published by european expert network on culture ( eenc ) : april 2012 this literature review examined the impact of the arts on students ’ engagement with school as well as school attractiveness. if the current trend is for schools to adopt more market - driven approaches to provision of education, this review sheds some light on the factors which influence school attractiveness – viewed through the eyes of the various stakeholders involved : students, families, teachers, school boards & administrators, as well as community, economy and labour markets. whilst the focus has been on literature within the eu, relevant documents from elsewhere in the world have been included where their results have bearing on the european school context. the paper concludes that there is strong evidence which suggests : 1 ) the arts improve the social climate of the school and reduce negative social interactions and anti - social behaviour. this directly improves pupils ’ perceptions of school and increases the likelihood of the school being seen as being and attractive place by the pupils and teachers. 2 ) the inclusion of the arts in the school day provides opportunities from communication and emotional development not generally part of other school subjects. an improved emotional connection between pupils and teachers is shown to improve school attractiveness to pupils. 3 ) including the arts and culture in a sustained, high quality manner promotes a core ‘ liberal ’ and broad curriculum ; and this leads to improved academic attainment which can increase school attractiveness to parents and policy makers. some evidence was found which suggested that an arts - rich school may have : improved quality of teaching and leadership ( including cultural sensitivities ) ; and more effective practice for working with pupils with special educational needs there is weaker evidence to suggest that arts - rich schools may have a positive impact on future employability. - the arts within education can provide effective learning opportunities to the general student population, yielding increased academic performance, reduced absenteeism, and better skill - building. even more compelling is the striking success of arts - based educational programmes among disadvantaged populations, especially at - risk youth. for this segment of society most likely to suffer from limited lifetime productivity, the arts contribute to lower recidivism rates ; increased self - esteem ; the acquisition of job skills ; and the development of much needed creative thinking, problem solving and communications skills. - certain abilities are particularly effectively learnt in the arts, such as exploring, imagining, observing and reflecting. art - rich pedagogy can also promote the development of other competences like intercultural understanding, entrepreneurship or, put simply, “ learning to learn ”. it may increase cultural understanding, enjoyment and


as exploring, imagining, observing and reflecting. art - rich pedagogy can also promote the development of other competences like intercultural understanding, entrepreneurship or, put simply, “ learning to learn ”. it may increase cultural understanding, enjoyment and achievement and identity amongst other attributes. - through creating in the arts, pupils gain self - confidence. - a uk study conducted which examined young people ’ s motivation concluded that pupils were most likely to be ( and feel ) engaged where they had a sense of achievement, growth and enjoyment. arguably, these characteristics are more likely in the arts activities as these are not likely to have ‘ right and wrong ’ answers nor pre - determined age related outcomes. according to the study, adolescents placed a high value on activities that allowed them to meet new people and make friends. similarly, they wanted to gain skills and feel they were helping improve society or solve a problem. - children must experience high quality arts education for the positive impacts of arts education on school attractiveness to become apparent. the results from the global study of arts education suggest that in around ¼ of all instance of arts education, the quality is so low as to negatively affect a child ’ s artistic and creative development. given this, it is imperative that the arts education reaches certain levels of quality ; and this quality is available for all children – regardless of their artistic skills and abilities, initial motivation, behaviour, economic status or other entering attributes. providing classes for talented or interested students only cannot be considered as providing a comprehensive education for all. further research : the study recommended that more research studies be conducted into : - the impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of attracting and retaining effective school leaders and quality teachers - the impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of pupil retention and reduction in school ‘ drop outs ’ ( reducing early school leaving ) - the impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of improving employability and or community perceptions of pupils from particular school settings - the comparative impact of the arts on school attractiveness in terms of different school ‘ client ’ groups such as those from different social classes, levels of aspiration, boys and girls, rural and / or city children, those with special education needs and so on. - more specific research about exactly the type and quality of arts experiences ( including across the different art forms ) lead to particular levels of positive impact on school attractiveness. to download this paper, visit : http : / / www. eenc. info / wp - content / uploads / 2012


whooping cough ( pertussis ) is a highly contagious bacterial infection ( bordetella pertussis or b. parapertussis bacteria ) of the upper respiratory system, specifically the area where the nasal passages meet the back of the throat ( nasopharynx ). the infection causes irritated airways and severe coughing spells that often lead to a characteristically loud whooping or crowing sound as air is symptoms can occur in three distinct stages that altogether may last 6 to 10 weeks or longer. the first stage is symptoms that resemble a cold, including sneezing, runny nose, and mild coughing. the second stage is a dry, hacking cough that changes to bursts of uncontrollable, often violent coughing. the third stage is a cough that sounds worse. severe coughing spells may cause vomiting, exhaustion, and a blue tint to the skin and nail beds. although whooping cough can occur at any age, it is of greatest concern in children younger than 4 months and adults age 60 or older, because their risk of complications is higher than that of other people. the disease may be prevented or controlled if a child gets periodic immunizations with the pertussis vaccine around 2 months to 6 years of age. but the protection provided by the vaccine wears off over time. a booster shot is recommended for teens and adults. taking antibiotics early in the illness may help shorten the illness or prevent it from progressing to the stage in which severe coughing spells occur. babies who have whooping cough may need hospitalization, especially when they are younger than 4 months of age. complications include infection ( such as pneumonia ) or problems related to the straining during coughing spells, such as a hernia. in rare cases, whooping cough can cause death. august 31, 2012 john pope, md - pediatrics & w. david colby iv, msc, md, frcpc - infectious disease how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. we are happy to take your appointment request over the phone, or, you may fill out an online request form. disclaimer : the information on this website is for general informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


| " companies that market bottled water as being safer than tap water are defrauding the american public. " - the u. s. fda bottled water has become a multi - billion - dollar business. it ' s now the fastest growing segment of the entire beverage industry and the most profitable of all millions and millions of dollars are spent each week on advertising campaigns to give consumers the perception that bottled water comes from pristine mountain springs or pure underground aquifers. the truth is that bottled water is often little more than tap water in a bottle. there are no government standards that require bottled water to be any better, purer or safer than tap water! most bottled water is bottled and sold within the same state to avoid federal regulations. there are no assurances or government requirements that bottled water be of any higher quality than tap water. in march of 1999, the natural resources defense council ( nrdc ) released a report called " bottled water, pure drink or pure hype? " this report points out that that 60 % to 70 % of all bottled water is completely exempt from the fda ' s bottled water standards, because it is bottled and sold within the same state. unless the water is transported across state lines, there are no federal regulations that govern its quality! here are some quotes from the nrdc report : city tap water can have no confirmed e - coli or fecal coliform bacteria. fda bottled water rules include no such prohibition ( a certain amount of any type of coliform bacteria is allowed in city tap water, from surface water, must be filtered and disinfected. in contrast, there are no federal filtration or disinfection requirements for bottled most cities using surface water have had to test for cryptosporidium or giardia, two common water pathogens, that can cause diarrhea and other intestinal problems, yet bottled water companies do not have to do this. city tap water must meet standards for certain important toxic or cancer - causing chemicals, such as phthalate ( a chemical that can leach from plastic, including plastic bottles ) ; some in the industry persuaded the fda to exempt bottled water from the regulations regarding these chemicals. the natural resources defense council report concluded that, " therefore, while much tap water is indeed risky, having compared available data, we conclude that there is no assurance that bottled water is any safer than tap water. " the reality of bottled water is that you pay from $ 1 to $ 4 a gallon for the perception of higher quality, when in fact the quality of


introduction to academic writing if you are reading this, you are likely to be a student in a college on an undergraduate or post - graduate course. you may be a native speaker of english or english may be an additional language for you. when preparing your essays, you may have found difficulties with self - expression, essay structure, paragraphing, referencing, writing a bibliography and even punctuating correctly and this may have veiled some of your good ideas. you may not have achieved the grades that you hoped for. when your essays were marked you may have found comments reflecting the marker ' s uncertainty about precisely what you were trying to say. - you need to think more carefully about word order. - check your punctuation in this paragraph. - this sentence is not clear. - this is not academic language. - is this relevant? - is this a new paragraph or a continuation of the last one? sometimes you may have been unsure why your lecturer has made a particular comment in the margin of your essay. if you are in a college or university and you wish to improve your academic writing, skills and achieve higher marks in your assignments, you may need to work carefully on some or all of the following areas : - your basic writing skills - planning your writing - paragraph writing - structuring your writing - run - together sentences - sentence fragments - sentences, clauses and phrases - making links in your writing - writing in a formal style - summarising and paraphrasing - quoting, referencing and plagiarism - parallelism and consistency - preparing a bibliography. if you wish to achieve high scores in your course, you will need to be able to : - plan your essay - write a good introduction with a clear statement of intent - structure your essay clearly - write paragraphs with clear topic sentences - write grammatically coherent sentences - use an appropriate academic style reflecting the conventions of academic writing - use appropriate academic vocabulary - punctuate your essay correctly - write a good conclusion.


today it is hard for us to appreciate the importance that pottery played in the lives of people prior to the mid 20th century. as late as 1932, a woman from western north carolina recalled, “ i had four or five children before i ever saw a glass can. ” pottery filled the need for containers of many types. stoneware crocks were used for food preparation and storage, plates and bowls were used on the table, and vases graced homes that could afford them. beginning in the early 19th century, several potteries served western north carolina and surrounding areas. for well over 100 years, they continued to produce much - needed utilitarian ware. long after other containers became available, pottery continued as a locally made alternative to factory produced glass and metals. at the start of the 20th century, and fueled by the success of an international arts and crafts movement, a few local potteries began to develop a more individualistic style that came to be known collectively as “ art pottery. ” western carolina university online hunter library at western carolina university hosts a number of digital collections that function as an open access, digital archive and interactive web resource. extensive research on the region ' s pottery can be found on several hunter library websites, including the craft revival, cherokee traditions, and stories of mountain folk. the archive contains thousands of images, historic documents, vintage photographs, and sound recordings that can be accessed from any computer through the world wide web. traditional artist directory the blue ridge national heritage area has produced an online guide to the traditional arts in western north carolina. the directory contains descriptive information about artists and regional traditions, listing more than 500 artists and groups who are master practitioners of folk traditions, including pottery. browse photographs of traditional artists and their work, listen to samples of music and storytelling, and find contact information for services that artists can provide, including performances, workshops, and demonstrations.


is your cat grooming half her hair off or your dog licking his paws raw? it may well be your pet is experiencing allergies, one of the most common health problems for pets. just like people, animals have allergic reactions because their immune system - - the system that protects the body from foreign and potentially infectious substances - - overreacts to some material. almost anything - - pollen, dust, an ingredient in pet food, a household chemical, an insect bite - - can set off an alarm in the immune system, causing it to pump out large amounts of white blood cells, hormones, and other material called histamines into the bloodstream. the result for animals can be a range of different effects, including itchy, swollen skin - - known as pruritis - - difficulty breathing, or a disruption of the digestive tract such as vomiting or diarrhea. these symptoms are the animal equivalent of a person ' s sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. pets with these kinds of allergic symptoms can be pretty miserable creatures, and unfortunately they can ' t be cured. allergies are life - long, chronic problems. the good news is that there ' s a lot you can do to help your animal " children " feel better. the best way to start is to find out what your pet is allergic to, so you can keep the allergen out of his environment. animal allergies generally fall under one of four main categories. these are the least common type of allergy in animals. they happen when an animal ' s skin comes in contact with the material he ' s allergic to - - if he rubs his face against a wool blanket, for example, and he ' s allergic to wool. the chemicals in flea collars can cause this problem as well. the skin at the point of contact will be irritated - - it may itch, become thickened or discolored, have a strong odor, and / or lose hair due to constant biting or scratching. contact allergies are generally not a hard problem to solve - - they ' re usually confined to a specific area of an animal ' s body, and the allergen shouldn ' t take too much work to discover. you can try removing different materials that your pet touches until you find the one that irritates his skin. diet can be a complicated factor in pet allergies. most animals are not born with allergies to food ; their immune systems develop an allergic response over time to some part


pet touches until you find the one that irritates his skin. diet can be a complicated factor in pet allergies. most animals are not born with allergies to food ; their immune systems develop an allergic response over time to some part of their diet, often one of the animal proteins. a food allergy can present in a lot of different ways, including the itching, digestive disorders, and respiratory distress already mentioned. they can be a real challenge to solve, however. you can try to figure out what ' s causing your pet ' s allergic reaction by feeding him different diets, but the allergic effects of food can stay in the system for eight weeks. you may have to keep your furry friend on a special hypoallergenic ( non - allergy - causing ) diet for eight to twelve weeks to see how he reacts, and you may have to do it several times with several different diets before you find one that doesn ' t cause an allergic reaction. and while you ' re feeding these test diets, you ' ll have to make very sure that your pet doesn ' t eat any treats, vitamins, leftovers or scraps, or even plants around the house. he has to eat the test diet exclusively for the entire eight to twelve weeks to determine whether he has an allergic reaction to it. inhalant allergies are the kind we humans are most used to. just like us, our pets get hay fever, meaning they can be allergic to the pollen and mold that fills the outside air during the spring and fall. they can also be allergic to the dust mites, mildew, and mold that can be inside every home. these kinds of allergens usually produce severe itching in pets, which is usually concentrated in the ears, feet, groin, and armpits, though it can be spread across the entire body. dogs in particular may develop hairless, irritated " hot spots " from constantly chewing on and scratching the affected skin. most animals that are allergic to airborne particles are usually allergic to more than one. often, they will only experience itching during the pollen - heavy seasons of the year, just like humans with hay fever. if you find that your pet ' s allergies seem to be seasonal, you may be able to limit his outdoor time during allergy season. your pet may be reacting to an indoor allergen, however, or an allergen that doesn ' t vary by season. in that case, there ' s not


, you may be able to limit his outdoor time during allergy season. your pet may be reacting to an indoor allergen, however, or an allergen that doesn ' t vary by season. in that case, there ' s not much you can do to keep him away from whatever he ' s allergic to, though an air filter might provide some relief. this is an extremely common problem for pets, possibly the most common allergy of all. animals aren ' t actually allergic to the fleas themselves, but to proteins that fleas secrete in their saliva when they bite. your pet doesn ' t have to be a walking flea circus to suffer from an allergy, either. affected animals can itch severely from a single bite for over five days! so, if you suspect your pet is allergic to fleas, you ' re going to have to work very hard to keep the little pests away. frequent baths are a good idea, as are the prescription flea applications and pills. consult your veterinarian when you chose a flea repellent for your pet, though ; the wrong kind or too strong of a concentration could cause irritated skin, seizures, and even death in extreme cases. you will also want to treat your pet ' s environment, including any bedding or carpeting he comes in contact with. what makes allergies hard to deal with is that in many cases, you either won ' t be able to determine exactly what is causing the reaction or won ' t be able to remove it from your pet ' s environment. this is where your veterinarian comes into the picture. you and your veterinarian will probably have to work together to determine the best treatment, or combination of treatments, for your pet ' s allergy. you may have to go through a series of trying a possible solution, waiting to see how your pet reacts to it, and moving on to another solution. your veterinarian may suggest one or more of the following things : - testing - - your veterinarian has a few different tools to help determine the source of your pet ' s allergy. intradermal or " scratch " tests involve making small abrasions in an animal ' s skin and inserting small amounts of materials that the veterinarian suspects the pet might be allergic to. if the animal is allergic to one of the materials, say dust mites or ragweed pollen, the immune system will react to it and that particular scratch will become inflamed. there are also a


suspects the pet might be allergic to. if the animal is allergic to one of the materials, say dust mites or ragweed pollen, the immune system will react to it and that particular scratch will become inflamed. there are also a number of blood tests your veterinarian can use to analyze the amount of certain chemicals that the immune system releases into the bloodstream when exposed to different allergens. these tests can be used to tell whether your pet is having an allergic reaction or whether the problem is caused by something else, and sometimes they can determine the source of the allergy. - steroids - - these drugs work to suppress the immune system and make the allergic reaction less severe. steroid treatment can help your pet even if you can ' t determine what he ' s allergic to or how he ' s being exposed. they can have several side effects, however, and they affect nearly every organ in the body. steroid use can cause weight gain, increased thirst and urination, and increased aggression and other behavioral changes. they are generally used if the allergy occurs for a short amount of time, because long - term use makes animals more prone to infection, as well as susceptible to diabetes and seizures. - immunotherapy - - this is one of the safest and most effective ways to treat allergies, but it also takes the longest amount of time to work. in immunotherapy, animals are given regularly - - often weekly - - vaccinations that contain small amounts of the substance they ' re allergic to. the same therapy is used for people who go in for allergy shots. it gradually desensitizes the immune system to the allergen, meaning that as time goes by, the immune system is reprogrammed and doesn ' t react to the allergen as strongly. unfortunately, it takes some time for the immune system to readjust. it can sometimes be six to twelve months before animals show any improvement from the treatment. - antihistamines - - these drugs, much like the allergy medication people take, work to block the chemicals released by the immune system, called histamines. they are effective at reducing itching and inflammation, and they are relatively safe to use. their major drawback is that they cause sedation, and can make pets extremely drowsy and sluggish. occasionally, they can change an animal ' s energy level enough to affect his quality of life. - symptomatic treatment - -


major drawback is that they cause sedation, and can make pets extremely drowsy and sluggish. occasionally, they can change an animal ' s energy level enough to affect his quality of life. - symptomatic treatment - - even if none of the above treatments are effective, you can still give your pet a lot of relief by simply treating his symptoms as they come up. there are a number of soothing shampoos on the market that contain ingredients like oatmeal or epsom salts. your veterinarian may also be able to suggest ointments, ear treatments, or sprays that can make your pet more comfortable. be cautious about using home remedies or herbal treatments on your pet, however. consult with your veterinarian before trying any new treatment, because you could damage your pet ' s skin or aggravate the allergic reaction. most of all, remember that while you can give these symptomatic treatments often, they will only provide temporary relief. if your pet still seems uncomfortable despite the baths or other treatments, you can talk to your veterinarian about long - term treatment. whatever treatment decision you and your veterinarian come to, rest assured that the patience and determination it can take to treat allergies is well worth it. though it may take some time and effort, you can help your itchy, grouchy pet feel comfortable again. content provided by the american animal hospital association ( aaha ). visit the aaha pet owner web site at www. healthypet. com for more pet care advice and to find an aaha - accredited veterinary hospital near you.


newer contact lenses don ' t cut infections daily disposables, newer materials have not reduced infection ; overnight wear increases risk most, studies show oct. 3, 2008 - - neither the newer contact lenses that allow more oxygen into the eye nor daily disposable lenses have reduced the risk of a dangerous eye infection as hoped, according to two new studies. whatever the type of lens, sleeping with them in is the biggest risk factor for a painful infection of the cornea called microbial keratitis, the researchers also find. " if you wear any of these lenses overnight, you have five times the risk of infection, " says john dart, dm, a consultant ophthalmologist at moorfields eye hospital in london. he is the lead author of one study and co - author of the other. " these are the first well - designed studies to look at daily disposables and the newer silicone hydrogel lenses, " dart tells webmd. the silicone hydrogel lenses were introduced in 1999 in the hope that by improving oxygen transmission to the cornea, which has no blood supply of its own, it would decrease infection risk, he says. daily disposables, introduced in 1999, were also thought to be protective against infection because they ' re not exposed to lens cases, which can be contaminated. but neither of the studies, published in the october issue of ophthalmology, found that to be true, dart says. however, dart says, it ' s important to put the risk in perspective. " the risk of getting microbial keratitis is actually overall not large, " he says. it affects about 1 in 2, 000 contact lens wearers. but it can cause vision loss, sometimes permanently. contact lenses & infection risk : the u. k. study in the study led by dart, the researchers evaluated 367 contact lens wearers with microbial keratitis, 1, 069 hospital patients who wore contact lenses but had no contact lens - related disorders, and 639 contact lens wearers in the the hospital patients answered a questionnaire and the control patients in the general population were interviewed by telephone from late 2003 to daily disposable wearers had 1. 5 times higher risk of microbial keratitis than those who wore soft lenses that were replaced every one to four weeks, and those who wore rigid gas - permeable lenses had the least risk of ' ' gas - permeable lenses are safer than any other type of lenses, '


abih provides path for industrial hygienists to rise to the highest level the american board of industrial hygiene ( abih ) administers the prestigious certified industrial hygienist ( cih ) program. industrial hygiene is the science of protecting and enhancing the health and safety of people. health and safety hazards cover a wide range of chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic stressors. those dedicated to anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling these hazards are known as industrial hygienists. they are professionals dedicated to the well - being of people – at work, at home and in the community. anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards have always been the prime goal for the industrial hygiene professional. traditionally, the industrial hygienist became proficient by some combination of education, training, and experience. ideally, this knowledge is used to anticipate when a hazardous condition may occur and then presumably, take corrective action. but not everything can be anticipated, so the industrial hygienist must be able to recognize conditions that could lead to adverse health effects to workers or a community population. once anticipated or recognized, the hazard could then be evaluated and eventually controlled to eliminate or reduce the impact of the hazard. since the term industrial hygienist has not been restricted by law, anyone, regardless of knowledge and competency, can call themselves an “ industrial hygienist ”. “ to aid employers and the public, a voluntary professional certification program was established in 1960, ” reported tracy parsons, cih, administrative program manager at abih. “ the american board of industrial hygiene was developed as an independent corporation with the sole purpose of providing a certification program that ensured a minimum level of knowledge and skills in industrial hygiene. the abih program has since become the world ’ s largest, premier certification for industrial hygienists. today, cihs are recognized as leaders in the industrial hygiene community and are highly sought after by industry, institutions and government agencies. ” abih has released a video about the benefits of the cih program that can be viewed at : to learn more about the american board of industrial hygiene or the cih program, please email abih @ abih. org, visit http : / / www. abih. org, or call ( 517 ) 321 - 2638. about the american board of industrial hygiene since 1960, abih, a not - for - profit corporation, has been the world ’ s largest, premier organization for certifying professionals in the practice of


washington state university libraries view original item this is a view looking west across the dam, showing the span of the great cantilever cranes. the last of the cbi cantilever cranes were dismantled on sept. 12, 1940. note the transverse beams inside the trestle towers on which monorail cranes operated while placing concrete beneath the trestle. heavy construction equipment comes high. upon receiving their notice to proceed, mwak co. immediately let contracts for $ 5 million of equipment and material, and by jan. 1, 1937 this item totaled... these cantilever cranes ( hammerhead ) were specially designed by colby steel and engineering co. and bethlehem steel to 300 and 330 ft. double cantilevers. with a total of 8 motors totaling 408 horsepower they could both carry empty buckets at 600 feet per minute and lower loaded ones at 300. " ( clifford r. koester. a history of the columbia basin project ii, 150 ) part of western waters digital library : http : / / harvester. lib. utah. edu / wwdl / ; photographer unknown clifford r. koester gantry cranes - - washington ( state ) - - grand coulee dam ; cantilever cranes - - washington ( state ) - - grand coulee dam ; cranes, derricks, etc. - - washington ( state ) - - grand coulee dam cranes ; construction equipment united states - - washington ( state ) - - grant county - - grand coulee dam site, grand coulee dam ( wash. ) manuscripts, archives, and special collections, washington state university libraries : http : / / www. wsulibs. wsu. edu / holland / masc / masc. htm a history of the columbia basin project ( vol. 2, page 152 - b ) - cage 709 : clifford r. koester papers, 1927 - 1972 : http : / / www. wsulibs. wsu. edu / holland / masc / finders / cg709. htm to order a reproduction please see : http : / / www. wsulibs. wsu. edu / holland / masc / policies. htm, or contact washington state university libraries, manuscripts, archives, and special collections : ( 509 ) 335 - 6691. for permission to publish please contact washington state university libraries, manuscripts, archives, and special collections : ( 509 ) 335 - 6691. original photographic prints


the very first mp3 player to appear was winplay3 in 1995. however the history of the mp3 player is best understood by analyzing the history of the technology itself. origin of mp3 technology mp3 stands for mpeg 1 audio layer 3. it was developed in 1991 by the motion pictures experts group to be part of the mpeg format. there were actually several groups involved in its creation. however it is the german company fraunhofer - gesellshaft that releases the license for the music technology. those credited with creating the mp3 technology are bernd kurten, karl - heinz brandenburg, bernhard grill, thomas sporer, and ernst eberlein. the technology was born out of the need to make high quality music but with high compression. the history of the mp3 player and mp3s evolved out of necessity. before mp3 came along, music files were stored in mostly wav formats. this sound quality was high but the files were huge. a wav consisting of a few seconds of sound would be several megabytes in size. the project actually developed in germany in 1987 with the initial aim to find new ways to compress musical data. it was in 1989 when the fraunhofer group got the patent for the technology. three years later, mp3 was assimilated into the mpeg technology. a year the standard was implemented. a brief history of the mp3 player the fraunhofer company also tried making mp3 players but they were not successful. it was in 1997 when the amp mp3 playback engine player came out. this was invented by tomislav uzelac who was working at the advanced multimedia products company. the player was not sold commercially. however a few months later, students dmitry boldyrev and justin frankel transported the amp technology into windows. the result was a small, free mp3 player called winamp. its ease of use made it very popular. soon windows media player began supporting mp3 as well. as mp3 became very popular, companies started making portable players. these devices would change the history of the mp3 player. one of the first was mpman, released in 1998 by saehan information systems in south korea. this was followed by the rio pmp300. in 1999 compaq created the pjb 100, which could store over 1, 200 songs. around october 2001, apple introduced its ipod. it had 5 gb of disk space. it was smaller than the other players and had an easy to use interface. the gadget would prove enormously popular among computer users. it has become something


( bpt ) - - everyone has a rare quality or a characteristic that sets him or her apart from others - a special talent, a unique interest or, for some, a rare disease. a disease is considered ' rare ' if it affects fewer than 200, 000 people in the united states. there are 7, 000 known rare diseases affecting 30 million people, or one in 10, americans. for comparison, one common disease, diabetes, affects more than 25 million americans, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. people living with rare diseases are extraordinary in many ways, often demonstrating exemplary traits when faced with extraordinary challenges. lacey williams, a young adult who is currently attending college in spokane, wash., has overcome difficulties that other people her age will likely not face in their lifetime because of her rare disease, hereditary angioedema ( hae ). williams ' rare disease journey began at age 4 when she was diagnosed with hae. hae is a genetic disease that affects about 6, 000 people in the united states. people with the disease can get repeated swelling attacks anywhere in the body, including their arms, legs, hands, feet, stomach, genitals, face or throat. hae attacks can be unpredictable, painful, debilitating and disfiguring. this often makes everyday activities like walking, driving or even fastening a button difficult, or even impossible. many patients with hae also live in fear of a swelling attack in the tongue or throat, which could be fatal if the airway closes. growing up, lacey, like many people living with a rare disease, found her condition embarrassing and alienating. she wanted to fit in and be " normal, " so she hid her hae from her friends and classmates. williams feared that people would treat and look at her differently if she told them the truth about her disease. but during her senior year of high school, williams ' perspective on having a rare disease changed. she hesitantly revealed her condition to some close friends and family, finding them to be not only understanding, but remarkably supportive. embracing their support, she realized she no longer needed to deny her rare disease. instead, she saw the importance of using her story to help other people with rare diseases accept and embrace them as unique. williams was determined to not let hae set her back. she maintained a positive outlook and stayed involved in school and sports, including basketball and lacrosse. " my swelling attacks affect me physically, but i don ' t let them stand in my way, "


was determined to not let hae set her back. she maintained a positive outlook and stayed involved in school and sports, including basketball and lacrosse. " my swelling attacks affect me physically, but i don ' t let them stand in my way, " says williams. " i live my life and keep up with my priorities daily, even if i ' m dealing with a swelling attack. " williams feels lucky that there are now treatment options available for hae ; 95 percent of rare diseases do not have treatments available. since opening up about her disease, williams has given speeches at local schools about hae, as well as discussed her condition in her college essay. her story was even featured in a newspaper and on a tv news segment in her hometown. she hopes that this recognition will continue to raise awareness about rare diseases like hae, encourage tolerance for people with differences that make them rare, and improve the road to diagnosis and treatment for those dealing with a rare condition. " hereditary angioedema has taught me to put up with hardships and continue on with my responsibilities. the most important thing that i ' ve learned from this disease is not to let uncontrollable adversities overtake my ambitions, " says williams. for those living with hae, please visit www. haea. org. for those interested in rare diseases, the people living with them, as well as ways to embrace being " rare, " please visit www. globalgenes. org. * to learn more about hae, including how hae impacts people living with the disease, visit www. haeandme. com, an online resource for people with hae, their friends and family members that offer tips and advice for people of all ages. ( * these links will take you to third party sites containing information that is reviewed or managed by the respective parties responsible for the content. )


remember the old wives ' tale about not eating pineapples when you are expecting? or about avoiding sex when you are pregnant? well, all the old superstitions came flooding back during a recent forum on miscarriage - spontaneous abortion held at the pantai medical centre in kuala lumpur recently. for the 40 - odd participants who attended the session, it was an eye - opener in many respects. warnings against having sex during the first three months of pregnancy apparently have a ring of truth to them as a substance called prostaglandin is present in the semen and can induce uterine activity. if she cannot avoid sex, it is best for the woman to avoid reaching orgasm as this results in intense uterine activity. eating too much pineapple ( especially the green, young ones ) may also induce uterine activity and jeopardise the stability of the pregnancy. dr h. c. ong, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist elaborated at length during the forum on all the do ' s and don ' ts of pregnancies and how miscarriages happen. miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, occurs in about 60 per cent of all conceptions. often, many miscarriages take place even before a woman misses her period or before she knows she is pregnant. that may be surprising, but true. we always tend to associate miscarriage with a pregnancy of over three months ( 12 weeks ) but, in fact, it happens even before some mothers are aware of it. for example, over half of miscarriages in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy are caused by problems with the chromosomes of the foetus. if something is not right with the number or structure of the chromosomes or with the genes it carries, it can lead to a miscarriage. there are many causes of miscarriage, the more common being high fever, rubella, chlamydia ( infection of the body system ), diabetes mellitus, severe asthma, congenital heart disease ( due to the high carbon dioxide level, blood supply to the baby is lowered ) and kidney conditions, especially when associated with severe hypertension. in all of these, treatment can improve the chances of the pregnancy. in some cases, however, special care needs to be taken to prevent a miscarriage. other reasons are an incompetent cervix, abnormal endometrium and abnormalities of the uterus such as the uterus being divided in two. for instance, fibroids can be a cause of miscarriages, not


other reasons are an incompetent cervix, abnormal endometrium and abnormalities of the uterus such as the uterus being divided in two. for instance, fibroids can be a cause of miscarriages, not because of the abnormal shape of the uterus but the abnormal contractions that the uterus undergoes. an incompetent cervix is simply a condition in which the cervix can widen and open too early, perhaps in the middle of pregnancy, leading to a miscarriage. there are usually no signs of labour. what happens is that the water bag will burst without warning, leading to abdominal pain, and the baby is pushed out very quickly. to correct this condition, the gynaecologist normally puts in a suture at the cervix area when the pregnancy is 12 weeks old. the danger with this type of condition is that there is almost no way of knowing whether the mother has an incompetent cervix in the first pregnancy. of course, lifestyles such as smoking, consumption of alcohol and hard drugs all have a part to play in miscarriages. doctors will normally also advise their patient who are already eight months into their pregnancy not to travel by air, although short journeys are permissible to some. trans - atlantic flights are out of the question, the reason being that the high atmospheric pressure will aggravate the condition especially if the mother is prone to miscarriages. if a woman suffers a few miscarriages in a row, for example, three or more consecutively, then she is termed as having habitual miscarriages. about 50 per cent of such cases go without treatment, that is, the sufferers do not seek expert opinion or help. others who seek help will have to undergo investigation before the cause is found. usually, a complete history of the woman ' s medical condition and past pregnancies needs to be taken into account. this is followed by blood tests ( for possible hormonal problems ), genital tract cultures for presence of infection, blood tests, chromosomal testing for both partners, and chromosome analysis. there may also be surgical procedures like hysteroscopy ( where the doctor inserts a hysteroscope into the uterine cavity to look for fibroids or malformations ), ultrasound or laparascopy ( to examine the pelvis for other physical abnormalities that can lead to miscarriage ). finally, if a woman has experienced recurrent miscarriage


image of the solar corona in white light ( outer circle, blue and white ) and x - rays ( inner circle, red, yellow, and black ) on april 22, 1994, courtesy of the high altitude observatory and the yohkoh science team. the dashed circle is the solar radius. click on image for full size image courtesy of the high altitude observatory, national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ), boulder, colorado, usa. ncar is sponsored by the national science foundation. the solar x - ray image is from the yohkoh mission of isas, japan. the solar atmosphere the visible solar atmosphere consists of three regions : the the chromosphere, and the solar corona. most of the visible ( white ) light comes from the photosphere, this is the part of the sun we actually see. the chromosphere and corona also emit white light, and can be seen when the light from the photosphere is blocked out, as occurs in a solar eclipse. the sun emits electromagnetic radiation at many other wavelengths as well. different types of radiation ( such as radio, ultraviolet, x - rays, and gamma rays ) originate from different parts of the sun. scientists use to detect this radiation and study different parts of the solar atmosphere. the solar atmosphere is so hot that the gas is primarily in a plasma state : electrons are no longer bound to atomic nuclei, and the gas is made up of charged particles ( mostly protons and electrons ). in this charged state, the solar atmosphere is greatly influenced by the strong solar magnetic fields that thread through it. these magnetic fields, and the outer solar atmosphere ( the corona ) extend out into interplanetary space as part of the solar wind. shop windows to the universe science store! cool it! is the new card game from the union of concerned scientists that teaches kids about the choices we have when it comes to climate change — and how policy and technology decisions made today will matter. cool it! is available in our online store you might also be interested in : most of the energy we receive from the sun is the visible ( white ) light emitted from the photosphere. the photosphere is one of the coolest regions of the sun ( 6000 k ), so only a small fraction ( 0. 1 % )... more rising above the sun ' s chromosphere, the temperature jumps sharply from a few tens of thousands of kelvins to as much as a few million kelvins in the sun ' s outer atmosphere, the


0. 1 % )... more rising above the sun ' s chromosphere, the temperature jumps sharply from a few tens of thousands of kelvins to as much as a few million kelvins in the sun ' s outer atmosphere, the solar corona. understanding... more an eclipse of the sun occurs when the earth passes through the moon ' s shadow. a total eclipse of the sun takes place only during a new moon, when the moon is directly between the sun and the earth. when... more there is a giant magnetic " bubble " in space around the sun. that " bubble " is called the heliosphere. in a sense, we earthlings live within the outer atmosphere of our sun. the solar... more space weather is a very complex scientific field. scientists who study space weather use computer models a lot. space weather is a bit like weather on earth in this way because weather forecasters on our... more large impressive loop - like structures on the edge of the solar disk sometimes stand out brightly against the dark background of space. though these structures, called " prominences ", appear to be very bright... more the sun has a very large and very complex magnetic field. the magnetic field at an average place on the sun is around 1 gauss, about twice as strong as the average field on the surface of earth ( around... more


a teen boy is reflected in the mirror as he lifts weights ( image credit spencer platt / getty ) michelle healy, usa today when it comes to body image, large, lean and muscular is in, and it ' s " extremely common " for teenagers to turn to diet, exercise, protein powders or steroids in hopes of bulking up and enhancing muscle development, a study finds. although these techniques are most often seen among boys, in some cases they are nearly as widespread among girls, says the study published monday in pediatrics. asked about methods they have used to increase their muscle size or tone, 2, 793 middle school and high school students ( average age 14 ) in minneapolis / st. paul said they : • changed eating : 68 % boys ; 62 % of girls • exercised more : 91 % boys ; 81 % of girls • used protein powders or shakes : 35 % boys ; 21 % girls • used steroids : 6 % boys ; 5 % girls • used other muscle - enhancing substances such as creatine, amino acids, hydroxyl methylbutyrate ( hmb ), dhea, or growth hormones : 11 % boys ; 6 % girls researchers did not collect data indicating whether eating changes were healthy or unhealthy nor how much or what type of exercise was adopted. almost 12 % of boys and 6 % of girls, however, reported using three or more of the general muscle - enhancing behaviors, " indicating a relatively high level of use, " says the report. the findings suggest that " increasing muscle strength or mass or tone is an important piece of body image for both boys and girls, " says lead study author marla eisenberg, professor of pediatrics at the university of minnesota school of medicine. " kids really are seeing that as a goal. " and it ' s not just a behavior isolated to athletes or certain teams, says eisenberg. students who said they did not play sports also reported these muscle - enhancing efforts. teenage interest in re - shaping or building their physiques is nothing new. what is new, is a social and cultural emphasis " not just about having a healthy physique, " but about achieving the " perfect " muscular body, she says, which ultimately is " just one more cultural ideal that young people find hard to achieve. " as a result, the many good reasons for teens to be physically active - skill development, having fun and general health and fitness - run the risk of being overshadowed by the goal of looking like someone in


ideal that young people find hard to achieve. " as a result, the many good reasons for teens to be physically active - skill development, having fun and general health and fitness - run the risk of being overshadowed by the goal of looking like someone in a magazine ad or in the sports pages, she says. and given greater awareness of performance - enhancing and muscle - building substances, teens know there are many other ways to bulk up, " ways that are not recommended and not safe, but may be quite effective, " says eisenberg. this study is a reminder that parents and physicians need to be aware that these behaviors are going on and that they need to be discussed with their adolescents, says joel brenner, medical director of the sports medicine program at children ' s hospital of the king ' s daughters in norfolk, va., and chair of the american academy of pediatrics council on sports medicine and fitness. the use of steroids and other performance - enhancing substances is clearly dangerous and needs to be avoided, but inappropriate changes to diet or exercise can also be hazardous, he says. even when teens are involved in supervised strength and conditioning programs, parents need to stay aware of their child ' s goals and make sure their activities remain " part of an overall fitness program, " brenner says.


woodson was the eldest son of thomas jefferson and sally hemings. hemings was also the half - sister of thomas jefferson ' s wife, martha wayles. the liaison began after martha wayles jefferson ’ s death, the racial taboo would have meant social ostracism should jefferson ever have owned paternity. the situation was an open secret which was either ignored or regarded as a common occurrence so long as the prevalent social structure was not subject to enforced secrecy, the guilty pleasures, the implicit denial of paternity of mulatto children were common in the evidence of the jefferson - hemings liaison became public knowledge in the september 1, 1802, edition of the richmond recorder. later, jefferson ’ s farm book, account books, and correspondence would confirm the story. despite the threat of political annihilation, he educated his mulatto children privately, if casually ; two became musicians, two were allowed to “ run away ” during his lifetime, aiding them with money, and he freed the two youngest sons in his will. those who ' went white ' were protected by the same mantle of silence so essential to his welfare as well as theirs. " jefferson - hemings liaison lasted thirty - eight years and resulted in seven children, two of whom died as infants. it began in paris in 1787, where sally at fifteen had been sent as maid to her niece, mary “ polly ” was the slave daughter of jefferson ’ s father - in - law, john wayles. her mother, betty hemings, and an african slave woman who became wayles ’ concubine after the death of his third bore him six children and after wayles death, they became a part of martha wayles jefferson ’ s inheritance hemings, sally ’ s brother, accompanied jefferson to paris in 1785, and when sally arrived with polly in 1787, he was studying to be a chef. both james and sally were tutored in french and were paid wages. about 1789, jefferson ’ s account books show that he was spending almost as much money on clothes for sally as for his eldest daughter, martha. according to a memoir written by sally ’ s third son, madison, she became pregnant by jefferson in 1789 while still in paris. sally wished to remain in paris where she was free, but jefferson persuaded her to return with him, promising that all her children would be freed at age son, tom, born in december 1789 after the return to monticello, was described in the virginia press of 1802 as being ten or twelve years old and having


persuaded her to return with him, promising that all her children would be freed at age son, tom, born in december 1789 after the return to monticello, was described in the virginia press of 1802 as being ten or twelve years old and having “ features bearing a striking though sable resemblance to the other six children include : harriet and edy, born in 1795 and 1796 when jefferson was in temporary political retirement after his resignation, as washington ’ s secretary of state. edy died in 1796 and harriet in 1797. a second son, beverly, was born in 1798 and another daughter, also named harriet, in 1801. the two younger sons, madison and eston, were born in 1805 and 1808 after the story broke in the press and the resulting political furor of 1802. woodson source book compiled by minnie shumate woodson maintains that one tradition claims the eldest son, tom, quarreled with jefferson as a youth and left monticello ; another holds that jefferson gave him money and he moved to ohio where he purchased land on which coal was discovered. oral traditions are accurate when checked with the census records. thomas is listed as “ free colored ” and head of a family on the 1820 census listing for greenbrier county, west virginia. there were no white men named woodson in the greenbrier county census listing, but there were in albemarie county - - - tarleton and john woodson. both names appear in jefferson ’ s account books : december 19, 1804 shows a purchase of $ 416 worth of corn from tarleton woodson. married jemima woodson, a mulatto woman six years older than himself, and removed from greenbrier county to ross county, ohio, where he is found at about 1821 listed as a member of the quinn chapel african methodist episcopal had a church, day and sabbath school of their own. the people cut their harvests, rolled their own logs, and raised their own houses, just as well as though they had been assisted by white friends. they found just as ready and as high a market for their grain and cattle as their white neighbors. “ of jackson county, ohio volume 1 we thank you for your patience. if you have any comments or questions about the family tree, there are many experts. please start by mailing the research committee.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - adj. not crewed : an unmanned spacecraft. - adj. obsolete not trained. used of a hawk. century dictionary and cyclopedia - not tamed ; not yet familiar with man : a term in falconry. gnu webster ' s 1913 - adj. deprived of manly qualities ; deficient in vigor, strength, courage, etc. ; weak ; effeminate. - adj. ( falconry ), obsolete not tamed ; not made familiar with, or subject to, man ; - - also used figuratively. - adj. not furnished with men. - adj. lacking a crew - from un - + manned. ( wiktionary ) “ our spaceship of state still seems remarkably addicted to phasers and photon torpedoes, an addiction we refuse to own up to, even as we send one variety of our own spaceships, which we call unmanned aerial drones, over the tribal lands of pakistan and afghanistan armed with hellfire missiles. ” “ the u. s. does have two types of what they call unmanned aerial vehicles or uavs in its inventory. ” “ there has been a sharp increase in unmanned missile strikes in the tribal region, with 21 attacks in september alone. ” “ there has been a sharp increase in unmanned missile strikes, with 21 in september alone. ” “ the whole debate between manned vs. unmanned is this magical thinking that if it is unmanned the cost will not skyrocket out of control. ” “ here too - in unmanned, underfunded science missions - movie and tv sf with none of the classic sf " sense of wonder " undercuts the pursuit of real science at its most wonderful. ” “ what we need are advances in unmanned drones and missiles to counter these hypothetical advances. ” “ mit researchers are using tricked - out model helicopters, each about the size of a seagull, to demonstrate swarming behavior in unmanned micro - air vehicles ( drones ). ” “ still, a disproportionate amount of science takes place in unmanned missions for the amount of funding they receive, and sacrificing this science seems misguided at this point. ” “ it does seem as though as strange and futuristic sounding as it is long - term unmanned aerial units are going to be the future of air defence. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ unmanned ’. it isn ' t all about fucking cocksuckers. there aren ' t too many shows on


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a simple machine consisting of an axle to which a wheel is fastened so that torque applied to the wheel winds a rope or chain onto the axle, yielding a mechanical advantage equal to the ratio of the diameter of the wheel to that of the axle. - n. a simple machine consisting of a wheel ( or similar lever ) that turns an axle around which a cord is wound ; its mechanical advantage is the ratio of the diameters of the wheel and axle gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( mech. ) one of the elementary machines or mechanical powers, consisting of a wheel fixed to an axle, and used for raising great weights, by applying the power to the circumference of the wheel, and attaching the weight, by a rope or chain, to that of the axle. called also axis in peritrochio, and perpetual lever, - - the principle of equilibrium involved being the same as in the lever, while its action is continuous. see mechanical powers, under mechanical. - n. hoist so arranged that a rope unwinding from a wheel is wound onto a cylindrical drum or shaft coaxial with the wheel sorry, no example sentences found. these user - created lists contain the word ‘ wheel and axle ’. looking for tweets for wheel and axle.


stock photography. licensed and royalty free photographs history of towneley hall art gallery and museum hall and pond suit of armour to give you an idea of the history and complicated architecture of the house i will attempt to briefly outline the halls origins. it is recorded that towneley first became the home of the ancient catholic family during the lifetime of richard of towneley who died in 1295. however the present building construction probably started around 1400, although it has to be said little remains of this, apart from the sandstone wall ( six feet thick at one part ) on the courtyard side of the south east wing. close observation of the walls also reveals a half hidden window at ground level that tells us that the level was raised at some time, probably in the 1700s. an internal wall running between the kitchen and family dining room is also six feet thick and was, during mediaeval times, an external wall. at one time there were four wings to the house, but the fourth side was demolished between the years 1706 - 1711. towneley hall also boasts secret rooms, known as priest holes, that were used as hiding places during the persecution of catholics in elizabethan times. one such hide still exists and can be viewed through a hole in the floor of a room near the long gallery. there has been a chapel at towneley since the early 13th century and the present gothic chapel was probably built around 1515 by sir john towneley ( 1473 - 1541 ) on the fourth wing, but was moved to its present site, using the original materials, when the wing was demolished. the ceiling of the nave is carved with the initials of members of the towneley family. the early 16th century alterpiece is a magnificent example of flemish craftsmanship and was installed during the late 1700s. until the building of the catholic church in burnley in 1846, the chapel would have been used by staff and worshippers from the surrounding area. towneley private chapel the first major changes to the mediaeval building were undertaken during the 1600s by richard towneley ( 1566 - 1628 ). the kitchen was altered, however the two large archways that were the original fireplaces used for cooking, still exist. the little dining room was added. the oak staircase was built. and the eighty - four feet long gallery and its bedrooms, also dating from the 17th century, were constructed. the rectangular panelling of the long gallery has provision for family portraits and thats where they hung until 1901 when the hall was sold to burnley corporation. 16th century bedroom inscriptions on


gallery and its bedrooms, also dating from the 17th century, were constructed. the rectangular panelling of the long gallery has provision for family portraits and thats where they hung until 1901 when the hall was sold to burnley corporation. 16th century bedroom inscriptions on the panelling can still be seen recording the family members during the 17th and 18th centuries. in 1846, ninety two paintings hung in the long gallery. the bedrooms, adjacent to the gallery, were used by guests and closed off when not in use as the towneley family slept in the other wing. the 1700s saw even greater alterations, when a great entrance hall with elaborate plaster work decoration replaced the mediaeval great hall. in fact the entrance hall is perhaps the finest example of the baroque style in the country. the cantilever staircase, chapel vestibule, brew house and main entrance arch, to name but a few, were also added at this time. these alterations were carried out by charles ( d. 1712 ), richard ( 1689 - 1735 ), william ( 1714 - 1742 ) and charles towneley ( 1737 - 1805 ). the pond was probably constructed in 1800, as it does not appear on turners drawing of towneley hall in 1798 but is included in the plans of charles towneley around that period. in the 19th century, peregrine towneley ( d. 1846 ) inherited the hall and it was he who employed the services of the renowned architect jeffry wyatt who enhanced the mediaeval appearance of towneley hall by elevating the south - east wing and adding battlements and turrets. wyatt, was also the creator of the red drawing room and the blue dining room ( situated in the oldest part of the hall ), and the external passage running beneath the porch which allowed the servants to carry food quickly from the kitchen to the dining room without having to pass through the entrance hall. family dining room staff dining room the long gallery, in need of serious renovation, was also repaired in the 1800s. eventually the house was inherited by peregrines son, charles ( 1803 - 1876 ), who made the last alterations, including a north tower. his successor, alice mary towneley, was unable to maintain the hall and eventually it was sold to burnley corporation in 1901, who opened it up to the general public in 1902 and gradually restored it to its present state, making mainly minor alterations as necessary. the brew house and laundry outhouses had fallen into disrepair and these were carefully restored, with the help of the towneley hall society, and converted into a museum


in 1902 and gradually restored it to its present state, making mainly minor alterations as necessary. the brew house and laundry outhouses had fallen into disrepair and these were carefully restored, with the help of the towneley hall society, and converted into a museum of local crafts and industries. what was left of the stables was made into a cafeteria for visitors. the architects and craftsmen that have been associated with towneley hall are ; joseph bonomi 1739 - 1808 ( architect ), john carr of york 1723 - 1807 ( architect ), richard hayward 1728 - 1800 ( sculptor ), francesco vassalli and martino quadri ( stuccoists ) and sir jeffry wyatt 1766 - 1840 ( architect ). the towneley family has many renowned members amongst its ranks, including several high sheriffs of lancashire, a member of parliament, several knights, a governor of carlisle, several military colonels and one unfortunate francis towneley, who was beheaded. as i mentioned this is only a brief account of the halls history and does not do it true justice, but i hope it has whetted your appetite for more. there are woodland walks and nature trails to follow, squirrels to feed ( and capture on camera ). the park includes two golf course, play areas, ornamental gardens, pitch and putt, tennis courts, sports pitches, a bowling green, picnic areas and facilities for football and cricket. and if this wasnt enough there is also a souvenir / gift shop, cafeteria and an organic community garden. infact the only thing towneley hall doesnt appear to have is a ghost. unless you know different....? ( see below! ) it is a house rich in history and art as the photographs testify. so why not pay them a visit? they will be glad to see you and im sure you wont be disappointed. current opening hours, addmission, and contact details the hall is open sat to thurs 12 - 5 pm. closed on fridays ( but open on good friday ) admission to towneley hall is £3. 50 for adults but free for children, students and burnley residents. address : towneley hall art gallery & museums, towneley park, burnley, lancs. bb11 3rq tel : 01282 424213 fax : 01282 436138 towneley hall is fully licensed for civil weddings and other venues, such as corporate events and meetings. acknowledgements : go to susan bourne, curator of towneley hall, for allowing me access to photograph. copyright notice : this


##2 436138 towneley hall is fully licensed for civil weddings and other venues, such as corporate events and meetings. acknowledgements : go to susan bourne, curator of towneley hall, for allowing me access to photograph. copyright notice : this illustrated article, ( including photographs ) is copyrighted © 2001 by janet wood. all rights reserved. and must not to be reproduced without permission from the author. if you copy the text and / or images from this page and use them on your own web site, publish, or include this article in any collection without the authoris permission, you are in violation of international copyright law. please note : this copyright notice does not affect any website owner who would like to add an external link to this webpage from their own website. also, if you feel that your website content would compliment this article please email us and we will be only too happy to consider placing a reciprocal link back to you. all our library stock photography is represented by alamy. com who provide image buyers with a single source for all their photographic needs, supported by innovative technology and strong customer service. stock photography by mike and janet wood at alamy ancient egypt photos by mike and janet wood at alamy royalty free images by mike and janet wood at alamy


this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. source : distinct llc probiotic action with insight from dr. robert wallace ' s recent article in the post tribune, explains why although there is no direct correlation to food and acne, conditions like obesity caused by poor diet may increase or help cause an acne condition. miami, fl ( prweb ) february 19, 2013 for many, obesity is more than just a weight issue, it is a severe, life threatening condition. heart failure, diabetes, and other major life threatening ailments have been linked to being past " overweight ", but should acne be added to the list? probiotic action, best known for its probiotic acne treatment, dishes the dirt on why the food you eat may not cause acne, but obesity from food may cause acne flare - ups. a recent article from the post tribune features dr. robert wallace explaining to a patient that acne and food still have no correlation, but leaves the link between obesity and acne up for discussion. last year medindia along with several other sources released a statement on a norwegian study that explored the link between obesity in teenage girls, and acne. while the results claimed that obese patients were more likely to have acne, the team at probiotic action explains that while eating unhealthy food may not the direct cause, a lifestyle and physical state associated with obesity could be a major contributor. fernando perez, a representative for probiotic action, points out that while many factors contribute to acne, stress on the body, as well as increased hormone levels are contributing factors to acne in men and women of all ages. increased levels of hormones during puberty, coupled with the unsteady amounts of insulin many obese individuals suffer with, could be triggers for the body to produce excess oils, which, feed acne causing bacteria. while many non - obese individuals suffer form acne, those who are obese could see increased symptoms in comparison to their average weight peers. “ understanding that the skin ’ s oil production, along with external dirt, oil, and the growth of bacteria are the main causes to acne can help us pin point what in a patients life may be contributing to the main causes. ” says perez. excessive sweating, and being in contact with greasy foods associated with obesity can often create an environment for acne causing bacteria to grow. acne affects people


irish wolfhound health problems and raising an irish wolfhound puppy to be healthy by michele welton. copyright © 2000 - 2013 the most common health problems in irish wolfhounds : six to eight years is a very short lifespan for a companion dog, but that ' s all you get with most irish wolfhounds. the two primary causes of death are cancer ( especially osteosarcoma and lymphoma ) and heart disease ( especially cardiomyopathy ). another major killer of irish wolfhounds is the emergency gastrointestinal syndrome bloat. as you might expect in a giant dog, orthopedic diseases are common, including hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, osteochondritis, wobbler ' s syndrome, and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. the orthopedic foundation of america evaluated the hip x - rays of 1330 irish wolfhounds and found 5. 5 % dysplastic. that ' s pretty good for such a huge dog. however, 12 % of 272 elbow x - rays were dysplastic – that ' s much too high. liver shunt is a real concern in irish wolfhounds – and it ' s a serious form of liver shunt that may not be able to be corrected surgically. skin problems include allergies ( which cause itchy skin and often lead to pyoderma ) and elbow hygroma. eye diseases in irish wolfhounds include progressive retinal atrophy ( pra ) and entropion. you may see cataracts as early at 1 - 2 years old, or as late as 5 - 7 years old. other health issues in irish wolfhounds include hypothyroidism, epilepsy, megaesophagus, and blood - clotting disease ( von willebrand ' s ). can you prevent health problems from happening to your irish wolfhound? yes, often you can. - some health problems are genetic, which means inherited from parents. genetic health issues are common in irish wolfhounds today because of unwise breeding practices. my book, dog quest : find the dog of your dreams, shows you how to find an irish wolfhound puppy who is genetically healthy. - other health problems are environmental – caused by the way you raise your dog. my best - selling dog health book, 11 things you must do right to keep your dog healthy and happy shows


find an irish wolfhound puppy who is genetically healthy. - other health problems are environmental – caused by the way you raise your dog. my best - selling dog health book, 11 things you must do right to keep your dog healthy and happy shows you how to prevent environmental health problems by raising your irish wolfhound puppy ( or adult dog ) in all the right ways. here are my dog health tips for raising a healthy irish wolfhound puppy or adult dog : how long will your dog live? – take this quiz! based on your dog ' s breed and how you ' re raising him, this personalized quiz will help you understand how long your dog might live – and most importantly, how you can increase his life expectancy. dog health care – the sensible way read my advice on daily health care so your irish wolfhound lives a long, healthy life and seldom needs to see the vet. the best dog food for feeding your irish wolfhound the best diet for feeding your irish wolfhound is real food. real chicken, turkey, beef, bison, venison, fish.... this is not " people food " and i ' ll tell you why. the second - best dog food for your irish wolfhound if you can ' t feed homemade dog food, here are your next - best choices. vaccinations and booster shots : needed or not? how many vaccinations does your irish wolfhound puppy really need? does your adult wolfhound need yearly booster shots? the vaccination guidelines have changed. find out what many vets aren ' t telling you. the type of veterinarian i recommend is your veterinarian really the best choice for your dog? learn about the differences between vets who practice conventional, holistic, and alternative veterinary medicine. spaying your female dog : pros and cons advantages and disadvantages of spaying your female irish wolfhound. neutering your male dog : pros and cons advantages and disadvantages of neutering your male dog. copyright © 2000 - 2013 by michele welton. all rights reserved. no part of this website may be copied, displayed on another website, or distributed in any way without the express permission of the author.


nanolubricants research project the u. s. department of energy ( doe ) is currently conducting research into nanolubricants. this enabling technology has the potential for improving the efficiency of chillers that cool large buildings, in a cost - neutral manner. this project seeks to develop a fundamental understanding of how nanolubricants, a lubricant with dispersed nano - size particles, can enhance refrigerant and lubricant pool boiling. a previous national institute for standards and technology study has shown that copper oxide nanoparticles can provide up to 275 % improvement in the boiling heat flux as compared to boiling without nanoparticles. boiling heat transfer measurements will be conducted with nanoparticles of various sizes, shapes, and materials. research is being undertaken between the department of energy and the national institute for standards and technology. the goal of this project is to assess the potential for improving chiller evaporator boiling heat transfer by using nanolubricants. benefits and impacts acoustically enhanced nanolubricants are expected to bring between 1 % and 2 % improvement in chiller efficiencies considering the demonstrated success of this technique with nanofluids. if the efficiency of all existing chillers were to be improved by 1 %, 0. 03 quads of energy savings could be realized yearly for a marginal investment.


how technology is changing our expectations and our lives we are in the midst of a technology revolution that is happening on multiple dimensions. we are reaching a level of global connectivity that is almost universal ; the internet is no longer just the privilege of the few, or the rich. today, there are almost six billion mobile phones in the world ; almost every adult human being has a mobile phone, and a lot of them are connected to the internet. young people today are growing up in a world that is much more global, transparent, interactive, real time — qualities that shape their expectations, and affect almost everything in the world around us. new technologies like mobile phones are transforming financial services, as our cover story, world wired wallet shows. ubiquitous collaborative technologies are transforming the way we work and boosting innovation and creativity by facilitating cross - cultural and cross - functional interactions. our alumni and faculty share their experiences and perspectives on this in how difference makes a difference. we also see changes in education. more and more e - learning courses are being used to complement traditional, classroom - based courses ; companies are also using e - learning more. we will likely see a radical transformation in education models in the near future as moocs or massive open online courses become more widespread. johnson ’ s cornell - queen ’ s executive mba program offers one example of how we use technology to enhance education for students. in this learning model, 30 percent of classes are held on - campus in classical, face - to - face formats, and the rest are held via multi - point, real - time, interactive videoconferencing sessions. technology enables professors in sage hall to deliver lectures and interact with students in more than 27 locations across the u. s., canada, mexico, and colombia. there are many advantages to this model. the classes are international, multi - cultural, and multi - functional, and the students value the different perspectives they hear from one another. it also enables us to give our students flexibility ; they can keep their current jobs and yet get a degree from cornell. it ’ s a win / win model for us, and for our students. such an innovative program is part of what makes johnson unique. we have a partnership with ecornell, a universitywide initiative to deliver the excellence of cornell faculty via e - learning programs. several johnson faculty members have created online learning modules with ecornell which are marketed worldwide. we are also in discussions with leading technology companies to explore how we can partner in creating new education models. johnson seeks to be at


over the years, i have talked a lot about vomiting. in most cases of gastroenteritis, vomiting is either accompanied or followed by diarrhea. i know, lovely topic to discuss but the reality is we must. most of these episodes are typically caused by a viral infection and there are many viruses that may cause the same symptoms. although people often think of v and d as the stomach flu it has nothing to do with influenza at all. diarrhea describes a stool that is loose and watery as well as frequent. everyone can have a loose stool once in a while and that is not necessarily diarrhea. but when the stools become more frequent ( you will know ) as well as watery, you have diarrhea. it is interesting that day care centers may sometimes send a baby home because they have had more than 3 stools in a day, but some infants may have a loose stool more often than that and still not have what i would consider to be diarrhea. ( believe me ; i get to look at a lot of dirty diapers! ) the most important part of treating a viral diarrhea is keeping your child hydrated. if they are having frequent watery stools you can typically feed them through the diarrhea. if you are putting more in the mouth than comes out the bottom then you can typically maintain their hydration. this can be done with a child of any age. for babies and younger children you can use pedialyte to maintain their hydration, but for older children who will no longer drink pedialyte, give them gatorade or a similar drink. just keep the fluids going. it is also important to feed your child through diarrhea. by this i mean you can continue to offer foods, as long as there is no vomiting. years ago i was taught rest the gut and only feed children a bland diet. that is no longer the treatment for diarrhea, as it was found that the intestines need protein and nutrients to heal. a well balanced diet with lean meats, vegetables as well as carbohydrates is a better choice. if the diarrhea is persistent i might limit dairy but otherwise let your child eat. with that being said, they may not be as hungry since they are sick, but offer them meals and let them eat as they are feeling better. always watch hydration by looking for moist mouth ( put your finger in a baby ' s mouth and it should always come out wet ), drooling


since they are sick, but offer them meals and let them eat as they are feeling better. always watch hydration by looking for moist mouth ( put your finger in a baby ' s mouth and it should always come out wet ), drooling, tears and wet diapers. it may be hard to tell if your child is having wet diapers as the diarrhea may soak into the diaper with the urine. if your child is crawling, playing, running around and has drool and tears then i would not worry about the diaper being wet. the only way to really tell if there is urine in a diaper is to weigh the diaper before putting it on and then later in the day. there are very few times this is necessary and those children are usually in the hospital as well. the last thing to remember about diarrhea is handwashing!! the pesky tummy flu is easily spread by dirty hands, so make sure that everyone who comes into contact with the diaper and bathroom is washing their hands well. it is not infrequent to see an entire family, adults included, come down with diarrhea. so keep out the hand sanitizer and soap! that ' s your daily dose for today. we ' ll chat again tomorrow.


posted by ebrahim - khalil hassen on june 3, 2011 over 15 million potentially eligible voters did not cast their vote in the recent local government elections. this analysis compares the mid - year population estimates with the voters role. a development worker in cape town pointed out that there was a significant gap between the potential number of voters, and those on the voter ’ s role. it piqued my interest, and i asked a couple more community activists about this. they all confirmed the view that in their areas, the level of voter registration was low. could this view from the ground be correct? the proposition is that they may exist – in the words of one of the community workers – “ an excluded majority ” not even on the voters roll. to explore this question, we have compared the voters roll with population estimates. in sum, this exploration seeks to find out what proportion of the population are on the voter ’ s roll. in undertaking this analysis, only official data has been utilised. these are : - indepedent electoral commission ( iec ) reports on voter turnout by province were generated using the iec ’ s report generator ; - statistics south africa ’ s mid - year population estimates ( 2010 ). the cut - off point in the data is at 20, which means that potential voters between 18 and 20 are not counted in these results. including 18 - 20 year olds in the analysis would potentially increase the size of the so - called “ silent majority ”.


the other children break into hysterical giggles. she had turned her head for only a moment, but somehow missed the final sentence — and, the apparent cause of her friend ’ s merriment. she smiles nervously and laughs along to fit in, longing to know the last line of the joke. later that evening, claire ’ s parents suggest a family a bike ride. claire loves to ride her bike and eagerly races to the garage for her helmet. as she steers her two - wheeler through the wind, she sees her mother trying to ask her something, but she cannot understand. frustrated, she pedals to a stop and asks deliberately : “ what? ” claire suffers from single - sided, neurosensory hearing loss. while she performs well in school ( with seating adjustments ), she often misses out on crucial social interactions. she and her family sought help from swedish medical center ’ s dr. daniel zeitler – a neurotologist and skull - based surgeon. dr. zeitler proposed performing a particular procedure — one that only a few medical professionals currently perform in the united states. the cochlear implant a cochlear implant is a small, complex electronic device that consists of an external portion that sits behind the ear and a second portion that is surgically placed under the skin. its components include - microphone, which picks up sound from the environment ; - a speech processor, which selects and arranges sounds picked up by the microphone ; - a transmitter and receiver / stimulator, which receive signals from the speech processor and convert them into electric impulses ; - and an electrode array, which is a group of electrodes that collects the impulses from the stimulator and sends them to different regions of the auditory nerve. the cochlear implant has been around since the 1980s ; however, since its inception it has undergone significant technological changes. originally, the cochlear implant was developed for those suffering bilateral, profound sensory - neural hearing loss. that is, candidates for the procedure included only those with profound hearing loss in both ears. neurotology professional measures “ profound ” as reaching a threshold of 90 decibels ( the equivalent of a jet engine ) or worse. however, since the 1980s, the cochlear implant technology proves far more functional and the candidate criteria has loosened to include those with moderate ( 40 - 60 decibels, with 60 decibels being the level of normal conversation ), bilateral hearing loss. however, the fda still does not approve the


technology proves far more functional and the candidate criteria has loosened to include those with moderate ( 40 - 60 decibels, with 60 decibels being the level of normal conversation ), bilateral hearing loss. however, the fda still does not approve the cochlear implant for single - sided deafness. the fda remains hesitant to approve this procedure without significant studies and clinical trials on how the brain interprets electric versus acoustic sound. “ there ’ s a huge push to initiate clinical trials for its use in these circumstances in the united states, but only a few anecdotal reports and small objective studies currently exist. ” – dr. zeitler most of the data pertaining to cochlear implants and single - sided deafness comes from europe, where medical professional are not subject to the same regulations stipulated by the fda. physicians in europe discovered that patients who utilized both the implant and hearing aids, enjoyed the results. additionally, patients deaf in one ear who also suffered from tinnitus ( ringing in the ears ), found that the cochlear implant not only resolved their hearing loss, but helped the tinnitus condition. despite the fda ’ s hesitation to approve the procedure, many united states physicians recognize it ’ s benefits, including dr. zeitler. dr. zeitler attended medical school at new york university in manhattan. he also completed his ent residency at nyu, and performed his neurotology fellowship at the university of miami. dr. zeitler has been in practice at swedish medical center for a little over a year, exerting a passion for pediatric cochlear implantation. last month, he performed groundbreaking surgery on nine - year - old claire, confident that doing so will dramatically improve her quality of life. when asked if she had any concerns about the surgery, claire replied, “ will i stick to the refrigerator? ” though her cochlear implant device will not be turned on for another week or so, tests performed during surgery indicate that the implant is working properly and claire can look forward to an improved quality of life thanks to dr. zeitler ’ s procedure.


australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2009 – 10 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 04 / 06 / 2010 | page tools : print page rss search this product | feature article 2 : mental health anxiety disorders generally involve feelings of tension, distress or nervousness. in 2007, anxiety disorders were the most common class of mental disorders, affecting 14 % of all people aged 16 - 85 years in the 12 months prior to the survey. women were more likely to have experienced anxiety disorders than men, 18 % to 11 % ( graph 11. 18 ). anxiety disorders were most common in women aged 16 - 54 years, ( 21 % ), compared with women aged 65 - 85 years ( 6. 3 % ). affective or mood disorders involve mood disturbance or change in affect. depression and dysthymia may involve signs such as a depressed mood, loss of self - confidence and esteem and reduced energy or activity over a period of at least two weeks. bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania either alone or together with depressive episodes. manic episodes may be characterised by less need for sleep, increased activity or restlessness and reckless behaviour. affective disorders affected 6. 2 % of people aged 16 - 85 years, 7. 1 % of women and 5. 3 % of men. the rate was higher for those aged 16 - 44 years ( 7. 6 % ) than for those aged 55 - 85 years ( 3. 3 % ) ( graph 11. 18 ). substance use disorders substance use disorders, involving harmful use of, or dependency on, alcohol or other drugs were slightly less prevalent than other types of mental disorders, affecting 5. 1 % of people aged 16 - 85 years. substance use disorders were more common in men than in women and most prevalent in men aged 16 - 24 years ( 13 % ) ( graph 11. 18 ). a range of criteria, such as suicide attempts, substance dependence and interference in various areas of a person ' s life, are combined to obtain a measure of the overall level of impairment experienced by people with mental disorders. the impairment is categorised into three levels : severe, moderate and mild. higher levels of severity may be associated with a range of factors, in particular, affective disorders and comorbidity. of all people with a mental disorder in 2007, just over one - fifth ( 21 % ) had a severe disorder, one - third ( 33 % ) had a moderate disorder and just under half ( 46 % )


disorders and comorbidity. of all people with a mental disorder in 2007, just over one - fifth ( 21 % ) had a severe disorder, one - third ( 33 % ) had a moderate disorder and just under half ( 46 % ) had a mild disorder. people with a mental illness may have more than one disorder at any one time. this is known as comorbidity. the disorders may or may not be from the same group of mental health disorders. having multiple mental disorders is associated with greater impairment, higher risk of suicidal behaviour and greater use of health services. in 2007, 1. 4 million or 38 % of people with a disorder had two or more 12 - month mental disorders. a mix of affective and anxiety disorders was the most common combination. employment provides income as well as an opportunity for social engagement and improved self - esteem. in 2007, unemployment was higher for those with a mental illness ( 4. 0 % ) than those without ( 2. 7 % ). the employment to population ratio was lower for people with a mental illness ( 69 % ) than those without ( 76 % ). the gap was greater for women than men ( 8 percentage points compared with 3 percentage points ). mental health service use recent decades have seen less use of residential mental institutions and increased use of community mental health services. people with a mental illness may use a variety of services to help improve their ability to work or care for themselves. in 2007, nearly two - thirds ( 65 % ) of people with a mental disorder had not used services for their mental health problems in the 12 months before the survey. most of those people who did not access any services reported that they had no need for any type of assistance. people aged 16 - 34 years were less likely to have used services for their mental health problems ( 29 % ) than people aged 35 - 54 ( 41 % ) or 55 - 85 years ( 37 % ) ( table 11. 19 ). the most common group of disorders for young people was substance use disorders ( often related to alcohol ). these were more likely to be mild disorders and may have therefore contributed to the lower rate of service use. women ( 41 % ) were more likely than men ( 28 % ) to have used services for mental health problems. this is consistent with higher usage of health services by women in general. of people with an affective disorder, 50 % reported using services for mental health problems, compared with less than a quarter of people with an anxiety disorder or 11 % of those with a substance


consistent with higher usage of health services by women in general. of people with an affective disorder, 50 % reported using services for mental health problems, compared with less than a quarter of people with an anxiety disorder or 11 % of those with a substance use disorder. this may be related to the differing severity levels of these types of disorders, since over half of those people with an affective disorder were rated as severe. the most common service used was visiting a gp ( 25 % ), followed by seeing a psychologist ( 13 % ) ( table 11. 19 ). gp consultation was the most common service used by both sexes, across all ages, types of mental disorders and across geographical areas. men and women with mental disorders were equally likely to use the services of a psychologist for mental health problems however people from major cities were almost twice as likely to have used a psychologist ( 15 % ) compared with those from other areas ( 8 % ). this may be related to less access to such services outside major cities. in 2007, there were about 872, 000 people who had a mental health disorder and felt they had an unmet need for assistance. the most common type of perceived unmet need was for counselling ( 16 % ), followed by information ( 14 % ) and social intervention ( 12 % ). mental health services in australia in the four years to 2007 - 08, expenditure on state and territory mental heath services as a whole increased by an average of 5. 6 % per year, to $ 3. 0 billion. the introduction of medicare benefits schedule ( mbs ) allied health items for people with chronic conditions and complex care needs in july 2004, followed by the introduction of the mbs items provided by psychologists, occupational therapists and social workers from november 2006, resulted in the overall number of services subsidised by medicare for both psychiatrists and allied health professionals to almost double to nearly 4 million in 2007 - 08, from just over 2 million services per annum in the three years prior to 2006 - 07. the number of visits to gps for mental health reasons increased by an average of 4. 4 % per year in the four years to 2007 - 08, to an estimated 11. 9 million encounters that year. geographic differences were also evident in the mbs subsidised mental health services provided by psychiatrists and allied health professionals ( psychologists, social workers and occupational therapists ) in 2007 - 08. the age standardised rate per 1, 000 mental health services per person was 12. 3 in major cities, 2.


mental health services provided by psychiatrists and allied health professionals ( psychologists, social workers and occupational therapists ) in 2007 - 08. the age standardised rate per 1, 000 mental health services per person was 12. 3 in major cities, 2. 9 services per 1, 000 people in remote areas and 1. 6 services per 1, 000 people in very remote areas. australian bureau of statistics, 2007 national survey of mental health and wellbeing : summary of results, ( 4326. 0 ). australian bureau of statistics, 2004 - 05 national health survey : summary of results, ( 4364. 0 ). australian institute of health and welfare ( 2008 ), australia ' s health 2008, aihw aus 99, < http : / / www. aihw. gov. au / publications > australian institute of health and welfare ( 2008 ), mental health services in australia 2006 - 07 australian institute of health and welfare ( 2004 ), rural, regional and remote health - a guide to remoteness classifications, phe 53 council of australian governments ( 2006 ), national action plan on mental health 2006 - 2011. kessler, rc, chui, wt, demler, o and walters, ee, 2005, prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12 month dsm - iv disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication in the archives of general psychiatry, vol. 62, no. 6, viewed 6 may 2009 at < http : / / archpsych. ama - assn. org > senate community affairs committee ( 2008 ), towards recovery : mental health services in australia. world health organization, ' international classification of diseases ', viewed 17 december 2008, < http : / / www. who. int / classifications / icd / en / > this page last updated 21 january 2013 unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website copyright notice. for permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.