it can leave you feeling down and unsuccessful. for most young people dieting doesn ' t last long and they soon return to ' normal ' eating. this kind of dieting is not a problem, but it should never be encouraged. it is better to encourage healthy eating and regular physical activity for long term healthy weight. for some vulnerable young people who feel anxious about their looks and body, dieting can be dangerous. they may feel they have failed if it is not successful. it can lead to more serious eating problems and increase their risk of developing an eating disorder. what is an eating disorder? an ' eating disorder ' is a clinical diagnosis that may be made when strange thinking about food and eating increases to the point where it affects your life. people with an eating disorder become intensely worried about their body and anxious about their weight. they can ' t see they are worrying about something that is not true and they may do dangerous things to try to lose weight. an eating disorder is a complex psychological condition and only a trained professional such as a doctor or mental health professional can diagnose it. some of the most well - known eating disorders are : - anorexia nervosa – where the young person believes she is fat, even when she is not and may have lost a lot of weight. - bulimia nervosa – where the young person eats very large amounts of food because she has been starving herself, and then makes herself vomit, takes laxatives to make herself poo to excess or exercises to extreme. - binge eating disorder – where the young person has times when she eats very large amounts of food but does not vomit, purge or exercise to ' work it off '. - compulsive overeating – where she is constantly overeating to make herself feel better. food is used as a replacement for what is missing. eating disorders can have serious physical, emotional and social impacts. they can take many years to resolve and may involve time in hospital. what an eating disorder looks like emotional and social changes could be : - not being as happy as usual - not wanting to mix with friends or family - being moody - being less confident - not wanting to do anything - doing poorly at school - sleeping a lot - being angry. there are many other symptoms of an eating disorder. these may not relate to everybody, and sometimes it can be difficult to notice any signs at all. some of these signs can relate to different problems and not to eating disorders. - thinking and talking about food and


many other symptoms of an eating disorder. these may not relate to everybody, and sometimes it can be difficult to notice any signs at all. some of these signs can relate to different problems and not to eating disorders. - thinking and talking about food and dieting a lot of the time. - knowing about the amount of energy ( joules ) in every type of food. - eating very little, although the person may cook elaborate meals for others - or eating very large amounts of food sometimes. - going to the toilet often after meals and vomiting. - strenuous exercise routine, even exercising when she is injured or unwell. - severe weight changes : - looking very thin, and still losing weight - weight going up and down all the time or very large weight gains. - sudden mood changes, irritability, depression, sadness, anger, difficulty in expressing feelings. - poor concentration and being unusually tired. - intense shame about her body and fear of gaining weight. - constant pursuit of thinness. if there are several of these signs together, it could mean she has an eating problem. causes of eating disorders there is no clear cause for eating disorders. this makes it more upsetting for the person, family and friends, as they all try to think about what could have started it and what to do about it. however, the following factors may add to the risk that someone has of developing an eating disorder. - high personal expectations - always striving to be perfect in everything. - setting unrealistic goals that the person believes will bring love and respect from family and friends. - feeling the need to gain control over one ' s life. - overwhelming feelings of not being good enough, leading her to starve herself so that she gains a sense of being in control again, or following the binge - purge cycle. - having low self - esteem - this can be hard to see because some people seem to be really ' together ' on the outside, even when they are feeling bad inside. - depression ; being sad or irritable much of the time, avoiding doing things with friends. those who have difficulty expressing their own needs and feelings ( particularly negative feelings ) may be at risk. there are no typical family patterns, but problems with relationships and communication, or family conflict can make the person feel unvalued and alone. a family emphasis on being worthwhile only when you are very good at study or sport, very well behaved, thin and attractive can have an impact on some young people, who feel worthless if


can make the person feel unvalued and alone. a family emphasis on being worthwhile only when you are very good at study or sport, very well behaved, thin and attractive can have an impact on some young people, who feel worthless if they do not match up to the family expectations. we are constantly bombarded with the message that you have to be thin to be beautiful or desirable. the media portrays happy, successful and feminine women as always thin. women who are required to be thin for their careers ( models, dancers and athletes ) are more frequently affected by eating disorders. research suggests more men are suffering from eating disorders because the muscular and lean image of men in the media is having an effect on men ' s health in the same way it does on women ' s. more men are over - exercising in the attempt to develop the ideal body shape. this can cause health problems too. what can trigger eating disorders? many things can trigger an eating disorder if someone is already vulnerable ( that is they have some of the problems listed above ). these include : - a life crisis or the death of a loved person - relationship breakdown - family changes - moving home or school - a change of job - school problems - a personal failure. an eating disorder may also develop when there is a gradual build - up of problems which on their own seem small. the person may interpret each small problem or failure as ' evidence ' that they are not worthy. do you or your friend have a problem with disordered eating? check this out : - do you avoid eating meals or snacks with others? - are you always counting kilojoules and working out how much fat there is in everything that you eat? - are you always weighing yourself and stressing about your weight? - do you only exercise to lose weight and do you exercise even if you are injured or unwell? - are you scared about putting on weight? - do you ever feel ' out of control ' when you are eating? - do you regularly diet then overeat? - do you have set ways of eating, like always having to have some foods, or you must eat different types of foods in a certain order? - is your day geared around control of food, weight loss and dieting? - do you feel ashamed, guilty or disgusted with yourself after eating? - do you constantly worry about the weight, size and shape of your body? - do you feel that no one will care about you or your opinions unless you have a certain size, shape and weight?


, guilty or disgusted with yourself after eating? - do you constantly worry about the weight, size and shape of your body? - do you feel that no one will care about you or your opinions unless you have a certain size, shape and weight? - if you or your friend have answered yes to several of these questions, then your thinking could be too focused on your weight, food and eating. it ' s time to get some help. helping someone with an eating disorder the first thing to do is let the person know that you are worried and that you care about them. even if they deny that there is a problem, or get upset and not want to talk about it, it is worthwhile trying to encourage them to seek professional help. this could include encouraging them to see and talk to a general practitioner ( gp ), the school counsellor, a psychologist, or specialist mental health worker. if they are not ready to do this, don ' t force it ( unless they are significantly underweight and their health it at risk ). just try to be there for them as they might wish to talk soon. someone with an eating disorder needs expert help. there are several services in south australia listed below. once an eating disorder has been diagnosed, a range of health practitioners may be involved, because the illness affects people physically and mentally - this may include psychiatrists, psychologists, doctors, dietitians, social workers, occupational therapists and nurses. admission to hospital may be needed for people who are severely malnourished through lack of food. medication may be useful for depression and to correct hormonal and chemical imbalances. counselling and specific therapies are used to help change unhealthy thoughts about eating. being a friend or partner or family member of someone with an eating disorder can be very difficult at times, particularly if the person denies she has an eating problem and will not talk to you openly. be ready to go slowly. the problem will not be solved overnight. recognise that the eating disorder started with an emotional issue that may not be fully worked out yet. your friend may find dealing with the eating disorder stressful and have days when she does not want to change. accept your friend for who she is. do things together that you have enjoyed before. make comments about reasons why you like having her as a friend. don ' t talk about her eating disorder all the time. be honest with your friend, and by showing her your love and care she will feel supported and able to accept the help that


what do kids think about the holiday season? for many, it ' s " more, more, more! " more sweets. more parties. more gifts. whether its chocolate coins, stuffed stockings, wish lists for little boys and girls ( and big ones ) or ubiquitous sales, promotions and temptations, the month of december can be a cacophony of consumerism. yet, notwithstanding the underlying reasons for celebrating each of the holidays, this time of year can be so much more meaningful. parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles : carpe diem! teach the children in your life about giving. children imitate what they see and hear. if they see their families demonstrating generosity, they are more likely to be generous themselves. if they know their elders are saving for the future, but also writing checks to support causes they believe in, they grow up understanding more about sgs money management ( save, give, spend. ). if they hear the people they trust talking about giving to their place of worship or to a scholarship fund, or to help save the environment, they understand that these things matter and the seeds of giving by the next generation have been sown. be proactive in teaching children to give well. here are a few conversation starters while you are enjoying these next few weeks : lesson 1 : reciprocity the concept of reciprocity is easy, right? action, reaction. get a gift / give a gift, or the reverse, give a gift / get a gift. but wait, do we really want our children to believe that if a gift is given, one be expected in return? isn ' t that teaching a sense of entitlement? talk about giving without getting. giving for the pleasure of it. giving anonymously. lesson 2 : getting what you want how many people feel disappointment when the gifts they get aren ' t what they want? this isn ' t about young children, ( " yes, victoria, there is a santa claus " ), but do we really want our older children to be disappointed if they can ' t have as much as they want, or exactly what they want? talk about gracious receiving and gratitude. lesson 3 : gifts aren ' t always wrapped in pretty paper those mountains of boxes and bows are exciting and are part of the festive season. but many of the most precious gifts are those we simply acknowledge : like security, abundance and health. talk about combining reciprocity with gratitude and how the combination can translate into deeper, more meaningful giving. lesson 4


part of the festive season. but many of the most precious gifts are those we simply acknowledge : like security, abundance and health. talk about combining reciprocity with gratitude and how the combination can translate into deeper, more meaningful giving. lesson 4 : brainstorm age - appropriate ways to give sometimes it takes a little creativity to get a conversation about giving going. make it a game. take turns coming up with ideas on how each of you can give, then commit to doing them. talk about some of the ideas below and let each person articulate what he or she could do in each category : give your talent or skill ( like volunteering, coaching or mentoring, shoveling a walk, walking a dog, etc. ) give " stuff " ( like gently used furniture, clothes, books, toys ; then deliver it ) give the gift of caring : show you are thinking of someone with a call, a text, an e - mail, a forwarded photo or article, a book recommendation, a funny comic strip or joke, or even a greeting card. better yet, send a handwritten letter ( they are so rare! ). give the gift of time and attention : invite someone for a walk or coffee, one - on one. then listen. give the gift of touch... if it is appropriate. a pat on the back, a hand placed on top of another ' s in a gesture of caring, a warm hug. give again. don ' t wait to get back. give blood or be an organ donor. give something you ' d rather keep ( like money ) because of what it can do if given well. erich fromm said, " when we give, we get a heightened vitality of what it means to be human. " this season, give well and pass it on. wishing you and your families the gifts of love, serenity and well - being. post script : while people don ' t give to get charitable donations, being tax wise gives pleasure, too. for those of you who itemize, following the rules is critical, especially at year ' s end. you can find the rules at : irs. gov. just look for publication - 526 on charitable contributions. enid ablowitz, cfre, cpgs, has been a non - profit leader and donor advocate for more than 20 years. she serves as the associate director for the university of colorado ' s coleman institute for cognitive disabilities and as vice president for strategic philanthropy for the university of colorado foundation.


dental health begins in the womb. researchers have found that babies born to women who consume cheese and other dairy products during pregnancy are likely to have better dental health than babies born to non - dairy - consumers. a new study published in the nutrition journal went beyond previous studies examining the importance of calcium in the development of a fetus. researchers at the fukuoka university, university of tokyo and osaka city university took their study one step further ; they wanted to find the long - term effects of prenatal cheese and dairy consumption on an infant ’ s tooth development. researchers tracked 315 japanese mother - and - child pairs, recording prenatal diets and dental examinations of children between 41 and 50 months of age. the study, believed to be the first of its kind, found a strong connection between both cheese and total dairy consumption during pregnancy and decreased risk of childhood dental caries, such as tooth decay and cavities. the children of women who consumed more cheese during pregnancy had fewer dental problems than women who didn ’ t. similar findings were uncovered for prenatal dairy consumption. researchers believed that the link between prenatal dairy consumption and dental health in children was related to calcium, which might influence tooth mineralization during fetal development, increasing acid - resistance in tooth enamel. while cheese proved to be the best option for improved pediatric dental health, researchers had no immediate explanation for their finding. “ in the current study, the risk reduction associated with maternal intake of cheese during pregnancy did not appear to be confounded by calcium intake, ” researchers said in the report. “ thus, components of cheese other than calcium might be responsible for the protective effects of maternal cheese intake against dental caries in children. ”


news15 million in u. s. have copd, a lung disease breo ellipta approved for copd pediatric diseases and conditionsacute bronchitis in children lower respiratory disorders bronchitis is an inflammation of the breathing tubes ( airways ) that are called bronchi, which causes increased production of mucus and other changes. although there are several different types of bronchitis, the two most common are acute and chronic. acute bronchitis is usually caused by infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses. it may also be caused by physical or chemical agents - - dusts, allergens, and strong fumes, including those from chemical cleaning compounds or tobacco smoke. acute asthmatic bronchitis may happen as the result of an asthma attack, or it may be the cause of an asthma attack. acute bronchitis is usually a mild, and self - limiting condition with complete resolution of symptoms and return of normal lung function. acute bronchitis may follow the common cold or other viral infections in the upper respiratory tract. it may also occur in people with chronic sinusitis, allergies, or those with enlarged tonsils and adenoids. it can be serious in people with pulmonary or cardiac diseases. pneumonia is a complication that can follow bronchitis. the following are the most common symptoms for acute bronchitis. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : back and muscle pain early - - dry, nonproductive cough later - - abundant mucus - filled cough shortness of breath the symptoms of acute bronchitis may resemble other conditions or medical problems. consult your doctor for a diagnosis. acute bronchitis is usually diagnosed by completing a medical history and physical examination. many tests may be ordered to rule out other diseases, such as pneumonia or asthma. the following tests may be ordered to help confirm a diagnosis : chest x - rays. diagnostic tests that use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. arterial blood gas. this test is used to analyze the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. pulse oximetry. an oximeter is a small machine that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. to obtain this measurement, a small sensor ( like a band - aid ) is taped onto a finger or toe. when the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. the sensor is painless and the red light does not get hot. cultures of nasal discharge and sputum


- aid ) is taped onto a finger or toe. when the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. the sensor is painless and the red light does not get hot. cultures of nasal discharge and sputum. tests used to find and identify the microorganism causing an infection. lung ( pulmonary function ) tests. diagnostic tests that help to measure the ability of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide appropriately. the tests are usually performed with special machines that a person must breathe into. specific treatment for acute bronchitis will be determined by your doctor based on : your age, overall health, and medical history extent of the disease your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies expectations for the course of the disease your opinion or preference in most cases, antibiotic treatment is not necessary to treat acute bronchitis, since most of the infections are caused by viruses. if the condition has progressed to pneumonia, then antibiotics may be appropriate. most of the treatment is designed to address the symptoms, and may include : analgesics, such as acetaminophen, for fever and discomfort increased fluid intake increase in humidity avoidance of exposure to secondhand smoke antihistamines should be avoided in most cases because they dry up the secretions and can make the cough worse.


food allergies, hormonal issues, or other sources of chronic inflammation can cause these imbalances. she individualizes her patient ’ s protocols to meet their personal needs and to address their internal imbalances. a simple weight loss solution that is over looked by many people is food allergies. it is extremely difficult to lose weight when you are eating foods that cause your body to be inflamed and bloated all the time. these foods are different for everyone, and the only way to identify them is with a simple blood test. once these foods are removed from the diet, weight loss begins, as well as the disappearance of other symptoms patient ’ s thought were “ completely unrelated. ” food allergies, especially type iii food allergies ( delayed onset ), are a hidden source of inflammation that affects many people in the population. these delayed type food allergies can take anywhere from 24 to 72 hours before symptoms appear. common conditions that are related to food allergies / sensitivities / intolerances are : asthma, nasal congestion, irritable bowel syndrome, eczema, depression, anxiety, inability to lose weight, migraine headaches, fatigue, adhd, arthritis, fibromyalgia, autoimmune diseases, etc. many people suffer each day unaware that they are simply eating the wrong kinds of food. with a simple blood test at at derma health institute in paradise valley, az, these foods can be identified and then removed from a person ’ s diet. this allows their body to begin to heal, decrease inflammation, and treat the root cause of their problems versus just covering up symptoms.


april 3, 2009 by blake harris using natural light to illuminate building interiors is a concept as old as the window itself. but with recent advances in lighting research and technology along with growing awareness of the vital need to reduce the carbon footprint of energy consumption, there are new horizons for daylighting. " daylighting also represents the single largest ' new ' opportunity for energy savings in commercial lighting today and for the foreseeable future, " explained dale brentrup, professor of architecture at the university of north carolina at charlotte. instead of just relying on a few windows or skylights, cutting - edge daylighting is shaped and delivered by the architecture itself. this is where the school of architecture ' s daylighting and energy performance laboratory comes in. equipped with a " sun machine " and " sky machine, " graduate students and faculty crunch numbers to determine which designs work best. the two instruments are used to assess the impact of sky luminance and solar radiation - the artificial sky, which allows simulates the average overcast conditions of the piedmont region, and a fixed sun movable earth heliodon, which simulates actual solar penetration. under brentrup ' s direction, lab staffers are working with the university, as well as with local industry and government, to figure out how current practices have impacted the region ' s carbon footprint. " daylighting is directly related to the idea of carbon reduction, " said graduate student lindsay frizzell, who is working on a project to quantify energy efficiency. " for every kilowatt hour of energy we save, we ' re cutting approximately two and a half pounds of carbon dioxide emissions. " while buildings can be retro - fitted to be more energy efficient, brentrup said the greatest amount of energy savings can be achieved by designing new buildings in accordance with environmentally responsible practices. in the last 15 - years, as director of the daylighting lab, brentrup also has developed numerous partnerships within mecklenburg county. local architects and government have consulted with the lab in the design of facilities including imaginon, freedom center ( 400, 000 square feet of county office space ), the health and social services building, and the renaissance recreational sports learning academy, a new project in the pipeline. this digital communities white paper highlights discussions with it officials in four counties that have adopted shared services models. our aim was to learn about the obstacles these governments have faced when it comes to shared services and what it takes to overcome those roadblocks. we also spoke with several members of the it industry who have thought long and


fm broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by edwin howard armstrong which uses frequency modulation ( fm ) to provide high - fidelity sound over broadcast radio. the term " fm band " describes the " frequency band in which fm is used for broadcasting ". this term is slightly misleading, since it equates a modulation method with a range of frequencies. broadcast bands - in the former soviet republics, and some former eastern bloc countries, the older 65 – 74 mhz band is also used. assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 khz. this band, sometimes referred to as the oirt band, is slowly being phased out in many countries. in those countries the 87. 5 – 108. 0 mhz band is referred to as the ccir band. - in japan, the band 76 – 90 mhz is used. the frequency of an fm broadcast station ( more strictly its assigned nominal centre frequency ) is usually an exact multiple of 100 khz. in most of the americas and the caribbean, only odd multiples are used. in some parts of europe, greenland and africa, only even multiples are used. in italy, multiples of 50 khz are used. there are other unusual and obsolete standards in some countries, including 0. 001, 0. 01, 0. 03, 0. 074, 0. 5, and 0. 3 mhz. however, to minimise cross - channel interference, stations operating from the same or geographically close transmitters tend to keep to at least a 0. 5 mhz frequency separation even when closer spacing is technically permitted, with closer tunings reserved for more distantly spaced transmitters as potentially interfering signals are already more attenuated and so have less effect on neighbouring frequencies. modulation characteristics frequency modulation is a form of modulation which conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency ( contrast this with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant ). in analog applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. this form of modulation is commonly used in the fm broadcast band. pre - emphasis and de - emphasis random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an fm system, with the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the highest frequencies within the baseband. this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high - frequency noise. these processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known


a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high - frequency noise. these processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre - emphasis and de - emphasis, respectively. the amount of pre - emphasis and de - emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple rc filter circuit. in most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used. in north america and south korea, 75 µs is used. this applies to both mono and stereo transmissions. for stereo, pre - emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. the amount of pre - emphasis that can be applied is limited by the fact that many forms of contemporary music contain more high - frequency energy than the musical styles which prevailed at the birth of fm broadcasting. they cannot be pre - emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the fm carrier. systems more modern than fm broadcasting tend to use either programme - dependent variable pre - emphasis ; e. g., dbx in the btsc tv sound system, or none at all. stereo fm in the late 1950s, several systems to add stereo to fm radio were considered by the fcc. included were systems from 14 proponents including crosley, halstead, electrical and musical industries, ltd ( emi ), zenith, and general electric. the individual systems were evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses during field tests in uniontown, pennsylvania using kdka - fm in pittsburgh as the originating station. the crosley system was rejected by the fcc because it degraded the signal - to - noise ratio of the main channel and did not perform well under multipath conditions. in addition, it did not allow for sca services because of its wide fm subcarrier bandwidth. the halstead system was rejected due to lack of high frequency stereo separation and reduction in the main channel signal - to - noise ratio. the ge and zenith systems, so similar that they were considered theoretically identical, were formally approved by the fcc in april 1961 as the standard stereo fm broadcasting method in the usa and later adopted by most other countries. it is important that stereo broadcasts be compatible with mono receivers. for this reason, the left ( l ) and right ( r ) channels are algebraically encoded into sum ( l + r ) and difference ( l−r ) signals. a mono receiver will use just the l + r signal so the listener will hear both channels through the single loudsp


) and right ( r ) channels are algebraically encoded into sum ( l + r ) and difference ( l−r ) signals. a mono receiver will use just the l + r signal so the listener will hear both channels through the single loudspeaker. a stereo receiver will add the difference signal to the sum signal to recover the left channel, and subtract the difference signal from the sum to recover the right channel. the ( l + r ) main channel signal is transmitted as baseband audio in the range of 30 hz to 15 khz. the ( l−r ) signal is modulated onto a 38 khz double - sideband suppressed - carrier ( dsb - sc ) signal occupying the baseband range of 23 to 53 khz. a 19 khz pilot tone, at exactly half the 38 khz sub - carrier frequency and with a precise phase relationship to it, as defined by the formula below, is also generated. this is transmitted at 8 – 10 % of overall modulation level and used by the receiver to regenerate the 38 khz sub - carrier with the correct phase. the final multiplex signal from the stereo generator contains the main channel ( l + r ), the pilot tone, and the sub - channel ( l−r ). this composite signal, along with any other sub - carriers, modulates the fm transmitter. the instantaneous deviation of the transmitter carrier frequency due to the stereo audio and pilot tone ( at 10 % modulation ) is where a and b are the pre - emphasized left and right audio signals and = 19 khz is the frequency of the pilot tone. slight variations in the peak deviation may occur in the presence of other subcarriers or because of local regulations. converting the multiplex signal back into left and right audio signals is performed by a decoder, built into stereo receivers. in order to preserve stereo separation and signal - to - noise parameters, it is normal practice to apply pre - emphasis to the left and right channels before encoding, and to apply de - emphasis at the receiver after decoding. in addition, for a given rf level at the receiver, the signal - to - noise ratio for the stereo signal will be worse than for the mono receiver. for this reason many stereo fm receivers include a stereo / mono switch to allow listening in mono when reception conditions are less than ideal, and most car radios are arranged to reduce the separation as the signal - to - noise ratio worsens, eventually going to mono while still indicating a stereo signal is being received. quadraphonic fm in 1969


mono when reception conditions are less than ideal, and most car radios are arranged to reduce the separation as the signal - to - noise ratio worsens, eventually going to mono while still indicating a stereo signal is being received. quadraphonic fm in 1969 louis dorren invented the quadraplex system of single station, discrete, compatible four - channel fm broadcasting. there are two additional subcarriers in the quadraplex system, supplementing the single one used in standard stereo fm. the baseband layout is as follows : - 50 hz to 15 khz main channel ( sum of all 4 channels ) ( lf + lr + rf + rr ) signal, for mono fm listening compatibility. - 23 to 53 khz ( cosine quadrature subcarrier ) ( lf + lr ) - ( rf + rr ) left minus right difference signal. this signal ' s modulation in algebraic sum and difference with the main channel was used for 2 channel stereo listener compatibility. - 23 to 53 khz ( sine quadrature 38 khz subcarrier ) ( lf + rf ) - ( lr + rr ) front minus back difference signal. this signal ' s modulation in algebraic sum and difference with the main channel and all the other subcarriers is used for the quadraphonic listener. - 61 to 91 khz ( cosine quadrature 76 khz subcarrier ) ( lf + rr ) - ( lr + rf ) diagonal difference signal. this signal ' s modulation in algebraic sum and difference with the main channel and all the other subcarriers is also used for the quadraphonic listener. - 95 khz sca subcarrier, phase - locked to 19 khz pilot, for reading services for the blind, background music, etc. there were several variations on this system submitted by ge, zenith, rca, and denon for testing and consideration during the national quadraphonic radio committee field trials for the fcc. the original dorren quadraplex system outperformed all the others and was chosen as the national standard for quadraphonic fm broadcasting in the united states. the first commercial fm station to broadcast quadraphonic program content was wiqb ( now called wwww - fm ) in ann arbor / saline, michigan under the guidance of chief engineer brian brown. other subcarrier services the subcarrier system has been further extended to add other services. initially these were private analog audio channels which could be used internally or rented out. radio reading services for the blind


under the guidance of chief engineer brian brown. other subcarrier services the subcarrier system has been further extended to add other services. initially these were private analog audio channels which could be used internally or rented out. radio reading services for the blind are also still common, and there were experiments with quadraphonic sound. if stereo is not on a station, everything from 23 khz on up can be used for other services. the guard band around 19 khz ( ±4 khz ) must still be maintained, so as not to trigger stereo decoders on receivers. if there is stereo, there will typically be a guard band between the upper limit of the dsbsc stereo signal ( 53 khz ) and the lower limit of any other subcarrier. digital services are now also available. a 57 khz subcarrier ( phase locked to the third harmonic of the stereo pilot tone ) is used to carry a low - bandwidth digital radio data system signal, providing extra features such as alternative frequency ( af ) and network ( nn ). this narrowband signal runs at only 1187. 5 bits per second, thus is only suitable for text. a few proprietary systems are used for private communications. a variant of rds is the north american rbds or " smart radio " system. in germany the analog ari system was used prior to rds for broadcasting traffic announcements to motorists ( without disturbing other listeners ). plans to use ari for other european countries led to the development of rds as a more powerful system. rds is designed to be capable of being used alongside ari despite using identical subcarrier frequencies. in the united states, digital radio services are being deployed within the fm band rather than using eureka 147 or the japanese standard isdb. this in - band on - channel approach, as do all digital radio techniques, makes use of advanced compressed audio. the proprietary ibiquity system, branded as " hd radio ", currently is authorized for " hybrid " mode operation, wherein both the conventional analog fm carrier and digital sideband subcarriers are transmitted. eventually, presuming widespread deployment of hd radio receivers, the analog services could theoretically be discontinued and the fm band become all digital. in the usa services ( other than stereo, quad and rds ) using subcarriers are sometimes referred to as subsidiary communications authorization ( sca ) services. uses for such subcarriers include book / newspaper reading services for blind listeners, private data transmission services ( for example sending stock market information to stockbrokers or stolen credit


, new jersey ( owned by edwin armstrong himself, closed down upon armstrong ' s death in 1954 ) ; w2xqr / wqxq / wqxr - fm, new york ( now wxny ) ; w47nv nashville, tennessee ( now wsm - fm ) ; w1xer / w39b / wmne mount washington, new hampshire ( closed down in 1948 ) ; w9xao milwaukee, wisconsin ( later wtmj - fm, off air in 1950, returning in 1959 on another frequency ). also of note are general electric stations w2xda schenectady and w2xoy new scotland, new york — two experimental frequency modulation transmitters on 48. 5 mhz — which signed on in 1939. the two were merged into one station using the w2xoy call letters on november 20, 1940, with the station taking the wgfm call letters a few years later, and moving to 99. 5 mhz when the fm band was relocated to the 88 - 108 mhz portion of the radio spectrum. general electric sold the station in the 1980s, and today the station is called wrve. on june 1, 1961, at 12 : 01 a. m. ( edt ), wgfm became the first fm station in the united states to broadcast in stereo. the first commercial fm broadcasting stations were in the united states, but initially they were primarily used to simulcast their am sister stations, to broadcast lush orchestral music for stores and offices, to broadcast classical music to an upmarket listenership in urban areas, or for educational programming. by the late 1960s fm had been adopted by fans of " alternative rock " music ( " a. o. r. — ' album oriented rock ' format " ), but it wasn ' t until 1978 that listenership to fm stations exceeded that of am stations in north america. during the 1980s and 1990s, top 40 music stations and later even country music stations largely abandoned am for fm. today am is mainly the preserve of talk radio, news, sports, religious programming, ethnic ( minority language ) broadcasting and some types of minority interest music. this shift has transformed am into the " alternative band " that fm once was. ( some am stations have begun to simulcast on, or switch to, fm signals to attract younger listeners and aid reception problems in buildings, during thunderstorms, and near high tension wires. some of these stations now emphasize their presence on the fm dial. ) the medium wave band ( known as the


or switch to, fm signals to attract younger listeners and aid reception problems in buildings, during thunderstorms, and near high tension wires. some of these stations now emphasize their presence on the fm dial. ) the medium wave band ( known as the am band because most stations using it employ amplitude modulation in north america ) is overcrowded in western europe, leading to interference problems and, as a result, many mw frequencies are suitable only for speech broadcasting. - the medium wave band in western europe became overcrowded after world war ii, mainly due to the best available medium wave frequencies being used at high power levels by the allied occupation forces, both for broadcasting entertainment to their troops and for broadcasting cold war propaganda across the iron curtain. - after world war ii, broadcasting frequencies were reorganized and reallocated by delegates of the victorious countries in the copenhagen frequency plan. german broadcasters were left with only two remaining am frequencies, and were forced to look to fm for expansion. fm started in australia in 1947 but did not catch on and was shut down in 1961 to expand the television band. it was not reopened until 1975. subsequently, it developed steadily until in the 1980s many am stations transferred to fm due to its superior sound quality. today, as elsewhere in the developed world, most urban australian broadcasting is on fm, although am talk stations are still very popular. regional broadcasters still commonly operate am stations due to the additional range the broadcasting method offers. some stations in major regional centres simulcast on am and fm bands. digital radio using the dab + standard has been rolled out to major cities. new zealand like australia, new zealand adopted the fm format relatively late. as was the case with privately owned am radio in the late 1960s, it took a spate of ' pirate ' broadcasters to persuade a control - oriented, technology adverse government to allow fm to be introduced after at least five years of consumer campaigning starting in the mid - 1970s, particularly in auckland. an experimental fm station, fm 90. 7, was broadcast in whakatane in early 1982. later that year, victoria university of wellington ' s radio active began full - time fm transmissions. commercial fm licences were finally approved in 1983, with auckland - based 91fm and 89fm being the first to take up the offer. and the radio in turkey, fm started broadcasting in 1960 broadcasting several shows from the one television network which was transferred from the am frequency ( also known as mw in turkey ). later on in the years more mw stations were slowly being transferred to fm and by the


radio in turkey, fm started broadcasting in 1960 broadcasting several shows from the one television network which was transferred from the am frequency ( also known as mw in turkey ). later on in the years more mw stations were slowly being transferred to fm and by the end of the 1960s, most radio stations that were previously on mw had now been moved to fm, though some talkback, news, sport and religious stations still remain on mw. united kingdom in the united kingdom, the bbc began fm broadcasting in 1955, with three national networks carrying the light programme, third programme and home service ( renamed radio 2, radio 3 and radio 4 respectively in 1967 ). these three networks used the sub - band 88. 0 – 94. 6 mhz. the sub - band 94. 6 – 97. 6 mhz was later used for bbc and local commercial services. only when commercial broadcasting was introduced to the uk in 1973 did the use of fm pick up in britain. with the gradual clearance of other users ( notably public services such as police, fire and ambulance ) and the extension of the fm band to 108. 0 mhz between 1980 and 1995, fm expanded rapidly throughout the british isles and effectively took over from lw and mw as the delivery platform of choice for fixed and portable domestic and vehicle - based receivers. in addition, ofcom ( previously the radio authority ) in the uk issues on demand restricted service licences on fm and also on am ( mw ) for short - term local - coverage broadcasting which is open to anyone who does not carry a prohibition and can put up the appropriate licensing and royalty fees. in 2010 around 450 such licences were issued. other countries most other countries expanded their use of fm through the 1990s. because it takes a large number of fm transmitting stations to cover a geographically large country, particularly where there are terrain difficulties, fm is more suited to local broadcasting than for national networks. in such countries, particularly where there are economic or infrastructural problems, " rolling out " a national fm broadcast network to reach the majority of the population can be a slow and expensive process. itu conferences about fm the frequencies available for fm were decided by some important conferences of itu. the milestone of those conferences is the stockholm agreement of 1961 among 38 countries. a 1984 conference in geneva made some modifications to the original stockholm agreement particularly in the frequency range above 100 mhz. small - scale use of the fm broadcast band consumer use of fm transmitters in some countries, small - scale ( part 15 in united states terms ) transmitters are available that can


some modifications to the original stockholm agreement particularly in the frequency range above 100 mhz. small - scale use of the fm broadcast band consumer use of fm transmitters in some countries, small - scale ( part 15 in united states terms ) transmitters are available that can transmit a signal from an audio device ( usually an mp3 player or similar ) to a standard fm radio receiver ; such devices range from small units built to carry audio to a car radio with no audio - in capability ( often formerly provided by special adapters for audio cassette decks, which are becoming less common on car radio designs ) up to full - sized, near - professional - grade broadcasting systems that can be used to transmit audio throughout a property. most such units transmit in full stereo, though some models designed for beginner hobbyists may not. similar transmitters are often included in satellite radio receivers and some toys. legality of these devices varies by country. the u. s. federal communications commission and industry canada allow them. starting on 1 october 2006 these devices became legal in most countries in the european union. devices made to the harmonised european specification became legal in the uk on 8 december 2006. fm radio microphones the fm broadcast band can also be used by some inexpensive wireless microphones, but professional - grade wireless microphones generally use bands in the uhf region so they can run on dedicated equipment without broadcast interference. such inexpensive wireless microphones are generally sold as toys for karaoke or similar purposes, allowing the user to use an fm radio as an output rather than a dedicated amplifier and speaker. low - power transmitters such as those mentioned above are also sometimes used for neighborhood or campus radio stations, though campus radio stations are often run over carrier current. this is generally considered a form of microbroadcasting. as a general rule, enforcement towards low - power fm stations is stricter than am stations due to issues such as the capture effect, and as a result, fm microbroadcasters generally do not reach as far as their am competitors. clandestine use of fm transmitters fm transmitters have been used to construct miniature wireless microphones for espionage and surveillance purposes ( covert listening devices or so - called " bugs " ) ; the advantage to using the fm broadcast band for such operations is that the receiving equipment would not be considered particularly suspect. common practice is to tune the bug ' s transmitter off the ends of the broadcast band, into what in the united states would be tv channel 6 ( < 87. 9 mhz ) or aviation navigation frequencies ( > 107. 9 ) ; most fm radios with analog


is to tune the bug ' s transmitter off the ends of the broadcast band, into what in the united states would be tv channel 6 ( < 87. 9 mhz ) or aviation navigation frequencies ( > 107. 9 ) ; most fm radios with analog tuners have sufficient overcoverage to pick up these slightly - beyond - outermost frequencies, although many digitally tuned radios do not. constructing a " bug " is a common early project for electronics hobbyists, and project kits to do so are available from a wide variety of sources. the devices constructed, however, are often too large and poorly shielded for use in clandestine activity. in addition, much pirate radio activity is broadcast in the fm range, because of the band ' s greater clarity and listenership, the smaller size and lower cost of equipment. see also fm broadcasting by country - fm broadcasting in australia - fm broadcasting in canada - fm broadcasting in egypt - fm broadcasting in india - fm broadcasting in japan - fm broadcasting in nz - fm broadcasting in pakistan - fm broadcasting in the uk - fm broadcasting in the usa fm broadcasting ( technical ) - am broadcasting - am stereo ( related technology ) - frequency modulation - fm broadcast band - long - distance fm reception ( fm dx ) - ripping music from fm broadcasts - rds ( radio data system ) - fm estereo ( catalan ) - fm estereo ( spanish ) - " transmission standards for fm sound broadcasting at vhf ". itu rec. bs. 450. international telecommunications union. pp. 4 – 5. - http : / / louise. hallikainen. org / broadcasthistory / uploads / fm _ stereo _ final _ rando. pdf fcc fm stereo final report and order - " stereophonic broadcasting : technical details of pilot - tone system ", information sheet 1604 ( 4 ) ( bbc engineering information service ), june 1970 - " fm reception guide : fm propagation ". wgbh. 2010. retrieved 9 may 2010. includes tips for multipath & fringe problems. - ann arbor news, ann arbor, michigan, january 3, 1973 - mielke, e. - j. ( 1977 ). einfluß des dolby - b - verfahrens auf die ubertragungsqualitat im ukw - horrundfunk. rundfunktechnische mitteilungen, vol 21, pp 222 - 228. - irt ( 1981 - 12 - 30 ). irt technical report 55 / 81. prufung eines mod


an oxygen sensor converts the status of the engine ' s exhaust gas oxygen content into a corresponding voltage signal. the oxygen sensor is sometimes referred to as a lambda sensor on some european cars. changes in the amount of exhaust gas oxygen result in a voltage change that is monitored by the vehicle ' s powertrain control module. many oxygen sensors also have built - in heaters, to warm them to operating temperature more quickly. prior to 1996, most vehicles had one oxygen sensor. after 1996 vehicle are equipped with two to four oxygen sensors. the plymouth neon oxygen sensor supplies real time information about the engine ' s exhaust gas oxygen content to the powertrain control module. this information is used primarily to help calculate fuel delivery to the engine, which changes continuously while it is running. if the engine is running lean, the powertrain control module will sense this from the oxygen sensor ' s signal and increase the fuel supplied to the engine. conversely, just the opposite occurs when the engine begins to run rich. on obdii - ( 1996 and later ) equipped vehicles, the sensors are also used to help determine the efficiency of the catalytic converter. the powertrain control module does this by comparing the signal of the sensor located at the inlet of the catalytic converter with the signal of the sensor located at the outlet of the converter. plymouth neon oxygen sensors have a limited service period, replace as recommended in the owner ' s manual or when other conditions dictate, such as failing an emissions test or an oxygen sensor related diagnostic code from the powertrain control module indicating a faulty oxygen sensor. some pre 1996 vehicles have an oxygen sensor light that appears when oxygen sensor replacement is needed. some symptoms of a faulty plymouth neon oxygen sensor include poor gas mileage, a failed emissions test, " rotten - eggs " smell from the exhaust, poor engine performance. a faulty oxygen sensor will cause the service engine soon or check engine light to appear, it ' s best to have the cause checked out immediately by a neglecting these warning signs can cause expensive damage to the catalytic converter, requiring replacement. o2 sensor, lambda sensor, hego sensor, front ( upstream ) oxygen, rear ( downstream ) oxygen sensor on pre 1996 plymouth neon vehicles the oxygen is located in the exhaust manifold or front exhaust pipe near the exhaust manifold. four cylinder has one oxygen sensor and v6 and v8 may has two, one for each engine bank. on 1996 “ make model ” and later obdii equipped vehicles will have a least two oxygen sensors. an upstream or front oxygen sensor located in


tree " kickers " are hardwood logs which are used to deflect stream flow away from an unstable bank area. one or more logs are anchored to the streambank on an outside curve and placed at an angle to " kick " stream flow away from the bank and toward the middle of the stream. brush is tied between the log and the bank to prevent scour erosion. kickers are often used with other practices such as evergreen revetments ( see guide no. 12 evergreen revetments ) which further protect streambanks from eroding forces, and with dormant cuttings and hardwood plantings which reestablish root systems in the bank. see guides no. 07 restoring streambanks with vegetation, no. 08 trees for ditches, and no. 13 forested buffer strips for detailed information on these practices. a kicker is one of several biotechnical practices described in the ohio stream management guides. these practices use vegetative or other natural materials to achieve stream management objectives, usually erosion control. one of the chief advantages of biotechnical practices is that they help restore natural stream features, like in - stream habitat and streambank vegetation. guide no. 10, biotechnical projects in ohio, provides an overview of biotechnical practices. it also maps over 50 project sites and lists contacts who can arrange for site visits. some site conditions and / or project objectives ( such as protecting existing structures on the streambank ) will require use of more traditional, structurally engineered solutions. this is particularly true where high velocity flows can be expected. in other situations, a combination of structural and biotechnical practices may provide both strength and habitat. no project should be undertaken without an understanding of the functions of stream energy and the source of any problem to be corrected. guide no. 03, stream management and the stream ' s natural processes, will provide an overview of stream dynamics and the impacts land and channel management practices have on streams. technical assistance about stream dynamics can also be obtained at your local soil & water conservation district. the phone numbers are listed under county government in your local phone directory. the purpose of this ohio stream management guide is to describe the generally suitable site conditions and the design, installation and maintenance steps for tree kickers. the guidelines provided are based on years of field experience in ohio, particularly on scenic rivers. as with any construction project in a stream, the ohio department of natural resources recommends you consult with the applicable local, state and federal authorities listed in guide no. 06, permit checklist for stream modification projects


experience in ohio, particularly on scenic rivers. as with any construction project in a stream, the ohio department of natural resources recommends you consult with the applicable local, state and federal authorities listed in guide no. 06, permit checklist for stream modification projects, prior to construction. the extent of permit requirements will depend on the location and design of your project. where to use kickers tree kickers are most often used to correct bank undercutting, especially where the crest of the cut bank is five feet ( ft. ) or more above normal water levels. a kicker deflects the concentration of stream energy away from the bank. in addition, kickers help rebuild the bank by providing an area for sediments to deposit and provide underwater structure for fish and aquatic insects. the construction guidelines in this guide apply to this use of the kicker practice. tree kickers are occasionally used to deflect flows into a point bar on an opposite bank to erode sediment deposits. the sediments will then redeposit downstream where stream velocity slows. always look for the cause of erosion when considering how to solve it. if the bank is eroded from flow coming over the bank from adjacent land, kickers are not applicable. if the stream is just naturally meandering, protection measures should not be installed unless really necessary. tree kickers will not correct erosion due to lack of root structure. in that case, new vegetation should be planted. however, banks which lack vegetation and root structure are vulnerable to undercutting, so a kicker might be needed in addition to the new vegetation. channel depth at the construction site needs to be shallow enough for a person to safely stand and work during low flows. kickers work best where there are trees, preferably live ones, on the bank onto which one or more logs can be anchored. since the kicker practice alone does not include planting vegetation, it can be used in shady areas. kickers are most often installed in streams where the channel width is less than 100 ft. but wide enough so that deflected stream flows do not cause erosion on the opposite bank. design and construction guidelines choosing a kicker log - any available tree can be used for the deflecting log, including those found in the channel. in fact, woody debris found in stream channels can be put to good use in constructing kickers. excess debris ( that which is causing an obstruction ) should be removed from both the channel and the floodplain. the best species for kicker logs are hardwood trees, which deteriorate slowly, and


be put to good use in constructing kickers. excess debris ( that which is causing an obstruction ) should be removed from both the channel and the floodplain. the best species for kicker logs are hardwood trees, which deteriorate slowly, and / or trees with dense branches, which slow stream flow and catch sediments. the size of the log ( s ) should be compatible with the channel width and stream flow at the site. of course, the anchor trees should be as large or larger than the kicker log. brush or evergreen trees should be cabled to the kicker log in the area between the log and the bank ( see figure 1 ). small trees with crowns intact can also be used. this prevents bank scour and traps sediments in the slower, " backwater " area. if the kicker log still has its root wad attached, extra care should be taken to tie brush around the wad on the side toward the bank. root wads are excellent for in - stream habitat structure but increase the likelihood of bank scour. do not anchor the kicker log or the brush to the streambank. during high flows the log and attached brush need to be able to rise with the water. if high velocity flows occur before sediments have a chance to build up and " attach " the kicker log to the bed and bank, those flows may scour under the kicker structure. choosing logs with large and dense branches helps prevent this scour. repair or replacement may, however, be necessary. if this is a concern, and the stream size and project design allows the kicker log diameter to be about 6 inches or less, you can try anchoring the top end of the kicker log into the stream bed or bank to prevent it from floating. anchoring methods are discussed in guide no. 12, evergreen revetments. it is important to avoid hitting any utility lines during excavation and it is easy to be safe by using the " call before you dig " service ( 1 - 800 / 362 - 2764 ) 48 hours prior to digging. they will contact local utility companies and have them flag any lines located near your project. kicker construction - a four - wheel drive truck or small tractor can be used to pull the kicker logs into place. cable and two or three snatch block pulleys can be used to angle the logs without moving the truck more than necessary. a manual come - along can be used if the logs are not too large. at least two people should work together to safely place and angle the logs correctly. secure the logs


can be used to angle the logs without moving the truck more than necessary. a manual come - along can be used if the logs are not too large. at least two people should work together to safely place and angle the logs correctly. secure the logs with cables and clamps as shown in figures 1 and 3. after construction, be sure to reseed any areas disturbed by the vehicle. equipment - in addition to the items mentioned above, you will need : - a first aid kit - chain saw and appropriate safety equipment : hard hat and goggles, chaps and gloves - saw or loppers for harvesting brush - steel aircraft cable, 3 / 8, 1 / 2 or 5 / 8 inch, depending on the kicker log ' s size. - clamps sized to match the cable ; bring extra to replace any lost in the water. some lost clamps can be recovered with a large magnet. - standard deep well 3 / 8 drive socket set with 9 / 16, 1 / 2, 5 / 8 inch extensions - or open end wrench set, 5 pieces including 9 / 16, 1 / 2, 5 / 8 inch sizes - wire and / or 1 / 4 inch cable to tie the brush together and secure it to the deflector log - pliers and wire cutters, if using wire - sledge hammer and sledge - type cable cutter - chest waders - a back hoe if excavating trench for a dead man anchor maintenance - during the first year or two after construction at least two people should inspect the kicker ( s ) after high water events and make any necessary repairs. check the angle of the kicker and adjust it as necessary. make sure the cable on the deflector logs and brush is wrapped tight, add more brush if you find evidence of scouring, and tighten any loose clamps. inspect and maintain the kicker annually after that. an important factor in every maintenance check is to make sure the cable around the live trees is not too tight. if the bark on the trunk is expanding beyond the cable, the tree is being girdled and its life is being threatened. use the extra cable which you left loose during the installation to ease the wrapped cable as the tree grows. use the wooden blocks, too, to ease pressure on the live trees. after several years it may be possible to eliminate the cable on the anchor trees altogether. this is only possible where enough new sediment has settled in to solidly reestablish the bank so that the kicker is secure without it being anchored


live trees. after several years it may be possible to eliminate the cable on the anchor trees altogether. this is only possible where enough new sediment has settled in to solidly reestablish the bank so that the kicker is secure without it being anchored to the trees. this guide is one of a series of ohio stream management guides covering a variety of watershed and stream management issues and methods of addressing stream related problems. the first several guides in the series are overview guides intended to give the reader an understanding of the functions and values of streams. for more information about stream management programs, issues and methodologies, see guide no. 05 index of titles or call the odnr division of water at 614 / 265 - 6740. paper copies of the guides are available from the ohio department of natural resources. single copies are available free of charge and may be reproduced. please contact one of the below for paper originals : the ohio department of natural resources division of water 2045 morse road, bldg. b columbus, ohio 43229 - 6693 phone : ( 614 ) 265 - 6740 fax : ( 614 ) 447 - 9503 this guide is also available on - line as a pdf file so you may print high quality originals at your location. download the pdf file of this fact sheet 147k


thursday, oct. 4 ( healthday news ) - - an aerobic exercise program, consisting of stationary bike cycling to either music or an interactive video game, provides many psychological benefits for overweight and obese adolescents, according to a study published online sept. 30 in the journal of pediatric psychology. gary s. goldfield, ph. d., from the university of ottawa in canada, and colleagues randomized 30 obese adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years, to twice - weekly, laboratory - based sessions of either stationary cycling to music or stationary cycling to an interactive video game over a 10 - week trial. the researchers found no differences between exercise groups over time. but when collapsed across exercise modality, significant pre - post improvements were seen for body image, perceived scholastic competence, and social competence. psychosocial functioning was positively associated with changes in aerobic fitness but not body composition. " aerobic exercise was associated with improvements in body image, perceived academic performance, and social competence in obese adolescents, and these psychological benefits were related to improved aerobic fitness but not changes in body composition, " the authors write. copyright © 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. | previous : ehrs linked to improved care, outcomes in diabetes | | next : increased weight cuts death risk in rheumatoid arthritis | reader comments on this article are listed below. review our comments policy. submit your opinion : are you a doctor, pharmacist, pa or a nurse? join the doctors lounge online medical community


if you use a computer at work, you probably already know that a long day of staring at your screen can lead to eyestrain, tired eyes, headache, muscle aches and other symptoms of computer vision syndrome ( cvs ). but did you know that cvs can also cause more mistakes and lost productivity, too? cvs increases vision problems in the workplace according to the american optometric association ( aoa ), the most frequent health complaints among computer workers are vision - related. studies suggest 50 % to 90 % of computer users suffer from visual symptoms of computer vision syndrome. these symptoms include eyestrain, dry eyes or eye irritation, blurred vision and double vision. with increasing numbers of employees using a computer at work, cvs is becoming a major public health issue. the aoa reports that approximately 10 million eye exams are performed annually in the u. s. due to vision problems related to computer use. worker productivity and cvs a recent study conducted by the university of alabama at birmingham ( uab ) school of optometry examined the relationship between the vision of computer workers and their productivity in the workplace. the study found : - there is a direct correlation between proper vision correction and productivity. this relationship particularly is evident with complex and / or repetitive computer tasks such as data entry. - there is a direct correlation between proper vision correction and the time required for a computer worker to perform a task. computer - related tasks took much longer when the subjects wore glasses with less than the optimum correction for computer work. - reduced productivity from vision problems can occur even if the computer user is unaware they have a vision problem. performance on a specific task can suffer significantly — by as much as 20 % — from minor vision problems. " our data strongly suggest that improving the visual status of workers using computers results in greater productivity in the workplace, as well as improved visual comfort, " said kent daum, od, phd, the study ' s chief investigator. computer eyewear and the bottom line according to the uab study, employers who invest in computer eyewear for their employees can experience a positive impact on their bottom line from such a program. the authors of the study concluded : - providing computer vision care to all employees who use computers, even those who are not experiencing cvs symptoms, results in significant productivity gains and cost savings for employers. - musculoskeletal problems, which may be caused by computer - related vision problems, can potentially be minimized or eliminated by including computer vision care in a comprehensive ergonomics program


though designed to attract wild birds, bird feeders also have the effect of attracting other wildlife species. the prospect of an easy meal is too alluring, so whenever you offer food to wild birds, sooner or later you will attract squirrels. with a single feeder, both birds and squirrels end up competing for the same resource. consequently, the larger, more active squirrels scare away birds and in the process bird feeders get damaged. most bird feeders simply are not designed to withstand the persistent and energetic activity of foraging squirrels. maintain backyard harmony and prevent costly damage to bird feeders by providing squirrels a feeder of their own – one designed to challenge them but at the same time resist damage. look for durable, squirrel - resistant materials such as metal or solid thick - cut hardwood construction to ensure lasting enjoyment. bird feeders are for the birds squirrels are just as fascinating and entertaining to watch as wild birds. also, squirrels are extremely cunning, and their problem - solving abilities seem uncanny. squirrel feeders that challenge and stimulate clever squirrel minds provide hours of interactive entertainment for both you and the squirrels. not only do squirrels relish the mental and physical exercise, they are rewarded generously for their efforts. use squirrel favorites such as corn, sunflower seeds, and squirrel food and place feeders at least 15 ft. away from your wild bird feeders. keep squirrel feeders well stocked at all times to prevent squirrels from straying from their designated feeder. occupied squirrels are less likely to be interested in bird feeders. recommended squirrel products


diagnosing and treating osteoporosis 3 of 12 in series : the essentials of vitamin d benefits doctors diagnose osteoporosis by performing a bone densitometry test, which measures the amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. the areas studied in a bone densitometry study are usually the lumbar spine and the upper part of the hip. the test takes about ten minutes to complete. the bone density correlates fairly well with the tendency of a bone to fracture. measurements at the hip and spine can predict fractures at other sites. the following diagram shows dense, healthy bones on the left ; bones weakened by osteoporosis appear on the right. dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry ( dxa ) is the most common method for studying the density of your bones. in this study, you lie on a table ; then two x - ray beams — one of high energy and one of low energy — are aimed at your bones. the amount of radiation that passes through the bone is measured for each beam. this amount is determined by the thickness of the bone. the bone density is measured by a formula using the difference between the two beams. this procedure is painless and safe ; the amount of radiation is very small — about one - tenth the amount a patient receives during a routine chest x - ray. the test is limited by differences in testing methods and technicians. results are also affected by curvature of the spine, calcium in the abdominal aorta and blood vessels, arthritic changes in the spine, and multiple previous fractures. the test doesn ’ t identify the cause of low bone density. bone densitometry is recommended for the following groups : women age 65 or older men age 70 or older women age 60 to 64 if they ’ re at increased risk — mainly low in weight, but also smokers and heavy drinkers ( more than five drinks a week ) men between ages 50 and 70 who haven ’ t had sufficient testosterone anyone older than 50 who ’ s had a broken bone when osteoporosis is in full swing, a person will need medical help in the form of drugs. several drugs treat osteoporosis by slowing or stopping the bone loss. they don ’ t affect vitamin d. the current drugs of choice are the bisphosphonate class of drugs. these drugs work by binding to calcium in bone, thereby blocking the ability of osteoclasts to break down any more bone. the most


t affect vitamin d. the current drugs of choice are the bisphosphonate class of drugs. these drugs work by binding to calcium in bone, thereby blocking the ability of osteoclasts to break down any more bone. the most popular bisphosphonates currently are : alendronate ( fosamax ), taken once a day risedronate ( actonel ), taken once a week ibandronate ( boniva ), taken once a month zoledronic acid ( reclast or aclasta ), taken intravenously once yearly bisphosphonates aren ’ t completely free of side effects. some of the more serious ones include the following : atrial fibrillation : the atria of the heart lose their regular motion and develop rapid disorganized movement. inflammation of the stomach and erosion of the esophagus : the patient needs to be able to stand or sit upright for at least 30 minutes after taking a bisphosphonate. because all bisphosphonates are poorly absorbed, the patient must avoid food, drink, and all medications for 30 minutes. ( some bisphosphonates can be administered intravenously, and this doesn ’ t happen with that route of delivery. ) osteonecrosis of the jaw : in osteonecrosis, one of the jaw bones is exposed through the gums, and infection and pain occurs. this condition generally occurs after a dental extraction in patients treated with the intravenous forms ( ibandronate and zoledronic acid ). severe pain : the pain occurs in bones, joints, or muscles. physicians monitor the effect of the bisphosphonates by repeating the bone densitometry study every year or two. if the bone densitometry remains stable or improves, the patient may stop the bisphosphonates after five years. doctors continue to monitor bone density. lack of estrogen has been shown to be the reason women lose bone at an accelerated pace at menopause ; so, naturally, estrogen replacement had previously been the mainstay of osteoporosis therapy. it is quite effective at preventing spine and hip fractures. but estrogen also has been associated with cancer, especially breast cancer, as well as heart disease, so it ’ s not currently recommended as a primary treatment for osteoporosis.


boulder daily camera file photo boulder daily camera file photo boulder ( ap ) – on sept. 14, 1954, president dwight d. eisenhower became the first sitting president to visit boulder when he toured the sparkling new lab facilities that had just been constructed for the bureau now known as the national institute of standards and technology. he delivered a dedication speech to an estimated 10, 000 – about half the size of boulder ’ s total population at the time. the content of eisenhower ’ s speech is well known – a transcript was published in the newspaper at the time and it is easy to find online today – but until recently, an audio recording of the speech was not so easy to come by. now, boulder ’ s carnegie branch library for local history has digitized a recording of the speech made by kbol radio. “ what he said has been known for a long time, ” said laura ost, director of media relations for the institute in boulder. “ something about hearing him say it is very powerful. ” ost ’ s research into the 1954 speech led to the uncovering of the recording. she was looking for historical material about the national institute of standards and technology, originally called the national bureau of standards, for an exhibit that the lab is developing. that led her to the carnegie library to sort through historic photos. but she also found an entry in the library ’ s catalog for the kbol radio collection. the entry noted that the collection was a box of reel - to - reel tapes, which mostly had not been listened to since the collection was donated. but many of the reel boxes had topics taped onto them, including one that read “ 1954 bureau of standards dedication. ” library archivist marti anderson helped ost get a first listen to the tape. “ years and years ago, somebody had donated to the library a reel - to - reel tape player, ” anderson said. “ i googled how to put the tape in the tape player. ” and it worked. “ she set it up and we listened to it – just enough to hear what was on it – it was so old, ” ost said. “ i got pretty excited. ” until this past april, when president barack obama made the first of two trips to the university of colorado this year, eisenhower was the only sitting president to visit boulder. in his speech, which can be heard at dailycamera. com, eisenhower calls science america ’ s next great frontier for discovery. “... the frontier days when we could go out and discover new land –


sitting president to visit boulder. in his speech, which can be heard at dailycamera. com, eisenhower calls science america ’ s next great frontier for discovery. “... the frontier days when we could go out and discover new land – new wonders of geography and of nature – has seemed largely in the past. but here, inside this building, we have a frontier possibly of even greater romantic value as well as greater material value to us than were some of the discoveries of those days, ” he said. eisenhower also spent a large part of his speech talking about how science can be used both for good and for evil and challenging the audience and the people who would work in the lab to leverage scientific discoveries to make america better. “... possibly each one of us is a laboratory to discover what we can contribute toward the growth of that kind of spirit among men that will make all of these discoveries of these dedicated scientists become assets to us, ” eisenhower said, “ as we try to develop for ourselves and our children a better life, a richer life – one that gives us more opportunity to grow intellectually and spiritually. ” anderson said helping ost find the recording was fun – but it ’ s just part of the job of being an archivist. “ that ’ s what carnegie is all about, is helping people on their quest, ” she said. “ it takes all sorts of different turns. it ’ s a fun experience to work at carnegie, and it ’ s really fun to watch people find what they thought they never could find. ”


residential fire deaths lead the total number of deaths caused by fire in the united states. according to statistics from the national fire protection association ( nfpa ), about 85 percent of all u. s. fire deaths in 2009 occurred in homes, and on average, eight people died in u. s. home fires every day. most victims of fires die from smoke or toxic gases and not from burns. it is interesting to note that the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) reports that most residential fires occur during the winter months. the statistic that may resound with the contractor is that almost all homes have at least one smoke alarm, but almost two - thirds of reported home fire deaths in 2003 – 2007 resulted from fires in homes with no working smoke alarms. chapter 29 of nfpa 72 2010, the national fire alarm and signaling code, contains the requirements for residential smoke and heat alarms and residential fire - warning systems. note the chapter ’ s stated purpose : “ fire - warning equipment for residential occupancies shall provide a reliable means to notify the occupants of the presence of a threatening fire and the need to escape to a place of safety before such escape might be impeded by untenable conditions in the normal path of egress. ” the installation and application of residential fire alarm equipment — multiple — station smoke alarms or a complete fire alarm system — falls squarely on the shoulders of the contractor. there are required locations for smoke detectors or smoke alarms to ensure compliance with the code. for example, nfpa 72 2010 states, “ where required by other governing laws, codes, or standards for a specific type of occupancy, approved single and multiple - station smoke alarms shall be installed as follows : 1. “ in all sleeping rooms and guest rooms 2. “ outside of each separate dwelling unit sleeping area, within 21 ft. ( 6. 4 m ) of any door to a sleeping room, with the distance measured along a path of travel 3. “ on every level of a dwelling unit, including basements 4. “ on every level of a residential board and care occupancy ( small facility ), including basements and excluding crawl spaces and unfinished attics 5. “ in the living area ( s ) of a guest suite 6. “ in the living area ( s ) of a residential board and care occupancy ( small facility ) ” in addition, the code requires that all points on the ceiling have a smoke alarm within a 30 - foot travel distance or must have


. “ in the living area ( s ) of a residential board and care occupancy ( small facility ) ” in addition, the code requires that all points on the ceiling have a smoke alarm within a 30 - foot travel distance or must have an equivalent of one smoke alarm per 500 square feet of floor area. a contractor evaluates this by dividing the total interior square footage of the floor area per level by 500 square feet. the annex clarifies this, stating the requirements do not preclude the installation of smoke alarms on walls in accordance with the code. it also states that “ some building configurations, such as division of rooms and open foyers or great rooms, dictate that alarms be located so that they do not cover distinctly separate 500 square foot areas but rather provide overlapping coverage relative to this spacing requirement. ” one of the new sections of the 2010 edition relates to residents with hearing impairments. the code states, “ since hearing deficits are often not apparent, the responsibility for advising the appropriate person ( s ) of the existence of this deficit shall be that of the party with hearing loss. ” while the contractor is not required to make the decision for hearing - impaired individuals in the residential environment, the code requires that you ensure those with this impairment will be notified in the event of a fire condition. the code covers two situations that you may encounter : individuals with a mild to severe hearing loss and those with profound hearing loss. the code now requires the use of a new, low - frequency notification appliance to notify those with mild to severe hearing loss. the appliance must comply with the following : a. the alarm signal shall be a square wave or provide equivalent awakening ability. b. the wave shall have a fundamental frequency of 520 hz + / - 10 percent. c. the minimum sound level at the pillow shall be 75 dba, 15 db above the average ambient sound level, or 5 db above the maximum sound level with a duration of at least 60 seconds, whichever is greatest. for those with a profound hearing loss, the code requires the use of tactile notification appliances. these appliances must meet the performance requirements of ansi / ul 1971, standard for signaling devices for the hearing impaired, or equivalent. as in the previous edition, signals from notification appliances are not required to be synchronized. in most jurisdictions, smoke alarms are required for all new construction based on the building code in force. there are also jurisdictions that require, through legislation, all existing homes to be protected. the above


| zoological name : | | ficus benghalensis | | found in : | | ranthambore national park and corbett national park | other names : bargad, bor, ber, ala and pedda mari, nayagrodha, ala mara, bar, vad, vatnam, bahupada, peddamarri, al are the other names used for the banyan tree. indians call it a wish fulfilling tree. description : banyan tree is a huge tree with very extensive branches. it is said that at one time more than 10, 000 people can sit under its shade at one time. it is a evergreen tree. it branches spread out and send trunk like roots to the ground in order to support itself. it grows to a height of more than 21 meters and lives for many years. the leaves are 10 - 20 cm long and has many aerial roots. the leaves are broad, oval and glossy. white milky fluid oozes out of leaves, if broken. it can grow in to the gaint tree covering several hectares. other species : f. aurea, f. benghalensis, f. citrifolia, f. macrophylla, f. microcarpa, f. pertusa, f. rubiginosa are the other related species of the banyan tree. location : found in almost all the parts of india, banyan tree is the national tree of india. it is grown throughout the sub - himalayan region and in the deciduous forests. one can banyan tree in the botanical garden of calcutta. they are widely grown in the ranthambore national park and corbett national park in india. cultivation methods : banyan tree is easily propagated by root tip cuttings or the eye cuttings. cut apiece of the stem about half a inch below and above the leaf. insert the stem piece and a little of the leaf stalk into the rooting medium. to reduce evaporation from the leaf surface, you can roll the leaf and secure with a rubber band. in a couple weeks roots and a new shoot will start developing. it can grow in any type of soil. medicinal uses : the banyan tree also has several medicinal properties. its leaf, bark, seeds and fig are used for the variety of disorders like diarrhea, polyuria, dental, diabetes and urine disorders. the wood of the banyan tree is used in making door panels, boxes and the other items. its bark is used for making


and fig are used for the variety of disorders like diarrhea, polyuria, dental, diabetes and urine disorders. the wood of the banyan tree is used in making door panels, boxes and the other items. its bark is used for making paper and ropes. the milky latex that comes from its leaves and stems is used in many ayurvedic medicines. other uses : in india its edible leaves are used as the plates. it is planted for the soil conservation. wood is used for well curbs, door panels, boxes, furniture etc. it is suitable for paper pulp. the wood of the aerial roots is stronger and is used for the tent poles and cart yokes. cultural importance : banyan tree is respected and is considered as sacred by the people in india. in the sacred hindu book ' bhagwad gita ' lord krishna has sung praises on the banyan tree. people in india grow banyan tree closer to the peepal tree. as banyan tree is considered as the male plant closely related to the peepal tree. it symbolize trimurti with vishnu as the barl, shiva as the branches and brahma as the roots. indians considered banyan tree as ' kalpa vriksha ' the tree that fulfill all your wishes. the mighty banyan tree is considered as immortal and has always been the focal point for the village communities in india. it is probably the biggest and friendliest of all trees. banyan tree is the tree of knowledge and tree of life.


the north - east : politics, water and poverty blame its droughts — but still more its decades of misdirected public subsidy by mid - morning, the sun has burned off the early, misleading, puffs of cloud and starts to roast the caatinga, the spiny scrub that stretches, fawn - grey, without end across the backlands of north - east brazil. around ouricuri, a small town far inland in pernambuco state, farmers expect 500mm ( 20 inches ) of rain a year, spread from late december to march. this year, they got 250mm in january, half of it unhelpfully in one day ; and since then, nothing. underfoot, the dry caatinga crackles. maize and beans have failed, cattle risk running short of feed. as the sun relents towards evening, along country roads women and children trudge home, balancing on their heads cans of water drawn from muddy ponds, even they fast disappearing. every few years this scene repeats itself in the semi - arido, the dry lands at the heart of the north - east. each drought briefly concentrates national attention on the area — especially so this year, with a presidential election due. three months ago, incidents of looting of markets and food lorries, some by the simply hungry, some by brazil ' s radical landless movement, hurt the re - election prospects of president fernando henrique cardoso and jolted officials into action. in the past, drought meant starvation for people and animals alike, prompting a tragic exodus to coastal cities until rain returned. this year no one should die, officials say, thanks to a relief operation which, after a slow start, now brings monthly food baskets to 2. 6m families, and has enlisted 1m adults in make - work schemes. the government has also granted 450m reais ( $ 385m ) in cheap loans for wells, small dams and forage. traditionally such aid, when not pocketed by local mayors, was used by them as a tool to maintain political power. this year, the federal government has insisted that each mayor should set up a civic committee to administer aid. in some places — ouricuri is one — this has worked well ; in others the old evils persist. but the real test of the relief effort will come over the next four months, as water, forage and credit all run out. further unrest may break out. as soon as it rains, richer brazil will again lose interest in the


, foresees another $ 34 billion in private investment in the next four years. some will be drawn by an ambitious tourism plan. this includes brazil ' s first planned resort — in the style of mexico ' s cancun — at sauipe, on the coast 120 kilometres from salvador. the initial $ 215m, 3, 500 - bed stage is being built. since 1990, industry has also sprouted in ceara, with around $ 1 billion of new investment and 15, 000 new jobs each year. the state now has big textile and shoe industries, is building a deep - water port, and makes ( unconfirmed ) claims to have lured a steel works and oil refinery. with vigorous promotion and especially generous tax holidays, it has attracted firms from southern brazil. grendene, a shoemaker from rio grande do sul, is now ceara ' s largest private employer, with eight factories and 10, 000 workers there. despite much training, it finds productivity lower than in the south, but wages are 50 % lower. pernambuco, the region ' s third significant state, is the centre of a declining sugar industry, but also of some less advertised success stories, with flourishing medical and software industries in recife. and in the valley of the sao francisco around the fast - growing twin towns of petrolina and juazeiro, and in the small state of rio grande do norte, irrigated fruit farming thrives. the potential is huge. “ brazil has no awareness that it could be a world power in fruit. today, it ' s smaller than costa rica or ecuador, ” says voltaire medina, the chilean chief agronomist of fruit fort, a petrolina firm that grows and exports mangoes to the united states and europe. sun, water and careful technique allow it to harvest 34 tonnes of mangoes per hectare each year, double the average in rival countries such as mexico. now the firm is planning to export seedless grapes. such ventures offer some hope of bringing development to the interior of the north - east. hitherto, growth has been heavily concentrated in just three big cities, fortaleza, recife and salvador. between them, these three have had more than half of the private investment mobilised by tax breaks. now, that process is starting to be repeated in two or three fast - growing inland cities. in the past year petrolina, juazeiro and ( a different place ) juazeiro do norte have each acquired gleaming new american - style shopping malls


now, that process is starting to be repeated in two or three fast - growing inland cities. in the past year petrolina, juazeiro and ( a different place ) juazeiro do norte have each acquired gleaming new american - style shopping malls — in brazil, always the symbol that a town has arrived and is developing a middle class. yet though the economic gap between the north - east and the rest of brazil has narrowed, this has been a slow and uneven process. indeed, some economists fear it may recently have been reversed, as technology - based industries have clustered in the south, close to brazil ' s main consumer markets and to its partners in the mercosur trade block. the figures here are ambiguous. a new analysis of the national accounts by ipea, a think - tank linked to the federal government, shows the north - east ' s share of national income broadly static at about 14 % from the mid - 1980s to 1996. yet sudene ' s data show its region growing handsomely in recent years. sudene ' s figures suggest two things. first, the north - east has gained greatly from the low inflation seen temporarily in 1986, and lastingly since 1994 ; high inflation hit it disproportionately, because the purchasing power of its many poor people was ill - protected by brazil ' s old indexation systems. but, second, periodic droughts, as in 1993, still drag the region down. worse, their economic impact is becoming more severe. the roots of the north - east ' s poverty lie in a highly unequal land - holding structure, exacerbated by the political power of the landowners. poor soil and pasture mean that cattle farms in the semi - arido need at least 100 hectares ( 250 acres ) to be economic. but most farmers have fewer than 30. and cotton, the main cash crop, has succumbed over the past decade to disease, credit shortages and cheaper imports. without it, farmers are obliged to sell part of their meagre crops of maize and beans, their diet has suffered, and they lack the savings or access to capital to bounce back after drought, argues tania bacelar, an economist at the federal university of pernambuco. regional policy supposedly aims to lessen inequalities. in practice it has done nothing for the subsistence farmers of the semi - arido. tax breaks and subsidies have indeed attracted jobs to a few lucky parts of the north - east. but many might have come anyway. and the revenues forgone


. in practice it has done nothing for the subsistence farmers of the semi - arido. tax breaks and subsidies have indeed attracted jobs to a few lucky parts of the north - east. but many might have come anyway. and the revenues forgone could have been spent on education and other anti - poverty measures, or on better transport links to local and southern markets. nothing sums up these muddled priorities so much as water policy. half the irrigated land in the sao francisco valley is the product of public investment. in turn, rather more than half of that was awarded in six - hectare lots to subsistence farmers from the semi - arido. fine? well, it also both gives local politicians favours to hand out, and legitimises the provision of subsidised water to efficient commercial businesses that could afford to pay its full cost. commercial irrigated farming has bright prospects. but, unsurprisingly, many of the small farmers have got into difficulty and have had to sell up. “ the big irrigation projects are done in a way that assumes that an illiterate and poor dry - farmer will become a successful capitalist overnight, ” says hermes monteiro, of caatinga, a project that works with poor farmers near ouricuri. if a mere fraction of the public money spent on big irrigation projects were spent on small - scale works in the semi - arido, he argues, subsistence farmers could survive the drought with their animals and livelihoods intact — and with no need to beg for aid from the local political bosses. for example, a large concrete tank ( cost, 350 reais ) to store rain off farmhouse roofs can supply a family of six with drinking and cooking water for eight months. underground “ dams ” built in natural hollows can trap sub - soil water, allowing harvests of fruit, rice or maize even in a drought year ( cost, 400 reais for half a hectare ). some state governments are starting to support such works ; many politicians still find big, prestige schemes more profitable. the second big need of the semi - arido is decent education. a typical north - easterner has 3. 3 years of schooling, half the ( low ) national average. bahia and ceara, governed for more than a decade by allies of mr cardoso, are often held up as models of the new, modern north - east. yet in both states one adult in four is illiterate. just as lacking is technical and management training that could help to lift the region '


allies of mr cardoso, are often held up as models of the new, modern north - east. yet in both states one adult in four is illiterate. just as lacking is technical and management training that could help to lift the region ' s dry - farmers out of poverty. yet there are small signs of change. the banco do nordeste, a public - sector regional development bank, has increased its lending to agro - industrial projects in the semi - arido. it has also turned 450 of its staff into “ development agents ”, giving them each a laptop computer and a mission to take credit and basic business skills to small towns and villages. prospects for education too are improving. a new law is channelling more federal aid to the poorest north - eastern schools. as part of drought relief, ceara has enrolled 200, 000 people in literacy classes and school - repair work. bahia ' s state government has declared education its top priority, and plans to lift enrolment rates in primary schools from 80 % to 98 % by 2002, and in secondary schools from 22 % to 40 %. new ideas are appearing in other fields. states are questioning the mutual throat - cutting of the tax - break war. one state, rio grande do norte, has even passed a law that envisages charging for private extraction of water by commercial users ; others, such as ceara, are starting to think that way. just maybe, next time drought hits the north - east, it will be better prepared.