every time a packet is to be sent. the maximum length of a queue is defined by the length limit. when a queue is longer than the queue limit, all additional packets are dropped. note the priority output queueing mechanism can be used to manage traffic from all networking protocols. additional fine - tuning is available for ip and for setting boundaries on the packet size. how packets are classified for priority queueing a priority list is a set of rules that describe how packets should be assigned to priority queues. a priority list might also describe a default priority or the queue size limits of the various priority queues. packets can be classified by the following criteria : • protocol or subprotocol type keepalives sourced by the network server are always assigned to the high priority queue ; all other management traffic ( such as interior gateway routing protocol ( igrp ) updates ) must be configured. packets that are not classified by the priority list mechanism are assigned to the normal queue. why use priority queueing? pq provides absolute preferential treatment to high priority traffic, ensuring that mission - critical traffic traversing various wan links gets priority treatment. in addition, pq provides a faster response time than do other methods of queueing. although you can enable priority output queueing for any interface, it is best used for low - bandwidth, congested serial interfaces. when choosing to use pq, consider that because lower priority traffic is often denied bandwidth in favor of higher priority traffic, use of pq could, in the worst case, result in lower priority traffic never being sent. to avoid inflicting these conditions on lower priority traffic, you can use traffic shaping or car to rate - limit the higher priority traffic. pq introduces extra overhead that is acceptable for slow interfaces, but may not be acceptable for higher speed interfaces such as ethernet. with pq enabled, the system takes longer to switch packets because the packets are classified by the processor card. pq uses a static configuration and does not adapt to changing network conditions. pq is not supported on any tunnels. rsvp, cbwfq, llq, ip rtp priority, frame relay ip rtp priority, and frame relay pipq can all reserve and consume bandwidth, up to a maximum of the reserved bandwidth on an interface. to allocate bandwidth, you can use one of the following commands : • for rsvp, use the ip rsvp bandwidth command. • for cbwfq, use the bandwidth policy - map class configuration command. for more


. to allocate bandwidth, you can use one of the following commands : • for rsvp, use the ip rsvp bandwidth command. • for cbwfq, use the bandwidth policy - map class configuration command. for more information on cbwfq bandwidth allocation, see the section " class - based weighted fair queueing " in this module. for llq, you can allocate bandwidth using the priority command. for more information on llq bandwidth allocation, see the section " frame relay pvc interface priority queueing " in this module. • for ip rtp priority, use the ip rtp priority command. for more information on ip rtp priority bandwidth allocation, see the section " ip rtp priority " in this module. • for frame relay ip rtp priority, use the frame - relay ip rtp priority command. for more information on frame relay ip rtp priority, see the section " frame relay ip rtp priority " in this module. • for frame relay pvc interface priority queueing, use the frame - relay interface - queue priority command. for more information on frame relay pipq, see the section " frame relay pvc interface priority queueing " in this module. when you configure these commands, be aware of bandwidth limitations and configure bandwidth according to requirements in your network. remember, the sum of all bandwidths cannot exceed the maximum reserved bandwidth. the default maximum bandwidth is 75 percent of the total available bandwidth on the interface. the remaining 25 percent of bandwidth is used for overhead, including layer 2 overhead, routing traffic, and best - effort traffic. cisco and the cisco logo are trademarks of cisco systems, inc. and / or its affiliates in the u. s. and other countries. a listing of cisco ' s trademarks can be found at www. cisco. com / go / trademarks. third party trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. the use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between cisco and any other company. ( 1005r ) any internet protocol ( ip ) addresses and phone numbers used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses and phone numbers. any examples, command display output, network topology diagrams, and other figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. any use of actual ip addresses or phone numbers in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental. © 2011 cisco systems, inc. all rights reserved.


in these days of extra large hard disks many try to copy large files from a dvd but find that can ’ t even though there is plenty of free space on the hard disk. why not? the most likely cause for this is not some sort of copy protection but that the file being copied is too large for the file system to handle. windows xp allows you to format a hard disk in two different file system formats : fat32 and ntfs. these file systems differ in the size of file they can handle. fat32, for example, can only handle files up to 4gb in size. when it was developed, that size file was almost unheard of but now, a dvd can have files that large or larger routinely. so, if you are trying to copy a movie from a dvd onto your fat32 - formatted hard drive it likely won ’ t copy as most full - length movies are files larger than 4gb. the original file allocation table ( fat ) file system was introduced in 1977 and generally applied to floppy disk storage. it was later modified to work with hard disks and other removable media. fat had a problem however ; it could only manage spaces up to 2gb in size. as windows came into being and programs became larger, the 2gb barrier became a serious problem. thus, in 1996, with the oem service release 2 ( osr2 ) of windows 95 ( also known as windows 95b ) came a fat enhancement known as fat32. the two major features of fat32 that improved upon the original fat ( or fat16 as it ’ s sometimes known ) are the disk efficiency and size of the disk supported. files are stored in clusters on the disk. the size of the clusters depends on the size of disk. under fat, drives over 1. 2gb used clusters that were 32k in size as the file allocation table itself could not track more clusters because of it ’ s 16 - bit structure. the 32 - bit structure in fat32 allows disks of that size to use 4k per sector. this improves efficiency as a file, no matter how small, will always use at least one cluster and the space in the cluster not used is wasted. fat32 doesn ’ t start to use 32k clusters until the disk goes over 60gb in size and can handle disks up to 2tb ( terabyte or trillion bytes ) ; though not all operating systems can deal with disks that size even if the file system can. there are many other features changed between the two but these are the


size and can handle disks up to 2tb ( terabyte or trillion bytes ) ; though not all operating systems can deal with disks that size even if the file system can. there are many other features changed between the two but these are the major ones to be concerned with. the problem that many encounter now is one of the limits of fat32 that ’ s being run into : file size. the original fat ( fat12 ) had a maximum file size of 32mb, fat16 has a maximum file size of 2gb, and despite the much larger hard disk size supported by fat32, the maximum file size only doubled to 4gb. this is largely why a movie file larger than 4gb in size might not be able to be copied to a hard disk with lots of space. the hard disk is probably formatted using fat32. there is no quick solution short of converting the hard disk to the ntfs file system. the new technology file system ( ntfs ) was introduced in windows nt ( mid - 1993 ) and is available in different forms in all following products : windows 2000, windows xp, windows server 2003, and vista. it replaces fat and fat32 although some operating systems allow you to format disks as either fat32 or ntfs. you can convert fat32 disks to ntfs with little problem however going back from ntfs to fat32 may not be possible due to fat32 limitations that ntfs does away with ( e. g., file size as seen above ). ntfs makes a number of improvements over fat - based file systems. it uses advanced data structures, has a b + tree directory structure, has improved reliability and use of disk space, allows for extensions such as security control, and has both a hard disk and file size of 16 eib ( eib = exbibyte ; a contraction of exa binary byte, and equaling 1, 152, 921, 504, 606, 846, 976 bytes ). so, if you need to copy files larger than 4gb, you need to make certain that the file system on the hard disk you are copying to is ntfs and not fat32. unfortunately, many portable usb hard disk drives come formatted as fat32 in order to interface with the maximum number of operating systems. [ added from comments ] you can use a windows command prompt command to convert a fat volume to ntfs. open a command prompt window ( start | type cmd and enter into the search dialog to open a window ).


of operating systems. [ added from comments ] you can use a windows command prompt command to convert a fat volume to ntfs. open a command prompt window ( start | type cmd and enter into the search dialog to open a window ). to see the full syntax of the command and to verify that the command is present in your version of windows type ( no quotes ) “ convert /? ” at the command prompt and hit enter. this should give you the help and if it comes up you have the command available to use. the command to convert any drive from fat to ntfs would then be : convert d : / fs : ntfs where d : is the drive letter of the disk / volume you wish to convert. if you want to watch the details add a / v ( for verbose ) to the command. also, to enable all users to access the drive, just in case you might want to also add / nosecurity to the command line. these latter two are optional and usually not needed. also, this procedure does not erase the disk so files should be safe. as in all things computer, having a backup of important files is critical no matter what and i ’ d be careful if the disk is almost full as fat and ntfs disks likely have different sector sizes and therefore hold different amounts of information. - microsoft description of fat32 - how to convert a fat16 volume or a fat32 volume to an ntfs file system - fat32 structure information - wikipedia fat entry - wikipedia ntfs entry comments from original article : said this on 2009 - 12 - 21 at 10 : 42 pm very nice article the command for converting fat32 to ntfs is as follows start > run > cmd convert d : / fs : ntfs where d : is the drive letter of the external disk. said this on 2010 - 01 - 02 at 09 : 00 am in reply to # 4 thanks anan, this info was extremely helpful. when i tried to do format it showed only fat32 option but with this command it converted to ntfs. now i can copy large files! said this on 2010 - 01 - 17 at 11 : 34 pm in reply to # 4 “ the command for converting fat32 to ntfs is as follows … ” thanks anand. worked perfectly, was trying to copy an 8gb movie to a 16gb usb stick and kept getting the disk is full ( brand new and freshly formated ). after i ran that it copied no problems. said this on 2010 - 04 -


. worked perfectly, was trying to copy an 8gb movie to a 16gb usb stick and kept getting the disk is full ( brand new and freshly formated ). after i ran that it copied no problems. said this on 2010 - 04 - 26 at 12 : 08 am in reply to # 8 thats exactly the prob i was facing! though my usb was 8 gb. solved now after i stumbled upon the solution given here. said this on 2010 - 09 - 10 at 07 : 52 am in reply to # 4 legend. worked first time said this on 2010 - 01 - 14 at 03 : 50 am microsoft has provided the recommended solution for this issue here : http : / / support. microsoft. com / kb / 307881 said this on 2010 - 01 - 19 at 02 : 40 am thanks 1000 for your precious informations, very easy and understandable! you solved my problem with huge files. said this on 2010 - 01 - 23 at 12 : 02 pm that microsoft article didnt have my problem ‘ the drive is not clean ’ so i couldnt convert it. i ran chkdsk like prompted ( it even ran it in the initial process ) and to no avail it was a - okay. so i just went ahead and opened up admin tools via control panel then formatted my terabyte portable hdd over night … its been seven hours and its at 89 % said this on 2010 - 01 - 23 at 02 : 42 pm in reply to # 11 sometimes a full format is the only way to change a drive but, frankly, i ’ m a bit surprised that a drive as large as that was fat formatted to begin with and not ntfs formatted. the world of computers constantly throws curveballs. said this on 2010 - 02 - 07 at 02 : 26 am hi, i think it is happening again. ms has win7 out and xp must go, so they do the same thing as with win98se, when it was at its end of life, and xp took over. it is the big file copy / delete etc that was then crippled. and now its the same with xp. said this on 2010 - 02 - 16 at 06 : 41 am thank you very much! by far the best answer on the internet! i was wondering if now my macor the ps3 at home will be able to read this file from the usb. said this on 2010 - 02 - 16 at 10 : 05 am in reply to # 14 afaik the ps


the internet! i was wondering if now my macor the ps3 at home will be able to read this file from the usb. said this on 2010 - 02 - 16 at 10 : 05 am in reply to # 14 afaik the ps3 game system uses fat32 and cannot read ntfs disks. so, it is limited to files smaller that about 4gb. said this on 2010 - 12 - 04 at 03 : 12 pm in reply to # 15 hey u can use winrar it help u to convert your file to something like 5x700 … … … … said this on 2010 - 02 - 23 at 03 : 40 pm thanks i needed this information for an external disk which came with fat32 format, now i can move large files into it thanks again!! said this on 2010 - 03 - 10 at 11 : 19 am thnx man! u saved my life! cheers! said this on 2010 - 03 - 23 at 06 : 20 pm 1. how can i tell if my drive is fat32 or ntfs? is there a dos command? 2. if i convert from fat32 to ntfs do i loose the data on the drive >? txs in advance said this on 2010 - 03 - 23 at 08 : 54 pm in reply to # 21 right click on the drive and select properties. in that dialog it should tell you what the drive format is. in vista all you have to do is click on the drive in the my computer window and down at the bottom it should say what the file system is. in general, there won ’ t be any data loss when converting from fat32 to ntfs however a backup of critical data is always a prudent thing to do ; particularly when the disk is almost full. if the sector size changes and the disk is almost full with lots of small files then the spare space at the end of the sectors could add up to trouble. but, if you ’ re changing the file system to put on a large file then that situation is very unlikely. said this on 2010 - 05 - 06 at 10 : 24 pm excellent article! if you have to transform fat32 in ntfs, you may format the drive into ntfs! right cklick on the drive you want to convert in windows explorer, than format, on options you choose ntfs, and click quick format! but, you loose all the data on the formatted drive! said this on 2010 - 05 - 12 at 10 : 06 am supurb article! i am having


, than format, on options you choose ntfs, and click quick format! but, you loose all the data on the formatted drive! said this on 2010 - 05 - 12 at 10 : 06 am supurb article! i am having the same issue. my brand new 1tb drive is fat32 formatted and i can ’ t move my backups ( 17 + gb ) to it. the issue i am having is that i have created several “ manual ” backups where i copied the files / directories over manually as the backup file ( dna ) would not work with the drive. if i run the convert d : / fs : ntfs command, will it overwrite / destroy my “ manual ” backups that i already have on the drive or will it convert the files in the process of converting the drive? thanks in advance, said this on 2010 - 05 - 12 at 10 : 19 am in reply to # 26 the convert program will take care of moving the files into the ntfs structure with ( usually ) no data loss. i say usually because if the disk is quite full before the conversion strange things sometimes happen. but, if it ’ s not particularly full then all should be ok. i would not try the command if the disk is almost full. i ’ d move some things, do the command, and then move them back. said this on 2010 - 05 - 27 at 02 : 17 pm if i already have files on the portable drive will i lose those files when i convert it to ntfs? said this on 2010 - 05 - 27 at 04 : 31 pm in reply to # 29 no. at least not unless the drive is almost full. in that case it ’ s remotely possible that one or more files might not be converted properly but this usually happens more when going from ntfs back to fat rather than fat to ntfs. that said, it ’ s always good to have a backup when messing with the lower levels on a drive. said this on 2010 - 06 - 22 at 09 : 19 am very good article. i just bought a usb drive and i couldnt copy files larger than 4g and i didnt know why!! i searched google, found this article and in 2 minutes i made it work!! thank you said this on 2010 - 06 - 28 at 03 : 04 pm thanks for this post, i ’ ve learned a lot. however, i found the post whilst searching for an answer to a related problem. i have a mini cam on which


thank you said this on 2010 - 06 - 28 at 03 : 04 pm thanks for this post, i ’ ve learned a lot. however, i found the post whilst searching for an answer to a related problem. i have a mini cam on which i filmed a long avi video – shows as just under 4 gb ( 4193258kb – maybe somehow the cam capped the file size? ) – however i am not able to open / play the movie. i converted the memory card to ntfs ( so i won ’ t have the issue again ) but am still unable to view this movie. any ideas what i can do to rescue my movie? said this on 2010 - 06 - 28 at 03 : 16 pm in reply to # 33 your theory about the camera capping the file size is likely correct. as to viewing the file, i ’ m sorry but i ’ m not a video file format expert. it ’ s possible that the file is simply not correctly terminated by the software in the camera. search for video recovery software ; there should be a free version of something out there ( be careful you don ’ t get any junkware with ads, etc. in it though ). btw, if you reformatted the memory card to ntfs it ’ s quite possible that the camera will not be able to write to it at all. most devices are programmed to write to the fat file system. you might want to try the card in the camera before you commit to filming anything important. you may just have to reformat the card again and content yourself to shooting shorter sequences and then edit them together. said this on 2010 - 06 - 29 at 10 : 56 pm thanks for the great write - up. i recently bought a 32gb usb flash drive to copy large pst files and couldn ’ t because the usb was fat32. read your article and ran the convert command to make the usb ntfs, and voilla, i can now copy the files. thanks! said this on 2010 - 07 - 06 at 02 : 53 am i have win xp and ntfs file system in the both drivers but when i try to copy big file whuch size ( 28 gb or more ) it gives me can ’ t copy, not enough space, despite having larger free space idont know why?? said this on 2010 - 07 - 06 at 04 : 59 pm in reply to # 37 28g should not be a problem ( other than the time it will take! ) for ntfs formatted media


larger free space idont know why?? said this on 2010 - 07 - 06 at 04 : 59 pm in reply to # 37 28g should not be a problem ( other than the time it will take! ) for ntfs formatted media. the max file size allowed is just shy of 16 terrabytes. said this on 2010 - 07 - 21 at 01 : 27 pm i have the same problem. i wanted to copy a movie file that is aprox. 7gb to a external hd of 320 gb and it has a free space of 10 gb. so now my question is if i convert the hd file system, does my existing data be erased or it would remain as it is. please i am waiting for your response. [ previously answered. the conversion is supposed to keep your data intact. every now and again it might not. with so little space left on the drive i ' d likely back some of that up and take it off the drive during the conversion and then put it back so the conversion routines have enough free space to work with. there is no absolute answer to your question. - - daboss ] said this on 2010 - 08 - 21 at 01 : 11 am is there any way that a file greater than 4gb can be watched on the ps3? im trying to convert my dvd library, but i want the files to be the best quality they can be. if i cant move a file that is greater than 4gb, but i need my hard drive to be ntfs to move files to it, but the ps3 wont recognize ntfs – what do i do?? damien grant. said this on 2010 - 08 - 21 at 10 : 29 am in reply to # 42 the ps3 only recognizes fat32. you ’ ll have to break the movie up into smaller sections. said this on 2010 - 08 - 28 at 05 : 51 pm i have been using adobe photoshop elements 2 for many years now and have only recently found the following bug. i have no problem when saving a file from this program to a terabyte size hard drive ( which is really around 930 gbs ). but after attaching an external 2tb hard drive, i ’ ve found that this program will not save to this drive, because it is full – and according to my computer it has more than a terabyte of room (? ). apparently, this program has a maximum limit to saving files to a 1tb hard drive. if i save any file created to


because it is full – and according to my computer it has more than a terabyte of room (? ). apparently, this program has a maximum limit to saving files to a 1tb hard drive. if i save any file created to any other drive ( equal to or less than a terabyte ) – no problem. then i can drag and drop it into the 2tb drive – no problem. i can only guess that the software people imagined that this early program would never save files to more than a terabyte – “ surprise – surprise – sgt carter ”!!!!! said this on 2010 - 08 - 28 at 05 : 58 pm in reply to # 45 actually, it ’ s probably not the program but the operating system. i ’ ll bet you are using windows xp. that ’ s a limit of xp. the larger than 1tb disks start writing data at a different location that requires multiple sectors to be read and written for each single sector call and vista and beyond can easily handle this this but xp cannot. i have an article in writing about this but it got delayed by my 99. 5 - year - old mother ’ s passing and my moving to a new city. i ’ ll be getting back to that shortly. note that some disk makers provide a program that can make xp work with the larger disk but it does so by moving data on the disk to a different series of locations and so the disk might not be able to be read if later moved to a different operating system. said this on 2011 - 11 - 05 at 04 : 37 pm in reply to # 46 hi – - daboss : wrongo! this is a problem with nearly all pse programs up to 7 or 8. they will not write to a terabyte sized hdd. once above 1tb, you ’ re cooked. you can open, but not save. adobe, in it ’ s vast wisdom, has only recently realized that the tb barrier would likely be broken with people still using pse - 2 thru 7. what we need is a crack to disable the remaining disk - space check. obtw – - i am running winblows vista ( which sux – shades of winme ). [ actually, righto as far as it goes. the terabyte limit ( and it ' s usually around 2t but can vary by device ) is something else having to do with 256 byte fat versus 4096 byte fat design ; not as easily solved as you


as far as it goes. the terabyte limit ( and it ' s usually around 2t but can vary by device ) is something else having to do with 256 byte fat versus 4096 byte fat design ; not as easily solved as you ' ve found. vista and above won ' t be bothered but xp and outside devices will. there are workarounds for xp but these won ' t work with external devices like the playstation. - - daboss ] said this on 2010 - 09 - 07 at 08 : 48 pm if i convert my external hard disk to ntfs will this erase all my file in it??? also when i try on command prompt it says : ” acces denied as you do not have sufficient privileges. ” [ as answered before multiple times, generally no to the file loss. as to the privilege item, right click the command prompt icon and select run as administrator. if asked, give the proper password and then you should be able to continue. - - daboss ] said this on 2010 - 09 - 28 at 01 : 42 am there ’ s a lot of useful information in this article, but the original premise is flawed : “ if you are trying to copy a movie from a dvd onto your fat32 - formatted hard drive it likely won ’ t copy as most full - length movies are files larger than 4gb. ” that ’ s not correct, if you ’ re talking about the dvd video standard ( as in the movie dvds you buy or rent ), the maximum. vob file size is 1gb, which fat32 happily supports. the total amount of video data does, as you say, far exceed 4gb, but that is achieved by breaking the video data into multiple files. unless you ’ re creating a. iso image file, fat32 isn ’ t a problem. dealing with the dvd encryption is far more of a problem. said this on 2010 - 09 - 28 at 08 : 34 am in reply to # 50 most people try to get the iso file as they don ’ t know about the chapters and dvd encryption was broken a long time ago. even the master blue ray code was leaked not long ago so that will be less and less of a problem over time now. said this on 2010 - 10 - 20 at 12 : 59 pm hi. i have xp w / nero. i tried to copy a 2. 17 gb file to a 4. 7 gb dvd and received the message my file was too big for the disk, & was required to select


20 at 12 : 59 pm hi. i have xp w / nero. i tried to copy a 2. 17 gb file to a 4. 7 gb dvd and received the message my file was too big for the disk, & was required to select “ use 8. 3 file names for back - up. ” i tried your formula above – start > run > cmd convert d : / fs : ntfs & received the message “ cannot convert volume on this device. ” am i doing something wrong? i am backing up some large picture and music files and it seems wasteful to have to use 3 - 4 almost 5 gb disks for only 8 gb of files. thanks for your help. said this on 2010 - 10 - 20 at 01 : 14 pm in reply to # 52 i would contact nero. you can ’ t use the conversion on a disc but you should not have to. sounds like a program limitation to me ; particularly with the need for 8. 3 names. have not needed those for a long time now. there are special ( obscure ) rules for cd / dvd file naming but 8. 3 is not one of them. said this on 2010 - 11 - 20 at 10 : 29 am thanks for the article, very informative. 1 question though : if my external hard drive is 320gb in size, and only 28gb is free and i want to copy a 6gb file over without losing any of the data ; can you assure me that converting from fat32 - > ntfs that i will not lose any data? said this on 2010 - 11 - 20 at 01 : 24 pm in reply to # 56 absolutely assure? no. nothing in life is absolutely certain. but, under the conditions you describe i see no problems. you have enough space to spare so the conversion should leave you with pretty much what you have free and that ’ s plenty to do the copy you want to do. as always however it there are critical files on the drive they should be backed up somewhere and this is true even if you were not contemplating a conversion. drives fail. that ’ s a rule you can pretty much count on. said this on 2010 - 11 - 21 at 09 : 16 pm u dont have to use this method. there is an easy way. u just have to right click on your drive and click format and change the settings from fat into ntfs and click format and then u will be able to transfer large files easily. [ the point is that people want to keep what ' s already on the


just have to right click on your drive and click format and change the settings from fat into ntfs and click format and then u will be able to transfer large files easily. [ the point is that people want to keep what ' s already on the drive. formatting will erase all that stuff. but, yes, if you don ' t care about what ' s on the drive then by all means format it as it ' s faster. - - daboss ] said this on 2010 - 12 - 05 at 11 : 50 pm does the drive get formated by this method??????? [ not exactly but sort of. the drive is incrementally changed to ntfs format so that ' s the ultimate result but, in the process, the data is preserved where it ' s not when you format the drive. - - daboss ] wing tat chan said this on 2011 - 01 - 09 at 06 : 13 pm do i have to backup my files in my external drive while the windows is converting my external drive from fat32 to ntfs? [ the answer is in the article and following comments. i ' m tired of typing the same thing over and over so please read what ' s written. thank you. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 01 - 10 at 12 : 32 am by converting my external hard disk from fat32 to ntfs will my data stored be erased? [ the answer is in the article and following comments. i ' m tired of typing the same thing over and over so please read what ' s written. thank you. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 01 - 17 at 10 : 03 am nice article, but sadly it never tells you what to do if you want to see a movie via your extern harddrive. as far as i understand the only format that tv, soundbars etc can read is the fat32. so what to do if you want to watch a movie on your extern. the only way to get the movie to the extern is to make it ntfs, but then your tv wont be able to read it.. said this on 2011 - 01 - 17 at 12 : 04 pm in reply to # 68 while not explicitly stated the answer is implicit in the article. to play on an external device you basically need to make the file less than 4 gigabytes in size. use your favorite editor to either re compress the file to a smaller size or split the file into


the answer is implicit in the article. to play on an external device you basically need to make the file less than 4 gigabytes in size. use your favorite editor to either re compress the file to a smaller size or split the file into multiple files. said this on 2011 - 02 - 17 at 06 : 48 am is there anyway at all you could transfer files larger than 4gb on a wd my passport hard drive on a macbook? apparently people have problems using nfts on mac operating systems. [ sorry, i ' m not a mac person. anyone? - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 02 - 22 at 10 : 39 am i just tried this to an external hd and now it ’ s telling me my drive is unformatted and / or corrupted. any suggestions as to my next step in troubleshooting? [ without being there to see the situation and understand what happened simply trying now to format the drive would be my suggestion. if that doesn ' t work then i ' d contact the manufacturer and try to find out what makes their drive so special that it won ' t take simple windows commands. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 03 - 06 at 10 : 08 am hi this is common problem with win xp and win vista when transfering or copying files esp above 4 gb. i ’ ve simple solution attach pen drive or memory card to ur usb port open windows explorer / my computer.. now right click on the drive letter select open as “ portable media device ”.. this opens new window.. drag and drop or copy paste the huge files into this window. no need to format or change partition type!! note this is slow as now computer will treat as portable device instead of usb. [ this will work but pay attention to the last part. as a portable device the usb device will not look like a standard file system to windows or the mac and can only be used as a portable media device. if ntfs formatting is used then the device can store media and other files. the down side of either is that the computer or other device you plug the usb drive into must either support portable media devices in one case or ntfs in another. that ' s not always the case so know what your devices support. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 03 - 21 at 02 : 31 pm i did all the steps and then it was calculating the size for the conversion with a bunch of numbers … …. then after waiting


what your devices support. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 03 - 21 at 02 : 31 pm i did all the steps and then it was calculating the size for the conversion with a bunch of numbers … …. then after waiting it gave me a message saying this. ” data error ( cyclic redundancy check ) ” [ sounds like maybe one or more sectors on the drive have become corrupted in some way. i ' d back everything up by copying to another disk and then after you know the backup is good ( test it ) i ' d just reformat the initial disk and start over with it. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 04 - 09 at 07 : 20 pm this does not fix the problem. cuz my tv cant read from ntfs structure, but it support h264 ( i flashed firmware on lg ). thats really sucks! fat32 sucks. [ that ' s what happens when you live at the convergence point of technology. often, the old isn ' t good enough and the new isn ' t well supported. until the tv maybe gets a new operating system update that does support ntfs best you can do is either reduce the resolution to fit everything into the proper size or break the video apart into properly - sized sections. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 06 - 10 at 02 : 17 pm i think this question come about in this scenario. you have a 20gb hard disk with only 500mb free, you try to copy or move a 3gb size file to another drive. the copy process is halted because you need a certain amount of caching area on the disk your copying from for the data to be written for the simple reason if the copy or move fails you already have a duplicate of the duplicate in a temp file form. i find depending on the file being moved you need an equal size amount of free space to produce the same temp file your copying. confused ok let me simplify i had a drive c : with only 20mb free so i though “ i know i will move a large video file say 700mb to get me more space wrong error says your don ’ t have free space on the drive your copying to ( seems weird ) even though you have gb ’ s free. solution move loads of lesser than 20mb files to create enough cache or temp space to copy the large file in my case only 2 lesser than 20mb then with now 60mb approx freed up moved 50mb files and


have gb ’ s free. solution move loads of lesser than 20mb files to create enough cache or temp space to copy the large file in my case only 2 lesser than 20mb then with now 60mb approx freed up moved 50mb files and so on until i had 400mb then any size file was movable …. phew … hope that helps if even a little. [ actually, a valid observation but it does not relate to the specific topic here which has more to do with the overall limits of the file system instead of quirks in how windows copies files. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 06 - 20 at 09 : 45 am my dba ’ s & server ’ s support team trying move one large sharepoint content db file ( around 100 gb ) backup file from prod to qa.. but they always recieve the error “ cannot copy the db : not enough storage is available to process this command ”. server : windows 2003 se sp2 please can you advice on how to avoid this error, and copy the file properly from one server to another.. [ sorry, no experience with this specific task. however, as a general comment, make certain there is at least double the size of the file you want to copy free on both drives. some network systems will, in order to prevent conflicts, make a temporary copy of the file, copy that and then delete the copy. likewise, on the receiving end, the file may be copied to a temporary file, copied over to the actual file name and then the temporary file deleted. these actions require the double free space. but, that ' s just a guess. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 07 - 13 at 09 : 58 am when i ’ ve done the above convert commands i get the message : the type of file system is fat32 and doesn ’ t go any further in the process. any ideas please? [ sounds like the conversion did not process correctly and so you still have fat32 instead of ntfs. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 07 - 18 at 04 : 29 am thanks for the info. you have resolved 75 % of my problem. i have to external disc driver both in nfts. and i cannot transfert big files from one to an other. error copying file or folder cannot copy file. [ sorry, no way knowing from that error message. could be one of a great many reasons. - - daboss ] said this on


i cannot transfert big files from one to an other. error copying file or folder cannot copy file. [ sorry, no way knowing from that error message. could be one of a great many reasons. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 08 - 22 at 04 : 59 am a very good article. but no solution? [ please consider reading it again. solution is convert to ntfs. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 11 - 25 at 04 : 30 pm followed the instructions and it says is not available for raw drives, i have a 120 gb ipod hooked up, what am i doing wrong? [ you are trying to apply a windows command to a non - windows - formatted device. won ' t work on apple stuff. sorry. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 12 - 11 at 06 : 02 am don ’ t do this for memory card! u have to format all of ur data huh otherwise it will convert in to s * * *. [ yes. this is just for usb drives and not for things like sd cards that might fit into a camera. the memory cards carry their own fat - style formatting but it ' s a bit different than the disk fat. - - daboss ] said this on 2011 - 12 - 26 at 06 : 28 am your article is so helpfull for us, ut itz not complete … ….. some file system type u didnt xpossed, eg : exfat, its a file sytem can u give the information about this??????? [ it ' s not really an article about file systems as such ; just a way to get more onto a removable device. but, i ' ll think about it. - - daboss ]


with the increasing awareness of the importance of breast screening for early detection of cancer, breast imaging has found a place in today - - s diagnostic armamentarium. the common imaging modalities are mammography, ultrasound and mri. mammography is the investigation of choice and is an essential part of screening programmes in the west. mammography and ultrasound are corroborative and are generally done together. mri finds a place in the evaluation of dense breasts and in multi - centric cancer, said dr padmaja canumalla, specialist radiologist, zulekha hospital, dubai. the high risk factors in breast cancer are patients with mother / sister having cancer breast or cancer ovary, patients on hrt, patients over 60 years, late motherhood and short lactation. screening mammography has been proved to have a place in the early detection of breast cancer. the american cancer society recommendations are : - - physical exam regularly after 20 years age - - base line exam - - between 35 and 39 years - - annual / biannual exam - - between 40 and 49 years - - yearly after 50 years breast reporting has been standardised by the american college of radiologist so that there is good understanding between the reporting radiologist and the treating clinician. reporting is done based on the breast lexicon and every report is given a category of the birads ( breast imaging reporting and data system ). this allows a uniform standard interpretation of the report. according to the rcr guidelines, mammography is not recommended for generalised lumpiness, long standing nipple retraction and cyclical breast pain associated with periods. the factors which protect from breast cancer are : - - four or more hours of exercise per week results in about 40 per cent reduction in breast cancer risk. - - physical exercise in adolescence was associated with significantly delayed breast cancer onset. - - healthy weight at menarche and at 21 years significantly delayed breast cancer onset. - - women who average 1. 5 drinks per day have a 30 per cent increase in risk. - - radiation is dangerous for young women, especially if they have not completed breast development. - -


how cpu ' s work ( was re : hi, i ' m new... ) ard at p850ug1. demon. co. uk sun aug 6 17 : 28 : 13 cdt 2006 > tony duell wrote : > > > hehe... abracadrabra. > > all i can say is that it ' s a wonderful feeling when you finally > > understand how a cpu works at this level. all the magic has gone away, > > everything makes sense again. > yeah, cpu ' s are really very simple. here ' s my half drunken rant about > them. skip this if you know how cpu ' s work. : - ) > basically, cpu ' s fetch opcodes ( instructions ) and data, then decode said > instruction, execute them, and increment their program counter register > ( or change it to a new value ), and repeat. the ones with microcode ( or > risc ) are easiest to understand, although you don ' t get to see the that very much depends on the cpu. if the cpu is many chips ( not a single package ) with microcode in proms, there ' s nothing to stop you desoldering said proms and reading them out. i ' ve done that, then written a disassembler for the microode instructions and worked out what was going on. and some cpus, the perq being probably the most common example, load their microcode from disk at power - on. in which case you might even get a mcirocode assembler and disassember as standard os tools. if not, you can > they all are pretty much similar in that they have a register called pc > ( or ir ) that point to the currently executing opcode. > risc ones and microcoded ones use the bits in the opcode to turn on > circuits that do what the opcode says. with some cpu ' s you can almost > " see " the circuitry that does this by looking at the opcode tables. this is rather a higher level tham i was considering it. i was thinking more along the lines of ' decoder u55 decodes the 3 - bit field consisting of micorocode bits 23 - 25. output 4 of this decoder enables or gate u27c which passes the delayed clock to the clock input of the d - type u71a. this stores the carry output of the alu, and acts as


##code bits 23 - 25. output 4 of this decoder enables or gate u27c which passes the delayed clock to the clock input of the d - type u71a. this stores the carry output of the alu, and acts as a carry flag ' yes, i do often consider cpus at that level > granted, they can be complex if you ' re dealing with x86, but even so, if > you were able to see what the x86 ones really do underneath the the > layer that ' s masked, each piece is simple. it ' s just that there are > many, many, many pieces, which make for a complex device. the problem is that most books describe the simple parts ( gates, flip - flops ), then the final result ( cpu, at the level of ' fetch an instruction, decode it, increment pc ' ), but miss out the bit in between. exactly how you can link up gates and ffs to make a cpu. > a cpu is hooked up to a bunch of memory. the memory is addressable > linearly ( on most cpu ' s ) and some of it is rom because ram loses it ' s > data on power off. the perq has no rom in the memory map ( and no, there is no frontpanel where you toggle in a boot loader by hand ). what there is is a little microcode prom that overlays the bottom part of the microcode ram. this prom contains enough microode to read the boot sector from disk into the mcirocode store ( said boot sector of course contains microcode ), that then reads in some more microcode, which reads in the os into user ram. more information about the cctech


cities across u. s. bore brunt of record - setting july heat preliminary climate data for july shows that many cities across the u. s. experienced record - setting months, with temperatures propelled upwards by a massive area of high pressure, more popularly known as a heat dome, that kept cooling rains at bay. for example, in st. louis, mo., where the year - to - date has been the warmest such period on record, the city has already exceeded its all - time record for the greatest number of days with high temperatures of 105°f or above, beating the 10 such days that occurred during the dust bowl in 1934. in wichita, kan., july was the fourth warmest month on record, tied with 1934. wichita recorded 21 100 - degree days during the month, which was the second greatest such tally ever recorded there during the month of july. july was also denver ’ s warmest month on record, with an average temperature of 78. 9°f, beating the previous record that was set in 1934 by more than a full degree. the " mile high city " had seven 100 - degree days, and there were 27 days with a high temperature of 90°f or higher. and for many in the lower 48 states, august is coming in the same way july ended — dangerously hot, with only sporadic rain showers. in oklahoma city, high temperatures on wednesday were forecast to “ flirt with ” the city ’ s all - time high temperature record of 113°f, according to the national weather service ( nws ). tulsa, okla., is likely to come close to its all - time record of 115°f as well. of all the areas that have been hammered by the intense heat, the mississippi ozarks and southeast kansas may take the prize for enduring the worst of it, at least during the past two weeks, when a brutal combination of high heat and a pronounced lack of rainfall took hold. in joplin, mo., the average high temperature during july was 99. 7°f, and the city only received a trace of rainfall. joplin ’ s average temperature during july was 6. 4°f above average, and the month ranked as the city ’ s fourth - warmest on record. july ' s heat also extended northward to chicago, where the " windy city " experienced its third - warmest july, with an average temperature of 81. 1°f, which was 7. 1°f above normal. in rockford, ill., july was


also extended northward to chicago, where the " windy city " experienced its third - warmest july, with an average temperature of 81. 1°f, which was 7. 1°f above normal. in rockford, ill., july was the warmest such month on record, with an average temperature that was 7. 0°f above average. in oklahoma city, high temperatures in 2012 ( red line ) have been well above average. large grey background is the all - time temperature range. dashed lines are 15 day running mean temperature, and the small grey box shows daily norms. click on the image for a larger version. credit : patrick marsh. on the east coast, washington d. c. had its second - hottest july, exceeded only by july 2011, which was 0. 5°f warmer. this july, however, set new standards for the greatest number of 100 - degree days, with seven, and tied 1930 for the longest string of consecutive 100 - degree days, with four. according to the weather service, one - third of july days now have record high - minimum temperatures that were set in either 2010, 2011, or 2012, indicating that each of the past three julys have featured unusually warm overnight low temperatures. the record warm july comes in a year that has been extraordinarily warm, particularly in the u. s., where record daily high temperatures have been outnumbering record daily low temperatures by a nearly 9 - to - 1 ratio. as of june, the latest month for which figures are available, we ' ve experienced the 328th month in a row — that ' s more than 27 years — with global temperatures above the 20th century average. the last month to come in below average was february of 1985. for the u. s., the warm july follows a warmer - than - average june, which came on the heels of the warmest spring on record, which in turn was the culmination of the warmest march, third - warmest april, and second - warmest may. this year marked the first time that all three months during the spring season ranked among the 10 warmest, since records began in 1895. the heat has been accompanied by, and is also feeding off of, an expanding and intense drought, which is now covering a majority of the country.


fused genes tackle deadly pierce ’ s disease in grapevines - a gene fusion research project led by a uc davis plant scientist delivers a one - two punch to pierce ' s disease, a deadly threat to california ’ s world - renowned wine industry. a gene fusion research project led by a uc davis plant scientist delivers a one - two punch to pierce ' s disease, a deadly threat to california ’ s world - renowned wine industry. the study was published in the early edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. “ many disease - causing microbes can evade one defensive action by a host plant, but we believe that most microbes would have difficulty overcoming a combination of two immune - system defenses, ” said uc davis plant sciences professor abhaya dandekar, the lead researcher. he and his colleagues tested this hypothesis on xylella fastidiosa, the bacteria responsible for pierce ' s disease in grapevines. strains of the bacteria also attack and damage other host plants, including citrus, stone fruits, almonds, oleander, and certain shade trees, such as oaks, elms, maples and sycamores. the findings further strengthen uc davis ’ standing as a world leader in the science of plant improvement through advances in genetics, genomics, plant breeding and biodiversity. first noted in california near anaheim around 1884, pierce ' s disease in grapevines is now known to exist in 28 california counties. from 1994 to 2000, the disease destroyed more than 1, 000 acres of northern california grapevines, causing $ 30 million in damages. there is currently no known cure for pierce ’ s disease. in grapevines, xylella fastidiosa is carried from plant to plant by half - inch - long insects known as sharpshooters. the bacteria infect and clog the plant ’ s water - transporting tissue, or xylem. grapevines with pierce ' s disease develop yellow and brown leaves and die within a few years. to block such infections, the researchers engineered a hybrid gene by fusing together two genes that are responsible for two key functions of the plant ’ s innate immune response : recognizing xylella fastidiosa as a bacterial invader and destroying its outer membranes, causing the bacteria to die. the researchers then inserted this hybrid gene into grapevines. they found that sap from plants genetically engineered with the hybrid gene effectively killed xylella fastidiosa in the laboratory. and grapevines engineered to carry the hybrid gene had significantly less leaf scorching and x


ant hills are an unlikely source of inspiration, but some large organisations are developing biologically - based techniques in the drive to deliver a competitive edge to it systems in cut - throat markets. danny bradbury reports on how nature can supply some new answers to old problems you might wonder what it could gain from emulating nature. yet large corporations in the uk are already investing in research into biological computing to enhance their it systems. royal mail is looking at immune systems as a way to highlight anomalies and detect fraud, while bt sees studying the behaviour of ants as a source of routing algorithms. using biological characteristics found in the natural world as a means of enhancing software has existed as a concept since the 1940s, when neural networks were proposed as the basis for artificial intelligence. it is only in the last few years, however, that links between algorithms found in nature and computer software have fuelled commercial interest. most of these techniques exhibit similar traits at an abstract level, explains ken lodding, a scientist who is designing biological algorithms for fault - tolerant computing at nasa. " in certain cases you need a mathematical calculation to the nth degree, but when you are doing searches or certain other actions you basically need a good enough answer, " he says. " that is what we do as human beings, and that is what i believe will come out of biological models. they are not hard - core logic. " instead, the logic in biological computing systems is decidedly fuzzy. lodding hopes that one day he will be able to apply his software to the next generation of mars rovers, to avoid events such as the malfunction of the java - based operating software on the pathfinder mars rover. debugging a program on a machine 35 million miles away can cause major headaches. lodding wants to build machines that can correct their own faults, by dividing functions into cellular software components which can take on certain functions, guided by in - built software " genomes ". the concept is similar to the development of an embryo, explains lodding. " you start with a stem cell and then as the body grows your cells take on different tasks because they have the appropriate gene structure. we are emulating that in the software, " he says. if one or more cells responsible for a particular function fail, others can take over, making the machine more autonomous. this approach resonates with developmental algorithms, which are richard tateson ' s core area. tateson, a senior researcher in bt ' s pervasive ict research laboratory and a doctor in developmental


can take over, making the machine more autonomous. this approach resonates with developmental algorithms, which are richard tateson ' s core area. tateson, a senior researcher in bt ' s pervasive ict research laboratory and a doctor in developmental biology, says biological computing is finding real - world applications in commercial fields. ant algorithms are particularly promising, he says. also known as stigmergy, it works by letting agents affect their environment rather than communicating with each other directly. " real ants leave a pheromone trail that can be followed by others. the more ants that follow it, the stronger the trail. they head directly back to the nest when they find it so the trail gets stronger, " he explains. " this is very interesting to telecoms companies because of the path - finding and routing algorithms that you can apply them to. " likewise, evolutionary computing, at the simplest level, attempts to solve problems by testing many randomly - generated solutions and scoring them based on their success. the solutions that get the best scores stay in the game while those that fail are killed off, in a process similar to darwin ' s natural selection. solutions that survive are bred together, creating newer, stronger solutions, until a handful of final candidates remain. in this way, it progresses to quality output. this, along with other biological algorithms, lies at the heart of galapagos, the aptly - named optimisation tool from uk - based start - up codefarm. managing director jeremy mabbitt explains that the product is divided into two parts : a java 2 enterprise edition - based server set up to optimise a grid of client pcs ; and a workbench product designed to create evaluation scenarios. investment house kbc financial products has been using the evolutionary algorithm software to evaluate potential portfolio mixes of convertible and derivative financial products. previously it used a manual approach in which combinations of numbers were crunched in an excel spreadsheet. another promising area in which biological computing techniques are being applied is in the detection of fraud. visa has been using neural networks to identify credit card fraud since 1994, when it created its cardholder risk identification service. this service was replaced late last year with the falcon neural networking product from us company fair isaac, which offered a better neural networking model tailored for credit card fraud. rebranded as visor, the product is already proving three - and - a - half times more effective than its predecessor, says the credit card company. robert littas, senior vice - president in fraud management for visa


model tailored for credit card fraud. rebranded as visor, the product is already proving three - and - a - half times more effective than its predecessor, says the credit card company. robert littas, senior vice - president in fraud management for visa, explains that neural networks train themselves using high - volume data to enhance accuracy, but it can only ever be used as an indicator for further investigation. " for us, what is important is to identify a particular transaction. the neural network will not tell you that something is absolutely a fraud, " he says. " instead, it scores an input, and the higher the number the greater the chance. the banks receive the score and then take appropriate action. " royal mail has taken a different approach to fraud detection, concentrating on a much newer biological computing theory called computational immunology pioneered by stephanie forrest, a professor in computer science at the university of new mexico. this uses software to mimic the characteristics of the human immune system. mary wilde, a security researcher at royal mail, has applied the techniques to sifting through the large amounts of transactional data from branch post offices to highlight anomalies using the software equivalent of white blood cells. richard overill, senior lecturer in computer science at king ' s college london, was heavily involved in building the system. the underlying concept focuses on the idea of self, he explains. the system has to learn what " self " is by analysing data that is known to be non - fraudulent. when a good stable representation of self is achieved, you can start introducing transactional data with a mixture of good and bad behaviour, and hope that the software agents programmed into the system will recognise that some of these events are not in its self profile. if anything, the trial of the system produced too many results, says wilde, and many of them are false positives. " translating them into business - speak and business transactions is tricky. we have to do a lot of work on assessing the results so that the interesting ones float to the top. " nevertheless, overill eschewed the neural network concept in favour of immunology because he wanted more detail in his results. " we know that banks detect fraud with neural networks but they don ' t explain to you which transaction it was or what was wrong with it, " he explains. " neural networks are no good for auditing and forensic analysis. " the biggest tension for it professionals lies in moving from formal computing, in which the steps leading up to a result are intimately prescribed and understood,


wrong with it, " he explains. " neural networks are no good for auditing and forensic analysis. " the biggest tension for it professionals lies in moving from formal computing, in which the steps leading up to a result are intimately prescribed and understood, to biological algorithms that work in the realm of logical " fuzziness " and probabilities. lodding dreams of a time when tiny computational cells built into the wing of an aeroplane can make localised decisions using developmental biological algorithms. nature ' s role in the world of it may be relatively limited now but the commercial world is always looking for something new to give it the competitive edge. autonomic computing - learning from the body to self - heal ibm ' s autonomic computing initiative is still in its early stages, but it takes some ideas from the natural world and puts them into hardware and software form. drawing on the idea of the central nervous system, which passes data about the condition of the body to the brain, autonomic systems will be self - healing, self - optimising and self - protecting, say ibm researchers. but it is unlikely that autonomic computing will do away with the need for human intervention. " the autonomic idea comes from the body. there are certain things the body can take care of itself, but you have to go to the doctor for other things, " says adel fahmy, programme director for autonomic computing core technologies at ibm. hackers find a natural source for viruses viruses and worms are at the centre of the map when it comes to biological algorithms. the concept of reproduction and replication that mirrors biological viruses has been a mainstay of computer viruses since the first one appeared for the apple ii in 1982. since then, virus writers have embraced the biological metaphor with increasing enthusiasm, creating polymorphic viruses that mutate their own code. pete simpson, threatlab manager of content security company clearswift, draws attention to serotonin, a type of worm written by a czech virus writer in late 2002 which uses genetic techniques. the worm uses a theoretical peer - to - peer network called " wormnet " to exchange code with other copies of itself online, mutating pairs of code into new, single forms. the worm, which is currently available as source code but has not yet been deployed in the wild, also evolves in new environments. copies of itself die out if their mutated code cannot spread, leaving survivors to replicate themselves onto new networks. this was first published in july 2004


writing homework one answers - student twelve music is a form of art. it has the capability of taking a variety of complex thoughts and forming them into a simple order of words. music has been apart of the world for centuries and has been able to inspire a multitude of people. for myself, it is an escape from all of the struggles the world throws my way. the song “ prodigal ” by casting crowns has had a huge impact on my life as of lately. it demonstrates the parable that is taught by jesus in the book of luke, about two sons who inherit their father ’ s wealth. the youngest son receives his portion and leaves home in order to pursue his sublunary desires. he sets off for a distant country and there squanders his wealth in wild living. after the son ’ s entire fortune was gone, a terrible famine hit the country leaving him with nothing. spending much of his time on hard and tiring work the son realized that he needed his fathers love and support in order to survive. embarrassed and ashamed the son started back home, hoping that his father would at least take him back as a servant. much to his surprise the father welcomed him home with open arms and a loving heart. the father was neither upset nor angry with his son, but instead he was thrilled to have him back in his presence once again. casting crowns song quotes - “ daddy here i am again, take me back tonight. i went and made the world my friend, and it left me high and dry. i dragged your name back through the mud that you first found me in, not worthy to be called your son, is this to be my end? daddy here i am. ” often times, we conform ourselves to what the world expects and not to what god wants. we live our lives, make stupid mistakes, and never really think about god as much as we should. in fact, we hardly think about him at all. most of the time we don ’ t turn to him until we need something, something that is too much for us to handle. it devastates god, but as shown in the parable, god does not hesitate one bit when it comes to forgiveness. every time i hear this song i am reminded of how great god ’ s love is. it doesn ’ t matter where you are with your faith, or what you ’ ve done, there is nothing you can do to make god stop loving you.


boiling mad : crabs feel pain robert roy britt livescience. com robert roy britt livescience. com – fri mar 27, 10 : 48 am et a favored method of preparing fresh crabs is to simply boil them alive. a longstanding related question : do they feel pain? yes, researchers now say. not only do crabs suffer pain, a new study found, but they retain a memory of it ( assuming they aren ' t already dead on your dinner plate ). the scientists say its time for new laws to consider the suffering of all crustaceans. the study involved using wires to deliver shocks to the bellies of hermit crabs, which, being hermits, often take up residence in left - behind mollusc shells. the crabs that were shocked scampered out of their shells, " indicating that the experience is unpleasant for them, " the scientists concluded ; unshocked crabs stayed put. another test was run to see what would happen if a mild shock was delivered, one just below the threshold that would cause the crabs to leave home. these mildly shocked crabs, along with crabs that had not been shocked, were then offered a new home. the typical reaction : they ' d go inspect the new shell. significantly, those that had been shocked were more likely to pack up and move to the new residence compared to those that hadn ' t been shocked. " there has been a long debate about whether crustaceans including crabs, prawns and lobsters feel pain, " said study researcher bob elwood of queen ' s university belfast in the uk.


residents reminded to be vigilant about mosquitoes colorado mosquito control reminds area residents to be vigilant about standing water. the threat of west nile virus increases when higher - than - average temperatures and monsoon rains become more frequent. it is important for montezuma district residents to be aware of standing water in and around their yard. any water that stands for five to 10 days can produce the species of mosquito that is the area ’ s most competent vector of west nile virus. district residents are encouraged to empty water out of rain barrels, children ’ s pools, boats, water troughs or anything that is capable of holding rain water for five days. an average rain barrel that has even 6 inches of standing water is capable of producing multiple broods and thousands of mosquitoes. west nile virus has historically been found throughout the montezuma area and people should use precautions when outdoors in the early morning and evening. it is recommended that long sleeve shirts and long pants be worn along with insect repellent containing the active ingredient deet. of the 28 different mosquito species identified in the montezuma district, only three are considered competent transmitters of the virus, and only one of those is common enough to cause concern. residents with mosquito - related concerns should call colorado mosquito control at 565 - 9134.


the creation wiki is now operating on a new and improved server. from creationwiki, the encyclopedia of creation science - for the korean creationwiki : click here korea is a geographic area, civilization, and a former state situated on the korean peninsula in east asia, which is currently divided into north korea and south korea. in spite of the modern - day split between north and south korea, the korean people share a common heritage. excavations have found pottery and stone tools from neolithic - age settlements ca. 4000 b. c. and evidence that by 2000 b. c. a pottery culture had spread to the peninsula from china. starting in about 1100 b. c., migration from china into the korean peninsula established the city of p ’ yongyang. by the fourth century b. c., a number of walled - town states had been noted in korea by chinese officials. the most illustrious site, known to historians as old choson, was located in what today is the southern part of northeastern china and northwestern korea. old choson civilization was based on bronze culture and consisted of a political federation of walled towns. korean : 한국 in south korea or 조선 in north korea. republic of korea ( taehan min ’ guk / 대한 민국 ) is a republic governed by a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature, the national assembly. although today south korea is recognized as a democracy, for several decades following the korean war it was ruled by a succession of leaders who assumed office under less than democratic circumstances. just more than 50 percent of koreans profess religious affiliation. that affiliation is spread among a great variety of traditions, including buddhism ( 25 percent ), christianity ( 25 percent ), confucianism ( 2 percent ), and shamanism. these numbers should be treated with some caution, however, as ( with the exception of christianity ) there are few if any meaningful distinctions between believers and nonbelievers in buddhism and confucianism, which is more of a set of ethical values than a religion. the cultural impact of these movements is far more widespread than the number of formal adherents suggests. a variety of “ new religions ” have emerged since the mid - nineteenth century, including ch ’ ondogyo. a very small muslim minority also exists. the republic of korea occupies the southern half of the korean peninsula on the northeastern corner of the asian continent. north korea lies to the north, and japan is located to the southeast, across


’ ondogyo. a very small muslim minority also exists. the republic of korea occupies the southern half of the korean peninsula on the northeastern corner of the asian continent. north korea lies to the north, and japan is located to the southeast, across the korea strait. it occupies nearly 45 percent of the land area of the korean peninsula, or 98, 190 square kilometers of land area and 290 square kilometers of water area. in july 2004, south korea ’ s population was estimated to be 48, 598, 175. the official growth rate estimate is 0. 6 percent, and this rate is expected to decline to zero by 2028. in the twentieth century, there has been significant emigration to china ( 1. 9 million ) and the united states ( 1. 5 million ), and about 1 million koreans live in japan and the countries of the former soviet union. more than 80 percent of all south koreans live in urban areas. population density is very high, with approximately 480 persons per square kilometer. the democratic people ’ s republic of korea ( 조선 민주주의 인민 공화국 ) is a communist state under the one - man leadership of kim jong il, chairman of the national defense commission — the nation ’ s “ highest administrative authority, ” supreme commander of the korean people ’ s army ( kpa ), and general secretary of the korean workers ’ party ( kwp ). traditionally, koreans have practiced buddhism and observed the tenets of confucianism. besides a small number of practicing buddhists ( about 10, 000, under the auspices of the official korean buddhist federation ), north korea also has some christians ( about 10, 000 protestants and 4, 000 roman catholics, under the auspices of the korean christian federation ) and some 2. 7 million indigenous ch ’ ondogyo ( heavenly way ) adherents. however, religious activities are almost nonexistent. three hundred buddhist temples exist, but they are considered cultural relics rather than active places of worship. there are several schools for religious education, including three - year religious colleges for training protestant and buddhist clergy. in 1989 kim il sung university established a religious studies program, but its graduates usually go on to work in the foreign trade sector. although the constitution provides for freedom of religious belief, in practice the government severely discourages organized religious activity except as supervised by the aforementioned officially recognized groups. constitutional changes made in 1992 allow authorized religious gatherings and the construction of buildings for religious use


trade sector. although the constitution provides for freedom of religious belief, in practice the government severely discourages organized religious activity except as supervised by the aforementioned officially recognized groups. constitutional changes made in 1992 allow authorized religious gatherings and the construction of buildings for religious use and deleted a clause about freedom of antireligious propaganda. the constitution also stipulates that religion “ should not be used for purposes of dragging in foreign powers or endangering public security. ” north korea is located in the northern half of the korean peninsula, which extends southward from the northeastern part of the asian continent and is surrounded on three sides by water. north korea is bordered by the republic of korea ( south korea ) to the south, china to the north and northwest, and russia to the northeast. north korea occupies about 55 percent of the total land area of the korean peninsula, or approximately 120, 410 square kilometer of land area and 130 square kilometers of water area. population : north korea ’ s population was estimated in july 2006 at 23, 113, 019. the annual population growth rate for the same year was 0. 8 percent. united nations ( un ) estimates for 2007 indicate that north korea ’ s population density stands at 188 persons per square kilometer ; 40 percent of the population lives in rural and 60 percent in urban areas. there is no legal migration from north korea, and after the korean war ( 1950 – 53 ) only 5, 000 north koreans successfully reached south korea until the turn of the century. however, in 2003 and 2004 unprecedented numbers of north koreans — estimates range between 140, 000 and 300, 000 — fled to china with hopes of reaching south korea. only a relative few did reach south korea but, according to the south korean ministry of unification, as of february 2007, more than 10, 000 north koreans were living in the south. this number contrasts with only nine living there in 1990, 41 in 1995, and 312 in 2000. - country profile : south korea by the u. s. central intelligence agency - country profile : north korea by the u. s. central intelligence agency


big harp little harp sign the first known serial killers in american history were the harp boys. during the years of the revolutionary war, the two cousins went on an indiscriminate killing rampage, killing anyone who got in their way. they killed infants, including their own, children, women and numerous men. they killed for the sake of killing. by doris lane harp ' s hill is near the pond river in western muhlenberg county, ky., not far from highway 62. there is a crossing in the road near dixon named harp ' s head and one of the crossing roads is named harp ' s head road. some miles away, the precise location lost to time, there is a cave known as harp ' s house. to tell how these places earned their names is to tell the story of micajah ( big ) and wiley ( little ) harp, america ' s first known serial killers. they passed for brothers, but were cousins, sons of brothers john and william harpe, scottish immigrants to orange county, n. c. the boys were named william ( micajah / big ), son of john, and joshua ( wiley / little ), son of william. big harp and little harp left home as young men in 1775, aiming to become overseers of slaves in virginia. career plans diverted by the american revolution, the harps instead became tory outlaws in a gang that roved the north carolina countryside, raping farmers ' daughters, pillaging livestock and crops, and burning farmhouses. in the attempted kidnapping of one young girl by a tory rape gang, little harp was shot and wounded by local patriot captain james wood.


profiles of great communicators : lincoln and roosevelt - thursday, june 06, 2002 lincoln teaches us to take your speech, not yourself, seriously. abraham lincoln ' s best known speech, the gettysburg address, took only a few moments to deliver. yet in it lincoln captured the spirit of the struggle and rallied people to the support of the union. lincoln was not an accomplished speaker. yet few politicians have ever established their reputation so quickly and thoroughly through speeches. in fact, some historians believe that lincoln ' s meteoric rise from obscurity to power resulted from just a few key addresses. first, lincoln spoke against compromise with pro - slavery forces before the illinois republican state convention in 1858 : " a house divided against itself cannot stand. " more decisive speeches occurred during lincoln ' s 1858 race for the u. s. senate against stephen a. douglas. lincoln faltered at first, but he recovered and gained tremendous respect among the voters of illinois. douglas ultimately won the election that year, but his response to lincoln ' s arguments alienated the southern states and, ironically, doomed his 1860 presidential bid against the very man he had defeated, abraham lincoln. another momentous speech took place in front of a new york abolition society. lincoln told them, " let us have faith that right makes might. " his carefully reasoned arguments and self - effacing humor helped him gain support for the republican nomination for the presidency. why do so few communicators today match lincoln ' s persuasive power? perhaps it is because they fail to organize for effective persuasion. in each speech, lincoln crafted the impression that he was worthy of being listened to not because of who he was, but because of the force of his arguments. lincoln often belittled his own abilities and conveyed the impression that he was open to reasonable persuasion. such calm, open - minded deliberation was a needed antidote to the hot - headed, angry rhetoric of that period, and it wouldn ' t hurt to have more of it today as well! roosevelt teaches us this : don ' t be afraid to persuade. t. r., as he was known by a generation of americans, lived every moment to its fullest. " i don ' t think any president ever enjoyed himself more than i did, " he said. indeed, teddy roosevelt and his family brought a rough - and - tumble attitude to the white house. his manly exploits set a precedent that most presidents since that time have attempted to follow, that of being aggressive and active. yet roosevelt is


he said. indeed, teddy roosevelt and his family brought a rough - and - tumble attitude to the white house. his manly exploits set a precedent that most presidents since that time have attempted to follow, that of being aggressive and active. yet roosevelt is an unlikely choice when it comes to great communicators. he was animated and persuasive, but his high - pitched voice, nasal twang, and long - winded addresses could make his speeches tedious for the audience. in spite of this, roosevelt persevered over highly respected orators such as william jennings bryan, whom he defeated for the presidency. roosevelt used the presidency as a " bully pulpit " to initiate reforms ranging from a reduction of government debt to the building of the panama canal. in so doing, he gained the respect and admiration of a generation. what allowed teddy roosevelt to get away with such a " preachy " style? simply this : he knew the difference between being respected and being believed. people felt that they knew the real teddy roosevelt, but the fact is that he really understood them. he knew what people wanted in a president : honesty, consistency, tough - mindedness and fair - dealing. when roosevelt spoke, he cultivated the impression that he had the audience ' s best interests at heart. he could talk tough because people knew he was on their side. he willingly confronted what he considered to be bad ideas whether they were from friends or from foes. ultimately the perception that roosevelt was willing to expend himself for a good cause helped him reach the heart of his audience. on one occasion it paid for roosevelt to be long - winded. as he stood to speak that day, he was shot by an assassin. amazingly, the thick speech manuscript in his breast pocket slowed the bullet enough to save his life. apologizing for his weakened state, roosevelt proceeded to deliver his lengthy address as if nothing had happened, all the while with a bullet lodged in his chest. teddy roosevelt demonstrates that it is the ability to reach the heart of the audience, not one ' s skill as a presenter, that makes for powerful communication. dr. jeff myers teaches communication and leadership at bryan college. he directs the summit ministries program at bryan college, a two - week training program which helps christian young people learn how to defend their christian faith and develop outstanding leadership skills. he is the author of several books, including playpen to podium : how to give your children the communication advantage in every area of life. he has also produced several video - training series


- enter a word for the dictionary definition. from the collaborative international dictionary of english v. 0. 48 : mandarin \ man ` da * rin " \, n. [ pg. mandarim, from malay mantr [ imac ] minister of state, prop. a hind. word, fr. skr. mantrin a counselor, manira a counsel, man to think. ] 1. a chinese public officer or nobleman ; a civil or military official in china and annam. [ 1913 webster ] 2. hence : a powerful government official or bureaucrat, especially one who is pedantic and has a strong sense of his own importance and privelege. [ pjc ] 3. hence : a member of an influential, powerful or elite group, espcially within artistic or intellectual circles ; - - used especially of elder members who are traditionalist or conservative about their specialties. [ pjc ] 5. the form of the chinese language spoken by members of the chinese imperial court an officials of the empire. [ pjc ] 6. any of several closely related dialects of the chinese language spoken by a mojority of the population of china, the standard variety of which is spoken in the region around beijing. [ pjc ] 7. ( bot. ) a small flattish reddish - orange loose - skinned orange, with an easily separable rind. it is thought to be of chinese origin, and is counted a distinct species ( citrus reticulata formerly citrus nobilis ) ; called also mandarin orange and tangerine. [ 1913 webster ] mandarin language, the spoken or colloquial language of educated people in china. mandarin yellow ( chem. ), an artificial aniline dyestuff used for coloring silk and wool, and regarded as a complex derivative of quinoline. [ 1913 webster ]


last modified : 2009 - 08 - 08 by alex danes keywords : romania | szekely national council | star : 8 points ( yellow ) | links : fotw homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors the flag of the szekely national council can be found at it is a banner of arms, based on a blue shield, with a gold central horizontal stripe, and an 8 - pointed gold star and white crescent in the upper hoist. szekelys are ethnic hungarians who live in the center of romania in harghita, kovaszna, and maros counties. the szekelyfold ( szekely land ) contains all of hargita and kovaszna counties and the southern part of maros / mures county. molnar istvan, 1 december 2005 image by brian ellis, 22 february 2008 while i was perusing a yahoo! news image gallery, i came across a photo of a szekler man in romania holding the szekler flag. the fabric appears to be metallic so that explains the colors unusual hues ( light blue, brown, silver ), but i have rendered them in blue, yellow and white. brian ellis, 22 february 2008 concerning the flag ' s symbolism, the crescent and star do not denote any historical association with islam. the szeklers are mostly roman catholic or protestant. according to the szekely article at wikipedia " the sun and moon are the symbols of the szekely, as can also be seen in the coat of arms of transylvania and on the romanian national coat of arms. the sun and moon symbols represented proto - hungarian gods, but after the hungarians became christians in the eleventh century, their importance became purely visual and symbolic. their religious significance was lost. " ned smith, 23 february 2008 image by alex danes, 3 may 2008 colors are : or ( 255 - 204 - 51 ), argent ( 255 - 255 - 255 ) and light blue ( 51 - 153 - 255 ). the star and crescent are vertically centered in each blue - proportions of the flag : 2 : 3 - proportions of the stripes : 40 : 20 : 40 - width of the star and crescent : about 20 % of the flag ' s width - distance of the star and crescent from hoist : about 20 % of the flag ' s width alex danes, 3 may 2008 i found here a different szekely flag. it ' s a black and red flag, instead of blue and yellow. the source presents several


broader identities will promote peace are men and women divided forever into little categories called ` ` nationalities ' ' or ` ` religions ' '? this question is crucial at a time when the aftershocks of soviet collapse are felt throughout eastern europe and central asia, and when pent - up historical forces are emerging everywhere on our planet. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor are hutus destined to fight tutsis forever, with no emergence of a common interest as rwandans? are serbs, croats, and bosnian muslims doomed to continue fighting for centuries to come? are tadjiks, uzbeks, and russians - or azeris and armenians - similarly doomed to eternal hostility? we must hope that all these answers are no, and that there are things the wielders of power in today ' s world can do to help de - escalate these sharp and damaging hatreds. a first step is to recognize that the national, cultural, or religious identities to which people cling, in all sincerity, are themselves always constructed. people are not born with an unalterable label attached : serb, hutu, tadjik. such identities are fluid. they have been constructed, for various reasons, in the past. and they will be subject to further change in the future. read the words of two women who have felt victimized by this process. jean makdisi, a lebanese - palestinian writer and professor, has lived in beirut through two decades of internal wars. ` ` i have felt repeatedly that religion has worked like the stamp with which cattle are branded, ' ' ms. makdisi ( who grew up christian ) writes in a 1991 collection of essays. slavenka drakulic is a croat journalist, formerly married to a serb. in 1992 she wrote, ` ` along with millions of other croats, i was pinned to the wall of nationhood - not only by outside pressure from serbia and the federal [ yugoslav ] army, but by national homogenization within croatia itself. ' ' group identities can also be reconstructed in more inclusive and less - polarizing ways. i write this from southern france. during the turmoil that followed europe ' s reformation, protestants and catholics fought without mercy in this idyllic region. in some areas, three - quarters of the population was killed. a unifying, secular french identity later helped to lessen older hatreds. but ` ` french - ness ' ' suppressed the provencal culture and was expressed in hostility to germans or other neighbors.


, three - quarters of the population was killed. a unifying, secular french identity later helped to lessen older hatreds. but ` ` french - ness ' ' suppressed the provencal culture and was expressed in hostility to germans or other neighbors. now a larger sense of ` ` european - ness ' ' is taking hold. germans, italians, and french vie for beach space along the coast. the provencal language has seen a small comeback. sectarian killings within french christendom are unimaginable. as provencals and their neighbors started to see themselves as part of a larger group, the smaller identities, while important, became less confrontational. americans have an identity that is one of the most transparently constructed in history. we are still trying to redefine ` ` american - ness ' ' in ways broader than the old wasp paradigm. with these experiences, and with the global power we wield, we can help parties to today ' s worst disputes think about identity in ways that involve reaching out to, rather than beating up on, other people. ideas alone are not enough. the idea of an inclusive yugoslavia may have been a good one. but as implemented over the years, it involved too much domination by one group, the serbs. so we also need to keep our active concern with justice. but let ' s not forget the power of ideas! and let ' s look for american policies that help people to think beyond the confines of narrow, polarizing identities. a policy that urges rwanda ' s new tutsi leaders to reach out to their hutu compatriots, despite past horrors, looks like one that can save lives over the decades ahead. people, being what we are, probably won ' t develop a strong sense of universal identity anytime soon. but as americans, we can at least try to push things in the right direction.


as world population passes 7 billion, two strategies make for a sustainable future ensuring that women make their own choices about child - bearing and cutting waste are two important ways to ease the challenges of a more populous world. as the global population surpasses 7 billion people sometime around the end of october, addressing the challenges associated with a still - growing world population will require a two - pronged response. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor the combined measures of empowering women to make their own decisions about childbearing and significantly reducing global consumption of energy and natural resources would move humanity toward, rather than further away from, environmentally sustainable societies that meet human needs. roughly 4. 5 billion people have been added to the world population in just the last 60 years, according to united nations estimates, putting increased strain on the world ’ s ecosystems and resources. because humans interact with their surroundings far more intensely than any other species and use vast amounts of carbon, nitrogen, water, and other resources, we are on track not only to change the global climate and deplete essential energy and other natural resources, but to wipe out thousands of plant and animal species in the coming decades. to some extent, these outcomes are now unavoidable ; we ’ ll have to adapt to them. but in order to improve the likelihood they will not be catastrophic, we need to simultaneously work to influence the future path of population and to address the environmental and social impacts that continued population growth will have. earlier this year, the united nations population fund ( unfpa ) launched 7 billion actions, a campaign to highlight positive actions by individuals and organizations addressing global development challenges. by sharing these innovations in an open forum, the campaign aims to foster communication and collaboration as the planet becomes more populated and increasingly interdependent. addressing global population growth is not the same thing as " controlling population. " the most direct and immediate way to lower birth rates is to make sure that as high a proportion as possible of pregnancies are intended, by assuring that women can make their own choices about whether and when to bear a child. simultaneously, we need to rapidly transform our energy, water, and materials consumption through greater use of conservation, efficiency, and green technologies. we shouldn ’ t think of these as sequential efforts – dealing with consumption first, then waiting for population dynamics to turn around – but rather as simultaneous tasks on multiple fronts. worldwatch recommends two main approaches to mitigate the impacts of a soaring global population :


japanthe inventor of functional foods united statesa good system gone bad united kingdomchaos reigns supreme food processors are increasingly marketing so - called functional foods, i. e., foods with added ingredients that claim to provide a health benefit to consumers beyond the benefits provided by ordinary foods themselves. such products have also been referred to as nutraceuticals or designer foods. foods with ingredients added to support express health claims are already on the market in japan, europe, and the united states. for example, in the u. s., breakfast cereals with psyllium, a grain rich in soluble fiber, claim that they can help reduce cholesterol when consumed as part of a low fat, low cholesterol diet. in japan, however, cocoa - based products claim to provide the same benefit. there is no question that some foods with added components may offer particular health benefits. for example, the importance of adding vitamins and minerals to processed foods has long been recognized as vital to compensating for nutrient deficiencies and maintaining good health. iodized salt and vitamin - fortified milk were, in a sense, the first functional foods. however, in some ways, the term functional food may be misleading because almost all foods, regardless of whether they contain added ingredients, affect health by providing calories and nutrients. ( 1 ) furthermore, health authorities have recognized for decades that certain types of foods may be especially beneficial or detrimental to health. for example, authorities have recognized that diets rich in fruits and vegetables can help reduce the risk of heart disease while diets rich in meat, meat products, dairy products, cakes and cookies, which are high in saturated fat, can increase the risk of heart disease. thus, most foods have an effect on health and well being and can be considered functional. nonetheless, as more and more is learned about the relationship between diet and disease, researchers are trying to discover the precise substances in certain foods that seem to offer nutritive value and provide protection against a host of ailments and chronic diseases. ( 2 ) however, research in this area is still in its infancy, and in most cases, scientifically valid health claims cannot yet be made. ( 3 ) in brief, despite the growing popularity of functional foods, scientists have identified few specific substances, or combinations of substances, that can reduce the risk of disease. the food industry, however, is eager to market products that offer special benefits. the industry is betting that consumers, after years of being bombarded with negative health messages to


specific substances, or combinations of substances, that can reduce the risk of disease. the food industry, however, is eager to market products that offer special benefits. the industry is betting that consumers, after years of being bombarded with negative health messages to cut back on fat, cholesterol, and sodium, are ready to warm up to foods that emphasize the positive benefits of newly added ingredients, even if the scientific community has not yet concluded that they are truly beneficial. will consumers benefit from the development of functional foods? that depends. some products might lead to significant public health advances, and it makes sense to foster their development, marketing, and consumption. on the other hand, the absence of convincing scientific research, pent - up consumer demand, and inadequate regulatory controls may create a situation in which the marketplace is flooded with products of dubious benefit and exaggerated claims. in brief, if governments do not require functional ingredients to be proven effective ( and safe ) before they are added to the food supply, if claims are not required to be adequately substantiated, if functional ingredients are simply added to foods high in fat, cholesterol, sodium, or sugar, then dubious functional foods may merely amount to 21st century quackery. ( 4 ) this report examines current trends in the regulation and marketing of functional foods in japan, the united states ( u. s. ) and the united kingdom ( uk ), three of the largest markets for such products. ( table 1 ) the approaches taken by government and industry are different in each of these countries but share one common element all seem to be failing to protect consumers from dubious health claims and questionable ingredients. after reviewing regulatory requirements and marketing trends in each country, this report recommends steps that should be taken by governments to ensure that the development and promotion of functional foods truly benefits the public ' s health. copyright © 1998 by the center for science in the public interest. references available by request.


gauguin : maker of myth attempts to trace paul gauguin ' s ( 1848 - 1903 ) unique approach to storytelling. over 100 works from public and private collections from around the world are on view. a post - impressionist and a pioneer of modernism, gauguin ’ s powerful and bold images were seen as radical as he distanced himself from the influence of impressionism. eugene henri paul gauguin was born in paris and spent his early childhood in peru. joining the merchant navy at seventeen he travelled for six years, visiting south america, scandinavia and other parts of the globe. in 1871 he joined a paris stock broking firm and in 1873 married a danish woman, painting in his spare time. in 1883, with five children to support, he resigned from his job, determined to pursue an artistic career. from 1886, separated from his family, gauguin became increasingly disenchanted with paris and worked mainly in brittany, with influential spells in martinique and arles. after leaving europe for tahiti in 1891, apart from two further years in france, the remainder of his life was spent in the south seas. gauguin : maker of myth is organised in collaboration with the national gallery of art, washington where the exhibition will travel from 21 february – 30 may 2011. tate modern website


eating ; disorder ; anorexia ; nervosa ; bulimia ; compulsive ; overeating ; diet ; binge ; food ; before talking about what an eating disorder is, let ' s look more closely at what is and is not normal eating. then it will be easier to understand when something is a problem that needs help. what is normal eating? normal eating is not how much or what you eat, but your attitude towards food and eating. when you feel you can eat without feeling guilty, eat when you feel hungry and can stop when full, you have a positive and normal attitude to food. it is also normal to eat different amounts on different days, to eat more of the foods you like and less of what you don ' t like, and to overeat or restrict intake sometimes. what is not normal eating? eating that is not normal is not so much about what you do ( eg. skipping meals, restricting food, overeating ) but about the thinking behind it, how often it happens, and the feeling that you have to eat this way. what is, and is not normal eating can look very similar. - for example, you run out of the house without breakfast because you slept in and are worried about missing the bus. at school or work you feel hungry and grab a snack and eat a larger lunch than usual without even thinking about it. this is normal eating. - your friend skips breakfast because she feels fat and believes she is being strong and in control. this cheers her up. later, when she gets hungry she tries hard not to eat but when she can no longer resist she has a snack and feels ' bad ' for losing control and being weak. this is not normal eating. both of these look very similar but there is different thinking behind it. eating that is driven by this strange thinking is called disordered eating and can be quite common. what about dieting? many people have ' gone on a diet ' to lose weight at some time. dieting is so common some people see it as a normal part of eating. dieting is not the best way to lose weight. people often gain back all the weight they lost when they stop dieting, sometimes becoming heavier than they were before dieting. it can leave you feeling down and unsuccessful. for most young people dieting doesn ' t last long and they soon return to ' normal ' eating. this kind of dieting is not a problem, but it should never be encouraged. it is better