can also count on running out of economically recoverable coal, probably by the middle of this century, if not sooner. both of these limitations will make ccs coal - generated electricity more and more costly. on the other hand, the new energies that are now just barely competive with ghg - spewing sources will only get technologically more sophisticated and cheaper – at least until the world starts running out of sun and wind and waves. in the near term, both statoil and bp expect to offset the costs of ccs by selling their captured co2 to the oil industry. enhanced oil recovery ( eor ) has been effective at increasing oil industry production over 10 % a day for over 3 decades. there are 100 + oil fields using the technique, so bp and statoil have a built in market ( including their own oil operations ). calculations show using captured co2 to enhance oil recovery does reduce overall ghg emissions 24 %. the extra captured oil, of course, generates ghgs when it is burned. but even though every recovered barrel of oil causes 0. 42 metric tons of co2, the recovery process requires 0. 52 - to - 0. 64 metric tons of co2. eor could cut u. s. ghgs 4 %. unless one of the sites leaks. another part of the ccs seduction is how much industry wants to be able to use it in the coming carbon - constrained economy. cement production, steel making, aluminum smelting, glass plants, chemical industries and many other crucial business processes generate large volumes of ghgs. finding a way to capture and resell their waste would be invaluable to such businesses and industries. they are no doubt very enthusiastic about governments ' willingness to do r & d on their behalf. they might even be inclined to invest in the effort to perfect the technology if a cap & trade system imposed a penalty for not having it and a reward for having it. or they might decide it makes better business sense to invest in new energy and energy efficiency than in a seductive promise 15 - to - 20 years away and prohibitively expensive. click to enlargequotes - steve caldwell, coordinator for regional climate change policy, pew center on global climate change : “ there is the potential for the u. s. and other countries to continue to rely on coal as a source of energy while at the same time protecting the climate from the massive greenhouse gas emissions associated with coal … ” - staffan gortz, ccs


the potential for the u. s. and other countries to continue to rely on coal as a source of energy while at the same time protecting the climate from the massive greenhouse gas emissions associated with coal … ” - staffan gortz, ccs spokesperson, vattenfall : “ [ the $ 100 - million ccs demonstration boiler at schwarze pumpe ] makes nine metric tons of co2 per hour at full load … we don ’ t have a storage site yet. ” - olav kaarstad, ccs adviser, statoil : “ we aren ’ t really much worried about the integrity of the seal and whether the co2 will stay down there over many hundreds of years … ” - susan d. hovorka, geologist, university of texas : “ we ’ re not going into a salt cavern ; we ’ re not going into an underground river. we ’ re going into microscopic holes … add it up, and it ’ s a large volume … ” - sally benson, hydrologist / director of the global climate and energy, stanford university : “ there are at least 100 years of co2 sequestration capacity and probably significantly more … ” - james dooley, senior research scientist, pacific northwest national laboratory / ipcc lead author : “ if it took all that energy to shove [ the co2 ] into that sandstone, it ’ s going to take a lot of energy to get it out … like an oil field, where we get out half or less of the original oil in place, a lot of the co2 gets stuck in there. it ’ s immobilized in the rock. ” - kaarstad, statoil : “ it costs a fraction of the tax … we are actually making money out of this. ” - kurt waltzer, carbon storage development coordinator, clean air task force : “ the dakota gasification project is creating synthetic gas and taking the co2 from that process … [ by piping it to the weyburn oil field ] … in effect, you have demonstrated all the components of doing a ccs project. ” click to enlarge - mark brownstein, managing director in the climate and air program, environmental defense fund ( edf ) : “ environmentalists are talking about coal not because we love coal … it ’ s because we have to deal with coal to achieve the kind of co2 reductions we need to make in the timeframe we need to make them. … [ t ] he first ccs project that is done badly is the last cc


… it ’ s because we have to deal with coal to achieve the kind of co2 reductions we need to make in the timeframe we need to make them. … [ t ] he first ccs project that is done badly is the last ccs project that will be done … in this respect, it is very similar to nuclear power. ” - kaarstad, statoil : “ … [ p ] ower plants are an order of magnitude more difficult with regard to capturing co2. ” - rajesh pawar, co2 sequestration project leader, los alamos national laboratory : “ in terms of total cost, they want to shoot for $ 10 per metric ton of co2 … we are closer to the $ 50 per ton range right now. ” - greg kunkel, vice president for environmental affairs, tenaska : “ … there are at least two billion tons of domestic emissions from pulverized coal power plants … you can ’ t tackle the larger problem [ of climate change ] unless you deal with those plants in some way. ” - george peridas, engineer and scientist, nrdc : “ the next 25 years of investment would produce 34 percent more emissions than all previous human use of coal … this is a massive legacy, and we cannot afford to let that happen. ” - john thompson, coal transition project director, clean air task force : “ if we don ’ t address the problem of coal, it ’ s game over for climate change … ” - howard herzog, research engineer, massachusetts institute of technology : “ we may have by 2020 a handful, maybe even close to 10 ccs - capable coal plants … if your goal is 80 percent cuts [ in co2 emissions ] by 2050, then it ’ s not big enough. ” - gardiner hill, ccs manager of technology and engineering, bp alternative energy : “ [ but ] every five years of inaction... requires an extra gigaton of reductions … unless we get started now, we don ’ t get the advantage of ccs and the emissions reductions we need. ” - friedmann, lawrence livermore : “ we ’ re going to have to do it, the same as adding wind, solar, nuclear power and conservation … it ’ s a climate imperative, so let ’ s get on with it. ”


sept. 6, 2011 iowa health fact book 2011 profiles health and behavior of iowans certain infectious and sexually transmitted disease rates continue to be areas of concern for iowa ' s public health, according to data from the 2011 iowa health fact book. the university of iowa college of public health, in partnership with the iowa department of public health, has released the 2011 edition of the book, a broad - ranging report covering the health and health - related behaviors of iowans. " with this book, we present a tool that is useful to iowa ' s health care providers, health policymakers, public health practitioners, health researchers and members of the media alike, " said jane pendergast, director of the center for public health statistics and professor of biostatistics at the ui. " it ' s a ' one - stop shop ' for county - and state - wide data relating to health outcomes, social determinants of health, health behaviors and health care resources. " the fact book assembles health data on areas such as prenatal and infant health, infectious diseases, cancer and other chronic diseases, and injury. health and social behaviors and population totals and age distributions are also presented. much of the data are tracked longitudinally so as to follow how iowans ' health and behaviors have changed over time. - - infectious diseases continue to be a concern. the number of reported cases of mumps, salmonella and pertussis ( whooping cough ) rose significantly in 2010. - - diagnoses of certain sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia, continue to rise as well. - - more iowans are developing lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ), disturbing trends as tobacco use is the leading modifiable risk factor for these diseases. - - injuries are the leading cause of death in persons under 34 years of age. - - cancer was the number one cause of death in iowa during 2004 - 2008, the first time in the iowa health fact book ' s history that heart disease did not lead the list. new to this edition of the iowa health fact book is additional information on state - level health indicators from the u. s. agency for healthcare research and quality and accidental mortality. data were collected from state and national sources, including the iowa department of public health, the iowa department of inspections and appeals, the iowa department of education, the iowa consortium for substance abuse research and evaluation, the centers for disease control and prevention, and the u. s. census bureau. the ui


claessens has discovered that the kauri trees in new zealand prevent landslides. when these enormous conifers reached a certain age, they stabilise areas prone to landslides. this maximises the benefit the trees gain by living far longer than other tree species. at present the slopes are drained and large concrete structures are placed to prevent the landslides and the associated mud flows. according to claessens planting kauri trees is a natural and in the longer - term possibly better solution for this problem. during his doctoral research, the belgian researcher developed a dynamic landscape model to simulate the distribution of soil due to landslides. for this he studied the landscape, soil and vegetation dynamics in the waitakere ranges regional park in new zealand. the model can be used to predict the locations where landslides will occur and researchers can also use it to calculate how rainfall affects the soil. waitakere ranges regional park is situated on the north island of new zealand. about 1000 years ago this entire island was covered with kauri trees, which can reach a height of 50 metres and grow in the most inhospitable places. the largest kauri tree in new zeeland is the tane mahuta ( ' king of the forest ' ). this tree has reached the honourable age of 1500 years, is more than 51 metres high and has a girth of 13. 7 metres. some of the remaining kauri forests of the island are still inhabited by the original islanders, the maori ' s. they use the trees to build canoes and houses. from the mid - 19th century onwards, many kauri trees were chopped down by europeans for the timber trade. this led to the disappearance of most of these colossal conife contact : dr lieven claessens netherlands organization for scientific research


individuals whose mothers drink three or more glasses of alcohol at any one occasion in early pregnancy have an increased risk of developing alcohol disorders by 21 years of age, according to a report in the september issue of archives of general psychiatry, one of the jama / archives journals. exposure to maternal drinking during early childhood has been associated with difficulties in thinking, learning and memory, as well as mental and behavioral problems. however, few studies have examined the link between drinking during pregnancy and a child ' s later risk for alcohol dependence and other disorders, according to background information in the article. animal studies have provided extensive evidence of a link between exposure to alcohol before birth and early acceptance of alcohol. " similar results replicated in human studies would carry considerable implications for public health intervention, " the authors write. " first, such studies would suggest that even small quantities of alcohol exposure, if consumed in a single session, may cause in utero neurodevelopmental changes that in turn may lead to the early onset of alcohol disorder in youth. second, they would provide support for the role of a biological origin of alcohol disorders. " rosa alati, ph. d., from the university of queensland, herston, australia, and colleagues explored whether maternal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy increased a child ' s risk of developing alcohol disorders in 2, 138 participants who were followed from birth to age 21. a group of 7, 223 mothers was originally interviewed at their first prenatal physician visit, between 1981 and 1984 in brisbane, australia. the mothers and children were assessed at birth and again 6 months and 5, 14, and 21 years later. before pregnancy, in early ( first 18 weeks ) and late ( last three months ) pregnancy, and when their children were age 5 and 14, the mothers were asked how often they drank alcohol and the number of drinks co contact : rosa alati, ph. d. jama and archives journals


for national geographic news parts of a mummy found inside a 4, 300 - year - old pyramid could be queen seshseshet, the mother of the first pharaoh of egypt ' s 6th dynasty, archaeologists have announced. a skull, pelvis, legs, and pieces of a torso wrapped in linen lay inside a 16 - foot - tall ( 5 - meter - tall ) pyramid — the third " subsidiary " tomb found next to that of the pharaoh teti, who ruled for 22 years before he was assassinated. two other previously known pyramids were for his principal wives, iput i and khuit. zahi hawass, secretary general of egypt ' s supreme council of antiquities ( sca ), noted that there are currently no plans to run dna tests on the mummy to confirm its identity. " we believe the [ newfound ] pyramid belonged to the queen, the mother of teti, because she is the third woman that we know in the life of the king, " hawass said. royal moms were revered in ancient egypt, as they were literally considered the mothers of a god. teti ' s mother was an especially well - known figure in her day. " teti loved his mother so much that he named all of his [ nine ] daughters after her, " said egyptologist naguib kanawati of macquarie university in australia, who was not involved in the new find. " all of them have nicknames, but their main names were seshseshet. " also, at least two funerary estates — special parcels of land that provided food for the funerary cults of high officials — were named after her, a practice kanawati compared to naming modern cities after important historical figures. " washington was a famous figure in american history, and seshseshet was an important person, certainly for the king. " sources and related web sites


photograph courtesy nasa the jules verne atv burns up over the pacific ocean in 2008. photograph courtesy jesse carpenter and bill moede, esa / nasa. published june 21, 2011 a spacecraft stuffed with garbage — including astronaut urine — will tumble back to earth tuesday, becoming a fireball over a remote section of the pacific ocean. the european space agency launched the unmanned craft, called the johannes kepler automated transport vehicle ( atv ), in february to deliver several tons of cargo to the international space station, including food, supplies, fuel, and oxygen. the glorified space freighter isn ' t designed to safely return to earth, so during the past four months space fliers on the iss have crammed the 450 - million - euro ( 640 - million - dollar ) canister with 1. 3 tons of junk. " they pretty much filled it to the brim, mostly with packing material from inside modules recently delivered to the space station, " said kelly humphries, a nasa spokesperson at johnson space center in houston, texas. other garbage inside the atv includes dirty clothes, food containers, broken equipment, and pretty much anything else the crew no longer wants on board. " there ' s also containers of processed urine from the water - recycling system. it ' s nasty stuff, " humphries said. spaceship to become dazzling fireball the johannes kepler atv successfully undocked from the iss monday around 10 : 50 a. m. et ( 16 : 50 cest ). if all goes as planned, two burns of propellant will slow the johannes kepler until it drops toward earth, ultimately disintegrating somewhere northeast of new zealand around 4 : 50 p. m. et ( 22 : 50 cest ) on tuesday. upon reentry, the craft should put on a dazzling display like that of the jules verne atv, kepler ' s older brother, which exploded into a shimmer on september 29, 2008. but, as with the jules verne, no one except maybe a few unlucky fish should be in harm ' s way of the debris shower. a black, cone - shaped device called the reentry breakup recorder will monitor the stresses endured during the spacecraft ' s demise. at about 60, 000 feet ( 18, 288 meters ) above the surface, the recorded will beam data to land before smacking into the ocean — a fall it probably won ' t survive. " that information will help us learn more about how spacecraft break up in general and develop better ones in the future, " humphries said


recorded will beam data to land before smacking into the ocean — a fall it probably won ' t survive. " that information will help us learn more about how spacecraft break up in general and develop better ones in the future, " humphries said. kepler gave iss a needed boost esa ' s atv is the roomiest disposable spacecraft design in existence, at 1, 700 cubic feet ( 48 cubic meters ). russia ' s expendable progress spacecraft, by comparison, has only 233 cubic feet ( 6. 6 cubic meters ) of pressurized cargo space. ( see a picture of progress 41 undocking. ) the next atv, to be named after physicist edoardo amaldi, is currently scheduled to launch in february 2012. humphries added that the johannes kepler did more than deliver crucial supplies and serve as an 11 - ton garbage can for the space station. as the iss moves in low - earth orbit, the thin outer wisps of our planet ' s atmosphere drag on the 460 - ton orbital laboratory and gradually slow it down. with gentle thrusts of its boosters june 3, 12, and 15, the docked atv lofted the nearly 440 - ton iss into an orbit 237 miles ( 381 kilometers ) above earth — about 20 miles ( 32 kilometers ) higher up than it had been before. " kind of like a car, the space station has a sweet spot, " humphries said. " this [ added boost ] puts it right into that sweet spot so we don ' t need to use as much fuel to keep it in orbit. " a new species of dinosaur - era reptile is rewriting the books on the evolution of so - called sea monsters, a new study claims. the world ' s highest peak has been shedding snow and ice for the past 50 years, possibly due in part to global warming, new research shows. detailed scans capture transformation. celebrating 125 years connect with nat geo special ad section shop national geographic great energy challenge blog - stichting rootbox : sustainable design through collaboration, with or without wind turbine - turkey ’ s celal bayar still sun - powered, with smaller panels - hungary ’ s kecskemet college : boosting power, but keeping light - aston university plies the power of wood - universidad ceu cardenal herrera takes inspiration from nature


tiny, cute and oh so vulnerable. as thousands of baby western toads attempt to navigate life in chilliwack, british columbia, they only hope they don ’ t get squished by passing motorists. all week, these miniature toads have traversed ryder lake road, making an attempt to migrate from the wetlands around the lake where they were born into the surrounding forest, reports the vancouver sun. but doing this requires a trip across one of two local roads for the 800, 000 or so babies smaller than a dime, so the fraser valley conservancy has stepped in to help control traffic. ( photos : top 10 miniature animals ) the conservancy hopes to eventually build costly toad - crossing tunnels to place underneath the roadway, an attempt to increase the survival rate of the babies, which can be as little as 1 %. still, with a female having as many as 16, 000 eggs, the western toad still has a place in b. c., as evidenced by the toad road crossings. a conservancy representative tells the vancouver sun that during peak migration to expect toads covering 30 % of the roads around the lake. and with each crossing taking roughly five minutes, it doesn ’ t help that when the tiny creatures get scared they either freeze or roll over. photos : top 10 evil animals


by peter pesic common objects often have uncommon stories. the zipper, the pencil and the paper clip were devised by inventors who long struggled to produce things we now take for granted. unearthing the histories of these humble objects may reveal much about the hidden underpinnings of our everyday world. that is the case with " ballpoint, " hungarian author gyorgy moldova ' s chronicle of the vicissitudes of the ballpoint pen ' s invention and commercial development. mr. moldova, the author of more than 50 books of nonfiction and fiction, is much honored in his native land, where he is renowned for his vivid portraits of subjects that would seem to resist enlivening, such as coal mining and the railway and textile industries. he presents " ballpoint " ( translated by david robert evans ) as " both a historical manuscript and a novel. " he also quotes the words of the great russian mathematician nicolai lobachevsky : " the real problem with books about geniuses is that they are not written by geniuses. " mr. moldova begins by contemplating the astonishing creativity of hungarians : eleven of his countrymen won the nobel prize during the 20th century, far more per capita than many other nations. there were other geniuses as well, including the mathematician john von neumann and the physicists leo szilard and edward teller. mr. moldova credits the high instructional standard in budapest schools, especially its lutheran lyceum. talented students flourished in this essentially nondenominational environment until the 1920s, when the government began limiting university admission to those " who are completely reputable in respect of their national allegiance, " effectively excluding jews, who thereafter emigrated when they could. one of the jewish beneficiaries of those budapest schools was laszlo biro ( 1899 - 1985 ), a journalist and artist in the 1930s who noted that the ink used for newspapers dried relatively quickly compared with the ink for fountain pens — handwritten papers had to be carefully blotted or set aside until the ink dried. as mr. moldova recounts, biro tried using quick - drying ink in a fountain pen, but the fluid was too thick to flow down to the nib and simply clogged the reservoir. contemplating the problem of how to deliver thick, quick - drying ink to a paper surface without requiring the ink to flow, biro saw a possible answer : closing the end of the pen instead of using a nib, leaving an opening with just enough room for a tiny metal ball that would spin against the ink in the


a paper surface without requiring the ink to flow, biro saw a possible answer : closing the end of the pen instead of using a nib, leaving an opening with just enough room for a tiny metal ball that would spin against the ink in the reservoir, distributing it to the paper. through much trial and error, and with the help of his early backer and business partner, andor goy ( 1896 - 1991 ), biro developed a working ballpoint pen. the two men signed a contract to produce and market the pen in 1938. thus a simple but remarkable invention came into a world about to be convulsed by death and destruction. we see biro refining the pen and experimenting with recipes for the ink paste essential to his concept while fleeing dangers that seemed to chase him across europe as war brewed and then broke out. by gyorgy moldova new europe, 198 pages, $ 14. 95 biro comes across as amazingly tolerant of, even oblivious to, the uncertainties and dangers that threatened his life and the fate of his invention. he was not totally naive ; he tried to safeguard his commercial interests. nor were his successive entrepreneurial collaborators totally unscrupulous. at each stage, biro tried to strike the best deal he could, though his own shares dwindled steadily — and at one point he had to choose between keeping his remaining shares or selling them to help his family flee to argentina. understandably, he had no regrets about bartering to save lives. yet mr. moldova rightly emphasizes the ultimate irony that " the inventor who conducted the thousands of experiments needed to perfect the ballpoint pen ended up without a penny of stock in the factory where they had taken place. " inventors, beware! though biro faced the hardships of wartime emigration, he soon started up a pen - manufacturing operation in argentina. goy faced far greater trials by remaining in hungary through war and soviet domination. he didn ' t learn about the successful production and marketing of the ballpoint pen in argentina until 1947. a legal mess ensued. even though biro was steadily losing his claims on the ballpoint, goy tried to exercise his rights based on the 1938 contract. when those efforts failed, goy worked with companies outside argentina to break the monopoly on the ballpoint. courtroom battles unfolded in germany and in hungary as goy alternately worked to manufacture his own ballpoints and to stop others from making the pens. goy did manage to begin producing ballpoints in hungary, but the government nationalized


on the ballpoint. courtroom battles unfolded in germany and in hungary as goy alternately worked to manufacture his own ballpoints and to stop others from making the pens. goy did manage to begin producing ballpoints in hungary, but the government nationalized his shop and displaced him in a lawsuit against competitors in germany. the lawsuit ended in debacle as the court ruled against the hungarian claim, suggesting that another outcome might have resulted if goy, the original signatory on the 1938 agreement, hadn ' t been bumped from the suit. mr. moldova describes goy refusing to accept a reasonably generous offer to settle the suit, before he was dislodged from it by the hungarian government. goy later sued his usurpers for restitution, but accepted instead a paltry payment " in recognition for his services to the field of ballpoint pen production, " as the citation read. " by this time, andor goy had reached the age of seventy — he did not have the strength to fight on, " mr. moldova writes. though biro made out better financially in argentina, both he and goy eventually found themselves dispossessed strangers in the workshops they had built. entrepreneurs, beware! mr. moldova tells this tale of ingenuity and disappointed hopes with considerable verve ; his book is a page - turner but much slighter than one would have hoped for from such a noted writer. biro ' s story is relatively well - known — in much of the english - speaking world, " biro " is synonymous with ballpoint pen. in argentina, the pen is known a " birome, " and biro ' s birthday, sept. 29, is celebrated as inventors day. by comparison, andor goy ' s story is far less familiar. biro wrote an autobiography that came out in 1975 ; goy wrote one too, but it went unpublished. mr. moldova has made good use of the manuscript, though, in fleshing out goy ' s side of the story. unfortunately, mr. moldova has done less well in deciding to present the facts of both men ' s lives in novelistic form. he often supplies dialogue that sounds like a pastiche of banalities and improbable lines. ( during a tense negotiation, a worried biro says to a friend : " we have about as much chance as a rocking horse at the kentucky derby. " ) readers may well wonder what to credit as true. mr. moldova may have taken nicolai


( cutaneous melanoma ; malignant melanoma ) - certain types of moles called dysplastic nevi, or atypical moles - large nevi present at birth - fair skin, freckling - red or blonde hair - light - colored eyes - caucasian race - family members with melanoma - excessive skin exposure to the sun without protective clothing or sunscreen - suppressed immune system - uneven shape — one half does not match the shape of the other half - ragged edges — ragged, notched, blurred, or irregular ; pigment may spread into surrounding skin - uneven color — color is uneven with shades of black, brown, or tan, and possibly even white, gray, pink, red, or blue - change — usually growing larger, changing shape, changing color, or changing texture - large size — usually larger than the eraser of a pencil ( 5 millimeters or ¼ inch ) | sign of potential melanoma | | copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. | - avoid spending too much time in the sun. protect your skin from the sun : - wear a shirt, wide - brim hat, and sunglasses. - use sunscreens with a sun protection factor ( spf ) of at least 15. avoid exposure from : - 10 : 00 a. m. and 2 : 00 p. m. ( standard time ) - 11 : 00 a. m. and 3 : 00 p. m. ( daylight savings time ) - avoid sun lamps and tanning booths. - see your doctor if you think you have melanoma. - if you have many moles or a family history of melanoma, have your skin checked regularly for changes in moles. - ask your doctor to show you how to do a skin self - exam. do self - exams to look for any new or changing moles. american academy of dermatology http : / / www. aad. org american cancer society http : / / www. cancer. org skin cancer foundation http : / / www. skincancer. org canadian cancer society http : / / www. cancer. ca canadian dermatology association http : / / www. dermatology. ca melanoma. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us. updated april 3, 2013. accessed april 9, 2013. melanoma. national cancer institute website. available at : http : /


corvallis, ore. – the ebb and flow of the ocean tides, generally thought to be one of the most predictable forces on earth, are actually quite variable over long time periods, in ways that have not been adequately accounted for in most evaluations of prehistoric sea level changes. due to phenomena such as ice ages, plate tectonics, land uplift, erosion and sedimentation, tides have changed dramatically over thousands of years and may change again in the future, a new study concludes. some tides on the east coast of the united states, for instance, may at times in the past have been enormously higher than they are today – a difference between low and high tide of 10 - 20 feet, instead of the current 3 - 6 foot range. and tides in the bay of fundy, which today are among the most extreme in the world and have a range up to 55 feet, didn ’ t amount to much at all about 5, 000 years ago. but around that same time, tides on the southern u. s. atlantic coast, from north carolina to florida, were about 75 percent higher. the findings were just published in the journal of geophysical research. the work was done with computer simulations at a high resolution, and supported by the national science foundation and other agencies. “ scientists study past sea levels for a range of things, to learn about climate changes, geology, marine biology, ” said david hill, an associate professor in the school of civil and construction engineering at oregon state university. “ in most of this research it was assumed that prehistoric tidal patterns were about the same as they are today. but they weren ’ t, and we need to do a better job of accounting for this. ” one of the most interesting findings of the study, hill said, was that around 9, 000 years ago, as the earth was emerging from its most recent ice age, there was a huge amplification in tides of the western atlantic ocean. the tidal ranges were up to three times more extreme than those that exist today, and water would have surged up and down on the east coast. one of the major variables in ancient tides, of course, was sea level changes that were caused by previous ice ages. when massive amounts of ice piled miles thick in the northern hemisphere 15, 000 to 20, 000 years ago, for instance, sea levels were more than 300 feet lower. but it ’ s not that simple, hill said. “ part of what we found was that there are certain places on earth where tidal energy


15, 000 to 20, 000 years ago, for instance, sea levels were more than 300 feet lower. but it ’ s not that simple, hill said. “ part of what we found was that there are certain places on earth where tidal energy gets dissipated at a disproportionately high rate, real hot spots of tidal action, ” hill said. “ one of these today is hudson bay, and it ’ s helping to reduce tidal energies all over the rest of the atlantic ocean. but during the last ice age hudson bay was closed down and buried in ice, and that caused more extreme tides elsewhere. ” many other factors can also affect tides, the researchers said, and understanding these factors and their tidal impacts is essential to gaining a better understanding of past sea levels and ocean dynamics. some of this variability was suspected from previous analyses, hill said, but the current work is far more resolved than previous studies. the research was done by scientists from osu, the university of leeds, university of pennsylvania, university of toronto, and tulane university. “ understanding the past will help us better predict tidal changes in the future, ” he said. “ and there will be changes, even with modest sea level changes like one meter. in shallow waters like the chesapeake bay, that could cause significant shifts in tides, currents, salinity and even temperature. ”


monastery of the patriarchate of pec the monastery of the patriarchate of pec, serbian : пећка патријаршија or pecka patrijarsija,, is a monastery of the church of serbia, located near pec in kosovo. the monastery is a complex of churches that is the spiritual seat and mausoleum of serbian archbishops and patriarchs. the date of the foundation of the monastery is unknown. it is thought that the site became a metoh of zica monastery, that is, land owned and governed by a monastery, while st. sava was still alive, and was the seat of the serbian archbishopric. the temple of the holy apostles was built by archbishop arsenius i during the 1230s and its wall paintings done about 1260. archbishop nikodemus built the church of st. demetrius north of the church of holy apostles between 1321 and 1324. then about 1320, archbishop daniel ii built the churches dedicated to virgin odigitrija ( hodegetria ) and st. nicholas on south side of the church of holy apostles. he work included the monumental parvis in the shape of a open porch in front of the western facades of the churches of st. demetrius, holy apostles, and holy virgin odigitrija. in 1346, emperor dusan the mighty raised the archbishopric at pec to patriarchal status, as the monastery became the burial site of the serbian patriarchs and archbishops of pec during the thirteenth to fifteenth and in the seventeenth centuries. a history of the styles of medieval wall painting can be seen on the walls of the churches at the pec monastery. the walls of the church of the holy apostles were painted about 1300, then again around 1350 and 1375, as well as twice in the seventeenth century. the church of st. demetrius was painted for the first time during the patriarchate of patriarch joakinije, around 1345. the frescoes were restored by georgije mitrofanovic, from the monastery of hilander, in 1619. the church of holy virgin odigitrija was painted before 1337, while its parvis was painted in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. the church of st. nicholas was painted by the painter radul in 1673 / 1674. after the ottoman turk conquest of serbia in mid - fifteenth century activities at the monastery languished until the middle of the sixteenth century. various restoration projects, including restoration of the wall paintings,


the painter radul in 1673 / 1674. after the ottoman turk conquest of serbia in mid - fifteenth century activities at the monastery languished until the middle of the sixteenth century. various restoration projects, including restoration of the wall paintings, were accomplished. the austrian - turkish war at the end of the seventeenth century brought difficult times to the monastery that continued through until the mid - nineteenth century. the latter half of the nineteenth century brought a period of restoration that continued with the restoration of the patriarchate of serbia after world war i. after world war ii conservation and archaeological work was carried out and the monastery became a monastery for women. with the collapse of communistic rule and of the state of yugoslavia, the monastery came under danger from kosovo albanians, as serbian residents were forced to leave the area. restoration of the monastery began in june 2006 and was completed in november 2006. the main purpose of the work was to protect the complex from the weather, as well as repair of the inner walls and exterior appearance. during this work two previously unknown frescoes were uncovered on the north facade of the church of st. demetrius, of a serbian queen and nobleman. in 1990, the patriarchate of pec was added to serbia ' s " monument of culture of exceptional importance " list. on july 13, 2006 the monastery was placed on the unesco world heritage list as an extension of the visoki decani site that overall was placed on the list of world heritage in danger.


destroyer no. 139 ward was a flush deck type of the fifth group built. she was laid down on 15 may 1918 and completed on 24 july of the same year. many of these four - funnelled, world war i vessels were converted for use as minelayers, seaplane tenders and minesweepers. those still operating as destroyers in world war ii had been re - armed with six 3 - inch guns, two anti - aircraft machine guns and six torpedo tubes. the reuben james, the first american ship to be lost in the north atlantic in world war ii, was a vessel of the same class. she was torpedoed on 31 october 1941 while escorting hx 156, a british convoy. on december 7, 1941 ward was on patrol channel entrance outside pearl harbor. at 0357 the minesweeper condor signalled that she had observed what could possibly have been a periscope. at 0630 the captain of the supply ship antares informed ward of sighting a strange object in the water, which he suspected was a submarine. officer of the deck lieutenant oscar w. groepner called his captain, lieutenant william outerbridge to the bridge and general quarters, the state of combat readiness, was ordered at 0640. ward closed to 50 yards and opened fire from no. 1 gun, but missed, the round going high. the second shot, from no. 3 gun, struck the enemy vessel at the junction of the hull and the conning tower, the superstructure termed " the sail " in modern submarines. the submarine heeled to starboard, slowing and sinking, and appeared to pass under ward ' s stern where it encountered a full pattern of depth charges set for 100 feet. at 0646 outerbridge ordered the cease - fire. at 0651 he reported that he had depth - charged a submarine and at 0653 he sent a clarification : " we have attacked, fired upon, and dropped depth charges upon submarine operating in defensive sea area. " the kill was also claimed by patrol wing two. you can find out more about the ward in the following osprey book :


tears welled up in his eyes when dr. resurreccion sadaba saw “ his mangrove tree, ” a very rare specie and the only one of its kind on the whole guimaras island, covered with thick, black oil. “ i have been taking care of it for years. the ( mangrove tree ) is so important because its roots build a kind of hall ( where ) the fish can shelter in, ” said sadaba, days after mt solar i spilled over 200, 000 liters of bunker oil fuel in the shores of guimaras, triggering the worst oil spill tragedy in philippine history. “ it ’ s so sad when you have a beautiful place like guimaras and you see it all spoiled within hours. ” according to the national disaster coordinating council ( ndcc ), the spill has damaged about 234 kilometers of coastline, 1, 143 hectares of marine reserves, 478 hectares of mangroves, and 16 square kilometers of coral reefs. of particular concern to conservationists like sadaba is the taclong marine reserve, where the university of the philippines visayas runs a marine biological station. the reserve is one of the seriously hit areas by the oil disaster. it is a “ fragile ecosytem ” covering hundreds of hectares off the guimaras south coast and home to some 144 fish species and other maritime animals. in a forum held at up diliman yesterday, sadaba, who is a mangrove specialist from the up visayas, reports that about 90 percent of the reserve has been contaminated by the oil fuel. photos taken by sadaba show oil still floating in some areas of taclong island, with the roots and branches of several mangrove trees covered with oil ; some plant leaves have turned yellow, an immediate symptom of oil exposure, which will lead to defoliation and eventually, death. the good news, he shares, is that the oil has stayed only on the surface and has not seeped deep into mangrove sediments, which can make the clean - up more difficult and may harm organisms that feed in or feed off the sediments. and the “ oil slick ” in the water has been reduced to a “ sheen, ” he adds, largely because of the clean - up efforts of various groups. sadaba, who heads the up visayas team tasked by the government to assess the damage caused by the oil spill, says they have yet to study the impact of the disaster on areas outside the reserve. the oil has spread in various directions, he explains, and has now affected


up visayas team tasked by the government to assess the damage caused by the oil spill, says they have yet to study the impact of the disaster on areas outside the reserve. the oil has spread in various directions, he explains, and has now affected neighboring municipalities in iloilo and negros occidental. ( see image. ) by november 28, his team will have to present its initial findings to president gloria macapagal - arroyo. the “ rapid three - month assessment ” alone costs p10 million, sadaba reveals, and several millions more will be needed for long - term study ; he says monitoring the biodiversity alone could take up to 40 years. the damage the disaster has caused on the lives of the villagers, majority of whom are fishermen, is another matter altogether. aside from affecting their source of livelihood, the national poison management and control center warned that “ exposure to bunker oil may result in cancer, leukemia and congenital anomalies of unborn babies in the long - term. ” in fact, in two to three years, “ different types of cancer can happen, ” it reports ; the immediate effects of exposure may also result in respiratory and skin ailments. sadaba says even greater damage may happen if the sunken tanker, which authorities say still contains more than one million liters of oil, will not be salvaged soon. mt solar i, hired by petron corp. to transport 2. 19 million liters of bunker fuel oil, sank on august 11 and remains at the bottom of the guimaras strait, some 640 meters below. petron, the country ’ s largest oil refiner, is still exploring options on how the tanker, or at least the oil in the tanker, could be removed. petron has three options : siphon off the fuel with underwater hoses ; refloat the tanker ; or cement it to the sea bottom with a quick - drying cement. according to reports, the tanker is insured by a foreign firm, which still has to submit its recommendations to the philippine government. “ even a timeframe of three months may be too early, ” petron officials earlier said. “ the immediate concern is to remove the threat in the area. as long as ( the tanker ) is there, the entire guimaras is still threatened, ” says sadaba, adding that all efforts to save guimaras will be in vain if the tanker will not be removed. he also says that all the oil must first be removed before bioremediation, a process using


is still threatened, ” says sadaba, adding that all efforts to save guimaras will be in vain if the tanker will not be removed. he also says that all the oil must first be removed before bioremediation, a process using fungi or bacteria to decompose toxic pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, could be done. sadaba further suggests that petron should secure commercially produced oil spill booms – which serve as mechanical barriers to enclose water areas affected by the spill – for the long - term protection of the shores. only a 200 - meter boom, which costs some p5 million, has so far been set up. villagers have improvised booms made of hay, enclosed in cloth or jute sack, but sadaba says they were not that effective. petron, he adds, should also dispose the pile of oil - covered debris packed in plastic bags left in some areas of the island. although according to petron, it has already cleaned over 126 kilometers of the guimaras shoreline. just yesterday, it reported that some 500 metric tons of debris were shipped out, totaling to 1, 700 metric tons of oil - covered debris so far collected over a month after spill. petron and sunshine maritime development corp., the owner of the tanker, have also been recently charged before the pollution adjudication board for causing environmental damage to the island. for sadaba, the guimaras disaster is something that “ we should all learn from. ” “ definitely, this will not be the last oil spill in the philippines. we should build scenarios of what to expect and plan, ” sadaba says, stressing that archipelagic countries like the philippines should be better equipped for disasters such as oil spills. meanwhile, sadaba says saving guimaras, the taclong reserve in particular, is something that would keep him and his team busy “ for the next 20 or so years. ”


a. before you leave your children at home alone, you should make sure that they feel safe and comfortable and can handle the responsibility. most children are not ready to be left alone until they are at least eleven or twelve years old, but it will also depend on your child ' s maturity level. you may want to gradually let them stay home alone for very short periods of time to make sure they are ready. some things to review before you leave your children home alone include : - make sure that they are comfortable staying home alone. - they should know their full name, address and phone number and how to reach you at work. - they should know how to deal with situations that may arise while they are alone. they should know to not open the door if someone knocks in any situation ( you can review different situations that may occur ). they should not open the door even if they say they have an important package or if they say they are a policeman. instead of opening the door in uncertain situations, they should know to call you first. - also review what to do in emergency situations, such as a fire. make sure they knows how to call 911 and know to get out of the house in case of a fire. - structure their time when they are home alone. be clear about any chores, homework, or other things that they are supposed to do. have a routine that they must perform when they get home, including locking the door and checking in with you if possible. - childproof the home. remove guns and lock away alcohol or medicines. - be clear about any restrictions that you may have, including not having visitors, or not using the stove or other appliances. more questions and answers - > visit our question of the week archives


big data : experts say new forms of information analysis will help people be more nimble and adaptive, but worry over humans ’ capacity to understand and use these new tools well. tech experts believe the vast quantities of data that humans and machines will be creating by the year 2020 could enhance productivity, improve organizational transparency, and expand the frontier of the “ knowable future. ” but they worry about “ humanity ’ s dashboard ” being in government and corporate hands and they are anxious about people ’ s ability to analyze it wisely. click here to view credited survey participants ' contributions to the discussion of the future of the internet and big data by 2020 click here to view anonymous survey participants ' contributions to the discussion of the future of the internet and big data by 2020 about the survey the survey results are based on a non - random, opt - in, online sample of 1, 021 internet experts and other internet users, recruited via email invitation, twitter or facebook from the pew research center ’ s internet & american life project and the imagining the internet center at elon university. since the data are based on a non - random sample, a margin of error cannot be computed, and the results are not projectable to any population other than the experts in this sample. this publication is part of a pew research center series that captures people ’ s expectations for the future of the internet, in the process presenting a snapshot of current attitudes. find out more at : http : / / pewinternet. org / topics / future - of - the - internet. aspx and http : / / imaginingtheinternet. org.


this unit provides a comprehensive review of the process of taking notes in the field, including the organisation of field notes, the important note - taking tools and techniques for capturing as much relevant and high quality information as possible. topics range from the essential supplies that a prepared note taker should carry at all times, to tips for capturing the most important points when there may be many activities or conversations occurring simultaneously. the unit also includes a discussion of when it is and is not appropriate to take notes, including requirements for making community members aware that notes are being taken. unit objectives / expected outcomes after the completion of the unit the trainee will be able to : - explain why note taking is important ; - use the right note - taking tools ; - take notes appropriately and consciously ; - use the best note - taking techniques. content outline, main topics covered and suggested sequencing this unit focuses on the topics listed below : - fundamentals of note taking ( ppt no. 1 : documentation : fundamentals of note taking ) ( 1 hr ) - brainstorming for interview guide and checklist preparation ( exercises no. 2, 3 and 4 ) ( 2 hrs ) - practise writing in shorthand ( exercise no. 1 ) ( 30 min ) keywords / key concepts note taking, observation, mind mapping, sketch map components of the unit handouts for trainee ( to be distributed in printed format ) : computer and beamer, notepad and pen or pencil for each participant, coloured pencils or markers, flip charts, small sheets of paper, cards, small pieces of coloured paper / cards and means to stick them to the wall or board ( e. g. masking tape, pins, gum ), shorthand guide ( included in m14u03 handout for trainee ).


i forgot my password | home | about | how to use this site | contact us | rss feed | industrial food animal production > > animal wastes confined food animals in the united states produce more than 40 times the amount of biosolids generated from u. s. wastewater treatment plants. whereas human biosolids must meet regulatory standards for pathogen levels, vector attraction reduction and metal content, no treatment is required of waste from animal agriculture. yet, animal waste has been associated with water - and food - borne disease outbreaks, increased prevalence of antibiotic - resistant bacteria, and pharmaceutical compounds in drinking water supplies. recommended resources on this topic : reports & other documents the relationship between contracting and livestock waste pollution american society of agricultural and biological engineers, march 2006. understanding alternative technologies for animal waste treatment – a citizen ’ s guide to manure treatment technologies. waterkeeper alliance, february 2005. infectious diseases that may be transmitted to humans from animal farm operations j. l. cicmanec. presentation from epa / usda regional science workshop : animal feeding operations. college park, md, 2004. peer - reviewed journal articles cost of remediation of nitrogen - contaminated soils under cafo impoundments c. volland, et al. j hazard subst res, 2003. pathogen survival in swine manure environments and transmission of human enteric illness – a review t. y. guan and r. a. holley. j environ qual, 2003. state legislation regulating animal manure management m. metcalfe. rev agr econ, december 2000. national pollutant discharge elimination system ( epa ) national water program ( usda ) natural resources conservation service ( usda ) additional tools & resources readings on manure management water quality information center at the national agricultural library ( usda ). public health implications related to spread of pathogens in manure from livestock and poultry operations j. l. spencer and j. guan. in public health microbiology ; humana press, 2004. | a project of the johns hopkins center for a livable future © 2010, johns hopkins university. all rights reserved.


call a spade a spade to speak plainly - to describe something as it really is. it might be thought that this derives from the derogatory use of the slang term ' spade ', meaning negro - an american term originating in the 20th century. that view of it as derogatory might also be thought to be supported by this piece from john trapp ' s mellificium theologicum, or the marrow of many good authors, 1647 : " gods people shall not spare to call a spade a spade, a niggard a niggard. " trapp ' s use of ' niggard ' is difficult to interpret. the word had several meanings in the 17th century. it could be used to mean ' miser ', which is the more common usage today, or as a general term of abuse - ' lout ', ' barbarian ' etc. the word was also used as the name of firebricks in grates. the co - incidence in form and pronuctiation of ' niggard ' and ' nigger ' causes some confusion. although the two words probably derived independently, they doubtless affected each other ' s development of meaning over time. whatever trapp ' s intention was, we can be confident that he didn ' t mean ' nigger ' or ' negro '. an earlier expression of the notion, albeit in different form to that which we now use, comes from nicolas udall ' s ' apophthegmes, that is to saie, prompte saiynges. first gathered by erasmus ' - translated in 1542 : " philippus aunswered, that the macedonians wer feloes of no fyne witte in their termes but altogether grosse, clubbyshe, and rusticall, as they whiche had not the witte to calle a spade by any other name then a spade. " this refers back to plutarch ' s apophthegmata. the eccentric right - wing british tory politician sir gerald nabarro was fond of emphasizing his direct ' man of the people ' image by saying ' i call a spade a shovel '. in fact, despite being from an immigrant family himself, nabarro loudly supported the repatriation of caribbean immigrants to the uk. how he referred in private to the people who would have undoubtedly have been called ' spades ' in nabarro ' s social circle isn ' t recorded.


men ' s offices have significantly more bacteria than women ' s, and the office bacterial communities of new york and san francisco are indistinguishable, according to a study published may 30 in the open access journal plos one. " humans are spending an increasing amount of time indoors, yet we know little about the diversity of bacteria and viruses where we live, work and play, " remarks dr. scott kelley, lead author on the study. " this study provides detailed baseline information about the rich bacterial communities in typical office settings and insight into the sources of these organisms. " the report includes the characterization of bacterial identity and abundance in offices in new york, san francisco, and tucson. the researchers, led by scott kelley of university of california, san diego, identified more than 500 bacterial genera in offices in the three cities, the most abundant of which tended to come from human skin or the nasal, oral, or intestinal cavities. they also found that chairs and phones had a high abundance of bacteria, while the abundance on the desktop, keyboard, and mouse was somewhat lower. they also found that offices inhabited by men had a higher bacterial abundance than women ' s, but the diversity of the communities didn ' t show any significant differences. explore further : mapping a route to stem cell therapies more information : hewitt km, gerba cp, maxwell sl, kelley st ( 2012 ) office space bacterial abundance and diversity in three metropolitan areas. plos one 7 ( 5 ) : e37849. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0037849


in the face of a changing climate many species must adapt or perish. ecologists studying evolutionary responses to climate change forecast that cold - blooded tropical species are not as vulnerable to extinction as previously thought. the study, published in the british ecological society ' s functional ecology, considers how fast species can evolve and adapt to compensate for a rise in temperature. the research, carried out at the university of zurich, was led by dr richard walters, now at reading university, alongside david berger now at uppsala university and wolf blanckenhorn, professor of evolutionary ecology at zurich. " forecasting the fate of any species is difficult, but it is essential for conserving biodiversity and managing natural resources, " said lead author dr walters. " it is believed that climate change poses a greater risk to tropical cold - blooded organisms ( ectotherms ), than temperate or polar species. however, as potential adaptation to climate change has not been considered in previous extinction models we tested this theory with a model forecasting evolutionary responses. " ectotherms, such as lizards and insects, have evolved a specialist physiology to flourish in a stable tropical environment. unlike species which live in varied habitats tropical species operate within a narrow range of temperatures, leading to increased dangers if those temperatures change. " when its environment changes an organism can respond by moving away, adapting its physiology over time or, over generations, evolving, " said walters. " the first two responses are easy to identify, but a species ' ability to adapt quick enough to respond to climate change is an important and unresolved question for ecologists. " the team explored the idea that there are also evolutionary advantages for species adapted to warmer environments. the ' hotter is better ' theory suggests that species which live in high temperatures will have higher fitness, resulting from a shorter generation time. this may allow them to evolve relatively quicker than species in temperate environments. the team sought to directly compare the increased risk of extinction associated with lower genetic variance, owing to temperature specialisation, with the lowered risk of extinction associated with a shorter generation time. " our model shows that the evolutionary advantage of a shorter generation time should compensate species which are adapted to narrow temperature ranges, " said walters. " we forecast that the relative risk of extinction is likely to be lower for tropical species than temperate ones. " " the tropics are home to the greatest biodiversity on earth, so it imperative that the risk of extinction caused by climate change is understood, " concluded walters. " while many questions remain, our theoretical predictions suggest tropical species may not


biologists identify proteins vital to chromosome segregationdecember 24th, 2012 in biology / cell & microbiology new york university biologists have identified how a vital protein is loaded by others into the centromere, the part of the chromosome that plays a significant role in cell division. their findings shed new light on genome replication and may offer insights into the factors behind the production of abnormal numbers of chromosomes. their findings appear in the latest issue of the journal the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. the researchers focused on the organization and functioning of the centromere, which is responsible for chromosome segregation — a process that ensures that replicating cells receive a complete copy of the genome. disruption of this process can lead to the production of an abnormal number of chromosomes — a condition evident in 90 percent of cancer cases. to explore the mechanics of the centromere, the researchers examined fission yeast. this species of yeast is a model organism in cell biology because its chromosome replication and the regulation of its centromere are similar to that of humans. in the pnas study, the researchers focused on a protein, cenp - a, present in both humans and fission yeast. they specifically examined how it is incorporated into the centromere during cell division in order to better understand its role in this process. their results identified that a trio of proteins — dos1, dos2, and cdc20 — work together to assemble cenp - a at centromeres as they duplicate. they further observed that any disruption of this process subsequently places this vital protein outside of the centromere — thereby preventing it from performing its role of ensuring proper chromosome segregation. " cenp - a is the engineer of the centromere, " explained fei li, an assistant professor in nyu ' s department of biology and the study ' s senior author. " without this protein, the centromere simply can ' t function. " li noted that many forms of cancer have been linked to malfunctioning cenp - a. " hopefully, these findings can contribute toward the development of improved strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, " he added. provided by new york university " biologists identify proteins vital to chromosome segregation. " december 24th, 2012. http : / / phys. org / news / 2012 - 12 - biologists - proteins - vital - chromosome - segregation. html


there is no ultimate / universal / perfect way to learn or practice. a student can need to practice a certain difficult piece with hands separate for a while and another will learn faster / better practicing hands together from the start. as long as the student can play the piece right in the end, it really doesn ' t matter. i don ' t think memory slips have anything to do with practicing hands separate or together. for certain pieces, practicing hands individually can help define the main lines at first, for example when the lh and rh parts combine unconventional rhythms. but since anyway one will need to play the piece using both hands, i really don ' t focus much on separating the hands for pieces with simpler rhythms. the problem with systematic " separate then both hands " practice is that certain people can feel the transition from one to the other too brutal, depending on the piece. an alternate method ( that i would qualify of " in between " ) i often do myself is : i play both lh + rh parts as written, except i force a ppp on one hand or the other. just like if you would turn a volume / balance knob between the hands. for example, using this method i can " check " if a particular lh passage ( in a piece i don ' t master yet ) sounds legato enough, if its accents are done just right, etc. otherwise, if i play the same passage with the rh at written volume, i wouldn ' t hear possible mistakes in the lh. this method forces you to play both parts, even though one hand is played so soft it ' s barely heard. imho, this forces one to be more involved and put more attention in the playing. of course, this can ' t be applied to all students or pieces, but very often it helps me perfect the playing and the memory. note that i would not force or recommend this method on a student. but with me it works.


february 10 – happy birthday herb pennock what you can learn doing research for a blog about the new york yankees. today ’ s birthday celebrant is a hall - of - fame southpaw who pitched for the great yankee teams of the 1920s. his manager at the time, miller huggins, called pennock the best left - hander in baseball back then. my choice would probably have been lefty grove but pennock was indeed very good. he went 162 - 90 during his 11 seasons in new york and 5 - 0 in the world series. he was a native of kennett square, pa and was nicknamed the “ knight of kennett square, ” but when it came to his feelings about blacks, chivalry played no part. many respected authors and baseball historians have presented strong evidence that pennock was a racist. playing in an era when blacks were not permitted in the major leagues helped hide that fact, but when he retired from the mound and became a front - office executive, first for the red sox as head of their farm system and then later as gm of the phillies, pennock was able to actively help prevent integration in the big leagues. and when it did happen, he was among its ’ most vociferous opponents. pennock was known to threaten that he ’ d never let his philadelphia team take the field against any opponent that had a black man on their roster. dodger owner branch rickey claimed that pennock told him that philadelphia wasn ’ t ready to see a “ n — – r ” play major league baseball. he hired ben chapman, his old yankee teammate and one of the most notorious racists in all of baseball, to manage the phillies. chapman was an equal - opportunity bigot. the anti - semitc slurs he had made as a new york outfielder during the 1930s had so enraged the team ’ s jewish fans that they presented a petition, signed by over 15, 000 people, requesting that the new york front office banish the player. i ’ m not naive. i realize it was a different time in our society back then, but can you imagine what would happen to a modern day ballplayer who committed the same offenses as chapman? well if you were herb pennock you ’ d hire the guy to manage the phillies. if those were the “ good old days ” of baseball in this country, i ’ m glad i wasn ’ t around to witness them. it was chapman who became infamous for his cruel treatment of jackie robinson whenever philadelphia played brooklyn during the


- coronary heart disease — loss of blood to areas of the heart - stroke — loss of blood to areas of the brain - peripheral vascular disease — loss of blood to the extremities | copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. | - family history of the disease - age 45 years and older in men ; 55 years and older in women - sex : male - high cholesterol — especially low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) cholesterol and low high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ) cholesterol - high blood pressure - poor diet - cigarette smoking - diabetes type 1 and type 2 - overweight and obesity - lack of physical activity metabolic syndrome — a combination of three out of the following five findings : - low hdl - cholesterol — also called good cholesterol - high triglycerides - elevated blood sugar - elevated blood pressure - increased waist circumference — greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women - coronary arteries of the heart — may cause symptoms of heart disease, such as chest pain - arteries to the brain — may cause symptoms of a stroke such as weakness, vision problems, speech problems, or headache - arteries in the lower extremities — may cause pain in the legs or feet and trouble walking - balloon angioplasty — a balloon - tipped catheter is used to press plaque against the wall of the artery. this increases the amount of space for the blood to flow. - stenting — usually done after angioplasty. a wire mesh tube is placed in a damaged artery. it will support the wall of the artery and keep it open. - atherectomy — instruments are inserted via catheter. they are used to cut away and remove plaque so that blood can flow more easily. this procedure is not used as often. - endarterectomy — removal of the lining of an artery obstructed with large plaques. this is often done in carotid arteries of the neck. these arteries bring blood to the brain. - arterioplasty — repair of an aneurysm. it is usually done with synthetic tissue. - bypass — creation of an alternate route for blood flow. the procedure uses a separate vessel for blood to flow. - eat a healthy diet. it should be low in saturated fat and cholesterol. it should also be rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. - exercise regularly. - maintain a healthy weight. if you


vessel for blood to flow. - eat a healthy diet. it should be low in saturated fat and cholesterol. it should also be rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. - exercise regularly. - maintain a healthy weight. if you are overweight, lose weight. - don ' t smoke. if you smoke, quit. - control diabetes. - if your doctor recommends it, take medication to reduce your risk factors. this may include medicine for high blood pressure or high cholesterol. - talk to your doctor about screening tests for coronary artery disease if you have risk factors. american heart association http : / / www. heart. org national heart, lung, and blood institute http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov canadian cardiovascular society http : / / www. ccs. ca heart and stroke foundation of canada http : / / ww2. heartandstroke. ca coronary artery disease. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed. updated april 30, 2013. accessed may 8, 2013. heart and stroke statistics. american heart association website. available at : http : / / www. heart. org / heartorg / general / heart - and - stroke - association - statistics % 5fucm % 5f319064 % 5fsubhomepage. jsp #. accessed may 8, 2013.


inactivity and overweight huge factor in cancer 7, 000 studies show lifestyle choice even more important than previously thought inactivity and obesity were linked to rising cancer incidences, despite improved screening and a sharp decline in people smoking pushing down the rate of overall new cancer diagnoses, according to the 3 / 29 / 2012 wall street journal which reported that : - one - third of common cancers are linked to excess weight and lack of physical activity, with a growing body of evidence showing obesity raises the ca risk. - excess weight and lack of physical activity linked to preventing disease more than any specific foods or nutrients. - since the 1960s tobacco use is way down, but obesity has ballooned. " the gains made by reducing tobacco use over the past few decades are at least partially being offset now by obesity, " susan mayne, professor of epidemiology at the yale school of public health and associate director of the yale cancer center. " people might think they can do themselves the most good by taking a vitamin or mineral supplement, when actually what they need to do, to do the most good, is to be physically active and control their weight, " june stevens, head of the department of nutrition at the university of north carolina ' s gillings school of global public health. observation : when posture degenerates into the slump of old age, people become less active as biomechanical injuries accumulate. conjecture : strengthening posture can help a body stay active and potentially avoid disease. wondering if perhaps i should have titled my book stand taller ~ live much, much longer. see march 29th, 2012, wall street journal : obesity - linked cancers increase


energy and sub - saharan africa half the world ' s population live without modern energy. this situation is most severe in sub - saharan africa, where four out of five families lack access to electricity. here, the majority of people still cook on an open fire, the fumes from which kill more than 1. 4 million people ( mostly women and children ) each year. right now, more lives are being lost through inhaling toxic smoke than to malaria and yet there is little action to address this problem, particularly across the african continent. as shocking as these statistics are, more startling is the fact that there are no financial or political commitments to tackle this. projections show that the same amount of people will be ' powerless ' in 20 years time. financially, investment is made into economic growth through large - scale energy infrastructure, rather than small - scale solutions. politically, energy security and energy efficiency receive attention but not energy access - even though it could be the catalyst out of poverty for entire african communities. in reality, for thousands of families across sub saharan africa, the prospect of gaining access to energy is as distant as it was decades ago. but, at practical action we have a vision : modern energy for all by 2030. working on small - scale energy, from wind turbines, to solar panels and micro - hydro, over the past 40 years we know that families across sub saharan africa and the developing world can be transformed through access to energy. we also know that our vision of modern energy for all is achievable - it just requires the political will to make it a reality.


embargo : 00 : 01h ( london time ) friday september 23, 2005. in north america the embargo lifts at 6 : 30pm et thursday september 22, 2005. scientists have characterised an emerging virulent strain of clostridium difficile that has been associated with outbreaks of severe disease in north america and europe. their findings are published in this week ' s issue of the lancet. c. difficile infection results in a broad spectrum of disease ranging from mild diarrhoea to severe life threatening conditions. the bacterium produces two protein toxins, a and b. in 2002, hospitals in montreal and southern quebec, canada, began experiencing an epidemic of severe c. difficile - associated disease ( cdad ), suggesting a more virulent strain of the bacterium was involved. in this study michel warny ( acambis, cambridge, ma, usa ) and colleagues examined whether the increased virulence of this strain could be due to increased production of toxins a and b. the investigators obtained samples from 124 patients with cdad at the centre hospitalier universitaire de sherbrooke in quebec. they also collected additional isolates from the usa, canada, and the uk. using genotyping methods, the researchers identified the virulent c. difficile strain, nap1 / 027, in 67 % of hospital - acquired cdad cases and in 37 % of community - acquired cases seen in sherbrooke. in addition, they compared toxin a and b production in nap1 / 027 with other contemporary non - epidemic isolates from various locations. they found that nap1 / 027 could produce 16 times more toxin a and 23 times more toxin b than control strains. the study also shows that nap1 / 027 carries a deletion in a gene ( tcdc ) involved in the control of toxin production. dr warny states : " in the uk, where the number of reported cases of c. difficile - associated disease doubled over three years, nap1 / 027 is the cause of ongoing outbreaks in at least three hospitals where a high case - fatality ratio has been noted … in the netherlands, nap1 / 027 was identified in two severe outbreaks also associated with fatalities … clinicians need to be vigilant in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. " in an accompanying comment torbjorn noren ( orebro university, sweden ) states


agustin conde - agudelo, m. d., m. p. h., from the fundacion santa fe de bogota, columbia, and colleagues conducted a meta - analysis on studies published between 1966 and 2006 to examine the association between birth spacing and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. the researchers identified 67 articles for this analysis, which adjusted for the mother ' s age and socioeconomic status and reported birth spacing and perinatal outcomes. these articles included a total of 11, 091, 659 pregnancies. infants born to women with an interval shorter than six months after their last birth had a 40 percent increased risk of preterm birth, a 61 percent increased risk of low birth weight ( lbw ) and a 26 percent increased risk of small for gestational age ( sga ), compared to children of mothers with an interval of 18 to 23 months between pregnancies. infants of mothers with pregnancy intervals longer than 59 months had a 20 to 43 percent greater risk of these adverse outcomes. for each month that the time between pregnancies was shortened from 18 months, the risk for preterm birth, lbw and sga increased by 1. 9, 3. 3 and 1. 5 percent, respectively. and for each month that the time between pregnancies was lengthened beyond 59 months, the risk for these outcomes increased by 0. 6, 0. 9 and 0. 8 percent, respectively. " the effects of birth spacing on perinatal health found in our study, as well as the effects of both short and long intervals on infant, child and maternal health, should furnish a strong motivating force for health personnel to provide family planning, " the authors write. " the results of our systematic review could be used by reproductive clinicians around the world to advise women on the benefits of delaying a subsequent pregnancy for approximately two to five years to improve the health of both mother and the next infant. " ( jama. 2006 ; 295 : 1809 – 1823. available pre - embargo to media at www. jamamedia. org. ) editor ' s note : this works was supported by the office of population and reproductive health, bureau for global health, u. s. agency for international development, under the terms of cooperative agreements awarded to the catalyst consortium. editorial : birth spacing – the long and short of it " worldwide, more than four million children die in the first four weeks of life, and 28 percent of these deaths are thought


, under the terms of cooperative agreements awarded to the catalyst consortium. editorial : birth spacing – the long and short of it " worldwide, more than four million children die in the first four weeks of life, and 28 percent of these deaths are thought to be due directly to preterm birth, " writes rachel a. royce, ph. d., m. p. h., of research triangle institute international, research triangle park, n. c., in an accompanying editorial. " although the authors [ conde - agudelo et al ] attempted to account for some of the potential sources of heterogeneity, one important source was not adequately explored - - the country where each study was conducted, " dr. royce writes. " breastfeeding is an important example of a potential confounder that differs greatly by country. exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life delays the mother ' s resumption of menstruation. " dr. royce notes that short intervals between births are mostly unintended and have been shown to be associated with extremes of age, marital status, menstrual irregularities, ethnicity and lower socioeconomic status. " … improving the proportion of women who breastfeed exclusively for the first six months of their infant ' s life might lengthen the birth interval while providing better nutrition for the first infant and better health outcomes for both infants, " she writes. dr. royce states that long periods of time between pregnancies are harder to explain, but are most likely not chosen and " may result from the end of a partnership, infertility, reproductive losses in the interval, health problems in mother or infant, or economic issues. " " clinicians should counsel all women to space pregnancies at least 12 months apart, if at all possible, " she concludes. ( jama. 2006 : 295 : 1837 – 1838. available pre - embargo to media at www. jamamedia. org. ) last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.


individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | neuropil is the feltwork of unmyelinated neuronal processes ( axonal and dendritic ) within the gray matter of the central nervous system. traditionally, when pathologists looked at brain tissue they concentrated on neurons ( the active functioning cells of the brain ), glial cells and axons ( especially in white matter, which is mostly composed of axons and glia cells ). neurons are the cells that perform the actual processing of information. glia cells have ' supporting ' functions in a very loose sense of the word. also, most brain tumors arise from glial cells. on a coarse scale nervous tissue ( ignoring blood vessels etc. ) is composed of the cell body of the neurons and glia cells and their processes or protrusions. for neurons, these are dendrites, dendritic spines and axons. dendrites collect input from other neurons, which is processed by the neuron ( in dendrite and cell body ) and propagated to other cells via axons, which you may view as special cables. at the end of an axon synapses are formed, serving as a chemical junction to other cells. the neuropil is what is left when you take away the cell bodies of neurons and glia from the tissue, i. e. the tangle of dendrites, axons and glial processes. - neuropil : roche enzyclopedia of medicien, dictionary barn. etymological note : " from the greek neuro and pilus, meaning felt " ( freeman, walter j. how brains make up their minds, 2000, p. 47 ) | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). |


coping with the urban environment public crises and private benefit ; the response of charity, reform, and science the problems of health and housing in today ' s american cities are often perceived as belonging to two quite different domains. one cluster of problems relates to the fundamental inequality of our citizens and is manifested in the inability of inner - city poor whites and blacks to obtain the levels of health care and of a safe sanitary environment that were achieved by the majority of their fellow urban dwellers half a century ago. a second cluster of problems concerns the inability of more prosperous white americans to obtain the kind of preventive care, day - to - day medical service, and supportive physical and social environments to which they should be entitled by modern medicine and modern physical planning. because of the segregated structure of the metropolis and the class and racial politics of health and housing, the two problems are now dealt with as isolated issues. we debate welfare, clinics, public housing, and urban renewal for the inner city ; we also debate voluntary insurance, aid to the medically indigent, community hospital service, group practice, the housing shortage, and improved planning and subdivision control for the suburbs. yet because the entire metropolis or megalopolis is part of one national urban system and is dependent in most of its parts upon the workings of that system, the two clusters of problems are in fact inseparable : the failure of the health - delivery institutions to meet the acute needs of the inner - city poor is tied to the failure of the preventive services to meet the needs of the outer - city majority ; today ' s housing crisis of the slum is a product of yesterday ' s planning failure of the suburbs. although the death rate in american cities varies systematically by race and class, with the poor and the black having the shortest lives, the gap is small and would disappear as a by - product of the modernization of health and housing services as a whole. today ' s problems rest in the context of a stable incidence of mortality and a widespread expectation of a long life. the difficult issues of our own tune turn around the universal experiences of city dwellers as they live out a more or less common life span. the urgent agenda of both inner city and suburbs speaks to the quality of life as we all undergo generally inevitable traumas, accidents, communicable diseases, confusions, criminal assaults, and physical disabilities from birth to death. the quantity and quality of available housing is inextricably tied to well - baby, pediatric, communicable - disease, drug, and accident


of the accompanying institutions. during america ' s first century of rapid urbanization, the years from 1820 to 1920, our urban environments polarized about two extremes. in the early nineteenth century the health of city dwellers depended upon the amplitude and adequacy of the traditional design of individual houses, upon the purity of family and neighborhood wells, the happenstance of open lots, and the variations in care of backyard and basement privies. booming growth and mass migrations relentlessly pressed against this almost universal big - city environment, placing all citizens in continuous jeopardy from fire and disease. innovations in transportation, municipal sanitary services, plumbing, heating, lighting, and to a lesser extent in the design of housing created a new environment for one - half to two - thirds of the urban population. by the 1890s the disparate trends of urban growth had become apparent. at one extreme stood the new urban world of single - family houses, row houses, two - families, and apartments, where an unprecedented part of the population enjoyed equally unprecedented security and a rapidly rising standard of living ; at the other extreme stood the old big - city world of overcrowding in rooms and obsolete structures, faulty or nonexistent plumbing and heating, firetraps, fever nests, and malfunctioning integration of public and private sanitary systems. the potentials of the new environment and their unavoidable tensions with the old combined to call forth the housing practices and health programs of the industrial metropolis. the same potentials and tensions also set for our own era the basic institutional structures that still determine our housing supply, public health, and private care systems. the safer and more wholesome urban environment sprang from a series of complementary events in transportation, public services, site planning, mechanical inventions, and home design. the succession of transportation innovations, from the introduction of horse - drawn streetcars in the 1830s to the electrification of street railways in the 1890s and the supplementing of public transit by the automobile after 1910, had a contradictory environmental effect. as possible commuting distances lengthened with each transportation advance, the supply of land expanded exponentially, thereby relieving what would otherwise have been an intolerable pressure upon land within the reach of pedestrian journeys to work. the fact that fringe land around each booming city grew at a rate even more rapid than the city ' s population made possible a lowered density of many new residential environments in the industrial metropolis. for housing built after about 1880 a new minimum standard prevailed. in most cities the standard manifested itself in miles upon miles


at a rate even more rapid than the city ' s population made possible a lowered density of many new residential environments in the industrial metropolis. for housing built after about 1880 a new minimum standard prevailed. in most cities the standard manifested itself in miles upon miles of small wooden freestanding houses set back by a tiny lawn from the dirt and dust of the street, each separated from its neighbor by a narrow side yard and boasting a rear yard often as deep again as the house itself. the cumulative effect of forty years of such construction was to free the middle - class and typical working - class americans from the dangers of alley housing, boardinghouses, and jerry - built conversions typical of the high land values of the big city of the early nineteenth century. even in the nation ' s largest cities, where land costs were high and multistory housing prevailed, the opening of new land brought salutary effects. the universal two - family structures, the three - deckers of new england, and the flats of chicago, though they crowded the land by today ' s standards, at least guaranteed no windowless rooms, and two exits — front and back stairs — in case of fire. philadelphia ' s and baltimore ' s row houses gained in amenity when builders stopped squeezing them into courts and rear alleys and began to lay them out instead in strips fronting only the main streets. the perspective of mile upon mile of houses of the industrial metropolis presents a dreary aspect to today ' s viewer, but in the essential ingredients of light, air, and fire safety the structures represent an important advance over the earlier practices of urban land crowding. only in the inner - city tenements of every city, and especially in the crowded centers of new york and boston, did the industrial metropolis ' s new transportation fail to improve the environment of large numbers of its citizens. a contrary tendency of transportation innovation controlled the inner city. the ability of electric - powered surface transportation to deliver ever more thousands of commuters to the downtown sent the price of centrally situated parcels of land skyrocketing, thereby raising the rents for close - in housing to higher and higher levels. for the poor, confined by their job - access needs to the center of the city, this effect of transportation improvement on rents proved an insurmountable barrier to their realization of the benefits of modernization. for the well - to - do a modest move uptown and the purchase of new building designs and mechanical services in the form of firewalls, fire barriers, central heating and lighting,


and the well - to - do adopted the habit of spending summers in distant suburbs in order to escape the season of greatest danger. although public toleration for fire and disease stood at a much higher threshold in 1840 than in 1920, the desire to mitigate these trials found daily reinforcement in the sheer lack of reasonably clear water in many parts of the city. water peddlers ' wagons moved through the streets of new york selling spring water to housewives so they could brew a palatable pot of tea or coffee. a clouded and murky pail was often the best that a backyard well or neighborhood pump could offer for the family washing. by the 1840s the merchants ' fear of fires and the desire for household convenience reached a pitch that overcame the universal distaste for taxes and heavy public expense. during the 1840s and 1850s the major cities of the nation built reservoirs, aqueducts, and pumping stations, and laid water mains through almost every street. yet no sooner had these giant municipal undertakings been completed than the abundance of water clogged the haphazard neighborhood sewers and flooded the streets, alleys, and back - yards of the city. and the threat of epidemics did not disappear. according to contemporary theory, stagnant water, putrefaction, and bad odors were the breeders and carriers of disease. repeated statistical investigations by doctors and laymen established an incontrovertible correlation between the incidence of infection and inadequate sanitation. thus from the 1850s to the 1870s cities shouldered the heavy burden of constructing their initial unified sewer systems to match the waterworks of the previous decades. both halves of the sanitary system again rested upon the divided responsibility of public and private effort. the division of labor seemed perfectly natural to the age. it minimized public costs, especially when complete systems had to be constructed from scratch, and at the same time it continued the long - standing tradition by which each property owner shouldered the responsibility for the improvement of his own buildings. the public water effort stopped with the laying of water mains in the streets and placing of hydrants from which householders could draw water and to which fire pumps could be attached. any abutter who wished to tap the main in the street for service to his house, store, or factory could do so, but he had to bear the expense of the connection as well as to pay for his own plumbing and fixtures. similarly, the sewer ran underground through the street, available to those who chose to make a direct connection to it. the immediate consequence of this division


he had to bear the expense of the connection as well as to pay for his own plumbing and fixtures. similarly, the sewer ran underground through the street, available to those who chose to make a direct connection to it. the immediate consequence of this division of labor and responsibility was to hobble the effectiveness of the sanitary system. homeowners and landlords whose tenants could afford a moderate increase in rents rapidly installed the water tap at the kitchen sink and the flush toilet, the essentials of the new environmental safety. bathtubs, long considered a luxury, gained popularity more slowly. at the growing fringe of the city the financial partnership of public and private effort placed even more expense on the individual household. here costs were allocated according to the traditions of beneficial assessment — that is, owners of land abutting a street were charged for a share of any public improvement that raised the value of their land. in opening up new land, the purchaser of each lot had to pay for all or some very substantial fraction of the costs of laying of the water mains and sewers, as well as for the house connections and equipment. the effect was to both raise the amenity level and the costs of new construction beyond pre - plumbing levels. for its part the city waterworks and later metropolitan water and sewer boards endeavored to keep up with suburban demand by building new ( and rebuilding old ) water mains, pumping stations, and trunk - line sewers. it was a costly race in pursuit of new development, and some modern authors who have reviewed the pricing of water contend that the total effect was to encourage not only suburbanization but also the commercial and industrial waste of water. whatever the merits of alternative pricing schedules might be, there can be no doubt about the long - term environmental effects of the municipal - private partnership. by 1920 the middle class both within the city and in the suburbs had attained a newly safe and salubrious environment, while the working - class families who inherited old middle - class neighborhoods, or rented newly constructed multifamily housing of their own, reaped the same benefit. the poorest third of the population, however, was left out or lagged badly behind, suffering either from the complete absence of the new facilities in their homes or from limited plumbing facilities used by too many people. the water rates could easily have been used to install and maintain the necessary faucets and toilets, thereby overcoming some of the worst effects of the unequal distribution of personal income in the society. the public costs would have been


by too many people. the water rates could easily have been used to install and maintain the necessary faucets and toilets, thereby overcoming some of the worst effects of the unequal distribution of personal income in the society. the public costs would have been relatively slight and the gains in health substantial. all that was lacking was the popular willingness to make available to all the minimum standards of decent middle - class and working - class life. because the lower - income half of american urban families had to find their housing in the structures vacated by the upper half, the new environment of the 1880 - 1920 years is the old environment of today ' s cities. these former growth rings are now the gray areas of today ' s metropolis the brooklyns and bronxes of new york, the west and south sides of chicago, the east sides and hamtramcks of detroit. the weaknesses of a previous style of environmental progress have ripened into contemporary problems. it therefore repays us to identify the inadequacies of the past so that we will not repeat the same behavior. the most serious failures of the 1880 - 1920 environment stemmed from faulty land practices. the structures themselves now suffer from inevitable obsolescence and aging, but many could be brought up to current acceptance by sustained national prosperity and a steady attention by homeowners and municipalities. in the boom after world war ii an extraordinary modernization of american housing went forward, and so it could again. the social and economic consequences of bad land planning, however, confront today ' s householder and public official with extremely costly and painful choices. the ugliness of these old areas stems directly from the habitual land crowding of the past and from its use of uniform grid streets and narrow rectangular lots. yesterday ' s developer, like today ' s, sought his profit by putting together a land - house package in which modish ornament and late - model fixtures were combined with a generous house size. the structure conforming so nicely to fashion was the sales item, and the land beneath it was skimped so that the total price could be held down and the lot - house package marketed to as wide a custom as possible. actually there was much good sense in this strategy. buyers could easily compare one standardized house with another, and the developer could save little on his houses by alternative designs or by cutting comers in construction. on the other hand, much could be gained by the developer who shopped in the metropolitan market for land. land always ranged widely in price, in accordance with numerous variables, so that