how to do new things …. we get smarter. so, next time you spend some time in gnome town or star wars : the old republic, don ’ t think of it as a waste of time … consider it brain food. erika ’ s new book, leading so people will follow, is now available online and in bookstores everywhere. it was selected by amazon as one of the 10 best business books for october, and as one of this month ’ s jack covert selects. if you want to find out more about what erika and her colleagues at proteus do for their customers, check here.


nuclear weapons were not the only item on the agenda at the pivotal 1986 reykjavik summit. u. s. president ronald reagan and soviet premier mikhail gorbachev discussed issues ranging from human rights to the soviet invasion of afghanistan. but understandably, nuclear weapons were at the heart of the talks, and today, the summit is mainly remembered for how the two leaders came within a hair ' s breadth of agreeing to the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within 10 years. two decades later, as u. s. president barack obama meets in moscow with russian president dmitry medvedev and prime minister vladimir putin, the agenda is similarly crowded, with concerns ranging from logistics in afghanistan to the status of russia ' s satellite states. but as the obama administration seeks a complete reset of the u. s. - russia relationship, progress on nuclear weapons must still be the top priority. the political environment on disarmament and nonproliferation has changed drastically in recent months. both countries have agreed in principle to work toward a world free of nuclear weapons. talks to create a disarmament mechanism to replace the expiring strategic arms reduction treaty ( start ) are well underway. for the first time in many years, it seems likely that the united states and russia will make dramatic moves toward fulfilling their non - proliferation treaty ( npt ) disarmament obligations. improved u. s. - russian cooperation would be generally beneficial on a range of problems. but on no other issue does so much depend on the agreements reached by just two countries. combined, the united states and russia account for more than 90 percent of the world ' s nuclear weapons. if the two countries do not come to a strong and bold new agreement, then there will be no disarmament. nor will there be any real chance to preserve and strengthen the npt. it is that simple. some will say that arms - control treaties are relics of the cold war, but a new agreement can help us define the future. the successor to start need not be about control, but instead can focus on collaboration. the strategic purpose of the u. s. and russian nuclear arsenals has evolved over the last two decades. the two countries no longer stand unblinking on opposite sides of the ocean, facing each other down with the threat of mutually assured destruction. today, both sides can approach disarmament as a cooperative global exercise with mutually beneficial outcomes. if start expires in december without a successor, there will be no agreed legal mechanism for controlling nuclear arsenals on both sides. this would be


freedom from toxic fracking waste : national rally dayfrackfree america national coalition news release : contact : vanessa pesec : phone : 440 - 781 - 6440 or e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org contact : susie beiersdorfer : phone : 234 - 201 - 8007 or e - mail : email @ example. com _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ concerned citizens announce a national rally day on september 12, 2012 a national coalition of local coordinators and groups in communities across america will hold simultaneous rallies throughout the day to shine light on the numerous problems associated with toxic fracking waste and its disposal, including its links to earthquakes, spills, and leaks. according to geologist susie beiersdorfer of frackfree america national coalition and frackfree mahoning valley, “ the public is not being fully or adequately informed of the risks of fracking and related processes to public health and safety and well - being. we are calling for increased transparency and public awareness about the truth of toxic fracking waste, which can contain naturally occurring radioactive material ( norm ) and numerous toxic chemicals or known carcinogens, like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene ( btex ), that could find their way into drinking water sources or into soil and air via leaks, surface spills near waterways, or well casing failures. ” the groups believe that the rosy picture of drilling for oil and gas painted by slick, expensive radio and television advertisements by the gas and oil industry does not represent the real experiences of many everyday concerned citizens who live near injection wells or along the routes where fracking waste is, or will be, transported and possibly spilled. the groups say that there are too many unanswered questions about fracking waste, partially because gas and oil companies are exempt from the safe drinking water act. according to the coalition, every newly permitted fracking well will result in millions of gallons of toxic fracking wastewater being created, transported, and disposed of somewhere. although the fracking waste is frequently referred to by the industry or others as “ brine, ” “ saltwater, ” or “ produced water, ” the groups believe that these euphemistic terms are highly misleading and give the public a false


although the fracking waste is frequently referred to by the industry or others as “ brine, ” “ saltwater, ” or “ produced water, ” the groups believe that these euphemistic terms are highly misleading and give the public a false sense of reassurance about the alleged safety of the fracking waste. “ the truth is that the risks imposed by the production, transport, and disposal of toxic fracking waste are creating a serious public health problem. toxic fracking waste can expose the public to a number of chemical and radioactive carcinogens, neurotoxins, and pulmonary and cardiovascular toxins. children, whose immune systems are still developing, workers on drill sites, and those handling toxic fracking wastes are especially vulnerable to risks as are persons living or working near drilling sites, along toxic fracking disposal routes or at or near toxic fracking waste injection wells, ” said vanessa pesec of neogap. fanc and neogap cite a columbus, ohio news story that illustrates how not knowing the components of fracking waste can put communities and first responders at unnecessary risk. they ask : how can cities and townships effectively prepare for an emergency when they don ’ t know what the substance is that they are dealing with? the groups say that even though the following news story is from columbus, ohio, the news report is relevant for all of the many states who face the possibility or present reality of fracking, which will result in the need to transport and dispose of waste, thereby increasing the chance for spills and leaks. see the following highly informative nbc 4 news video and report titled “ nbc4 investigates : what ’ s in the drilling waste water traveling into ohio? ” ( 5 / 23 / 2012 ). for media inquiries or for more information on fracking and related processes, toxic fracking waste, or how to coordinate or participate in a local rally, please sign up for free e - mail updates on the neogap and frackfree america national coalition websites and / or contact us by phone, website, facebook, twitter, or e - mail : for frackfree america national coalition e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org or call :


acoustic nerve - the eighth cranial nerve, the nerve concerned with hearing and balance. amplitude - the height of a sound wave, as associated with the loudness of a sound. ampulla - the swelling at the base of each semicircular canal, containing sensory cells which detect movement of the fluid within the canals. anvil - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the incus. assistive device - any device other than a hearing aid which helps the hearing impaired. audiogram - a graph depicting the ability to hear sounds at different audiologist - a person trained in the science of hearing and hearing impairments, who can administer tests and help in the rehabilitation of audiometry - the measurement of hearing acuity. auditory nerve - the nerve carrying electrical signals from the inner ear to the base of the brain. auricle - outer flap of the ear. also called the pinna. basilar membrane - thin sheet of material which vibrates in response to movements in the liquid that fills the cochlea. bony labyrinth - the cavity in the skull which contains the inner - ear brainstem testing - measures hearing sensitivity without requiring responses from very young patients or persons who are unable to communicate. bone conduction - the conduction of sound waves through reverberations of the mastoid bone to the inner ear. cc ( closed captioned ) - a broadcast television program that includes a signal which produces descriptive subtitles on the screen. requires cerumen - ear wax. cochlea - shaped like a snail ' s shell, this organ of the inner ear contains the organ of corti, from which eighth nerve fibers send hearing signlals to the brain. cochlear implant - replacement of part or all of the function of the conductive hearing loss - hearing loss caused by a problem of the outer or middle ear, resulting in the inablilty of sound to be conducted to the inner ear. congenital hearing loss - hearing loss that is present from birth which may or may not be hereditary. cortex - that surface of the brain where sensory information is processed. crista - sensory cells within the semicircular canals which detect cupola - jelly - like covering of the sensory hairs in the ampullae of the semicircular canals which responds to movement in the surrounding fluid and assists in maintaining balance. cycles ( per second ) - measurement of frequency, or a sound ' s pitch. decibel - measurement of


hairs in the ampullae of the semicircular canals which responds to movement in the surrounding fluid and assists in maintaining balance. cycles ( per second ) - measurement of frequency, or a sound ' s pitch. decibel - measurement of the volume or loudness of a sound. ear canal - the short tube which conducts sound from the outer ear to the eardrum. eardrum - membrane separating outer ear from middle ear : the tympanum. eustachian tube - tube running from the nasal cavity to the middle ear. helps maintain sinus and middle ear pressure, protecting the ear frequency - the number of vibrations per second of a sound. hammer - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the malleus. impedance audiometry - test for measuring the ability to hear sound waves transmitted through bone. incus - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the anvil. inner ear - the portion of the ear, beginning at the oval window, which transmits sound signals to the brain and helps maintain balance. consists of the cochlea and vestibular apparatus. labyrinthitis - a viral infection in the vestibular canal which may macula - within the organs of balance, area containing sensory cells which measure head position. malleus - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the hammer. mastoid - the bone in which the entire ear mechanism is housed. part of the larger temporal bone. meniere ' s disease - a condition resulting from fluid buildup in the inner ear, leading to episodes of hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. middle ear - the portion of the ear between the eardrum and the oval window which transmits sound to the inner ear. consists of the hammer, anvil and stirrup. nerve loss deafness - a term used to differentiate inner - ear problems from those of the middle ear. organ of corti - the organ, located in the cochlea, which contains the hair cells that actually transmit sound waves from the ear through the auditory nerve to the brain. ossicles - collective name for the three bones of the middle ear : hammer, anvil and stirrup. otoliths - stone - like particles in the macula which aid in our awareness of gravity and movement. otosclerosis


. ossicles - collective name for the three bones of the middle ear : hammer, anvil and stirrup. otoliths - stone - like particles in the macula which aid in our awareness of gravity and movement. otosclerosis - a conductive hearing loss caused when the middle ear no longer transmits sound properly from the eardrum to the inner ear. otitis media - infection of the middle ear. otology - branch of medicine concentrating on diseases of the ear. outer ear - the external portion of the ear which collects sound waves and directs them into the ear. consists of the pinna ( auricle ) and the ear canal and is separated from the middle ear by the ear drum. oval window - membrane that vibrates, transmitting sound into the cochlea. separates the middle ear from the inner ear. perilymph - watery liquid that fills the outer tubes running through pinna - the outer, visible part of the ear, also called the auricle. presbycusis - a hereditary sensory - neural hearing loss that comes saccule - inner ear area which contains some of the organs that measure position and gravity. semicircular canals - curved tubes containing fluid, movement of which which makes us aware of turning sensations as the head moves. sensorineural hearing loss - hearing loss resulting from an inner sound wave - alternating low and high pressure areas, moving through the air which are as interpreted as sound when collected in the ear. stapes - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the stirrup. stirrup - one of three bones of the middle ear that help transmit sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea. also called the stapes. tectorial membrane - thin strip of membrane in contact with sensory hairs which sound vibrations move producing nerve impulses. in the organ tinnitus - ringing or buzzing in the ears. tty ( phone device ) - dialog is achieved at any distance as words, typed into a tty, are converted to phone signals and appear, or are printed, as words on a receiving tty machine. tympanum - membrane separating outer ear from middle ear : the eardrum. vertigo - the sensation of moving or spinning while actually sitting or lying still. vestibular apparatus - part of the cochlea concerned with maintaining wave length - distance between the peaks of successive sound waves. white noise - a sound, such as running water,


words, words, words. some words ( cat, cold, three ) are easily explained. others ( like art, balance, and strength ) are not. often, our attempts to explain abstract words to children fail because they just don ’ t make sense to tiny brains. gazziliwords is an app that takes on this challenge, using pictures and animation to create meaning in a way that makes sense to children. because it promotes higher level vocabulary development using great games, fun educational apps awards gazziliwords a top pick. gazziliwords by gazziliworld, llc, is the premier app in their series, available for the iphone, ipad, and ipod touch. it comes with one set of three words ( fingerprint, rainbow, and balance ) so your child can try it out. additional sets are available as in - app purchases ( iap ). all the characters in the gazziliworld apps are the same : lily, benito, kenji, tyler, and mimi. each game begins with one of the children asking questions : “ what is a rainbow? ” “ does it rest on the ground? ” “ can birds fly through it? ” the narrator explains the word in language appropriate to the child ’ s level. then, a scene appears which shows the concept in action. for example, the child taps the clouds to make it rain. after wiping away all the raindrops, a beautiful rainbow appears in the sky, arching over tyler with his umbrella. then, with a quick stroke of the finger, the colors become musical tones that allow the child to create a song. in just a few minutes, your child has experienced the connection between clouds, rain, sun, and the rainbow. what ’ s even better, she can probably tell you all about it. with the purchase of additional modules, the following words become available : art, healthy, patience, seed, electricity, strong, surprise, dream, sweat, shadow, air, time, internet, idea, stars, blood, bones, skin, family, vacation, and acceptance. this is an impressive list of concept words, compiled by individuals with expertise in child development. what fun educational apps liked - gazzilliworld is a place where kids are king and learning is a pleasure. i like the way gazziliwords acts like a visual encyclopedia designed for preschoolers. it makes the ideas come to life, and that ’ s what makes it special. as a sign of its extraordinary merit, gazziliwords was nominated for the prestigious


the way gazziliwords acts like a visual encyclopedia designed for preschoolers. it makes the ideas come to life, and that ’ s what makes it special. as a sign of its extraordinary merit, gazziliwords was nominated for the prestigious webby award for gameplay on a tablet device. research shows that vocabulary development is closely correlated with reading success. by using gazziliwords, children are able to discover many new words that can help them better understand the world around them. gazziliwords is an educational app that will appeal to all children, even more reluctant learners, because it doesn ’ t feel like an educational app. it draws on the natural curiosity children have and it gives them information that they can really understand. this is why fun educational apps awards gazziliwords a top pick. ( top pick, noun - a way to recognize the highest quality apps available, so that parents can make smart decisions when purchasing them for their children. ) gazziliwords is available for download via the itunes app store - universal app free to try - additional sets are available as in - app purchases ( iap ). 0. 99 us $ / per set. julie peterson - i am a speech / language pathologist ( slp ) currently working in a school setting, serving children with special needs ages 6 - 14. i am inspired by apps that fulfill a need and do it in a fun way. have fun with apps! if you want to discover more fun educational apps make sure to subscribe to our rss feed and our news letter to receive regular update on great fun educational apps and for great offers visit our kids apps deals and if your are looking for more great apps for kids … discover appstar picks, a kids apps catalogue with hundreds of apps reviewed! disclosure : this review was move up the waiting list priority - services. all opinions expressed are purely that of the author.


northern california coastal & inland valleys warm water please! use tepid water to irrigate indoor plants. most hail from the tropics and cold water puts them into a state of shock. deep water trees and shrubs permanent landscape plants will benefit from a monthly deep application of water during the dry season. use a deep watering tool or a soaker hose and apply water directly around the drip line. check with a long, sharp stick to see how deeply the water has penetrated. the stick will push easily through damp soil. recycle plastic picnic knives plastic knives make great plant labels. they are durable and can be written on with a sharpie to indicate variety and planting date. the indelible ink will last through the season. test corn for ripeness to test corn for ripeness pull back the silk and poke a fingernail into a plump kernel. if it exudes a milky white liquid the corn is ripe and ready to pick. consume harvested corn within a day or two of picking for ideal sweetness and flavor. train rose canes provide horizontal support for climbing roses such as a fence or trellis. when long canes are trained to grow horizontally they produce more flowering branches along the length. tie supports loosely with recycled nylon stockings to prevent injury to the main canes.


homeowners, gardeners and landscape architects all know the importance a healthy lawn has on the overall appearance and quality of their spaces. to keep their grasses beautifully colored, a specially formulated fertilizer is specifically fed to their grasses. this provides the plants with necessary nutrients and water storage, which is mandatory for continued growth during the different months. grass fertilizers are specifically formulated to help maintain a healthy balance of nutrients and water storage that grasses need to properly develop. these fertilizers are split into three main categories where they work to meet the needs of those particular plants : warm season, cool season and seedling fertilizers. knowing the type of grasses in one ' s lawn is important to protect and maintain beautifully designed landscapes. blue grasses and rye grasses are examples of cold season grasses that do well in temperate climates. they require fertilization during the cool months, just before and after winter sets in. mid - spring feedings on these grasses help promote thicker, greener foliage that many gardeners prefer. they also require one to two light feedings of fertilizer in the early fall to keep the production of roots active without encouraging top growth, which can be dangerous when frosts begin. some grasses, like bermuda grass, start developing in late spring and early summer months. during this period, they need fertilization to help increase the production of foliage and root growth. each species requires a different amount of fertilization and it is important for gardeners to research the specific watering schedules and fertilizer types that their grasses require before planting. although warm grasses go dormant during the winter months, lightly feeding these plants once a month while dormant will often allow the warm grasses to prepare for spring warm - up. due to the climate of the areas closer to the equator, some lawns are able to stay green all year. this means that the grasses will also require regular feeding throughout the entire year to maintain optimum health and color. summer can be a difficult time for gardeners who are unsure about feeding their warm season grasses. time - release fertilizers help in the management of these grasses and won ' t damage or burn the grass as long as enough water is available. before fertilizing, be sure to acknowledge that more maintenance is required to control diseases and the growth of grasses the more often they are fed. never fertilize cool grasses during the summer. seedlings require a different fertilizer to grow properly. they need high amounts of macronutrients, phosphorus and potassium