chillingly clear that the next frontier for this devastating disease is the western united states and the many, many bat species that live there, " says mollie matteson, a bat advocate at the center. " but even now, our government officials keep allowing cave visitors to come and go in most western caves on federal land - - as though nothing has changed in the past seven years. that needs to stop, or bat populations across the west may crash. " read more in the summit county citizens voice, learn more about the center ' s campaign at saveourbats. org and like our bat page on facebook. suit filed over uranium mine threatening grand canyon the center for biological diversity, havasupai tribe and two other organizations have sued the u. s. forest service for green - lighting operations at the " canyon " uranium mine near grand canyon national park without completing - - or even starting - - formal tribal consultations, and without updating a federal environmental review written in 1986. these steps are crucial because the mine lies within an area of critical religious and cultural importance to the havasupai and other tribes, could harm wildlife ( including endangered species like the california condor ), and would risk polluting and depleting precious groundwater for wells and springs in and around the grand canyon. the mine also falls within the 1 - million - acre " mineral withdrawal, " aka mining halt, approved by the obama administration in january 2012 to protect grand canyon ' s watershed from new uranium mining impacts. the ban - - spurred by litigation and pressure from the center and allies - - prohibits new mining claims and development on old claims lacking " valid existing rights. " the forest service last year granted those rights for the canyon mine, but as the center ' s taylor mckinnon said, " sacrificing water, culture and wildlife for the uranium industry was a bad idea in 1986 ; doing so now while ignoring 27 years of new information is absurd. " read more in e & e news. go solar with the center spring is finally upon us, and the center for biological diversity is excited to share an opportunity that could reap triple advantages - - helping save the climate, save you money on your electricity bill, and save species by supporting the center and all the imperiled animals and plants we work for. dozens of our supporters have already gotten home solar while simultaneously raising funds for the center by participating in this unique and affordable way to lease solar panels : if you live in arizona, california, colorado, connecticut, delaware, maryland, massachusetts


we work for. dozens of our supporters have already gotten home solar while simultaneously raising funds for the center by participating in this unique and affordable way to lease solar panels : if you live in arizona, california, colorado, connecticut, delaware, maryland, massachusetts, new jersey or new york, award - winning home - solar installer sungevity will set up panels on your home for free when you sign up to lease the panels on a monthly basis. not only will you save up to 15 percent on your pre - solar electricity bills, but during only the month of march, sungevity will give you a $ 750 credit and grant the center $ 750 to help us defend endangered species like pikas, scarlet hawaiian honeycreepers and polar bears from human threats like global warming - - all while doing your part to save our atmosphere about 8. 24 metric tons of co2 a year and help save the whole planet from catastrophic climate change. sign up with sungevity by march 31 here or copy and paste this link into your browser : http : / / www. sungevity. org / center - biological - diversity. once you request a quote, sungevity will contact you with a quote and more info on your lease and how much you can save. please contact sungevity at firstname. lastname @ example. org or call 1 - 866 - sun4all ( 866 - 786 - 4255 ) with questions. wild & weird : snoligosters, gumberoos and other extinct imaginary beasts in 1910 william thomas cox, minnesota ' s first state forester, completed a fantasy field guide to the wild, imaginary beasts of the united states. fearsome creatures of the lumberwoods is full of tall tales that cox recorded from logging camps. meet the " snoligoster, " an immense crocodilian swamp monster of the southeast that, limbless, moved through the mire hunting woodcutters by way of a propeller - tipped tail ; get to know the " tote - road shagamaw, " a northeastern biped that could swap hooves for paws, confusing loggers by leaving tracks that changed from moose to bear and back again. cox ' s lumberjack yarns were retold from camp to camp and evolved as loggers left the felled forests of the east for virgin groves out west, where he collected stories of even more critters - - for example, the hairless " gumberoo " of the pacific coast, a bear - like


evolved as loggers left the felled forests of the east for virgin groves out west, where he collected stories of even more critters - - for example, the hairless " gumberoo " of the pacific coast, a bear - like creature with rubber buttocks that could bounce bullets back at hunters. read the full version of this fanciful guide to the mythical monsters of american logger culture. photo credits : blandings turtle courtesy maine department of inland fisheries and wildlife ; blue whale courtesy wikimedia commons / mike baird ; keystone pipeline courtesy wikimedia commons ; gray wolf courtesy flickr / francoismi ; oregon spotted frog courtesy usfws ; polar bear courtesy flickrcommons / longhorndave ; washington d. c. courtesy wikimedia commons / andrew bossi ; little brown bat courtesy ryan von linden, n. y. department of environmental conservation ; california condor courtesy scott frier, usfws ; go solar! photo courtesy sungevity ; tote - road shagamaw illustration by coert du bois. this message was sent to. the center for biological diversity sends newsletters and action alerts through democracyinaction. org. let us know if you ' d like to change your email list preferences or stop receiving action alerts and newsletters from us.


the germplasm collection : a library of apples a collection of apple genetic resources, known as a germplasm collection, is maintained by plant & food research at their hawke ’ s bay orchard to provide a source of new apple traits for the future. storing genetic information from apples a germplasm is a library of genetic resources for an organism. germplasm collections can be stored in several ways – as seeds in cool storage, as whole plants in a nursery or orchard or as cryopreserved dormant buds. at plant & food research ( pfr ), the apple germplasm collection is maintained in the form of trees in the orchard. 2 trees of each genotype are planted. it ’ s important to maintain an apple germplasm collection as trees because apples don ’ t breed true. this means that the genetic make - up of the seeds will be different to that of the tree that bears them. growing the trees is the only way to know how the apples they produce will look and taste. history of the apple germplasm collection the germplasm collection in new zealand began in the 1950s, when approximately 500 distinct cultivars ( including heritage cultivars, crab apples and cider apples ) were brought together at the then hortresearch site ( now pfr ) in hawke ’ s bay. then, in the 1990s, a large number of seeds ( approximately 30, 000 ) were brought in from around the world, including central asia ( particularly kazakhstan ) and added to the collection. for this 2nd set of material, pfr has developed a breeding programme that generates additional genetic diversity within the collection. wild apples in central asia are genetically diverse central asia ( particularly kazakhstan ) is the region where modern apples originated. the area has many wild apple forests, which contain apples of all shapes, sizes and colours ( including red - fleshed apples ). the apple trees have been open - pollinated ( pollinated in the wild, without human control ) for many generations, so they are highly genetically diverse. the apple trees of this region have several desirable characteristics. for instance, some are resistant to the diseases apple scab and fire blight. because of growing conditions in central asia, it ’ s also likely that the trees have genes that allow them to adapt to mountainous terrain and a near - desert, cold and dry climate. hortresearch ( now pfr ) wanted to have access to the genetic diversity of the wild


it ’ s also likely that the trees have genes that allow them to adapt to mountainous terrain and a near - desert, cold and dry climate. hortresearch ( now pfr ) wanted to have access to the genetic diversity of the wild apple trees for breeding and conservation purposes. access to such a wide germplasm gives breeders opportunities to introgress novel traits and breed a wide variety of new cultivars. a source of new traits and genetic diversity many of the apple trees in the germplasm collection contain specific traits that might enhance existing apple varieties. these can be used as parents in breeding programmes, with the aim of producing new, better apples with that trait. for instance, some trees in the collection produce apples with red flesh. these aren ’ t good eating apples, but crossing them with existing white - fleshed cultivars has the potential to produce a high - quality eating apple with red flesh – the basis of the red - fleshed apple breeding programme. more broadly, the germplasm collection is a source of genetic diversity. historically, apple breeders have used a very narrow range of trusted cultivars as parents when breeding new varieties. the problem with this is that breeding parents are often closely related. in fact, all today ’ s major apple cultivars have been bred from only about 10 founder plants! including apples from the germplasm collection in breeding programmes can help avoid the risks associated with inbreeding ( including disease susceptibility ) and improve apple quality. in practice, breeding programmes make use of apples from the germplasm collection as well as higher quality apples. the pyramid diagram illustrates how the germplasm collection contributes to apple breeding. a form of insurance all trees of a given cultivar are clones. this means that they are all equally susceptible to disease. having a germplasm collection means there ’ s genetic diversity to fall back on in the event of widespread disease or extreme climatic conditions or events. the germplasm collection also forms part of a long - term strategy to manage economic risk by aiding the development of new product types. when pfr started their germplasm collection, cryopreservation wasn ’ t as advanced as it is today and the cost was higher than planting trees. in the future, cryopreservation may be used as a supplementary form of storage for added safeguarding of the collection. ideally, planting the collection at 2 different sites would reduce the


“ african americans have utilized cooperative ownership in good and bad times throughout u. s. history, ” says dr. jessica gordon nembhard. throughout the 1930s and 1940s there were black farmers ’ cooperatives, credit unions, co - op grocery stores and schools, points out nembhard, an associate professor at john jay college of the city university of new york ( cuny ) and a member of the b. e. board of economists. in 1930, george schuyler, a controversial journalist for the pittsburgh courier black newspaper, founded the young negro cooperative league. ella j. baker, who later became a luminary of the civil rights movement, led the organization ’ s two dozen young people. by 1932, the league had formed councils in cities from philadelphia and washington, d. c., to cleveland, new orleans and phoenix. they promoted cooperative businesses in black communities. some cooperative ventures made real money. “ in the fall of 1932 gary, indiana, was ravaged by the depression, the steel mills were closed and only one bank remained. black citizens came together and formed the consumers cooperative trading company, ” nembhard writes. “ starting with a buying club, the trading company came to operate a main grocery store, a branch store, a filling station and a credit union. by 1934 there were over 400 members and seven full - time employees in the grocery store. the credit union was organized in november 1934. in 1936, sales for the co - op store were at $ 160, 000, and dividends were paid to share owners. ” a foundation of hope but that was 70 - plus years ago. dr. h. viscount nelson, a professor in the afro - american studies department of ucla, believes that several strengths that helped blacks survive during the great depression no longer exist or have become weaker. in the 1930s, he asserts, the masses of the black population — not just a middle - class or well - off black minority — functioned on hope. many young blacks today have given up hope, nelson says. the idea that education is the key to upward mobility was more widely embraced by black youths then than it is now. there was also a greater respect for work, with blacks admiring people able to hold down any job. many young blacks today reject the concept of starting at a low level and working one ’ s way up, he says. author of the book, “ black leadership ’ s response to the great depression in philadelphia, ” nelson used 1930 - 1931 data to study philadelphia ’ s black 30th ward. “


at a low level and working one ’ s way up, he says. author of the book, “ black leadership ’ s response to the great depression in philadelphia, ” nelson used 1930 - 1931 data to study philadelphia ’ s black 30th ward. “ what i discovered was that despite the economic reversals that people had suffered, life was relatively placid and calm, ” says nelson. crime was minimal, with no rapes, no murders and very few robberies or assaults and batteries. most 30th ward arrests during these prohibition years involved alcohol. nelson found all socioeconomic levels of blacks living within the same neighborhood — doctors, schoolteachers and businessmen residing on blocks also home to laborers and house cleaners. depression - era segregation and discrimination made life hard, but forced blacks to live together, pull together and have racial consciousness. demographic diversity within the black community kept hope high. this general optimism has been lost, nelson believes. while conrad disagrees with nelson that widespread hope remains lost, she does admit that upward - mobile blacks ’ departure from inner - city neighborhoods has reduced opportunities for young people to interact with social and employment networks. conrad remembers how her father, a dallas physician, helped steer the six children of the janitor next door toward all going to college. today, churches can perform some of those networking functions, she believes. but middle - class suburbanites commuting to old - neighborhood churches must consciously make an effort to make this happen, says conrad. “ they need to be there other than on sunday. ” sowing the seeds the image of first lady michelle obama planting a vegetable patch on the white house lawn is perhaps a signal to americans that taking down - to - earth self - help action is something everybody must do to make it through our current economic crisis. cultivation of that garden may bring to mind one of the most basic forms of commerce — bartering, where one farmer trades his beans for another farmer ’ s corn. bartering, however, can be more than the exchange of one product for another. it includes exchanges of services, caregiving and skills. “ if there is a particular kind of repair or construction skill you have, you can use that as a form of bartering within a community, ” says conrad. “ it goes back to a kind of cooperative venture notion, but here you exchange services with each other directly. ” voices of economic survival


according to the us government, " the strength and vitality of our economy, infrastructure, public safety and national security have been built on the foundation of cyberspace. " the mckinsey global institute recently published a study that aimed to quantify the impact of the internet on the world economy. it found that the internet has become a significant and essential factor in national economies and in the global economy itself, allowing established industries to be more productive and creating new jobs. among advanced economies, it found that the internet accounts for around 6 % of gdp and is a critical element in economic growth, accounting for 21 % of gdp growth in those advanced countries over the past five years. the internet is also growing rapidly, both in terms of numbers of people connecting to it, including high levels of growth in emerging economies, and in terms of the numbers and types of devices connecting to it. according to cisco, there were about five billion devices connected to the internet at the end of 2011 and it predicts that number will rise to around 50 billion by 2020. contributing to that growth is the proliferation of mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets, in - vehicle computers, televisions, cameras, sensors, medical devices and smart machines used for supporting the high growth of machine - to - machine applications in a wide range of industries and consumer environments. every one of those devices needs an ip address to connect to the internet, but the current prevalent communications protocol for internet traffic, ipv4, has only 4. 3 billion ip addresses available and that stock has been exhausted. as of february 2011, the last ipv4 addresses were handed out to regional internet registries. we have known about this problem for a long time and a successor to ipv4 - ipv6 - has been available for many years, offering an infinitely larger number of addresses. in order for the growth of the internet to continue and the benefits of emerging technologies to be realised, the transition to ipv6 is critical. people have been fear - mongering about the forthcoming address depletion for some years now, but very little has been done in the way of ipv6 adoption. however, according to axel pawlik, managing director of europe ' s internet registry, ripe ncc, " we are really running out now. by the end of this year, europe will not have any ipv4 addresses easily available. if you don ' t do ipv6 now, you will lose connectivity to the ipv6 network. there are solutions for limited connectivity, but they


by the end of this year, europe will not have any ipv4 addresses easily available. if you don ' t do ipv6 now, you will lose connectivity to the ipv6 network. there are solutions for limited connectivity, but they are hard and costly. it will not be a big global crisis, but growth will slow. " because ipv6 is not backwards compatible with ipv4, customers with ipv6 devices will not be able to reach ipv4 - only services, which could lead to lost sales to customers in high - growth emerging economies in particular. things are getting better. penetration is growing and the future is rosy. but it is still not good enough. according to pawlik, heads will begin to roll now amongst those who have not even started planning for the ipv6 migration. the situation is better than it was last year, and certainly better than five years ago, but some people will only move when they see the evidence of the address depletion by being unable to secure any further ipv4 addresses. to encourage adoption, the world ipv6 day was held in june 2011, which saw major content providers enabling ipv6 for their primary domains for 24 hours. tom coffeen, ip evangelist for technology vendor infoblox, states that the day was a great success, with no major operational issues encountered, and the volume of ipv6 traffic doubled during the event. coffeen also states that significant progress has been made with ipv6 adoption since then, with the percentage of zones under. com,. net and. org domains offering ipv6 support increasing by 1, 900 % in the past year and a growing number of enterprises have begun, or are continuing, substantial ipv6 adoption initiatives. however, after the 2011 ipv6 day, many organisations switched off ipv6 support and growth has not been seen at the levels expected. because of this, many organisations are continuing their efforts to raise awareness of the need for the switch to ipv6. among the initiatives was a second ipv6 day, held in june 2012 - this time entitled the world ipv6 launch, where organisations were encouraged to enable ipv6 on their networks and to keep ipv6 enabled after the day ended. according to scott iekel - johnson, product manager at arbor networks, the amount of native ipv6 traffic grew 20 % with the launch of world ipv6 launch day and this has remained steady since then. according to iekel - johnson, " this


copernicus is said to be the founder of modern astronomy. he was born in poland, 1 and eventually was sent off to cracow university, there to study mathematics and optics ; at bologna, canon law. returning from his studies in italy, copernicus, through the influence of his uncle, was appointed as a canon in the cathedral of frauenburg where he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days. because of his clerical position, copernicus moved in the highest circles of power ; but a student he remained. for relaxation copernicus painted and translated greek poetry into latin. his interest in astronomy gradually grew to be one in which he had a primary interest. his investigations were carried on quietly and alone, without help or consultation. he made his celestial observations from a turret situated on the protective wall around the cathedral, observations were made " bare eyeball, " so to speak, as a hundred more years were to pass before the invention of the telescope. in 1530, copernicus completed and gave to the world his great work de revolutionibus, which asserted that the earth rotated on its axis once daily and traveled around the sun once yearly : a fantastic concept for the times. up to the time of copernicus the thinkers of the western world believed in the ptolemiac theory that the universe was a closed space bounded by a spherical envelope beyond which there was nothing. claudius ptolemy, an egyptian living in alexandria, at about 150 a. d., gathered and organized the thoughts of the earlier thinkers. ( it is to be noted that one of the ancient greek astronomers, aristarchus, did have ideas similar to those more fully developed by copernicus but they were rejected in favour of the geocentric or earth - centered scheme as was espoused by aristotle. ) ptolemy ' s findings were that the earth was a fixed, inert, immovable mass, located at the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies, including the sun and the fixed stars, revolved around it. it was a theory that appealed to human nature. it fit with the casual observations that a person might want to make in the field ; and second, it fed man ' s ego. copernicus was in no hurry to publish his theory, though parts of his work were circulated among a few of the astronomers that were giving the matter some thought ; indeed, copernicus ' work might not have ever reached the printing press if it had not been for a young man who sought out


theory, though parts of his work were circulated among a few of the astronomers that were giving the matter some thought ; indeed, copernicus ' work might not have ever reached the printing press if it had not been for a young man who sought out the master in 1539. george rheticus was a 25 year old german mathematics professor who was attracted to the 66 year old cleric, having read one of his papers. intending to spend a few weeks with copernicus, rheticus ended up staying as a house guest for two years, so fascinated was he with copernicus and his theories. now, up to this time, copernicus was reluctant to publish, - - not so much that he was concerned with what the church might say about his novel theory ( de revolutionibus was placed on the index in 1616 and only removed in 1835 ), but rather because he was a perfectionist and he never thought, even after working on it for thirty years, that his complete work was ready, - - there were, as far as copernicus was concerned, observations to be checked and rechecked. ( interestingly, copernicus ' original manuscript, lost to the world for 300 years, was located in prague in the middle of the 19th century ; it shows copernicus ' pen was, it would appear, continually in motion with revision after revision ; all in latin as was the vogue for scholarly writings in those days. ) copernicus died in 1543 and was never to know what a stir his work had caused. it went against the philosophical and religious beliefs that had been held during the medieval times. man, it was believed ( and still believed by some ) was made by god in his image, man was the next thing to god, and, as such, superior, especially in his best part, his soul, to all creatures, indeed this part was not even part of the natural world ( a philosophy which has proved disastrous to the earth ' s environment as any casual observer of the 20th century might confirm by simply looking about ). copernicus ' theories might well lead men to think that they are simply part of nature and not superior to it and that ran counter to the theories of the politically powerful churchmen of the time. two other italian scientists of the time, galileo and bruno, embraced the copernican theory unreservedly and as a result suffered much personal injury at the hands of the powerful church inquisitors. giordano bruno had the audacity


italian scientists of the time, galileo and bruno, embraced the copernican theory unreservedly and as a result suffered much personal injury at the hands of the powerful church inquisitors. giordano bruno had the audacity to even go beyond copernicus, and, dared to suggest, that space was boundless and that the sun was and its planets were but one of any number of similar systems : why! - - there even might be other inhabited worlds with rational beings equal or possibly superior to ourselves. for such blasphemy, bruno was tried before the inquisition, condemned and burned at the stake in 1600. galileo was brought forward in 1633, and, there, in front of his " betters, " he was, under the threat of torture and death, forced to his knees to renounce all belief in copernican theories, and was thereafter sentenced to imprisonment for the remainder of his days. the most important aspect of copernicus ' work is that it forever changed the place of man in the cosmos ; no longer could man legitimately think his significance greater than his fellow creatures ; with copernicus ' work, man could now take his place among that which exists all about him, and not of necessity take that premier position which had been assigned immodestly to him by the theologians. " of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of copernicus. the world had scarcely become known as round and complete in itself when it was asked to waive the tremendous privilege of being the center of the universe. never, perhaps, was a greater demand made on mankind - for by this admission so many things vanished in mist and smoke! what became of our eden, our world of innocence, piety and poetry ; the testimony of the senses ; the conviction of a poetic - religious faith? no wonder his contemporaries did not wish to let all this go and offered every possible resistance to a doctrine which in its converts authorized and demanded a freedom of view and greatness of thought so far unknown, indeed not even dreamed of. " [ goethe. ] 1 i quote from chambers biographical dictionary : " copernicus... was born at torun, poland. his father was a germanized slav, his mother a german ; and poland and germany both claim the honour of producing him. "


history and acknowledgements smart pointers are objects which store pointers to dynamically allocated ( heap ) objects. they behave much like built - in c + + pointers except that they automatically delete the object pointed to at the appropriate time. smart pointers are particularly useful in the face of exceptions as they ensure proper destruction of dynamically allocated objects. they can also be used to keep track of dynamically allocated objects shared by multiple owners. conceptually, smart pointers are seen as owning the object pointed to, and thus responsible for deletion of the object when it is no longer needed. the smart pointer library provides five smart pointer class templates : | scoped _ ptr | | < boost / scoped _ ptr. hpp > | | simple sole ownership of single objects. noncopyable. | | scoped _ array | | < boost / scoped _ array. hpp > | | simple sole ownership of arrays. noncopyable. | | shared _ ptr | | < boost / shared _ ptr. hpp > | | object ownership shared among multiple pointers | | shared _ array | | < boost / shared _ array. hpp > | | array ownership shared among multiple pointers. | | weak _ ptr | | < boost / weak _ ptr. hpp > | | non - owning observers of an object owned by shared _ ptr. | | intrusive _ ptr | | < boost / intrusive _ ptr. hpp > | | shared ownership of objects with an embedded reference count. | these templates are designed to complement the std : : auto _ ptr template. they are examples of the " resource acquisition is initialization " idiom described in bjarne stroustrup ' s " the c + + programming language ", 3rd edition, section 14. 4, resource management. a test program, smart _ ptr _ test. cpp, is provided to verify correct operation. a page on compatibility with older versions of the boost smart pointer library describes some of the changes since earlier versions of the smart pointer implementation. a page on smart pointer timings will be of interest to those curious about performance issues. a page on smart pointer programming techniques lists some advanced applications of these smart pointer class templates have a template parameter, t, which specifies the type of the object pointed to by the smart pointer. the behavior of the smart pointer templates is undefined if the destructor or operator del


some advanced applications of these smart pointer class templates have a template parameter, t, which specifies the type of the object pointed to by the smart pointer. the behavior of the smart pointer templates is undefined if the destructor or operator delete for objects of type t throw exceptions. t may be an incomplete type at the point of smart pointer declaration. unless otherwise specified, it is required that t be a complete type at points of smart pointer instantiation. implementations are required to diagnose ( treat as an error ) all violations of this requirement, including deletion of an incomplete type. see the description of the checked _ delete function template. note that shared _ ptr does not have this restriction, as most of its member functions do not require t to be a complete type. the requirements on t are carefully crafted to maximize safety yet allow handle - body ( also called pimpl ) and similar idioms. in these idioms a smart pointer may appear in translation units where t is an incomplete type. this separates interface from implementation and hides implementation from translation units which merely use the interface. examples described in the documentation for specific smart pointers illustrate use of smart pointers in these idioms. note that scoped _ ptr requires that t be a complete type at destruction time, but shared _ ptr does not. several functions in these smart pointer classes are specified as having " no effect " or " no effect except such - and - such " if an exception is thrown. this means that when an exception is thrown by an object of one of these classes, the entire program state remains the same as it was prior to the function call which resulted in the exception being thrown. this amounts to a guarantee that there are no detectable side effects. other functions never throw exceptions. the only exception ever thrown by functions which do throw ( assuming t meets the common requirements ) is std : : bad _ alloc, and that is thrown only by functions which are explicitly documented as possibly throwing std : : bad _ alloc. exception - specifications are not used ; see exception - specification rationale. all the smart pointer templates contain member functions which can never throw exceptions, because they neither throw exceptions themselves nor call other functions which may throw exceptions. these members are indicated by a comment : / / never throws. functions which destroy objects of the pointed to type are prohibited from throwing exceptions by the common requirements. january 2002. peter dimov reworked all four classes, adding features, fixing bugs, and splitting them into


indicated by a comment : / / never throws. functions which destroy objects of the pointed to type are prohibited from throwing exceptions by the common requirements. january 2002. peter dimov reworked all four classes, adding features, fixing bugs, and splitting them into four separate headers, and added weak _ ptr. see the compatibility page for a summary of the changes. may 2001. vladimir prus suggested requiring a complete type on destruction. refinement evolved in discussions including dave abrahams, greg colvin, beman dawes, rainer deyke, peter dimov, john maddock, vladimir prus, shankar sai, and others. november 1999. darin adler provided operator = =, operator! =, and std : : swap and std : : less specializations for shared types. september 1999. luis coelho provided shared _ ptr : : swap and shared _ array : : swap may 1999. in april and may, 1999, valentin bonnard and david abrahams made a number of suggestions resulting in numerous improvements. october 1998. beman dawes proposed reviving the original semantics under the names safe _ ptr and counted _ ptr, meeting of per andersson, matt austern, greg colvin, sean corfield, pete becker, nico josuttis, dietmar kuhl, nathan myers, chichiang wan and judy ward. during the discussion, the four new class names were finalized, it was decided that there was no need to exactly follow the std : : auto _ ptr interface, and various function signatures and semantics were finalized. over the next three months, several implementations were considered for shared _ ptr, and discussed on the boost. org mailing list. the implementation questions revolved around the reference count which must be kept, either attached to the pointed to object, or detached elsewhere. each of those variants have themselves two major variants : each implementation technique has advantages and disadvantages. we went so far as to run various timings of the direct and indirect approaches, and found that at least on intel pentium chips there was very little measurable difference. kevlin henney provided a paper he wrote on " counted body techniques. " dietmar kuhl suggested an elegant partial template specialization technique to allow users to choose which implementation they preferred, and that was also experimented with. but greg colvin and jerry schwarz argued that " parameterization will discourage users ", and in the end we choose to supply only the direct implementation. summer, 1994. greg colvin


choose which implementation they preferred, and that was also experimented with. but greg colvin and jerry schwarz argued that " parameterization will discourage users ", and in the end we choose to supply only the direct implementation. summer, 1994. greg colvin proposed to the c + + standards committee classes named auto _ ptr and counted _ ptr which were very similar to what we now call scoped _ ptr and shared _ ptr. [ col - 94 ] in one of the very few cases where the library working group ' s recommendations were not followed by the full committee, counted _ ptr was rejected and surprising transfer - of - ownership semantics were added to auto _ ptr. [ col - 94 ] gregory colvin, exception safe smart pointers, c + + committee document 94 - 168 / n0555, july, 1994. [ e & d - 94 ] john r. ellis & david l. detlefs, safe, efficient garbage collection for c + +, usenix proceedings, february, 1994. this paper includes an extensive discussion of weak pointers and an extensive bibliography. $ date : 2004 / 10 / 05 15 : 45 : 50 $ copyright 1999 greg colvin and beman dawes. copyright 2002 darin adler. permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. this document is provided " as is " without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.


sleep disorders and traumatic brain injury when a person suffers from traumatic brain injury ( tbi ), one of the most common and significant side effects the patient can experience is a sleep disorder. tbi causes the biological and electrical rhythm of sleep to be interrupted. the patient may experience difficulty sleeping, an altered or changing sleep pattern, or even the need to sleep for unusually short or long periods after the injury has occurred. a traumatic brain injury also affects an individual ’ s ability to control their breathing, dreaming, and leg movements during sleep. recently, researchers have found that almost half of those who are suffering from a traumatic brain injury may have a sleep disorder, with the leading cause being obstructive sleep apnea. another study concluded that after a traumatic brain injury has occurred, especially a mild injury, individuals often experience sleep disturbance, complicating recovery from the injury as well as relief from the symptoms. currently, researchers are coming to the realization that mild traumatic brain injuries are more likely to result in sleep disorders than severe injuries. effects of sleep disorders when an individual does not receive the proper amount of sleep to allow the body to recharge, cognitive ability and function is decreased, while an increase in irritability becomes prevalent. patients with a sleep disorder experience symptoms very similar to a traumatic brain injury, complicating and possibly exacerbating the effects of the injury itself. traumatic brain injuries usually occur due to a fall or a collision. when these types of incidents occur, some part of the body is usually hurt or strained. sleep allows the body to rest and rebuild itself, repairing injured muscles. however, a sleep disorder does not allow this process to happen. increased fatigue also affects memory. those who experience traumatic brain injury and memory loss or impairment from lack of sleep may have increased memory problems. most individuals with sleeping disorders are able to take medication prescribed by their doctors to help them sleep. however, patients with tbi may find their doctors are reluctant to prescribe these types of medicines. if a prescription is necessary, a low - dose anti - depressant medication may help the individual fall asleep easier, stay asleep, and sleep more soundly. unfortunately, the medications may also make it harder for the patient to wake up. consistency is another way to help battle a sleeping disorder and the patient should go to bed and wake up at the same times every day. this helps to restore natural sleep rhythms. it is also wise to avoid caffeine and exercise later in the day. if you or someone you love has


myocardial perfusion spect what is it? a myocardial perfusion spect ( single photon emission computed tomography ) study, also called a cardiac stress - rest test, helps your doctor evaluate your heart ’ s blood supply. two sets of images showing blood flow are obtained : the first following a period of rest, and the second following a period of stress ( i. e., exercise ). this is how it works : - the technologist injects a radiotracer into a vein. a radiotracer is a compound made of a radioactive isotope and a pharmaceutical agent. in the radiotracer used for myocardial perfusion spect, the pharmaceutical part keeps the tracer in the blood until it is filtered out by the kidneys. - the radioactive isotope releases energy, and a special camera creates an image from it. the image shows any area with abnormal blood flow indicating a problem in the heart or vessels. what is it for? myocardial perfusion spect is used to evaluate damage that might have been caused by a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) and to assess the presence and extent of myocardial ischemia ( reduced blood flow due to obstruction in the vessels ). your doctor will determine if a myocardial perfusion spect examination is necessary. how will the exam be scheduled? your doctor will schedule the examination. when the exam is scheduled, your doctor must send a written order for the test. you should also request a copy of this written order, and you should bring it with you to your appointment. according to massachusetts state law, the technologist cannot inject the radiotracer without a written order from your doctor. your examination will be delayed if we do not receive a written order. when your examination is scheduled, your doctor will be told the time for your injection, which is the time of your appointment. the length of the complete examination, however, is variable and depends on a number of factors that cannot be determined outside of the lab. you should plan to be in the lab for 3 - 4 hours. as you plan your visit to our lab, please remember that children under the age of 12 are not permitted within the nuclear medicine waiting room or laboratory areas. how should i prepare for the examination? you should not eat or drink anything after midnight on the night prior to your examination. if your stomach is empty, you are less likely to become nauseous during the stress portion of the examination. in addition, your cardiac images will


the examination? you should not eat or drink anything after midnight on the night prior to your examination. if your stomach is empty, you are less likely to become nauseous during the stress portion of the examination. in addition, your cardiac images will be easier to interpret. it is especially important that you avoid coffee, tea, soda, chocolate, and any other caffeinated beverage or food for at least 12 - 24 hours before your examination. keep in mind that even decaffeinated beverages do contain some residual caffeine, so they should also be avoided. caffeine is a stimulant and may affect the results of your study. your doctor may ask you to stop taking certain medications for a specific period prior to the examination. discuss your medications with your doctor when the examination is scheduled to determine which, if any, you should temporarily discontinue. this examination does require exercise on a treadmill. you should wear ( or bring along ) comfortable, appropriate clothing and shoes. we recommend shorts or sweatpants and athletic shoes. what happens during the examination? prior to receiving her injection, any woman between the ages of 12 and 56 will be asked if she might be pregnant. if you think you might be pregnant you should talk to your doctor about it before having a nuclear medicine examination. a myocardial perfusion spect study occurs in two parts. the first part captures images while your heart is in a state of rest. the technologist will place an intravenous ( iv ) catheter in your arm, then inject the appropriate dose of radiotracer through the catheter. you will then be asked to wait in the waiting room for 45 minutes? 1 hour. when you return to the lab for imaging, the technologist will ask you to lie on your back on a bed positioned between a set of cameras. once you are comfortable on the bed, the imaging will begin. the bed will slide you into the correct position, and the cameras will rotate around your body. the cameras will come quite close you, but will not touch you. it takes about 20 minutes for the cameras to record a complete set of images. it is very important that you remain still during that time. the second part of the examination captures images while your heart is in a state of stress. the technologist will apply electrodes to your chest so that your heart rhythm can be monitored by electrocardiography ( ekg or ecg ). you will be asked to walk on a treadmill in order to


is in a state of stress. the technologist will apply electrodes to your chest so that your heart rhythm can be monitored by electrocardiography ( ekg or ecg ). you will be asked to walk on a treadmill in order to increase your heart rate — in other words, to induce stress on your heart. as you walk, both speed and incline will increase every three minutes — increasing the intensity of your exercise. you will be asked to walk as long as you can in order to induce maximum stress. if you are unable to exercise, or if you are unable to exercise enough to produce the necessary stress on your heart, stress can be induced by injecting a drug. a drug may also be used in combination with exercise. shortly before you stop exercising, a second, small dose of radiotracer will be injected through the iv catheter. within approximately 30 minutes, you will be ready for the second set of images. this imaging portion will take about 20 minutes. it is important that you remain still while the images are obtained — movement can ruin the images, and the radiologist may have difficulty interpreting them accurately. after the examination is complete, you will be able to resume normal daily activities. there will be no further restrictions on eating or drinking. the radiotracers do not cause drowsiness, so you will be able to drive. how will i receive the results? a nuclear medicine physician will review and interpret the images obtained during your study. the results of your myocardial perfusion spect examination will be provided to your doctor within 48 hours. are there any side effects? most people do not experience any side effects from the radiotracer. is the radiation dangerous? nuclear medicine examinations do involve the use of a small amount of radiation. the tracer dose is calculated to minimize radiation exposure while providing accurate test results. nuclear medicine studies may not be appropriate for pregnant women or those who are breastfeeding. if you think you may be pregnant, discuss this with your doctor. of course, it is always important to consider the benefits of any diagnostic study along with the risks. in some cases, the importance of making the correct diagnosis outweighs the potential risk to the unborn baby. your doctor can explain your options. if you are breastfeeding, you should not nurse your baby for approximately 36 hours after the radiotracer injection, since radiation can be passed through the breast milk. prepare for your examination by pumping and saving milk for 24 - 48 hours before your examination, then


pocket gopherarticle free pass pocket gopher ( family geomyidae ), any of 38 species of predominantly north and central american rodents named for their large, fur - lined cheek pouches. the “ pockets ” open externally on each side of the mouth and extend from the face to the shoulders ; they can be everted for cleaning. the lips can be closed behind the protruding, chisel - like upper front teeth, which thereby allows the gopher to excavate soil without ingesting it. thickset and cylindrical, pocket gophers are 12 to 35 cm ( 4. 7 to 13. 8 inches ) in body length, with a short neck, small eyes and ears, and short legs. the five front digits on each muscular foreleg bear long and powerful digging claws. the short, sparsely haired tail is sensitive and well supplied with blood vessels and nerves. coat colour varies among species from almost white through tones of yellow and brown to black. pocket gophers excavate long shallow, winding tunnels to obtain roots and tubers. burrows for nesting and food storage, however, are deep and extensive and are marked by conspicuous mounds of earth near the entrances. pocket gophers dig primarily with their front claws and use their front teeth to cut roots and loosen soil or rocks. when moving backward through tunnels, they arch the tail so that its sensitive tip touches the tunnel wall. this allows the pocket gopher to run backward nearly as fast as it can forward. occasionally, gophers venture short distances from their burrows to collect succulent herbs, cutting the plants into short pieces and carrying them back in their cheek pouches. pocket gophers do not hibernate, and stems, roots, and tubers that they hoard in storage chambers enable them to survive the winter. these solitary, pugnacious animals tolerate company only during the breeding season in spring or early summer. about four weeks after mating, the female produces a litter of two to six, and she cares for her blind, hairless young for about six weeks. then the offspring begin to develop rapidly, and in several more weeks they leave the mother ’ s burrow to excavate their own shelters. pocket gophers range from southern canada and the united states ( mostly west of 90° longitude and in florida ), south through mexico and central america, to northwestern colombia. they can be found from coastal areas to above the timberline in high mountains. between these extremes of elevation, they live in a great variety of habitats from


90° longitude and in florida ), south through mexico and central america, to northwestern colombia. they can be found from coastal areas to above the timberline in high mountains. between these extremes of elevation, they live in a great variety of habitats from tropical lowlands and grasslands to oak and coniferous forest to mountain meadows. classification and paleontology pocket gophers constitute the family geomyidae within the order rodentia ; their closest living relatives are kangaroo rats and pocket mice. the evolutionary history of geomyidae is based on fossils of nine extinct genera found only in north american sediments from the early oligocene epoch ( 33. 7 million to 28. 5 million years ago ). - family geomyidae ( pocket gophers ) - 38 species in 5 genera. - genus orthogeomys ( giant pocket gophers ) - 11 central and south american species. - genus thomomys ( western pocket gophers ) - 9 species. - genus pappogeomys ( mexican pocket gophers ) - 9 species. - genus geomys ( eastern pocket gophers ) - 8 species. - genus zygogeomys ( michoacan pocket gopher ) - 1 species. what made you want to look up " pocket gopher "? please share what surprised you most...


virgilarticle free pass virgil, also spelled vergil, latin in full publius vergilius maro ( born october 15, 70 bc, andes, near mantua [ italy ] — died september 21, 19 bc, brundisium ), roman poet, best known for his national epic, the aeneid ( from c. 30 bc ; unfinished at his death ). virgil was regarded by the romans as their greatest poet, an estimation that subsequent generations have upheld. his fame rests chiefly upon the aeneid, which tells the story of rome ’ s legendary founder and proclaims the roman mission to civilize the world under divine guidance. his reputation as a poet endures not only for the music and diction of his verse and for his skill in constructing an intricate work on the grand scale but also because he embodied in his poetry aspects of experience and behaviour of permanent significance. virgil was born of peasant stock, and his love of the italian countryside and of the people who cultivated it colours all his poetry. he was educated at cremona, at milan, and finally at rome, acquiring a thorough knowledge of greek and roman authors, especially of the poets, and receiving a detailed training in rhetoric and philosophy. it is known that one of his teachers was the epicurean siro, and the epicurean philosophy is substantially reflected in his early poetry but gradually gives way to attitudes more akin to stoicism. during virgil ’ s youth, as the roman republic neared its end, the political and military situation in italy was confused and often calamitous. the civil war between marius and sulla had been succeeded by conflict between pompey and julius caesar for supreme power. when virgil was 20, caesar with his armies swooped south from gaul, crossed the rubicon, and began the series of civil wars that were not to end until augustus ’ victory at actium in 31 bc. hatred and fear of civil war is powerfully expressed by both virgil and his contemporary horace. the key to a proper understanding of the augustan age and its poets lies, indeed, in a proper understanding of the turmoil that had preceded the augustan peace. virgil ’ s life was devoted entirely to his poetry and to studies connected with it ; his health was never robust, and he played no part in military or political life. it is said that he spoke once in the lawcourts without distinction and that his shy and retiring nature caused him to give up any ideas he might have had of taking part in the


viewed in 2010, some of the early 20th century children ’ s books lissa paul is studying look a little surreal. there ’ s an abc for baby patriots, where b stands for battles and c stands for colonies. there ’ s an ad that encourages kids to dress up a male paper doll, pictured on a missile - firing battle ship, in navy regalia. in the years just before the first world war, the professor of education says, children ’ s books and popular culture promoted proud support of the british empire. so when war was declared in 1914, young boys were already primed to fight for their countries. as the 100th anniversary of the first world war approaches, the uk ’ s leverhulme trust is funding three international conferences to study children ’ s literature and culture in the years approaching the first world war. paul is organizing the canadian conference. from the boy scouts, formed in part to train boys for future military life, to books promoting the virtue of supporting king and country, children ’ s literature presented the glory of war strongly enough to suppress all instinctive, religious and cultural imperatives against killing, paul said. “ if you ’ re going to get young people to overcome those instincts, you have to work pretty hard to create a culture that makes it not only acceptable, but desirable, ” she said. by studying children ’ s literature and culture in the pre - war years, “ we ’ ll gain insights into how children were enculturated, ” she said. “ if we ’ re ever going to stop war, we have to understand what encourages people to fight. ” the conferences, part of the international research project approaching war, will take place in australia, canada and england in 2011, 2012 and 2013. the australian conference, located at the university of technology sydney, will be in november or early december of this year. a three - day conference is being tentatively constructed for may 9 to 12, 2012, in canada, starting at brock and moving to mccrae house in guelph, birthplace of in flanders fields author john mccrae. the third conference will be in newcastle, uk. newcastle university, the university of technology sydney and the toronto public library ( through its osborne collection ) are part of the research project. paul, who has been at brock since 2005, has a long - time interest in children ’ s literature. her new book, the children ’ s book business : lessons from the long eighteenth century, was published dec. 14 by routledge. she is an associate general editor of the norton anthology


benefits of geocaching geocachers get a lot out of geocaching, not the least of which is that it allows them to enjoy the great outdoors. geocaching is an outdoor physical activity much like a modern, high - tech treasure hunting game. it is currently being played in more than 200 countries with about 5 million participants around the world by kids and adults alike. the objective of the game is to look for hidden caches or containers that may be buried or just hidden on ground level. the caches may be hidden deep in the forest, mountainous tracks, parks and even the city. in order to find the hidden caches, participants must have a gps receiver or web - enabled device or smartphone in order for them to download the coordinates of the cache. the coordinates will tell them where to look for the cache. just like any other sports or hobby, geocaching offers a variety of benefits. of course, the benefit each participant gets will depend on how involved he or she is in the sport. first, there ’ s the physical benefit. going outdoors and searching for hidden caches will definitely build your stamina and it will keep you physically active. it ’ s like exercising already, with all the walking and may be running that you will be doing. geocaching also benefits the participants socially. even though it ’ s considered an individual sport, you will still meet new friends along the way, not to mention there are different organizations or clubs for geocaching enthusiasts. these clubs aim to help each player to be better at the sport by sharing experiences and tips with one another. it will also give the participant a sense of belonging. geocaching can foster communication and build relationships. it is also beneficial for youth groups to engage in geocaching to build social skills and camaraderie. some schools even adapt the way geocaching works and apply it to group activities or workshops. geocaching also provides educational benefits. most caches are hidden near popular historical sites, and most of the caches will have information regarding that particular historical site. participants will also learn about geography and its significance. the sport will also teach you how to follow directions by using coordinates, compass and map. when geocaching is used for teaching, it can develop math and science skills and it will also make learning the course more interesting ; this, in turn will help the students become more inclined to learning. economic boon for locales there ’ s an economic benefit to geocaching as well. since this is a sport


book description : the essence of critical thinking concepts and tools distilled into a 20 - page pocket - size guide. it is a critical thinking supplement to any textbook or course. it is best used in conjunction with the analytic thinking guide. everyone thinks ; it is our nature to do so. but much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down - right prejudiced. yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our thought. shoddy thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. excellence in thought, however, must be systematically cultivated. critical thinking is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it. critical thinking is, self - directed, self - disciplined, self - monitored, and self - corrective thinking. it requires rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. it entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcoming our native egocentrism and sociocentrism. this miniature guide focuses on of the essence of critical thinking concepts and tools distilled into pocket size. for faculty it provides a shared concept of critical thinking. for students it is a critical thinking supplement to any textbook for any course. faculty can use it to design instruction, assignments, and tests in any subject. students can use it to improve their learning in any content area. its generic skills apply to all subjects. for example, critical thinkers are clear as to the purpose at hand and the question at issue. they question information, conclusions, and points of view. they strive to be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant. they seek to think beneath the surface, to be logical, and fair. they apply these skills to their reading and writing as well as to their speaking and listening. they apply them in history, science, math, philosophy, and the arts ; in professional and personal life.


the information below is designed to help you understand what your latest blood pressure readings may mean for your health - - and to provide tips on what you can do to get or keep your blood pressure in a healthy zone. note : this information isn ' t a substitute for medical advice provided by your doctor. if you think you might have hypertension or pre - hypertension, be sure to discuss your blood pressure concerns with a doctor or nurse, who can help you factor in other important information, such as other medical problems you may have. in particular, the information below may not always apply to those who are very old, very frail, or have multiple chronic medical conditions. view the full blood pressure chart. what a blood pressure reading of 177 / 100 means readings between 160 / 110 and 180 / 110 usually indicate stage 2 hypertension, which puts you at high risk for life - threatening problems such as heart attack and stroke. high blood pressure in this range can cause symptoms such as headache, nausea and vomiting, mental confusion, vision changes, chest pain, or shortness of breath. if you notice any of these symptoms, your high blood pressure is considered a hypertensive emergency and you need to call 911. during a hypertensive emergency, a medical team will work to bring your blood pressure down quickly. if you don ' t have these symptoms but your blood pressure remains high, doctors call this " hypertensive urgency. " it ' s important to seek medical attention for hypertensive urgency, so that doctors can help bring your blood pressure down over a period of hours to days. often people don ' t notice any symptoms, even when blood pressure is very high. over time, however, uncontrolled high blood pressure leads to chronic damage of the body ' s arteries and organs. common results of this damage include enlargement of the heart, which can cause heart failure, and chronic kidney damage, which can eventually require dialysis. what to do if your blood pressure reading is 177 / 100 don ' t make a decision based on one bp reading alone ; lie down and rest for a few minutes before getting additional readings when you ' re calm. watch for symptoms of hypertensive emergency, such as headache, nausea or vomiting, confusion, vision changes, chest pain, and / or shortness of breath. these could be signs of a life - threatening problem and require a call to 911. be sure you ' re taking all medications as prescribed. call your doctor if several bp readings are above 180 / 110. if you


/ or shortness of breath. these could be signs of a life - threatening problem and require a call to 911. be sure you ' re taking all medications as prescribed. call your doctor if several bp readings are above 180 / 110. if you haven ' t yet done so, purchase a home blood pressure monitor that uses an arm cuff and check your bp every few days. ( wrist and finger monitoring systems don ' t give accurate results. ) write down each reading, indicating the date and time, and bring this record to the doctor when you visit. talk with a doctor about adjusting dosage of medications to bring your bp readings down. ask the doctor to check for other conditions that can worsen high blood pressure, such as sleep apnea. ask your pharmacist or doctor if you ' re on any medications that can worsen high blood pressure ( these can include nsaids, as well as some antidepressants ). if you haven ' t yet done so, purchase a home blood pressure monitor that uses an arm cuff and check bp every few days. ( wrist and finger monitoring systems don ' t give accurate results. ) write down each reading, indicating the date and time, and bring this record to the doctor when you visit. once you ' re discussed your medical plan with your doctor, continue to pursue lifestyle modifications : lose weight or maintain healthy weight. increase physical activity. lower salt intake to less than 2g per day ( most americans get 5 to 10 grams a day ). notes from the geriatrician on the care of those ages 80 and over : very high blood pressure in this range should almost always be treated, even in very old and frail adults. however, as people get older, they often become more sensitive to quick drops in blood pressure. for this reason, if there are no symptoms of hypertensive emergency, the plan for bringing down blood pressure tends to be more gradual in very old adults ( above ages 80 to 85 ). leslie kernisan, md caring. com senior medical editor robert ostfeld, md, m. sc., facc associate professor of clinical medicine montefiore medical center carolyn strimike, rn, msn cardiac nurse - practitioner at women ' s heart center at st. joseph ' s medical center phoenix, arizona cofounder, heartsstrong, a website for education about heart health author : take charge : a man ' s road map to a healthy heart


the qwerty effect, demonstrated in jasmin & casasanto, 2012, psychonomic bulletin and review, is a subtle but reliable association between the way words are typed on the qwerty keyboard and their emotional valence. across 3 experiments, jasmin and casasanto found that words spelled with more letters from the right side of the keyboard were, on average, more positive in meaning than words spelled with more letters from the left side ( i. e., there was a positive association between the words ' right side advantage ( rsa ) and their emotional valence ratings ). in his blog post on the language log ( march 8, 2012 ), mark liberman denounced our study, calling the reliability of the results into question. this is our reply. is the qwerty effect robust, or did the authors report a false positive result? replication is the best protection against false positives. in our paper, we replicated the effect 6 times, in 5 different corpora ( one of which we divided a priori into two parts ), in 3 languages and a large corpus of pseudowords. subsequently, we replicated the effect again in a 6th corpus, in a 4th language. [ note : scientists who are used to looking at graphs, you might want to skip straight to the plots of the permutation tests showing the reliability of these effects, below ( fig. 1a - j ). these plots show the frequencies of permuted r - values compared to the observed r - value for each of the tests mentioned above. these are simple regression analyses on raw data, controlling for nothing. they tell the whole story, and show that the observed effects are extremely unlikely to have occurred by chance, over and over and over and over... ] we ' ll add that we even find the qwerty effect in the dodds et al. corpus, which liberman posted as a " failure to replicate " our effect, when the analysis is controlled appropriately - showing that the effect still holds ( weakly but significantly ) for a peculiar corpus in which a " word " is defined as " any contiguous set of characters bounded by white space and / or a small set of punctuation characters " - demonstrating the qwerty effect in a 7th corpus, for an 8th time. 1. he ran a simple regression of valence on right hand advantage ( rha ) for one of the five corpora we used, and reported that the " multiple adjusted r2 " was not significant. 2.


, for an 8th time. 1. he ran a simple regression of valence on right hand advantage ( rha ) for one of the five corpora we used, and reported that the " multiple adjusted r2 " was not significant. 2. he did a permutation test with three iterations, and showed that, in one of the three permutations, the permuted effect was almost as big as the real observed effect. 3. he said things that simply aren ' t true, like that he " didn ' t have access " to the corpora we analyzed, and he made groundless insinuations, suggesting that our experiments were susceptible to the problems discussed in the false positives paper by simmons et al. ( how? ) 4. he posted a " failure to replicate " the qwerty effect in a large but peculiar corpus of english " words. " we ' ll address each of these, as briefly and respectfully as possible. liberman reports that he ran a simple regression of valence on rha in english anew, and that the " multiple adjusted r2 " was not significant. why report a " multiple adjusted r2 " for a simple regression? the adjusted r2 is almost always smaller than plain - old r2, which is probably why liberman decided to report it. however, using " multiple adjusted r2 " only makes sense in multiple regression models - that is, in models with multiple explanatory variables. in a simple regression with one " x " and one " y, " however, there is only one explanatory variable, so the multiple adjusted r2 is virtually meaningless, and reporting it is highly non - standard. r2 ( the square of pearson ' s r ) is standard. what happens if you test for the significance of the effect of rsa on valence in a simple regression using an appropriate measure ( i. e., pearson ' s r )? well, that shows a significant positive association, just as we predicted ( see figure 1d, below ). liberman ran a permutation test with * three * iterations on one of the corpora we analyzed, and showed that, in one of the three permutations, the permuted effect was almost as big as the real effect. on the basis of this " test, " he concludes that our results are probably a fluke. we agree that permutation tests are an excellent way to test the reliability of an effect. however, to run


as big as the real effect. on the basis of this " test, " he concludes that our results are probably a fluke. we agree that permutation tests are an excellent way to test the reliability of an effect. however, to run a valid permutation test, one usually iterates the permutation 1, 000 or 10, 000 times. liberman iterated his 3 times. suppose you flip a coin 3 times, and it comes up " tails " 3 times in a row. can you conclude that the coin is weighted? of course not - you can ' t conclude anything. ironically, when liberman flipped his coin, the outcome supported the qwerty effect all three times. that is, he never found that the permuted effect was greater than the observed effect in the real data, which makes his conclusion even more nonsensical. if one were to compute the p - value based on these 3 permutations, all of which yielded effects smaller than the observed effect, the p - value would be p = 0. 0000000 ( to infinity ). of course, interpreting this " test " as evidence for the qwerty effect would be as silly as interpreting it as evidence against it. what happens if we run interpretable permutation tests - with 10, 000 iterations? below you can see the results of these tests, on all of the data that we reported in the paper, and also on some new data that will be reported in a follow - up paper. for people unfamiliar with permutation tests, all you do is randomly shuffle the dependent measure with respect to the predictor ( so, in this case, the valence for one word gets randomly paired with the rsa for another ), and you see how often the r - value for the randomly shuffled data comes out to be greater than the observed r - value for the real data. this proportion gives you a p - value for the observed r - value, in an intuitive way : a p - value of. 001 means that the randomly permuted test statistic came out to be greater than the real observed test statistic only 10 times out of 10, 000 ( i. e., 1 in 1000 ). here ' s what 10, 000 - iteration permutation tests show for simple regressions on the raw data, controlling for nothing : a. all anew words ( combining english, dutch, & spanish ) : observed r = 0. 053, p =. 001


, 000 - iteration permutation tests show for simple regressions on the raw data, controlling for nothing : a. all anew words ( combining english, dutch, & spanish ) : observed r = 0. 053, p =. 001 b. dutch anew only : observed r = 0. 06, p =. 025 c. spanish anew only : observed r = 0. 041, p =. 099 d. english anew only : observed r = 0. 055, p =. 04 e. all afinn words ( pre - and post - qwerty ) : observed r = 0. 061, p =. 001 f. pre - qwerty words : observed r = 0. 05, p =. 009 g. post - qwerty words : observed r = 0. 35, p =. 002 h. all nonce words : observed r = 0. 079, p = 0. 000004 i. european portuguese anew : observed r = 0. 082, p =. 004 j. words unique to afinn ( n = 2178 ) : observed r = 0. 06, p =. 002 experiment 1 - permutation tests ( fig. 1a - d ) frequency of permuted r - scores for english, spanish and dutch anew, and their aggregate. dotted lines indicate observed values. frequency of permuted r - scores for all afinn words, pre - qwerty words alone, and post - qwerty words alone. dotted lines indicate observed values. frequency of permuted r - scores for pseudoword corpus. dotted line indicates observed value. frequency of permuted r - scores for european portuguese anew. dotted line indicates observed value. frequency of permuted r - scores for words in afinn corpus that are not in english anew. dotted line indicates observed value. again, these plots reflect simple regressions of valence on rsa for the * raw data *, controlling for nothing. most of these effects get stronger - sometimes much stronger - when you control for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction. ( lexical frequency data were not available for all of the words - we addressed this issue by running the nonce word experiment, in which all items had lexical frequencies of zero. ) these are 1 - tailed p - values. all of the omnibus analyses are highly significant by 2 - tailed tests. are we justified in interpreting 1 - tailed tests


the nonce word experiment, in which all items had lexical frequencies of zero. ) these are 1 - tailed p - values. all of the omnibus analyses are highly significant by 2 - tailed tests. are we justified in interpreting 1 - tailed tests on the subordinate analyses? yes, in light of ( a ) the highly significant effect in the omnibus analyses, and ( b ) our a priori prediction about the direction of the qwerty effect, overall. besides, if you convert everything to 2 - tailed tests, there ' s only one change of consequence : english anew goes from p =. 04 to p =. 08. as reported in our paper, spanish anew showed a non - significant trend in the same direction as all of the other tests. the spanish pattern did not differ statistically from the other anew tests ( i. e., the interaction of language x rsa did not approach significance ), so it would be inappropriate to interpret this result as differing from the others ( see paper ). above we ' ve reported 2 tests that were not in the paper ( see figs 1i - j ). first, while our paper was in press, a european portuguese version of anew was published. as you can see from fig. 1i, above, the portuguese anew data replicate the pattern found in english, spanish, and dutch, and even produce a stronger qwerty effect than was found in the other 3 languages. second, we added an analysis to increase the independence of these various tests of the qwerty effect. in the anew tests that we reported in the paper, words and their translation equivalents were modeled as repeated observations - in this way we correctly accounted for the non - independence of the corresponding words in the three anew corpora. so, the model was " informed " that translation equivalents of the same words were being analyzed. still, arguably, the different versions of anew may not be not fully independent ( to be conservative, we reported the 3 anews as one experiment ). the nonce word corpus was clearly independent of anew, so the nonce results constitute an independent validation of the qwerty effect. afinn was mostly independent, but there were some words that overlapped with english anew. to make sure that the afinn results constitute another completely independent validation of the qwerty effect, here we report an analysis of just those words that were found in afinn but not in anew ( n = 2178 words ).


squared = 0. 23, df = 2, p =. 89 ], and the effect of rsa on valence remained significant when the effect of language and the interaction of language with rsa were controlled [ b = 0. 043, wald chi squared = 5. 19, df = 1, p = 0. 02 ]. since there was no significant difference in the strength of the qwerty effect across languages, an analysis of each separate language is neither required nor licensed. with that caveat, we note that the predicted relationship between rsa and valence was significant in english [ b =. 043, wald chi squared = 4. 61, df = 1, p =. 03 ] and in dutch [ b =. 051, wald chi squared = 5. 81, df = 1, p =. 02 ], and a trend in the same positive direction was found in spanish [ b =. 035, wald chi squared = 1. 04, p =. 31 ]. it would be inappropriate to interpret these patterns as differing between languages, given the lack of any statistical difference ( wald chi squared < 1 ), which cannot be attributed to a lack of power ( minimum n = 1, 031 items ). " we note that, upon rereading the paper in the light of this uproar, we see something about the way we reported the tests of the individual languages that was not clear : these tests of the qwerty effect in the individual languages controlled for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction. thus, they correspond to the omnibus analysis in the paragraph that immediately follows them ( which, as stated, controls for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction ), and not to the omnibus analysis in the paragraph that immediately precedes them, on the uncontrolled data. we apologize for any confusion this may have caused. uncontrolled simple regression results for each language are reported here, above, in figs. 1b - d. the differences between the raw and controlled versions of these analyses are slight, and do not change how the results should be interpreted. to reiterate, both raw and controlled omnibus analyses on the aggregated anew data are reported in the paper ; controlled analyses of the individual languages were reported ( for uncontrolled analyses on individual languages, see figs 1b - d, above ). as noted in the paper, the omnibus analyses showed no difference in the magnitude of the


in the paper ; controlled analyses of the individual languages were reported ( for uncontrolled analyses on individual languages, see figs 1b - d, above ). as noted in the paper, the omnibus analyses showed no difference in the magnitude of the qwerty effect across languages. as such, separate analyses of the individual languages were not licensed by the omnibus test. we reported the most carefully controlled ( and therefore most clearly interpretable ) version of these tests anyway, because we had an a priori hypothesis about the direction of the effects, and for the sake of full disclosure. the simmons paper, useful in many ways, points to four " researcher degrees of freedom " that can lead to false positive results. from the simmons paper : situation a : two dependent variables. situation b : addition of 10 more observations per cell. situation c : controlling for gender or interaction of gender with treatment. situation d : dropping ( or not dropping ) one of three conditions. we ' ll address each of these briefly. sometimes, authors collect multiple dvs of interest, or potentially of interest, and only report the one ( s ) that come out to be significant. we didn ' t do this. since we only had one dependent variable of interest ( i. e., valence ) our study is immune to this problem. but wait, you might say, how was this dv chosen? how do skeptics know that valence was really the intended dv? we ask curious readers to please have a look at our previous research, some of which is cited in the qwerty paper : in the past 3 years, we ' ve published 5 other papers exploring how manual motor fluency and left - right space are related to valence in language and thought. it ' s worth noting that one of the commentators, steve kass, gets this point completely backwards. he wrote : " the authors incidentally mention that the danew words were rated for several factors not addressed in the paper : arousal, concreteness, dominance, and imageability. the data is all in appendix b [... ] and it would be interesting to see if there ' s a qwerty effect for any of these factors. it ' s hard not to wonder if the authors looked for one. certainly the paper doesn ' t conform to all of the recommendations in the psychological science paper you mention. " actually, we do exactly what simmons et al. ' s recommended ( not because of their recommendation, of course - - their paper was published after our manuscript


paper doesn ' t conform to all of the recommendations in the psychological science paper you mention. " actually, we do exactly what simmons et al. ' s recommended ( not because of their recommendation, of course - - their paper was published after our manuscript was submitted ). from simmons, et al. ' s list of recommendations : " authors must list all variables collected in a study. this requirement prevents researchers from reporting only a convenient subset of the many measures that were collected, allowing readers and reviewers to easily identify possible researcher degrees of freedom. because authors are required to just list those variables rather than describe them in detail, this requirement increases the length of an article by only a few words per otherwise shrouded variable. " we never had any intention of analyzing words ' arousal, concreteness, dominance, or imageability as a function of their rsa. we collected these variables to make danew comparable to the anew corpora in other languages. if we had gone snooping around to see if there was some sort of " qwerty effect " for these other variables as mr. kass recommends - or if we had started throwing them into our models without justification, just to see what they do - this would be committing exactly the sin that simmons et al. are trying to warn researchers against. situation b : addition of 10 more observations per cell. this is probably the most common of the experimental sins that simmons et al. point out : adding more subjects ad hoc until your effect becomes significant. we didn ' t do that. note that 4 of the corpora analyzed above were already published - - we didn ' t collect data from * any * subjects! so, those results are completely immune to this problem. how about the 2 corpora we constructed ourselves, and collected ratings on? liberman was particularly suspicious of our pseudoword word corpus. maybe we just ran subjects until the effect became significant? well, let ' s see what the methods in the paper say : there were 1600 nonce words, and we ran exactly 800 subjects, each of whom was asked to rate 20 words, to yield a total of 16, 000 data points. wouldn ' t it be remarkable if we had ended up with exactly 10 times as many data points as items without having planned this ahead of time? sometimes, it ' s possible to make a non - significant effect appear significant by throwing irrelevant factors into the model until something comes out the way you predicted. we didn ' t do this. importantly, we began the results section for each experiment by reporting


sometimes, it ' s possible to make a non - significant effect appear significant by throwing irrelevant factors into the model until something comes out the way you predicted. we didn ' t do this. importantly, we began the results section for each experiment by reporting the " raw " omnibus analysis, with one predictor variable ( rsa ) and one dependent measure ( valence ). these raw analyses show that the basic effect is significant, even without controlling for other factors. since this is true, the reader can be sure that our conclusions are not based on some strategic analysis. we went on to control for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction. controlling for length and frequency is easy to justify - these variables are controlled in nearly every psycholinguistic study ever run, and in this case, they are plausibly linked to both typing fluency and valence. ( imagine if we * hadn ' t * controlled for these variables - wouldn ' t any informed reviewer want to see at least some of these analyses with these controls added? otherwise, how could we be sure that the qwerty effect wasn ' t an artifact of words spelled with more letters on one side simply being longer or than words spelled with more letters on the other side, or having more frequent letters? ) we reported these controlled analyses, in addition to the raw uncontrolled analyses, in expts 1 and 2. we reported only the raw analysis in expt 3, due to reduce length and redundancy in this brief report. the predicted effect was highly significant in the raw analysis ( see paper ), and even stronger in the analysis controlling for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction ( [ b = 0. 056, wald chi squared = 37. 02, df = 1, p = 0. 0001 ]. situation d : dropping ( or not dropping ) one of [ three ] conditions. if you test for effects of 2 or more independent variables, and report only the ones that have a significant effect on the dv, this is a serious source of type i error. we didn ' t do that. there was only one predictor variable of interest across all of our studies : rsa, so our study is immune to this problem. for each experiment, before reporting any more controlled analyses, we reported the effect of rsa on valence with exactly one predictor in the model : rsa. for studies where handedness information was available, we reported effects of handedness, and effects of rsa controlling for


any more controlled analyses, we reported the effect of rsa on valence with exactly one predictor in the model : rsa. for studies where handedness information was available, we reported effects of handedness, and effects of rsa controlling for handedness, even though this variable had no significant effect. so, to summarize this point : without offering any justification, liberman insinuated that we had committed some sin ( s ) of data analysis that simmons et al. were trying to raise researchers ' awareness of. this insinuation was not only unsupported, it is also unsupportable. the short version of our reply to this " failure to replicate " is : if you analyze the dodds corpus in a way that ' s comparable to the way we analyzed the corpora in our paper, it, too, shows a very small but significant qwerty effect. as such, it ' s hard to see how this could count as a " failure to replicate " the qwerty effect - in fact, the dodds corpus provides yet another replication! to back up for a moment, though, the dodds corpus is huge and very interesting - we ' re happy to learn about it. but it ' s also very strange. as we mentioned above, dodds et al. define a " word " as " any contiguous set of characters bounded by white space and / or a small set of punctuation characters. " this means that their participants were asked to rate " how happy did you feel? " while reading so - called words like " - d = ", " @ addthis ", " # mm ", " # p2 ", " at ; t ", " c1 ", etc. they were also asked to rate their emotional responses to closed class words like " of " and " the, " which seems quite different from rating the emotional content of a neutral - valence content word like " table. " how would you answer these questions?? is analysing responses to " # ff " the same as analyzing our " textisms " from the afinn corpus, like " lol " or " wtf "? no, arguably it ' s not - these expressions have conventional meanings. is it the same as asking people to guess the valence of pronounceable pseudowords like " pleek, " which have the form of english content words, and which participants were told to imagine were [ content ] words " in an alien language "


same as asking people to guess the valence of pronounceable pseudowords like " pleek, " which have the form of english content words, and which participants were told to imagine were [ content ] words " in an alien language "? arguably, our pseudoword rating task is considerably less strange. this is not intended as a critique of the dodds corpus ; our point is that the dodds corpus defines " word " in such an unusual way, and therefore asks participants to perform such an unusual task, that we ' re not sure whether we would even predict that a qwerty effect should be found for ratings on these " words. " ( e. g., we made no claims about the effects of non - letter characters on non - words ' valences, nor about the effects of characters that require combinations of keys to produce, etc. ) fortunately, there is a qwerty effect in the dodds corpus. although the relationship is not evident in the uncontrolled analysis that liberman reported, it is present when we use the same controls we used in our paper ( i. e., controlling for word length, letter frequency, and their interaction, and analyzing effects for words composed of letters only ( as liberman does ) : b =. 009, wald chi squared = 4. 52, p =. 03 ). so, is this the last word on how to analyse or interpret the qwerty effect in the dodds corpus? probably not - this is an unusual corpus, and it raises some complicated issues. moreover, any corpus is a sample from the population of all words, and even reliable effects are likely to be found more strongly in some samples than in others. but the fact is, when we analyze this enormous corpus in a way that ' s the comparable to the controlled analyses we conducted previously, we find a very small but significant qwerty effect. arguably, then, this corpus does not produce a failure to replicate - on the contrary, it provides yet another replication. let ' s summarize the tests of the qwerty effect so far. in our paper, we reported planned tests of the qwerty effect in six sets of words and in the relevant aggregate sets : english anew, spanish anew, dutch anew, 1600 pseudowords, afinn - old, and afinn - new. tests on the aggregate data all showed highly significant qwerty effects. 5 of the 6 tests on the individual corpora or subsets


spanish anew, dutch anew, 1600 pseudowords, afinn - old, and afinn - new. tests on the aggregate data all showed highly significant qwerty effects. 5 of the 6 tests on the individual corpora or subsets also produced significant qwerty effects ; the 6th test showed a trend in the predicted direction. subsequent to publishing this paper, we have replicated the effect again decisively in a new corpus, portuguese anew, and also in our reanalysis of the 2178 unique words in afinn ( words that did not overlap with anew ). all of these effects - from 10 tests of the qwerty effect - are visible in simple regressions on raw data, controlling for nothing ( see fig. 1a - j, above ). 9 of the 10 tests yield significant p - values according to permutation tests ( 10, 000 iterations ). we also replicated the qwerty effect weakly but significantly in the dodds et al. corpus, with appropriate exclusions and controls. all told, these 11 tests of the qwerty effect reveal a subtle but reliable relationship between the way words are typed on the qwerty keyboard and their emotional valences. this relationship may be surprising ( and apparently upsetting ) to some people. it is less surprising to us, since our predictions regarding the overall right side advantage followed from numerous studies we have conducted in recent years exploring how motor fluency and left - right space are associated with emotional valence in language and thought. all of the materials needed to replicate or extend our experiments are available online. we hope that researchers will explore this effect further, as we are doing - not in the hasty and counterproductive way that we ' ve seen on the language log, but rather as scientists interested in contributing to the scientific record through careful analyses, vetted in peer review. we note that, as liberman pointed out, there was a typo in our paper : the letter " y " listed among the left - hand letters should have been a letter " v. " this typo occurred in the manuscript ( and in a published conference proceedings previously ), but did not affect our analyses or results. we will ask the journal to publish an erratum to correct this 1 - letter typo. what lesson should we take away from the frenzied activity this paper and liberman ' s post about it generated on the language log in the past week ( and on other linguistics blogs )? the lesson is certainly not that the


typo. what lesson should we take away from the frenzied activity this paper and liberman ' s post about it generated on the language log in the past week ( and on other linguistics blogs )? the lesson is certainly not that the qwerty effect is a fluke - the effects are small ( as expected ), but they are clearly reliable. rather, there seems to be an emerging lesson about the danger of attempting to engage in scientific discourse - and presenting new data or new analyses - in a forum with no oversight, and none of the measures of control that the publication process normally provides. peer review is far from perfect, but as the past week on the language log has demonstrated, it ' s a lot better than the alternative. hopefully, if submitted to peer review, a nonsensical analysis like liberman ' s 3 - iteration permutation test ( interpreted backwards ) would never have been published, in any form. the fact that this meaningless analysis was published in the form in which it appeared has had real consequences - other eminent scholars have taken liberman ' s analyses as being valid - in fact, they have apparently taken them to be more valid than the ones in the paper - they have reported his " results " on their blogs, and have condemned our study because of them ( e. g., see geoff pullum ' s post on lingua franca from march 14, 2012 ). we have demonstrated here that the claims we made in our paper are well supported by the data, and that hasty re - analyses of our data on language log are uninterpretable. yet, this does not change the fact that liberman ( and others who ' ve taken him at his word ) have published their critiques which, despite being almost totally unsupported, make potentially career - damaging allegations. we hope that scientist - bloggers like liberman will attempt to separate their roles of commentators on science from their roles as contributors to scientific discourse, and to the analysis of scientific data. commentary may be fast and loose, sensationalized for entertainment value, and at the discretion of the commentator. science should be more careful, and is not a solo act. if liberman had gone through ordinary scientific channels before publishing his " findings " ( e. g., contacting the authors to ask for materials, or to discuss an analysis that he believed to be at variance with their findings ; submitting a legitimate critique to the journal for peer review ), then this whole episode could have been avoided


depositing and withdrawing money when you have a checking or savings account, you can deposit and withdraw money either in person at the bank or using an atm. - making a deposit : if you want to deposit money into your account, there are a few options. if you ’ ve received a check, you ' ll need to endorse the back of the check. this means signing your name, adding your account number, and writing “ for deposit only ” on the third line. whenever you receive a check, it ' s a good idea to endorse it immediately. that way, if it ' s lost or stolen, no one else can deposit the check into their account. then, use a deposit slip from the back of your checkbook and write in the amount of your deposit and date. remember to add the deposit to your check register and calculate your balance. - visiting a bank branch : the benefit of using a bank teller or drive - up window is that you have a record of your deposit or withdrawal. - using an atm : the benefits of using an atm are that they ' re convenient and open 24 / 7. - making a withdrawal : to withdraw money, you can write a check made out to " cash " and then date and sign it like a check you would deposit. endorse the check and give it to the bank teller, who will give you the cash. to withdraw money from an atm, put your atm card into the machine, enter your personal identification number ( pin ), and specify the amount of cash you ' d like back. - receiving cash back from a deposit : if you make a deposit and want cash back, there ' s a line on the deposit slip for " less cash received. " you can fill that in with the amount of money you ' d like to withdraw. after you ' ve made a deposit into or withdrawal of funds from your account, record the amount in your check register and tally the new balance.


ancient see of viborg in denmark the ancient see of viborg, in denmark, comprised the province of viborg, the town of aalborg, and the hundreds of fleskum, hornum, hellum, hindsted, aars, gislum, and slet in the province of aalborg. the hundreds of gjerlev, onsild, norhald, and stovring in the province of randers also belonged to the diocese of viborg until 1396 when they were transferred to that of aarhus. the diocese was founded in 1065 after the death of bishop vale ( see ribe, ancient see of ). herbert was first bishop of viborg ( 1065 - 1100? ). in 1080 st. canute endowed the bishopric and chapter. the latter consisted of canons regular of st. augustine. bishop svend i ( 1106 - 1112 ) was drowned in the elbe by the count of stade, and eskild ( 1112 - 33 ), who began rebuilding the cathedral about 1130, was murdered during matins in the church of st. margaret by command of king eric emun. svend ii ( 1135 - 51 ) was succeeded as provost of the chapter by willo, and he by st. kjeld or ketil ( d. 27 sept., 1150 ). bishop niels i ( 1153 - 91 ) was very generous towards his chapter. he founded the hospital of st. michael, viborg, in 1159, and the cistercian nunnery of asmild in 1169, and finished the original romanesque cathedral, of which only the crypt now remains. it is also largely due to him that st. kjeld was beatified, and his body translated to the shrine, suspended from the vaulting of his chapel on 11 july, 1189. bishop gunner was one of the greatest men of his time. he was born in 1152 and educated at the university of paris, where he acquired a great knowledge of law. in 1208 he entered the cistercian abbey of om ( cara insula ), of which he was chosen abbot in 1216. in 1222 he was elected bishop of viborg by the chapter on the advice of cardinal gregory of crescentia. as bishop he devoted special care to the training of the clergy. he probably wrote out the law of jutland ( jydske lov ) and composed the original preface to it, and was present when it was