science subject and location tags articles, documents and multimedia from abc science thursday, 16 december 2010 starstuff podcast after a 33 - year odyssey, nasa ' s voyager 1 spacecraft reaches the very edge of our solar system. plus : new theory explains rings and ice moons of saturn ; mysterious carbon - rich planet raises questions about how planets form ; and test - flight success for falcon - 9 rocket. tuesday, 23 march 2010 25 great moments in science dr karl talks a lot because talking about stuff is his job. even so, he was very surprised when he heard that women have more to say than men. thursday, 1 october 2009 dr karl on triple j why do we get an urge to wee when we hear the sound of running water? how did water come to be on earth? and do you lose weight when you pass wind? thursday, 24 september 2009 dr karl on triple j why did the sun appear blue in the dust storm yesterday? what causes the white marks you can get on your fingernails? how can women who haven ' t given birth lactate? and can you smell danger? thursday, 17 september 2009 dr karl on triple j how does stainless steel soap work? can animals get sunburn and skin cancer? who invented the concept of time? and why do you see different colours and shapes when you close your eyes? thursday, 10 september 2009 dr karl on triple j could my child love eating dirt because of an iron deficiency? why do spacecraft re - enter the atmosphere so fast? and why do the mushrooms in my paddocks grow in big circles? thursday, 3 september 2009 dr karl on triple j why do tattoos become lumpy when the weather changes? if you were allergic to cats would you also be allergic to lions and tigers? can the image resolution of a digital camera beat the human eye? thursday, 27 august 2009 dr karl on triple j why do you vomit when you overexercise? can we create ac electricity from sunlight? do you actually see red when you ' re angry? and why do people feel heavier when they ' re asleep? thursday, 20 august 2009 dr karl on triple j what causes bags under your eyes? does using sunscreen reduce your body ' s ability to produce vitamin d? and what is a shooting star and why does it shoot? thursday, 13 august 2009 dr karl on triple j dr karl debunks some persistent internet hoaxes. plus : how are scientists able to reconstruct what a person looked like from only their skeleton? and how does hermaphroditism


is a satirical novella ( which can also be understood as a modern fable or allegory ) by george orwell, ostensibly about a group of animals who oust the humans from the farm on which they live. they run the farm themselves, only to have it degenerate into a brutal tyranny of its own. - man is the only real enemy we have. remove man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever. man is the only creature that consumes without producing. he does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. yet he is lord of all the animals. he sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself. - why then do we continue in this miserable condition? because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. - remember, comrades, your resolution must never falter. no argument must lead you astray. never listen when they tell you that man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. it is all lies. man serves the interests of no creature except himself. and among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. all men are enemies. all animals are comrades. - the vote was taken at once, and it was agreed by an overwhelming majority that rats were comrades. there were only four dissentients, the three dogs and the cat, who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. the [ original ] seven commandments : - whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. - whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. - no animal shall wear clothes. - no animal shall sleep in a bed. - no animal shall drink alcohol. - no animal shall kill any other animal. - all animals are created equal. - nobody stole, nobody grumbled over his rations, the quarreling and biting and jealousy which had been normal features of life in the old days had almost disappeared. - old benjamin, the donkey, seemed quite unchanged since the rebellion. he did his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in jones ' s time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. about the rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. when asked whether he


his work in the same slow obstinate way as he had done it in jones ' s time, never shirking and never volunteering for extra work either. about the rebellion and its results he would express no opinion. when asked whether he was not happier now that jones was gone, he would say only " donkeys live a long time. none of you has ever seen a dead donkey, " and the others had to be content with this cryptic answer. - four legs good, two legs bad. - squealer : " comrades! " he cried. " you do not imagine, i hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? many of us actually dislike milk and apples. i dislike them myself. our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. milk and apples ( this has been proved by science, comrades ) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well - being of a pig. we pigs are brainworkers. the whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. day and night we are watching over your welfare. it is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. " - surely, comrades, surely there is no one among you who wants to see jones come back? - now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of, it was that they did not want jones back. when it was put to them in this light, they had no more to say. the importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious. so it was agreed without further argument that the milk and the windfall apples ( and also the main crop of apples when they ripened ) should be reserved for the pigs alone. - until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment snowball ’ s eloquence had carried them away. - squealer : do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure. on the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. no one believes more firmly than comrade napoleon that all animals are equal. he would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves. but sometimes you might make the wrong decisions, comrades, and then where should we be? - once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money — had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at the first triumphant meeting when


once again the animals were conscious of a vague uneasiness. never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money — had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at the first triumphant meeting when jones was expelled? - napoleon : comrades, do you know who is responsible for this? do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? snowball! - " ah, that is different! " said boxer. " if comrade napoleon says it, it must be right. " - animal farm, animal farm, never through me shalt thou come to harm! - but when muriel reads the writing on the barn wall to clover, interestingly, the words are, " no animal shall kill any other animal without cause. " - at the foot of the end wall of the big barn, where the seven commandments were written, there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. squealer, temporarily stunned, was sprawling beside it, and near at hand there lay a lantern, a paint - brush, and an overturned pot of white paint. - none of the animals could form any idea as to what this meant, except old benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. - somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals ’ memory. but they saw now that the commandment had not been violated ; for clearly there was good reason for killing the traitors who had leagued themselves with snowball. - somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer — except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. - four legs good, two legs better! - all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. - the creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again ; but already it was impossible to say which was which.


a community health center in the united states is a community health center a health center or community health center is a clinic staffed by a group of general practitioners and nurses. community health centers in the u. s... ( chc ) in the united states the united states of america is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... community health centers are unique in that at least 51 percent of all governing board members must be patients at the chc. access to care is improved by decreasing the cost of care with a sliding fee scale based on income. grant programs are typically available to provide the broadest opportunity for health care. integration of health care services is a major focus. administrative and health care personnel sit down regularly to focus on location health care needs. multiple services are provided that vary depending upon the site including primary care, dental care, counseling services, women ' s health, health promotion and education, podiatry, physiotherapy, case management, advocacy and intervention. the mission of community health centers depends upon creating collaborative relationships with industry, government, hospitals and other health services. community health centers that receive federal funding through the health resources and services administration, hhs, are also called " federally qualified health centers. " today, there are more than 1250 federally - supported community health centers with more than 8000 service delivery sites. they are community health centers, migrant health centers, health care for the homeless centers and public housing primary care centers that deliver quality primary and preventive health care to more than 20 million people in all 50 states, the district of columbia, puerto rico, the virgin islands, and the pacific basin. through the years, health centers have built an impressive track record delivering high quality prevention and primary care to millions of low - income residents in inner cities and isolated rural areas. in 2002, president bush launched the health centers initiative to significantly increase access to primary health care services in 1, 200 communities through new or expanded health center sites. between 2001 and 2006, the number of patients treated at health centers has increased by over 4. 7 million, representing a nearly 50 percent increase in just five years. in 2006 the number of patients served topped the 15 million mark for the first time. by 2010, with the help of funding received through the american recovery and reinvestment act ( arra, or the " stimulus " law ), health centers had expandede to serve more than 18 million people. and with new funding provided through the affordable care act of 2010 ( aka, health


through the american recovery and reinvestment act ( arra, or the " stimulus " law ), health centers had expandede to serve more than 18 million people. and with new funding provided through the affordable care act of 2010 ( aka, health reform law ), health ceners will grow to serve almost 40 million people by 2015 [ national association of community health centers, www. nachc. org ]. approximately two - thirds of health center patients are minorities, and 9 out of 10 have incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty line. four in 10 health center patients have no health insurance. the health center program ’ s annual federal funding has grown from $ 1. 16 billion in fiscal year 2001 to $ 2. 59 billion in fiscal year 2011 [ house appropriations committee, www. house. gov / appropriations ]. a large number of community health centers also exist in canada, although they are planned at the provincial level currently. the concept of community health centers in the united states, according to historian john duffy, can be traced to infant milk stations in new york city in 1901. in november, 1914, the first district health center in new york was established by the city at 206 madison avenue, serving 35, 000 residents of manhattan ' s lower east side. the staff consisted of one medical inspector and three nurses stationed permanently in the district who through a house card system developed a complete health record of each family. the system was expanded to queens in 1915 with four district centers. wartime and political pressures brought this development in new york city to an end, but privately - funded clinics through the new york association for improving the condition of the poor the association for improving the condition of the poor was a charitable organization in new york city, established in 1843 and incorporated in 1848 with the aim of helping the deserving poor and providing for their moral uplift... were started in 1916 ( bowling green neighborhood association ), 1917 ( columbus hill health center ), 1918 ( mulberry street health center ) and in 1921 the judson health center judson health center, founded in 1921, was an early new york city community health center inspired by the rev. alonzo ray petty of the baptist judson memorial church located at 55 washington square south. petty appealed to fellow baptist and physician eleanor a... founded by eleanor a. campbell in greenwich village, which became by 1924 the largest health center in the u. s. under the modern definition, the first community health center in the united states was the columbia point columbia point, later referred to


.. founded by eleanor a. campbell in greenwich village, which became by 1924 the largest health center in the u. s. under the modern definition, the first community health center in the united states was the columbia point columbia point, later referred to as harbor point, in the dorchester neighborhood of boston, massachusetts sits on a peninsula jutting out from the mainland of eastern dorchester into the bay. - history :... health center in dorchester, massachusetts dorchester is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of boston, massachusetts, united states. it is named after the town of dorchester in the english county of dorset, from which puritans emigrated and is today endearingly nicknamed " dot " by its residents. dorchester, including a large.... it was opened in december 1965 and served mostly the massive columbia point public housing complex adjoining it. it was founded by two medical doctors, jack geiger who had been on the faculty of harvard university harvard university is a private ivy league university located in cambridge, massachusetts, united states, established in 1636 by the massachusetts legislature. harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the united states and the first corporation chartered in the country... then later at tufts university tufts university is a private research university located in medford / somerville, near boston, massachusetts. it is organized into ten schools, including two undergraduate programs and eight graduate divisions, on four campuses in massachusetts and on the eastern border of france... and count gibson from tufts university. geiger had previously studied the first community health centers and the principles of community oriented primary care with sidney kark and colleagues while serving as a medical student in rural natal kwazulu - natal is a province of south africa. prior to 1994, the territory now known as kwazulu - natal was made up of the province of natal and the homeland of kwazulu...., south africa the republic of south africa is a country in southern africa. located at the southern tip of africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the atlantic and indian oceans.... the columbia point health center was funded by the federal government ' s office of economic opportunity the office of economic opportunity was the agency responsible for administering most of the war on poverty programs created as part of united states president lyndon b. johnson ' s great society legislative agenda. - history :... ( oeo ) and was needed to serve the community living in the columbia point public housing projects which was on the isolated peninsula far away from boston city hospital


states president lyndon b. johnson ' s great society legislative agenda. - history :... ( oeo ) and was needed to serve the community living in the columbia point public housing projects which was on the isolated peninsula far away from boston city hospital. it is still in operation and was rededicated on its twenty - fifth anniversary in 1990 as the geiger - gibson community health center. at about the same time, geiger and gibson also had set up a rural community health center, the delta health center, which was located in mound bayou mound bayou is a city in bolivar county, mississippi. the population was 2, 102 at the 2000 census. it is notable for having been founded as an independent black community in 1887 by former slaves led by isaiah montgomery. by percentage, its 98. 4 percent african - american majority population is one..., bolivar county, mississippi - demographics : as of the census of 2000, there were 40, 633 people, 13, 776 households, and 9, 725 families residing in the county. the population density was 46 people per square mile. there were 14, 939 housing units at an average density of 17 per square mile... serving bolivar, coahoma, sunflower, and washington counties, where poverty was widespread. it was also set up in conjunction with tufts university and with a grant from the oeo. it was a rural model whereas the columbia point center was an urban setting. newer developments in community health centers include integration of health professional education with chc sites for training. numerous liaisons have been developed across the nation. new models also exist. the national association of community health centers encouraged the development of the physician assistant, and osteopathic medical student training with a. t. still university at the arizona campus. those with experience working with chcs are encouraged to pursue hometown status to improve probability of admission. - eula hall eula hall, is a prominent appalachian activist and healthcare pioneer who founded the mud creek clinic in grethel in floyd county, kentucky. - biography :..., founder of the mud creek clinic a clinic is a health care facility that is primarily devoted to the care of outpatients... - community health community health, a field of public health, is a discipline that concerns itself with the study and betterment of the health characteristics of biological communities. while the term community can be broadly defined, community health tends to focus on geographic areas rather than people with shared... - federally qualified health center a


a summary of research and publications on early childhood for american indian and alaska native children - head start - american indian - alaska native head start research and outcomes assessment ( aian ), 2002 - 2004 | learn more about this project throughout its 35 - year history, head start has been the nation ’ s cornerstone of services for low - income children and their families. its basic principles have been models for countless other programs designed to improve the circumstances and opportunities that vulnerable populations face. today, head start and early head start programs provide comprehensive child development services for children between birth and age 5, pregnant women, and their families. head start is child focused and has the overall goal of helping children from low - income families become ready to attend and succeed at school. administered by the head start bureau in the administration on children, youth and families ( acyf ), funds are provided through grants to local public agencies, private organizations, indian tribes, and school systems. these organizations, in turn, operate head start programs. they provide services in the areas of education and early childhood development ; medical, dental, and mental health ; nutrition ; and parent involvement. an underlying premise of head start services is that they should be appropriate for the child ’ s and family ’ s developmental, ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage and experience. children are eligible to enroll in head start if their families meet certain income guidelines. in fiscal year 2000, head start served over 850, 000 children in over 18, 000 centers at a cost per child of approximately $ 6, 000. in addition to direct program services, the head start bureau sponsors training and technical assistance activities ; supports research, demonstration, and evaluation projects ; and monitors programs for compliance and quality. in fiscal year 2000, total head start program costs came to about $ 5. 3 billion ( u. s. department of education, 2001 ).


the tenth thing we have to understand is that actually americans aren ' t as rich as all that. this is very important because if that sort of free market capitalist society did lead to the richest society on earth then of course all the other strictures about how awful free market capitalism is would be rather wasted. we ' d start to believe our own lyin ' eyes rather than the reader in economics at camdridge and that would just never do. the rest of the chapter is just hemming and hawing about how we should change the figures to show that actually americans are not the richest society on the planet. well, ok, even i ' m not going to claim that there aren ' t certain microstates that beat the us : luxembourg for example. but comparing a few hundred thousand people to 300 million seems rather like cheating. it would be like comparing manhattan to texas for example, just not quite fair. or, again about the same distortion of scale, comparing the residents of eaton square to the entirety of luxembourg. chang has two basic methods in use here to show that the american dream is just that, a wraith. after we go through all the various ways that we can measure income he agrees that purchasing power parity is the right one. which is good, for it is. we don ' t measure just incomes, but incomes as compared to prices in the places the people are living. this gives us a much better idea of living standards. and by ppp measurements, absent those microstates, the us is indeed the winner. to which chang says but hang about a bit. firstly, we know that the us is a more unequal society than many others. thus the average doesn ' t give us a true view of how people really live. in an unequal society there will be more people below that ( mean ) average and thus the real average ( ie median ) living standard is lower than in a more equal society. which could even be true but it ' s not all that large an influence. after we account for all of the taxes and benefits then everyone from sweden to the us is in a gini ( the way we measure inequalty ) range of 0. 25 to 0. 38 or so. and the scale does run from 0. 01 to 1. 00. more importantly perhaps we do have some evidence of what actual living standards are at the bottom of the pile in a number of different societies. this chart : these are the incomes at ppp ( so adjusting for price differences ) after taxes


1. 00. more importantly perhaps we do have some evidence of what actual living standards are at the bottom of the pile in a number of different societies. this chart : these are the incomes at ppp ( so adjusting for price differences ) after taxes and benefits. and the comparison is to us median income : so, the bottom 10 % in sweden get 38 % of us median income. the bottom 10 % in finland get 38 % of us median income. and the bottom 10 % in the us get 39 % of median income. hmm, i think our contention that the us higher average income isn ' t really valid because the poor get less than the average.... thus the greater inequality means that the lives of the poor in the us are worse off than the poor in other countries.... doesn ' t really stand, does it? the us is definitely a more unequal country. but the poor seem to be about as well ( or badly ) off as the poor elsewhere. the other trump that chang plays is to point out that americans have longer working hours than people in most other countries. given that slaving away over a hot desk isn ' t what life is all about then perhaps we shouldn ' t all attempt to emulate this us lifestyle then? and while it ' s true that money isn ' t everything and that very few of us go into that long dark night bemoaning the paucity of hours we spent working for the man, chang has committed a terrible error here. he has assumed that the only form of work we do is paid working hours. the actual division made is between personal time ( we cannot get someone else to sleep for us, take our shower for us ), paid working time, household production time and the balance left over is leisure time. the important point to note here is that there is that unpaid working time : that time spent in household production. we might think of digging the allotment to feed the family, childcare time, cooking time, washing and cleaning, repairing the car. it is this time plus paid working time for the man which produces total working time. and when we look at this total working hours it isn ' t obviously true that americans do work more hours than, say, europeans. it is also possible to substitute household production for paid working time and vice versa. once can slave over the hot desk to buy a takeaway, or slave over a hot stove to make up for the lack of income from the time not spent at the desk. in


possible to substitute household production for paid working time and vice versa. once can slave over the hot desk to buy a takeaway, or slave over a hot stove to make up for the lack of income from the time not spent at the desk. in fact, when people actually study exaclty this question ( ie, here ) they find that the opposite is true, americans don ' t work longer hours. for example, the average german woman is working an hour and a half a week more than her us equivalent. and for the men the working hours are almost exactly the same. the german woman might be making sauerkraut at home ( i know, terribly culturalist of me ) while her american sister goes out to work, earns the money and they buys it : in the process the american sister gaining more leisure time than the german. it is indeed true, as chang states, that americans do more paid working hours per year than europeans. it is also true that the us is a more unequal society than most of europe ( italy is actually more so than the us ). however, the american poor have incomes around and about the same as the european poor. americans work fewer unpaid, household production, hours leading to equal or greater leisure time. and as chang has already admitted, the americans do indeed, on average have both higher incomes and greater command over consumption opportunities as a result of those higher incomes. the poor get about the same : the regular guy is both richer and has equal or greater leisure time? perhaps there is something to say for this free market capitalism stuff they have in the us then? footnote. for those who think we shouldn ' t be talking about household production, please read the stiglitz report. the entire issue is well explained there.


though primarily used to treat hypertension and anxiety, clonidine is increasingly used in conjunction with stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, otherwise known as add or adhd. this prescription medication is also commonly known as catapres, kapvay, and nexiclon. it is believed to help alleviate adhd symptoms by helping to moderate the impulsive and oppositional behaviors that are associated with adhd. physiologically, it lowers blood pressure by allowing the blood vessels to relax and the heart to beat more slowly and easily. it is available as a pill or as a patch. the dosage to treat adhd in children is 5 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day orally in four divided doses. in children, the typical dose for treating adhd is 0. 05 mg given orally once daily at bedtime. it can gradually be increased to a max of up to 0. 4 mg total daily as needed. keep in mind that the full effect of the drug may not be seen for 4 - 5 weeks. for more information about dosage, see this in - depth dosage guide. possible side effects may include : dizziness, drowsiness, stomach upset, loss of appetite, weight loss, and sleep disturbance. report any side effects to your doctor. if you experience any severe or unusual reactions, seek emergency medical attention at your nearest hospital. only take this medication as prescribed under the supervision of your treating doctor. report any adverse side effects to your prescribing doctor. get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction : hives, difficulty breathing, or swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat. notify your doctor if you experience any of these signs of a overdose : a very slow heart rate ( fewer than 60 beats per minute ), shortness of breath, rapid weight gain, fever, seizures, coma, or lightheadedness. in addition, never share prescription medications with others. never sell your medications and never ingest prescription medications that were not prescribed for you. get dr. kensington ' s free adhd newsletter!


racism can be a tough thing to study. in situations where all things appear even, they might not be even at all. for example, in situations where employers are refusing to hire minority candidates, the argument could sometimes be made ( although maybe not successfully ) that there are extenuating circumstances. a truly successful study of race should be made in a laboratory of sorts. the only difference between two people should be skin color. well, thanks to the internet, the great equalizer, we do have such a situation, ebay. three yale and harvard researchers conducted a study called, “ race effects on ebay. ” the results? americans are racist. even when selling the exact same items, buyers responded more favorably to white people than to black. from good technology : the researchers auctioned off moderately priced baseball cards, which were photographed held in either a dark black hand or a white hand. though the cards themselves were the same, cards held in a black hand sold for about 20 percent less than cards held in a white hand. what ’ s more, “ the race effect was more pronounced in sales of minority player cards. ” the ebay study mimics a similar one from 2010. while that experiment, from the centre for economic policy research, focused on ipods sold via general online classified ads, the results were sadly the same : black sellers received fewer responses and fewer cash offers than white sellers, and the cash offers they did receive were significantly lower. beyond that, buyers corresponding with black sellers “ exhibited lower trust, ” according to the researchers. in other words, they were far less likely to accept delivery by mail ( 44 percent ) and far more likely to object to the idea of making a long - distance payment ( 56 percent ). the 2010 study also found that there were regional discrepancies. the northeast part of the u. s. was the worst, where black people received 32 % fewer offers. the midwest had a 23 % gap and the south, 15 %. there was virtually no difference in the west.


tau research says genetics can reveal your geographic ancestral origin while your dna is unique, it also tells the tale of your family line. it carries the genetic history of your ancestors down through the generations. now, says a tel aviv university researcher, it ' s also possible to use it as a map to your family ' s past. prof. eran halperin of tau ' s blavatnik school of computer science and department of molecular microbiology and biotechnology, along with a group of researchers from university of california, los angeles, are giving new meaning to the term " genetic mapping. " using a probabilistic model of genetic traits for every coordinate on the globe, the researchers have developed a method for determining more precisely the geographical location of a person ' s ancestral origins. the new method is able to pinpoint more specific locations for an individual ' s ancestors, for example placing an individual ' s father in paris and mother in barcelona. previous methods would " split the difference " and place this origin inaccurately at a site between those two cities, such as lyon. published in the journal nature genetics, this method has the potential to reveal the ancestry, origins, and migration patterns of many different human and animal populations. it could also be a new model for learning about the genome. points of origin there are points in the human genome called snps that are manifested differently in each individual, explains prof. halperin. these points mutated sometime in the past and the mutation was then passed to a large part of the population in a particular geographic region. the probability of a person possessing these mutations today varies depending on the geographical location of those early ancestors. " we wanted to ask, for example, about the probability of having the genetic mutation ' a ' in a particular position on the genome based on geographical coordinates, " he says. when you look at many of these positions together in a bigger picture, it ' s possible to group populations with the same mutation by point of origin. to test their method, prof. halperin and his fellow researchers studied dna samples from 1, 157 people from across europe. using a probabilistic mathematical algorithm based on mutations in the genome, they were able to accurately determine their ancestral point or points of origin using only dna data and the new mathematical model, unravelling genetic information to ascertain two separate points on the map for the mother and father. the researchers hope to extend this model to identify the origins of grandparents, great - grandparents, and so on. the new method


ancient jugs hold the secret to practical mathematics in biblical times monday, june 4, 2012 precise volume was measured by circumference, tau researchers find archaeologists in the eastern mediterranean region have been unearthing spherical jugs, used by the ancients for storing and trading oil, wine, and other valuable commodities. because we ' re used to the metric system, which defines units of volume based on the cube, modern archaeologists believed that the merchants of antiquity could only approximately assess the capacity of these round jugs, says prof. itzhak benenson of tel aviv university ' s department of geography. now an interdisciplinary collaboration between prof. benensonand prof. israel finkelstein of tau ' s department of archaeology and ancient near eastern cultures has revealed that, far from relying on approximations, merchants would have had precise measurements of their wares — and therefore known exactly what to charge their clients. the researchers discovered that the ancients devised convenient mathematical systems in order to determine the volume of each jug. they theorize that the original owners and users of the jugs measured their contents through a system that linked units of length to units of volume, possibly by using a string to measure the circumference of the spherical container to determine the precise quantity of liquid within. the system, which the researchers believe was developed by the ancient egyptians and used in the eastern mediterranean from about 1, 500 to 700 bce, was recently reported in the journal plos one. its discovery was part of the reconstruction of ancient israel project supported by the european union. 3d models unveil volume measurement system the system of measurement was revealed when mathematician elena zapassky constructed 3d models of jugs from tel megiddo — an important canaanite city - state and israelite administration center — for a computer database. the jugs are associated with the phoenicians, ancient seafaring merchants who had trading hubs along the coast of lebanon. using a statistical methodology, the team measured hundreds of vessels from the excavation, and discovered something surprising — large groups of these spherical or elliptic jugs had a similar circumference. this prompted the researchers to look more deeply into how the ancients measured volume. the egyptian unit of volume is called the hekat, and it equals 4. 8 liters in today ' s measurements, explains dr. yuval gadot, a researcher on the project. a spherical jug that is 52 centimeters in circumference, which equals one egyptian royal cubit, contains exactly half a hekat


8 liters in today ' s measurements, explains dr. yuval gadot, a researcher on the project. a spherical jug that is 52 centimeters in circumference, which equals one egyptian royal cubit, contains exactly half a hekat. " in a large percentage of the vessels we measured, the circumference is close to one cubit, and the merchant could know that the vessel ' s volume is half a cubit by just measuring its circumference, " he says. when the researchers adopted the egyptian system of measurement themselves instead of thinking in metrical units, many things became clear. for example, the tall round " torpedo " jugs packed into phoenician ships in the 8th century bce were found to contain whole units of hekats. dr. gadot believes that the egyptian system of measurement gradually disappeared when the assyrians took over the region, bringing their own methods of measurement with them. a measure of political power according to prof. finkelstein, elements of standardization in the ancient world hold interest because they are indicative of bureaucratic systems and reflect political and cultural influences. " the use of the egyptian method is a strong indicator of egyptian power in this region during a specific period of time, " he explains. " working together with experts in mathematics and statistics, we have been able to provide new solutions for longstanding archaeological problems and debates. " for more archaeology news from tel aviv university, click here.


what is collaborative law? collaborative law is a process, used mainly in family disputes, where the parties and their lawyers make a formal commitment to resolve the dispute outside the litigation process in an atmosphere of trust and collaboration. lawyers are hired to reach a settlement and if the process breaks down, the lawyer must withdraw from the case. while collaborative law has been growing across the united states in the last several years, it is still new to canada. groups of collaborative lawyers are being formed across canada, including groups in british columbia, alberta, manitoba and ontario. how does the collaborative law process work? the parties and lawyers undertaking a collaborative law process sign a participation agreement setting out their obligations. typically these agreements include the following provisions : collaborative approach - lawyers and parties pledge to work together in a respectful and cooperative manner to resolve the dispute. lawyer training - lawyers participating in the process often undergo special training in the collaborative approach. in many of the groups, such training is mandatory. no litigation - lawyers and parties agree not to use litigation or the threat of litigation, as long as the parties are in the collaborative process. automatic disqualification - lawyers will withdraw from the case if it cannot settle collaboratively or if they or their client breach the participation agreement. other lawyers must be retained if the case goes into the litigation process. disclosure - parties and their lawyers agree to disclose information or material needed to assist the parties in achieving settlement. some agreements provide only for disclosure of information or material requested by a party. this is to prevent parties from inundating one another with paper. the goal of this approach is to provide parties with the information they believe they need to resolve the dispute. experts - parties may agree to use joint experts, including mental health professionals, child specialists and financial counsellors. confidentiality - parties agree that any information or material disclosed in the collaborative law process, that is not otherwise subject to discovery under rules of court, will not be used in any court process. process - the parties and their lawyers agree to use four - way conferences ( meetings of the parties and their lawyers ) to work through the issues. these meetings are a central feature of the collaborative law process. they tend to be business - like but more informal than most other proceedings involving lawyers and their clients. at these meetings everyone works hard to find a resolution that is acceptable to both parties. why chose a collaborative law process? lawyers committed to settlement - lawyers must be as committed as the parties to settle the dispute. instead of focusing on adversarial tactics and skills, this approach requires lawyers


a resolution that is acceptable to both parties. why chose a collaborative law process? lawyers committed to settlement - lawyers must be as committed as the parties to settle the dispute. instead of focusing on adversarial tactics and skills, this approach requires lawyers to deploy their problem - solving skills in the search for a fair resolution to the parties ' dispute. preserves relationships - unlike the litigation - based model, which can easily exacerbate the emotional turmoil of family disputes, collaborative law can work to preserve and enhance relationships which may be ongoing, especially if there are children involved. no reliance on third parties - the parties are not relying on a third party to impose, or even facilitate, a resolution. this can result in settlements that are more enduring. reduces cost - avoiding litigation reduces the costs of resolving disputes. reduces time - avoiding litigation reduces the time spent resolving disputes. collaborative specialist - the process allows parties to take advantage of the skills of lawyers trained in both advocacy and collaborative skills. if the parties decide to resort to litigation, they can then turn to a litigation specialist. the process also provides for other professionals to help couples with their emotional needs and to help them to communicate during a difficult period. continuity - the process creates continuity between the process of arriving at a settlement and the signing of a formal agreement. in mediation, for example, lawyers may not be involved in the process until an agreement has been reached. finding out more if you are interested in using the collaborative law process or in finding out more about collaborative law, check your local yellow pages for lawyers practicing collaborative law.


cooperating to feed america and the world mar 11, 2010 by john reifsteck : champaign, il the next time you ’ re at a grocery store, let the cashier ring up the sale. then try to bargain for a better deal. sounds ridiculous, doesn ’ t it? after all, just a handful of retailers sell over half of all the groceries in the united states, and an individual shopper has very little power to negotiate. that same imbalance of power is a real problem for farmers and ranchers in the united states. farmers are proud of their independence, but millions of growers bartering separately put them at a real disadvantage in the marketplace. that is why they banded together to form farmer owned cooperatives. the premise of a cooperative is simple - it is a democratically controlled business that is operated to benefit those that use its services. farmer cooperatives were first organized in the united states in the early 1800s, and really flourished later in that century as a response to the lack of competitive markets for farmers. too often farmers were taken advantage of by merchants, and cooperatives offered them an alternative place to buy inputs and sell the production from their farms. in 1890 the sherman antitrust act was passed as a result of the anti - competitive activities of many of the large companies that dominated the united states economy. the act had the unintended consequence of possibly making the activities of some farmer owned cooperatives illegal. in response, the u. s. congress passed the capper - volstead act of 1922. capper - volstead gave farmers a limited ability to band together to process and market products. senator capper was quoted as saying that the bill is designed " to give to the farmer the same right to bargain collectively that is already enjoyed by corporations. " cooperatives started small to solve local problems - perhaps to help farmers purchase petroleum in bulk, or to construct a processing facility that would not be economical for a single grower to build. over time the variety of goods and services provided by cooperatives grew, and today many of the best known brands in the united states are products of farmer owned cooperatives. the cooperatives that served our fathers and grandfathers were good, but they could not meet the needs of today ’ s farmers. as agriculture has changed and grown, so have their cooperatives. cooperatives have to be run as businesses, but there are differences. if you listened to the discussion in a cooperative board meeting you would hear many of the same financial terms that would be used in a corporate


and grown, so have their cooperatives. cooperatives have to be run as businesses, but there are differences. if you listened to the discussion in a cooperative board meeting you would hear many of the same financial terms that would be used in a corporate meeting, but used in a different context. profit and return on investment are important, but just as relevant is the service cooperatives provide to its members. income is distributed to the users, or is invested for the future of the co - op. farmers aren ’ t the only beneficiaries. in many small towns, cooperatives are the largest employers, the biggest taxpayers, and even social centers. there is no question that farmers have a unique partnership with their cooperatives. that is why it is disconcerting to see the department of justice questioning the relevance of the capper - volstead act. when americans are struggling to keep their jobs and pay their bills, it makes no sense to target areas of the u. s. economy that continue to work well for both producers and consumers. today, roughly 3, 000 farmer cooperatives employ more than 180, 000 people. they supply much of america ’ s food. and they help every sector of the industry, from big - time growers to small organic farmers who need to band together to survive. with cooperatives possibly under attack from washington, the people who understand and appreciate their value must rally around them. throughout 2010, the department of justice ( doj ) and the department of agriculture are holding joint workshops on competition in the farm industry. a meeting in iowa this month will focus on seeds. future meetings will take place in alabama ( on poultry ), wisconsin ( dairy ), colorado ( livestock ), and washington, d. c. ( consumer prices ). cooperatives demonstrate the principle of strength in numbers. saving them from this new threat, however, will require the efforts of individuals. farmers and ranchers must turn out at these meetings and make sure their voices are heard. for generations, farmers and ranchers have benefited from cooperatives - - and so have all americans, who enjoy more food security than anybody else in the world. how would agriculture and rural communities fare without cooperatives? and if they vanished, what would replace them? john reifsteck is a corn and soybean producer in western champaign county illinois. he serves as vice - chairman of the growmark board of directors – a farm supply and marketing cooperative – and is a board member of truth about trade & technology * this commentary also appears in


the rapid flight of the " caspian monster " over waves would leave anyone awestruck! in a pursuit of speed the important quality of speed was, in all times, the object of the steadfast attention of ship - builders. but the increase of speed for ships was limited by quickly growing hydrodynamic resistance in the case of an insufficient capacity sail and oar movement. this restriction was removed with the introduction on ships of mechanical engines in the middle or the end of the superstructure, but the situation did not change, even for ships at the beginning of the nineteenth century. but speed could only go so far in any case, and even nuclear powered ships of the twentieth century concede little to steamships. the trick in speed was connected to idea to lift the keel of a vessel from water to air, an environment 840 times less dense. the main obstacle, growth of resistance of water, disappeared. the chief designer ckb on vouw r. e. alekseyev ( at the left ) was first pilot of all machines developed by him. in 1935, under the direction of the professor of moscow air institute v. i. levkov, the first vessel to fly on an air pillow ( voap ) l - 1 was created. the fact of its existence and subsequent airboats, including record l - 5, were top secret and in the west irrespective of levkov developed their own technique of account voap. in 1959 under a new management, kokkeren in great britain constructed his " hovercraft ", the first one in which a wide public has seen. the sea - glider, vouw, and voap were - just steps in the development of the idea of a high - speed vessel from water to air. the logic that led to the completion of this idea was ekranoplanes ( screenplanes ) flying above the water. principle of movement to be brief about physical bases of the movement of this high - speed vessel at a surface of the screen ( usually it is water, but it may be also be land and ice ). the screen effect, changing of carrying properties in water to a wing at small altitudes of flight - was opened by airmen. for the first time pilots met with it on take - off and landing modes of planes. as flying data of the plane, in particular its stability, were not designed for this effect, in some cases it caused disasters and accidents of planes on take - off and landing modes. apparently, one of the first domestic works, devoted to the


. as flying data of the plane, in particular its stability, were not designed for this effect, in some cases it caused disasters and accidents of planes on take - off and landing modes. apparently, one of the first domestic works, devoted to the influence of ground on aerodynamic properties of a wing, was an experimental work of b. n. yuriev ( 1923 ). during 1935 - 1937 a complex for the experimental and theoretical research in this direction was carried out by y. m. serebriyski and sh. a. biyachuev at tsagi. at about the same period theoretical research was carried out by the outstanding foreign scientist : a. betc, k. wieselberg, s. hagget, d. bagleya, m. finn. the results of his research allowed a qualitative estimation of the influence of the screen effect on the aerodynamic characteristics low - level - flying wing. in particular it was shown that as the elevating force of a wing grows more, i. e. the closer is the wing to ground ; the resistance decreases longitudinal moment changes. it allowed developing the appropriate recommendations for controlling of aircraft, that has influence of the screen to the aerodynamic characteristics on take - off and landing modes. nevertheless, for aircraft this effect continues to remain " harmful ". ekranoplanes in the air apparently, the first ekranoplane was created by finnish engineer t. kaario. in the winter of 1932 above a frozen surface of a lake he tested an ekranoplane, towed by aerosledges. later, in 1935 / 1936 kaario constructed an advanced ekranoplane, equipped with an engine with a propeller. in 1939 the american engineer d. warner, working with the speed boats, offered the project of a vessel with a system of carrying air wings. by the order of military department of sweden, extensive works were carried out in the 40 ' s by i. troeng. two ekranoplanes were constructed, but the results did not satisfied the customer, and work was curtailed. the experience of the second world war showed the efficiency of high - speed ships, especially for sudden attacks on the enemy. after the war, the navy order for a small ( weight up to 5 tons ) experimental ekranoplanes to be constructed in the different country of the world. however, the large apparatus ( military and civil ) had not left the drawing stage. designing the flying apparatus, intended for a high - speed movement near the border of two environments ( air and sea water


be constructed in the different country of the world. however, the large apparatus ( military and civil ) had not left the drawing stage. designing the flying apparatus, intended for a high - speed movement near the border of two environments ( air and sea water ), presents a set of problems, that are not met in the other areas of engineering. among them was maintenance of the stability in the movement of the apparatus at very small ( 0. 5 to 2 m ) heights of flight ; durability and simultaneously small weight of a design, considered on impact with a crest of a wave at high ( 200 to 400 km / h ) speeds ; a choice a material that would not be destroyed in sea water ( ship - building materials are too heavy, and air materials are quickly corroded ) ; the creation of powerful and easy engines for work in sea conditions ( which are not affected by water splashes and salt ) and set of other no less difficult problems. the decision to these problems required a lot of theoretical work and experimental research, design and experimental - design work, and tests. probably, for this reason western firms hesitated to develop ekranoplanes completely because of the fear and risk and stopped work, as soon as the government refused to invest in the research. such fate overtook the missile ship of grumman, the anti - sub ekranoplane ram1, its descendant ram2 and many other projects. successful experimental apparatus were used sometimes as prototypes for the small civil ekranoplanes ( for example, there was a series of ekranoplanes by g. yorg, switzerland - germany ). if one trusts the writing of the press in the 1960 to the 1980s, in the ussr, work on an ekranoplanes was at the same stage as abroad ; also on a half - legal basis enthusiasts created easy experimental machines by handicraft methods, but further development failed. however, at this particular time at least in two design offices ( g. m. beriev ' s air design bureau in taganrog and ship - building r. e. alekseyev ' s central design bureau ( ckb ) in gorky ) were developed, where they built and tested prototypes ( instead of an easy experimental machines! ) of the soviet battle ekranoplanes. the increase of an elevating force can reach 50 % growth of an aerodynamic quality in relation of the elevating force to the force of resistance in 1. 5 to 2. 5 and more times. the influence of the screen to a wing, a


of an elevating force can reach 50 % growth of an aerodynamic quality in relation of the elevating force to the force of resistance in 1. 5 to 2. 5 and more times. the influence of the screen to a wing, a very complex physical phenomenon, had to be completely clear in the understanding of the mechanism of this influence. for example, there are such modes of a movement of a wing above the screen, when at reduction of the height of flight the elevating force is not increased, but on the contrary, decreased. tree of ekranoplanes the british aviation magazine " flight international " recently published the genealogical tree of the soviet ekranoplanes. the scheme, which is reproduced here completely, is indicative in two relations. first, until now there was no open information on the results of work in taganrog ( the apparatus designated by " bartini ", the author and chief of work was r. l. bartini ), there are marks of a question. errors in designations and schemes of the alekseyev ' s ckb ( top family on the scheme ) have been also made : a missile ship has a firm designation " lun ", instead of " utka " ; the second copy of " lun " ( on the scheme " lun " ) has 8 engines, instead of 6. secondly, the lines of development of three families ( top - alekseyev ' s ckb, middle - bartini, bottom - light machines ) are crossed nowhere. this scheme indirectly shows a degree of the secrecy of the work with a battle ekranoplanes in the ussr, as it not only did not show the plans to experts in the west, even the developers were not informed about businesses of the colleagues. vva - 14 before test flight the apparatus created in taganrog was not an ekranoplane. the collective of r. l. bartini ( born in italy, founded italian communist party in 1921, and emigrated to the ussr in 1923, deserves a separate conversation ), placed after moving from the moscow area on the territory of beriev ' s kb, offered to use screen effect for the improvement of the take - off and landing characteristics of a planes. in the words of n. a. pogorelov ' s, who was the first assistant of r. l. bartini in that time, one of the basic directions of work was the realization of the idea of a so - called contactless take - off and landing : the plane rises


it formed under the initiative of the talented engineer rostislav alekseyev ( 1916 - 1980 ), who headed it. the theme of work - ships on underwater wings - was secret, and it was almost forty years to the moment of the successful test of a forlanini ' s boat. probably, this veil of secrecy prevented forty years after, the inclusion in the encyclopedia a few lines about the main designer, winner state and lenin ' s premiums, deserved inventor of the rsfsr, doctor of the technical sciences r. e. alekseyev, whose results of the work on vouw are widely known and are used not only in russia, but also in the west. now the ckb is known by civil production - vouw " raketa ", " meteor ", " cometa ", " kolkhida ", " burevestnik ", " sputnik ", " voskhod ". but little is known about the 50th in the ckb, that was development on the creation of a battle ekranoplanes. the conditions, which was so in those years in the ussr, when for the defensive projects money and the resources were allocated practically without restrictions, have allowed us to realize the fact, that seemed impossible for the western economy with its strict and sober account : to overcome huge financial and technical risk and to create quiet battle machines, moreover - to build them serially. sm - 6 ( prototype of " orlyonok " ) refuel from km - 08 ( 1978 ) the ckb worked in the several basic directions : creation of the attack ship, anti - sub ekranoplane, and cargo - descent vessel. as result of work by the navy ' s order on the ckb ' s factory " volga " in 1963 was constructed the huge ( length 348 - ft, span 131 - ft, weight loaded - 1091, 000 - lb ) ekranoplane km ( " korabl - maket " ( ship - model " ), received the nato nickname " kaspian monster ". it was the largest and heavy flying apparatus in the world. the tests, proceeding for a several years, have shown the correctness of the basic engineering decisions. the first copy suffered from accident in 1969, when the pilot lost the visual horizon and had water impact at high speed, because of the strong fog. the second copy also suffered an accident in 1980 by pilot error and sank in the caspian sea, but all the crew were rescued. " ka


, when the pilot lost the visual horizon and had water impact at high speed, because of the strong fog. the second copy also suffered an accident in 1980 by pilot error and sank in the caspian sea, but all the crew were rescued. " kaspian monster " became an ancestor of the several ekranoplanes. in 1987 the " lun " was launched on water, the first ship of a series battle missile ekranoplanes ( length : 242 - ft, span : 144 - ft 4 - in, weight 882, 000 - lb ). the main designer was v. kirillovykh. the ship was armed by three pairs of cruise missile 3m80 or 80m " mosquito " ( nato ' s designation ss - n - 22 sunburn ). the second " lun " was also pawned as missile boat, but the beginning of conversion has brought the corrective amendments, and it was built as a rescue boat. rescue version of lun in 1972 after a number of experiments and tests of the manned self - propelled models, the cargo - descent ekranoplane " orlyonok " was constructed ( length : 190 - ft 3 1 / 2 - in, span : 103 - ft 4 - in, weight : loaded ; 308, 640 - lb ). the design of this machine has been successful and reliable and the survivability has exceeded all expectations. ekranoplane " orlyonok " a - 90 the creation of this unique - properties flying apparatus, from the origin of an idea up to its realization and then cessation of work on this perspective direction is very interesting, but is not a well known page of engineering history. working on the further increase of speed for vessels on underwater wings, r. e. alekseyev met a physical restriction on growth of speed vouw : by strong growth of resistance and cavitation ( low - temperature boiling ) of water on underwater wings and propeller. a natural resolve was to rise completely from water in air, so rostislav alekseyev decided to go by use of screen effect. at first, as well as with the vouw, towed models were tested. the vouw " volga " was used as the tow. to the point, the first models of the vouw alekseyev tested on a tow for sailboat - the case if not unique, in any case, untypical in the world ' s shipbuilding. but we shall return to the ekranoplanes. the models were tested in an aerodynamic


vouw alekseyev tested on a tow for sailboat - the case if not unique, in any case, untypical in the world ' s shipbuilding. but we shall return to the ekranoplanes. the models were tested in an aerodynamic pipe at the chkalovsky branch of the ckb ( gorky area ) and were tested on a track : they were dispersed by the special launcher and flied on inertia along a long equal path. a heavy sheet of plywood was used for researching the stability of movement : the airwave from its fall forced model to be rocked. further movement was the subject of more researches. once, to be honest, this test bed was too strong and the force of the air caused the model to break loose from the track, climb up in the air, and punch the roof. but as a whole the tests gave encouraging results : the movement was steady. " orlyonok " goes to the coast since 1961 the ckb has begun the construction and tests of self - propelled manned models : sm - 1, sm - 2 and so on. the apparatus sm - 6 has become an actual prototype of the " orlyonok ". on these machines the basic constructive decisions were fulfilled, amphibian characteristics were tested for coming onto dry land, and tests were performed on its controlablety. tests were carried out in gorky ' s water pool, far from curious eyes. in autumn 1972 the first work copy of the " orlyonok " was taken out for a test. telyachy island down from the nizhny novgorod ( gorky ) on the river volga was used, as it was separated from the coast by the non - navigable, yet had a lenght of around 8 km on its left shore. there the first tests of the " orlyonok " were performed. it was already impossible to hide such " huge thing ", and keep it a secret from the local, that it is the plane of lost failure, and now it is trying to pass it on airfield. the tests passed successfully, and in the spring the ekranoplane in the disassembled condition was transported down on the volga to the caspian sea, there reassembled, and the tests proceeded under sea conditions again. the ekranoplane was projected and built as a cargo - descent vessel for carrying machines and also armed forces into regions of battle action and landings descent. and for the uninitiated has invented the legend : " the floating stand for improvement of new


the ekranoplane was projected and built as a cargo - descent vessel for carrying machines and also armed forces into regions of battle action and landings descent. and for the uninitiated has invented the legend : " the floating stand for improvement of new engines of high - speed boats ". unloading btr - 80 from " orlyonok ' s cargo deck on tests under sea conditions the ekranoplane showed good results. the high speed, " amphibability ", take - off from water ata small speed ( for the account blowing under a wings by jets of forward engines ) made this apparatus unique by its opportunities. in 1975 during the tests the ekranoplane was sat on stones. then the pilot switched the blowing - under on, and the machine left on water, flew up, and without any undue incident has reached base. but landing on stones did not pass without consequences. one case of the pre - series " orlyonok " was made of an alloy k482t1, which is very rigid and strong, but fragile. probably, the impacts with stones damaged the case, in the tail there were cracks, which were not noticed in the external survey. the next tests were spent at the heavy sea. during a rise from water, from impact of the damaged case about crest of a wave, the tail together with tailwings and mid - flight engine simply fell off. the pilot dumped gas of the start engines. r. e. alekseyev, who sat in the pilot ' s cabin too ( main designer personally attended practically all tests ), did not become puzzled, took control himself. he set the start engines on the cruiser mode, which kept the ekranoplane from plunging into water ( in this case ship would sink, which would be unavoidable, as the tail was not present ). this set the " orlyonok " on the gliding mode and it landed on the coast. the people sitting in the ship got rid by a fright, but for rostislav alekseyev, this failure had much heavier consequences. everyone expected, that alekseyev would receive the rank of a hero of the socialist labor for creation of ekranoplanes. but instead of the minister of a ship - building industry b. e. butoma, already " having a grudge " against alekseyev for the independence of his character has used failure as the pretext and removed alekseyev from his post of the main designer and the ckb chief


b. e. butoma, already " having a grudge " against alekseyev for the independence of his character has used failure as the pretext and removed alekseyev from his post of the main designer and the ckb chief, by lowering him down to the chief of a department, and then to the chief of perspective sector. but the militarians and alekseyev looked at this failure a little otherwise : the " orlyonok " had shown surprising survivability ( tear off a tail of the plane or usual vessel - what would happen? ). analysing the reason of this failure, the main designer replaced the material of the case to an aluminum - magnesium alloy amg61. after this was launched, another three ekranoplanes were made for the soviet navy. all of them were under construction in a factory " volga " at the ckb. there were a total of five " orlyonok ' s " on chronology : " dubl " - a copy for static tests ; was sent to demolition ; s - 23 - first " orlyonok " that has committed the flight ( made of k482t1 alloy ) ; after crash was sent for demolition ; s - 21 - was handed to navy in 1978 ; now in service ; s - 25 - was handed to navy in 1979 ; now in service ; s - 26 - was handed to navy in 1980 ; now in service. the series of ekranoplanes s - 21 and s - 25 and s - 26 was a pre - series : by the plans of development the ussr navy was provided construction 120 " orlyonok ' s. the military seamen were attracted with efficiency of an ekranoplane as a descent vessel. the high speed provided a speed for army transferring, unattainable for usual descent ships, and sudden impact. usual anti - descent obstacles and mine fields for " orlyonok " were not a handicap ( it would simply fly through them ), and for capture of a " fortress " on a well - protected coast of the opponent, an ekranoplane would be simply irreplaceable. but the plans did not come true ; in 1985 the defense minister marshal of the soviet union d. f. ustinov, support for the idea of the construction of a fleet - descent ekranoplanes died. the new defence minister marshal of the soviet union s. l. sokolov by the strong - willed decision closed the program, and money intended for it


a hospital with the speed 700 km / h. further on the " orlyonok " starts the engines, releases from an - 225, and sits on water, turning into a seaworthy rescue vessel. due to large durability of a design, the ekranoplane can sit on a strong harsh sea, perilous for hydroplanes, and has the value of a course, that will allow it to work practically in any point of global ocean ( you see, fuel is spent only for a return way up to the nearest port ). this system will work also in a polar regions - the ekranoplane sits on the ice. such a system can deliver a polar station crew with urgent supplies ( not only in the arctic, but in the antarctic too ). and all these projects are financed by interested customers, so, despite difficulty, which the whole industry of the sng now experiences, there is the basis to look in the future with optimistism. instead of a conclusion to win strong positions, a steamship was required almost a century, vessels on underwater wings - a half - century, sea - gliders - more quarter of a century. recently an ekranoplane celebrated 60 years - a solid age. the researches on transport economics, spent by a number of organizations, in russia and in the west, have revealed an original niche, which could be filled with the flying ships. it is a means of sea transportation of passengers and urgent loads ( and for an ekranoplane, flight above sea is much more safe, than for an airplane ), and also ekranoplanes could be used as a transport line between islands in archipelagoes and between continent and islands : for an ekranoplane mooring is unnecessary, as for a vessel ; nor an airfield, as for a plane, and building a seaport or airport is economically unprofitable. and, knowing about the results of r. e. alekseyev ' s and other ckb designers works, about the scope of both intensive modern researches and experiments, it is possible to hope, that for final recognition the ekranoplane should not wait for a century anniversary. the crew consists of a commander, co - pilot, mechanic, navigator, radio operator and gunner. for transportation of a descent in structure of crew two mechanics are joined in addition. the hull is made of the alloy amg61. in separate units steel is applied. radio - transparent aerials are made from composite materials. electrochemical protectors provide the protection of the case from


of crew two mechanics are joined in addition. the hull is made of the alloy amg61. in separate units steel is applied. radio - transparent aerials are made from composite materials. electrochemical protectors provide the protection of the case from corrosion. the underwater part is painted with a special paint, preventing growth of sea animicules. the hull is intended for accommodation in it useful loads, crew, arms, starting engines, and ship systems. useful loads are placed in a cargo cabin of length : 92 - ft, width : 11 - ft, height : 15 - ft. the load and unload occur through the hatch, formed at turn to the left around of hinges nose part of the case. the cabin of crew, engines and machine - gun installation are placed in a rotary part. system cross and longitudinal reads form the bottom. in the nose part of the case to the bottom fastens hydroski ( nose one ). basic ( main ) hydroski fastens in region of center of weights. both they can shake in vertical. an input and output of crew comes through doors, located on boards of the case above a wing. emergency escape - through the hatch on a roof of the pilot ' s cabin. the wing has aerodynamic configuration, optimized for a movement near to the screen. on the ends of a wing are placed floats, playing the role of aerodynamic and gliding disks. along the back edge are located five - section flaps - ailerons. along the forward edge on the bottom surface of a wing ( closer to the ends ) are special starting plates. an axis of rotation of the plate passes on their forward edges. corners of a deviation : flaps - ailerons - from - 10 up to + 42 degrees, starting plates - 70 degrees. the mechanization of a wing is used at the start for the creation of a gas pillow, lifting an ekranoplane from the water. on start the back edge of a wing is in the water. for climb, special nose starting engines are switched on, jet exhaust from which are directed under a wing. the pilot lower flaps and plates, so that no gases comes through under back and forward edges. the raised pressure of gases under a wing lifts an ekranoplane from water. structurally the wing consists from centerplane and two consoles that have kesson design. the tail on the " orlyonok " there are engine - tail wings with the purpose of reducing the influence of the screen by the characteristics of stability and controlability of the ek


consists from centerplane and two consoles that have kesson design. the tail on the " orlyonok " there are engine - tail wings with the purpose of reducing the influence of the screen by the characteristics of stability and controlability of the ekranoplane. the relative large sizes of the stabilizer are explained by necessity of maintenance of steady flight at various heights from the screen. rudders used for height are of four - sections, those of the rudder used for direst are of two - sections. the vertical tail represents one whole with the fuselage. on top of the tail the mid - flight engine, navigating antenna, and radio aerials are installed. the chassis includes two - wheel nose and ten - wheel basic gear. wheels - non - breakable, nose gear - rotary, gear independent. retracting it into the case produces the retracting of the nose wheels, and the basic wheels with the help of hydrocylinders are filled up for main water ski. bay doors of a retracted station are absent, the hydroski in a retracted situation partially cover depressions in the chassis. the chassis together with ski - amortization device ( nose and basic hydroski ) and blowing - under provide passable practicality on any ground, snow and ice. the power installation consists of two starting turbojet engines nk - 8 - 4k and mid - flight turbo - propeller nk - 12mk. all engines represent itself sea version of the same air engines. starting engines ( the static maximum draft in standard conditions 10. 5t each ) are installed on boards in rotary part of the fuselage. air intakes are placed before the canopy of a cabin of the pilots for prevention of hit splashes and dust at a movement above the sea or land. rotary jet exhausts of engines allow to direct a jet exhaust under a wing ( mode blow - under ) or above a wing ( if increase of draft in cruise flight is necessary ). the mid - flight engine results in rotation two one - axis propellers by a diameter 6m ( static maximum draft in standard conditions 15. 5t ). onboard auxiliary power installation tl - 6l is also available. the fuel tanks are located in root parts of a wing. the systems of an ekranoplane represent a combination of a traditional ship and aircraft equipment. a ship navigating complex " ekran " with survey rls is onboard available. a control system - hydraulic. analogue of the auto pilot is system of automatic control by a movement. with its help piloting


a traditional ship and aircraft equipment. a ship navigating complex " ekran " with survey rls is onboard available. a control system - hydraulic. analogue of the auto pilot is system of automatic control by a movement. with its help piloting is possible as in hand - operated, and in automatic modes. in the nose end of the case is installed the aerial of navigating radar - tracking station of the warning of collisions - " ekran - 4 " with high resolution. the aerial survey rls is placed on the top part of the case beside the machine - gun. the hydrosystem provides functioning steering surfaces, mechanization of a wing, retracting of the chassis and water skis, turn nose part of the case on hinges. the electrosystem provides with a current the piloting - navigating, radiocoherent, electrotechnical equipment, and also control system. the ekranoplane is equipped by the complete set of ship navigating fires. in the rotary part of the case in forpik is located drogue - tow device. the anchor is retracted in kluse. there are inflatable saving rafts and motor inflatable boats onboard of an ekranoplane. the armament consists of defense machine - gun installation " utyos " and shooting weapon of crew. coloring : a surface part of the case, including tail wings is gray ; a underwater part of the case - dark - green ; of rls aerials - light - gray ; a waterline, tactical numbers - white ; blades of the propeller, trunks of machine guns, visires, jet exhausts of engines, niche of jet exhausts of the nose engines - black ; ends of disks - red ; the ends of blades - yellow. from both boards on vertical tail the image of a russian navy flag is put. 1. s. kravchuk a. maskalik a. privalov. flying above waves. aerohobby. i2. kiev. 1992 2. a. belyaev. magic flight. aviko press. moscow. 1993 3. the osprey encyclopedia of russian aircraft. osprey aerospace, england, 1995. © www. airforce. ru 2009


it seems ironic that tu b ’ shvat, the jewish holiday celebrating trees and nature, falls in the dead of winter. a cynic might explain the timing as appropriate in light of judaism ’ s “ cold ” embrace of environmental issues which don ’ t always rank too high on our communal agenda. we can even justify our scorn of all things green by pointing to the seemingly anti - environmentalist teaching in pirkei avot ( 3 : 9 ) : rabbi shimon would say : one who walks along a road and studies, but interrupts his studying to say, " how beautiful is this tree! how beautiful is this plowed field! " – scripture considers it as if he had forfeited his life. there is a perception that judaism has a conflict between his word vs. his world. a deeper look at our sources, however, reveals an inspiring intersection of torah and teva ( nature ) : the book of genesis describes god proudly looking upon his creation and declaring it “ very good. ” man is created and immediately charged with caring for creation : “ and god placed man in the garden of eden to work it and to guard it ” ( genesis 2 : 15 ). rabbi norman lamm identifies two aspects emerging from this verse : man has been appointed an “ oved, ” a worker who builds and crafts, as well as a “ shomer, ” a guardian who “ is obligated to keep the world whole for its true owner, and is responsible to return it in no worse condition than he found it. ” we have the unique ability and urgent responsibility to care for the natural resources that god created. the torah prohibition of bal tashchit ( lit : do not waste ) is an expression of our duty as a guardian. the torah ( deut. 20 : 19 ) calls for the preservation of fruit trees during times of war. maimonides ( wars 6 : 10 ) makes clear that the prohibition has a much broader application. as he points out : “ this principle applies not only to trees. whenever someone destroys a useful artifact, rips clothing, demolishes a building, plugs up a spring or senselessly destroys food, he violates bal tashchit. ” similarly, the sefer hachinuch ( # 529 ) sees in bal tashchit the definition of what it means to be a good person : “ this is the way of the righteous and those who improve society... that nothing, not even a mustard seed, should be lost..


) sees in bal tashchit the definition of what it means to be a good person : “ this is the way of the righteous and those who improve society... that nothing, not even a mustard seed, should be lost... if possible they will prevent any destruction that they can. not so are the wicked who rejoice in the destruction of the world. ” if our obligation as “ guardian ” includes the prohibition of bal tashchit, then “ oved ” describes our positive role as a worker and fabricator. especially in today ’ s climate of environmental concerns, we have the unique ability, and urgent responsibility, to be an “ oved ” and to take the natural resources that god created and improve upon them for the benefit of humanity. putting it into practice it is therefore a great source of pride, and a kiddush hashem ( bringing honor and respect to god ), that some of the most exciting breakthroughs in clean technology are currently being developed by jews in israel. • energy – in addition to its chronic water shortage, the state of israel has also faced a perpetual energy crisis. unable to rely on its oil - rich neighbors for energy, israel has looked to the heavens to provide an alternative solution. abundant israeli sunshine led to the early adoption of solar water heaters, but cutting - edge r & d has now advanced israel well beyond the “ dud shemesh ” which sit atop 90 % of israeli homes. a jerusalem - based solar company, brightsource energy, recently began to build the world ’ s largest solar energy project in southern california, which will produce enough energy for 140, 000 homes, doubling the amount of solar electricity currently produced in the united states. israel is also working to end the world ’ s dangerous addiction to arab oil. while electric vehicles are now available in many countries, israel has taken the first groundbreaking step to build an extensive network of battery exchange stations and plug - in charge spots for electric vehicles. its small size makes israel the perfect test market for this revolutionary concept that can transform the transportation industry. originally conceived as an idea to make the world “ a better place, ” founder shai agassi has promised that better place will be the biggest international brand to come out of israel since jaffa oranges. • water – nearly one billion people throughout the world – about one in eight – lack access to clean water. more people die each year from water - borne diseases than through armed conflict ( see : water. org ), so finding a


oranges. • water – nearly one billion people throughout the world – about one in eight – lack access to clean water. more people die each year from water - borne diseases than through armed conflict ( see : water. org ), so finding a solution to this global threat is among the most pressing issues facing the world today. the jewish state currently leads the international community in water conservation and desalination, purifying and reusing 75 % of its waste water each year for agricultural use. ( the second - most efficient nation, spain, recycles only 12 % of its water! ) a leaky pipe was dripping droplets of water onto the tree ’ s roots. a turning point in israeli water conservation occurred in the 1930s when a polish immigrant noticed a tree growing in the negev desert, “ without water. ” simcha blass dug around the tree and uncovered a leaky pipe dripping tiny droplets of water onto its roots. blass went on to develop drip irrigation ( netafim. com ), now a multi - million - dollar israeli export responsible for saving thousands of lives in third world countries. another israeli startup has developed a material that attracts and retains dew. shaped into trays and placed around crops, this material will take the dew that forms overnight and funnel it directly onto the plant and its roots. field tests promise enormous water savings, reducing the irrigation water needed for crops by 50 percent. the company is named tal - ya, meaning " god ’ s dew. " • trees – the state of israel is one of only two countries in the world that ended the 20th century with more trees than it started with, thanks to the efforts of the jewish national fund in planting more than 240 million trees. this incredible achievement brings new life to the ancient words of the midrash ( vayikra rabbah 25 : 3 ) : rabbi yehuda ben shimon began, “ you shall emulate the lord your god. ’ is it possible for flesh and blood to emulate the almighty?... what this means is that in the beginning [ of creation ], god engaged in planting ; similarly “ you shall come into the land, and you shall plant. ” many of the serious environmental concerns that now face the global community – scarcity of water, addiction to oil, and degradation of arable land – have confronted the state of israel since its inception. applying jewish ingenuity to our biblical mandate to “ work and guard the land ” is now providing the answers to some of the worlds most


| as china ' s economy continues to grow, the world will demand that the asian powerhouse assumes greater responsibility for global economic stability, but china has little time to prepare [ gallo / getty ] is china poised to surpass the united states to become the world ' s largest economy? the international monetary fund recently predicted that the size of china ' s economy would overtake that of the us in terms of purchasing power parity ( ppp ) by 2016. but a recent co - authored study by robert feenstra, an economist at the university of california, davis, shows that global economic leadership would pass to china in 2014. and, even more radically, arvind subramanian of the peterson institute of international economics argues that china actually surpassed the us in ppp terms in 2010. purchasing power parity measures a country ' s income using a set of international prices applied to all economies. prices in developing countries are usually lower than in developed countries. therefore, their income could be underestimated if calculated only according to the exchange rate. income measured in ppp helps to avoid this problem. but estimating ppp income raises its own set of problems. one consists in the fact that every country has a different consumption basket, with the greatest disparity between developing and developed countries. for example, foods usually account for 40 per cent or more of household expenditure in a typical developing country, whereas the figure is less than 20 per cent in most developed countries. the purpose of ppp comparison is to measure a country ' s real quality of life. in this case, it can be thought of as comparing each country ' s aggregate good, composed of the goods in each country ' s consumption basket. but this aggregate good does not have the same components across countries. that is, ppp calculations effectively compare apples with oranges. this argument may sound technical, but it has profound implications for cross - country comparisons of life quality. suppose we compare two countries. one of them is agriculture - based, and people consume only food, while the other is industry - based, and people not only consume food but also buy clothes. the share of their expenditure on these two items is 20 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively. suppose, further, that per capita nominal income at the market exchange rate in the second country is four times higher than in the first. food prices are the same in the two countries, while in the second country, the price of cloth is five times higher than the price of food. in this example, the price


rate in the second country is four times higher than in the first. food prices are the same in the two countries, while in the second country, the price of cloth is five times higher than the price of food. in this example, the price of the aggregate good in the second country is 4. 2 times the price of the aggregate good in the first country. further calculation reveals that, in ppp terms, a person in the second country is five per cent poorer than a person in the first country! this absurd result is possible only because ppp is comparing two different consumption bundles. but the consumption basket of an average chinese consumer is vastly different from the consumption basket of an average american, so ppp comparisons between china and the us can be misleading. ppp gives an answer to the following question : how much does a chinese worker need to earn to maintain their quality of life in china if they were to move to the us? but this question is neither intuitive nor realistic. when it comes to the comparison of purchasing power in the international market, a more sensible question is : how many goods can a chinese worker buy in the us using the income they earn in china? one must rely on nominal income to provide an answer to this question. in this case, a 10 per cent appreciation of the renminbi increases the purchasing power of a chinese person in the us by exactly 10 per cent, whereas his life quality does not change in ppp terms. but china would surpass the us in a relatively short period of time even if we measured both countries ' economies in nominal terms. assuming that the chinese and us economies grow, respectively, by eight per cent and three per cent in real terms, that china ' s inflation rate is 3. 6 per cent and america ' s is two per cent ( the averages of the past decade ), and that the renminbi appreciates against the dollar by three per cent per year ( the average of the past six years ). china would become the world ' s largest economy by 2021. by that time, both countries ' gdp will be about $ 24 trillion, perhaps triple the size of the third largest economy, either japan or germany. assuming eight per cent growth for china may or may not be a sure bet. but if china grew by 9 - 10 per cent in the first five years and by 6 - 7 per cent in the subsequent five years, the target for an average of eight per cent between now and 2021 would be met. the world has already begun to demand that china assume


science fair project encyclopedia origins and polarization the expression gained wide use with the publication in 1991 of culture wars : the struggle to define america by james davison hunter. in that book, he described the dramatic polarized re - alignment that had transformed american politics. the term echoes the german kulturkampf. the observation is that on an increasing number of " hot - button " defining issues — abortion, gun control, separation of church and state, privacy, homosexuality, censorship — there are two definable polarities in american culture. these are not defined by their nominal religion or even by their political affiliation, but rather by an ideological world view. see also culture war speech during the same period, paleoconservative commentator patrick j. buchanan mounted a campaign for the republican nomination for president of the united states against incumbent george h. bush in 1992, mostly based on bush ' s decision to raise taxes after the latter ' s famous pledge, " read my lips, no new taxes ". after doing surprisingly well in the first primary in new hampshire, drawing 37 % of the vote, his campaign faded. he did receive a consolation prize : the keynote speech at the 1992 republican national convention, in which he railed againat all forms of immigration and urged all american people to wage in a " war " to rid american of foreign cultures. ( this is where the term " culture war " began to form ) the speech played well amongst the hard - line republicans, but many consider that its effect may have cost the party swing votes and alienated moderates. that is, it was adjudged to have been polarizing. buchanan said, " there is a religious war going on in our country for the soul of america. it is a cultural war, as critical to the kind of nation we will one day be as was the cold war itself. " buchanan ' s campaign is credited to some extent with allowing independent ross perot to emerge as a major figure in politics. perot received 19 % of the vote that year, doing extraordinarily well for a third - party candidate in a two - party system. a definition from the conservative side was that in the culture wars, public morality, as well as multiculturalism and diversity, are the defining issues. this would not be generally accepted as a description, but has some force in terms of electoral politics. attempting an era name the term culture wars was adopted by william strauss and neil howe in fourth turning ( 1996 ), to describe the historical period from 1984 to approximately


not be generally accepted as a description, but has some force in terms of electoral politics. attempting an era name the term culture wars was adopted by william strauss and neil howe in fourth turning ( 1996 ), to describe the historical period from 1984 to approximately 2005. the preceding era they termed the consciousness revolution ; the succeeding era in strauss and howe ' s system is the predicted upcoming crisis of 2020. the period opened with triumphant " morning in america " individualism and drifted toward pessimism as time wore on. personal confidence remained high and in the 1990s few national problems demanded immediate action. but the public reflected darkly on growing violence and incivility, widening inequality, pervasive distrust of institutions and leaders, and a debased popular culture. people began fearing that the national consensus was splitting into competing " values " camps. campus culture wars from the point of view of american academia, the ' culture wars ' and their alignments were nothing new — rather they were perceived as an extrapolation of some conflicts that had been simmering in university life since the 1960s. positions had been taken up on a number of issues : feminism, homosexuality as a topic in the humanities, postmodernism being some of those attracting attention in the arts faculties. cruder debates in more emotive terms were expected on the curriculum, popular culture, supposed enforcement of political correctness, affirmative action as it applies to admissions, and allegations that teaching was too centred on dwems and wasp interpretations. the campus culture wars reflected a change in the demographics of the student population, as well as social change in society at large. public intellectuals have sometimes been content to blur the distinction between ' culture war ' in this sense, and in national politics. did the september 11, 2001 attacks herald the end of the culture wars era? some argue that the destruction of the world trade center produced only a temporary sobering reaction from the american populace. if the culture wars era had ended then, the national mood would have been akin to the mood at the time of the start of the great depression. the american military took over afghanistan and iraq, but that has not had the same feeling among the populace as, say, ve day. other critics dispute this. instead of comparing september 11 to the end of the second world war, they see it as similar to the beginning. many argue that the 9 / 11 attacks were " a new pearl harbor " that heralded the beginning of a culture shift. some right - wing and left - wing intellectuals see a post - 9 / 11


science fair project encyclopedia } } in music, a melody is a series of linear events or a succession, not a simultaneity as in a chord. however, this succession must contain change of some kind and be perceived as a single entity ( possibly gestalt ) to be called a melody. most specifically this includes patterns of changing pitches and durations, while most generally it includes any interacting patterns of changing events or quality. " melody may be said to result where there are interacting patterns of changing events occurring in time. " ( delone et. al. ( eds. ) 1975, p. 270 - 1 ) " the events occurring in time must involve change of some kind to be understood as related or unrelated... the essential elements of any melody are duration, pitch, and quality [ timbre, texture, and loudness ] " melodies often consist of one or more musical phrases, motifs, and is usually repeated throughout a song or piece in various forms. melodies may also be described by their melodic motion or the pitches or the intervals between pitches ( predominately conjuct or disjunct or with further restrictions ), pitch range, tension and release, continuity and coherence, cadence, and shape ( ibid, p. 290 - 301 ). " many extant explinations [ of melody ] confine us [ sic ] to specific stylistic models, and they are too exclusive. " ( ibid, p. 270 ) different musical styles use melody in different ways. for example : - rock music, melodic music, and other forms of popular music and folk music tend to pick one or two melodies ( verse and chorus ) and stick with them ; much variety may occur in the phrasing and lyrics. " gino stefani makes appropriation the chief criterion for his ' popular ' definition of melody ( stefani 1987a ). melody, he argues, is music ' at hand ' ; it is that dimension which the common musical competence extracts ( often with little respect for the integrity of the source ), appropriates and uses for a variety of purposes : singing, whistling, dancing, and so on. " ( middleton, p. 96 ) - in western classical music, composers often introduce an initial melody, or theme, and then create variations. classical music often has several melodic layers, called polyphony, such as those in a fugue, a type of counterpoint. often melodies are constructed from motifs or short melodic fragments, such as the opening of beethoven ' s ninth.