flying wing. this design led to a contract from the air force in 1941 for the development of the xb - 35 flying - wing bomber and subsequent designs, the yb - 35, yb - 49 and yrb - 49. the contract was later cancelled in 1949 and all but one of the airplanes was destroyed. a flying wing bomber would not find production for another forty years, with the deployment of the b - 2 spirit stealth bomber in 1993. the flying wing continues to be known for its high aerodynamic efficiency and for the stealth it provides in eluding the enemy. born in newark, new jersey in 1895, john northrop and his parents, charles and helen, moved several times during his early childhood, finally settling in california in 1904. northrop graduated from santa barbara high school in 1913. rather than pursuing an academic career, he worked as an architectural draftsman, garage mechanic and building tradesman. in 1942, northrop founded the northrop institute of technology in los angeles ( later northrop university ), to provide students interested in technology with the opportunity to advance into the industry. northrop has also been the recipient of several awards and honors, including the st. louis medal from asme in 1947, a presidential certificate of merit in 1974 and induction into both the international aerospace hall of fame in 1972 and the national aviation hall of fame in 1974.


tell a friend create an account sign in now count to 5 : represent numbers ( up to 5 ) comparing : compare groups ( fewer or more ) size : long and short size : light and heavy money : pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters... and 37 more skills! see all pre - k skills numbers and counting beyond 20 : count groups of ten patterns : similar patterns subtracting : subtract with pictures - numbers up to 5 fractions : identify halves, thirds, fourths measurement : holds more or less... and 118 more skills! see all kindergarten skills counting and number patterns : ordinal numbers comparing : comparing numbers up to 100 estimating : estimate to the nearest ten money : compare money amounts time : months of the year... and 150 more skills! see all first - grade skills names of numbers : ordinal numbers up to 100th properties : fact families geometry : flip, turn, and slide fractions : compare fractions... and 207 more skills! see all second - grade skills place values : place value names mixed operations : addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division word problems mixed operations : multi - step word problems money : add and subtract money amounts decimals : what decimal number is illustrated?... and 222 more skills! see all third - grade skills division : divide by 1 - digit numbers : complete the table algebra : simplify expressions using order of operations and parentheses geometry : open and closed shapes and qualities of polygons fractions and mixed numbers : patterns of equivalent fractions fractions and mixed numbers : fractions of a number... and 207 more skills! see all fourth - grade skills decimals : convert fractions to decimals multiply decimals : multiply a decimal by a one - digit whole number multiply decimals : multiply two decimals using grids coordinate graphs : coordinate graphs as maps consumer math : sale prices... and 263 more skills! see all fifth - grade skills exponents and square roots : evaluate exponents consumer math : which is the better coupon? consumer math : percents - calculate tax, tip, mark - up, and more algebra : add and subtract like terms divide fractions : divide fractions and mixed numbers... and 275 more skills! see all sixth - grade skills exponents and square roots : square roots of perfect squares consumer math : find the percent : tax, discount, and more number sequences : arithmetic sequences single


fractions and mixed numbers... and 275 more skills! see all sixth - grade skills exponents and square roots : square roots of perfect squares consumer math : find the percent : tax, discount, and more number sequences : arithmetic sequences single - variable equations : solve one - step linear equations probability : make predictions... and 249 more skills! see all seventh - grade skills scientific notation : multiply numbers written in scientific notation measurement : convert rates and measurements : customary units coordinate graphs : distance between two points geometry : volume and surface area of spheres monomials and polynomials : multiply and divide monomials... and 266 more skills! see all eighth - grade skills absolute value equations and inequalities : solve absolute value inequalities direct and inverse variation : write direct variation equations linear functions : standard form : graph an equation radical expressions : add and subtract radical expressions rational functions and expressions : simplify rational expressions... and 254 more skills! see all algebra skills congruent triangles : hypotenuse - leg theorem quadrilaterals : properties of trapezoids similarity : similarity of circles circles : tangent lines circles : inscribed angles... and 165 more skills! see all geometry skills don ' t see your level? more advanced topics are on their way. to be notified when new courses are ready. terms of service tell us what you think © 2013 ixl learning. all rights reserved.


for several years, global warming has been discussed in terms of its various influences on human society and a wide range of countermeasures have been actively promoted. recently, the interest on impact evaluation has shifted from the entire global domain to particular countries or regional societies. regional influences of the global warming often manifest themselves as the noticeable modulations of natural climate variability. in this respect, apl ’ s activities are closely and directly related to our real life events not in a distant future but in the present or several months ahead. apl ’ s activities are expected to contribute to the various fields of human activities indicated here which may be influenced by the ongoing global warming. according to the report of the world meteorological organization ( wmo ), trillions of dollars worth of assets and thousands of human lives are saved globally every year by daily weather forecasting. many of the extreme weather phenomena responsible for disasters are closely connected to climate variations. the variation in wheat production in australia is a typical case ( lower row left ). the progression of global warming tends to influence climate patterns. thus, forecasting changing climate variability patterns has a substantial social benefit for protecting human lives and assets. el nino, often mentioned in association with abnormal weather patterns, is a well - known and significant phenomenon in the tropical pacific ocean. although the indian ocean had been considered as an inactive ocean, el nino like phenomenon called the “ indian ocean dipole phenomenon ” ( iod ) was discovered about a decade ago. the frequency with which iod occur seems to increase recently probably due to the ongoing global warming. on the other hand, el nino tends to emerge with a slightly different pattern, called “ el nino modoki ”, which may also be a result of global warming. those two new phenomena were discovered by the research activities done in the parent body of the present apl. advanced forecasting research has since been carried on and developed further by future apl activities. although el nino and iod are phenomena that occur over the oceans, both of which largely influence the global atmospheric flow pattern through their associated anomalous sea surface temperature field. the oceanic influence thus exerted on the lower boundary of the atmosphere propagates in the form of characteristic atmospheric wave patterns horizontally as well as vertically and eventually reaches the regions quite far from the original location of the phenomena. this mechanism is referred to as “ teleconnection ” and it provides important information for people living across the globe. the right figure shows the unique teleconnection patterns respectively related to iod and el nino. the


john spencer wrote a post where he outlines 14 reasons why multiple choice tests suck. consider these points : i also wrote a post on the folly of multiple choice tests. - multiple choice is shallow. i know people try to create analytical, evaluative and creative questions. however, the medium itself is one of recall and recognition. - knowledge is often connective and deeply rooted in context. multiple choice takes away connective thinking and puts it into empty silos, where knowledge is reduced to lowest common denominator. i want students to know information. however, i also want them to know applied information. i want them to put the information together. - multiple choice is unreliable. as long as a student can guess a correct answer, every question is somewhat suspect. i get it. teachers can look for overall trends and take out the statistical probability of guessing. however, how does that help anyone figure out if a child needs additional support with a concept. - there is rarely a chance to explain why something is true. students should be able to articulate what they know and give a defence for why it is true. - multiple choice kills the desire to learn. it might not sound like a big deal, but every time my students take a test, they are less likely to enjoy what they learn. - if you try for critical thinking, multiple choice tests become subjective. students end up with questions like, " which of the following best describes... " and the test becomes meaningless. - multiple choice does not allow for nuance, paradox or mystery. - students need to see knowledge as contextual and personal. multiple choice tests are standardized, impersonal and void of any real context. students internalize the idea that learning is something irrelevant. - it reduces self - efficacy. multiple choice tests fail to allow students to find information themselves and make decisions about their learning. to do so would make tests " unreliable. " too many variables. unfortunately, life has multiple variables and " learn to be a critical thinking citizen " cannot be easily measured. - multiple choice pushes students toward a narrow, cerebral definition of learning. multiple choice does not allow for social learning. instead, students must prove what they know in isolation. it doesn ' t allow for multiple modalities or differentiation, either. - google has replaced multiple choice. in an era when knowledge is instantly available, we should be seeing whether students can find information, ask deep questions, engage with sources, curate what they find and find the bias in a source. multiple choice doesn '


who : diesel exhaust can cause cancer decision could pressure gov ' ts to introduce stricter limits on emission exhaust from diesel engines can cause cancer, a prominent global cancer group that ' s part of the world health organization said tuesday. while the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) has no power to set or enforce rules, many governments look to it for guidance and the decision could put pressure on those governments to introduce stricter limits on emissions, especially to protect workers who are exposed to diesel exhaust while on the job. the iarc has for more than two decades classified diesel engine exhaust as a " probable " carcinogen - - a cancer - causing agent - - but until recently there was no clear evidence linking it to higher cancer rates. this winter, however, two studies were published based on research involving more than 12, 000 mine workers done by the national cancer institute and the national institute for occupational safety and health, known as the diesel exhaust in miners study, or dems. together, the two new papers found an increase in lung cancer rates among workers exposed to diesel exhaust underground, with greater exposure linked to steadily higher cancer rates. in workers with the highest exposure, deaths from lung cancer tripled in one study, and increased five - fold in the other. it ' s unclear whether the decision will affect rules in the united states. since 2008, the mine safety and health administration has enforced a limit of 160 micrograms of total carbon per cubic meter for workers in u. s. mines. " total carbon " is used as a marker for diesel fumes. luke popovich, a spokesman for the national mining association, said the iarc decision has " little bearing " on current conditions. popovich said the recent studies aren ' t relevant, because they looked at worker exposures from the 1950s until the 1990s, when older and dirtier equipment was in use. " it therefore does not reflect the technology changes that have been made since then, " he said. industry groups and clean - air advocates alike say recent improvements are dramatic. the diesel technology forum and the national resources defense council both estimate that diesel emissions, including dangerous particles, are reduced by 99 % in newer engines. however, older engines are still in widespread use, especially in poor countries. dr. christopher wild, the iarc director, said the united states and europe already have " stringent " guidelines on diesel fumes, but that there is " relatively little information about diesel exhaust in developing countries. " other scientists warn that cancer takes years or even decades to


the iarc director, said the united states and europe already have " stringent " guidelines on diesel fumes, but that there is " relatively little information about diesel exhaust in developing countries. " other scientists warn that cancer takes years or even decades to develop, meaning that people exposed to fumes in the past are still at risk. mining groups have criticized the dems research ever since its launch in 1992. last year, scientists funded by the industry - backed mining awareness research group ( marg ) wrote a paper criticizing the dems study, saying its methods for estimating exposure were " imprecise " and " unreliable. " henry chajet, an attorney with patton boggs, a law firm that represents the mining awareness group, responded to the iarc decision by saying, " marg members are deeply concerned about the study and its conclusions. " he said researchers had no way to reliably estimate exposure, that the results are " confusing " and that researchers haven ' t shared all their data. chajet is an aggressive critic. earlier this year, he sent letters to the lancet and other medical journals, urging them to hold off publishing papers on the dems study. " we respectfully request that you and your counsel carefully consider any intent to publish these papers, as well as the impact and consequences of any such publication or distribution, " chajet wrote in his letter to the lancet. the iarc didn ' t specify a level at which diesel fumes are harmful, but data from dems suggests that cancer risks go up even at relatively modest levels - - the equivalent of air pollution in some major cities, including london, mexico city and the bronx section of new york city. the iarc does not make policy recommendations, but dr. kurt straif, the head of the classification program, warns that the danger may not be limited to mine workers. " we have learned from other carcinogens, such as radon, that initial studies showing a risk in heavily exposed occupational groups were followed by positive findings for the general population. therefore actions to reduce exposures should encompass workers and the general population. " in a polluted city, the cancer risk may be low for a given individual, " but if you ' ve got a ubiquitous exposure such as diesel engine exhaust, then it could make an awful lot of people ill, " warns lesley rushton, a biostatistician at imperial college london. earlier this year, rushton wrote an editorial in the journal of the national cancer insitute, urging


articles in art the latest cambodia hip hop series khmer romanization refers to the representation of the khmer ( cambodian ) language using letters of the latin ( roman ) alphabet. romanization of khmer is usually applied to khmer proper nouns such as names of people and geographical names as in a gazetteer. khmer numerals are characters used for writing numbers for several languages in cambodia, most notably cambodia ' s official language, khmer. they date back to at least the oldest known epigraphical inscription of the khmer numerals in 604 ad, found on a stele in prasat bayang, cambodia, located not far from angkor borei. khmer grammar is generally a subject verb object ( svo ) language with prepositions. although primarily an isolating language, lexical derivation by means of prefixes and infixes is common. dialects are sometimes quite marked. notable variations are found in speakers from phnom penh ( which is the capital city ), the rural battambang area, the areas of northeast thailand adjacent to cambodia such as surin province, the cardamom mountains, and in southern vietnam. the dialects form a continuum running roughly north to south. the speech of phnom penh, considered the standard, is mutually intelligible with the others but a khmer krom speaker from vietnam, for instance, may have great difficulty communicating with a khmer native to sisaket province in thailand. the khmer script ( ; akkharakram khemara pheasa, informally aksar khmer ; ) is used to write the khmer language which is the official language of cambodia. khmer ( ), or cambodian, is the language of the khmer people and the official language of cambodia. it is the second most widely spoken austroasiatic language ( after vietnamese ), with speakers in the tens of millions. khmer has been considerably influenced by sanskrit and pali, especially in the royal and religious registers, through the vehicles of hinduism and buddhism. it is also the earliest recorded and earliest written language of the mon - khmer family, predating mon and by a significant margin vietnamese. as a result of geographic proximity, the khmer language has influenced, and also been influenced by ; thai, lao, vietnamese and cham many of which all form a pseudo - sprachbund in peninsular southeast asia, since most contain high levels of sanskrit and pali influences. most temples in cambodia fall into mainly hindu and buhdist categories. the buddhist temples in cambodia are mostly pagodas. pagodas are built


pseudo - sprachbund in peninsular southeast asia, since most contain high levels of sanskrit and pali influences. most temples in cambodia fall into mainly hindu and buhdist categories. the buddhist temples in cambodia are mostly pagodas. pagodas are built in any province, district of cambodia. the hindu temples are mostly built in some of provinces in cambodia. cambodia faces some serious problems in its schools due to a shortage of classrooms, an increase in the number of students and deterioration of school buildings. unlike many places around the world, where schools abound but teachers are few, the education bottleneck in cambodia is the lack of buildings. one of the most powerful long term answers to child prostitution and poverty in cambodia is to construct and jump start schools in some of the most remote and poverty stricken areas of the country. the roads standard in cambodia is managed by ministry of public works and transport, of cambodia. the ministry is mandated to " build, maintain and manage all the transportation infrastructure such as roads, bridges, ports, railways, waterways and buildings " in the nation. ministry offices are located in phnom penh. news in art between 1. 7 and 2. 2 million people, almost a quarter of cambodia ' s population, died between 1975 and 1979 under the ultra - maoist khmer rouge regime. pol pot, the architect of the " year zero " revolution, died in 1998, but his sidekicks are now on trial... catched this house, commissioned in 1965 by the national bank of cambodia to house its employees, is one of molyvann ' s " 100 houses " whose design was based on traditional khmer homes. it eventually fell into a state of disrepair. molyvann is most proud of his... catched phnom penh : to dedicate to former king his majesty norodom sihanouk who passed away on october 15, 2012 at the age of 90, the national bank of cambodia released a... catched - thousands of cambodians attended 100 – day funeral ceremony of late king father norodom sihanouk - architect turned artist mixes canvas and camera - six - year - old allegedly strangled for jewellery - cambodia, us leader focus on democracy and debt deal - cambodia ’ s first animation school brings india to angkor - thief slips between the croupiers - former king norodom sihanouk, father of nation ’ s statue will be displayed near independence monument


mmm … doughnuts! national doughnut day ever wonder where this sweet, circular treat ( homer simpson ’ s fave! ) came from? the early years doughnuts have been around for hundreds of years. archaeologists turned up several fossilized fried cakes with holes in the center in prehistoric ruins in the southwestern united states. how these early native americans prepared their doughnuts is still unknown. most historians talk about doughnut history as starting in the mid - 19th century, when the dutch wrote down their recipes for “ olykoeks, ” or “ oily cakes, ” which were balls of sweet dough fried in pork fat, with apples, prunes or raisins in the middle. soon after, the pilgrims brought the tasty snack with them to america. there was just one little problem with doughnuts back then – when the olykoeks were pulled out of the hot oil, the centers were hardly ever cooked through. hole in one so how did doughnuts get their modern - day name? there ’ s a story about a woman from new england – elizabeth gregory – who was known for her yummy olykoeks. her secret was to add a hint of nutmeg and fill the center with hazelnuts or walnuts. she even had a special name for her creation : dough - nuts. ( she may have got the name from an instruction in the recipe, which said to make “ little nuts of dough ” and place them into the hot oil. and how did doughnuts get the whole in the center? well, the story of elizabeth gregory continues, though there are a few different endings. in one, she gives her son – a sea captain – some dough - nuts to take with him on one of his ocean journeys. but when a storm started at sea, the captain found himself having a hard time holding the treat and steering the ship. so he impaled the dough - nut on one of the steering wheel ’ s spokes, creating a hole in the middle of it. another version of the story says the captain simply didn ’ t like the nuts his mother put in the center of the dough - nuts, so he poked them out, leaving an empty whole in the middle. whatever the real story is, there were benefits to making doughnuts with holes. they cooked more evenly and their unique shape made them extremely popular. during world war i, doughnuts had already achieved status as an american favorite. young american men fighting oversees were served doughnuts


a british seismologist explains earthquakes. the rumbling and shaking of earthquakes puzzled people for centuries, writes musson, chief spokesman at the british geological survey. aristotle blamed the noise on roaring winds forced through subterranean caverns. the people of lisbon, portugal, racked by a massive quake in 1755, felt certain god was punishing the wicked. shortly thereafter, working with limited data, scientists began to develop an understanding : british geologist john michell posited that earthquakes transmitted on elastic waves ; his colleague charles lyell found evidence of moving faults. based on observations of the archetypal san francisco quake of 1906, johns hopkins geologist harry fielding reid accurately defined an earthquake as a violent movement of rocks that releases energy in the form of waves that spread outward at high velocity. musson describes the evolving science of seismology, including the development of today ’ s global seismological networks. analyzing the most significant earthquakes of all time — lisbon, san francisco and sumatra ( 2004 ) — he explains what we know about these “ strange and uncanny things ” and scientists ’ “ persistent failure ” at predicting them. based on the growing population of urban areas, especially in developing nations, where buildings are not designed to withstand violent shaking, scientists are able to predict that a massive future quake will eventually result in 1 million deaths. in villages in seismically active areas, builders generally use available materials and follow traditional practices, which can lead to high death tolls. in earthquake - savvy cities, builders prevent collapses through reinforcement and other techniques. musson urges national governments to mandate earthquake safety programs. in the meantime, he writes, the safest place to be during a quake is under a solid piece of furniture. an authoritative and accessible investigation of one of nature ’ s most destructive forces.


more voices needed in climate debate after two weeks of climate negotiations in doha, bleary - eyed ministers, negotiators, and advocates are headed back home to the various regions around the world. few, if any, are leaving entirely satisfied. the pace of progress on climate change is still too slow and the political will for greater ambition remains elusive. that said, these talks did achieve the basic goal of extending the kyoto protocol and moving countries onto a single negotiating track toward a new climate agreement by 2015. this leaves the door for more progress ahead. this year ' s talks took place against the backdrop of two disturbing trends. on the one hand, there are multiple signs that climate change is here and its impacts are already being felt around the world. on the other hand, the world remains tied to the consumption of fossil fuels that drive more and more greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. with each passing day that we don ' t shift directions, we are increasingly locking ourselves into more unstable climate future. the real question is : can the international talks have a real impact on climate change? but before we get to that question, let ' s look more closely at the two trends : first, in recent years, we ' ve seen a surge in climate and extreme weather events, along with analysis and other evidence that the world is on an unsustainable course. the most recent and tragic example was super typhoon bopha that swept across the philippines this week, killing at least 500 people and leaving tens of thousands displaced. typhoons aren ' t unusual in the philippines, but this one is the most southern on record and it arrived particularly late in the year. the storm, of course, comes on the heels of hurricane sandy, which swept through the caribbean and up the east coast of the united states, leaving hundreds dead, and thousands without power or property. these are the kind of extreme weather events that are becoming more common in a warming world. on top of these examples are a series of powerful new reports that reinforce the dangerous direction the world is headed. for instance, the world bank just released a report, " turning down the heat, " which explores a world with four degrees celsius of global temperature growth. the picture is not pretty. four degrees would bring more intense wildfires, heat waves, and droughts. ocean life would die off, while pests and disease would increase, the report says. already we are seeing that polar ice is melting faster than expected and sea levels are rising beyond many projections. for instance, no


heat waves, and droughts. ocean life would die off, while pests and disease would increase, the report says. already we are seeing that polar ice is melting faster than expected and sea levels are rising beyond many projections. for instance, noaa just released a study showing that sea levels could rise as much as 6. 6 feet by the end of the century. furthermore, temperature records continue to fall. the united states is on course to have it hottest year on record, as withering drought spreads across two - thirds of the country. that brings us to the second major trend, which is the world ' s ongoing dependence on fossil fuels. wri recently released an analysis showing that there are nearly 1, 200 new proposed coal plants worldwide. while not all of these will be developed, even a fraction of them would drive up global emissions. oil, likewise, remains a dominant fuel source. and, despite the enormous profits, the international energy agency has reported that government subsidies for fossil fuels were six times those for renewable energy in 2011. this dependence on fossil fuels keeps pushing up the global emissions. ( 2011 also broke the record for greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. ) that ' s why what happens in the global climate agreements is so crucial. the un is the only venue that brings all countries together and gives each a chance to have a voice. it provides a common arena that enhances transparency and accountability among countries. but, the un is only as effective as the political will of its members. right now, when it comes to climate change, we are simply not seeing nearly enough commitment nor ambition from national leaders. greater domestic action can instill confidence and help build momentum. with more national leadership, the un can move faster and take a bigger bite out of global emissions. of course, the international system cannot solve the problem on its own. we need business leaders, government officials, and the public to step up as well. we need more of their voices in the debate. fortunately, public understanding of climate change is on the rise, as is support for action. turning again to the doha meeting, it ' s certainly clear that the meeting alone won ' t do enough to address this issue. but it does put countries on a track and provides them with the opportunity to raise their ambition. the time we have to cut emissions to avoid the worst consequences of climate change is running short. the stakes are high. it ' s time for world leaders, negotiators and the public to increase their intensity, to develop more specific strategies


with this revised edition of the solar system, michael seeds ' goal is to help students use astronomy to understand science and use science to understand what we are. fascinating and engaging, this text illustrates the scientific method and guides students to answer these fundamental questions : what are we? how do we know? in discussing the interplay between evidence and hypothesis, seeds provides not only facts but also a conceptual framework for understanding the logic of science. this edition addresses the newest developments and latest discoveries in the exciting study of astronomy, including new data on jupiter ' s ring system ; new evidence of dark energy, quasars, and galaxy collisions ; and a look inside supernova explosions. - seeds ' thematic emphasis on the scientific method stands out in two recurring text features. " how do we know? " boxes draw on examples of great moments in science from various disciplines to illustrate the logical processes scientists use to learn about nature. the " scientific argument " feature at the end of each section contains a carefully designed question to help students review the key concepts. a short answer follows each question to emphasize how scientists construct logical arguments from observations, evidence, theories, and natural laws. an additional question gives students a chance to construct their own argument on a related issue. - for the seventh edition, several elements have been designed to help students develop a stronger understanding of the big picture. chapter opening " guideposts " connect previous and subsequent chapters to the material students are about to read, highlighting the " essential questions " within that chapter. these essential questions act as the organizing elements in the chapter summaries to encourage students to gain a deeper understanding of the material rather than just memorize a list of facts. - seeds ' unique art program showcases this visual science in a consistent, striking new style. the hallmark concept art spreads are numbered and emphasized in text narratives, making these two - page visual summaries easy to analyze and synthesize. concept figures marry art and text, encouraging students to synthesize information as a unified concept. guided discovery figures lead students through several frames of art to demonstrate processes that occur over time and provide brief guiding comments explaining each frame. to help students understand the main idea at a glance, all h - r diagrams are consistently designed. - two different cd - based planetarium software options are available on request, allowing instructors more flexibility when designing their course. choose from thesky student edition or starry night. - available on request with the text are two innovative technology enhancements. virtual astronomy labs focus on 20 of the most important concepts in astronomy


embrace your roman muse! as a learner of latin you want to experience the roman world by reading its writers in their original language. but you may be unsure where to begin in the classical canon or you may worry that your latin skills are insufficient to tackle authentic texts. requiring only a grounding in the basics beginning latin poetry reader lets you explore the rich and diverse range of latin verse including epics comedies satires lyric poetry and even graffiti! inside you ' ll find seventy selections from authors of the early republic such as plautus and terrance as well as those of the golden and silver ages such as vergil horace ovid and juvenal - - all supported by helpful footnotes and english translations. this book also includes a clear overview of latin syntax and the metrics of its verse a glossary of all latin words found in the readings and a time line showing the historical and literary context of each author. lose yourself in : the sparkling comedies of plautus the intimate love poetry of catullus the majestic hexameters of vergil the elegant lyricism of horace the refined sensuality of ovid the compelling satires of juvenal the bristly epigrams of martial if you use one of kobo ' s free reading apps you won ' t need to worry about download options most of the time. your kobo reading app can easily add kobo store books to your library for a seamless reading experience. download options matter when : you want to read your book on an ereader other than the kobo ereader ( see here for a list of supported ereaders ). the book you want is only available as an adobe drm pdf. in both of these cases you will need to : download a copy of your book to your computer. open the book using a free application called adobe digital editions. you can also use digital editions to transfer the book to your ereader. see here for more information on digital editions. you can read this item on your computer using our free kobo desktop application. this application lets you read, manage your library of ebooks, and even shop for new ones. check out our demo for more information!


bg chap 8 - lifespan of brahma brahmaloka and other planets are destroyed because of limitations of time. even if brahma, the master of the planet, must die, what can be said of others? the persons situated on elevated planets such as mahar - loka know that one day of brahma is a thousand cycles of the four yugas by human calculations and such is the duration of brahma ’ s night also. the four yugas are satya ( lasts 1, 728, 000 years ), treta ( lasts 1, 296, 000 years ), dvapara ( 864, 000 years ) and kali ( lasts 432, 000 years ). the total duration of these four yugas is thus 4, 320, 000 human years. one thousand of this cycle of four yugas is one kalpa or one day of brahma. using a different calculation : one year of human is a day and night of the devatas. thus 360 days of the devas ( 1 year of deva ) is 360 human years. twelve thousand devata years is 4, 320, 000 human years, and this makes a cycle of four yugas. one thousand of these cycles makes one day of brahma. his night is also the same duration. one hundred of those years is the lifespan of brahma. after that brahma dies. if the brahma is a vaisnava, he will attain liberation. by these calculations the life of brahma seems fantastic and interminable, but from the viewpoint of eternity it is as brief as a lightning flash. in the causal ocean there are innumerable brahmas rising and disappearing like bubbles in the atlantic. brahma and his creation are all part of the material universe, and therefore they are in constant flux.


how does your diet affect your skin? nutrients, water can keep skin safe, supple laura spencer,, contributing writer can what you eat make a difference in your skin ' s health? medical evidence indicates that diet does affect your skin. a diet lacking proper fluids can leave the skin weak and fragile ; a poor diet on the whole can degrade your skin even more. and diseases such as diabetes can discolor skin or make it thicker. even without complications, eating some foods is linked to poor skin. mayoclinic. com says that a diet high in meat and full - fat milk can be related to wrinkles. effects of a good diet eating a healthy diet can lead to healthy skin, according to healthcentral. com. for example, the vitamin e in almonds and sunflower seeds supports the cells that protect the skin. the vitamin c in fruits, peppers and other vegetables contributes to the skin ' s production of collagen. zinc and iron in meats and vitamin - enhanced cereals, meanwhile, help with cell production and oxygenation. and the vitamin a in certain vegetables keeps the skin smooth and protects it from the sun. researchers have also found that whole grains can reduce acne. the omega - 3 fatty acids found in fish and nuts can lead to fewer wrinkles, and the flavonols in dark chocolate lessen the skin ' s sensitivity to the sun. fluids help skin an article at health. yahoo. com explains the impact of getting enough water. water is critical for the proper functioning of our bodies. every single cell needs water to work correctly, and that includes skin cells. water keeps your skin hydrated and helps to remove toxins. according to mayoclinic. com, the amount of water that a person needs varies by individual and is affected by other factors such as climate and the amount of exercise that an individual gets. general dietary recommendations suggest that men drink about 3 liters of liquids a day and women drink about 2. 2 liters daily. it is important to remember that most diet - related skin conditions can be prevented or alleviated by following a healthy diet rich in the right nutrients, and by making sure you get enough water. distributed by internet broadcasting. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. skoolbo has just completed an improvement analysis on the first 10 million questions and found that after three hours of learning time, average improvements are 23. 3 % in literacy and 12. 2 % in numeracy. singapore ( prweb ) january 30, 2013 children from all over the world have collectively answered more than 10 million literacy and numeracy questions on skoolbo, the world ’ s largest educational game. skoolbo has just completed an improvement analysis on the first 10 million questions and found that after three hours of learning time, average improvements are 23. 3 % in literacy and 12. 2 % in numeracy. refer to “ it ’ s all about improvement ” for a full breakdown. shane hill, skoolbo founder and ceo, said : “ our whole reason for being is about lifting educational outcomes – it ’ s at the heart of everything we do. to see such conclusive evidence of highly significant improvement across a full range of students from different parts of the world is extremely gratifying. ” skoolbo also released some of its data on the relative difficulty of various numeracy and literacy concepts. skoolbo has found that children find alphabetical order considerably more complex than spelling. telling the time on an analogue clock is also a topic that poses considerable challenge to many children. skoolbo continues to grow fast with a 49 % increase in users over the last four weeks. skoolbo is a team of educators and developers spanning the globe that commit to creating innovative and free educational games for children. the company believes that technology can drastically improve learning outcomes for children by recognising and harnessing the way children learn. the skoolbo dream our dream is that every child learns to read and gains confidence with numbers... these are life ' s essentials. we believe technology can dramatically help and that the best way to do it is to make it lots of fun and to make it free! for more information, please visit http : / / www. skoolbo. com for the original version on prweb visit : http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / prweb2013 / 1 / prweb10377397. htm


- the use of self - learning modules to facilitate learning of basic science concepts in an integrated medical curriculummohammed k khalil department of medical education, college of medicine, university of central florida, orlando, florida, usa anat sci educ 3 : 219 - 26. 2010.. 05 ). in conclusion, the use of slms in an integrated basic science curriculum has the potential to individualize the teaching and improve the learning of basic sciences... - evaluation of cognitive loads imposed by traditional paper - based and innovative computer - based instructional strategiesmohammed k khalil university of central florida, orlando, fl, usa j vet med educ 37 : 353 - 7. 2010.. 0001, df = 76, for two - tailed distribution. consistent with cognitive load theory, innovative computer - based instructional strategies decrease extraneous cognitive load compared with traditional paper - based instructional strategies... - insights gained from the analysis of performance and participation in online formative assessmentjonathan d kibble medical education, university of central florida, college of medicine, orlando, florida 32827, usa teach learn med 23 : 125 - 9. 2011.. online quizzes are simple, cost - effective methods to provide formative assessment, but their effectiveness in enhancing learning and performance in medical education is unclear...


the naked truth : how to prevent baring it all due to hair loss ( bpt ) - whether it ’ s a few extra hairs in the sink or a completely bare scalp, baldness is a common issue for many people – not just men. balding generally refers to hair loss from your scalp, usually caused by genetics, environment, various medications or an underlying medical condition. it is often characterized with a receding hairline and thinning crown near the temples and mid - anterior scalp. the word " alopecia " is the medical term for hair loss. androgenetic alopecia, a typical pattern of male baldness beginning at the hairline and gradually receding, is the most common form of hair loss, accounting for more than 95 percent of the cases in men. a quarter of those men start seeing signs of hair loss before they reach 21. but there are also several hundred diseases that include hair loss as a primary symptom. by age 35, two - thirds of american men will experience some degree of noticeable hair loss, and by age 50, about 85 percent of men have significantly thinning hair. most people dealing with baldness have hair follicles with an inherited or genetic sensitivity to dihydrotestosterone ( dht ), a derivative or by - product of testosterone. hair follicles that are sensitive to this hormone begin to shrink, which over time shortens the lifespan of each affected hair follicle. eventually, these follicles prevent hair from growing altogether, resulting in a bald spot. even though baldness is perceived to be a male condition, women actually make up 40 percent of american hair loss sufferers. hair loss in children is also more common than most people think and currently is responsible for about 3 percent of all pediatric office visits in the country. balding can be slowed or even stopped if caught early enough. many experts agree the best results happen when you begin treatment as soon as possible after the hair loss begins. there are several ways to treat and handle alopecia today, most of which are indicated by the severity or progression of the disease. while some people let their baldness naturally run its course, others use hairstyles, makeup or clothing to cover the condition. there are also medications and surgical procedures available to treat and prevent hair loss, but individuals should always contact their doctor to first discuss their options before pursuing any treatment. the most popular over - the - counter ( non - prescription ) topical hair regrowth treatments approved by the food and


procedures available to treat and prevent hair loss, but individuals should always contact their doctor to first discuss their options before pursuing any treatment. the most popular over - the - counter ( non - prescription ) topical hair regrowth treatments approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) contain minoxidil, including rogaine. minoxidil is not intended for frontal baldness or receding hairline. allegan, mich. - based perrigo is a pharmaceutical company that manufactures and distributes most of the over - the - counter medications found under store - brand labels at leading retailers, grocers, club stores and pharmacies. the company recently received approval from the fda to market an over - the - counter, store - brand minoxidil 5 percent foam for men, which compares to the active ingredient in men ' s rogaine. the company also markets store - brand minoxidil 5 percent topical solution ( extra strength for men ) and minoxidil 2 percent topical solution ( regular strength for men ), as well as minoxidil 2 percent topical solution for women, which compares to the active ingredient in women ’ s rogaine. researchers believe that minoxidil works in part by partially enlarging the hair follicles and reversing the shrinking process. by enlarging follicles, the growth phase of the hair cycle is prolonged, allowing the hair to become longer and thicker looking.


this code illustrates the wait - for - push command. when a touch sensor on port 1 is pressed, motor a will stop. this code uses two very important coding commands, case structures and loops. the touch sensor switch causes motor a to go forward if the touch sensor is released and backward if it is pressed. the loop causes the switch to loop infinitely. when run, this code will cause a car to " snake " forward in wide arcs. the length of the turns can be modified by changing either the time or motor power. the nxt can also be used to play music. by placing notes manually custom songs can be created. this program beeps, runs lurch - 1, then beeps again. this code uses a loop to turn motor a on - and - off three times. when downloaded to a single motor car, this program will accelerate the vehicle forward in three short bursts. the number of loops can be changed by modifying the constant " 2 ". alternatively, if you want an infinite program, you can set the stop condition of the loop to a false constant. this program runs motor b until the light reading is less than 50. once the light reading is less than 50, motor b stops and motor c runs for 0. 25 seconds. this processed is infinitely looped. this program is works like the line follower : wait for dark program but it uses a switch. the program runs a switch - - in a infinite loop - - that runs motor b and makes sounds when reading light. the program stops motor b then runs motor c for 0. 25 seconds when in this code, sound frequencies are played corresponding to changing light values. light sensor readings, which fall between 0 - 100, are placed in a variable and multiplied by the constant 8. the value of that variable, which now falls between 0 - 800, becomes the frequency in hz of the sound played. the frequency is also displayed on the nxt. there are many ways to stop a car at a black line. using sensor attached to port 1, the program takes the initial light reading, drives forward ( one motor car ) and waits for a difference greater than or equal to 15. once this difference is reached, the case structure stops the nxt and exits the program.


special offer : - limited time only! ( the ad below will not display on your printed page ) seventh graders often think the world is against them : " she looked at me the wrong way ; i ' m going to cry. " they behave better at school - - they can be cooperative in class, then go home and become very territorial. they are couch potatoes and not very adventurous. they don ' t know what to do with themselves but hate to go anywhere with the family, especially on vacation. friendships are all - important. up until now, kids have been merely thinking of defying authority ; now they are prepared to do it. peer issues and a rapidly developing interest in the opposite sex occupy the minds of most seventh graders, who are struggling desperately to fit in. girls still want to be in with the other girls, and boys with boys, but now the way to win acceptance may be to have a connection with a member of the opposite sex. kids will try one mode of dress to make them look hip, only to get snickers and stares from classmates. the result is despair - - then suddenly the mood improves for no apparent reason. expressions of individuality may show up in your teenager ' s choice of music : rock and rap music are increasingly popular with this age group, and the controversial, sometimes violent, sexual lyrics can be troubling to many parents. what your child will learn the biggest academic change for seventh graders is that in most junior high schools specialists teach virtually all subjects - - math, science, language arts, and social sciences. ( true some middle schools use team - teaching and integrated subjects. ) your child ' s day is more fragmented, but she can benefit from each teacher ' s intellectual best. the transition from being the oldest in a school to the youngest can be scary for those seventh graders who ' ve had to switch into junior high or middle schools. guidance counselors spend a lot of time resolving battles between groups of friends. a desire to define rules, and then seek to overthrow them, is common. teachers will help students to... " the internet, beepers, and other electronic devices have opened up a whole new area of experimentation for sixth and seventh graders. they can say things to others through instant messaging that they would never say in person. in these years, it ' s important that parents continue the values discussions that they began years ago. " kyle pruitt, phd, yale child study center


history : homestead act factored into early ll settlement liberty lake historical society supporters of the homestead act held the belief that the availability of free or cheap land, under the right terms, would ease the burden of the lack of land in states along the eastern u. s. it would promote the settlement of the west and help form new states. this, in turn, would generate federal income to help run the republic, while providing opportunity to any citizen willing to take up farming. from 1830 to 1860, several homestead proposals were brought before congress. these bills lacked the votes to pass largely because the southern states saw the west as a place to expand their plantations operated with slave labor. with the secession of the southern states in 1861, the homestead act easily passed, and abraham lincoln signed it into law in may 1862. the passage of this law was met with great optimism, especially for those who had the courage and willingness to do hard work. a few significant events along with the homestead act made liberty lake and the surrounding area favorable for settlement over the next two decades. these included the indian peace treaties of 1858, the completion of the mullan road in 1862 and the pacific railroad acts of 1863 to 1866 which encouraged the developments of the nation ' s railroads. the requirements of the homestead act were few but sometimes daunting, especially in remote areas. getting to the homestead site was a challenge in itself. the mullan road facilitated access to this area from both directions. pioneers traveling on the oregon trail could connect to the mullan road in walla walla, wash. ; whereas those coming by way of the missouri river could connect at fort benton, mont. by 1883, you could travel to this region on the northern pacific railroad. a homesteader needed only to be the head of a family or at least 21 years of age to claim a 160 - acre parcel of land. potential homesteaders came for many different reasons and from many different states and countries. if you were not already a citizen, only declaration of intention to become one was required to make a claim. immigrants, including danes, norwegians and germans, comprised a notable percentage of the liberty lake area ' s homesteaders. they immigrated from countries including canada, denmark, norway, germany and austria. after they lived on the land, made certain improvements, farmed for five years and attained citizenship ( if they were not already ), homesteaders were eligible to prove their claim. to start the homesteading process, a person had to file their intentions at the nearest land office. the land agent


improvements, farmed for five years and attained citizenship ( if they were not already ), homesteaders were eligible to prove their claim. to start the homesteading process, a person had to file their intentions at the nearest land office. the land agent checked the plot of land in question for previous ownership claims. if the land was available, a filing fee of $ 10 was paid to temporarily claim the land along with a $ 2 commission to the agent. the homesteader then returned to the land to begin improvements, which included building a home and cultivating a portion of the land. at the end of the process, the person had to prove and be verified by two credible witnesses that all requirements had been met. if successful, a $ 6 fee was paid with the final form, and the homesteader received a patent for the land. the home was usually one of the first improvements made. it needed to be a minimum size and have at least one window. these dwellings could be constructed out of a variety of materials from sod to logs. in the inland empire, there was a ready supply of trees so most of the early homes were built out of logs. as sawmills developed to meet the demands of the railroads and growing communities, cut lumber became the building material of choice. during the 19th century, irrigation of crops was not practical on a large - scale basis, because it would take too much human labor. farmers had to rely on what nature supplied. our region annually averages 16. 67 inches of precipitation, which is less than 45 percent of what the state of ohio averages. this difference has a dramatic impact on the yield the crops produce. because of this, it was a real challenge for many of the homesteaders in this region to live off the land. advances in dry - land farming in the 1870s and 1880s helped in this regard, but not enough for the sandy, rocky soil around liberty lake. to survive, most homesteaders in our area needed additional sources of income. along with working their homesteads, many worked additional jobs. some worked in lumber mills providing railroad ties to the expanding railroads. others taught school, delivered supplies or worked for the government performing land surveys or carrying mail. homesteading was both physically and emotionally difficult. about half the homesteading claims were successful nationally. but those who did survive provided much of the spirit and inspiration upon which our great country was built. ross schneidmiller is president of the liberty lake historical society and a lifelong resident of the community.


books > calculus this short introductory text focuses mainly on integration and differentiation of functions of a single variable, although iterated integrals are discussed. infinitesimals are used when appropriate, and are treated more rigorously than in old books like thompson ' s calculus made easy, but in less detail than in keisler ' s elementary calculus : an approach using infinitesimals. numerical examples are given using the open - source computer algebra system yacas, and yacas is also used sometimes to cut down on the drudgery of symbolic techniques such as partial fractions. proofs are given for all important results, but are often relegated to the back of the book, and the emphasis is on teaching the techniques of calculus rather than on abstract results. the book is designed more for self - study than for classroom use ; full solutions are given for nearly all the end - of - chapter problems. - download in adobe acrobat format - view the html version ( good for casual browsing, but not printer - friendly ). - epub, kindle. ( these have imperfect formatting because of the present limitations of readers in handling math. ) - epub 3 with mathml. ( this won ' t work properly on handheld ebook readers that don ' t support epub 3 and mathml. such readers will probably not come on the market until 2013. ) - buy a printed copy. - latex source code - inf, a calculator that can handle infinite and infinitesimal numbers


' world ' s fastest supercomputer ' crowned in us the titan supercomputer at oak ridge national laboratory was crowned the fastest in the world just a few weeks after its debut. in the clash of the world ' s supercomputing titans, a new u. s. supercomputer named " titan " is king. the $ 100 - million titan seized the no. 1 supercomputer ranking on the top500 list with a performance record of 17. 59 petaflops per second ( quadrillions of calculations per second ). the supercomputer, a cray xk7 system based at tennessee ' s oak ridge national laboratory, leaped past the former champion, the sequoia supercomputer at california ' s lawrence livermore national laboratory. the top five supercomputers in the world are : - titan cray xk47 at oak ridge national laboratory ( 17. 59 petaflops / s ) - sequoia bluegene / q at lawrence livermore national laboratory ( 16. 33 petaflops / s ) - fujitsu ' s k computer at the riken advanced institute for computational science in kobe, japan ( 10. 51 petaflops / s ) - the mira bluegene / q computer at argonne national laboratory in lemont, ill. ( 8. 16 petaflops / s ) - the juqueen bluegene / q computer at the forschungszentrum juelich in germany. ( 4. 14 petaflops / s ) u. s. supercomputers had fallen behind china ' s tianhe - 1a supercomputer and japan ' s fujitsu k computer starting in 2009, but staged a comeback with sequoia ' s rise in 2012. sequoia ' s 1, 572, 864 computing cores actually outnumber titan ' s 560, 640 cores, but not all computing cores are created equal. titan draws 90 percent of its performance from having 261, 632 of nvidia ' s new k20x accelerator cores. the nvidia accelerator cores use the same graphics processing unit ( gpu ) technology that drives graphics cards for displaying video games. gpus run tasks on many different " threads " that may run slower than traditional threads on central processing units ( cpus ), but gpus make up for that by running many more threads simultaneously. gpu - driven supercomputers will become even more crucial in building


granny says life evolved between the mica sheets this behind the scenes article was provided to livescience in partnership with the national science foundation. i have a passion for mica. this passion led me, in my 62nd year and almost a grandmother, to develop a hypothesis for the origins of life. “ develop a hypothesis ” is what i ’ ve been doing in the last many months, but the original inspiration came when i had not a scientific thought in my head. i was bent over the dissecting microscope in my apartment in virginia, near the national science foundation, splitting mica into thin sheets to arrange around some crystals grown from a smithsonian crystal - growing kit. as i looked at the bits of green algae and brown crud at the edges of the mica sheets, i thought, “ this would be a good place for life to originate! ” my hypothesis is that life originated between thin sheets of mica rocks, which provided many separate spaces for prebiotic molecules to evolve, sometimes in isolation from each other and sometimes in association with each other, as they oozed around within and between sheets. the energy needed for life to evolve from non - living molecules might have come simply from the sun and the waves. the mica hypothesis says that life developed as a ‘ sandwich filling ’ in mica ‘ sandwiches ’ in the prebiotic ‘ soup, ’ or, as : ‘ life between the sheets. ’ this contrasts with the ‘ pizza ’, clay, and vesicle hypotheses, in which life originated on the surfaces of earth ’ s mineral crust, in clay particles, or in lipid vesicles. there are also ‘ rna world ’ and ‘ metabolism first ’ hypotheses. my hypothesis says that rna and proteins and metabolic chemistries could all have evolved between the mica sheets and then combined and emerged, coated with lipid membranes, as primitive cells. my passion for mica came from my research in biological atomic force microscopy, for almost 20 years now, starting soon after the atomic force microscope ( afm ) was invented in 1986. the afm feels a surface by raster - scanning a tiny tip across the surface, with a sensitivity so fine that it can feel even bare dna molecules on a flat surface. the flat surface we use is mica, a layered mineral with atomically flat sheets that can be peeled off with adhesive tape to expose a clean surface. maybe you are now asking, “ how can you see bare dna molecules on the mica when you said there


use is mica, a layered mineral with atomically flat sheets that can be peeled off with adhesive tape to expose a clean surface. maybe you are now asking, “ how can you see bare dna molecules on the mica when you said there was algae and crud on it? ” the mica we use for afm samples is high grade mica, free of bubbles and other defects. the mica that inspired my hypothesis for the origins of life came from an abandoned mica mine in a connecticut state park, where my brother jim had taken some of us for a hike the previous summer. it had lots of bubbles and defects. theories and hypotheses why do i call my idea a ‘ hypothesis ’? people use words in many ways, but one of the strengths of science is that it tries to use words in precisely defined ways. theories are much stronger than hypotheses. a hypothesis is a starting point in the scientific method, while a theory is the result of much research and testing. once there were also scientific laws, but now we know that even newton ’ s laws are not totally correct. therefore, newer scientists such as charles darwin call their well - tested ideas ‘ theories ’ instead of ‘ laws ’. my idea is only a hypothesis, ready for testing, by me and hopefully by many others in the scientific community. how discoveries are made dan koshland, a famous biochemist, wrote that there are three ways discoveries are made : charge, challenge, or chance. he calls this the ‘ cha - cha - cha theory of scientific discovery ’. louis pasteur said that chance favors the prepared mind. i think mine was a ‘ chance ’ discovery, by a mind prepared by decades of diverse education and research in biochemistry, chemistry, cell biology, biophysics, nanoscience and materials science. koshland, and einstein before him, said that the process of discovery seems to be the same in science and in other areas. therefore we are all making discoveries in the same ways, whatever our areas of knowledge. discoveries range from small to earth - shaking. i wonder which kind the mica hypothesis will be : a big one that gets into textbooks some day or a small one that falls into oblivion. i ’ ll get some clues about this when i attend the origin - of - life gordon research conference next week and share my hypothesis with people who have worked in the field for years or decades. editor ' s note : this research was presented at the american society for cell biology ’ s 47th annual


so many primates for primatology – anthropology 1. 8 i once asked students to write about their most recent anthropology course, explaining what they liked best and what they liked least. one student chose “ primates and primatology ” and then for the best part wrote “ so many primates. ” he then wrote the same thing in the worst part : “ so many primates. ” as jonathan marks notes in his 2011 humorous blog - post review a first lecture on primate taxonomy, anthropologists and primatologists have documented a much larger variety of primate species than previously imagined : in the 1980s there were fewer than 200 primate species documented, but primatology now acknowledges over 400. somewhat ironically – and sadly – this is concurrent with habitat loss and endangerment for many primates. this also prompts the reasonable question of why anthropologists spend so much time documenting the number of species of non - human primates as well as their different activities by group and individually. most people assume primatology is about getting a sense of our closest relatives, establishing an evolutionary baseline of human traits. it is not. what anthropological primatology documents is an astounding range of variation in primate species, as well as different group and individual behavior. primatology reveals there is no single primate behavior pattern at the base of human evolution. chimpanzees and bonobos are equally related to the most recent common ancestor with human beings. chimpanzee and bonobo behavior varies, both between species and within different groups. there are yet other patterns with gorillas, gibbons, and orangutans. moreover, these species have been evolving for the 6 - 12 million years since splitting off from the lines that would lead to hominids. any contemporary behavior may have evolved independently and cannot be assumed to be a common ancestral model. “ as it turns out, there is not one generalized ‘ primate pattern ’ found in nature but a variety of patterns with some common themes ” ( mackinnon and fuentes 2005 : 87 ; see also the blog - post the better bonobos of our nature by eric michael johnson in the primate diaries ). in a 2011 blog - post titled humans and other animals : a voice from anthropology, anthropologist barbara j. king urges us to avoid the “ species - level trap ” : the species - level trap is an easy lure. you ’ ve heard the claims, maybe, about chimpanzees and bonobos? chimpanzees are the male - violent, make - war apes, whereas their close cousins the


the species - level trap is an easy lure. you ’ ve heard the claims, maybe, about chimpanzees and bonobos? chimpanzees are the male - violent, make - war apes, whereas their close cousins the bonobos are female - empowered and sexy - pacific. don ’ t believe it, at least not in this overly - simple form. gentle chimpanzees and feisty bonobos exist, as do apes who one day are kind and the next cruel, shaped ( as are we humans ) by some combination of how they were raised, their day - to - day social encounters and their genetics. this is especially important when popular media has depicted non - human primates as the source of supposed innate tendencies toward male aggression, dominance, and violence – see the 2013 edited volume war, peace, and human nature and see also the 2012 blog - post by agustin fuentes, bad to the bone : are humans naturally aggressive? even among the usually more aggressive chimpanzees, documented cases of lethal violence and war - like behavior are relatively rare, occurring in some groups but not others ( mackinnon and fuentes 2005 : 92 ). and most of the best documented cases, those that have most captured the public imagination, happened at gombe, the site of jane goodall ’ s original primatology research. with this in mind, it is instructive to return to the early primatology footage from gombe, contained in the national geographic film among the wild chimpanzees ( 1984 ). as the film unfolds, it becomes clear how much humans interact with chimpanzees. access to human artifacts upsets chimpanzee hierarchies. one of the non - dominant males discovers he can create a “ horrifying noise ” by rolling empty kerosene cans : “ originally one of the lowest - ranking males, mike was now # 1. ” the chimps spar over human - provided food supplies, fighting with each other and against the baboons. goodall was one of the first to document chimpanzees hunting baboons, but they had already been fighting baboons over the bananas in the human camp. then there are the unforgettable scenes of infanticide, of a female chimp killing and eating another chimp ’ s infant. but as this takes place, one of the younger chimps “ ran over to the two field assistants who were watching this horrifying struggle, stood


scenes of infanticide, of a female chimp killing and eating another chimp ’ s infant. but as this takes place, one of the younger chimps “ ran over to the two field assistants who were watching this horrifying struggle, stood upright, looked into their eyes, looked back at the scene, and really seemed to be begging for help ” ( jane goodall 1984, my transcription ) as goodall notes, the powerful homicidal chimp would do this again, fighting off attempts at human intervention. however, what must the chimps have thought of these humans, who obviously did have the technical means to intervene, to prevent further cruelties, but did not? is this asking too much of primatology? perhaps, but people are showing up, tracking down chimpanzees, giving them food, participating in their grooming sessions, giving them names, and befriending them. it must seem pretty strange to the chimps. given all that occurred at gombe – how chimps used human technologies to alter status hierarchies, how they fought among each other and with the baboons for human - supplied food, the friendly interaction, and the cruelty – i take reports of chimpanzee intergroup “ warfare ” with more than a few grains of salt. this is not to say there is no violence among chimpanzee groups, but simply to wonder about what we can really deduce from the violent incidents we have documented. after all, can it just be coincidence that the intergroup warfare occurs at the same time when humans have drastically reduced chimpanzee habitats? as habitat shrinks, pushing some groups to the brink of extinction, it is not surprising that something like warfare might intensify. this is not unique to non - human primates – see the 2006 news article by charles siebert an elephant crackup? for an account of how elephants seem to be turning increasingly erratic and violent as humans encroach on their habitat. and in a 2012 blog - post desert trackways : seven - million - year - old clues to elephant social complexity, anthropologist barbara j. king agrees with siebert “ that the evidence for elephant post - traumatic stress disorder is compelling. it ’ s only gotten worse for elephants in the years since he wrote his piece. ” margaret g. power was an early critic of the interpretations from gombe. her 1995 article gombe revisited : are chimpanzees violent and hierarchical in the ‘ free ’ state? is


elephants in the years since he wrote his piece. ” margaret g. power was an early critic of the interpretations from gombe. her 1995 article gombe revisited : are chimpanzees violent and hierarchical in the ‘ free ’ state? is a fascinating assessment of what we can and cannot learn from the gombe research, since the artificial feeding introduced stress and frustration into the chimpanzee group. i would not want to conclude there is a natural egalitarianism in chimpanzee societies, as power seems to do in the egalitarians – human and chimpanzee ( 1991 ), but her critique that we cannot assume a natural hierarchy and warfare is well - founded. unfortunately, the message is hardly heard in many popular accounts. in a 2011 news article which should focus on human sharing and sociality, nicholas wade exaggerates the contrast of humans with chimpanzees, claiming chimpanzees are “ a cluster of small, hostile groups constantly at war with each other, the default state of chimpanzee society ” ( supremacy of a social network ). once again, this varies between chimpanzee groups, can hardly be called a default state, and is not necessarily true of equally related non - human primates, such as bonobos. unlike the original gombe footage, more recent primatology film of chimpanzees strives to be naturalistic, with less obvious human intervention. in the “ food for thought ” section of the 2003 film series the life of mammals there is amazing footage of a chimpanzee hunting party brutally attacking a troop of colobus monkeys. the footage is incredible, but what kind of camera setup and interaction did it take to get those shots? the first time i posed this question in class, a puzzled look came over one student ’ s face, as she asked in disbelief : “ are you saying they ’ re acting? ” not exactly, although i would not rule it out. the great apes are extremely intelligent and creative creatures. do we really think we can send in a film crew and it goes unnoticed? the larger point remains : when we study the myriad primate species, with differing behaviors by species, by group, and individually, what we do not see is one single primate pattern accessible as ancestral basis. there are so many primates. next : 1. 9 – bipedalism is also called walking previous : 1. 7 – race becomes biology, inequality embodied to cite : antrosio, jason, 2012


| internet > world wide web > history > web browser history dozens of innovative web browsers have been created by various people and teams over the years. the first widely used web browser was ncsa mosaic. the mosaic programming team then created the first commercial web browser called netscape navigator, renamed communicator, then renamed back to just netscape. the netscape browser led in user share until microsoft internet explorer took the lead in 1999 due to its distribution advantage. open source software version of netscape was then developed called mozilla, which was the internal name for the old netscape released in 2002. mozilla has since gained in market share, particularly on non - windows platforms, largely due to its open and in 2004 was released in the quickly popular firefox version. a chronological listing of some of the influential early web browsers that advanced the state of the art is - worldwideweb. tim berners - lee wrote the first web browser on a next computer, called worldwideweb, finishing the first version on christmas day, 1990. he released the program to a number of people at cern in march, 1991, introducing the web to the high energy physics community, and beginning its spread. - libwww. berners - lee and a student at cern named jean - francois groff ported the worldwideweb application from the next environment to the more common c language in 1991 and 1992, calling the new browser libwww. groff later started the first web design company, infodesign. ch. - line - mode. nicola pellow, a math student interning at cern, wrote a line - mode web browser that would work on any device, even a teletype. in 1991, nicola and the team ported the browser to a range of computers, from unix to microsoft dos, so that anyone could access the web, at that point consisting primarily of the cern phone book. - erwise. after a visit from robert cailliau, a group of students at helsinki university of technology joined together to write a web browser as a master ' s project. since the acronym for their department was called " oth ", they called the browser " erwise ", as a joke on the word " otherwise ". the final version was released in april, 1992, and included several advanced features, but wasn ' t developed further after the students graduated and went on to other jobs. - violawww. pei wei, a student at the university


otherwise ". the final version was released in april, 1992, and included several advanced features, but wasn ' t developed further after the students graduated and went on to other jobs. - violawww. pei wei, a student at the university of california at berkeley, released the second browser for unix, called violawww, in may, 1992. this browser was built on the powerful interpretive language called viola that wei had developed for unix computers. violawww had a range of advanced features, including the ability to display graphics and download applets. - midas. during the summer of 1992, tony johnson at slac developed a third browser for unix systems, called midas, to help distribute information to colleagues about his physics research. - samba. robert cailliau started development of the first web browser for the macintosh, called samba. development was picked up by nicola pellow, and the browser was functional by the end of 1992. - mosaic. marc andreessen and eric bina from the ncsa released the first version of mosaic for x - windows on unix computers in february, 1993. a version for the macintosh was developed by aleks totic and released a few months later, making mosaic the first browser with cross - platform support. mosaic introduced support for sound, video clips, forms support, bookmarks, and history files, and quickly became the most popular non - commercial web browser. in august, 1994, ncsa assigned commercial rights to mosaic to spyglass, inc., which subsequently licensed the technology to several other companies, including microsoft for use in internet explorer. the ncsa stopped developing mosaic in january 1997. - arena. in 1993, dave raggett at hewlett - packard in bristol, england, developed a browser called arena, with powerful features for positioning tables and graphics. the university of kansas had written a hypertext browser independently of the web, called lynx, used to distribute campus information. a student named lou montulli added an internet interface to the program, and released the web browser lynx 2. 0 in march, 1993. lynx quickly became the preferred web browser for character mode terminals without graphics, and remains in use today. resources include the browser. org lynx page, the isc lynx page, and the lynx tom bruce, cofounder of the legal information institute, realized that most lawyers used microsoft pc ' s, and so he developed a web browser for that platform called cello, finished in the summer of 1993. - opera. in 1994, the


lynx tom bruce, cofounder of the legal information institute, realized that most lawyers used microsoft pc ' s, and so he developed a web browser for that platform called cello, finished in the summer of 1993. - opera. in 1994, the opera browser was developed by a team of researchers at a company called telenor in oslo, norway. the following year, two members of the team - - jon stephenson von tetzchner and geir ivars°y - - left telenor to establish opera software to develop the browser commercially. opera 2. 1 was first made available on the internet in the summer of 1996. - internet in a box. in january, 1994, o ' reilly and associates announced a product called internet in a box which collected all of the software needed to access the web together, so that you only had to install one application, instead of downloading and installing several programs. while not a unique browser in its own right, this product was a breakthrough because it distributed other browsers and made the web a lot more accessible to the home user. - navipress. in february, 1994, navisoft released a browser for the pc and macintosh called navipress. this was the first browser since berners - lee ' s worldwideweb browser that incorporated an editor, so that you could browse and edit content at the same time. navipress later became aolpress, and is still available in some download locations on the internet but has not been maintained since 1997. - mozilla. in october, 1994, netscape released the the first beta version of their browser, mozilla 0. 96b, over the internet. on december 15, the final version was released, mozilla 1. 0, making it the first commercial web browser. an open source version of the netscape browser was released in 2002 was also named mozilla in tribute to this early version, and then released as the quickly popular firefox in november, 2004. - internet explorer. on august 23rd, 1995, microsoft released their windows 95 operating system, including a web browser called internet explorer. by the fall of 1996, explorer had a third of market share, and passed netscape to became the leading web browser in 1999. many other browsers were also developed in the 1990 ' s to address niche requirements, several of which are listed below : mosaic for x resources. the following references provide more information about - browser applications - - lists sites that keep track of the different types of browser


study supports link between obesity, cavities in homeless kids monday, nov. 19 ( healthday news ) - - among homeless children, obesity is associated with an increased risk of cavities, a new study indicates. the findings provide further evidence of the link between the two conditions in children living below the poverty level, according to the researchers from case western reserve university and the university of akron, in ohio. for the study, the investigators looked at 157 children, aged 2 to 17 years, who were living in an urban homeless shelter. most of the kids were from single - parent families headed by women, with one or two siblings. the children ' s obesity was calculated using body mass index ( bmi ), a measurement of body fat based on height and weight. the investigators included missing, filled or injured teeth in their cavity count. as bmi increased with age, so did the number of cavities, marguerite dimarco, an associate professor at the frances payne bolton school of nursing at case western reserve university, and colleagues explained in a university news release. the researchers said their findings support reports from the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention that obesity and poor oral health have doubled in the united states since 1980, increasing the risk of health problems such as diabetes, as well as self - esteem issues. poor families have difficulty getting dental care, but poverty also adds to dental health problems in other ways, such as making it difficult to obtain nutritious food and a lack of refrigeration to keep food fresh, dimarco pointed out in the news release. some homes even lack running water, she added. " there are no easy solutions, especially with the homeless population, " dimarco said. the study was released online in advance of print publication in the journal of pediatric health care. while the study found an association between obesity and poor dental health in homeless kids, it did not prove a cause - and - effect relationship. the nemours foundation explains how to keep your child ' s teeth healthy. source : case western reserve university, news release, nov. 13, 2012


the machias river was long a vehicle for the lumber trade. for many years the town of machias exported all sorts of sawed wood products, much of it on british vessels. when the british schooner " margaretta " arrived in machias in june of 1775 to pick up machias river lumber to help build british barracks, the town captured the schooner, thereby engaging this country in its first naval battle of the revolution. the most important topographical feature of the machias river occurs in the town of machias and gives both the river and the town their names. " machias " is an indian word that means " bad little falls " and refers to the steep, rough falls in the heart of the town where the river makes its final plunge. subsequently the name was applied to both the town and the river. the machias rates with the allagash, the penobscot, and the saint john as one of maine ' s most scenic waterways. it offers semi - wilderness travel with lakes, swamps, intermittent rapids up to class iii, ledges, waterfalls, and portages - all in a region that has much less use than the allagash, and which is more accessible than the saint john. the trip, in its entirety, is 77 miles in length. it begins at fifth machias lake and reaches tidewater, emptying into the ocean at the coastal town of machias. the trip requires a minimum of six days with favorable weather. it is possible to split the trip distance almost exactly in half and paddle either the upper section which would include all 5 of the machias lakes with their interconnecting thoroughfares and river sections or the lower section which is entirely river travel. three days are needed for either section. there are 8 miles of river between 5th and 4th lakes, 3 miles between 4th and 3rd, 4 miles between 3rd and 2nd lakes, and 2 miles between 2nd and 1st machias lake. the river is quite narrow in this upper half and those sections between the lakes contain many interesting rapids and ledge drops ranging from class i to class iii. there is also a likely portage around the " long falls " area between 3rd and 2nd lakes. approaching the half - way point of the trip there are two challenging drops to negotiate after scouting. carrick pitch is a class iii boulder strewn obstacle of a couple hundred yards and the class ii - iii half mile long airline rapid has swift current, big waves, and a complicated right - left - right s - turn. the upper half short trip ends here


pitch is a class iii boulder strewn obstacle of a couple hundred yards and the class ii - iii half mile long airline rapid has swift current, big waves, and a complicated right - left - right s - turn. the upper half short trip ends here and the lower half short trip begins here. if paddling the entire long trip, we camp overnight at the airline. since the " west branch " of the machias joins the main river flow a few miles upstream, the river from here to the ocean is a much larger river with many sections of flatwater separated by falls and heavy rapids. about four miles after leaving the airline we reach the first of the potentially dangerous drops, " little falls ", a series of rugged and ragged ledges. in another four miles we reach " wigwam rapids ", a series of four distinct pitches extending over a distance of 2 miles. the sections are of varying difficulty including class iii which can contain severe wave formations in high water conditions. three miles beyond the " wigwams " we reach " upper holmes falls ", a 15 foot waterfall requiring another portage. just around the next bend is " lower holmes falls ". this drop may be run by experienced paddlers after scouting or may be portaged. there are two islands in the middle of the falls, the lower of which is at the severe pitch of this drop. the upper island that leads into the fall has upon it a stone monument honoring obadiah hill, a pioneer of early machias who died here in 1786. one can stop to see the monument and then ferry to the right shore for the portage or, if the water is not at a high level, to the upstream end of the lower island to view lower holmes falls. the worst part of the fall is on the left side of this steep - sided island and is not visible from the portage trail which follows the right bank. this is a geologically interesting site which offers examples of irregular jointing, irregular granite veins and basalt dikes, and curved fracture surfaces. the river runs forcefully through a fairly narrow channel here. don ' t hesitate to portage around this very difficult pitch if your skills or the water conditions are not conducive to a successful attempt. in the next section you ' ll meet " river ' s end ", so named because as you approach it from upstream the river seems to disappear underground. about 12 miles from the ocean we reach the last major rapid and possible portage at a place called " grand falls ". this rapid is runnable by experienced canoe


a paper presented by antares at sidang seni 2001, galeri petronas ’ first annual conference on the arts, march 24 - 25, 2001 once in a while it helps to sit back and think about things like art – and what it actually means to be called or to call someone an artist. we could think about the earliest evidence of human artistic activity, found before the outbreak of the first world war in southern france : the famous paleolithic cave paintings of lascaux, more than 30, 000 years old, which largely depict the primal mystique of the hunt. the scholar joseph campbell, in primitive mythology, describes these prehistoric artists as shamans : medicine men and women who worked as intermediaries between the mystical and practical worlds, whose private visions - projected into public ceremony and ritual - could effect profound change in our lives by impinging upon our perceptions. then, as now, the shaman - artist served as a visionary of the sacred, a medium connecting the various dimensions, a transducer of spirit into matter and vice versa, a vital link between metaphysical and physical. his ability to merge the inner world of dreams and symbols with the outer world of the hunt made him a healer and a seer, gifted with initiatic and prophetic authority. australian aboriginal creation myths speak of archetypal ancestors, closely linked to specific animal lineages, singing the landscape into being as songlines. the spiritual world is a vibratory essence which can materialize itself by lowering its frequencies. physical reality is but a shadow of the metaphysical. interestingly, this idea of earthly existence as a shadow - play is the central metaphor in plato ’ s famous allegory of the cave, wherein he describes the unawakened consciousness as a prisoner chained in darkness, kept enthralled by an illusory pageant of animated shadows enacted by an invisible priesthood. precisely the technique employed in the wayang kulit tradition, still practised in former colonies of the majapahit empire. the imaginative interplay of light and dark creates all drama – a word associated with dreams and nightmares. from plato ’ s cave to wayang kulit to the magic lantern and george lucas ’ s industrial light magic is a mere progression of technological sophistication. a father amusing his child by creating animated shadows with his hands is drawing on a very ancient artform. these days the same father ( especially if his name happens to be george lucas or steven spielberg ) would have access to computer - generated digital images which enormously enhance


his child by creating animated shadows with his hands is drawing on a very ancient artform. these days the same father ( especially if his name happens to be george lucas or steven spielberg ) would have access to computer - generated digital images which enormously enhance his power to project his imagination to a remote audience of millions. the art of entertaining and enthralling an audience is akin to hypnotism ( or to an ancient javanese magical practice known as pukau, by which means the victim is involuntarily put into a paralytic trance, thereby allowing the practitioner to do as he will as long as the spell lasts ). disregarding the superficial changes in the technology of art, the primary tool of the artist will always be his imagination. the secondary tool of the artist might be a stick with which to draw figures in the sand, a brush with which to paint, a chisel with which to chip away stone, a flute on which to blow, a lute on which to strum, or a computer with which to sequence an electronic fugue. technology, after all, is essentially the evolution of tool - making and using. a gripping tale can be told with only an eloquent tongue – or with an extravagant panoply of son et lumiere effects. without the artistic imagination, creation itself would not exist, nor would the concept of a creator. we have been told that god made man in his image ; the artist intuitively knows that the reverse equally applies. to imagine is to create an image on the screen of one ’ s mind – and this act of imagination, when focused through the clear lens of willful intent, is a magical performance which can effect a transformation on all levels. thus the artist - shaman - magician has always been a source of fascination and fear. his powers of creation and projection make of him a god or demon, depending on his mood and inclination. and indeed, in days of old, the visionary power of the artist - shaman often gave him tremendous influence over his tribe. it was only recently – in the last 13, 000 years or so – that brute strength gained ascendancy over mind, and the warrior muscled his way into dominance. the gradual erosion of archetypal pantheons and monarchies has facilitated the rise of the merchant - entrepreneur, whose crude time - is - money credo rapidly became the ‘ bottom line ’ over the last few centuries. commercialism and industrialism now threaten, alas, to turn art into just another economic activity –


the rise of the merchant - entrepreneur, whose crude time - is - money credo rapidly became the ‘ bottom line ’ over the last few centuries. commercialism and industrialism now threaten, alas, to turn art into just another economic activity – and the artist ’ s ceremonial and magical role into a purely ornamental one. no doubt a certain superstitious awe still attends the artist ’ s endeavors ; but in the age of consumerism, the artist - shaman ’ s contribution to the success of the hunt has been reduced to churning out effective advertising and public relations for the vulgar new gods of materialism - or fashionable new trends for the children of the privileged. at this juncture, we must examine the complex interactions between the inner and outer self of the artist. paradoxically, what begins as a unique experience ultimately transforms itself into a universal truth through the exercise of the artistic imagination and will. a personal encounter with grievous loss and emotional distress, for example, can be transmuted into art – in the form of a novel or a symphony or a painting or sculpture - and thereby shared with society at large. the skillful selection of linguistic, visual, auditory, olfactory or tactile symbols that will compress a complex experience into communicable or transferable form is what constitutes the inner technology of art. the word technology itself derives from technique – which may be classified as “ hardware and software ” in modern parlance. tools are hardware and, as such, are utterly useless unless one is also equipped with the necessary knowhow, the software. a simple case in point can be seen in the evolution of writing utensils - from chisel or quill or brush to chalk or crayon or ink pen ; from manual to electric typewriter, to electronic word processor – all in the course of a mere 6, 000 years. and yet, the use of a high - powered computer does not provide any creative edge over the use of a goose quill. would shakespeare or mozart, for instance, have done more inspired work if they had had access to “ better ” tools? indeed the sonnets and plays of shakespeare have survived the centuries better written in ink on parchment than they would have as digital code on magnetic disks – just as mozart ’ s masterpieces have better lasted the centuries on paper than they would have on acetate or vinyl or optical disk. perhaps a digression is in order here : when politicians speak of “ smart schools ” they invariably have an image of students being plugged into


ruinous competitiveness than any athlete or warrior. could it be that the golden age when art and philosophy reigned triumphant abruptly ended when artists and philosophers became too isolated in their ivory towers and lost direct contact with the grassroots? is that why there has been a pronounced swing towards community arts as a new context in which the artist can once again feel connected with his or her tribe? contributing positively towards greater cohesion and healing is possibly the most creative option available to the artist - shaman at this point in evolution. as human consciousness becomes more engrossed with density, darkness and discontent, the urge to destroy grows more compelling than the urge to create. hindu mythology offers us a helpful metaphor by postulating the archetypal trinity of creator - destroyer - preserver – brahma, shiva and vishnu. the dynamic principle of 3 defines many processes, even in the atomic world of nuclei, electrons and protons. the eternal quest for truth is ultimately three - pronged : science represents the left brain, art the right brain, and spirituality the heart. only a creative convergence of all three prongs can lead us to self - mastery and wisdom. in the biological world the trinity of mother, father and child underlies all life cycles. what the mother creates, the father destroys, and the child preserves – even as we emerge from the past into the present, and project ourselves into the future. the conclusion we may draw from this is that our greatest hope now resides in the upcoming generation : whether it has the ability and agility to avoid growing up like the corrupt and morally bankrupt father and propel itself an octave higher in aesthetical and ethical awareness, attaining the mystical baraka or heaven ’ s grace - and regaining thereby the artistic key to a new paradigm of paradise on earth. antares © march 2001 “ art is a means of connecting two worlds, the visible and the invisible, the physical and the spiritual. the area of our consciousness where culture has its roots lies in the uncontrolled mind of every individual : in the moment when it is given space to make a creative leap. artists, scientists and spiritual masters alike have great respect for that particular faculty of our human potential. it is in the realization of each individual ’ s intuitive creativity that everybody would agree with the statement, everyone is an artist. " ~ louwrien wijers “ art as awakened warriorship... art as a dynamic agent of planetary transformation... art as a foundation for global peace... ” ~ jose arguelles “ culture is shared meaning