and the last bit of trust fades away … 1. in the thirty years since its founding, the gdr has overcome many of the material and political consequences of the second world war. by building up productive, modern industries and making considerable improvements in the area of agriculture, the gdr created the material foundation that constitutes the prerequisite for the step - by - step development of a free, socialist social order. in contrast to the fgr, the old system of class rule was not restored in the gdr. here, that form of rule was abolished once and for all after the victory of the allied forces over the hitler dictatorship in 1945, and it was done with the approval of the vast majority of the people. through the elimination of private ownership of the means of production, the material basis of capitalism was removed and the decisive foundation for the development of socialist production conditions was created. 2. the reconstruction of a country devastated by war demanded great sacrifices by the workers and peasants. west german and multinational corporations, which still hope to liberate the gdr according to their own vision, used every possible economic and political means to obstruct and hinder it. but the people ’ s striving for security and peaceful cooperation proved stronger. an important step along the way was the international recognition of the gdr and the acceptance of both german states into the united nations and the conference on security and cooperation in europe ( csce ) in helsinki, the final act of which ( the helsinki accords ) is a program for general peace and the protection of human rights. 3. but economic and political developments in the gdr were obstructed not only from the outside and not only by the west german and international opponents of socialism. stalinism – a common yet misleading word for the dictatorship of the party apparatus – was still in full bloom in the soviet union and, accordingly, in the countries occupied by soviet troops, until 1956. the worst crimes of this tragic period were dealt with at the 20th party congress of the cpsu [ communist party of the soviet union ]. but the dictatorship of the central party apparatus, which is not subject to any democratic controls, continues to this day in the countries of real socialism.


log in now to add this gigapan to a group gallery. log in now to add this gigapan to a gallery. about this gigapantoggle - taken by - stuart pimm - explore score - 0. 33 gigapixels - date added - may 02, 2011 - date taken - february 28, 2011 this image is part of a set designed to document ecosystem changes in the grasslands and forests that conservacion patagonica has acquired to connect areas of uplands and create the future patagonia national park. see : www. conservacionpatagonica. org. for the past eighty years, the chacabuco valley in chile ’ s aysen region was a large sheep ranch, where overgrazing had severely damaged the grasslands. with the launch of the patagonia national park project, conservacion patagonica removed the sheep from the land ; wildlife — most obviously guanacos — began to return to the area. kris tompkins, founder and president of conservacion patagonica, asked me to be one of the project ’ s scientific advisors. my immediate preoccupation was to document the ecological changes that would likely take place in the area as ranch became national park, as guanacos replaced sheep, as setting fires to clear forest stopped. moreover, global climate disruption is projected to make quite marked changes on this area : temperature and probably rainfall will shift, and glaciers will melt. i looked for a technical strategy for documenting these changes to develop a deeper understanding of land use changes throughout patagonia, where overgrazing affects huge expanses of grasslands. when i began this project in early 2011, the coverage of high - resolution satellite images was quite poor. this will surely improve, allowing for time series of birds - eye images to record the changes. but the need to have additional detailed and eye - level images is obvious. in the years and decades to come, these gigapans will form a baseline to allow the park ’ s managers and visitors to understand the changes taking place. i was inspired by j. r. hastings and r. m. turner ’ s “ the changing mile. ” over a century of photographs creates a visual account of land use changes that provides a rich source of understanding of ecological change and its drivers. i hope these photographs will do the same, in time. an account of this restoration — and an interview with kris tompkins — is at newswatch. nationalgeographic. com / 2010 / 01


source of understanding of ecological change and its drivers. i hope these photographs will do the same, in time. an account of this restoration — and an interview with kris tompkins — is at newswatch. nationalgeographic. com / 2010 / 01 / 23 / patagonia _ grasslands _ park / this lake had large numbers of waterbirds on it, including upland geese, chiloe wigeon, and red - gartered coot this area is still intensively grazed by sheep and lies outside the area that will become the park. where in the world is this gigapan? toggle gigapan stitch version 1. 1. 1240 ( macintosh ) panorama size : 333 megapixels ( 41792 x 7988 pixels ) input images : 75 ( 15 columns by 5 rows ) field of view : 141. 3 degrees wide by 27. 0 degrees high ( top = 11. 0, bottom = - 16. 0 ) vignette correction on : c1 = - 0. 0228 c2 = 0. 0023 all default settings original image properties : camera make : canon camera model : canon eos 40d image size : 3888x2592 ( 10. 1 megapixels ) capture time : 2011 - 02 - 28 12 : 21 : 02 - 2011 - 02 - 28 12 : 26 : 34 exposure time : 0. 01 focal length ( 35mm equiv. ) : 152. 2 mm white balance : automatic exposure mode : manual horizontal overlap : 29. 0 to 32. 9 percent vertical overlap : 47. 2 to 49. 9 percent computer stats : 2048 mb ram, 2 cpus total time 8 : 15 ( 6. 6 seconds per picture ) alignment : 2 : 23, projection : 1 : 10, blending : 4 : 42 ( preview finished in 4 : 14 )


in september 1609, when henry hudson guided his ship, de halve maen, through the narrows dividing present - day staten and long islands, he was not the first european navigator to sail into what we know today as new york bay. the italian explorer giovanni da verrazzano came in 1524 ; the frenchmen jean alfonse de saintonge and jean cossin made separate voyages over the next half century. but it was hudson ’ s arrival that established a dutch claim to the region and changed its history for all time. hudson, an english mariner in dutch employ, had left amsterdam in april intending to explore the arctic seas north of norway for a possible eastern route to the rich trade of the indies. when ice floes barred the way, his eighty - five - foot vessel and its crew of sixteen mariners turned to the west and journeyed five thousand miles to north america. for weeks they navigated southwards within sight of the shore, looking for an estuary or bay that might indicate the beginnings of a western route to asia. by august they had reached long island and, after a few days exploring the coast around sandy hook, hudson set off up the broad, deep, and promising river that now bears his name. although the intrepid captain failed to locate a route to asia — his navigation of the hudson ended at the site of modern - day albany — he had discovered a territory rich in timber and furs that would please his dutch financiers back in amsterdam. hudson ’ s voyage took place at a critical moment in atlantic history, and, in particular, for the challenge of northern european states to the power of spain. weakened by the loss of the armada to england in 1588 and by relentless attacks on its new world gold fleets, spain was plagued by financial crises that pushed it to the edge of collapse. the spanish had also been unable to put down a revolt by their northern dutch provinces, eight of which had declared their independence and established a new dutch republic. in april 1609, after decades of intermittent and inconclusive hostilities, the two sides agreed to a truce, allowing dutch merchants to back voyages such as hudson ’ s without fear of spanish attack and financial ruin. show full essayhide full essay once news of hudson ’ s discovery reached holland, new expeditions arrived to trade beads, knives, and hatchets for furs with the munsee and lenape indians. these private traders established a fortified trading post, fort nassau, at the site of present - day albany and charted the coastline


, new expeditions arrived to trade beads, knives, and hatchets for furs with the munsee and lenape indians. these private traders established a fortified trading post, fort nassau, at the site of present - day albany and charted the coastline and river inlets between cape cod and the delaware bay. in 1614, one of them, adrian block, produced the first map of the territory that he named new netherland. the following year, block and others formed the new netherland company and secured a three - year monopoly of the region ’ s trade from the states general, the governing body of the dutch republic. new netherland, like other early american colonies, was a state - sponsored venture, the aim of which was to realize a profit and serve the emerging dutch state by eliminating competition from other trading ports and capturing more of the indies from portugal and spain. in 1621, the states general drew up a charter for a new west india company, granting it a monopoly of all the dutch atlantic trade with west africa, brazil, the caribbean, and north america. the company was a joint - stock venture, financed by government investment and private capital to the tune of more than seven million guilders. like its east indian counterpart, it was managed by the shareholders who met in five regional chambers. the company enjoyed some success in its early years, establishing trading posts on both sides of the atlantic, dealing in slaves on the coast of africa, as well as gold, ivory, and sugar in the caribbean, suriname, and the northeast coast of brazil. new netherland was only part of the company ’ s concern, and a relatively minor one at that. in the summer of 1624, the company established a small settlement under the command of cornelis jacobsz may, the first provincial director, transporting some thirty families to what is now governor ’ s island. more colonists arrived the following year, and the settlement was relocated a short distance across the bay to the equally secure and more commodious lower tip of manhattan, establishing new amsterdam, later new york city. to secure the settlement, peter minuit, then the provincial director, offered sixty guilders worth of blankets, kettles, and knives to neighboring indians, who accepted the trade goods as gifts, sealing a defensive alliance with the newcomers and not, as was once supposed, as payment for the island of manhattan. fifteen years after hudson ’ s arrival, new netherland, the newest commercial outpost of the dutch empire, consisted of a small group of traders living


alliance with the newcomers and not, as was once supposed, as payment for the island of manhattan. fifteen years after hudson ’ s arrival, new netherland, the newest commercial outpost of the dutch empire, consisted of a small group of traders living at the edge of a vast and rich wilderness. the settlers ’ peace with the numerous local native american tribes was tenuous at best. the large linguistic and cultural native groupings of algonquian and iroquoian indians who inhabited the region were subdivided into smaller communities that were frequently at war or in some form of alliance with each other. the arrival of the dutch had piqued the interest of local indians, who regarded the newcomers as potential allies and sources of new and interesting gifts that could in turn be traded with other tribes. thus, the dutch found themselves drawn into a web of indian diplomacy that they only partially understood. as early as 1626, the settlers at fort orange ( formerly fort nassau ) suffered a bloody defeat at the hands of mohawks, the enemies of the mahicans, the tribe with which the dutch had been trading. beginning in 1629, european - amerindian commercial and diplomatic relations became even more complicated following the migration of thousands of english puritans from new england, the territory north of new netherland. these new englanders provided native americans with yet another source of gifts and friendship, and their rapidly growing and spreading settlement soon threatened to overwhelm the thinly populated new netherland. the arrival of the english prompted a reassessment of the colony ’ s future. in june 1629, in an attempt to bolster new netherland ’ s population, the company announced its intention to offer large tracts of land to patroons ( a dutch word for landowners, from the spanish “ patron ” ) who agreed to “ buy ” the land from the indians, settle fifty families within four years, and thereafter administer their settlements ’ civil and criminal courts. unfortunately, the relatively prosperous conditions prevailing in the united provinces and the limited benefits for settlers — who were expected to endure a dangerous sea voyage to live in the north american wilderness — hardly recommended the patroonships as desirable destinations. all the prospective communities except for rensselaerswijck, established by kiliaen van rensselaer on both banks of the hudson river near fort orange, failed to attract large numbers of investors and settlers. those who did make the trans - atlantic journey often deserted their designated employment, hoping to get rich quickly by defying the company ’ s


as the number of free traders increased, so did the competition for indian furs, prompting subtle changes in european - amerindian relations. as the caution of early years diminished, familiarity bred exploitation and, in time, mutual contempt. in 1639 the provincial director, willem kieft, made the fateful decision to try to exact a tribute from the neighboring raritan indians. in kieft ’ s view, since the indians, as defensive allies, benefited from the presence of the company and the colonists, it was only reasonable that they bear some of its costs. the indians, for their part, could see little benefit in having allies who stuck to the coast and concentrated on trade, and they rejected kieft ’ s authority to levy a tribute. the two sides clashed inconclusively until 1643, when the slaughter of some eighty wecquaesgeek indians across the river from new amsterdam at pavonia ( jersey city ) succeeded in uniting almost the entire indian population of the lower hudson valley against new netherland. when keift ’ s war ended two years later, dozens of colonists and some 1600 indians had been killed, and new netherland was almost wiped out. appealing for intervention to the states general in holland, the settlers declared that “ almost every place is abandoned... we, wretched people, must skulk, with wives and little ones that still survive in poverty together... whilst the indians daily threaten to overwhelm us. ” in 1647 the company shareholders dispatched peter stuyvesant to restore the colony. a stern and sober man, stuyvesant was also a fiercely loyal employee who had lost a leg in the company ’ s service while fighting the portuguese on the caribbean island of saint martin. no sooner had he arrived than stuyvesant and his hand - picked council issued a flurry of orders on matters ranging from compulsory church attendance to fire prevention and the keeping of hogs and goats. this set the tone for his seventeen - year administration, during which time he negotiated boundary agreements with the english to the north, led a force of seven hundred men to expel the swedes from the delaware river to the south, and, through a combination of diplomacy and armed force, rebuilt dutch influence and strength in the region. stuyvesant managed to navigate a middle course between the competing demands of settler lobbies seeking greater autonomy and distant company shareholders trying to preserve their authority and chartered prerogatives. although he acquired a reputation as a domineering and auto


. stuyvesant managed to navigate a middle course between the competing demands of settler lobbies seeking greater autonomy and distant company shareholders trying to preserve their authority and chartered prerogatives. although he acquired a reputation as a domineering and autocratic administrator, most historians agree that under stuyvesant ’ s care, new netherland ’ s population of independent traders and farmers collaborated, establishing orderly villages and small towns. new amsterdam quickly became known as the major port and capital of this increasingly prosperous provincial society. the origins of the city ’ s government can be traced to a campaign for municipal reform begun by local merchants in the 1640s and culminating with the first meeting of the municipal government on february 2, 1653. the city ’ s first burgomasters and schepens ( roughly equivalent to the english mayors and aldermen ) were given charge of the school, the docks, and a newly established public weigh - house, but they added to their administrative powers in subsequent years. in the course of the decade, the lives of ordinary settlers in new amsterdam came to resemble those of the urban dutch brede middenstand, roughly equivalent to the english middling sort, who balanced their private pursuits with public obligations and adherence to a regulatory order, and served as a powerful integrating force upon an otherwise diverse settler group. during this period of growth, neither the burgomasters nor the ordinary colonists realized that their success was about to become the source of their undoing. in the late 1650s the colony ’ s new - found prosperity attracted the attention of powerful english interests who were jealous of the dutch imperial success. within months of charles ii ’ s restoration in 1660, parliament adopted another navigation act, designed to drive the dutch from the english - controlled american trade. the keenest advocates of england ’ s commercial empire gathered around the king ’ s younger brother, james, duke of york. by march 1664 james and his counsellors had succeeded in persuading the king to grant his brother part of present - day maine and a handful of islands near its shores. in an act of superlative aggrandizement, the most substantial part of james ’ s grant awarded him control of all the territory lying between the delaware and connecticut rivers — the territory comprising new netherland. in may of 1664 james, duke of york, dispatched colonel richard nicolls with four ships and three hundred soldiers to secure the “ entyre submission and obedience ” of england ’ s newest colonial american subjects. in mid - august the invaders dise


in may of 1664 james, duke of york, dispatched colonel richard nicolls with four ships and three hundred soldiers to secure the “ entyre submission and obedience ” of england ’ s newest colonial american subjects. in mid - august the invaders disembarked from vessels anchored off long island in gravesend bay and moved west to brooklyn. nicolls enlisted residential militias from the english towns on long island and distributed handbills ahead of the advancing troops offering fair treatment for those who surrendered. the english commander repeated his terms in a letter written to stuyvesant, promising that in return for capitulation the settlers would “ peaceably enjoy whatsoever god ’ s blessing and their own honest industry have furnished them with and all other privileges with his majesty ’ s english subjects. ” stuyvesant wanted to make a fight of it. but when he tried to convince new amsterdam ’ s leaders to keep news of the lenient surrender terms — and reports of the fort ’ s limited supply of good gun powder — from the inhabitants, the burgomasters left the meeting “ greatly disgusted and dissatisfied. ” furious at their defiance, stuyvesant tore up nicolls ’ s letter offering terms. within hours work on the city ’ s fortifications ceased, and a delegation of the “ inhabitants of the place assisted by their wives and children crying and praying ” confronted the director and demanded that he re - assemble the letter and negotiate surrender. the following day ninety - three prominent burghers — including stuyvesant ’ s own seventeen - year - old son — presented a remonstrance denouncing resistance as a folly that would not save “ the smallest portion of our entire city, our property and ( what is dearer to us ), our wives and children, from total ruin. ” stuyvesant relented, and merchant leaders met with nicolls and his officers to draft the articles of capitulation under which new netherland and new amsterdam became new york, new york. the conquest of new netherland expelled the dutch from the continent and consolidated the english colonization of north america. thereafter the english turned their attention to the french as their major european competitor in the north atlantic, culminating with the french and indian war ( 1756 – 1763 ), which ushered in the era of the american revolution. but dutch new york lived on in the marriage choices, inheritance practices, and naming patterns of a population that, in new york city, remained “ dutch ” until at least the end of the seventeenth century and up the hudson river


of the american revolution. but dutch new york lived on in the marriage choices, inheritance practices, and naming patterns of a population that, in new york city, remained “ dutch ” until at least the end of the seventeenth century and up the hudson river valley for a decade or more into the eighteenth. for those who care to look, dutch new york lives on still in the names of streets and noteworthy families, and in the “ cookies ” and “ coleslaw ” that the rest of the world has come to consider so quintessentially american. e. b. o ’ callaghan and berthold fernow, eds. documents relative to the colonial history of the state of new york. ( albany : weed, parsons, 1856 – 1887 ), 1 : 139. simon middleton is senior lecturer in history at the university of sheffield in england and the author of from privileges to rights : work and labor in colonial new york ( 2006 ). make gilder lehrman your home for history already have an account? please click here to login and access this page. how to subscribe click here to get a free subscription if you are a k - 12 educator or student, and here for more information on the affiliate school program, which provides even more benefits. otherwise, click here for information on a paid subscription for those who are not k - 12 educators or students. make gilder lehrman your home for history become an affiliate school to have free access to the gilder lehrman site and all its features. click here to start your affiliate school application today! you will have free access while your application is being processed. individual k - 12 educators and students can also get a free subscription to the site by making a site account with a school - affiliated email address. click here to do so now! make gilder lehrman your home for history why gilder lehrman? your subscription grants you access to archives of rare historical documents, lectures by top historians, and a wealth of original historical material, while also helping to support history education in schools nationwide. click here to see the kinds of historical resources to which you ' ll have access and here to read more about the institute ' s educational programs. individual subscription : $ 25 click here to sign up for an individual subscription to the gilder lehrman site. k - 12 school subscription : $ 195 click here to sign up for an institutional subscription, which allows site access to all faculty and students in a single school, or all visitors to a library branch.


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can grapefruit stop stroke? grapefruit and oranges “ appear to protect against having a ‘ brain attack ’ ”, the daily mail has reported. the mail says that these and other citrus fruits can protect the brain from stroke due to their antioxidant content. the research behind this story involved almost 70, 000 women taking part in the nurses ’ health study in the us. they were asked to complete food frequency questionnaires ( which asked them to recall how frequently certain foods were consumed during a specified period of time ) every four years and over around 14 years of follow - up the researchers documented the numbers of strokes that occurred, overall and by type. the researchers found that women who had the highest intake of flavanone ( a crystalline compound found in citrus fruit ) had a reduced risk of ischaemic stroke. however, they found no association between consuming actual citrus fruits and juices and being at risk of ischaemic stroke, and no association between consumption of flavonoids overall and risk of stroke. this makes these findings far from conclusive. whether citrus fruits and the chemicals they contain have any association with stroke risk needs more investigation. but on the basis of this study alone, there is no evidence that women who eat citrus fruits will reduce their risk of stroke. however, a balanced diet high in fruit and vegetables is known to be beneficial to health and can reduce the risk of several diseases, including cardiovascular disease. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from the university of east anglia and other institutions in the us and italy, and was funded by the national institutes of health, department of health and human services. it was published in the peer - reviewed medical journal stroke. the daily mail does not accurately represent the findings of the study. its headline, “ how eating oranges and grapefruit can cut the risk of a stroke ”, contradicts the finding that there was no significant association between intake of citrus fruits and juices and risk of stroke. what kind of research was this? this was an analysis of women enrolled in the ongoing nurses ’ health study in the us. the researchers aimed to use data from this cohort study to examine associations between subclasses of flavonoids and risk of stroke. flavonoids are plant chemicals believed to have antioxidant properties, and are found in several food groups, including citrus fruits, berries, onions, certain pulses, tea and wine. cohort studies such as this aren ' t ideal


. flavonoids are plant chemicals believed to have antioxidant properties, and are found in several food groups, including citrus fruits, berries, onions, certain pulses, tea and wine. cohort studies such as this aren ' t ideal for showing cause and effect. in this study, researchers circulated regular food frequency questionnaires at the same time as looking at clinical outcomes. it is difficult to guarantee that food intake patterns preceded the development of cardiovascular disease. furthermore, because food frequency questionnaires are self - completed, they are also likely to contain inaccuracies and may not represent the pattern of food intake over a lifetime. finally, it may be difficult to ensure that other things that could be associated with both diet and risk of stroke ( confounding factors ) have been taken into account. what did the research involve? the nurses ’ health study started in 1976 and enrolled 121, 700 female nurses aged 30 to 55. participants completed follow - up questionnaires on diseases and lifestyle factors every two years, as well as food frequency questionnaires every four years. in this study, researchers looked at food questionnaires completed from 1990 onwards ( the time when the questionnaires covered sufficient fruit and vegetables to assess flavonoid intake ). this study included the 69, 622 women who had sufficient information on food intake and who did not report a stroke before 1990. the researchers constructed a database to assess intake of the different flavonoid subclasses. intake of individual subclasses was calculated as the total consumption frequency of each food, multiplied by the content of the specific flavonoid for the specified portion size. the six flavonoid subclasses were reported to be those commonly consumed in the us diet : - flavanones ( eriodictyol, hesperetin, naringenin ) - anthocyanins ( cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin ) - flavan - 3 - ols ( catechins, epicatachins ) - flavonols ( quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isohamnetin ) - flavones ( luteolin, apigenin ) - polymers ( including proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, and thearubigins ) the outcome of stroke was self - reported, with reports verified by review of medical records. what


luteolin, apigenin ) - polymers ( including proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, and thearubigins ) the outcome of stroke was self - reported, with reports verified by review of medical records. what were the basic results? over 14 years of follow - up there were 1, 803 strokes among the 69, 622 participants ( 52 % ischaemic strokes – caused by a blood clot, 14 % haemorrhagic – caused by a bleed in the brain, and the rest – of unknown type ). the average intake of total flavonoids was 232mg per day. tea was reported to be the main contributor to total flavonoid intake, followed by apples and oranges or orange juice. women who ate more flavonoids tended to : - exercise more - have a greater intake of fibre, folate, fruits and vegetables - have a lower intake of caffeine and alcohol - be less likely to smoke the researchers found that women who consumed the highest quantity of the flavanone subclass had reduced risk of ischaemic stroke compared with those who consumed the lowest quantity of flavanone ( relative risk 0. 81, 95 % confidence interval 0. 66 to 0. 99 ). the relationship between flavanones and stroke overall was not reported. as 95 % of flavanones are reported to be derived from citrus ( in this study, oranges and orange juice were the highest contributors ), they looked for a relationship between intake of citrus fruit / juice and risk of ischaemic stroke but found no significant association ( relative risk 0. 90, 95 % confidence interval 0. 77 to 1. 05 ). how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers concluded that flavonoid intake was not associated with risk of stroke, but that increased intake of the flavanone subclass reduced the risk of ischaemic stroke. they said that because experimental data suggests that the flavanone content of citrus fruits may protect the heart, there may be an association between citrus fruit consumption and stroke risk, but this has not yet been proven. despite the news headlines, this study provides no evidence that women who eat citrus will reduce their risk of stroke. the researchers found a link between higher intake of flavanones and reduced risk of ischaemic stroke, but : - no association between the actual consumption of citrus fruits and juices and risk of ischaemic stroke


risk of stroke. the researchers found a link between higher intake of flavanones and reduced risk of ischaemic stroke, but : - no association between the actual consumption of citrus fruits and juices and risk of ischaemic stroke - no association between total flavonoid intake and risk of stroke the researchers didn ’ t report on any association between flavanone, flavonoid or citrus consumption and risk of stroke overall. there was no association with haemorrhagic stroke and presumably there was none found for stroke overall. further problems with making the conclusions stated in the headlines include : - the design of this cohort study cannot easily imply cause and effect. the researchers excluded women who had experienced a stroke prior to 1990, but assessed both food consumption and stroke outcomes over the following 14 years. this makes it difficult to ensure that food - intake patterns preceded the development of cardiovascular disease. - food frequency questionnaires are self - completed and often contain inherent inaccuracies, and may not represent a lifelong food - intake pattern. - the researchers used the most recent us department of agriculture databases to categorise individual foods according to their content of flavonoid chemicals. however, they did not further describe how they did this in their report. as the researchers acknowledged, there is potential for the misclassification of flavonoids using this method as there is wide variation in flavonoid content of foods. flavonoid content of fruit depends on their geographical origin, growing season, different cultivars, agricultural methods and processing. it is also difficult to say how flavonoids are processed in the body. - the researchers did adjust their analyses for multiple potential dietary, lifestyle and medical factors, but it is possible that some confounding factors that could be associated with both diet and risk of stroke have not been taken into account. whether or not citrus fruits and the chemicals they contain have any association with stroke risk may be a topic for further research. however, on the basis of this study alone, there is no evidence that women who eat grapefruit, oranges or any other citrus fruit will reduce their risk of stroke. analysis by bazian. search for a job search for a car search for a house weather for goole wednesday 19 june 2013 temperature : 10 c to 22 c wind speed : 14 mph wind direction : north temperature : 12 c to 18 c wind speed : 12 mph wind direction : east


this content is from wikipedia. we do not consider this content professional or citable. please use your discretion when relying on it. gradesaver also offers a professionally written study guide by one of our staff editors. robinson crusoe / / is a novel by daniel defoe, first published on 25 april 1719. this first edition credited the work ' s fictional protagonist robinson crusoe as its author, and was published under the considerably longer original title the life and strange surprizing adventures of robinson crusoe, of york, mariner : who lived eight and twenty years, all alone in an un - inhabited island on the coast of america, near the mouth of the great river of oroonoque ; having been cast on shore by shipwreck, wherein all the men perished but himself. with an account how he was at last as strangely deliver ' d by pirates. epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is a fictional autobiography of the title character ( whose birth name is robinson kreutznaer ) — a castaway who spends years on a remote tropical island near trinidad, encountering cannibals, captives, and mutineers before being rescued. the story is widely perceived to have been influenced by the life of alexander selkirk, a scottish castaway who lived for four years on the pacific island called " mas a tierra " ( in 1966 its name was changed to robinson crusoe island ), chile. however, other possible sources have been put forward for the text. it is possible, for example, that defoe was inspired by the latin or english translations of ibn tufail ' s hayy ibn yaqdhan, an earlier novel also set on a desert island. another source for defoe ' s novel may have been robert knox ' s account of his abduction by the king of ceylon in 1659 in " an historical account of the island ceylon, " glasgow : james maclehose and sons ( publishers to the university ), 1911. in his 2003 book " in search of robinson crusoe ", tim severin contends that the account of henry pitman in a short book chronicling his escape from a caribbean penal colony and subsequent shipwrecking and desert island misadventures, is the inspiration for the story. despite its simple narrative style, robinson crusoe was well received in the literary world and is often credited as marking the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre. before the end of 1719 the book had already


a frightened villager brings the lid of a barrel that contained uranium oxide ( yellowcake ) taken from the tuwaitha nuclear facility, that was left unsecured by occupying forces after the fall of saddam hussein. the family used this radioactive barrel to store water and are complaining of rashes and skin problems. say no to war greenpeace is opposed to war. most recently, we joined with people all over the world in months of global action to promote a non - violent solution to the conflict in iraq. we believedthe war was more about oil than about effectively dealing with weaponsof mass destruction. it would result in devastating human andenvironmental consequences, and set a dangerous ( not to mentionillegal ) precedent. though the occupyingforces were quick to secure iraqi oil fields, they neglected tosafeguard dangerous nuclear material. now that material has made itsway to homes and schools. weapons of mass destruction, the alleged reason for the war in the first place, were never found. uranium and other nuclear material stored under un control in iraquntil the fall of saddam hussein have been stolen and local residentsare reportedly displaying symptoms of radiation poisoning. six weeksafter the occupying forces took control of the country, the us finallyconceded that the un nuclear watchdog, the international atomic energyagency ( iaea ), could return to assess what has been stolen at part ofone site, tuwaitha. yet the iaea has been refused access to the nearbypopulation or to other sites it wants to visit, in contravention of unresolutions. we went to iraq in june 2003 with a small, specialist teamto examine the local environment and to assess the extent of anynuclear contamination. the team took samples of soil and water forlaboratory analysis and conducted on - site monitoring with specialistradiation detection equipment. while the extent of the greenpeaceradiological survey will not be comprehensive, it will provide someidea of the true level of risk to the people of the area and to theenvironment. we are calling for a full assessment of the situation at tuwaitha and other nuclear sites in iraq : - theoccupying powers must allow the iaea to remain in iraq with anunrestricted mandate to test as well as document all nuclear sites. - theoccupying powers must allow the iaea to oversee an urgent medical andenvironmental assessment of the impact of the radioactive material thathas spread in the local community - a practice


gulf coast ecosystem restoration task force ( gcertf ) as a result of the deepwater horizon oil spill, president obama commissioned secretary of the navy, ray mabus to develop recommendations for full restoration of the gulf coast. as a result of the report, the gulf coast ecosystem restoration task force was established through executive order 13554 and tasked with defining ecosystem restoration goals, coordinating government policies, proposing additional actions ( where necessary ), and identifying monitoring, assessment, research and restoration gaps. the task force is chaired by epa administrator lisa p. jackson, co - chaired by garrett graves who also serves as chair of the louisiana office of coastal protection and restoration authority and contains representatives from each of the other gulf states as well as ten other federal agencies. many members of the alliance sit on the task force itself or on the variety of coordination teams. to gather information necessary for development of a gulf - wide restoration plan, the task force held more than 40 public meetings throughout the gulf to listen to the concerns of the public. the result was the gulf of mexico regional ecosystem restoration strategy that was officially released on december 5, 2011. to review the gulf of mexico regional ecosystem restoration strategy or learn more about the gulf coast ecosystem restoration task force, visit www. epa. gov / gulfcoasttaskforce. to sign up to receive automatic updates on task force activities and announcements, please email gulfcoasttaskforce @ epa. gov. for questions concerning the web firstname. lastname @ example. org


if the p / e ratio is an indication of how many years it takes for the company to earn back the stock price shareholders pay to buy the shares, the earnings yield is an indication of how much return shareholders investment in the company earned over the past 12 months. the higher the earnings yield is, the better. if a company loses money, the earnings yield is negative. this gives a more straightforward indication that the company is losing money. this is an advantage of using earnings yield instead of the p / e ratio in valuation. for valuation purposes, the p / b ratio and the p / s ratio should be used for companies that are losing money. like the p / e ratio, the earnings yield can be used to compare investments in different industries. it can even be used to compare the attractiveness of different asset classes such as bonds and cash. of course, the earnings yield should not be the only factor in deciding which asset classes to invest. also similar to the p / e ratio, the earnings yield does not consider the growth of the business. a growing company with the same earnings yield should be more attractive than a company that has the same earnings yield but does not grow. a better indicator of the attractiveness of an investment which takes growth into account is the forward rate of return. just like the p / e ratio, non - recurring items such as selling part of the business, selling a previous investment, etc., can affect earnings yield dramatically. the earning yield is also a poor indication for cyclical companies. when a cyclical stock has a high earnings yield it is usually at the peak of its cycle., earnings yield ( joel greenblatt ), forward rate of return? market cap, net income * all numbers are in millions except for per share data universal forest products inc. annual data universal forest products inc. quarterly data


june 19 2013 latest news : saturday, february 16, 2013 adam sonin explores the career of writer aldous huxley, whose best known work, brave new world, has been translated into 28 languages. aldous leonard huxley ( 1894 - 1963 ) was the third son of leonard huxley ( 1860 - 1933 ), an assistant master at charterhouse, editor of cornhill magazine and son of eminent scientist thomas henry huxley ( 1825 - 1895 ). aldous ’ s eldest brother was the zoologist, philosopher and first director of unesco, sir julian sorell huxley ( 1887 - 1975 ), whom david attenborough worked for in his early days as a bbc trainee. his mother, julia ( 1862 - 1908 ) was the niece of the poet matthew arnold and, according to a family biographer, they were “ children from whom nothing but the best would be tolerated ”. in 1908, a precocious, pale, blue - eyed boy with an oversized head started his academic life at eton college. this coincided with the unexpected death of his mother, which huxley said was “ as if a great explosion had taken place in the family ”. his brother julian ’ s wife, juliette, later commented that “ it was to aldous the irreparable loss, a betrayal of his faith in life ”. three years later, in 1911, huxley suffered a serious eye infection which was left untreated over term - break at school. as a result he was left partially blind for 18 months. while recuperating at home, he taught himself to touch - type and learnt to “ read braille and even braille music, which is very difficult ”. years later, the writer commented that “ everything has its compensations and i remember with pleasure the volupte of reading braille in bed, in the dark and with one ’ s book and one ’ s hands snugly under the bed clothes ”. abandoning any future inclination or ambition he had towards science or medicine, huxley turned to the idea of writing, which was “ a very important event in my life ”. he started off by writing “ bad verses ” and then “ wrote an entire novel which i never read because i couldn ’ t see what i had written ”. sadly the 80, 000 - word manuscript no longer exists but was “ a rather bitter novel about a young man and his relationship to two types of women ”. huxley was privately tutored at home but felt cut off from “ a great many ordinary kinds of outlets for


000 - word manuscript no longer exists but was “ a rather bitter novel about a young man and his relationship to two types of women ”. huxley was privately tutored at home but felt cut off from “ a great many ordinary kinds of outlets for social communication with people of my own age ”. after about two years he regained very limited sight and managed to win a scholarship to balliol college, oxford, where he read english literature and language, often, quite literally, through a “ rather powerful magnifying glass and went through university on that basis ”. the writer and journalist beverley nichols best captured the image of his rake - thin 6ft 4. 5in friend : “ quantities of aldous huxley reclined on my sofa, spreading over the cushions, and stretching long tentacles on the floor. ” huxley graduated with a first class degree and won the stanhope essay prize in 1916. despite his imposing physical presence, huxley had an unforgettable mellifluous voice, exuded a quiet charm and demonstrated an immense yet gentle curiosity for all matters. his formidable mental archive led bertrand russell – an occasional fellow guest with huxley at garsington manor, home of english aristocrat and society hostess lady ottoline morrell – to comment that he could tell which volume of the encyclopaedia britannica the student huxley was reading by the prominence of subjects with that letter in their conversation. at garsington, huxley consorted with the sitwells, lytton strachey, maynard keynes and others in the bloomsbury circle. it was here he met his future wife, a belgian refugee named maria nys, who had been living at the house. the couple married in 1919 and a year later had their only son, matthew. after his oxford days, huxley had stints as a secretary at the air board and teaching posts at repton school and eton college. as a teacher at eton college, huxley ’ s pupils included the writer george orwell and historian steven runciman. while working at the air board in the strand, he lived at his father ’ s house in 16 bracknell gardens, hampstead, in “ a most pleasant room, looking on the garden ”. a plaque commemorating huxley at the house was erected in 1995 and celebrates “ men of science and letters ”. huxley worked as a literary journalist for john middleton murray at the athenaeum and then for vanity fair and vogue. at this time, the couple, now married, were


the house was erected in 1995 and celebrates “ men of science and letters ”. huxley worked as a literary journalist for john middleton murray at the athenaeum and then for vanity fair and vogue. at this time, the couple, now married, were living in a tiny studio flat at 18 hampstead hill gardens, which they shared with a pug and a kitten – both given as wedding gifts. by the age of 26, huxley ’ s poetry had matured significantly. virginia woolf praised the “ high technical skill and great sensibility ” and marcel proust placed him in the first rank of young british authors. after his first novel, crome yellow ( 1921 ), was published, bringing instant fame, f. scott fitzgerald wrote : “ this is the highest point so far attained by anglo - saxon sophistication. huxley is the wittiest man writing in english. ” such high praise and he was still only in his 20s. years later fitzgerald was to base one of his characters on huxley, satirising him as boxley, the ineffectual scriptwriter, in his posthumously published work, the love of the last tycoon ( 1941 ). a round - the - world tour in 1925 brought huxley before readers in bombay, kyoto and los angeles and with his royalties he purchased a small villa in southern france and a bugatti convertible for maria, specially stretched to accommodate his long legs. having spent time living on the continent and in london, the spring of 1937 saw the huxleys set sail for america. they arrived in new york and embarked on a five - week road trip across the country. the bugatti had been given to friends and they drove a humble car made by ford. huxley then went on a speaking tour of america, something which initially terrified him, and finally settled in california, attracted by its clear bright air which aided his sight. promises from hollywood studios regarding adaptations of his books were unfulfilled, but work as a screenwriter was plentiful. he met the new immigrant community of hollywood, which included playwright bertolt brecht, thomas and heinrich mann, and film director george cukor. films huxley worked on include madame curie, a bio - pic drafted in 1938 ( and later rewritten by f. scott fitzgerald ) ; pride and prejudice, also for metro - goldwyn - mayer ( 1940 ), and jane eyre ( 1943 ), whose screenplay huxley wrote with the director robert stevenson and john houseman. he was even signed up


by f. scott fitzgerald ) ; pride and prejudice, also for metro - goldwyn - mayer ( 1940 ), and jane eyre ( 1943 ), whose screenplay huxley wrote with the director robert stevenson and john houseman. he was even signed up by walt disney to develop the script for alice in wonderland. however, huxley was not fond of this life and wrote to his brother of his experiences with studio executives stating that they “ have the characteristics of the minds of chimpanzees, agitated and infinitely distractible ”. the huxleys ’ hollywood circle included screenwriter anita loos, actress greta garbo, comic film star harpo marx, the chaplins and later composer igor stravinsky, who they met at the farmer ’ s market. life, however, was modest and fairly austere. loos wrote of a picnic the group once took, recalling, “ with dramatis personae so fantastic that they might have come out of alice in wonderland ”. incidentally, huxley once warned stravinsky, before he was to meet evelyn waugh, that the novelist could be “ prickly, pompous and downright unpleasant ”. huxley ’ s best known work, brave new world ( 1932 ), has been translated into 28 languages. despite this, news of his death was buried by the media as it coincided with the assassination of president john f. kennedy ( and incidentally the death of the chronicles of narnia author c. s. lewis ). along with karl marx and sigmund freud, huxley ’ s face appears on the cover of the beatles ’ album sgt. pepper ’ s lonely hearts club.


by : matthew ( ted ballwin ) yoga is increasing in popularity. once derided as useless, the practice of stretching, breathing and challenging your body ' s flexibility and stamina has become more widespread, as has information on its health benefits. one of the most interesting areas of information to come out of relevant studies is the reduction in stress. historically stress is a major cause for employee sick time, heart disease, and family breakdown and is a major ' silent killer ', as a contributing factor to cardiovascular disorder ( cvd ). stress can be seen as a symptomatic response to the things going on around us, which are physical and mental responses to our situations. tearful or angry outbursts by overextended people, metabolism problems, increased skin conductivity ( a measure of response to stress ), problems with distressing via exercise because of tenseness or muscle strains, and high blood pressure, are all areas where yoga can help. yoga lowers your stress levels and has surprising other health benefits, which, in their way, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. why is it important to lower stress? a major factor in cardiovascular disorders is high blood pressure, which is treated with beta blockers and other medication. high blood pressure is a leading cause of heart attacks, and in some risk factor lists it ranks above high cholesterol, poor diet or diabetes. when left unchecked, high blood pressure can cause embolism, stroke or heart failure. lowering the stress of someone with high blood pressure is an incredibly important element of their regimen, which is why a recent overview of 70 yoga clinical studies from the past 35 years may hold the breakthrough to supporting people into choosing a low cost, no side effect alternative to their current treatment plans. yoga gives them the opportunity to increase body flexibility, posture and relaxation, and has some interesting separate health benefits. scientific observations of using yoga to lower stress the observations in the study showed a manifold drop in stress, obesity, blood pressure, free radicals, bad cholesterol and an increase in antioxidants, markers of good cardio - respiratory function, breathing regulation and more. all of these show promise in fighting heart disease and stress related problems. of the 51 studies, the following data was collated : the research by dr innes identified a core set of 42 studies that investigated yoga in relation to cardio - vagal response ; specifically, the vagus nerve and its ability to lower the heart rate. these studies showed that those who practiced yoga for a long period time


innes identified a core set of 42 studies that investigated yoga in relation to cardio - vagal response ; specifically, the vagus nerve and its ability to lower the heart rate. these studies showed that those who practiced yoga for a long period time had significant reduction in cortisol concentrations and respiratory and heart rates. cortisol is a chemical that the body produces in response to anxiety and stress, amongst a set of other ' stress ' related chemicals, and is believed to suppress immune response and cause an increase in both blood pressure and blood sugar levels. skin conductance was reduced and cardiovascular response to stress in general was far more favorable. renin, an enzyme that controls blood pressure, was reduced as well. changes were also noted in adrenal gland secretions, which in turn lead to a drop in blood pressure as these ' fight or flight ' chemicals were reduced. overall, the heart and respiratory rate at rest and after exercise were more favorable in all groups involved in these studies, whether healthy or hypertensive, adult or child. out of 37 studies, 28 reported improvement in blood pressure. specifically, healthy adults and those with hypertension who practiced raja yoga meditation exhibited reduced diastolic pressure. mental and physical wellbeing and the chemicals associated with them were increased, as was the body ' s production of antioxidants, which eliminate free radicals in the body and protect the skin. sleep, posture and energy levels also improved, which in the chronically ill or disabled is a good sign, as yoga is a fairly inclusive exercise regimen - anyone can take part, with supervision, and join in at one of the levels. yoga creates a feeling of well being that counters the effects of stress, which in turn supports the lowering of blood pressure. increased and appropriate sleep also supports a better stress response as you are less likely to feel overwhelmed or under pressure if you are clear headed, and this by itself lowers stress. all of these elements feed from the positive changes in the cardio - vagal system to your mental and physical responses, which in turn supports the lowering and mitigation of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. but it doesn ' t end there. physical signs that yoga helps the body studies have suggested that yoga, in all forms, supports the lowering of bad cholesterol and increases the good cholesterol, while lowering triglyceride levels. triglycerides are a specific molecule contained in animal and vegetable fats. unused triglycerides are stored as fat. historically we are consuming


bad cholesterol and increases the good cholesterol, while lowering triglyceride levels. triglycerides are a specific molecule contained in animal and vegetable fats. unused triglycerides are stored as fat. historically we are consuming far more of these than any other time in recorded existence, which is why many people believe dietary issues need to be addressed at the forefront of ending heart disease. ideally an adult should have less than 100 mg / dl of ldl ' s, which is also referred to as bad cholesterol, and more than 50mg / dl of hdls, known as good cholesterol. yoga appears to reduce total cholesterol by up to 25 %. specifically, it lowers triglycerides by up to almost 30 % and decreases ldl by up to 26 %. this in turn leads to weight loss and better body composition. it is common sense that less weight means less pressure on joints and less stress on your heart. moreover, posture - improving routines can increase blood flow. eighteen studies from six countries focused on these elements and the results suggested that there was an improvement in both body composition and posture after short and long term yoga exercises, plus between 1. 5 % and 13. 6 % weight loss. these studies were far reaching, covering those with and without cvd factors and diabetes. what this means for your health? while the studies are still waiting conclusive controlled testing, this information, which has been collected over a period of 34 years, clearly shows that yoga has considerable health benefits. with no barriers to entry, no known side effects and with a reputable instructor, it cannot harm anyone ' s health. in fact, with the myriad of evidence - based results collected in these studies there is no reason not to recommend yoga to anyone who is struggling with traditional exercise, stress, or needs to lose weight. very few other exercises combine low cost, low entry barrier and high results as yoga does. while the final studies are underway into exactly how yoga affects our health and wellness, there is no reason not to give it a try yourself.


inflammation - a simple explanation as well as your body having to deal with free radicals, glycation and methylation it also has to fight against chronic inflammation! this is an ongoing battle which is being waged every second of the day. if it is not controlled, inflammation will wreak havoc in your body. in fact, some scientists believe that chronic inflammation is the cause of most age related damage. this is because excessive inflammation causes toxic chemicals which eat away body tissues, thus leading to heart disease, dementia, arthritis and diabetes just to mention a few. as with the other three concerns … ( free radicals, glycation and methylation ), the cause of inflammation cannot be narrowed down to one thing only. all four issues are interrelated! for example, let ’ s take mda ( malondialdehyde ). mda is a dangerous chemical byproduct formed in your body as a result of the action of free radicals on the fatty membranes of your cells. it is a major factor in the production of ages from glycation. this same chemical, mda, is also implicated in inflammation. this perhaps helps show you how nothing works in isolation! cut the supply line! using the example of mda … if you reduce the free radicals in your body through the use of anti - oxidants then you will reduce the oxidation of your cell membranes which will in turn reduce the formation of mda which in turn will reduce glycation and thus the formation of ages … and this will help reduce inflammation. in other words... cut the supply line. however, it is not possible to control all the free radicals so no matter how many anti - oxidants you take mda is still going to form … and will continue to attempt to produce ages which in turn can contribute to inflammation. so, this is why it is so important to take carnosine in addition to anti - oxidants in order to minimize the formation of ages. but … not all ages can be avoided and by extension not all inflammation can be avoided either so you have to ensure that you address inflammation in addition to the above mentioned three concerns! if you don ’ t, your ‘ anti - aging ’ or ‘ wellness ’ program can never be successful. to demonstrate this further … a component of inflammation is excitotoxicity. if allowed to ‘ continue ’ the result is the death of brain cells leading to strokes and dementia. excitotoxicity occurs when brain cells get overexcited due to excess


further … a component of inflammation is excitotoxicity. if allowed to ‘ continue ’ the result is the death of brain cells leading to strokes and dementia. excitotoxicity occurs when brain cells get overexcited due to excess glutamate in the diet. msg and other flavor enhancers are the culprits here and should be kept to a minimum in your diet. fortunately carnosine can protect against excessive excitotoxicity. another seriously dangerous chemical associated with chronic inflammation is tumour necrosis factor ( tnf ). tnf actively promotes the degeneration of your brain and nerves! it is activated by a combination of free radicals and ages. some doctors and marketers on the internet promote omega 3 fish oil as the answer to inflammation. there is no doubt that the anti - inflammatory component of omega 3 fish oils are certainly very helpful in reducing the impact of inflammation … but, it is only dealing with one component of the much broader picture of inflammation. take tnf as another example. to keep this chemical as low as possible you need to also be taking nutrients that will help such as a calorie restriction mimics. this is another subject on its own but the best known natural calorie restriction mimic is resveratrol. key nutrients that can work in synergy with omega 3 fish oil to reduce inflammation and the damage from it are : - * flavanoids - * alpha lipoic acid - * carnosine - * turmeric - * glutathione - * resveratrol we use all of these nutrients in our total balance one of the biggest challenges we have at xtend - life is trying to explain to customers how total balance works. unfortunately most consumers have been ‘ educated ’ that free radicals are the biggest concern in any wellness or anti - aging program. lately that ‘ education ’ has been expanded by marketers of fish oils, to include inflammation. but … just addressing free radicals with anti - oxidants or inflammation with fish oils will not achieve what you want. it is only part of the equation. it takes more that one nutrient to get a result in just one part of this very complex equation. each part has to be addressed from multiple angles, and every part of the equation also needs to be dealt with. there is a reason why we have 75 - 85 nutrients in our total balance range! each nutrient is there for a reason and has been carefully integrated. the individual components of each nutrient have also been studied


learn how caffeine causes the sugars of patients with diabetes to become unstable in this medical report. read the full transcript » [ music playing ] allison chow : for insidermedicine un 60, i ' m allison chow. from north carolina, caffeine may cause the sugars of patients with diabetes to become unstable. a study of 10 patients with type 2 diabetes, none of whom were taking insulin, showed that drinking four cups of coffee per day resulted in an 8 % increase in blood sugar. the rise was especially apparent following meals ; blood sugars were elevated by 9 % after breakfast, 15 % after lunch, and 26 % after dinner. from copenhagen, a new study fails to detect a significant difference between two commonly used types of drug - eluting stents in patients with heart attack and angina. in a randomized clinical trial involving over 2, 000 patients, the risk of a major adverse cardiac event was approximately 10 % in both the sirolimus - eluting and paclitaxel - eluting groups. no difference was detected in the development of stent thrombosis rates. and finally, from baltimore, a new study evaluating the effect of smoking on lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis may shed light on how genetics and environmental factors combine to influence how effectively we breathe. researchers evaluating over 800 subjects noted that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with decreased lung function for all measures of lung function studied. in addition, certain mutations in the cystic fibrosis causing gene determined the magnitude of the effect. for insidermedicine in 60, i ' m allison chow. [ music playing ]


how to reduce exercise induced asthma is asthma hitting you during morning jog? when doing physical work do you suddenly start gasping air? if the answer is yes, then you may have exercise induced asthma. but don ’ t worry. you ’ re not alone. nearly one in ten people have this type of asthma. in 1984 olympics, nearly 20 percent olympians suffered from exercise induced asthma. how to get rid of exercise induced asthma close your mouth : while exercising if you open your mouth to gasp air, back of your throat gets dried and cool, and this triggers asthma. so please shut your mouth and breathe through nose only. go for swimming : swimming is the best exercise for asthma. due to the high humidity your mouth doesn ’ t get dried. but if you ’ re not a great fan of swimming, go for basketball, tennis and golf which are also equally effective. go slow : don ’ t start your exercise session like a horse with high speed running. first do some warm up exercise, then little jogging and gradually increase your speed. see to that you are able to breathe in equal intervals. carry medicines : always have asthma medicines in your gym bag. take your medicines 15 minutes before start. people with exercise induced asthma mostly use short - and long - acting beta2 - agonist bronchodilator inhalers. cromolyn sodium ( inhalation ) is also used widely.


jonas salk, with both eloquence and simplicity, once stated that there are two primary approaches to treating ill people. he said that there are therapeutic techniques that directly impact specific symptoms, and there are methods that stimulate the body ' s own immune and defense system. whereas conventional medical treatments today tend to focus on the former goal of treating or controlling symptoms, various natural therapeutics primarily attend to the latter goal of augmenting the person ' s own inherent defenses. although the direct treatment of symptoms often has immediate effects, its benefits tend to be short - term. because such therapeutic interventions do not usually strengthen the person ' s own defenses, the individual remains prone to recurrence of their problem. in contrast, therapeutic methods that strengthen a person ' s immune and defense system has longer term benefit and can prevent recurrence, but the benefit is sometimes achieved more slowly. these generalizations about therapeutic methods are, however, just that, generalizations. there are plenty of exceptions, but these generalizations create a useful framework from which to evaluate the benefits and limitations of various therapeutic approaches. homeopathy and immune response homeopathy obviously fits into the class of therapeutic methods that augment the body ' s own defenses. the basis of homeopathy, called the principle of similars, suggests that a microdose of a substance will heal whatever pattern of symptoms this substances causes in large dose. this principle is also observed in the use of vaccinations and allergy treatments, though homeopathic medicines are both considerably smaller and safer in dose and more individualized to the person they are being used to treat. although homeopathic medicines are thought to stimulate the body ' s own defenses, how they do so remains a mystery. one study published in the european journal of pharmacology1 showed that a homeopathic medicine, silicea, stimulated macrophages ( macrophages are a part of the body ' s immune system which engulf bacteria and foreign substances ). how or why silicea was able to have this action or why exceedingly small doses of it are so active is unknown. in the same way that physicians and pharmacologists do not understand how many drugs work, we do not understand how homeopathic medicine actually work. homeopathic medicine do not simply stimulate the body ' s immune system to treat ill people, for they can also calm it when this is necessary for the healing of the individual. an example of this latter effect was observed in a study of the homeopa


##opathic medicine do not simply stimulate the body ' s immune system to treat ill people, for they can also calm it when this is necessary for the healing of the individual. an example of this latter effect was observed in a study of the homeopathic treatment of people with rheumatoid arthritis, a condition which is considered an autoimmune illness. people with auto - immune ailments suffer because their body ' s immune system is over - active and it attacks the person ' s own cells, not just bacteria, viruses, or foreign substances. this study on 46 people with rheumatoid arthritis showed that those given an individualized choice of homeopathic medicine got considerably more relief than those given a placebo. 2 a total of 82 % of those people given a homeopathic medicine experienced relief of pain, while only 21 % of those given a placebo got a similar degree of relief. homeopathy and infectious diseases toward the end of louis pasteur ' s life, he had come to realize that germs may not be the cause of disease afterall, but instead are probably the results of disease. in other words, various bacteria and other infective organisms may be present when there is some type of disease, but infection tends to establish itself primarily when a person ' s own defenses are compromised sufficiently to make him susceptible to the infection.


what is diabetes mellitus by alfred j. plechner, d. v. m. to this as the sugar diabetes. why does this happen? there are many reasons for why this may happen, but the basic problem occurs due to a lack of production of an endocrine hormone produced by the pancreas called insulin. sometimes this is the case and other times it may not be. classically, through a genetic problem, acquired problem or early aging, this deficiency in insulin can occur. this deficiency is normally determined by measuring blood sugar levels, and when over a certain level, may be accompanied by specific clinical signs like increased water intake excess urination and may be often accompanied by weight loss. insulin therapy is often used to normalize the blood sugar levels and clinical signs. if proper management of the diabetic patient does not occur with insulin therapy, other clinical parameters need to be considered. what are these parameters? first make sure the insulin is still effective. make sure the insulin has been properly refrigerated. make sure when you roll the insulin vial in your hand for proper mixing you are not shaking the vial and fracturing the active components. be aware of possible food allergies that might inflame the pancreas and reduce the production of insulin. this is particularly why cats seem to develop insulin deficiencies and then return to normal with a food change. immune reactions can be common in both dogs and cats due to the plechner syndrome when the deregulated immune cells make anti - antibodies to the insulin or a portion of the cells in the pancreas that produce the insulin. replacement steroids are not used because re - establishing the hormone control of the immune system can bring the insulin levels back to normal when there are anti - insulin antibodies present. your local pharmacy will have glucose urine sticks to test your pet ’ s urine to make sure there is some urine glucose present otherwise do not give insulin and call your veterinarian. always have honey or karo syrup on hand, and if your pet appears wobbly or disoriented, immediately give your pet the glucose supplement, and call your veterinarian. if the situation is questionable, do not give insulin and call your veterinarian. in the short term analysis, your pet will not die with too high a blood sugar, but certainly can die with too much top of page


frequently asked questions - regarding blood pressure monitors what is blood pressure? omron - blood pressure is the force generated by the blood against the walls of arteries during cardiac contraction and relaxation ( e. g., the pumping action of the heart ). lifesource - blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries. systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts ; diastolic pressure occurs when the heart expands. blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury ( mmhg ). why measure your blood pressure? omron - blood pressure measurement can highly reflect one ' s health condition. high blood pressure is potentially linked to serious illnesses such as stroke, heart disease and kidney failure. since there is no symptom most of the time, many hypertension people do not realize they are at risk until their health is seriously threatened. why measure your blood pressure at home? lifesource - it is now well known that, for many individuals, blood pressure readings taken in a doctor ’ s office or hospital setting might be elevated as a result of apprehension and anxiety. this response is commonly called “ white coat hypertension. ” in any case, self - measurement at home supplements your doctor ’ s readings and provides a more accurate, complete blood pressure history. in addition, clinical studies have shown that the detection and treatment of hypertension is improved when patients both consult their physicians and monitor their own blood pressure at home. why affects your blood pressure? blood pressure is affected by many factors : age, weight, time of day, activity level, climate, altitude and season. certain activities can significantly alter one ’ s blood pressure. walking can raise systolic pressure by 12 mmhg and diastolic pressure by 5. 5 mmhg. sleeping can decrease systolic blood pressure by as much as 10 mmhg. taking your blood pressure repeatedly without waiting an interval of 5 minutes between readings, or without raising your arm to allow blood to flow back to the heart, can also affect it. in addition to these factors, beverages containing caffeine or alcohol, certain medications, emotional stress and even tight - fitting clothes can make a difference in the readings. why does my blood pressure fluctuate throughout the day? omron - individual blood pressure varies greatly both on a daily and a seasonal or temperature basis. these variations may be more pronounced in hypertension patients. normally the blood pressure rises while at work and is at its lowest during sleep. lifesource - an individual ’ s blood pressure varies greatly


on a daily and a seasonal or temperature basis. these variations may be more pronounced in hypertension patients. normally the blood pressure rises while at work and is at its lowest during sleep. lifesource - an individual ’ s blood pressure varies greatly from day to day and season to season. for hypersensitive individuals, these variations are even more pronounced. normally, blood pressure rises during work or play and falls to its lowest levels during sleep. blood pressure guide : establishing baseline measurements the most important method to get an accurate blood pressure measurement is consistency. to get the most benefit out of your monitor, it is important to establish a “ baseline measurement. ” this helps build a foundation of measurements that you can use to compare against future readings. to build this baseline measurement, devote two weeks for consistent blood pressure monitoring. this involves doing everything the same way when you measure ( e. g. measuring during the same time of day, in the same location, sitting in the same chair, using the same cuff, etc. ). once you establish your baseline measurement, you can start evaluating if your measurement has been affected based on things like lifestyle changes or medication treatment. what is hypertension? lifesource - hypertension ( high blood pressure ) is the diagnosis given when readings consistently rise above normal. it is well known that hypertension can lead to stroke, heart attack or other illness if left untreated. referred to as a “ silent killer ” because it does not always produce symptoms that alert you to the problem, hypertension is treatable when diagnosed early. can hypertension be controlled? in many individuals, hypertension can be controlled by altering lifestyle and minimizing stress, and by appropriate medication prescribed and monitored by your doctor. the american heart association recommends the following lifestyle suggestions to prevent or control hypertension : reduce salt and fat intake maintain proper weight have regular physical checkups monitor your blood pressure at periodic intervals what is an irregular heartbeat? lifesource - a heartbeat that varies by 25 % from the average of all heartbeat intervals during the blood pressure measurement. relax, remain still and refrain from talking during measurements. omron health management software ( included with select products ) allows you to view, process and print data about blood pressure. the following operating environments are required to run this software. microsoft® windows® 2000 professional microsoft® windows® xp home edition microsoft® windows® xp professional edition 600 mhz or higher, pentium compatible cpu, pc / at compatible machine 128mb or more hard disc space : 32mb or more


in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right... to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. amendment vi by affording a right to assistance of counsel, the founders specifically meant to reject the english practice of prohibiting felony defendants from appearing through counsel except upon debatable points of law that arose during trial. after the glorious revolution in england ( 1688 ), parliament passed a statute allowing those accused of treason to appear through counsel. the framers clearly meant to extend the right to be heard through counsel to cases of felony as well as treason. history does not speak so clearly to the related but distinct question of whether a defendant who is too poor to retain private counsel has the right to a lawyer paid at public expense. self - representation appears to have been common at the time of the founding, but representation by professional lawyers became more frequent during the first half of the nineteenth century. some of the nineteenth - century treatise writers assumed that the legal profession would not permit poverty to deny legal assistance to defendants in serious cases. there were some instances of litigation over the question of whether volunteer lawyers for the poor would have an action for fees against the public authorities. the common practice thus seems to have been that members of the bar would represent indigent criminal defendants, motivated by public spirit, a thirst for trial experience, or the attendant publicity. in some places such lawyers were compensated at public expense. while there can be no doubt that the framers valued the right to counsel, their primary purpose lay in removing legal obstacles to representation by lawyers privately retained by defendants who could afford lawyers. not until 1938 did the supreme court hold that the sixth amendment required court - appointed counsel for defendants too poor to afford private counsel, or a knowing and intelligent waiver of court - appointed counsel by the accused. johnson v. zerbst ( 1938 ). the sixth amendment, however, applied only in federal cases. as late as 1963, several poorer states, all in the south, refused to provide appointed counsel for all indigent felony defendants, many, if not most, of whom were black. prior to 1963, the supreme court had addressed the question of counsel for the indigent accused persons in state cases under the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment, rather than under the sixth amendment, which deals specifically with the right to counsel. in the state cases, beginning with powell v. state of alabama in 1932, the court read due process to require appointed counsel in capital cases, and in felony cases when they presented special needs for legal advice


which deals specifically with the right to counsel. in the state cases, beginning with powell v. state of alabama in 1932, the court read due process to require appointed counsel in capital cases, and in felony cases when they presented special needs for legal advice. the modern law interpreting the right - to - counsel clause really begins with the 1963 decision in gideon v. wainwright, holding that the fourteenth amendment incorporates the right - to - counsel guarantee of the sixth amendment, making it applicable in state as well as federal cases. gideon left open at least three important questions. first, when does the right to counsel arise? second, are there offenses so minor that the government need not provide appointed counsel? third, how competently must defense counsel perform to satisfy constitutional standards? in the years since gideon, the court has held that the right to counsel arises with the institution of formal proceedings by way of indictment, information, complaint, or arraignment. thus, whatever rights to counsel a suspect enjoys after arrest but before the filing of the charge ( a timing decision largely within the control of the authorities ) come, not from the sixth amendment, but from other sources, such as the miranda rights derived from the fifth amendment self - incrimination clause. once the sixth amendment right to counsel has attached, the accused has the right to the presence of counsel during all subsequent critical stages of the case, including the preliminary hearing, pretrial motions, interrogation, plea negotiations, and of course the trial itself. the right to counsel ends with a final judgment of the trial court. the supreme court has declared that the right to counsel on appeal arises from the equal protection clause, not the sixth amendment. as to the level of criminal charge that triggers the right to counsel, the courts have never complied with the literal meaning of the sixth amendment. in this instance, at least, " all " does not mean " all criminal prosecutions " : it means some. petty offenses have been adjudicated without counsel from the time of the founding to this day. the traditional understanding of petty offenses included misdemeanors punishable by less than six months in jail. the modern supreme court has held that no offense can be deemed petty for purposes of the exception to the right to counsel if the accused does in fact receive a sentence that includes incarceration, howsoever brief. as for the standard of representation, the supreme court in strickland v. washington ( 1984 ) adopted a two - step test for ineffective assistance of counsel claims. to set aside a plea


sentence that includes incarceration, howsoever brief. as for the standard of representation, the supreme court in strickland v. washington ( 1984 ) adopted a two - step test for ineffective assistance of counsel claims. to set aside a plea, verdict, or sentence on account of defective lawyering, the defendant must show that defense counsel ' s performance fell outside the range of professional competence and that counsel ' s performance prejudiced the defendant so as to call the reliability of the proceedings into question. in the first prong of the test, the courts indulge a presumption of competence ; many vital decisions ( e. g., whether to accept a plea bargain, whether to call the defendant as a witness ) are so problematic that they are classified as unreviewable tactical choices. in the second prong, the burden lies on the defendant to show that, but for counsel ' s unprofessional errors, there is a fair probability that the results of the proceedings might have been different. prejudice against the right to effective assistance of counsel is presumed only from the actual or constructive denial of counsel, an actual conflict of interest that impairs counsel ' s performance, or arbitrary interference by court ruling or statute with counsel ' s presentation of the defense. lack of sufficient resources for indigent defense, in and of itself, does not constitute a violation of the sixth amendment. that question is left to congress and the state legislatures to address. - donald a. dripps - professor of law - university of san diego school of law


the present study is an enquiry into the smcs success. it brings into focus the post - plague environmental cleanliness strategies and actions followed by the smc, their impact, sustainability and other issues. strategies and actions multi - pronged strategies adopted by the smc to achieve the programme goals, include : - streamlining of functional, administrative, financial and technological aspects within smc ; - awareness creation and capacity building of the municipal staff and city population, especially weaker section ; - inviting private sector participation in garbage management ; - introduction of a very well orchestrated garbage removal and disposal schedule ; - educating the public and issuing of instruction for the correct way of garbage disposal ; - special focus on cleanliness and infrastructure development in slums ; - better co - ordination between elected wing and executives wing of the corporation ; - quick decision making through administrative decentralisation ; - carefully planned grievance redressal, monitoring and surveillance system ; and - need based technological improvement, and such others. - the programme has created tangible impact on cleanliness, living environment and awareness level leading to significant improvement in the mortality and morbidity ; - surat experiment has now become a model within and outside the country, which several city governments are trying to replicate ; - a partnership approach between public and private sector, citizens and community is slowly emerging. negative aspects and sustainability issues - since the programme started in the aftermath of plague, achieving of immediate and tangible results through strict administrative actions was the implementation strategy. community participation and ngo involvement in the planning and implementation was never attempted on a large scale. - enforcement of environmental discipline through punitive actions, like administrative charges, is still continuing. this indicates lower level of participation and awareness. this may create sustainability problems in future. - good leadership, which is the hallmark of the programme success, makes it vulnerable. unless the system accepts community involvement as a larger strategy, continuity of the programme may be in jeopardy in future in the absence of a committed leader. india is a rapidly urbanising country with its share of urban population consistently rising over the decades. while at the beginning of this century only 10. 48 per cent of the total population lived in urban areas, the proportion increased to 17. 29 per cent in 1951 and, according to the 1991 census, 25. 72 per cent or 217 million of the countrys 844 million population lived in urban areas. urbanisation is also an important indicator of economic growth in a country. it is significant that the contribution of the urban sector in indias gdp has consistently grown from 29


cent or 217 million of the countrys 844 million population lived in urban areas. urbanisation is also an important indicator of economic growth in a country. it is significant that the contribution of the urban sector in indias gdp has consistently grown from 29 per cent in 1950 - 51 to 47 per cent in 1980 - 81 and is expected to cross 60 per cent by 2001 ( planning commission, 1992 ). however, with growing urbanisation, the emergence of the gap between demand and supply of infrastructure has become a hard reality. this can be attributed to the fact that the pace of urbanisation far exceeds the growth of urban services. as the indian national report, habitat ii mentions, " the major environmental concerns in an urbanising india relate to high levels of water pollution due to poor waste disposal, inadequate sewerage and drainage and improper disposal of industrial effluents. air pollution levels are rising mainly because of congested streets, poorly maintained vehicles, fuel burning and industrial activities. the dumping of solid wastes in low lying areas contributes to land and ground water pollution and high levels of noise pollution arise out of vehicular traffic, industrial operations, construction, etc. " ( government of india, 1996, p. 15 ). in the indian administrative structure the responsibility of providing basic amenities and a clean environment in the cities rests with the third tier of the government, i. e., the municipal authorities. however, municipal authorities are generally found wanting in fulfilling these responsibilities because of various factors including financial deficiencies, inadequate enterprise, political interference from the higher levels of government and encroachment on the functions of the local governments by various parastatal agencies. the indian parliament passed the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment acts in 1992 to empower the rural and urban local governments by according them constitutional status. an appropriate institutional set - up was envisaged in these acts whereby the local governments, which consist of democratically elected representatives of the people, are supposed to be the prime movers of urban governance. local governments have been envisaged to be more broad based and representative with reservation of 33 per cent seats for women and proportional seats for the socially backward sections of the population. to fulfil the countrys commitment to the agenda of habitat ii, local agenda 21 and other international and national programmes, the institutional set - up at the local level emphasised by the government envisages the local government at the centre stage with private sector, ngos, cbos and other local level organisations as co - actors. setting of the present study


national programmes, the institutional set - up at the local level emphasised by the government envisages the local government at the centre stage with private sector, ngos, cbos and other local level organisations as co - actors. setting of the present study the present report is the study of a local government in the country, viz. surat municipal corporation. this is essentially a follow - up of our previous study ( plague in surat - crisis in urban governance by archana ghosh and sami ahmad ) which was conducted in december 1994, in the context of the plague epidemic in the city in september 1994. in the context of the politico - cultural situation prevailing at that time in surat it is significant to note that the surat municipal corporation ( smc ) had no elected body accountable to the people when the calamity struck the city. the earlier study aimed to gauge the level of provision and quality of basic amenities with a view to assess the environmental problems in the city and the local governments response to them. the following questions formed the core of our enquiry : - is it correct to assume that the surat tragedy was due to the absence of an elected local government? - did it occur because of the laxity on the part of the city administration inspite of the presence of an elected corporation in surat since 1966? - if the city administration was indifferent and wasnt discharging its duties, what were the reasons for the same? - if our concern is for elected city governments, what are the pre - requisites for their effective functioning? ( ghosh and ahmad, 1996, p. 4 ) the study analysed the administrative, political and legal aspects of the surat municipal corporation in great depth. the provision of basic services and peoples participation in solving local problems was also examined to assess the level of self reliance of the community. the study highlighted stark realities in so far as the level of basic services were concerned. it observed that " though the citys economic activity has increased manifold through the unprecedented growth of small scale industries in the un - organised sector and through the setting up of some large scale industries by big industrial houses, peoples living conditions have deteriorated to such a large extent that surat is said to be the dirtiest city of its size in the whole country " ( ghosh and ahmad, 1996, p. 4 ). while assessing the role of the city government the study revealed that the smc had failed to provide basic amenities and services to the people of the city in accordance with


in the whole country " ( ghosh and ahmad, 1996, p. 4 ). while assessing the role of the city government the study revealed that the smc had failed to provide basic amenities and services to the people of the city in accordance with their needs and priorities although the city government had the privilege of an almost continuos existence of an elected government. the dismal performance of the smc seems to nullify the common notion that effective city administration and provision of quality services depends largely on the existence of a strong city government in which democratically elected representatives manage city affairs and are able to take quick decisions in times of need. the occurrence of plague was not sudden. the environmental degradation in the city, a culmination of long neglect by the local body, was responsible for the outbreak of the plague epidemic. the above account prepared the background for the present study. the setting is again the city of surat and main actor is the smc. what inspired this follow - up study were the developments that seemed to have been triggered off by the smc in the city since may 1995. the smc refurbished its image and that of the city within a short time. the municipal corporation was dramatically successful in cleaning up the city, and in 1996, surat was acclaimed as the second cleanest city, next only to chandigarh, among 100 cities for which a rapid survey was conducted. this survey was based on a 40 - point checklist prepared by an environmentalist group of the indian national trust for art and cultural heritage ( intach ), a premier organisation working for preserving indian cultural heritage. several other independent organisations, media reports, etc. also proclaim surat as one of the cleanest cities in the country today. objectives of the study the study aims at identifying the operations of the smc in garbage disposal and public health management in the post - plague period responsible for its present image. the period under review is from may, 1995 till march, 1998. the study aims to broadly examine the following aspects : - what actions did the smc take to clean the city through solid waste management and public health measures in order to counter surats image as one of the dirtiest cities in the country? - what strategies were adopted by the smc to achieve these goals? - what type of administrative restructuring and financial resource management policies were adopted and how these helped the project achieve the desired goal? - what was the role of the beneficiaries and other stakeholders in the entire process? - what results did the project


? - what type of administrative restructuring and financial resource management policies were adopted and how these helped the project achieve the desired goal? - what was the role of the beneficiaries and other stakeholders in the entire process? - what results did the project achieve and what impact did it have on the main actors and the community? - whether the surat experience had any impact on public policies with respect to garbage disposal at the city level? - what were the positive and negative aspects of the whole process? - what steps have been taken to maintain the sustainability of these initiatives? - whether this initiative can be replicated elsewhere within or outside the country? the study is based on secondary as well as primary sources. for primary data collection an impressionistic survey was conducted by the author in the city, especially in slum localities, in march 1998. interviews with municipal officials, elected leaders, ngo representatives, elected women representatives, representatives of the industrial and business community and conversations with the local people and representatives of poor people in slums provided sufficient inputs to assess the impact of the new initiatives and know their reactions to and role in various aspects of the programme. secondary sources comprise our own previous study on surat. many other media reports, articles and news items which were published both during and after the outbreak of plague and published and unpublished documents of the smc served as a vital source of secondary information. design of the report the report has seven chapters. chapter ii gives an overview of the surat city. the profile of surat city in terms of its physical setting, demographic, social and economic context has been presented in this chapter. chapter iii introduces the main actor, the smc and defines the programme context. chapter iv deals with the role of the smc in managing the urban environment especially with respect to garbage collection and public health services including water supply and sanitation. its new programme initiatives, roles and performance in the post plague period from may 1995 onwards have been contrasted with the pre - plague scenario. the administrative and financial strategies adopted by the local government to strengthen the delivery system of the specific services have been discussed in chapter v. reactions and responses of the other actors and stakeholders have been presented in chapter vi. chapter vii concludes the report with a critical overview of the whole process in terms of the positive and negative aspects of the results achieved, sustainability and scope for replication of the efforts in different settings and lessons learned. strategies for action the present clean and healthy image of surat is not the result of vigorous sanitation and public health actions only. if it were not supported